C O NT R A C T S, SP E C IFIC AT IO N S

AN D

E N G IN E E R IN G R EL AT IO N S

BY

DA N I E L W ME A D .

C o n s u l t i n g E n g in e e r
‘

P r o fess o r o f Hy dr au li c and Sa n it a r y E n g i n ee r in g

U n ive r s i t y o f Wi s c o n s i n

M e m b e r Am er i ca n So c ie ty o f Ci vil E n gi n e ers
F ello w A m e r i ca n I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i ca l E n g i n e e r s

M e m b e r A m e r i ca n In s t i t u t e f Co n s u l t i n g E n g i n e e r s
o

M e m b er Am e r ica n So ci e ty o f M e ch a n i c a l E n gi n e ers

FI R ST E DI TI O N .

NE W YO R K
MC G R A W H IL L B OO K C o
19 16
D A NI E
L W
.
 P R E FAC E

In t h e f o ll o w in g p a ge s t h e auth o r has d iscuss e d s o m e o f t h e im

p o rtant r e lati o ns o f t h e e n g in ee r a n d a rchit e ct in p ractical li f e , w ith
which it s e e m s e ss e ntial that t h e t e chnical m a n sh o ul d be c o m e f a m iliar
be f o r e e nt e rin g p r o f e ssi o nal p ractic e L e g al a n d c o ntractual r e lati o n s
.

a r e but bri e fly d isc u ss e d as th e s e subj e cts a r e f ully tr e at e d in m any val

,

u a b l e w o rks t o w hich it i s int e n d e d that th e s e n o t e s shall s e rv e si m p l y

as an intr o d ucti o n T h e p rinci p l e s o f p e rs o nal an d e thical r e lati o ns

.
,

w hil e d iscuss e d in s o m e what g r e at e r d e tail a r e but ina d e quat e ly tr e at e d

,

o n acc o unt o f t h e lack o f s p ac e . T h e p r e p arati o n o f S pe ci fi cati o ns i s

d iscuss e d in g r e at e r d e tail as l e ss p ublish e d m att e r is availabl e o n thi s
subj e ct .

T h e y o un g m a n w h o e nt e rs any v o cati o n c o m e s in c o ntact w ith a n d

is s o m e ti m e s e m p l o y e d by m e n wh o d isr e g ar d p r o f e ssi o nal a n d busin e ss
e thics a n d d o m any thin g s w h ich ,
w hil e p e rha p s in e nti r e c o n f o r m ity
w ith l a w a r e f a r f r o m t h e i d e als o f e thical c o n d uct
, . I f a y o un g m an
has g iv e n n o th o u ght t o m o ral a n d e thical p rinci p l e s h e is a pt t o assu m e
,

that such p rinci p l e s a re cant an d that u n e thi ca l m e th od s an d a ct i o ns a re

c o m m o n t o all th o s e in b u sin e ss an d p r o f e ssi o nal li f e a n d a r e th er e f o r e
\

e ss e ntial t o his p e rs o nal succ e ss . He sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e a d vis e d an d

assu r e d o f t h e f acts in t h e cas e : that t h e be st a n d m o st succ e ss f ul m en
in e v e ry b u sin e ss a n d p r o f e ssi o n a r e th o s e m en o f hi g h i de als wh o s e
h o n e sty an d int e grity a r e unqu e sti o n e d a n d w h o s e charact e r a n d r ep u
t a t i o n a r e r e g ar d e d as t h e g r e at e st an d m o st valuabl e o f th e i r p o ss e s

si o ns .

T h e auth o r has uni f o r m ly a d v o cat e d t h e squar e d e al in t h e t e

l a t i o n s o f t h e e n g in e e r an d a rchit e ct w ith t h e c o ntract o r a n d w ith all
o th e rs w ith w h o m th e y m a y hav e r e lati o ns . He be li e v e s that h o n e sty ,

int eg rity an d f ai rn e ss a ff o r d t h e be st p o ssibl e basis f o r p ract ical p r o

,

f e ssio n a l a n d busin e ss li f e a n d a r e n o t si m p ly p rinci p l e s t o b e ac k n o w l

e dg e d an d i gn o r e d .He b e li e v e s that t h e a pp r e ciati o n o f th e s e p rin
c ip l e s w ill l e a d t o t h e hi g h e st ty p e o f w o rk t h e m o st e c o n o m ical c o n
,

st ructi o n an d t h e g r e at e st p r o f e ssi o nal satis f acti o n

, .

In t h e stu dy o f s p e ci fi cati o ns littl e a d vanc e can b e m a de by an at

,

t e m p t t o p r ep ar e at o nce an e lab o rat e s p e ci fi cati o n f o r a c o m p licat e d

e n g in e e rin g str u ctur e o f w hich t h e st ud e nt kn o w s n o thin g . In s u ch a
cas e all that can b e e x p e ct e d is t h e c o pyin g w ith p e rha p s s o m e s m all
, ,

chan ge s of si m ilar s p e ci fi cati o ns p r e p ar e d f o r s o m e p r o p o s e d o r co m

,

pl e t e d w o rk a n d s u ch p ractic e w ill b e o f littl e valu e

, .
 P re fa c e

I n t h e t e achin g o r st u dy o f an y s u bj e ct succ e ss c o m e s th r o u g h t h e
,

ability o f t h e t e ach e r o r stu d e nt t o si m p li f y t h e subj e ct s o that its basic

p rinci p l e s m ay b e e asily c o m p r e h e n d e d ; t h e g r e at e st d i ffi culti e s f o ll o w
an att e m p t t o attack t h e subj e ct in a t o o c o m p licat e d mann e r .

Th e p rinci p l e s a n d e l e m e nts o f s pe ci fi cati o n w ritin g sh o ul d b e a c

qui r e d th r o ug h t h e actual p r e parati o n o f s pe ci fi cati o ns f o r si m pl e m a
t e r ia l s o r e l e m e nts a n d f o r si m p l e p r o c e ss e s o r structur e s All w o rk
.

sh o ul d b e si m p li fi e d as m uch as p o ssibl e ; it m ust b e so d e fi n e d a n d illus

t r a t e d that t h e p r o bl em s inv o lv e d w ill b e cl e arly c o m p r e h e n d e d it m ust

b e analyz e d in d e tail so that e v e ry phas e a n d it e m shall b e s ee n a n d

a pp r e ciat e d I f this can b e succ e ss f ully acc o m p lish e d w ith si m p l e e l e
.

m e nts o f m at e ri al o r c o nstructi o n it can th e n b e a pp li e d t o m o r e c o m

,

p l e x subj e cts w hich a r e si m p ly a c o m binati o n o f such e l e m e nts

, .

In t h e p r e parati o n o f s p e ci fi cati o ns th e r e i s n o m o r e i m p o rtant

m att e r than t h e u se o f g o o d E n g lish A c o rr e ct th o u g ht i m p r o pe rly
.

e x p r e ss e d is o f t e n as s e ri o u s as th o u g h t h e i d e a its e l f w e r e in e rr o r A .

cl e ar de scri p ti o n o f si m p l e subj e cts sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e t h e o bj e ct o f

p r e li m inary p ractic e In m any cas e s all t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns e ss e ntial ar e
.

inclu d e d in a l e tt e r a n d m any c o ntracts a r e actual ly c o nsu m m at e d by

,

an o ff e r trans m itt e d by l e tt e r a n d by a l e tt e r o f acc e ptanc e

,
.

B y p ractic e al o n g t h e lin e s in d icat e d t h e y o un g e n g in e e r w ill at

,

l e ast acqui r e an int e lli g e nt m e th o d o f p r o c e du r e a n d i f t h e m e th o d is

,

un de rst o o d t h e p r o f e ssi o nal a pp licati o n m ay b e sa f e ly l e f t t o in d ivi d ual

,

i n i tiativ e .

T h e analytical syst e m su gg e st e d f o r t h e p r e p arati o n o f sp e c i fi ca

ti o ns has b ee n us e d by t h e auth o r f o r n e arly thirty y e ars a n d is b e li e v e d
.

t o a ff o r d a sa f e a n d l o g ical m e th o d f o r t h e p r e p arati o n o f th e s e p a p e rs .

Thi s b o o k w a s fi rst issu e d in t h e s p rin g o f 1 9 1 6 f o r t h e auth o r s '

class an d f o r p rivat e circulati o n O f th o s e t o w h o m c o p i e s w e r e s e nt

.
,

c o nstructiv e criticis m w as r e qu e st e d A nu m b e r o f valuabl e su gge s

.

ti o ns we r e r e c e iv e d an d t h e b o o k has b e e n r e arran g e d r e vis e d a n d e u

, ,

l a r ge d in this fi rst e d iti o n . Th e auth o r is a w ar e that th e r e a r e still

nu m e r o us chan g e s an d a dd iti o ns that can b e m a de t o a d vanta ge an d ,

h o p e s t o m ak e m at e rial b e tt e r m e nts in f u t ur e e d iti o ns He w ill b e g la d

.

t o r e c e iv e f urth e r c o nstructiv e criticis m a n d s u gge sti o ns f r o m e n g i

n e e r s archit e cts
, c o ntract o rs t e ach e rs o r o th e rs int er e s t e d in t h e sub
, ,

j e ct .
 P r e fa c e

Ack n o wl e dg m e n ts
Th e auth o r ackn o w l edge his in de bt e d n e ss t o t h e t e ch n i
de sir e s t o
cal p r e ss a nd t o t h e m any valuabl e t e chnical b o o ks a n d a r t icl e s that hav e
a pp e ar e d on t h e vari o us subj e cts d iscuss e d T o th e s e h e un d o ubt e d ly .

o w e s m any o f t h e i d e as e x p r e ss e d in this b o o k T h e s e i d e as hav e h o w .

e v e r b e e n substantiat e d by a n activ e p e rs o nal c o ntact w ith p r o f e ssi o nal

a n d busin e ss li f e It has b e e n his a im t o cr e d it t h e s o urc e o f in f o r m a

.

ti o n w h e n e v e r such s o u rc e c o ul d b e d istin g uish e d f o r h e clai m s littl e ,

n e w o r o ri g inal e xc e p t as t o tr e at m e nt a n d arran g e m e nt .

Th e thanks o f t h e auth o r a r e e s p e cially d u e t o Mr L R B alch f o r . . .

m any su gg e sti o ns f o r a i d in t h e p r e p arati o n an d p r o o f r e a d in g o f t h e

,

t e xt a n d f o r su pe rvisi o n o f its p ublica ti o n E s pe cial ackn o w l e dg m e nt

,
.

f o r valuabl e a d vic e is als o d u e t o D e an F E T u rn e a u r e a n d C V Sea . . . .

st o n e N u m e r o us o th e rs hav e m a de valuabl e sugg e sti o ns w hich hav e

.

b ee n utiliz e d s o f a r as p racticabl e ; a m o n g th e s e sh o u l d b e m e nti o n e d

Me ssrs Charl e s H P aul E K Sh n a b l e H S R Mc Cu r dy H L G a r
. .
,
. .
,
. . .
, . .

n e r F W Sc h e i d e n h e l m a n d P r o f e ss o r C I C o r p
, . . . . .

Ma d is o n Wis S e pt , .
, .
,
1 91 6 . D . W M . .
 CO NTENTS

CHAP T ER I

T HE E N G IN EE A N D R HIS E D UCATI ON
Th e Funct i o n o f t h e Eng i n r— Eng i n e r i ng R l t io ns—Eng i nee r i ng ee e e a

E d uca t i o n T h e T c h n i ca l a n d Sc i nt i fic Pr p arat i o n— K n w l d g
-
e e e o e e

of Eng li s h — L ga l R l at i n— Et hi ca l a d P rs o na l R e l at i o n— L i t r
e e o n e e

atur e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CHAPT ER I I
S UCC E SS I N TH E E N G I NEER I N G PRO F E SS I ON
P rs o na l Succ ss— Fact rs f S cc s s m ust b e R c o gn iz d —O p i n i o ns o f
e e o o u e e e

t h e Eng i n e r i ng Pr f ss i o n —Ju d gm nt — S l f K n o w l ed g e—P e rs o na l

e o e e e

B i as —B i as o f S p c i a l K n o w l e d g —B i as o f P rs o na l Exp r i nc
e e e e e e

B ia f L ca l Exp r i nc —B i as
s o o f P rs na l I nt r es t—B i s
e f A so
e e o e o e a o s

ci t oi a— P rs o na li ty P rs o na l A p p aranc e—Att nt i o n t B us i n ss
e n
— e e e o e
—C nc ntrat i n—C o ll a b o rat i n— Pr f s i o na l I m p r v m ent— L i t ra
o e o o o es o e e

t r u e

CHAPT E R I I I
THE E N G IN E ER A T WORK
Purp s e s
o R esu l ts o f T ech n i ca l T ra i n i ng—T h Ma n d th e J o b
an d e n a

I fi n —T h e F i r t J oh —I m p r ov i ng O p p r tun i t i e s—S l ct i ng E m
u e n ce s o e e

p l y m o nt — Sa l ar e
y
—C h ang e vs C o nt i nu i t y o f S e rv i c —T h e R e l ati ve e

Va lu s o f Var i o us C l s e s o f E m p l y m nt—Pr i va t e Pract i c e —Dut i e s

.

C li nts—C ns l tat i n— Dut i s t t h e

e as o e

t o Su b r d i nat s — D u t i s t
o e e o e o u o e o

Pr o f e ss i n— T h e Eng i n ee r i n B us i n ss—T h Eng i ne r s a C i t iz n

o e e e a e

C n d uct f Pr o f e ss i na l Pract i c — L i t ratur e

o o o e e

CHAP T ER IV
PER S ON AL A ND E THICA L R ELATI ON S
L i m i tat i o ns of P s i t i ve
o L a w—
Et hi cs— F o r m at i o n o f I n d i v i d a l Op i n i o ns u
— Sp ci fi t i n s f a Man—C d s f Et hi cs— T h Can ns f Et hi cs
e ca o or o e o e o o

o f t h e A m e r i can I nst i tu t o f Arc hi t cts —C o d o f Pr f s i o na l Et hi cs e e e o e s

of th A m e r i can I nst i tut o f C nsu l t i ng Eng i n e rs— C d f Pr i nc i

e e o e o e o .

pl s ef Pr o f ss i na l C n d uct o f t h
o e Am e r i can I nst i tut e o f E l ctr i ca l
o o e e

Eng i nee rs—C od e f Et hi cs S gg st d f o t h Am r i can I nst i tut o f

o u e e r e e e

C h m i ca l Eng i n rs—C d e o f Et h ics A d p ted by t h e Am r i can So

e ee o o e

ci e t y o f C i v il Eng i n rs—Q u st i n s i n Et hi cs— L i t r a tur ee e o e e

 Co n t e n t s
CHAP T ER V
TH U O E N GLI S H E SE F

Th e I m p o rtanc f Eng li s h — Eng i n e r i ng Eng li s h —T h

e o H r r o e e ea e r

R a d e r— K n wl d g o f t h e Su bj ct— L g i ca l Arrang m nt— T h O t

e o e e e o e e e u

—
li n St y l e % T h e Ch ic
o o f W r s T h e Pr c i s e U se o f W r d s
d — e o e o

Punctuat i n d Arrang m ent f W r d s i n a S t e nc e—T h V ca b

o an e o o en e o

u l ar y—L i t ratur e e

CHAP T ER V I
L E TT ER S A N D R E P OR T S

I m p rtanc f Pro p r ly Wr i tt n L tt e rs—B us i n s s L e tt rs — Sugg st i o ns

o e o e e e e e e

C nc e rn i ng L tt rs o f A pp li cat i n f E m p l y m nt— I m p rtant S g

o e e o or o e o u

g t i ns— E m p l o y rs v i wp i n t — Exam p l s f L et t rs f A p p li ca
es o e e o e o e o

t i n f o P o s i t i ns—T c h n i ca l R p rts— I m p o rtanc o f G o o d R p o rts

o r o e e o e e
— T h e Pur p s e o f R p rts— Pr li m i nar y C o ns i d e rat i o n— Et hi ca l C
o e o e on

s i d rat i o n I nv st i gat i o n d Est i m at s— E l m nt f S cc ss f u l R

e -
e an e e e o u e e

po rts — L i t rat r e e u

CHAP T ER V I I
O R I G I N N ATU RE A ND D E E LO P M EN T O F L AW
,
V

Or igi nof th Pr s nt C i v iliz at i n— L w an Ev l ut i n— D ve l p m nt f

e e e o a o o e o e o

C m m o n La w s— Mun i c i p a l L w— Un wr i tt n L w—D v l o p m nt f
o

o a e a e e e o

C o m m o n L w by J d i c i a l D c i i ns— C ur t s f C m m o n L a w— S b
a u e s o o o o u

d i v i s i ns f t h e C m m n L w— C
o o rts o f E qu i t y — Fun d a m nta l
o o a ou e

La w s— D v l p m nt f S p c i a l La w s — Out li n f La w s d L ga l
e e o e o e e o an e

R l at i o ns— G n e ra l C l ass i ficat i n o f L w—D fi i t i s f l w

e e o a e n on o a

S o rc e s o f M n i c i p a l L w— D fi i t i
u u C nc e rn i ng Mun i c i p a l L w
a e n on s o a

C l ssi fi
a ti d R e l at i n f P s i t i v e L w— En f rc m nt f L a w
ca on an o o o a o e e o

L i t ratur e e

CHAP T ER V I I I
S OM E L E GA R ELATI ON S O T E CH N ICA L M N— L E G AL RI G HT S A ND R E SPON S I IL ITI E S
L F E B

E m p l ym nt i n G e n ra l— D i sc h arg — Pr o f ss i na l E m p l y m nt— T h
o e e e e o o e e

Eng i n r as an Ag nt— T h Eng i n r as Ar bi t r—O wn rs hi p f

ee e e ee e e o

P l ans D s i gns d I nv nt i ns— T h Eng i n r i n L e ga l Pr c d i ngs

e an e o e ee o ee
—
,

N c ss it y o f Exp rt S rv i c C o nsu l tat i n— Pr p ara t i n f t h

e e e e e- o e o o e

C s a Exa m i nat i n o f T c h n i ca l W i tn ss s— T h Exp rt W i tn ss

e o e e e e e e

Q l
uai fi t i o s— Ex ca
p rt Ev i d nc
n — D s i ra bl R ef o r m o f Pr c d ur
e e e e e o e e

A p p ra i sa l o f Pu bli c Ut ili t i s— Pr o f ss i na l D ut y— L i t rat r e e o e u e

CHAP T ER I X
N O T E S O N AG R E M EN T S A ND C ON T R AC UA L R EL ATI ON S E T

De fi i t i o s— Exp r ss Ex cut r y C o ntrac t —R q u i r m nts o f a Va li d C o

n n e e o e e e n

tract— Pa r t i s w i t h Cap ac i t y t C ntract—O tt r a d Accep tanc

e o o e n e
 Co n t e n t s ix

C ns i d rat i o n— L ga li t y o f O bj e ct— R a li t y f C n s nt— Sta t ut

o e e e o o e e of

Frau d s— T h e I nte rp r tat i o n o f C ntract—T h D i sc h arg o f C o

e o e e n

tract—L i t rat r e e u

CHAP T ER X

D AY L A OR A ND C ON T RACT S Y S T E M S
B OF C ON S TR UCTI ON
B us i n ss M e t h o d s— Unc rta i nt i s i n t h C st f W r k— F o rc Acc unt
e e e e o o o e o

C o nstruct i n—C ntr ac ts at a F ix d Pr i c —Exc ss i v Wast i n C m

o o e e e e e o

p t
e i t i v B i d
e d i ng — C o ntra c ts f C st P l us a P rc ntag e—C ntracts or o e e o

f
or C st P l us a F ix d S m —C ntracts f o C o st P l us a Var i abl
o e u o r e

Pr m i u m — L i t ratur
e e e

CHAP T ER X I
E N G I NEER I N G A ND AR CHIT E CTU R A L W OR K S C ON S TR UC E D U N D ER C ON T R ACT T

Pu bli c d Pr i vat W r k s —N g o t i at i o ns f r C o nstruct i o n C o ntracts

an e o e o

D i s h n st y i n C m p t i t i v
o e L tt i ng—R str i ct e d L t t i ngs S cur i ng
o e e e e e -
e

L w B i d s— Sugg t i ns o f A m r i can S
o es i t y f Eng i n e r i ng C
o e oc e o e on

tract rs— Fu rt h r S gg st i ns— R i g h ts f t h C ntract o r— T h Ar

o e u e o o e o e

b i t at i ro f D i s
onp ut e s — Pr gr ss f Ar bi trat i o n — L i t rat ur
o e o e e

CHAP T ER X I I
ER TI S I N G A ND L E TTI N G C ON TR ACT
AD V

Pur p s o f A d ve rt i s m nt—Natur f A d v rt i s m nt — Ana ly i s f Ad

o e e e e o e e e s o

v r t i e m e t —F r m a li t i e s —Ti m
e s n o A ll we d —F r m f Pr p o sa l —I e o o o o n

t tio
s ru c t B i d d rs— D t a il s
ns o f I ns truct i o ns— R c i v i ng
e e d Op n o e e an e

i ng B i d s— Le tt i ng t h wor k—L i t ratur e e e

CHAP T ER X I I I
C ON T R ACT S
Ord i nar y B u s i n ss T ransact i ns— N c ss i t y o f Wr i tt n Agre m nts— A
e o e e e e e

C ntract m a d e by Le tte r— C ntract Acc p ta nc by L tt r—A F o r m a l

o o e e e e

C tract—Wr i tt n Execut o r y C o ntracts —F r m —G n ra l C l au s f o

on e o e e se r

Agr m nt ee e

CHAP T ER X I V
G ENER A L C ON D ITI ON S OE TH E C ON T RA CT
Out li n —Out li n e
e n ra l C o n d i t i ons— D fi i t i — R i g h ts
of Ge e d Re e n on s an

sp o i b i l
ns i t i o f O w n r —
es Aut h r i t y f t h Enge i n r — Pr i c es d Pa y o o e ee an

m e nts— F o r m f B n d — R s p ns ibili t y o f C ntract o r as Aff e ct i ng

o o e o o

Part y f t h e F i rst Part—C o n d uct f t h W o r k— P li ce d San i tar y

o o e o an

R gu l at i ns— L i t ratur
e o e e
x Co n t e n t s
CHAP T ER XV
P RE P A RA TI ON o S P E C IFIC A TI ON S r

I m p o rtanc e—U o f Eng li s h—C l arn ess— B r ev i t y—I d efi i t Sp c i fi

se e n n e e ca

t i ns—I n d t r m i nate Sp i fi t i o — A m bi gu o us Sp ci fi t i o —Ar

o e e ec ca ns e ca ns

b it y Sp
ra r fi
i c ti — Un f
ec a i r S p c i fi t i s
a
— Unn c ssar y S ve r i t y
on s e ca on e e e

Sp-
ifi ti ecf Cr i t i c i m L i t ratur
ca on s or s ,
e e

CHAP T ER XV I
T E CH N IC AL S P E CIFICATI ON S

B r a d t h o f K n o wl d g e N e c e ssar y— D e ta il d I n f r m at i o n N
e e d e d —O t e o ee u

li n — U e f P bli s h d Sp
se o i fi at i —S i m p l Sp e i fi t i o —D
u e ec c on s e c ca ns e

ta il d Sp e i fi c t i —M d i fi t i o s f R qu i r m ent s— U se f Stan d
e c a ons o ca n o e e o

d Mat e r i a l s a d M t h d s — I fl
ar nf S p e c i ficat i ns
e M t r i al s
o n u e n ce o o on a e

and M e t h o d s— R e s p ns ibili t y— D fi i t R qu i r m nts— Stan d ar d

o e n e e e e

Sp e i fi c t i o
c — L i t ratur
a ns e e

C H AP T E R X V I I
S P ECIFIC A TI ON S O F U N D A M EN TA L MAT ER IA S AND S U PP L E S
F R L I

Fun d a m e nta l E l m n t s f Sp i fi c t i —Pra ct i ca l L i m i tat i ons o f S p c i

e e o ec a on s e

fic ti a— T t h Sat i s f ct i n f t h Eng i n r — Sp i fi t i o by
on s
“
o e a o o e ee .
”
ec ca ns

Nam e On ly — Unsat i s f act o r y De ta il d Sp ec i fi at i — B as i s o f C o r

. e c on s

r ect Sp e i fi t i o —C m p o s i t i n o Pr p o rt i ns d Man i p l at i o n
c ca ns o o r o o an u

o W o r k m an hi p —I ns p ct i o n— T ts— G arant s— Succ ss f l U

r s e es u ee e u se

C m p ar i s o n w i t h a Stan d ar d — I nv st i gat i o n f Mat e r i a l s—C o nc l u

o e o

s i o n f Dr Du d l y—Exa m p l o f I nve st i gat i o n— Out li n o f Sp i fi

s o . e e e ec

cat i ns f A lu m i n m W i r —Sp c i fi t i o s f A l u m i nu m W i r e—AS

o or u e e ca n or

s i gn m e t o Fun d am e nta l Mat r i a l d Sup p li s

n n e an e

CHAP T ER X V I I I
S P E CIFICATI ON S F U N D A M EN TA L P RO C E S S E S FOR

F n d a m nta l Pr oc ss e s— Eart h wo r k n d R o c kwo r k— Ana ly t i ca l D i v i s i o n

u e e a

f E rt h
o ad R o c k W r k Sp ci fi c t i
an — G n ra l D scr i p t i n— ( A )
o e a on s e e e o

D escr i p t i o n a d ( B ) L ca t i o n— ( C ) D i m e ns i ns ( D ) F r m a d
n o o o n

Mat e r i a l s—( A ) G n e ra l C h aract r

,

E
( ) G ra d e ( )F D i v i s i o ns — e e

( )
B C l i fi t i a ss
o n — C
( ) Q ca a li t i e s o f Mat r i a l — ( D ) Q ant i t i s a d
u e u e n

( E ) M as r e m nts e ud E t i m at s— ( F ) S h r i n k ag — ( G ) Extra Ex
e an s e e

c v t i o — ( H ) Extra Mat e r i a l a d B o rr w P i ts —
a a n O p e rat i ns ( A ) t n o o o

( E ) I nc l us i v e B e g i nn i ng W r k Etc — ( F ) C o ns o li d at i o n R o lli ng
, o , .
, ,

T a m p i ng E t a , (H) d ( I ) L i m i t i ng d Pr o t ct i ng W o r k
an an e

O b struct i o ns— I m p r o v m nts Enc unt r d e (L) (M)

e d (N) o e e , an

Pu m p i ng M et h d s Etc ( O ) D i s p o sa l o f M t r i a l d ( P ) Ov r
o -
a e an e

d Ma i nt nanc e—Ass i gn
.
,

h ad e (R) (S) d ( T ) C o m p l et i on
, an an e

m e nts S p c i ficat i ns f o r Eart h a d R c k Wo r k— Ass i gnm nt s o f

on e o n o e

o t h r F n d a m nta l Pr oc e ss e s
e u e
 '
Co n t e n t s xi

CHAP T ER X I X
S P E CIFICATI ON S O M ACHI NER Y A ND APP AR ATU S F R

D i v i s i o ns—G n ra l Sp c i fi c t i o s— S l ect i o ns—D e ta il ed Sp c i fi ca t i o s

e e e a n e e n

D e s i gn Sp ifi ti ec
— Pr p arat i o n f S p c i ficat i ns f o Mac hi n e r y
ca on s e o e o r

G e n e ra l R qu i r e m e nts f
e S p c i ficat i ns f o r St am B o il rs—G e n ra l
or e o e e e

R qu i r m nts f o S p ec i ficat i ns f St ea m Eng i n — G n ra l R qu i r e

e e e r o or es e e e

m e nts f o S p c i fica t i o ns f r P m p s— G n ra l R qu i r m e nts f o S p e c i

r e o u e e e e r

fica tio s fn E l ctr i c

or G n rat o re o r M t o r — Ass i gn m nts f o Pr p ar i ng
e e o e r e

Out li n o f G n ra l R q u i r m e nts f Mac hi n r y d A p p aratus— S b

e e e e e or e an u

j ts
ec f Ou
ort li n e s d Sp i fi t i — Pr p arat i n f Out li n f M r
an ec ca on s e o o e or o e

C m p l t Sp e i fi c t i o — Out li n o f S p ec i ficat i o n s f a St ea m B o il e r
o e e c a ns e or
—O t li n S p e c i ficat i n f St a m Eng i n —Out li n e f S p c i ficat i o ns
u e o or e es o e

f
or a P w r Pu m p—O ut li ne o f S p c i fic t i o ns f a D p l x St e am
o e e a or u e

Pu m p —Out li n e f r S p c i ficat i o ns f a P u m p i ng Eng i n e — T h S p c i

o e or e e

fica ti — G n ra l S p c i fic t i ns f
on s e e Mac hi n ry —Sp c i fi t i s f o
e a o or e e ca on r

Furn i s hi ng a B o il r— Sp i fi c t i o f Furn i s hi ng a St a m E
e ec a ns or e u

g i n — S l ct i n f Mac hi n r y
e e e o o e .

CHAP T ER XX
D E S I G N A ND SP ECIFICATI ON S FOR E N G I NEER I N G A ND AR CHIT E CTU R A L W OR K

I nv es t i gat i ns—Uns t i s f act ry Pract i c e—D i fii l t i e s—D e ep We ll s

o a o cu
—I nves t i g a t i ns f S w rs— T h B as i s o f D s i gns — D s i gn— Fa l s e
o or e e e e e

Ec n o m y i n D e i gn Est i m at s — Sp i fi ca t i o n s—Out li n —Ass i gn

o s -
e ec e

m nt f
e sPr p ar i ng Out li n s a d S p i ficat i o ns f o Engi ne r i ng d
or e e n ec r e an

Arc hi t ctura l W r k— P l ans f W hi c h S p ec i ficat i ns Ma y b P e

e o or o e r

APPEN D I X A
OUTL I NE O F S P E CIFICATI ON S F OR H C ON S T UCTI ON O A B UI L D I N G T E R F

Out li n o f S p c i ficat i o ns f S m a ll P w r Stat i o n—Ou t li n Sp i fi

e e or o e e ec ca

t i ns f B r i d g Su p e rstruct r e—Out li n e o f S p ec i ficat i ns f I r o n

o or e u o or

B rid g s eStructura l W o r k—O t l i i S p c i fic t i o ns f o B r i d g

or u r e e a r e or

R f T russ— Out li ne f S p c i ficat i ns f o St an d T o w e r d Ap p

'

oo o e o r an ur

t e n a n ces—Out li n o f S p c i ficat i ons f r L ayi ng Cast I r n Wat r P i p

e e o o e e,

I nc l u d i ng S tt i ng f S p c i a l Cast i ngs H y d rants Va l v s E t —O t

e o e , , e , c u

li n S p c i ficat i ns f o C o nstruct i n f S w rs
e e o r o o e e

APPEND I X B

Sa m p l C o ntract
e an d S p c i ficat i ns f a C
e o or omp e e l t St ructur e
APPEN D I X C
D ra wi ngs as a B as i s for S p c i ficat i n Wr i t i ng
e o

APP E ND I X D
B ibli o gra p hy of S p c i ficat i ons
e
 C H AP T ER I

T HE E N G I N EE R AND H I S E DU CA T I O N

I . F u n cti o ns o f t h e E n g i n e e r Th e f uncti o ns o f an e n g i
Th e .
-

n e e r a r e th o s e o f a d e si g n e r a su pe rvis o r a c o nstruct o r an o pe rat o r

, , , ,

an inv e sti g at o r a n d an a d vi s e r It is his d uty t o f o r m ulat e an i d e al

.

a n d f r o m it t o cr e at e a r e ality . He m ust inv e sti g at e c o n d iti o ns a n d

d e t e r m in e m e an s by w hich th o s e c o n d iti o ns can b e utiliz e d o r m o d i fi e d
t o m e e t c e rtain e n d g ; h e m ust a d vis e h i s e m p l o y e r as t o t h e f e asibility

o f t h e p r o j e ct p r o p o s e d t h e c o st w hich w ill b e e ntail e d a n d t h e r e sult s

,

which w ill b e acc o m p lish e d ; h e m ust d e v e l o p i d e as a n d e lab o rat e

p lans ; h e m ust als o c o nsi d e r a n d p r e scrib e t h e m e th o d s a n d m ann e r O f
c o nstructi o n ; h e m ust su pe rvis e o r su p e rint e n d t h e e x e cuti o n O f t h e
w o rk a n d se e that it is p r o p e rly c o nst ruct e d a n d t h e i d e al r e aliz e d ; a nd
o fte n , a f t e r c o m p l e ti o n h e m ust se e that t h e w o rks which hav e b e e n
,

cr e at e d f r o m his p lan s an d un d er hi s su pe r iii si o n p r o pe rly f ul fi ll t h e

f uncti o ns f o r w hich th e y a r e d e si g n e d .

Th e fi e l d o f e n g in e e rin g w o rk i nclu de s all O f th o s e branch e s O f t e ch

n i ca l s e rvic e a n d O f busin e ss a n d r f e ssi o nal w rk w hich hav e t o d o
p o o

w ith t h e u tilizati o n o f natural r e s o urc e s f o r hu m an b e n e fi t .Th e

f uncti o n O f e n g in e e rin g s e rvic e i s t h e a d a p tati o n o f t h e la w s a n d r e
s o u rc e s O f natur e t o utilita rian p ur p o s e s It usually inv o lv e s t h e p ra e
.

tical c o nsi d e rati o n o r t h e activ e utilizati o n O f natu ral c o n d iti o ns a n d

natural r e s o u rc e s th r o u g h c o nstructi o n It r e qui r e s t e chnical trainin g
.

e ith e r th r o u g h p ractical e x p e ri e nc e an d p arall e l stu d y o r thr o u g h st ud y

f o ll o we d by p ractical e x p e ri e nc e . E n g in ee rin g in its br oa d e st e xt e nt

inclu de s t h e t ra d e s t h e busin e ss an d t h e p r o f e ssi o n Th e skill e d ar
,
.

ti san a n d m e chanic an d t h e skill f ul d ra f ts m an a r e t h e f un d a m e nta l

p ractical units O f t h e e n g in e e rin g tra de Th e m anu f actur e r t h e
.
,

buil der a n d t h e c o ntract o r r e p r e s e nt e n g in e e rin g busin e ss an d a r e t h e

activ e a g e nts in t h e r e alizati o n o f t h e i de als i n c o ncr e t e f o r m a n d f r e
qu e ntly in t h e de v e l o p m e nt o f th e s e i d e als Th e d e si g n e r a n d e st i
.

m at o r t h e ins p e ct o r a n d su p e rint e n d e nt an d t h e assistant e n g in ee r a r e

,

t h e f un d a m e ntal units o f t h e e n g in e e rin g p r o f e ssi o n o f w hich t h e chi e f

an d t h e c o nsultin g e n g in e e rs a r e t h e cul m inati o n A rchit e ctur e i s t h e

.

a pp licati o n O f a rt t o e n g in e e rin g c o nstructi o n but it is n o l e ss a branch

,

o f e n g in e e rin g N a m e s an d titl e s a r e but w o r d s an d hav e but littl e

.
 2 Th e En g i n e e r a n d Hi s Edu ca t i o n

si gn i fi canc e asi d e f r o m t h e activ e d uti e s a n d r e s po nsibiliti e s w hich a

g iv e n v o cati o n p o siti o n o r busin e ss inv o lv e s All o f t h e v o cati o ns
,
.

m e nti o n e d hav e m ani f e stly inn u m e rabl e c o m binati o ns i n th e ir act u al

e r f o r m anc e a n d va ry g r e atly i n th e i r r e lati o ns o n e t o an o th e r a n d in
p
th e i r r e lativ e i m p o rtanc e T h e y o un g t e chnical g ra d u at e m ay p r o g r e ss
.

thr o u g h vari o us sub o r d inat e p o siti o ns t o t h e hi g h e r p r o f e ssi o nal ac

t i v it ie s as chi e f o n i m p o rtant e n g in ee rin g w o rk o r h e m a y th r o u g h ,

m in o r in d u strial v o cati o n attain i m p o rtant p o siti o ns in t h e in d ustrial

w o rl d . E v e ry v o cati o n wh e n p r o p e rly e x e rcis e d is b o th h o n o rabl e
a n d o f g r e at i m p o rtanc e t o hu m an w e l f ar e Th o s e v o cati o ns which
.

inv o lv e g r e at r e s p o nsibility i m p o rtant fi d uciary r e lati o ns g r e at skill

, , ,

e xt e n d e d e x p e ri e nc e hi g h i nt e ll e ctual d e v e l o p m e nt c o m bin e d w ith

,

ability o f int e ns e p ractical a pp licati o n a n d e x e cutiv e a n d busin e ss

ability o f a hi g h o r d e r O f t e n r e c e iv e t h e g r e at e st r e w ar d s b o th in p u b
,

lic r e s p e ct a n d i n fi nancial r eturns T h e p o siti o ns O f g r e at r e s p o nsi

.

b i l it y h o w e v e r u sually inv o lv e s o g r e a t a d e g r e e O f p e rs o nal d e v o ti o n

, ,

a n d t h e sacri fi c e o f s o m any O f th o s e p e rs o nal p l e asur e s o f li f e that

d e m an d a lar g e a m o unt o f ti m e a n d e n e r gy in th e ir e nj o y m e nt that ,

th e r e a r e f e w wh o a r e w illin g t o p ay t h e p ric e O f t h e g r e at e st p r o f e s
s i o n a l succ e ss All e n g in ee rin g succ e ss i s a c o ns e qu e nc e o f p e rs o nality
.
,

nativ e ability o pp o rtunity a n d a pp licati o n ; n o r m ally it m ay b e achi e v e d

,

j ust t o t h e e xt e nt that t h e in d ivi d ual is w illin g t o pay t h e p ric e o f i n

t e ll ige n t d e v o ti o n t o its attain m e nt .

2 E n g in e e r in g R e l a t i o n s —In f ul fi llin g t h e d uti e s O f his v o ca

.

ti o n wh e th e r it b e in t h e tra de s t h e busin e ss o r t h e p r o f e ssi o n t h e e u

, , ,

g in ee r c o m e s in c o ntact w ith m e n in al m o st e v e ry w alk i n li f e Th e .

y o un g e n g in ee r is fi rst br o u g ht int o c o ntact w ith his e m p l o y e r an d h is

f e ll o w s wh o a r e si m ilarly e m p l o y e d W ith his a dvanc e m e nt r e lati o ns
.

w ill b e e stablish e d w ith cust o m e rs a n d cli e nts a n d t h e w o rk h e i s ,

call e d u p o n t o p e r f o r m i s lik e ly t o e ntail r e lati o ns w ith m any o th e rs .

It m ay r e q ui r e t h e e m pl o y m en t an d su p e rvisi o n o f w o rk m e n ; it i s
.

lik e ly t o inv o lv e c o ntact w ith m anu f actur e rs an d c o ntract o rs ; it m ay

i nv o lv e c o ntact w ith Offi cials o f p rivat e o r p ublic c o r p o rati o ns cli e nts , ,

la w y e rs inv e st o rs bank e rs a n d a g r e at vari e ty o f o th e r p e rs o ns hav

, , , ,

in g vari o u s int e r e sts m o r e o r l e ss anta g o nistic In h is r e lati o ns w ith

.

t h e d i ff e r e nt m en e nc o unt e r e d in t h e vari o u s lin e s o f e n g in e e rin g w o rk ,

c o nflicts o f pe rs o nal o p i n i o ns p e rs o nal int e r e sts an d p e rs o nal ri ghts

,

will aris e which m u st f r e q u e ntl y a fi ect his c o u rs e o f acti o n A cl e ar .

a pp r e ciati o n o f t h e p r o p e r attitu de h e sh o ul d assu m e in th e s e vari o us

r elati o ns a n d o f hi s p r o pe r p e rs o nal a n d p r o f e ssi o nal c o n du c t is O f
, ,

g r e at i m p o rtanc e t o his g r o w th d e v e l o pm e nt a n d f utur e u s e f u ln e ss

, .
 E n g i n e e r i n g R e la t i o n s 3

n g in e e r is f r e q u e ntly call e d u p o n t o assist in t h e p r e p arati o n o i

-

The e

de si g ns an d p lans f o r va ri o us structur es a n d p lants an d m ust p o ss e ss a

kn o wl e dg e o f p rinci p l e s o f de si gn str e n gt h an d a d a p tability O f m a
,

t e r ia l s a n d t h e vari o us d e m an d s f o r S tr e n gth ca pacity a n d s e rvic e t hat

,

m u st b e f ul fi ll e d .In m any cas e s c e rtain hazar d s a n d c o ntin g e nci e s

w ill b e inv o lv e d in b o th t h e c o nstr u cti o n a n d utilizati o n o f t h e st r u c
tur e o r p lant Th e s e m ust b e f o r e s e e n a n d c o nsi d e r e d in his d e si g n
. .

In m o st cas e s t h e w o rk structur e o r p lant d e si g n e d a n d c o nstruct e d

,

m ust b e us e d m aintain e d o r o p e rat e d by m e n O f c e rtain ca p aciti e s a n d

,

ca p abiliti e s de p e n d in g o n its l o cati o n a n d t h e c o n d iti o ns o f its installa

,

ti on ; a n d t h e hu m an e l e m e nt m ust th e r e f o r e b e d uly c o nsi de r e d

thr o u g h o ut t h e e n g in e e r s e nti r e w o rk
’
.

T h e e n g in e e r m ust f r e qu e ntly tak e p art in t h e p r e p arati o n o f e sti

m at e s s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d c o ntracts
,
E sti m atin g r e qui r e s a kn o w l e dg e
.

o f ways a n d m e ans an a p p r e ciati o n o f t h e c o ntin g e nci e s w hich m a y b e

,

e nc o unt e r e d a n d a kn o w l e d g e o f c o sts o f lab o r an d m at e rial a n d o f

trans p o rtati o n a n d c o nstructi o n char g e s T h e p r e p arati o n o f co n .

tracts a n d s pe ci fi cati o ns r e qui r e s an e xt e n de d kn o w l e dg e an d e x pe r i

e nc e ; th e y inv o lv e c e rtai n l e g al a n d c e rtai n c u st o m a r y r e qui r e m e nts a ,

kn o wl e dg e o f h o w w o rk can a n d sh o ul d b e pe r f o r m e d an d a Se ns e Of ,

f ai rn e ss a n d e q u ity P r o p e r car e in t h e p e r f o r m anc e O f th e s e d uti e s

.

w ill lar g e ly o bviat e t h e chanc e s f o r m isun d e rstan d in g s a n d d is p u t e s ,

w ill r e d uc e f utur e c o m p l i cati o ns a n d r e n d e r his f u rth e r d uti e s l e ss d i f

fi c u l t a n d m o r e satis f act o ry .

Af t e r t h e de si g n is c o m p l et e d a n d t h e p lans e sti m at e s sp e cifi ca

, , ,

ti o ns a n d c o ntract p a pe rs a r e p r e p ar e d arran g e m e nts f o r t h e p e r f o r m

,

anc e O f t h e w o r k O f c o nst r u cti o n m ust b e m a d e Thi s usually inclu d e s .

t h e p r e p arati o n o f a d v e rtis e m e nt instructi o ns t o bi d d e rs a n d f o r m s o f

, ,

p r o p o sal. T h e w o rk m ust b e l e t a n d i f it b e p ublic w o rk t h e a dve r

,

t i se m e n t m ust b e p lac e d a n d t h e l e ttin g b e c o n d uct e d in c o n f o r m ity

w ith t h e la w s a n d o r d inanc e s w hich p r e scrib e t h e m e th o d s which m ust

b e f o ll o w e d in o r d e r t o s e cur e a vali d a n d bin d in g c o ntract .

W ith t h e c o nsu m m at i o n O f t h e c o ntract t h e e n g in e e r s w o rk is o nly

’

f airly b e g un ; h e m ust ins p e ct su p e rvis e o r su p e rint e n d t h e w o rk ; h e

,

m ust s e e that its r e as o nabl e r e qui r e m e nts a r e carri e d o u t In t h e .

su p e rvisi o n o f w o rk t h e e n g in ee r b e c o m e s an arbit e r w ith g r e at e r o r

,

l e ss p o w e r in d e ci d in g u p o n t h e m e ani ng o f t h e p lans a n d in int e r p r e t

in g t h e s pe ci fi cati o ns H e m ust se e that j ustic e is d o n e t o b o th p arti e s
.

t o t h e c o ntract .He m ust b e f ai r a n d i m p artial a n d this i n t h e f ac e o f ,

t h e f act that h e is t o an e xt e nt an int e r e st e d p art y He is e m p l o y e d by

.
4 Th e En g i n e e r an d Hi s Educa t i o n

his cli e nt t o su p e rvis e t h e w o rk a n d t o se e that it i s p r o p e rly d o n e an d ,

i s n o r m ally bias e d by his e m p l o y m e nt Th e r e m a y als o b e e rr o rs

.
,

o m issi o ns o r unc e rtainti e s in t h e p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns d u e t o h i s

o w n f aults o r n e g l e ct a n d hi s d e cisi o n m ay inv o lv e e ith e r an a d m issi o n

that hi s p lans a n d s pe ci fi cati o ns a r e n o t w h o lly a d e quat e f o r th e i r p u r

p o s,e o r t h e inflicti o n o f unj usti fi e d har d shi p s a n d e x p e ns e o n t h e c o n

tract o r I n all such cas e s e v e ry e n g in e e r o w e s it t o hi m s e l f a n d t o his

.

r o f e ssi o n t o se e that all w o rk o f w hich h e has char g e i s p e r f o r m e d in

p
a S p i rit o f f airn e ss w ith m alic e t o war d n o n e a n d j ustic e t o war d all
,
.

T h e e n g in ee r m a y r e p r e s e nt t h e o th e r si d e o f t h e c o ntract that is
,

t h e c o ntract o r . He m a y b e t h e c o ntract o r b e e m p l o y e d t o assist t h e

,

c o ntract o r o r t o tak e char g e O f t h e c o nstructi o n H e r e h e m u st p o s

,
.

s e ss n o t o nly t e chnical kn o w l e dg e o f d e si gn but p ractical kn o w l e dg e o f

c o nstructi o n a n d c o nstr u cti o n m e th o d s H i s kn o w l e dg e m ust e xt e n d
.

t o t h e princi p l e s o f busin e ss a n d busin e ss m e th o d s ; h e sh o ul d p o ss e ss a

kn o w l e dg e O f m e n a n d o f t h e m e th o d s o f han d lin g lab o r ; a n d h e sh o ul d
p o ss e ss a kn o w l e d g e o f busin e ss a n d e n g in e e rin g l a
. w H e m u st hav e

a g o o d un d e rstan d in g o f t h e ri g hts a n d p rivil eg e s o f b o th p arti e s t o a

c o ntract o f lab o r a n d o f t h e p ublic In thi s w o rk as i n all o th e r l in e s
, .
,

c o nsci e nti o us a n d int e lli g e nt s e rvic e w ill brin g t h e g r e at e st ulti m at e

r e war d Th e g r e at rail w ay a n d p ublic s e rvic e c o m p ani e s a n d m o st
.

p rivat e in d ivi d uals a n d c o r p o rati o ns p lac e th e i r c o ntracts f o r c o n st r u c

ti o n w ith m en an d fi r m s kn o w n t o b e h o n e st a n d d ep e n d abl e an d t h e ,

i m m e d iat e r e w ar d s f o r d ish o n e st w o rk a r e e nti r e ly i na de quat e t o c o m

p e nsat e f o r t h e tr e m e n d o us d isc o unt w hich such w o rk i s lik e ly t o in
v o lv e o n all f utur e p r o s p ects .

T h e y o un g e n g in e e r m ay e nt e r c o m m e rcial li f e ; h e m a y r e p r e s e nt
t h e m anu f actur e r in t h e sal e o r installati o n o f m achin e ry m at e rials o r,

su pp li e s In such a p o siti o n h e m ust p e r f o r m his s e r vic e s un d e r a

.

g r e at vari e ty o f c o n d iti o ns a n d d e al w ith m any a n d d iv e rs e cust o m e rs .

It b e c o m e s i m p o rtant f o r h i m t o f a m iliariz e h i m s e l f w ith t h e p r o d uct ,

w i th all its a d vanta g e s a n d d isa d vanta g e s un d e r all c o n d iti o ns o f u se

,
.

T h e t e m p tati o n m a y c o m e t o p lac e t h e p r o d uct un de r c o n d iti o ns

f o r which it i s n o t e ntir e ly fi tt e d a n d un d e r ci rcu m stanc e s in which it
w ill n o t g iv e satis f acti o n . I f h e yi e l d s t o this t e m p tati o n h e a d o p ts a
sh o rtsi ght e d a n d ruin o us p o licy A satis fi e d cust o m e r i s n o t o nly a
.

p e r m an e nt cust o m e r but t h e b e st p o ssibl e r e f e r e.nc e E v e ry cust o m er

o f thi s kin d w ill i m p r o v e a n d e nlar g e t h e cli e nta g e o f his fi r m a n d w ill

e stablish a valuabl e p e rs o nal acquaintanc e a n d r e p u tati o n w hich w ill

O f t e n b e a d istinct a d vanta g e in f utur e sal e s o r i n a f t e r li f e w h e n h e

'

s e e ks o th e r em p l o y m e nt .
6 Th e E n g i n e e r an d Hi s Ed u ca t i o n

lin e s a n d lar g e fi nancial inv e st m e nts a n d int e r e sts which n ee d car e f ul

,

c o nsi de rati o n a n d p r o t e cti o n m ay d e p e n d u po n hi s r e p o rt .

In r e vi e w in g such a p r o j e ct h e m u st p ass n ot o nly o n it s po ssi

,

b i li t ie s as an e n g in e e rin g e n d e av o r but o n its p r o babl e succ e ss as a

busin e ss v e ntur e H e r e m uch m o r e than p ur e ly e n g i n e e r i n g p r m c r
.

p l e s a r e inv o lv e d : t h e l e g al ri g hts un d e r t h e stat e o r t h e nati o nal la w s

m ust b e c o nsi d e r e d ; t h e p r o babl e d e m an d f o r t h e s e rvic e s o r p r od u ct
o f t h e d e v e l o p m e nt m ust b e inv e sti g at e d ; t h e hazar d s a n d c o n t i n ge n

ci e s inv o lv e d m ust b e a pp r e ciat e d t h e p o ssibl e m e th o d s a n d e x p e ns e o f

fi nanc in g m ust b e kn o w n ; a n d n o e l e m e nt that g o e s t o m ak e u p a co m
p l e t e c o m m e rcial succ e ss m ust b e n e g l e ct e d i f t h e e n g in e e r i s t o r e tain
his cli e nta ge an d r e p utati o n In this w o rk h e is c o n f r o nt e d w ith m any
.

Op ini o ns an d influ e nc e s ; t h e p r o m o t e r anxi o us t o fi nanc e his p r o j e ct ;

,

t h e c o m p any d e si r o us o f fl o atin g its st o cks a n d b o n d s ; t h e m an u f a c

,

t u r e r anxi o us f o r fi nancial assistanc e e ach p e rha p s th o r o u g hly co n

, ,

vi n c e d o f t h e f e asibility o f hi s p r o j e ct an d y e t w ith insu ffi ci e nt e x

e r i e n ce o r br e a d th o f visi o n t o tak e int o acc o unt all O f t h e e l e m e nts

p
Of t h e p r o bl e m .Th e e n g in ee r m ust r e m ain un p r e j u d ic e d ; h e m ust
si f t t h e w h e at f r o m t h e ch a fl t h e f act f r o m t h e th e o ry , a n d arriv e at
,

a c o nclusi o n as t o w h eth e r o r n o t t h e p r o j e ct i s f e asibl e a n d t h e in

v e st m e nt s o un d Up o n hi s ability t o arriv e at c o rr e ct c o nclusi o ns de
.

p e n d s hi s fi tn e ss a n d us e f uln e ss f o r this i m p o rtant w o rk .

T h e e n g in e e r i s s o m e ti m e s call e d int o a s e m i j u d icial p o siti o n as

-

a pp rais e r o r arbit e r S o m eti m e s p r o p e rty int e r e sts inv o lvin g m illi o ns

.

a r e subj e ct t o hi s j u d icial d e t e r m inati o n Th e calls t o such p o siti o n s

“

a re bas e d o nly o n a hi g h r o f e ssi o nal stan d in g d a r utati n f or

p a n e p o

f ai r n e ss h o n e sty a n d int e g rity

, .

T o quali f y h i m s e l f t o p r o p e rly f ul fi ll th e s e vari o u s f uncti o ns

sh o ul d b e t h e a i m O f e v e ry y o un g e n g in ee r .

It is e vi de nt that t h e w i d e ran g e o f wo rk ab o v e o utlin e d r e qui r e s

'

n o t o nly t e chnical kn o w l e dg e a n d e x p e ri e nc e b u t t h e ability f o r p r o p e r

,

a n d cl e ar o ral a n d w ritt e n e x p r e ssi o n ; a kn o wl e d g e o f fi nanc e s e co ,

n o m i c s busin e ss m e th o d s an d o f l e g al r e lati o ns
, ,
.

EN G I N EE R I N G E DU CA T I O N

3 . T e c
Th e h n i ca l a n d Sc i e nti fi c P r e p arati o n —T h e e s s e nti al .

a i m o f t e chnical e d ucati o n is n o t s o m u ch t o i m p art t e chnical kn o w l

-

e dg e t o t h e stu d e nt as t o f u rnish t h e trainin g w hich w ill e nabl e h i m t o

un de rstan d a n d inv e sti g at e t h e c o n d iti o ns w hich surr o un d a p r o bl em ,

 T e c h n ic a l P re p a ra t i o n

to de t e r m in e t h e f u n d a m e ntal p rinci p l e s o n w hich it s s u cc e ss f u l s o l u

ti o n d ep e n d s t o asc e rta i n an d anal y z e t h e e l em e nts which infl u e nc e o r
,

m odi fy it , to de si g n t h e
struct u r e s an d wo rk n e e d e d f o r it s succe ss f u l
de v e l o p m e nt an d t o su p e rvis e o r s u p e rint e n d t h e pr o pe r c o nstr u cti on
,

o f such structu r e s o r w o rks a n d car ry th e m t o a c o ns u m m ati o n O f su c

ces s f u l an d e c o n o m ical c o m p l e ti o n .

T h e a m o u nt o f kn o w l e d g e that can b e r e tain e d in t h e m in d at any

o n e ti m e i s li m it e d T h e ti m e s p e nt in a univ e rsity c o urs e as w e ll as
.
,

t h e m e ntal ca p acity o f t h e st u de nt a r e b O t h t o o li m it e d f o r t h e acq u isi

,

ti o n o f anythin g m o r e than t h e e l e m e nts O f kn o w l e dg e n ee d e d by t h e

p racticin g e n g in ee r E v e n t h e p racticin g e n g in e e r can
. r e tain o nly
th o s e f acts an d p rinci p l e s that hav e b e e n e s p e cially i m p r e ss e d o n h i s
m in d by c o nstant u se T h e m o st i m p o rtant acquir e m e nt th e r e f o r e f o r
.

t h e stu d e nt i n o r o u t o f c o ll e g e i s n o t a de tail e d kn o w l e d g e o f e n g i
, ,

n ee rin g p rinci p l e s nat u ral la w s t e chnical m eth o d s a n d detail e d f acts

, ,

( e xc e p t w h e r e such m att e rs a r e n e e d e d f o r i m m e diat e u se ) but t h e

'

ability t o asc e rtai n a n d a pp ly t h e c o rr e ct p rinci p l e s an d d ata w h en

n e e de d f o r p r o f e ssi o nal p ur p o s e s .

T h e e n g in ee r m ust hav e a c o m p r e h e nsiv e u n d e rstan d in g o f t h e

e l e m e nts that un d e rli e his p r o bl e m a n d u p o n w hich its p r o p e r s o luti o n

dep e n d s . He m ust kn o w what a n d h o w t o inv e sti g at e a n d h o w t o ,

analyz e an d w e i g h t h e influ e nc e o f e v e ry f act o r i nv o lv e d He m u st .

b e abl e t o se e o r t o d et e r m in e t h e val u e a n d e ff e ct o f e ach e l em e nt in

t h e p r o bl e m a n d h e m ust kn o w w h e th e r t h e kn o w l e d g e n e e d e d f o r
,

th e s e e n d s is availabl e wh e r e it i s t o b e f o u n d an d h o w t o acq u ir e it
, , .

He m ust un d e rstan d w ays a n d m e ans as a ff e ctin g b o th c o nstr u cti o n

a n d o p e rati o n a n d so f a r as p o ssibl e h e m ust hav e d e v e l o p e d his j u dg
, , ,

m e nt s e ns e o f j ustic e a n d e quity a n d h is c o m m o n s e ns e
, .

All kn o w l e dg e is m o r e o r l e ss r e lat e d an d e v e ry subj e ct b ea rs ,

m o r e o r l e ss d i r e ctly o n e v e ry o th e r s u bj e ct It has b e e n sai d that i f .

any m an kn o w s all that can b e kn o w n o f any o n e subj e ct h e kn o w s all ,

that th e r e is t o b e kn o w n O f e v e ry o th e r subj e ct Such a co m p r eh en .

siv e kn o w l e dge is O f c o u rs e i de al an d i m p o ssibl e o f r e alizati o n but a ,

br o a d f ou n dati o n o f m any subj e ct s is n e c e ssary t o a tr u e a pp r e ciati o n

o f any o n e .This is e s p e cially tru e O f t echnical kn ow l e dg e an d f o r a
br o a d kn o wl e dg e o f any s pe cialty it is b o th d e si rabl e an d n e c e ssary that
t h e e n g in ee r hav e a g e n e ral kn o w l e dg e at l e ast o f o th e r s p e cialti e s .

T h e p r e s e nt t e n d e ncy t o war d s p e ci alizati o n is w h e n carri ed f ar in a ,

u niv e rsity c o urs e a s e ri o u s m istak e i f t h e d e si r e is t o e d ucat e e n g in ee rs

,

inst e a d o f t o train skill e d w o rk m e n T h e i de al univ e rsity f o r t h e edu .

cati o n O f t h e e n g in ee r is n o t a tra d e sch o o l T h e e d ucati o n sh o u l d b e .

8 Th e E n gi n e e r an d Hi s Edu ca t i o n

la rg e ly ge n e ral a n d s pe cial branch e s sh o ul d b e s o han d l e d as t o br o a de n

,

a n d n o t narr o w t h e stu d e nt Th e y sh o ul d b e c o nsi de r e d w ith r e lati o n

.

t o Oth e r s p e cial lin e s .

Th e r e is pe rha p s n o m o r e na rr o w m a n than t h e s p e cialist wh o

kn o w s n o thin g o f au g ht but his s pe cialty ; h e i s an unsa f e g ui de e xc e pt
al o n g hi s o wn narr o w lin e s f o r w h e n his lin e s cr o ss o r run p arall e l
,

w ith o th e r subj e cts h e has n o tru e p e rs p e ctiv e o f r e lativ e i m p o rtanc e

,

o r O f r e lativ e valu e s E v e ry th o u g ht f ul e n g in e e r w ill r e aliz e that hi s

.

s p e cial kn o w l e dg e a n d e x p e ri e nc e w ill influ e nc e his r e c o m m e n d ati o n .

R e c e ntly a p r o p o siti o n w a s un d e r c o nsi d e rati o n that inv o lv e d t h e in

s t a ll a t i o n o f t w o p u m p in g e n g in e s o f six m illi o n gall o ns ca p acity in a

l o cati o n w h e r e it w a s un de sirabl e t o c o nstruct a b o il e r p lant a n d w h e r e

i n c o ns e qu e nc e p o w e r h a d t o b e trans m itt e d in s o m e f o r m f o r ab o ut a
quart e r o f a m il e V ari o us e l e ctrical e n g in e e rs wh o d iscuss e d t h e
.

r j ct uni f o r m ly r e c o m m e n d e d t h e u se O f e l e ct r i c a l g e n e rati o n a n d
'

p o e ,

t rans m i ssi o n A f t e r d u e c o nsi d e rati o n O f t h e p r o p o siti o n st e a m trans

.
,

m issi o n w ith st e a m p i p e s car e f ully insulat e d w a s install e d

,
The
, .

p o w e r c o nsu m p ti o n O f th is p lant at f ull l o a d w a s ab o ut hal f o f w hat it

w o ul d hav e b ee n w ith an e l e ctrical p lant s p e cially d e si g n e d f o r t h e,

s e rvic e a n d at hal f a n d quart e r l o a d s at w hich p o ints t h e p lant o p e r

,

a t e d a c o nsi d e rabl e p o rti o n O f t h e ti m e t h e savin g wa s v e ry m uch

“

g r e at e r Th e t e n d e ncy o f t h e s p e cial ist is al w ays t o a d vis e t h e a ppl i

.

ca ti o n O f his s p e cialty .

O n e o f t h e m o st i m p o rtant e l e m e nts in t h e instructi o n o f t h e

y o un g e n g in e e r is t o l e a d h im t o a pp r e ciat e n o t o nly his o w n s p e cialty
b u t t o g iv e h i m a c o rr e ct a pp r e ciati o n O f t h e s p e cialti e s o f o thers Th e .

e n g in e e r wh o is e d ucat e d in o nly o n e s p e cialty a n d has n o t t h e kn o w l

e dg e n e c e ssary t o c o m p ar e it w ith o th e rs is po o rly p r e p ar e d f o r p r o

,

f e ssi o n a l li f e a n d his trainin g w ill s e l d o m g iv e t h e b e st r e sults t o

,

e ith e r hi m s e l f o r hi s cli e nts .

T h e c o urs e s o f stu d y in e n g in e e rin g sch o o ls usually c o v e r m o st

branch e s o f e n g in ee rin g in a f ai rly satis f act o ry m ann e r w h e n t h e p u r
p o s e s O i t h e stu d i e s a r e un d e rst o o d a n d a p p r e ciat e d Th e p rinci p l e s .

a n d m e th o d s o n w hich inv e sti g ati o n a n d

p ractic e m ust r e st are f ai rly
w e ll d e v e l o p e d a n d t h e y o un g e n g in e e r w h e n h e l e av e s his t e chnical
, ,

s ch o o l is f ai rly w e ll
, p p ar e d t o un d e rtak e t h e m in o r calculati o ns o p
r e ,

e r a t i o n s a n d d e si g ns in t h e
p ractic e o f his p r o f e ssi o n Th e t e chnical .

g ra d uat e m ust n o t o v e r e sti m at e his ca p abiliti e s H i s e d ucat i o n is n o t

.

fi nish e d it is o nly j u st b e g un
, He has p r ep ar e d a f o un dati o n ; i f it i s
.

w e ll lai d h e has alr e a d y acc o m p lish e d m uch He m u sr n o w buil d t h e

. .

s u p e rstructur e .
This t o b e s u cc e ss f ul w ill r e qui r e c o nstant a n d str e n
, ,
 T e c h n ic a l P r e p a r a t i o n

no us e ff o rt Wh e n t h e y o un g e n g in e e r e nt e rs p ractic e h e still n ee d s t o
.

acqui r e e x pe ri e nc e a n d t o stu dy o bs e rv e a n d inv e sti g at e subj e cts c o n

,

n e c t e d w ith h is s p e cialty all O f w hich is n e c e ssary f o r a d vanc e d w o rk

,

a n d w hich h e can O btain t o t h e b e st a d vanta g e c o nc o m i t ant w ith t h e

ractic e O f his r o f e ssi o n F o r succ e ss t h e e n g in e e r m ust acqui r e a

p p .

w o rkin g kn o w l e dg e o f
F ir s t : T h e f un d a m e ntal p rinci p l e s o f th o s e sci e nc e s o n which his
w o rk d e p e n d s a n d j u dg m e nt in this a p p licati o n
, .

Se co n d : Th o s e m e th o d s a n d calculati o ns w hich m ust b e a pp li e d

in such p ractic e a n d skill a n d accu racy in th ei r u se
, .

Th ir d : Th e u se o f lan g u a g e inclu d in g t h e ability t o p r e p ar e a n d

,

p r e s e nt b o th cl e a r a n d c o ncis e o ral a n d w ritt e n e x p lanati o n o f e n g in e e r

'

in g p r o bl e m s.

F o n r t h : B usin e ss a n d e n g in eerin g l a w u p o n w hich t h e succ e ss o f

e n g in e e rin g p r o j e cts d e e n d s a n d w ith o ut w hich f e w c o rr e ct r e o rts
p , p ,

s p e ci fi cati o ns o r c o ntracts can b e p r e p ar e d .

Fif t h : Th o s e e ss e ntial p rinci p l e s that c o nc e rn t h e p e rs o nal r e la

-

t i o ns O f t h e e n g i n e e r w ith his f e ll o w s w ith his e m p l o y e rs a n d cli e nts

, ,

w ith h is busin e ss ass o ciat e s w ith lab o r a n d w ith t h e p ublic a n d als o

, , ,

th o s e p rinci p l e s o f j u dg m e nt e quity a n d ethics u p o n which t h e hi gh e st

,

s u cc e ss o f e v e ry m an d e p e n d s .

T h e e n g in e e r m ust acqui r e j u dg m e nt a n d a kn o w l e dg e O f me n as
an e ss e ntial p art o f h i s e d u cati o n ; th e s e can c o m e o nly w ith e xp e r i
e nc e a n d Obs e rvati o n .

T h e e n g in e e r sh o ul d als o acqui r e a c o rr e ct p e rs p e ctiv e O f his o wn

ca pabiliti e s an d li m itati o ns Se l f kn o w l e dg e i s p e rha p s t h e m o st i m
.
-

p o rtant kn o w l e d g e f o r o n t h e o n e han d it w ill p r e v e nt t h e in d ivi d ual

,

f r o m att e m p tin g th o s e thin g s f o r w hic h h e i s u n fi t t e d a n d thus e l im i

nat e f ailur e s w hi ch w ill r e sult m o r e o r l e ss s e ri o usly in th e ir co n se
q u e n c e s b o th t o hi m s e l f a n d t o o th e rs ; a n d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d it w ill
'

, ,

iv e h i m t h e n e c e ssa ry c o n fi d e nc e t o un d e rtak e th o se thin g s f o r w hich

g
h e is p r o p e rly fi tt e d a n d w hich w ill m ak e h i m o f t h e g r e at e st valu e in
p ractical li f e .

T h e t e n d e ncy O f t e ch n i cal e d u cat i o n i s rath e r t o t h e d e tr i m e nt

o f j u d g m e nt If t e xt b o o k s a nd i n stru ct o rs a r e c o n si d e r e d i n f allib l e
-

i f l e c tu r e s a r e t o b e tak e n w i th o u t qu e s ti o n t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f ,

j u d g m e nt i s c e rta inly n o t s ti m ulat e d An e a rn e s t e ff o rt sh o u l d b e.

m a d e b y t h e y o u n g e n g i n e e r t o u n d e rs tan d t h e l i m its o f th e o ry a n d
'

t h e p o i n t w h e r e j u d g m e n t a n d S p e cu lati o n b e g in T h e u se a n d .

ab u s e o f f o r m ulas Sh o ul d b e a p p r e ciat e d a n d th e i r li m i tati o n s r e al ,

 H) Th e En g i n e e r an d His Edu c a t i o n

ize d . x p e ri e nc e d e n g i n e e r r e c o g n i z e s t h e c o nv e n i e nc e o f
E v e ry e

f o r m u la s bu t m u s t als o u n d e r s tan d t h e d an g e r O f th e i r car e l e s s a p

p l ic at i o n a n d th at t h e a pp li cati o n o f all th e o ry t o p racti c e m u s t b e

m o d i fi e d by j u d gm e n t i n o r d e r t o t ak e i n t o a cc o u n t f ac t o rs O f t e n
un r e c o gn iz e d in th e o r e ti cal c o nsi de rati o ns .

4 A .K n o w l e d g e o f E n g li s h — A kn o w l e dg e o f En g lish a n d t h e
,

ability t o e x p r e ss his m eanin g in cl e ar c o ncis e an d c o nvincin g lan g ua ge

, ,

b o th o ral a n d w ritt e n i s an ass e t O f g r e at valu e t o t h e e n g in e e r

,
.

Th e abili ty t o p r e p ar e a n d p r e s e nt w ith t h e o ral o r w ritt e n w o r d s ,

t h e rati o nal e o f t h e p r o bl e m t o b e s o lv e d a n d its p r o p e r s o luti o n a re

O f t e n as i m p o rtant as t h e ability t o r e c o g niz e a n d s o lv e t h e p r o bl e m .

An int e lli g e nt d iscussi o n O f t h e c o n d iti o ns that Obtain a p r o p e r p r e s e n ,

t a t i o n o f t h e p ri nci p l e s inv o lv e d a n d a cl e ar e l u ci d ati o n o f t h e p r o p e r

m e th o d s f o r its s o luti o n SO that e ach o f th e s e m att e rs w ill b e u n d e r
,

st o o d by t h e busin e ss o r p r o f e ssi o nal m an by w h o m t h e p r o bl e m is p r e

s e nt e d i s a m o st i mp o rtant f uncti o n O f e d ucati o n This ability o f e x
,
.

p r e ssi o n can b e acqui r e d o nly by p ractic e a n d by t h e c o nstant e n d e av o r

O f t h e e n g in e e r in t h e p r e p arati o n o f his w o rk t o p lac e hi m s e l f in t h e

m e ntal attitu d e O f t h e o n e wh o is t o h e ar o r r e a d t h e m att e r p r e s e nt e d .

At al m o st e v e ry st ep t h e e n g in e e r i s call e d u p o n t o de scrib e in
cl e ar t e r m s in r e p o rts p a p e rs o r s p e ci fi cati o ns b o th in g e n e ral an d in
, , ,

d e tail t h e rati o nal e o f w o rks built o r p r o p o s e d

, Th e e n g in e e r is O f t eri
.

r e qui r e d by h is cli e nts o r su p e ri o r t o e xa m in e int o p r o j e cts t o d e t e r

,

m in e t h e lin e o f acti o n n e c e ssary o r d e si rabl e un d e r t h e c o n d iti o ns that

Obtain a n d p e rha p s t h e f e asibility
, natur e e xt e nt charact e r an d c o st
, , ,

o f t h e c o nstructi o n o r w o rks w hich sh o ul d b e install e d t o acc o m lish

p
t h e p ur p o s e d e si r e d In such cas e h e m ust b e abl e t o de scrib e in cl e a r
.

lan g ua ge t h e c o n d iti o ns w hich h e fi n d s an d t h e f act o rs which w ill a ff e ct

t h e p r o p o s e d p r o j e ct a n d t o g iv e in a l o g ical m ann e r t h e r e as o ns f o r hi s
,

r e c o m m en d ati o n c o nc e rnin g t h e charact e r e xt e nt a n d c o st o f t h e wo rk

,

which sh o ul d b e d o n e .

W h e n lab o r m at e rial su p p li e s o r w o rk s a r e t o b e f u rni sh e d o r

, ,

c o n st ru ct e d e ith e r a s a w h o l e o r i n p art by o th e r s tha n t h e o w n e r

, ,

( a n d th e r e a r e f e w c o n st ru cti o n s w h e r e m at e rial a t l e a s t i s n o t t o
b e so f u rnish e d ) t h e e n g i n e e r m u s t d e s crib e cl e arly a nd i n d e tai l
,

t h e cha ract e r a n d e xt e nt o f th o s e p art s w h i ch a r e t o b e s o f u rn i sh e d .

Fe w d e si g ns a r e c o m p l e t e i n th e m s e lv e s w i th o u t s u ch d e s cri p ti o n s ,

a n d f r e qu e n tly t h e p r o e r r arati n th s sc ri
p p p e o o f e e d e p n s o r s pe c
ti o

i fi ca t i o n s i s a m o n g t h e m o s t i m p o rtant O f t h e d u ti e s o f t h e d e s i g n e r .
 Kn o w le d ge o f E n g l i sh

Pr o p e r s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e f u l ly as i m p o rtant as an d n o l e ss e ss e ntial ,

than t h e m a p s p lans a n d de si gn s f o r t h e e x p lanati o n o f t h e w o rk p r o

,

p o s e d
. F r e qu e ntly a d e si g n, w hich m ay b e bas e d o n p r e c e d e nt o r ,

artially at l e ast o n t h e p ublish e d p lans o f o th e rs is m u ch l e ss d i ffi cult

p , ,

t o p r e p ar e than t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns w hich m ust d e scrib e in d e tail t h e m a

t e r i a l s a n d charact e r o f t h e c o nstr u cti o n a n d p a rticularly t h e p ractic

,

abl e q ualiti e s O f m at e rial a n d t h e m e th o d s w hich m ust b e f o ll o w e d in

th e i r e c o n o m ic m anu f actur e o r c o nstructi o n Ev e n wh e r e w o rk is t o .

b e d o n e by t h e d i r e ct e m p l o y m e nt O f m e n by t h e o w n e r an d n o t un d e r
c o ntract p r o p e r s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e e ss e ntial as a basis f o r c o rr e ct e sti
,

m at e s o i c o st a n d f o r t h e p r o pe r p e r f o r m anc e o f t h e w o rk .

T h e p r e p arat i o n o f r e p o rt s a n d s p e c i fi ca ti o n s i s a b r o a d subj e c t
that t o u ch e s al m o s t e v e r y li m i t o f h u m a n a c t ivi ty a n d i t s p r o p e r ,

p e r f o r m a n c e i s ac qu ir e d o nly by l o n g e x p e ri e nc e car e f u l s tu d y a n d ,

d e ta il e d k n o w l e d g e . C e rtai n p r in ci p l e s h o w e v e r can b e r e a d ily

, ,

ac qu i r e d a n d u n d e rst o o d w h ich i f f o ll o w e d o u t w il l l e a d t h e w a y
, ,

t o th e i r s u cc e ss f ul p r e p arati o n .

Ma t e rial lab o r m achi n e r y o r su p p li e s t o b e p u rch a s e d o r c o n

, ,

t ract e d f o r m u st b e o r d e r ed a n d a n a g r e e m e n t m o r e o r l e s s fo r m al
f o r f u rni sh i n g t h e sa m e m ust in e v e ry ca s e b e e nt e r e d i n t o Su ch .

a g r e e m e nts vary f r o m t h e s i m p l e fo r m O f a v e rbal o r d e r a n d a c

c e p t a n c e f o r t h e s m all e st su p ply t o t h e m o st e lab o rat e c o ntract an d

s pe ci fi cati o ns f o r t h e m o st c o m pl e x m achin e ry o r p lant i nv o lvin g

th o u san d s O f do llar s If su ch a g r e e m e n t s a r e n o t p r o p e rly a n d
.

cl e arly p r e p ar e d th e y m ay inv o lv e n e e d l e ss m isun de rstan d in g s a n d

e x p e nsiv e lit ig a t i o n i Th e u se o f g oo d lan g u a g e o ral o r w ritt e n is a c , ,

quir e d o nly by c o nstant stu dy a n d p ract ic e a n d i s n e e d e d by t h e e n

gi n e e r in t h e l e tt e rs instructi o ns r e p o rts p a p e rs a n d s p e ci fi cati o n s
, , ,

which h e i s f r e qu e ntly call e d u p o n t o p r e p ar e A kn o w l e dg e O f t e ch

.

n i ca l lan g u a g e i s acqui r e d by r e ssi o nal stu d y a n d

p o f p ractica l e xp e r i
e nc e in s p e cial lin e s a n d i s hi g hly e ss e ntial f o r c o rr e ct t e chnical r e o rt s
p ,

inst r u ct i o ns an d s p e ci fi cati o n w ritin g

—
.
,

5
. L e g a l R e lat i o n s It is t h e d uty o f e v e ry citi z e n t o s o in f o r m
hi m s e l f in r e g ar d t o t h e f un d a m e ntal an d e l em e ntary la w s u n de r which
h e liv e s an d o n w hich his l e g al ri g hts a n d p rivil e ge s d e p e n d that h e ,

shall hav e a cl e ar c o nc ep ti o n o f his o w n ri g hts an d p rivil e g e s an d th o s e

o f hi s n e i g hb o rs a n d b u sin e ss ass o ciat e s .

- It is i m p o rtant f o r t h e e n g in e e r t o acquir e a kn o w l e dg e o f th o s e
f un d a m e ntal p rinci p l e s O f l a w w hich m ust cl e arly g o v e rn a n d c o ntr o l
his s o cial a n d b u sin e ss r e lati o ns an d hi s s pe cial p r o f e ssi o nal activiti e s ,

inclu d in g t h e la w s o f c o ntracts in w hich h e is o f t e n e s pe cially int e r

,
 12 Th e En g i n e e r an d Hi s Ed u ca t io n

e st e d e ith e r as a p rinci pal o r as an arbit e r Th e s e p rinci p l e s i n th e i r

.

g e n e ral r e lati o ns can b e r e a d ily un d e rst o o d but th e i r s pe ci fi c a p p lica

ti o n pa rticularly un d e r m any c o m p l e x li m itin g c o n d iti o ns b e c o m e s e x
, ,

c e e d i n g l y d i fli cu l t a n d calls f o r t h e a d vic e o f th o s e w h o hav e g iv e n

s p e cial stu dy t o t h e subj e ct un d e r c o nsi de rati o n .

T h e e n g in e e r sh o ul d b e su ffi ci e ntly in f o r m e d c o nc e rnin g th o s e
l eg al m att e rs w hich a ffe ct his d uti e s a n d r e s p o nsibiliti e s t o kn o w wh e n
all o r d inary l e g al r e qui r e m e nts a r e o bs e rv e d i n d ra w in g u p such e n g i
n e e rin g p a p e rs as m ay b e n e c e ssary in his wo rk a n d t o se e that t h e a c
ti o ns attitu d e s a n d d e cisi o ns o f hi m s e l f an d hi s sub o r d inat e s a r e l eg al
,

a n d that t h e l e g al ri g hts o f h is cli e nts busin e ss a ss o ciat e s a n d O f h i m

,

s e l f a r e p r o p e rly c o ns e rv e d In all cas e s O f i m p o rtanc e l eg al a d vic e

.
,

is e ss e ntial a n d sh o ul d b e o btain e d Fe w la wy e rs in o r d inary p ractic e

.
,

h o we ve r p o ss e ss such kn o w l e dg e o f e n g in ee rin g c o ntracts o r O f t h e

,

c o n d iti o ns o f c o nstructi o n as is n e c e ssary in o r d e r t o d ra w a sa t is f ac

t o ry c o ntract f o r c o nstructi o n wo rk ; a n d e n g in e e rin g c o ntracts as w ell
as t e chnical s p e ci fi cati o ns S h o ul d b e p r e p ar ed by t h e e n g in e e r a n d sub
,

m it t e d t o t h e att o rn e y t o se e that t h e l e g al r e qui r e m e nts a r e p r o p e rly

c o ve red .

T h e e n g i n e e r ; t o b e su cc e s s f u l i n pro f e s s i o na l p ra c ti c e m u s t ,

al s o b e i n f o r m e d o n t h e la w s w h i ch a ff e c t h i s p a rt i cu lar S p e c ialty .

T h e m u ni ci p al e n g in e e r a n d c o nt ract o r s h o u l d u n d e r s ta n d th o s e
m u n i ci p al la w s w h i ch a ff e ct m u ni c i p al w o rks a n d w h ich b o th l i m i t
a n d c o nt r o l m u ni c i p al a c ti v iti e s T h e hy d rau l i c e n g i n e e r sh o u l d u n
.

d e r s t a n d t h e la w s O f ri p aria n o w n e r shi p a n d th o s e g o v e rni n g t h e

ac qu i ri n g o f w at e r ri g h t s a n d t h e c o n st ru cti o n O f w a t e r p o w e r i rri ,

g a t i o n a n d d rai na g e p r o j e c ts a n d t h e l e g al r e qu i r e m e n t s o f navi g a
,

ti o n l o gg i n g fi sh w a y s e t c T h e m e ch an i cal e n g i n e e r sh o u l d n u
, , ,
.

d e r st a n d s o m e thin g o f p at e nt la w s a n d o f t h e vari o us o th e r la w s w hich

a ff e ct hi s S p e cialty I n e ach branch o f e n g in e e rin g th e r e a r e c e rtain
.

l e g al r e lati o ns t h e kn o w l e dg e o f w hich i s in d is p e nsabl e t o succ e ss f ul

e n g in ee rin g p ractic e . L a w s a r e so m ani f o l d that n o la wy e r in g e n e ral

p ractic e can b e th o r o u g hly in f o r m e d o n all o f th e i r branch e s a n d t h e ,

e n g in e e r in p ractic e f r e qu e ntly b e c o m e s b e tt e r in f o r m e d o n th o s e la w s

w h ich a ff e ct his o w n s p e cialty than d o e s t h e la w y e r in g e n e ral p ractic e .

In m att e rs o f m o m e nt e x p e rt l e g al assistanc e sh o ul d b e e m p l o y e d as
,
-
,

s pe cialists in t h e l a w a r e as e ss e ntial f o r a p r o p e r kn o w l e dge O f S p e cial

l eg al r e qui re m e nts as a r e s p e cialists f o r t h e b e st p ractic e in e n g in ee rin g .

6 E th i cal a n d P e r s o nal R e l ati o n s —A p r o p e r a pp r e ciati o n of

.

t h e e ss e ntial m o ral a n d e thica l r e lati o ns o f t h e in d ivi d ual i s d i ffi cult t o

acquir e o r t o i m p art y e t th e r e a r e n o subj e ct s so i m p o rtant o r s o int e r

,
 I4 Th e En gin e e r an d Hi s Edu ca t io n

r e s p o nsibiliti e s incr e as e as fi d ucia ry r e lati o ns b e c o m e e stab

As ,

l ish e d as t h e w o rk o f t h e e n g in e e r attains a hi g h e r p r o f e ssi o nal charac

,

t e r th e r e b e c o m e s inv o lv e d n o t o nly c o nsci e nti o us h o n e st a n d e n e r g e tic

,

e ff o rt t o w ar d p e rs o nal p r o f e ssi o nal a d vanc e m e nt but als o Obli g ati o ns ,

t o w ar d t h e p r o f e ssi o n a n d t o war d hu m anity e v e n at t h e sacri fi c e o f ,

p e rs o nal int e r e st .

T h e t e r m p r o f e ssi o ns inclu d e s th o s e callin g s w hich inv o lv e in

“

th e i r p ractic e hi g h i d e als g r e at e n e r gy d istin g uish e d ability c o rr e ct , , ,

a n d l o g ical th o u g ht by m e ans O f w hich e ff e ctiv e r e sults a r e Obtain e d ,

th r o u g h e ffi c i e nt a p p licati o n o f t e ch ni ca l k n o w l e d g e a n d p r o p e r o r
ga n i z a t io n Su ch call in g s al s o i nv o l v e a h i g h c o nc e p t i o n o f p e rs o nal
.

h o n o r a n d p e rs o nal O bli g a ti o n n o t o nly t o w a r d all w ith w h o m th e

p rac ti ti o n e r c o m e s i n p e rs o nal c o nta c t bu t t o w ar d t h e p r o f e s si o n ,

t h e s tat e t h e nati o n a n d t o w ar d h u m an i ty :
, ,

T h e e n g in e e r m u s t u n d e rstan d th e r e f o r e n o t o nly t h e e l e m e n ts ,

n e c e s sary f o r p e rs o nal su cc e s s b u t al s o th o s e r e qu i r e m e nt s n e c e s
sar y f o r t h e r e al i zati o n O f t h e h i g h e r i d e als o f p r o f e ss i o nal su c c e s s .

L IT ERA T URE
A d d r e ss s t Eng i n e r i ng St d e nts E d i t d by Wa d d e ll Harr i ngt o n
e o e u . e .

Pu bli s h e d by t h e aut h rs K ansas C i t y M o , , o .

L i m i t t i o ns o f Effi c i nc y i n En gi n r i ng E d ucat i n by Pr f e ss r G rge

a e ee o , o o eo

F S wa i n Eng R e V l 6 2 p 7 1 2
. . . c .
, o .
, . .

T h e Pr o f ss i o n o f En g i n e r by Wa d d ll
e Harr i ngt n e , e o .

T wo K i n d s f E d ucat i n f o Eng i n rs by De an J B J o h ns o n
o o r ee , . . .

Eng i n e r i ng E d ucat i o n by Pr o f Fran k P Mc K i b b

e , . . en .

H i nts t Stu d nts o t h e E d cat i n o f an Eng i n ee r by Dr I ra 0 B a k e r

o e n u o , . . .

T h e C o ll g G ra d at e as an Eng i n e r by Dr A l ex G Hu m p h r e y s
e e u e , . . . .

T h e St d y o f Eng i n e e r i ng by Pr o f W illi a m H B rr
u , . . u .

" T h e Ma ki ng f an Eng i n r by M J R i ggs C E

‘
o ee , . .
, . .

T h e T w nt i e t h C e ntur y Eng i n er by Pr o f H nr y S Car h art ee , . e . .

T h e R e l at i o ns f C i v il Eng i n r i ng t t h r B ranc h s f Sc i nc e by
o ee o o e e o e ,

Dr J A L Wa d d e ll
. . . . .

C ll e ge T ra i n i ng o f E l ctr i ca l Eng i n rs by Pr of Art h ur C Sco tt

o e ee , . . .

T h e Pr e s nt Status o f t h e E ng i n e r i ng Pr o f ss i n a d Ho w i t m y b e
e e e o n a

I m p roved by Dr J A L Wa dd e ll , . . . . .

Cr i t i c i s m o f t h e Eng i n e r i ng Sc h l s by Pr f Duga l d C Jack s n e oo , o . . o .

Last W o r d s t o t h e Ci v il Eng i n e e r i ng S e n i rs by Dr I ra 0 B a k r o , . . e .

H i g h r E d ucat i o n f C i v il En g i n e e rs by Dr J A L Wa d d e ll
e or , . .
'
. . .

Engi n e r i ng as a Pr f e ss i n by W J France s Canad i n Eng i n e r V o l

e o o , . .
, a e , .

25, p . 6 85 .

A d d r ss e s t Engi n e r i ng Stu d nts

" e o e e . Pu bli s h e d by Wa d d e ll an d Har
r i ngt o n K ansas C i t y Mo
, , .
 Li t e ra t u re 5

C i v il Eng i n ee rs by B W K nn ed y Eng R ec V o l 5 4 p 5 82
Th e , . . e . . . .
, . .

T h e R l at i n o f E l e ctr i ca l Engi n ee r t
e Ot h r Pr o f e ss i o ns by G an Dunn
o o e , o .

P r e s i d e nt i a l a d d r e ss Am I nst E E 1 9 1 2 T rans Am I nst E E See , . .

, . . . . . .
, . .

a l s o Eng N e ws V o l 6 8 p 47 6 . , .
, . .

Eng i n e r i ng as a V cat i o n by E arn e st Mc c ll ug h Do l y C N w

e o , u o , nna o .
, e

Y rk o .

Eng i n ee r i ng as a Car e r E d i t e d by F H N ewe ll d C E Dra y e r Van e . . . an . . .

N o stran d C o N w Y r k .
, e o .

T h e S tatus a d Pr f e ss i o na l R l at i ns f t h e Eng i n r D i scuss i o n b ef r

n o e o o ee o e

t h e Am e r i can I nst i tut e o f C o nsu l t i ng Eng i n e rs Pa m p hl e t Offi c e o f S ecr e e . .

tar y 1 0Par k Ave N e w Y r k

,
.
, o .

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e o o ,

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, , . .

E l ectr i ca l Eng i n e r i ng E d ucat i n by C h as P St e i n m e t z E l ectr i ca l R e e o , . . .

v i e w V o l 5 2 p 1 82 See a l s o T rans Am I nst E E Jun e August a d S p

, .
, . . . . . . .
, , n e

t em b r 1 90 e2 , .

T h e Eng i n e r i ng G ra d uat a d t h e W o r l d by D an C h ar l e s H B e nj a m i n
e e n , e . .

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.
, o .
, .

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en a e , e . . e , o .
, . .

Eng i n r i ng S rv i c d t h e Pract i ca l Man i n Eng i n r i ng by Ant o n i

ee e e an
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ee ,
o

Lans Eng N ws V o l 6 2 p 1 9 2
. . e , .
, . .

T h e I n fl u e nc e f Pur Sc i e nc e i n Eng i n r i ng by S i r J J Th m p s o n o e ee , . . o .

Eng R ec V l 62 p 6 7 9
. . o .
, . .

T h e W o r k o f t h e Eng i n e r by B W K e nn e d y Eng N e w s V l 5 6 p 5 6 3 e , . . . .
, o .
, . .

C nt e m p o rar y T c h n i ca l E d ucat i n by J o h n R Fr m an J o ur Ass c

o e o , . ee . . o .

Eng So Oct o b e r 1 9 04 p 5 07
. c .
, , . .

Status f t h e Ci v il En gi n r s Pr f ss i n i n t h e Un i t d Stat e s Ann a l

o ee
’
o e o e . u

A dd r ss o f Pr s i d ent o f Am So c C E 1 9 09 B y On war d" B at s T rans Am

e e .
, . . e . .

S oc C E V l 64 p 5 6 7
. . . o .
, . .

S a l s o Eng R V o l 6 0 p 3 4
ee . ec . .
, . .

Pr s i d nt i a l A d d r ss o f S i r A l x B W K nn e d y T h e e ngi n e e r hi s
e e e e . . e .
, re

l at i o n t o sc i e nce art natur e l w c m m e rc i a l p r f ss i na l d i n d ustr i a l li f e

, , , a , o , o e o an .

I nst o f C i v E g No v 6 1 9 06
. . n rs . .
, .

Pr f e ss i o na l I d a l s o f t h e 2 ot h C e ntur y A dd r ss by Pr e s Ha d l e y f Ya l
o e . e . o e .

E n g R e c Ap r 2 0, 1 90
’

. 7 . . .

Pr e s i dent i a l A d d r ss t o N rt h E ast C ast I nst i tut i n o f E g r d S hi p e o o o n s . an

Bl dr W H Dug d a l e Su m m ar y o f Engi n e e r i ng f r o m ear li st t i m s s h o w

s .
, . . . e e

i g va l u e f t e c h n i ca l i nst i tut i ns
n o T rans N E C o ast I nst E g d S hi p o . . . . .
, n rs . an

Bld rs Jan 1 9 07 .
, . .

T h e T ra i n i ng o f t h E l tr i ca l En g i n e r by Dr L o u i s B ll Di scuss e s e ec e . e ,

q ua li t i e s n ee d d a d m eans o f ac q i r i ng t h m f r succ e ss i n E l ectr ica l E

e n u e ,
o n

gi nee i g Cass i e r s Mag Jan 1 9 05

r n .
’
. . .

Pr p e r qua li ficat i ns o f E l ectr i ca l En gi n e e r i ng Sch o o l G ra d uat s f r o m t h e

o o e

Ma n f actur rs Stan d p o i nt L A Os b o rn e D i scuss s q u li t i s l ac ki ng i n t h

u e , . . e a e e

a v e rag e gra d uat e T rans Am I ns t E E Ju ly 1 9 03 . . . . . .

En gi n e rs Must Le a rn t S e ll Th e i r A bili t y D i scuss e s d e s i ra bili t y f

e o . o

t eac hi ng h o w t o wr i te a d s p ea k c o nvi nc i ng ly d t h e va l u e o f e t hi cs Ed i n ,
an .

t o i al
r E g R ec J ly 1 5 1 9 1 6 p 85
. n . . u , , . .
 C H AP T E R II

SU C C E SS IN T HE E N G I N EE R I N G P R O F E S SI O N

7 . P e r s o nal S u cc e s s — S ucc e ss in li f e lik e succ e ss in t h e co n

,

structi o n o f an e n g in e e rin g structu r e r e qui r e s a g o o d a n d a p r o p e r

,

f o un d ati o n o n w hich t o buil d . S ucc e ss i s m e asur e d by m any m en in

m any w ays . Th e b e st succ e ss is n o t m e asur e d by g r e at w e alth o r gr e at

p o w e r n o r by t h e g r e at e st a m o unt o f i d l e p l e asu r e f o r t h e p ursuit

, o f
any o f th e s e sin g l e p ur p o s e s d o e s n o t r e sult in t h e g r e at e st ha pp in e ss
w hich is p e rha p s t h e tru e st m e asu r e o f t h e g r e at e st in d ivi du al succ e ss .

Th e g r e at e st succ e ss r e sults f r o m a w e ll balanc e d li f e a n d sh o ul d

u sually inclu d e :

Fi r s t : S uitabl e f ri e n d s a n d f a m ily r e lati o ns ; f o r t h e g r e at e st suc

c e ss do e s n o t c o m e w ith s o litu de .

S e co n d : Su ffi ci e nt inc o m e f o r t h e c o m f o rt o f t h e in d ivi d ual hi s ,

f a m ily an d d e p e n d ants a n d t o p e r m it h i m t o h e l p th o s e p hilanthr o p ic

,

m o v e m e nts i n w hich all sh o ul d tak e p art .

Th ir d : A g o o d p e rs o nal p r o f e ssi o nal an d busin e ss r e p utati o n in

,

his li f e w o rk .

F o u r t h : Th e r e s p e ct o f his f ri e n d s a n d ass o ciat e s .

Fif t h : S e l f r e s p e ct o r t h e p e rs o nal a p p r o val o f his o w n c o nsci e nc e

-

r e sultin g f r o m t h e p r o p e r o bs e rvanc e o f p e rs o nal r e li g i o us a n d e thi cal

c o nvicti o ns .

What e v e r m ay b e t h e i d e al o f t h e in d ivi d u al i f it b e w o rthy o f t h e

,

na m e o f succ e ss its attribut e s a r e h e alth nativ e ability charact e r e du

, , , ,

cati o n e x p e ri e nc e a n d o pp o rtunity E ach i s p artially in de p e n de nt an d

, .

p artially d e p e n d e nt o n in d ivi d ual e ff o rt a n d e ach can b e i m p r o v e d

,

a n d str e n gt h e n e d by t h e e x e rcis e o f car e p e rs e v e r e nc e a n d e n e r gy

,
.

Ch arac t e r w h i l e p art ially h e r e d ita ry i s m o r e lar g e ly d u e t o t h e

, ,

in flu e n c e o f f a m il y a n d a s s o ci at e s a n d t o e d u cati o n a n d p e rs o nal
,

culti vat i o n Th at t h e a ge a n d th o u g h t o f t h e ti m e s la r g e ly c o ntr o l

.

chara c t e r i s u n d o ub t e d ly t ru e y e t n o a g e o r na ti o n h a s b e e n s o d e
,

g e n e rat e that i t h a s n o t d e v e l o p e d s o m e m e n o f h i g h i d e al s a n d o f
ch aract e r cr e d itabl e i n any a g e No h i g h p r o f e ssi o nal s tan d i n g i s
.

e v e r a ttai n e d w i th o u t p r o p e rly d e v e l o p e d ch arac t e r ; it i s li k e t h e

i n t e rnal m e chani s m o f an i m p o rtant m ach in e u n s e e n bu t e s s e n t ial ,

t o t h e p r o p e r a n d c o rr e c t e x e rc i s e o f it s h i g h e s t f u nc t i o n s I t is t h e
.
 Pe r so n a l S u c c e ss 7

m ai n S p ri n g o f t h e b e st s u cc e s s a n d i s su sc e p t ibl e o f g r e at m o d ifi ca
ti o n a n d i m p r o v e m e nt b y i n d i vi d ua l e ffo rt .

No g r e at succ e ss is p o ssibl e w ith o ut h e alth Ill h e alth d ra w s t h e

.

att e nti o n o f t h e m in d t o t h e c o n d iti o n o f t h e b o dy at t h e e x pe ns e o f t h e

ca p acity f o r c o nc e nt rat e d th o u g ht a ff e cts t h e ability f o r e n e r g e tic e ff o rt
,

a n d w e ak e ns t h e p o w e r o f r e si stanc e a n d p e rs o nal ca p acity C l e an liv

.

in g h e alth f ul e x e rcis e an d m e ntal r e laxati o n a r e th e r e f o r e n o t o nly d e

,

si rabl e but e ss e ntial f o r b o th p e rs o nal busin e ss an d p r o f e ssi o nal s u cc e ss

, .

A kn o w l e d g e o f p e rs o nal a n d p ub li c hy g i e n e a n d sa n i tary r e qu ir e
m e n t s i s n e c e ss ary n o t o nly f o r th e i r i n flu e nc e o n p e rs o nal h e alth
but al s o o n acc o u n t o f t h e e n g i n e e r s c o nt r o l o f t h e h e alth o f o th e r s
’

i n h i s p u bli c r e lat i o n s a n d i n h i s p ri vat e r e lati o n s i n t h e f ac t o ry a n d

i n t h e fi el d .

T h e d e g r e e o f n at iv e abi lity p o s s e ss e d b y t h e i n d ivi d ua l i s u n

d o ubt e d ly a c o n s i d e rabl e e l e m e nt o f suc c e s s i f p r o p e rly u tili z e d a n d
de v e l o p e d . I t ca nn o t tak e t h e p lac e o f h ar d a n d c o n sci e nt i o u s w o rk
a n d c o n ti nu o u s e ff o rt Mo st s o ca ll e d m e n o f g e niu s w i ll a d m i t
.
-
“ ”

th at th e i r su cc e ss i s d u e m o r e t o har d w o rk a n d c o nti nu o u s e ff o r t
tha n t o nat iv e ab i lity G r e at e r su c c e s s i s d u e t o t h e p e r s o n al e x e r
.

c i s e o f w ill p o w e r t ha t c o n c e n t ra t e s t h e e ff o rt s o n t h e e n d i n v i e w
a n d utiliz e s such ability as i s po ss e ss e d b y. t h e in d ivi d ual than t o

t h e hal f cultivat e d s p as m o d ic e x e rcis e o f s o call e d g e nius -

T h e in d i
.

vi d ual wh o p o ss e ss e s b o th g r e at nativ e ability a n d t h e ability f o r su s

t a in e d c o nc e ntrat e d e ff o rt has o pp o rtuniti e s o f hi g h o r d e r In all ca s e s
.
,

t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f ability is d e pe n d e nt t o a lar g e d e g r e e o n in d ivi d ual

e n d e av o r
.

E d u cat i o n a n d e x p e ri e nc e a r e t o a c o n si d e rab l e d e g r e e t h e r e
s u l t s o f O p p o rtu nity b u t th e y a r e s t ill m o r e lar g e ly ac qu i r e d th r o u g h
,

in d ivi d ual e x e rti o n T h e lack o f c o ll e g e o r u ni v e rsi ty o pp o rtu n iti e s

.

i s n o ba r t o t h e i n d iv i d u al w h o i s w i lli n g t o e x e rt c o nti nu o u s a n d
u n r e m i tti n g e ffo rt i n t h e a c qu i sit i o n o f a n e d u cati o n T h e sch o o l s
. .

a n d i n s tru ct o r s a r e a n a i d n o t a n e c e s s i ty ; a n d su ch ai d s sh o u l d b e
, :

ut i li z e d w h e n availab l e bu t th e y ca n b e d i s p e n s e d w i th w h e n n e
,

c e ss i t y d e m an d s i f r e lac e d by e n e r g e ti c vi g o r o u s a n d fo rc e f ul a p
, p ,

p li ca t i o n
.

E x p e ri e nc e i s b e s t a cqu i r e d by p e rs o na l o b s e rvati o n bu t t h e r e ,

c o r d e d p ract i c e o f o th e rs i s a s o u rc e n o t t o b e n e g l e ct e d .

O p p o rtu nity m a y f r e e ly c o m e t o s o m e bu t i t i s c r e a t e d b y
,

m any . T h e l o w e r r o un d s o f t h e p r o f e ss i o nal la dd e r a r e c o n g e st e d
w ith th r o n g s o f y o u n g m e n h al f e d u cat e d a n d h al f p r e p a r e d cla m o r ,
 l8 S u cc e s s i n En gi n e e r in g

in g f o r o pp o rtunity w hil e t h e hi g h e r p o siti o ns f o r which th ey a r e n u

,

s u it e d a r e o f t e n o nly p o o rly fi ll ed an d waitin g f o r t h e p r o pe r pe rs o n .

Th e r e a r e f e w p r o f e s s i o n al l in e s i n w h ich an abl e w e l l e d u ,

c a t e d w e ll i n fo r m e d m a n o f h i g h ch a ract e r w ill n o t fi n d o pp o r tu ni t y
,

w ai ti n g a n d a nxi o u s f o r h i s c o m i n g .Str e nu o u s u n r e m i tt in g lab o r

,

a n d c o n ti nu o u s c o n sci e n ti o u s e ff o rt a r e t h e p ric e s o f su c c e s s
, .

8 F ac t o rs o f Su c c e s s M u s t B e R e c o g n i z e d —Th e attribut e s
.

d e scrib e d i n S e cti o n 7 m ust b e b o th acqui r e d a n d p r o p e rly e x e rcis e d ;

th e y m ust d e v e l o p in t h e in d ivi du al th o s e c e rtain habits o f in d ustry a n d
t raits o f charact e r which a r e d em an de d o f p r o f e ssi o nal an d busin e ss
m e n by th e i r e m p l o y e rs cli e nts a n d ass o ciat e s a n d w ith o ut w hich t h e
,

in d ivi d ual w ill b e at a g r e at d isa d vanta ge i n t h e p ractical a ff ai rs o f li f e .

T h e succ e ss f ul s o luti o n o f any p r o bl e m d e p e n d s o n b o th a c o m p r e h e n

s iv e kn o w l e d g e a n d a p r o p e r a pp licati o n o f all o f t h e f act o rs o n w hich
t h e s o luti o n d e p e n d s . In o r de r th e r e f o r e t o succ e e d in t h e vari o us
p r o bl e m s o f p r o f e ssi o nal an d busin e ss li f e it i s n o l e ss e ss e ntial that all
o f t h e f act o rs o f succ e ss shall b e d uly a pp r e ciat e d a n d g iv e n t h e p r o

p o r t i o n a t e w e i g ht w hich th e ir i m p o rtanc e d e m an d s .

M uch m i g ht b e w ritt e n o n any o f m any f act o rs o f s u cc e ss but o nly ,

a bri e f d iscussi o n o n s o m e o f t h e m o st i m p o rtant s ee m s w arrant e d .

C o m m o n s e ns e a n d j u dg m e nt m ust e xt e n d t h e list a n d su p p ly f u rth e r

d e tails . If a li m it e d d iscussi o n i s n o t su ffi ci e nt t o c o nvinc e a m a n o f
t h e e ss e ntial natur e o f t h e charact e ristics d iscuss e d f urth e r e lab o rati o n ,

w o ul d r e sult o nly in a w ast e o f b o th s p ac e a n d ti m e T h e m an wh o .

w ill w in s u cc e ss w ill b e abl e to r e c o g niz e its e ss e ntial e l e m e nts w ith o ut

e xt e n d e d d iscussi o n .

9 O.
p i n i o n s o f t h e E n gi n e e r i n g P r o f e s s i o n —Fo r s o m e y e ars .

a j o int c o m m itt e e o n e n g in e e rin g e d ucati o n f r o m t h e nati o nal t e chnical

s o ci e ti e s o f t h e U nit e d S tat e s has b ee n inv e sti g atin g e n g in e e rin g e du
ca ti o n a n d by an a rran g e m e nt w ith t h e C arn e g i e F o un d ati o n f o r t h e
,

Ad vanc e m e nt o f T e achin g a d e tail e d inv e sti g ati o n has b e e n un de rtak en

,

t o d e t e r m in e t h e qual i fi cati o n s n e c e ssa ry f o r s ucc e ss in e n g in e e rin g

w o rk . In t h e S p r i n g o f 1 9 1 5 l e tt e rs w e r e s e nt t o t h e m e mb e rs o f all
o f t h e nati o nal t e chnical s o ci e ti e s r e qu e stin g in d ivi d ual o p i n i o ns o n t h e

e ss e ntial charact e ristics o f an e n g in e e r

"
A r e p o rt w a s m a d e in t h e
.

S p rin g o f 1 9 1 6 as a r e sult o f this inv e sti g ati o n in which t h e e ss e ntial ,

f act o rs w e r e su m m ari z e d int o six g r o u p s w hich w e r e nu m b e r e d in t h e

o r d e r o f th e i r i m p o rtanc e as d e t e r m in e d by t h e f r e qu e ncy o f th e i r oc

cu rr e nc e in ab o ut r ep li e s O n t h e basis o f thi s p r e li m inary w o rk

.

R p o rt by C R Mann Pr c Am S c C E F b 1 9 1 6
e . . . o . . o . . . e . .
 O p in io n s o f t h e P r o f e ssi o n 9

a n ew l e tt e r wa s s e nt o u t t o t h e m e m b e rs o f t h e s o ci e ty askin g f o r
f u rth e r c o nsi d e rati o n o f t h e six charact e ristic g r o u p s p r e vi o usly o u t
lin e d T o this l e tt e r
. r ep li e s we r e r e c e iv e d su ffi ci e ntly de fi nit e f o r
classi fi cati o n F r o m th e s e l e tt e rs t h e m o s t p r o babl e valu e s o f t h e r e la
.

tiv e i m p o rtanc e o f th e s e g r o u p s o f qualiti e s we r e c o m p ut e d w ith t h e

f o ll o w in g r e sults w hich s e e m e d t o in d icat e a rath e r d e fi nit e i d e al o f
,

t h e p r o f e ssi o nal e n g in e e r as t o t h e charact e ristics n e c e ssary f o r t h e

g r e at e st succ e ss
R e vi se d a d O i g i a l R t i g n r n a n s

R e v i s e d Or i g i n l a

C h aract r i nt gr i t y r s p ns ibili t y r s urc f u l n e ss i

e , e , e o , e o e , a

i t i a t i ve
Ju d gm e nt c m m n s ns sc i nt i fic att i tu d
, o o e e, e e, pe rs p ct i v
e e

E ffic i nc y t h ro ug h n ss accurac y i n d ustr y

e ,
o e , ,

Un d e rstan d i ng f m x cut i v a bili t y

o en , e e e

Kn wled g
o e of n d a m nta l s
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u e

1 00 1 00
It m ust n o t b e un d e rst o o d that any sin g l e arran g e m e nt o f th e s e si x
“

g r o u p s actually in d icat e s t h e vi e w s o f p r o f e ssi o nal m e n as t o t h e e ss e n

tial charact e ristics o f an e n g in e e r f o r e ach a n d e v e ry po siti o n f o r i t is ,

m ani f e st that e ach in d ivi d ual sh o ul d hav e t h e e ss e ntial charact e ristics

d e v e l o p e d t o t h e g r e at e st a d vanta g e f o r t h e p a rti cular p o siti o n w hich
h e o ccu p i e s E ach m a n m ust b e ca p abl e o f a p r o p e r p e r f o r m anc e o f
.

his d uti e s a n d his lack o f any e ss e ntial charact e ri stics i s n e c e ssarily

,

f atal t o his succ e ss .

T h e m e tals us e d in e n g in ee rin g c o nstruct i o n a r e in m o st cas e s

all o ys a n d co nsist o f a c o m binati o n o f vari o us e l e m e nts s o m e o f w hich
a r e e ss e ntial a n d s o m e o f w hich a re c o nsi d e r e d as i m p uriti e s N e ve r .

t h e l e ss e ach e l e m e nt w hat e v e r its charact e r a n d a m o unt has a p a r t i c u

lar influ e nc e o n t h e charact e r o f t h e all o ys If any o n e is m issin g it .

m a y chan g e t h e e ntir e charact e ristics o f t h e all o y an d m ak e it un fi t f o r

s o m e p articular u se Fo r t h e g r e at e st us e f uln e ss i n any p articula r
.

p lac e e ach e l e m e nt m ust b e p r e s e nt t o t h e e xt e nt n e e d e d

,
In t h e sa m e .

m ann e r a m an m a y b e us e l e ss i n an e n gin e e rin g p o siti o n e v e n th o u g h ,

his charact e r j u dg m e nt e ffi ci e ncy a n d un de rstan d in g o f m en m ay b e

, ,

hi g hly d e v e l o pe d unl e ss h e has a p r o p e r kn o w l e dg e o f t h e f u n da m e n

,
'
t als o f e n g in e e rin g sci e nc e a n d t h e t e chnic o f p racti ce ; an d y e t in all
p r o f e ssi o nal p o siti o ns w hich inv o lv e fi d uciary r e lati o ns ( a n d th e r e a r e

Wh at i s an Eng i n r C R Mann Eng R V l 7 4 p 1 0 ee . . . . . ec . o .

, . .
20 Su c c e s s in E n gi n e e r in g

p ra ctically n o p o siti o ns w hich d o n o t ) th e r e can b e n o d o ubt that char

act e r j u dg m e nt e ffi ci e ncy a n d un d e rstan d in g o f m e n a r e o f m uch

, ,

g r e at e r r e lativ e i m p o rtanc e i n t h e attain m e nt o f t h e g r e at e st p r o i e s

s i o n a l succ e ss i f it can b e stat e d that o n e e ss e ntial i s o f g r e at e r i m
,

o rtanc e than an o th e r w h e r e all a r e abs o lut e ly n e c e ssa ry in s o m e d eg r e e

p .

1 0 J u d g m e n t —T h e f e w y e ars s p e nt in a t e chnical sch o o l can

.

n o t g iv e a p r o f o un d kn o w l e d g e o f any o f t h e subj e cts stu d i e d Th e .

f un d a m e ntal p rinci p l e s o f th o s e sci e nc e s o n w hich p ractic e is bas e d

m ust b e acqui r e d but th e s e p rinci p l e s m ust usually b e f urth e r inv e sti
,

g at e d a n d th e i r r e lati o n t o p ractical thin g s m o r e f ully d et e r m in e d w h e n

t h e e n g in e e r c o m e s t o a p p ly th e m t o t h e actual w o rk o f d e si g n a n d c o n
st ructi o n M e th o d s o f inv e sti g ati o n a n d o f calculati o n m ust als o b e
.

f urth e r c o nsi d e r e d a n d j u dg m e nt a n d skill i n th e i r u se acqui r e d w h e n

th e i r a p p licati o n t o c o ncr e t e p r o bl e m s b e c o m e s i m p o rtant In t h e class .

r o o m t h e c o n d iti o ns o f t h e p r o bl e m a r e usually d istinctly stat e d T h e .

f act o rs that e nt e r int o it a r e d e fi nit e ly assu m e d T h e th e o r y that a p

.

p li e s t o th e s e c o n d iti o ns i s b e f o r e t h e stu d e nt Th e a pp licati o n o f t h e

.

p rinci p l e s a n d t h e s o luti o n o f t h e p r o bl e m un de r such c o n d iti o ns a r e

n o t d i ffi cult b e caus e t h e unc e rtainti e s a r e e li m inat e d In t h e fi e l d t h e
.

ci rcu m stanc e s a r e v e ry d i ff e r e nt H e r e t h e e n g in e e r m ust d e t e r m in e

.

f o r hi m s e l f t h e c o rr e ctn e ss o f t h e th e o ry w hich h e a p p li e s ; h e m ust

d e t e r m in e t h e f act o rs w hich actually e nt e r int o t h e p r o bl e m a n d h e
m ust b e c e rtain that th e r e a r e n o o th e r c o nsi d e rati ons w hi ch w ill a ff e ct
it a n d r e n de r t h e th e o ry ina pp licabl e o r t h e s o luti o n inc o rr e ct Ac .

cu racy th o r o u g hn e ss a n d s p ee d b e c o m e i m p o rtant in t h e fi e l d On
, .

th e s e f uncti o ns de p e n d n o t o nl y t h e p e rs o nal succ e ss o r f ailur e w hich ,

i s i m po rtant t o t h e in d ivi d ual but o f t e n t h e succ e ss o r f ailur e o f t h e

,

e n g in e e rin g w o rk w hich m a y inv o lv e lastin g b e n e fi ts o r l o ss o f b o th

li f e a n d p r o p e rty .

T h e v e ry k e yst o n e o f succ e ss f ul e n g in e e rin g p ractic e is j u d g m e nt .

T h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f j u d g m e nt r e qui r e s p e rs o nal inv e sti g ati o n p e r ,

s o nal c o nsi derati o n a n d p e rs o nal c o nclusi o ns a n d sh o ul d b e bas e d o n a

,

w e ll balanc e d a pp r e ciati o n o f b o th th e o ry a n d p ractic e I n t h e de v e l

.

o p m e n t o f j u dg m e nt t h e d icta o f inst ruct o rs t h e stat e m e nts o f t e xt

,

b o o ks a n d t h e Op ini o ns an d c o nclusi o ns o f o th e rs m u st b e qu e sti o n ed

, ,

a n d can b e acc e p t e d o nly w h e n th e y satis f y t h e f ull e st inquiry a n d

analysis In o th e r w o r d s t h e e n g in e e r in o r d e r t o d e v e l o p his j u dg
.
, ,
~

m e nt m ust l e arn t o think f o r hi m s e l f t o f o r m a n d h o l d o p ini o ns o f h is

, ,

o wn ,
a n d t o bas e th o s e o p ini o ns o n a sub stantial c o m p r eh e nsiv e a n d
,

th o u g ht f ul c o nsi d e rati o n o f b o th th e o r e tical p rinci p l e s a n d p rac t ical r e

su l t s .
 22 S u c c e ss i n E n gi n e e r i n g

w illin g att e m p t th o s e u nd e rtakin g s f o r which h e has b e e n a m p ly p r e

to

p ar e d T h e succe ss f ul e n g in e e n m ust ri g htly w e i g h a n d a p p r e ciat e h i s

.

o wn li m itati o ns a n d m ust r e c o gn iz e hi s p e rs o nal d e fi ci e nci e s a n d t h e

m e a g r e n e ss o f hi s kn o w l e dg e ; a n d h e m ust kn o w that succ e ss i s d e

e n d e nt o n t h e p r o p e r u s e o f his b e st ability a n d u p o n th o r o u g h har d
p , ,

c o nsci e nti o us a n d int e lli g e nt w o rk

P e r s o n a l B i a s —Th at al l m e n a r e t o a g r e a t e r o r l e s s d e
.

1 2 .

g r ee bias e d in th e i r j u dg m e nt o f th e m s e lv e s a n d o f o th e rs an d o f all
p r o bl e m s a n d c o n d iti o ns w ith w hich th e y c o m e in c o ntact i s e stabli sh e d
by c o mm o n e x p e ri e nc e This bias is d u e t o th e i r in d ivi d uality th e i r
.
,

ass o ciati o n th e i r l o cal an d in d ivi d ual e x p e ri e nc e th e i r e d ucati o n an d

, ,

s p e cial kn o w l e dg e an d th e i r p e rs o nal int e r e sts That this bias is p o s

, .

s e ss e d by o th e rs an d inj uri o usly a ff e cts th e i r j u dg m e nt is e asily r e c o g

n i ed
z . It is m o r e d i ffi cult f o r t h e in d ivi d ual t o r e c o g niz e such bias in
hi m s e l f It i s h o w e v e r m o st i m p o rtant f o r t h e e n g in e e r t o r e c o g niz e
.

hi s o wn bias an d t o p r o vi de f o r it by e li m inati o n so f a r as p o ssibl e a n d ,

by t h e sa m e f act o rs o f sa f e ty which h e a ppli e s t o o th e r u nc e rtainti e s .

T o acqui r e this kn o wl e dg e is p e rha p s t h e m o st d i ffi cult in t h e p ractical

’

e d u cat i o n o f t h e e n g in e e r .

B i as of Spe c ia l K n o w l e dg e — Sp e cial kn o w l e d g e a n d a s p e cial e x

p e r i e n c e in a li m it e d fi e l d o f e n g in e e rin g u nl e ss acc o,
m p ani e d by a
br o a d c o nsi d e rati o n a n d a c o nsi d e rabl e kn o w l e dg e o f c o llat e ral sub
j e ct s a r e ap t t o inv o lv e a p r e j u d ic e o r bias in f av o r o f t h e a pp licati o n
,

o f such s p e cial m e ans t o t h e s o l u ti o n o f all p r o bl e m s t o w hich such

m e ans can b e a pp li e d T h e s p e cialist naturally a pp r e ciat e s t h e f ull

’

valu e o f his s p e cialty an d t h e a d vanta ge s that accru e f r o m its a pp lica

ti o n N o r m ally h e is l e ss i n f o r m e d in o th e r s p e cial m e th o d s o f s o lu
.
,

ti o n o f his p r o bl e m s a n d is ap t th e r e f o r e t o g iv e un d u e w e i ght t o t h e
,

a d vanta g e s w hich h e kn o w s h is o wn s p e cialty t o p o ss e ss T h e h y .

d r a u l ic e n g in e e r i s a p t t o o v e rrat e t h e a d vanta g e s o f w at e r p o w e r a n d
t o un d e rrat e t h e c o ntin g e nci e s o f its c o nstructi o n a n d m aint e nanc e

T h e st e a m e n g in e e r is a p t t o o v e r e sti m at e t h e valu e o f t h e u se o f st e a m

p o w e r in t h e s o luti o n o f all p o we r p r o bl e m s an d t h e e l e ctrical e n g i

‘

n e e r r e c o g nizin g t h e a d vanta g e s o f e l e ct rical ge n e rati o n a n d trans

,

m issi o n i s a p t t o c o nsi d e r o nly e l e ctrical m e th o d s in p o we r a pp licati o ns .

In e ach cas e t h e a d vanta g e s o f o th e r m e th o d s m ay b e o v e rl o o k e d an d

t h e p r o bl e m s o lv e d o n in d ivi d ual p r e f e r e nc e a n d in f o r m ati o n a n d n o t ,

by t h e m e th o d w hich w o ul d p r o v e t h e m o st a d vanta g eo us i f all c o n d i

ti o ns a n d m e th o d s w e r e f ully w e i gh e d a n d c o nsi de r e d .

In t h e c o rr e ct s o luti o n o f any p r o bl e m all o f t h e m eth o d s by w hich

,
 Pe rso n a l B ia s 23

it can b e s o lv e d a r e d e s e rvin g o f t h e f ull e st an d m o st car e f ul inv e sti g a

ti o n an d c o nsi de rati o n f o r o nly by such m e ans can t h e b e st s o luti o n b e
,

f o un d ; a n d t h e e n g in e e r w h o is d e sir o us o f s e curin g t h e b e st a n d m o st
e c o n o m ical s o luti o n o f t h e p r o bl e m e ntrust e d t o h i m m ust g iv e t h e

m o st car e f ul c o nsi d e rati o n t o th o s e m e th o d s w ith w h ich h e i s l e ast f a

m ilia r f o r o nly by so do i n g can h e h o p e t o acc o m p lis h t h e b e st r e sults
,
.

B i as o f P l E i — P e rs o nal e x p e ri e nc e sh o ul d g iv e
e s
r o n a x p e r e n ce

t h e e n g in e e r his m o st us e f ul an d e xact kn o wl e d g e p r o vi d e d such e x

,

e r i e n c e is p r o p e rly c o nsi d e r e d a n d d i g e st e d T h e f act that t h e kn o w l

p .

e d g e so acqui r e d i s t h e m o st e xact a n d valuabl e in h i s p o ss e ssi o n i s a p t

t o g iv e it un d u e i m p o rtanc e in t h e s o l u ti o n o f o th e r p r o bl e m s w ith
w hich h e has t o d e al . A succ e ss f ul e n g in e e rin g achi e v e m e nt t h e p r o d
,

u c t o f i d e as w e ll m atur e d a n d o f p lans car e f ully p r e p ar e d a n d w e ll e x

,

e cu t e d , w hich has r e sult e d in t h e cr e d itabl e s o l u ti o n o f an intricat e

p r o bl e m m
,
a y ri g htly l e a d t o t h e f utur e a p p licati o n o f si m ilar m e th o d s
a n d d e si g ns t o p r o bl e m s o f a si m ilar natur e . F r e qu e ntly h o w e v e r
, ,

th e r e is a t e n de ncy f o r t h e succ e ss f ul de si gn e r t o e n d e av o r t o a d j u st
t h e c o n d iti o ns w hich p r e vail in a n e w p r o bl e m so that th e y m ay b e
s o lv e d by t h e m e th o d s p r e vi o usly succ e ss f ully a do p t e d rath e r than t o
a d j ust t h e p lans t o m e e t t h e c o n d iti o ns as th e y e xist Thi s t e n de ncy
f r e qu e ntly r e sults f r o m a natural in d o l e nc e t o p lan a n d a d a p t n e w
m e th o d s t o a p r o bl e m w h e r e a succ e ss f ul s o luti o n w hich has st o o d t h e
,

t e st o f p ractic e is i m m e d iat e ly availabl e ; an d in m any cas e s t h e p lans

, ,

o f a p r o f e ssi o nal m a n b e a r e vi d e nc e in th e m s e lv e s by t h e p o ss e ssi o n o f

c e rtain c o m m o n f e atur e s o f t h e s o urc e o f th e i r o ri g in a n d t h e d i sin cl i

nati o n t o c o nsi d e r e ach p r o bl e m an e w o n it s in d ivi d ual m e rits .

B i as o f L o ca l E x per i e n ce — Th e n o r m al co n d iti o ns w hich o btain i n

any l o cal ity m ust o f n e c e ssity m o d i f y t h e succ e ss f ul s o luti o n o f e v e ry
l o cal e n g in e e rin g p r o bl e m A p r o f e ssi o nal m an wh o h as s u cc es s f u lly
.

m e t t h e var io us p r o bl e m s as n e c e ssarily m o d i fi e d by l o cal c o n d iti o ns

withi n t h e ran g e o f h is p ractic e has th e r e f o r e t o r e a d j ust his i d e as an d
,

t o m o d i f y hi s p lans w h e n e v e r h e is call e d u p o n t o s o lv e a p r o bl e m un de r

C i rcu m stanc e s w h e r e t h e l o cal c o n d iti o ns d i ff e r t o any c o nsi de rabl e e x

t e nt Fo r e xa m p l e t h e flo w o f str e a m s d i ff e rs ra d ically n o t o nly o n

.
,

acc o unt o f t h e d i ff e r e nc e in rain f all o n t h e d i ff e r e nt d raina ge ar e as but ,

e v e n m o r e lar g e ly o n acc o unt o f t h e g e o l o g ical a n d t o p o g ra p hical co n

d it i o n s ; a n d t h e e n g in e e r wh o has g iv e n s p e cial att e nti o n t o o n e str e a m

m ust u se e s p e cial car e w h e n h e c o nsi d e rs c o nstructi o n w hich i s t o b e
carri e d o u t o n an o th e r str e a m f o r which t h e c o n d iti o ns o f flo w m ay b e
ra d ically d i ff e r e nt .
 24 S u c ce s s i n En gin e e r in g

In t h e m att e r o f e l e ctrical su pp ly f o r li g ht a n d p o we r t h e de m an d ,

p e r ca p ita va ri e s g r e atly in d i ff e r e nt p arts o f t h e sa m e c o untry a n d in

citi e s o f va ri o us siz e s e v e n cl o s e ly a d j o inin g L o cal f act o rs g r e atly

, .

a ff e ct t h e c o st at w hich w o rk can b e d o n e In t h e lar g e r citi e s t h e e x

.
,

i st e n c e o f lab o r uni o ns w hich usually inv o lv e hi g h e r w a ge s a n d sh o rt e r

,

h o urs a n d f r e qu e ntly m o r e in e ffi ci e nt s e rvic e t o g e th e r w ith t h e e xtra

, ,

c o st inv o lv e d by st r e e t o bstructi o ns a n d o th e r si m ila r f act o rs o r d i ,

n a r ily g r e atly incr e as e t h e c o st o f w o rk o v e r that f o r w hich si m ila r

w o rk c o ul d b e d o n e in c o m m uniti e s w h e r e t h e m ark e t f o r lab o r i s n o t

m o d i fi e d by such c o n d iti o ns w h e r e tra ffi c a n d o bstructi o ns a r e l e ss
,

s e ri o us a n d w h e r e m any o th e r c o n d iti o ns a r e f av o rabl e t o ch e a p e r c o n

,

structi o n It is a c o m m o n o bs e rvati o n that m e n f a m iliar w ith o nly o n e

.

s e t o f th e s e d i ff e r e nt c o n d iti o ns c o m m o nly f ail t o a g r e e o n t h e c o st at

w hich w o rk can b e d o n e i n s o m e thir d c o m m unit y w h e r e n e ith e r has

h a d actual e x p e ri e nc e . Th e city c o ntract o r w h o o ccasi o nally bi d s o n
w o rk in t h e s m all e r c o m m uniti e s o f t h e c o untry i s usually unsucc e ss f ul
a s his e x pe ri e nc e w ith t h e hi g h p ric e s o f t h e la r g e r c o m m un ity p r e j u
d ic e s hi s j u dg m e nt ; a n d t h e c o nt ract o r f a m iliar w ith t h e w o rk in t h e
s m all e r c o m m uniti e s c o m m o nly l e arns by de a r e x p e ri e nc e t h e e xtra
c o st inv o lv e d wh e n h e att e m p ts t o trans f e r h is o p e rati o ns t o t h e lar g e r
citi e s Th e s e d i ffi culti e s can b e o v e rc o m e by f r e e in g t h e m in d o f
.

p ur e ly l o cal influ e nc e s a n d by a d e tail e d d e t e r m inati o n a n d c o nsi d e ra

ti o n o f t h e n e w c o n d iti o ns .

B ias o f P er s o n a l I n t er es t .
-
It is i m p o rtant that t h e e n g in ee r
sh o ul d f r e e hi m s e l f as f a r as p o ssibl e f r o m t h e bias o f p e rs o nal int e r
e st w hich is a c o nstant m e nac e t o s o un d j u d g m e nt N o m att e r h o w
.

c o nsci e nti o u s a m a n m ay b e o r h o w m uch h e m ay e n d e av o r t o arriv e at

j u dg m e nts which a r e th o r o u g hly s o un d h e is c o nstantly in d an g e r o f
,

n o t attainin g t h e r e sults d e si r e d i f hi s p e rs o nal int e r e sts a r e in any w a y

inv o lv e d .

Th e e n g in e e r wh o is o u t o f e m p l o y m e nt m a y o n acc o unt o f h is,

n e c e ssiti e s b e g r e atly t e m p t e d t o acc e pt e m p l o y m ent o r c o m m issi o ns

,

w hich a r e e ntir e ly b e y o n d his e x p e ri e nc e o r ability R e p o rts o n s p e cial

.

p r o j e cts a r e o f t e n un d uly o p ti m isti c f o r t h e r e as o n that t h e e n g in ee r

m akin g t h e r e p o rt i s unc o nsci o usly influ e nc e d by t h e f act that a f av o r

abl e r e p o rt w ill m e an t h e p r o s e cuti o n o f t h e p r o j e ct a n d h is e m p l o y
m e nt in its d e si g n a n d c o nstructi o n .

An e n g in e e r h avin g a p at e nt f o r s o m e m e th o d s o r p r o c e ss by w hich
a p r o bl e m has b e e n satis f act o rily s o lv e d is c o nstantly in d an g e r o f a d
v o ca t in g this m e th o d w h e n it is at all a p p licabl e a n d this f r o m n o d i s
, ,
 P e r s o n a l B ia s 5

h o n e st m o tiv e but o n acc o unt o f t h e f act that h e has b e c o m e so i m

r ss e d w ith h i s f av o rit e p lan that h e g iv e s i t a valu e t o w hich it i s
p e

s e l do m e ntitl e d It i s e ss e ntial th e r e f o r e that t h e in d ivi d ual e n de av o r

.

t o e li m inat e so f a r as p o ssibl e any p e rs o nal int e r e st w hich h e m ay hav e

in t h e p r o bl e m e xc e p t t h e int e r e st o f its c o rr e ct s o luti o n If its s o lu
"

.
,

ti o n o n c e r t ain lin e s inv o lv es a p r o fi t t o hi m s e l f such p r o fi t can b e o f

,

o nly t h e m o st t e m p o rary a n d unsatis f act o ry charact e r i f it d o e s n o t als o

i nv o lv e t h e g r e at e st p o ssibl e succ e ss .

B i a s o f Asso ci a t i o n — Al m o st e v e ry p r o bl e m is ca p abl e o f a va
.

r i e t y o f s o luti o ns alth o u g h th e r e is o nly o n e s o luti o n that can b e t h e

b e st w h e n all thin g s a n d m att e rs a r e c o nsi d e r e d Al m o st e v e ry qu e s

.

t i o n can b e r e g ar de d f r o m s e v e ral p o ints o f vi e w a n d t h e c o rr e ct a n

,

s w e r is n o t al w ays cl e ar o r a pp ar e nt . Ass o ciati o n w ill n o r m ally e stab

lish t h e p o int o f vi e w f r o m w hich t h e in d ivi d ual w ill c o nsi d e r any
qu e sti o n which is call e d t o his att e nti o n T h e m o st c o m m o n e x e rcis e
.

o f this t e n d e ncy i s f o un d in t h e un f ai r tr e at m e nt o f c o ntract o rs by e u

g i n e e r s w h o a r e e m p l o y e d t o p lan a n d su p e rvi s e t h e c o nstructi o n o f e u

g in e e r in g w o rks . Th e r e is a c o nstant t e n d e ncy t o inflict unj ust r e
q u i r e m e n t s a n d t o r e qui r e un w ar rant e d e x p e ns e e s p e cially in m e e tin g
,

c o ntin g e nci e s w hich hav e n o t b e e n antici pat e d by e ith e r p arty a n d

w hich th e r e f o r e c o ul d n o t hav e b e e n inclu de d in t h e c o ntract T h e en .

g in e e r is t o o a p t t o se e m att e rs e nti r e ly f r o m t h e vi e w p o int o f h i s

cli e nt a n d t o f ail t o e x e rcis e that i m partial j u d icial attitu d e that hi s
p r o f e ssi o nal p o siti o n d e m an d s .

In w o rk o f a pp raisal wh e r e a m unici p al c o r p o rati o n c o nt e m p lat e s

t h e acquisiti o n o f t h e p r o p e rty o f a p ublic utility t h e e n g in e e r is a l,

m o st c e rtain t o assu m e t h e p o int o f vi e w w hich i s m o st f av o rabl e t o

t h e si d e w hich h e is call e d u p o n t o r e p r e s e nt . This m ay n o t r e sult
f r o m any d e si r e o n hi s p art t o b e un f air o r bias e d but is n o r m ally
,
,

w hat is t o b e e xp e ct e d f r o m t h e acti o n o f t h e hu m an m in d Th o s e wh o
.

hav e s e rv e d as chai r m an o n b o ar ds o f a pp raisal t o w hich th e y hav e

.

b e e n s e l e ct e d by t h e a g r e e m e nt o f b o th si de s an d hav e c o ns e qu e ntly
,

b e e n unbias e d o n acc o unt o f th e i r a pp o int m e nt hav e f r e qu e ntly o b

,

s e rv e d t h e ra d ical d i ff e r e nc e s o f o p ini o n w hich hav e o btain e d a m o n g

th e i r c o ll e a g u e s wh o m th ey kn e w t o b e m en o f g r e at ability an d o f t h e
hi g h e st int e g rity .

Mo st m e n wh o hav e e n ga g e d in this class o f w o rk a f t e r t h e c o m ,

p l e t i o n o f t h e a pp raisal a n d a f t e r t h e h e at o f t h e ar g u m e nt has f a d e d
a w ay r e c o g ni z e t h e sa m e t e n d e ncy in s o m e o f t h e i de as a n d o p ini o ns
,

w hich th e y hav e p r e vi o usly h e l d a n d w hich at t h e ti m e h a d th e i r co m

 26 S u c c e ss i n En gi n e e r i n g

ple t e n d o rs e m e nt a n d w e r e t h e r e sults o f th e i r m o st p r o f o un d c o n vic

e

ti o ns A p e culia r r e sult o f this n o r m al attit u de which i s o f t e n app r e

.
,

c ia t e d by m e n e n g a g e d in such w o rk i s that w h e n th e y a r e e n d e av o rin g

,

t o b e e nti r e l y f ai r a n d e quitabl e in th e ir fi n d in g s a n d a p p r e ciat e th e i r

o wn i nclinati o n t o bias in th e s e m att e rs th e r e i s a p r o n e n e ss at ti m e s

,

t o rath e r o v e r d u e t h e m att e r a n d t o c o ns e nt t o fi n d in g s that a r e m o r e

o r l e ss un f ai r t o th o s e wh o m th e y r e p r e s e nt This 1 5 u sually h o w e v e r
.
, ,

a m in o r m att e r a n d d o e s n o t vitiat e t h e g e n e ral p r o p o siti o n that in t h e

m ain t h e t e n d e ncy i s t o un f airly f av o r t h e cli e nt but it e m p hasiz e s t h e
,

f act that t h e f ai r m in d e d m a n is n o t al ways abl e t o brin g in an e q u i

- -

tabl e fi n d in g in t h e f ac e o f hi s ass o ciati o n an d t h e p e rs o nal p r o cliviti es

o f th o s e by w h o m h e w as s e l e ct e d .

Th e sa m e t e n d e nci e s a r e m o r e f ully e m p hasi z e d by t h e e x p e rt w it

n e ss Th e r e t h e p e rs o nal bias o f t h e w itn e ss i s o f t e n acc e ntuat e d by
.

t h e e n d e av o r o f t h e o th e r si d e t o c o n f us e o r c o n f o un d t h e o p ini o ns e x

p r e ss e d In s o m e cas e s th e s e i d i o syncrasi e s a re so p r o n o u nc e d a n d
.

a r e carri e d t o such an e xt e nt as t o e ven g iv e t h e a pp e aranc e o f d ish o n

e st int e nti o ns t o w hich th e y a r e s o m e ti m e s s o cl o s e ly r e lat e d as t o b e

,

al m o st in d istin g uishabl e an d m ay g ra d e f r o m m e r e p r e j u d ic e t o actual

d ish o n e sty in m any lin e s o f e n g in ee rin g w o rk
P e rs o nali t y —T h e p e r s o nali ty o f t h e i n d ivi d ual i s f
.

1 3 . .
o

g r e at i m p o rtanc e an d has a m a rk e d e ff e ct o n his a d vanc e m e nt G o o d .

a pp e aranc e g o o d a dd r e ss p r o p e r s e l f co n fi den ce a n d s e l f r e s p e ct ; t h e
, ,
- -

e vi d e nc e s o f int e lli g e nc e an d e n e r gy t h e ability o f p r o p e r e x p r e ssi o n

, ,

a p r o p e r c o nsi de rati o n o f t h e f e e lin g s an d ri g hts o f o th e rs m ark t h e m an ,

f o r hi g h e r p o siti o n a n d b e tt e r thin g s G r e at ability a n d hi g h t e chni ca l

.

kn o wl e d g e a n d t rainin g m ay h o l d r e s p e ct th o u g h t h e p e rs o nality is u n
f av o rabl e but such r e s p e ct is g iv e n n o t b e ca u s e o f s u ch p e rs o nality
,

but in s p it e o f it .

It i s un f o rt u nat e that m any y o un g m e n w h o ent e r t e chnical w o rk

acqui r e t h e i de a that as e n g in ee rin g s o m e ti m e s inv o lv e s t h e u tili zati o n
,

o f g r e at st r e n gth a n d e n e r gy in p i o n e e r inv e sti g ati o n s a n d c o nstructi o n ,

its p ractiti o n e rs s h o ul d b e n o t o nly str o n g a n d e n e r ge tic but als o r o u g h

a n d ru gg e d a n d that p e rs o nal r e fi n e m
, e nt i s a thin g rath e r t o b e d i s

c o u ra g e d than s o u g ht N o g r e at e r e rr o r i s p o ssibl e
. .

Th e r o u gh st r o n g e n e r g e tic charact e r wh o i g n o r e s all p e rs o nal

, ,

d isc o m f o rts e ith e r o f hi m s e l f o r o f o th e rs a n d d riv e s c o nstr u cti o n

w o rk t o succ e ss f ul c o m p l e ti o n in t h e f ac e o f g r e at d i ff ic u lti e s m ay b e
a dm i r e d f o r t h e r e s ults wh ich h e achi e v e s in s p it e o f his r o u ghn e ss an d
d isr e g ar d o f d an g e rs a n d d i sc o m f o rts Such charact e rs a r e br e d in
.
 Pe r so n a lit y 7

the c o nstructi o n ca m p in c o ntact w ith har d shi p i g n o rant lab o r a n d ,

un f o rtunat e f r o nti e r c o n d iti o ns an d th ey m ay b e an i m p o rtant e l e m e nt

,

in such class e s o f w o rk ; but th e y a r e in n o w ay r ep r e s e ntativ e o f t h e

i de als o f t h e e n g in ee rin g p r o f e ssi o n .

T h e s o cial a m e niti e s o f li f e t h e p o lish o f s o ci e ty a r e n o t si g ns o f

, ,

e ffi ci e ncy but th e y a r e i m p o rtant m e ans o f lubricatin g busin e ss a n d p r o

f e ssi o n a l r e lati o ns .

Th e fi e l d e x e cutiv e w h o i s actually c o nstr u ctin g e n g in e e rin g w o rk s

is t h e i deal o f t h e av e ra g e y o un g e n g in e e r a n d i s hi s i de a o f t h e p e r
,

so n i fi c a t i o n o f t h e e n g in e e rin g p r o f e ssi o n He f ails t o r e c o g niz e that

.

back o f this b e hin d t h e actual c o nstructi o n w o rk i s t h e brain that co n

, ,

c e ive s a n d t h e m in d that d i r e cts .

P er s o n a l Appe a r a n c e — P e rs o nal a pp e aranc e is als o w o rthy o f c o n

.

si de rati o n f o r i m p r e ssi o n s a r e bas e d o n t h e a pp e aranc e w hich i s

, ,

str o n g ly in d icativ e o f charact e r App e aranc e i s n o t si m p ly a m att e r o f

.

d r e ss but o f p e rs o nal attitu d e as we ll A m an sh o ul d n o t b e t o o m o d

.

e st o r d i ffi d e n t n o r lo ud
,
o v e rbo l d a n d f a m iliar
,
but h e sh o ul d b e ,

qui e t c o n fi de nt f rank a n d busin e ss lik e In d r e ss h e sh o ul d b e n e at

, ,
.

but n o t f asti d i o us He sh o ul d e n deav o r t o b e inc o ns p ic u o u s f o r co n

.
,

Sp i cu o u s d r e ss us u ally sh o w s un f o rtunat e i d o sy n c r a s i e s w hich n e e d t o

b e e li m inat e d T h e busy m a n has littl e ti m e t o g iv e t o t h e q u e sti o n o f

.

d r e ss but n e atn e ss a n d m o d e st qui e t a p pa r e l suitabl e t o t h e w o rk o r

, , ,

p o siti o n o cc u p i e d a r e in d i c ati o ns o f a w e ll a n d p r o p e rly balanc e d

,

m an .

P u n ctu a li ty— Lack o f p unct u ality i s d u e t o h ee d l e ssn e ss car e l e ss ,

n e ss lack o f c o nsi de rati o n o r c o nc e it any o n e o f w hich is e qually o b

, , ,

j e ct i o n a l a n d t h e p o ss e ssi o n o f which is a s e ri o us d e tri m e nt t o t h e in

d ivid u a l s p r o s p e cts
’
P unct u ality i s an e ss e ntial quali fi cati o n f o r suc
.

c e ss An e m p l o y ee wh o i s habitually tar dy n o t o nly r o bs his e m p l o y e r

.
.

o f t h e ti m e f o r which h e
'

i s r e c e ivin g c o m p e nsati o n but f r e qu e ntly .

caus e s a c o ns e qu e nt l o ss o f t h e ti m e o f t h e e m p l o y e r o r o th e rs wh o s e
s e rvic e s a r e o f m u ch g r e at e r valu e A r e co r d f o r habitual tar d in e ss i s
.

m o st u n f o rtunat e f o r it i s a s e ri o us han d ica p f o r b o th p r e s ent a n d

f utur e e m p l o y m e nt .

In p r o f e ssi o nal li f e t h e m an wh o habitually d isr e g ar d s t h e c o nv em

,

i e n ce o f his ass o ciat e s a n d caus e s t h e l o ss o f th e i r ti m e a n d p ati e nc e

by t h e lack o f p unctuality in m e e tin g a pp o int m e nts sh o w s t h e lack o f a
d u e c o nsi d e rati o n o f t h e ri g hts o f o th e rs a n d w ill s o o n fi n d that h e i s .

e li m inat e d f r o m such c o n f e r e nc e s w h e n e v e r p o ssibl e He w ill l o s e .

m uch o f t h e c o nsi d e rati o n a n d m any o f t h e o p p o rtuniti e s w hich a r e

e ss e ntial t o t h e b e st
p r o f e ssi o nal succ e ss .
28 S u c c e ss i n E n gi n e e r i n g

A t t e n t io n t o B u s i n ess— nly sh o ul d t h e e m p l o y e e b e p unctual

No t o

in hi s a rrival at his p lac e o f busin e ss but h e sh o ul d als o d e v o t e h is a t ~

t e nti o n t o his l e g iti m at e w o rk d u rin g t h e h o urs se t asi d e f o r that p u r

po se O ffi c e h o urs a r e c o m parativ e ly bri e f a n d a r r a n ge m e n t s f o r
~
\
.
,

e v e nin g p l e asur e s a g o o d st o ry t h e m o rnin g

, , p a p e r t h e p assin g cr o w d ,

a n d m any o th e r attracti o ns w hich m a

y catch t h e att e nti o n d urin g busi
n e ss h o urs sh o ul d b e stu d i o usly av o i de d Th ey can we ll w ait until t h e
.

h o urs o f w o rk a r e p ass e d a n d i f g iv e n att e nti o n d urin g t h e ti m e f o r

,

busin e ss w ill r e qui r e n o t o nly ti m e which sh o ul d ri g htly b e l o n g t o o th e r

thin g s b u t w ill w e ak e n t h e ability t o c o nc e nt rat e t h e att e nti o n o n t h e
,

m att e r t o w hich t h e ti m e o f t h e e m p l o y e e sh o ul d b e d e v o t e d W illin g .

n e ss a n d c o r d ial e x e cuti o n o f o r de rs a n d r e qu e sts t e n d g r e atly t o wa r d s

p r o m o ti o n .

C o n ce n t r a t i o n — Th e ability t o c o nc e ntrat e o n e s att e nti o n o n t h e

’

i m m e d iat e p r o bl e m f o r c o nsi d e rati o n is a p ri m ary r e quisit e f o r succ e ss

a n d is a m att e r t o w hich t h e y o un g e n g in e e r sh o ul d g iv e his i m m e d iat e
att e nti o n a n d his b e st e n de av o r This charact e ristic sh o ul d b e d e v e l
.

o p e d e arly i n li f e f o r it is f un d a m e ntal t o t h e acc o m li sh m e nt o f any

p
r e ally valuabl e r e sults in sch o lastic o r busin e ss li f e It sh o ul d b e in .

cu l c a t e d in t h e
p u p ils o f t h e c o m m o n sch o o ls i m p r e s se d o n t h e st u d e nts
,

o f t h e c o ll e g e a n d univ e rsity a n d p ractic e d by t h e in d ivi d u al in e v e ry

,

p has e o f his lat e r li f e T h e ability t o c o nc e ntrat e r e sults in t h e

.

g r e at e st savin g o f ti m e in sch o o l in c o ll eg e in t h e lab o rat o ry t h e o f

, , ,

fi c e t h e f act o ry a n d t h e fi e l d
, T h e m a n wh o can c o nc e ntrat e h i s a t
.

t e nti o n o n a p r o bl e m w ill acc o m p lish his w o rk accurat e ly a n d ra p i d ly

a n d w ill th e r e f o r e b e o f g r e at e st valu e t o hi m s e l f a n d t o his e m l o y e r
p .

T h e ability t o d r o p a p r o bl e m in o r d e r t o r e c e iv e d i r e cti o ns o r o n a c ,

c o unt o f vari o us o th e r int e rru p ti o ns which m a y o ccu r a n d t o at o nc e ,

tak e it u p at t h e p o int w h e r e it is d r o pp e d w ith o ut l o ss o f ti m e o r t h e

,

r e c o nsi d e rati o n o f t h e p has e s alr e a dy e xa m in e d w ill r e sult in t h e ,

m axi m u m c o ns e rvati o n o f ti m e a n d t h e hi g h e st e ffi ci e ncy .

T h e stu d e nt o f t e n acqui r e s t h e habit o f c o nc e ntrati o n i n s o litu de ,

a n d fi n d s in t h e o ffi c e t h e f a c t o r
y o r t h e fi e l d his att e nti o n d istract e d
'
,

f r o m his w o rk by t h e c o n f usi o n d u e t o t h e p r e s e nc e o f o th ers a n d t h e

w o rk w hich is g o in g o n p arall e l w ith his o w n H e m ust train hi m s e l f
.

t o i g n o r e all that is ar o un d h i m a n d t o k e e p his m in d a n d att e nti o n

strictly o n h is o wn p articular w o rk ; a n d w h e n h e i s abl e t o acc o m p lish

t h i s h e w ill b e sur p ris e d at t h e a m o unt h e can acc o m p lish a n d at t h e
i

ra p i d fli g ht o f ti m e T h e in d ivi d ual sh o ul d l e arn t o p u t his w h o l e m in d

.

a n d e n e r gy o n w hat e v e r h e is d o in g t o t h e e xclusi o n o f all e ls e w h e th e r ,

 30 S u cc e ss i n En gi n e e ri n g

p o ss e ss o r f r o m i m p o rtant o ppo rtuniti e s Such . a habit i s so de s p icabl e

that it f r e qu e ntly b e c o m e s unb e arabl e an d t h e g r e at e st ability cann o t
c o m p e nsat e f o r t h e un de si rabl e quality .

Pe tty j e al o usy i s e qually r e p r e h e nsibl e Th e m a n wh o cann o t r e

.

j o ic e at t h e a d vanc e m e nt o f o th e rs but f e e ls p e rs o nally a gg ri e v e d b e

caus e h e has n o t r e c e iv e d p r e f e r m e nt w ill u sually i m p e de his o w n p r o
g r e ss
.

It is f r e qu e ntly tru e that p r o m o ti o n de p e n d s b o th o n ability a n d in

d i vi d u a lit y a n d f ailur e t o s e cur e t h e p r o m o ti o n w hich s ee m s h o n e stly
,

d u e sh o ul d r e sult in a s e ri o us c o nsi d e rati o n o n t h e p art o f t h e in d i vi

d ual o f his o wn d e fi ci e nci e s i n p e rs o nal charact e r p e rs o nal e ff o rt o r
,

p e rs o nal ability It sh o ul d b e a s p ur t o g r e at e st e ff o rt t o w ar d in d ivi

.

d ual i m p r o v e m e nt f o r in g e n e ral it i s t ru e that t h e m a n b e st fi tt e d f o r

a g iv e n p o siti o n w ill b e s e l e ct e d t o fi ll it f o r o nly i n thi s way can t h e
,

b e st r e sults b e o btain e d .

1 4
. P r o f e s s i o nal I m p r o v e m e n t —In o r d e r t o g r o w a n d t o d e
ve l o p t h e e n g in ee r m ust acquaint hi m s e l f w ith t h e i d e as a n d activiti e s
,

o f o th e rs wh o a r e w o rkin g i n his o w n fi e l d It is th e r e f o r e e ss e ntial

.

that t h e y o un g e n g in e e r S h o ul d m in g l e w ith hi s f e ll o w s an d c o m p ar e
hi s i d e as w ith th o s e o f o th e rs i n p r o f e ssi o nal lin e s He sh o ul d e arly
.

ass o ciat e h i m s e l f w ith th o s e t e chnical s o ci e ti e s b e f o r e w hich th o s e p r o b

l e m s o f e n g in e e rin g i n which h e is p artic u larly o r g e n e rally int e r e st e d ,

a r e d iscuss e d a n d h e sh o ul d at l e ast list e n t o o r r e a d t h e p a p e rs a n d

d i scussi o ns o f o th e rs b o th in t h e s o ci e ty p r o c e e d in g s a n d t h e t e chnical
p a p e rs in o r d e r t h at h e m a y g ain a p r o p e r i d e a o f curr e nt e n g in e e rin g
‘

a n d p ractic e a n d j u dg e a n d a pp r e ciat e t h e li m itati o ns o f his o wn ability .

W h en h e can c o ntribut e t o t h e in f o r m ati o n by p a p e r o r d iscussi o n it

w ill b e d istinctly t o h is o w n a d vanta g e t o d o s o f o r in so d o in g h e w ill
str e n gth e n hi s o w n kn o w l e dg e an d abilit ie s a n d subj e ct his w o rk a n d
c o nclusi o ns t o t h e criticis m o f o th e rs a n d f r e qu e ntly th e r eby c o rr e ct his
m isc o nc ep ti o n Fo r this p ur p o s e t h e m in o r stat e a n d l o cal e n g in ee rin g
.

s o ci e ti e s a r e o f g r e at a d vanta ge f o r b e f o r e such s o ci e ti e s m att e rs o f

,

l o cal an d p e rs o nal int e r e st can b e d iscuss e d t o a d vanta g e .

A g o o d p a p e r p r o p e rly p r e p ar e d w hich d e scrib e s t h e d e v e l o p m e nt

a n d succ e ss f ul c o m p l e ti o n o f n e w w o rk a n d t h e e x p e ri e nc e s r e sultin g

th e r e f r o m o r c o o r d inat e s t h e e x pe ri e nc e g ath e r e d f r o m e xt e nsiv e o b

,

s e rvati o n a n d stu dy n o t o nly i m p r o v e s a n d int e nsi fi e s hi s o wn c o n c e p

,

ti o n o f t h e p r o bl e m but e stablish e s a r e c o r d o f his w o rk e xt e n d s his

, ,

acquaintanc e a n d is o f such d i r e ct p r o f e ssi o nal b e n e fi t t o t h e w rit e r as

,

t h e i m p o rtanc e o f t h e m att e r a n d t h e g e n e ral e xc e ll e nc e o f its tr e at

 P ro f e ss i ona l I m p r o v e m e n t 3]

m e nt m ay d e t e r m in e In t h e p r e parati o n o f such p a p e rs d u e a ck n o wl
.

e dgm e n t sh o u l d b e m a d e o f p e rs o na l in d e bt e d n e ss t o o th e rs f o r d ata r e
’

c e ive d , in f o r m ati o n f u rnish e d o r t h e u s e o f illustrati o ns a n d su gge s

t i o ns in t h e p r e p arati o n o f p a pe rs a n d t e ch nical articl e s P iracy o f .

i de as o r p la g iaris m sh o u l d b e stu d i o usly av o i de d a n d a kin d l y c o n si d

,

c rati o n o f t h e ri g hts a n d f e e lin g s o f o th e rs a n d a p r o p e r r e c o gn iti o n o f

th e i r a i d a n d c o urt e sy a r e hi ghly de sirabl e .

T h e y o un g e n g in e e r sh o ul d c o nstantly s e e k in f o r m ati o n o n t h e
vari o us p has e s o f e n g in e e rin g w o rk w ith w hich h e c o m e s in c o ntact ,

f o r o t h e r w is e t h e o p p o rtunity f o r acqui rin g s p e cial in f o r m ati o n a n d

s pe cial e x pe ri e nc e w ith its c o ns e qu e nt a d vanta g e s w ill p ass unn o tic e d .

O pp o rtunity s e l d o m ann o unc e s its a d v e nt w ith tru m p e ts a n d w h e n so ,

ann o unc e d i s m o st lik e ly t o p r o v e a p it f all inst e a d O pp o rtuniti e s t o

.
'
“

acqui r e s p e ciali z e d in f o r m ati o n that is g r e atly n e e de d i n t h e e n g in ee r

in g a n d busin e ss w o rl d l ie o n e v e ry han d a n d a w ait t h e m in d that can
a pp r e ciat e d e v e l o p a n d a p p ly th e m t o p ractical n e e d s
,
Th o s e that a r e
.

t h e m o st o bvi o us a n d e asily d e v e l o p e d c o m m o nly o ff e r t h e g r e at e st co m

p e titi o n an d t h e l e ss e r e m o lu m e nts. Th o s e that a r e t h e m o st o bscur e

a n d d i ffi cult f r e qu e ntly r e turn t h e gr e at e st r e w ar d s f o r t h e int e lli g e nc e

a n d d e v o ti o n which th e i r s u cc e ss f ul d e v e l o p m e nt d e m an d s .

T o se e t h e o pp o rt u n i t y t o d e v e l o p it syst e m atically t o a p p ly it in
'

, ,

t e l ligen t ly a n d t o a p p r e h e n d f r o m its c o nqu e st a w e ll e arn e d s u cc e ss

, ,

r e q u i r e s k e e n f o r e si g ht an a pp r e ciati o n o f t h e p r e s e nt a n d f utur e tr e n d
,

o f e v e nts a n d b o th g e n e ral a n d s p e cial kn o w l e d g e a n d e x p e ri e nc e .

Th e r e is scarc e ly a lin e o f p r o f e ssi o nal w o rk in w hich ra d ical i m p r o v e

m e nts a r e n o t b o th d e si rabl e a n d p o ssibl e . Ne w c o n d iti ons a r e c o n
s t an t l y d e v e l o p in g that o l d p ractic e is ina d e quat e t o satis f y Ne w lin e s
.

a n d n e w S e cialti e s a r e in c o nstant d e m an d Th e m a n w h o can se e

p .

th e s e n e e d s b e f o r e th e y a r e f ully r e c o g n i z e d a n d o ff e r an e ff e ctiv e
m e th o d f o r th e i r satis f act o ry f u l fi ll m e nt will usually c o m m an d a suit
,

abl e r e w ar d T h e succ e ss f ul s o luti o n o f a p r o bl e m o r t h e c o m p l e ti o n

.

o f a w e ll c o nsi d e r e d a n d c o m m e n d abl e d e si g n f o r a n y e n g in e e rin g w o rk

sh o u l d n o t li m it t h e e ff o rts o f t h e e n g in e e r t o i m p r o v e his m e th o d s o r
d e si g ns w h e n si m ilar p r o bl e m s o r si m ila r w o rks a r e un d e r c o nsi de ra
t i o n Th e r e a r e scarc e ly t w o p r o bl e m s o f t h e sa m e kin d that can b e
.

s o lv e d t o t h e g r e at e st a d vanta g e i n e nti r e ly t h e sa m e m ann e r E v e ry

.

p r o bl e m i s su rr o u n d e d by its in d ivi d ual c o n d iti o ns that d i fi e r to a

g r e at e r o r l e ss e r e xt e nt a n d sh o ul d m o d i f y any p lan w hich is d e vis e d
f o r its s o luti o n T h e r e i s scarc e ly a p lant install e d o r a buil d in g o r
‘

o th e r structur e e r e ct e d but that t h e d e si g n e r i f h e g iv e s it car e f ul a n d

,
32 Su c c e ss in En g in e e r in g

th o r o u g h c o nsi d e rati o n m ay n o t fi n d m eth o d s o f b ett e r m e nt i f h e w e r e

,

call e d a gain t o s o lv e t h e sa m e p r o bl e m Thi s b e in g t h e cas e it i s e vi .

,

d e nt that e ach n e w p r o bl e m sh o ul d m e e t w ith a m o r e int e lli g e nt s o lu

ti o n t h e n e w f act o rs that a r e p r e s e nt sh o ul d m o d i f y t h e o ri g inal p lan s
a n d t h e b e tt e r m e nts w hich w e r e p o ssibl e in t h e fi rst c o nstructi o n sh o ul d

h e r e b e a d o p t e d t o a dvanta g e a n d p r o bably still f urth e r e lab o rat e d .

Th e r e is n o thin g stati o nary i n natur e a n d t h e in d ivi d ual in his p r o ,

f e s si o n o r busin e ss r e lati o ns is e ith e r a d vancin g o r d e t e ri o ratin g As .

l o n g as h e can se e w ay s a n d m e ans by which his w o rk can b e i m p r o v e d ,

as l o n g as h e fi n d s it n e c e ssary a n d d e si rabl e t o stu dy a n d inv e sti g at e

a n d t o i m p r o v e his kn o w l e dg e hi s i d e als a n d th e i r p ractical e x p r e ssi o n , ,

s o l o n g i s t h e e n g in e e r g r o w in g a n d i m p r o vin g a n d his valu e i s i n c re a s

in g ; but as s o o n as h e is satis fi ed w it h his w o rk a n d b e li e v e s n o f urth e r

i m p r o v e m e nt t o b e p o ssibl e his p r o g r e ss has c e as e d a n d at l e ast in , ,

c o m p aris o n w ith t h e n o r m al a d vanc e m e nt in p r o f e ssi o nal wo rk h e i s ,

l o sin g g r o un d an d unl e ss h e acquir e s an e nti r e ly d i ff e r e nt attitu d e hi s

, ,

us e f uln e ss w ill s o o n b e a thi n g o f t h e p ast .

L i t e ra t u re
P rs na l P w r by K e i t h J Th m s Fun k W g l l C o N ew Y o r k
e o o e , . o a . a na s .
, .

T h e D ra bl Sat i s f act i ns f L i f
u e by C h ar l e s W E li t o o e, . o .

Th N e c ss i t y f I n d i v i d a l Eng i n r i ng L ib rar i e s d f o r C o nt i n i ng
e e or u ee an u

Stu d y a f t r G ra d at i n by J h n L H rr i ngt n
e u o , o . a o .

T h e E d uc t i o na l Va l a f th T c h n i c l Pr ss w i t h S p c i a l R f r enc e t o
ue o e e a e e e e

Eng i n r i ng N w s by Har wo d Fr o st
ee e ,
o .

B s i n ss T ra i n i ng f o t h
u e Eng i n r by Dr A l x G H m p h r e y sr e ee ,
. e . u .

Th Pract i ca l E ng i n ee r by On war d B at e s
e , .

A m bi t i n by W i n d r E G o l d s b r o ug h
o , e . o .

Kn w l d g
o e d Act i n by Wa l t r C K rr
e an o , e . e .

T h e N ext St p by Wa l t r 0 K rr e , e . e .

Stu d y M b y J h n F Ha y f r d
en , o . o .

S cc e ss by Dr M E C o o l e y
u , . . . .

S m e o f t h Ess nt i a l s o f Succ e ss by Dr C h as S m n e r H we
o e e , . . u o .

A d d r ss t Eng i n r i ng Stu d nts E d i t d a d Pu bli s h d by Wa d d e ll

e o ee e . e n e

Harr i ngt n K ansas C i t y M i ss r i

o , , ou .
 C H AP T E R III .

T HE E N G I N EER AT WOR K

15 .P u r d
po se s
an
-
R e s u l t s o f T ec h n i c a l T rai n i n g
— It i s n o t
t h e a i m o f p r o f e ssi o nal sch o o ls t o turn o u t p r o f e ssi o nal m e n . Th e
li m it e d ti m e s p e nt in t h e t e chn ical sch o o l a n d t h e o bj e ct s o u ght d o n o t
w arrant such a p ur p o s e T h e o bj e ct o f p r o f e ssi o nal trainin g o f t e ch
.

mical m en has alr e a d y b e e n c o nsi d e r e d ( se e Se c 5 ) a n d t h e n ec e ssity

.

o f d e v e l o p in g j u dg m e nt accu racy an d s p e e d by t h e p ractical a pp lica

,

ti o n o f s u ch trainin g t o actual wo rk has als o b e e n d iscuss e d ( se e Se c .

It is e vi d e nt t o all p racticin g e n g in e e rs a n d archit e cts that t h e su b

j e ct s stu d i e d in t h e sch o o ls can b e c o m e o f p ractical valu e t o t h e p r o
f e s si o n a l m a n o nly thr o u g h th e i r actual a pp licati o n un d e r m any c o n d i
ti o ns a n d i n m any p lac e s P ractical kn o w l e dge m ay b e d e v e l o ped t o a
.

c o nsi de rabl e e xt e nt in a tra d e sch o o l f o r its fi e l d is li m it e d t o narr o w

lin e s b u t in a p r o f e ssi o nal sch o o l t h e fi e l d is s o br o a d that t h e o p po r
,

t u n it i e s f o r such d e v e l o p m e nt a r e s m all a n d r e al p r o f e ssi o nal kn o w l e dg e

m ust b e g ain e d o r at l e ast i m p r o v e d lar g e ly by p ractical e x pe ri e nc e . If
t h e stu d e nt has b e c o m e th o r o u g hly int e r e st e d in t h e p r o f e ssi o n w hich

h e has ch o s e n i f h e has acquir e d t h e ability t o a pp ly hi m s e l f t o w o rk

,

a n d stu dy i f h e has attain e d a g o o d c o nc e p ti o n o f t h e m ann e r i n w hich

,

a n d t h e s o urc e f r o m w hich p r o f e ssi o nal in f o r m ati o n can b e o btain e d ,

a n d has g ain e d at l e ast li m it e d f aciliti e s in t h e u se o f th o s e e l e m e nta ry

f e atu r e s o f p ractic e o n which his e arly e m p l o y m e nt w ill p r o bably d e

p e n d h e has d o n e all that can r e as o nably b e e x p e ct e d in a g ra d uat e o f
a t e chnical s ch o o l He has n o t b e c o m e a p r o f e ssi o nal m an but h e h a s
'

.
,

acqui r e d a ca p acity which w h e n p r o p e rly e x e rcis e d w ill assur e h i m t h e

p r o f e ssi o nal stan d in g w hich his abiliti e s a n d o pp o rtuniti e s a ff o r d w h e n
his e xp e ri e nc e a n d p ractic e hav e m a d e t h e th e o r e tical kn o w l e dg e o f t h e
sch o o l t h e actual in d ivi d ual kn o w l e dg e o f t h e m an In p ractical li f e .
,

t h e f acts o f i m p o rtanc e in a m at e rial w a y a r e t h e e n d s n o t t h e m e ans,

s

E xc e p t as an a id i n e sti m atin g p o ssibl e kn o w l e d g e a n d ability t h e m a t ,

t e r o f e d ucati o n a n d e x p e ri e nc e is o f n o m at e rial i m p o rtanc e t o t h e e m

p yl o e r
. T h e qu e sti o n is : C a n t h e m a n r
p p o e rly fi ll t h e p o siti o n f o r

w hich h e a p p li e s o r f o r w hich h e is c o nsi d e r e d ? B o th e d ucati o n a n d

e x p e ri e nc e a r e valu e l e ss in ractical li f e unl e ss th e y can b e int e lli g e ntly
p
a p p li e d t o u s e f ul e n d s .
34 Th e E n g i n e e r at W o rk

Th e r e can b e n o e xact m e asur e o f t h e f act o rs that d e t e r m in e in d i

vi d ual us e f uln e ss in li f e E v e ry p o siti o n has c e rtain d e fi nit e r e qui r e
.

m e nts a n d th e s e m ust b e f ul fi ll e d Fo r calculati o ns a m a n m ust hav e

.

s u ffi ci e nt m ath e m atical kn o w l e dg e f o r his p u r p o s e He wh o has n o .

such kn o wl e dg e is u s e l e ss f o r such w o rk If t h e w o rk r e qui r e s t h e e x

.

e r c i se o f j u dg m e nt ,
m ath e m atical kn o w l e d g e al o n e is us e l e ss ; a n d i f
fi d ucia ry r e lati o ns a re als o inv o lv e d charact e r m ay als o b e c o m e o f
,

e qual o r g r e at e r i m p o rtanc e T h e chara ct e ristics d iscuss e d i n Se c

. .

9 a n d th e i r r e lativ e p e rc e nta g e s o f i m p o rtanc e s e e m s t o f ai rly r e p r e

,

s e nt a s o m e w hat de fi nit e i de al o f p r o f e ssi o nal m en as t o t h e f act o rs e s

sen t i al t o e n g in e e rin g succ e ss Th e m ain e n d s o f p r e s e nt day p r o
.

f e s si o n a l e d ucati o n e m p has iz e t h e last t w o alth o u g h m o st e d uca t o rs

,

r e c o g niz e t h e r e lativ e g r e at e r i m p o rtanc e o f t h e fi rst f o u r which a re

i m p r e ss e d o n t h e t e chnical stu de nt o nly inci d e ntally i f at all w ith t h e
vari o us subj e cts tau g ht T o w hat e xt e nt th e y can a n d sh o u l d b e im
.

p r e ss e d o u t h e stu d e nt is an o p e n q u e sti o n That th e s e f act o rs m u st

.

b e d e v e l o p e d t o t h e e xt e nt n e c e ssary in e v e ry p articular cas e cann o t

b e qu e sti o n e d .

Fe w t e chnical g ra d uat e s a r e o f m uch i m m e d iat e valu e e ith e r in t h e

o ffi c e t h e f act o ry o r t h e fi e l d an d th e y can m ak e th e m s e lv e s o f valu e
, ,

o nly by t h e acquisiti o n o f charact e r j u dg m e nt e ffi ci e ncy e x e cutiv e

, , ,
.

ability an d t h e p ractical ability t o a pp ly th e i r t e chnical kn o w l e dg e t o t h e

e xt e nt n e c e ssary o r th e ir in d ivi d ual n e e d s by actual e x p e ri e nc e in such

t e chnical w o rk .

T h e y o u n g g ra d u at e is u s u ally inc o m p e t e nt e xc e p t in m in o r p o si
ti o ns ; h e c o m m o nly o v e rrat e s his ca p acity an d Se l d o m r e c o g niz e s his
o wn in e x p e ri e nc e a n d inc o m p e t e ncy t o fi ll p o siti o ns o f r e s p o nsibilit y

a n d tr u st . H i s e du cati o n g iv e s h i m t h e o pp o rtunity t o s e c u r e sub o r

d in a t e e m p l o y m e nt a n d t o acq u i r e a n d d e m o nstrat e his ability t o fi ll
satis f act o rily hi gh e r p o siti o ns w h ich m ay b e o pe n t o h im Int e lli g e nt .

o bs e rvati o n cl o s e a p plicati o n a n d har d st u dy w ill fi t h i m f o r hi g h e r

,

p o siti o ns a n d b e tt e r thin g s .H e f r e q u e ntly f ails t o r e c o g niz e t h e

chanc e s f o r b e tt e r m e nt a ff o r d e d h im by t h e m in o r p o siti o ns w h ich h e

fi rst s e cu r e s an d hi s f ailur e t o a d vanc e i s o f t e n lar ge ly d u e t o his d is
satis f acti o n i n his sub o r d inat e p o siti o n a n d his pe rs o nal f ai lur e t o tak e
a d vanta g e o f t h e i m m e d iat e Op p o rt u niti e s o ff e r e d t o acqui r e p ractical
kn o w l e dge a n d e x p e ri e nc e an d th e r eby m ak e hi m s e l f availabl e f o r a d
vanc e m e nt
T h e M an a n d t h e Jo b —T o s e cu re t h e m o st e c o n o m i c al
.

1 6
. .

a n d satis f act o ry r e s u lts b o th f o r t h e j o b a n d f o r t h e m a n

,
it i s d e sir
,
 Th e Ma n an d the j o b 5

abl e that t h e m a n b e st fi tt e d f o r e ach p lac e sh o ul d s e cur e t h e p o siti o n ,

w hat e v e r its i m p o rtanc e . This w o ul d acc o m p lish t h e b e st that t he

p r o p e r e x e rcis e o f t h e n e c e ssa ry ability can s e cu r e a n d w o ul d p e r m it
t h e d e ve l o pm e nt o f t h e in d ivi d ual ability t o its m axi m u m
“

In p ractical li f e such de si rabl e r e sults can o nly b e a p p r o xi m at e d .

P o siti o ns a n d m e n a re o f t e n w i d e ly s e p arat e d a n d c o ns e qu e ntly t h e

m a n a n d t h e v e ry b e st p o siti o n f o r w hich h e is suit e d m ay s e l d o m c o m e
in c o ntact Th e p r o bl e m o n t h e On e han d is t o s e cur e t h e b e st availabl e
.

m a n f o r a g iv e n p o siti o n a n d o n t h e o th e r han d f o r a m an t o s e cur e a

,

p o siti o n in w hich h is s e rvic e s w ill b e satis f act o ry a n d w hich w ill g iv e

h i m t h e g r e at e st r e turns n o t o nly in inc o m e b u t i n p e rs o nal sat i s f a c
ti o n As e n g i n e e r i n g p o siti o ns a r e o f t e n w i de ly S catt e r e d a n d o f t e n f a r
.

f r o m t h e c e nt e rs o f t e chnical e d ucati o n s o m e m e th o d s o f int e rc o m

,

m u n i c a t i o n b e c o m e n e c e ssa ry A y o un g m a n th r o u g h h i s o wn c o nn e c
.

ti o ns o r acquaintanc e s is f r e qu e ntly in t o uch with p o ssibl e o pe nin g s f o r

t e chnical w o rk In p r o s p e r o us y e ars th e r e a r e so m any a p p licati o ns t o
.

t e chnical instituti o ns f o r m e n t o fi ll sub o r d inat e p o siti o ns that t h e fi rst

p o s iti o n i s r e a d ily s e cur e d a n d a l e tt e r o f r e c o m m e n dati o n w h e n a
,

vacancy o ccurs is o f t e n all that is n e c e ssary In d ull y e ars t h e d iffi

.

culty o f s e curin g an i m m e d iat e o pp o rtunity f o r t e chnical w o rk i s m uch

g r e at e r f o r th e n n e w m e n a r e n o t in g r e at d em an d C ivi l s e rvic e e x .

a m in a t i o n s f o r nati o nal ,
stat e a n d m unici pal p o siti o ns a re s o m e ti m e s
o p e n t o t h e t e chnical g ra d uat e L e tt e rs o f inqu i r y t o c o m p ani e s a n d
.

in d ivi d uals in char g e o f e n g in e e rin g wo rk w i ll o ccasi o nally l e a d t o o p

p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e m p l o y m e nt but as a g e n e ral rul e an e m p l o y e r d e si r e s
,

e ith e r a p e rs o nal r e c o m m e n d ati o n f r o m s o m e o n e w ith w h o m h e i s

acquaint e d e ith e r p e rs o nally o r by r e p utati o n o r a p e rs o nal int e rvi e w

,

w ith t h e m an wh o s e e ks e m p l o y m e nt .

L e tt e rs o f a p p licati o n o r p e rs o nal int e rvi e w s i f a p p ar e ntly p r o m is

,

in g sh o ul d b e f o ll o w e d u p w ithin a f e w w e e ks o th e r w is e it w ill usually

, ,

b e assu m e d that a p o siti o n has b e e n s e cur e d a n d t h e a pp licati o n w ill b e

ign o re d .

L e tt e rs o f r e c o m m e n d ati o n f r o m t e ach e rs o r f o r m e r e m p l o y e rs
w ill o f t e n b e o f a d vanta g e t h e f o r m e r f o r s e cu rin g o pp o rtuniti e s f o r
,

m in o r p o siti o ns a n d t h e latt e r f o r m o r e a d vanc e d w o rk U sually o nly

.

c o p i e s o f such l e tt e rs s h o ul d b e s e nt as in m any cas e s th e y w ill n o t b e

r e turn e d Fo r hi g h e r p o siti o ns p e rs o nal r e f e r e nc e s a r e o f t e n o f
.
’

g r e at e r valu e than l e tt e rs o f r e c o m m e n dati o n T h e l e tt e r o f r e c o m

.

m e n da t i o n i s al w ays f av o rabl e o r it w o ul d n o t b e p r e s e nt e d Th e l e tt e r .

w ritt e n d ir e ct is lik e ly t o g iv e a m o r e c o rr e ct a n d c o m p l e t e stat e m e nt o f

36 Th e E n g i n e e r a t W o rk

the charact e r a n d abi lity o f t h e a pp licant W h e r e t e ach e rs o r f o r m e r

.

e m p l o y e rs a r e t o b e us e d as r e f e r e nc e s wh e r e th e y hav e n o t b ee n
,

f a m iliar w ith t h e e n g in e e r s wo rk f o r s o m e y e ars it i s d e si rabl e t o

’
,

c o m m unicat e w ith th e m g ivin g a r e su m e o f t h e activiti e s o n w hich t h e

,

in d ivi d ual has b e e n e m pl o y e d i n t h e int e rv en in g ti m e .

A r e f e r e nc e t o a t e ach e r o r e m p l o y e r wh o has h e ar d n o thin g o f

t h e a p p licant f o r fi v e o r t e n y e ars is n o t a p t t o b e satis f act o ry It i s .

o nly p r o p e r c o urt e sy t o s e c u r e t h e p e rs o nal c o ns e nt o f th o s e t o w h o m

it is d e sir e d t o r e f e r but i f acquaintanc e w arrants r e f e r e nc e w ith o ut

,

such p e r m i ssi o n t h e f act o f such r e f e r e nc e sh o ul d b e i m m e d iat e ly c o n

,

v e y e d t o t h e p arty t o w h o m r e f e r e nc e is g iv e n .

T h e vari o us e n g in e e rin g s o ci e ti e s m ak e s o m e att e m p t t o brin g int o

c o m m unicati o n e m p l o y e e s d e sirin g w o rk a n d e m p l o y e rs n e e d in g h e l p .

This us e f ul f uncti o n o f t h e t e chnical s o ci e ty sh o ul d b e m uch f u rth e r

d e ve l op e d .

A d v e rtisin g f o r a p o siti o n m ay p r o v e o f valu e w h e r e a m an has

acqui r e d c o nsi d e rabl e s p e cial e x p e ri e nc e o r d e v e l o p e d in s o m e s p e cial
lin e In such cas e s an a d v e rtis e m e nt m ay attract t he att e nti o n o f th o s e
.

wh o m a y b e in n e e d o f t h e p articular s e rvic e in qu e sti o n E m p l o y m e nt .

a g e nci e s als o o ff e r a m e ans o f c o m m unicati o n b e t we e n e m p l o y e e s an d

e m p l o y e rs W h e n th e s e a r e c o nsi d e r e d th e i r stan d in g sh o ul d b e in
.
,

v e st ig a t e d a n d th e y sh o ul d b e us e d w ith cauti o n .

Fo r hi g h e r p o siti o ns f av o rabl e a n d w i d e acquaintanc e a cl e an

, ,

r e c o r d a n d a g o o d p e rs o nal a n d p r o f e ssi o nal r e p utati o n bas e d o n satis

f act o ry s e rvic e e x p e ri e nc e a n d ability a r e t h e p rinci p al f act o rs Th e s e
, ,
.

m ust b e acqui r e d by suitabl e e ff o rt a n d t h e m o r e w i d e ly th e y b e c o m e

kn o wn t h e b e tt e r ca p ital th ey b e c o m e f o r t h e f utu r e .

1 7 I n flu e n c e —T h e valu e O f t h e i n flu e n c e o f f a m i ly f ri e n d s
. .
,

a n d acquaintanc e s sh o ul d n o t b e un d e r e sti m at e d but it is e q u ally i m ,

p o rtant that it sh o ul d n o t b e o v e rrat e d Influ e nc e f r e qu e ntly brin g s

.

o p p o rtunity but charact e r e n e r g y a n d ability a r e e ss e ntial t o succ e ss

, ,

f ully i m p r o v e t h e o p p o rtuniti e s w h e n o ff e r e d Th e p o siti o n that is n o t

.

o nly acquir e d by influ e nc e but i s r e tain e d by p ull inst e a d o f by p ush

i s a s e ri o us d e tri m e nt t o t h e in d ivi d ual un f o rtunat e e n o u g h t o e m p l o y

such m e ans Th e r e t e nti o n o f a p o siti o n by influ e nc e d w ar f s char
.

act e r un d e r m in e s ability w e ak e ns c o nsci e nc e a n d de str o ys initiativ e

, ,

a n d p e rs o nal r e p utati o n .

T h e cultivati o n o f f ri e n d s a n d acquaintanc e s b o th s o cial a n d p r o ,

f e ssi o n a l m a y r e sult in valuabl e assistanc e w h e n n e e de d i f t h e char

, ,

act e r ability a n d e x pe ri e nc e o f t h e in d ivi d ual warrant its e x e rcis e T h e

,
.
 38 Th e E n g i n e e r at Wo rk

ability he i s an e ss e ntial f e atur e in t h e e n de av o r o f which h e i s a p art .

If h e f ails h e caus e s o nly a m o m e ntary d isturbanc e a n d his d i sa p

, ,

p e a r a n ce i s o nly o f bri e f int e r e st e xc e p t t o hi m s e l f a n d t o th o s e wh o

a r e d ep e n d e nt u p o n h i m o r e s p e cially int e r e st e d in h i m

Im p r o vi n g O pp o rtu n iti e s —M any y o u n g m e n a f t e r s e

.

1 9 .

cu rin g t e chn ical w o rk s o o n b e c o m e d isc o nt e nt e d w ith th e i r p r o s p e ct s

a n d f ee l that th e y hav e n o t o btain e d t h e p o siti o n f o r w h ich th e i r e d uca

ti o n has fi tt e d th e m Th e y f ail t o m ak e a p r o p e r u se o f th e i r o pp o r
.

t u n it i e s a n d s o o n s e e k a chan g e in e m p l o y m e nt w ith t h e h o p e o f fi n d
in g t h e p o siti o n f o r w hich th e y a r e b e st fi tt e d Th e y f ai l t o r e c o g niz e
.

t h e n e c e ssity o f s o sha p in g th e ir p e rs o nal e ff o rt sa n d i m p r o vin g th e i r

kn o w l e dge a n d trainin g that th e i r abiliti es w ill fi t t h e c o n d iti o ns which

o p p o r tuniti e s o ff e r . A d e si r e f o r p e rs o nal b e tt e r m e nt i s e ntir e ly co m
m e n d abl e but it sh o ul d b e e x e rcis e d so as n o t t o e m barrass th o s e w h o
hav e alr e a dy g iv e n e m p l o y m e nt I f e m p l o y m e nt is acc e pt e d it e ntails a
.

c o nsci e nti o us e x e rcis e o f t h e ability o f t h e e m p l o y e e d u e d ili g e nc e an d

,

l o yalty a n d a chan g e sh o ul d b e m a de o nly wh e n it can b e m ad e with

,

o u t un d u e e m barrass m e nt t o t h e o r g anizati o n in w hich e m p l o y m e nt has

alr e a dy b e e n s e cur e d In m o st o ffi c e s a n o tic e o f t w o w e e ks o r m o r e

.

i s g iv e n w h e n an e m p l o y e e is t o b e lai d o ff unl e ss h e is d ischar g e d f o r

,

p al p abl e a n d r e r e h e nsibl e
p p e rs o nal e rr o rs o f c o m m issi o n o r o m issi o n .

T h e e m p l o y e e sh o ul d g iv e n o l e ss n o tic e o f his int e nti o n t o l e av e t h e

p lac e h e has acc ep t e d .

W h e n a m a n has acc ep t e d a p o siti o n it is a d ut y h e o w e s b o th t o

,

hi m s e l f a n d t o his e m p l o y e r t o d o his b e st t o fi ll t h e p o siti o n i n t h e

m o st acc e p tabl e m ann e r a n d t o d e v e l o p all th e r e i s in it an d in h im .

E v e n i f t h e lin e o f s e rvic e b e r e g ar d e d as t e m p o r ary a n d h e d e si r e s t o

fi nally c o nc e ntrat e his e ff o rts in o th e r lin e s t h e s e l f c o ntr o l an d s e l f
,

r e straint e x e rcis e d t o c o nqu e r a d i ffi cult o r unint e r e stin g subj e ct t h e ,

abiliti e s a pp li e d a n d t h e p ractical kn o wl e dge g ain e d by c o nsci e nti o u s .

stu dy a n d e ff o rt w ill str e n g th e n h is charact e r incr e as e h is ability e n

, ,

lar g e h is e x p e ri e nc e a n d m ak e h im a br o a de r b e tt e r a n d m o r e us e f ul
,

m a n i n w hat e v e r fi e l d o f e n de av o r h e m a y ulti m at e ly b e e m p l o y e d .

Th e m a n wh o w ithh o l d s his b e st e ff o rts w ith t h e h o p e o f e x p e n d

m g th e m ulti m at e ly o nly i n t h e fi e l d o f hi s c h o s e n w o rk s o d w ar f s ,

hi m s e l f as t o r e n d e r d o ubt f ul any g r e at succ e ss in any lin e P r o bably .

n o t o n e hal f o f t h e m e n w h o g ra d uat e f r o m t e chnical c o urs e s ulti

-

m at e ly e nt e r t h e e xact lin e o f w o rk w hich th e y hav e in m in d i n th e i r

c o ll e g e d ays C o nsci e nti o us a n d c o ntinu o us e ff o rt i n e v e ry p o siti o n
.

p o siti o n w hich th e y m a
y o ccu p y a f t e r l e avin g c o ll e g e w i ll o f t e n d e v e l op
 S e le c t i n g Em p l o y m e n t

th e i r ca p abiliti e s a n d m ak e a pp ar e nt th e ir fi tn e ss f o r o th e r lin e s which

in t h e l o n g run p r o v e m o r e int e r e stin g m o r e r e m u n e rativ e a n d m o r e
,

satis f act o ry f r o m e ve ry p o int o f vi e w Th e satis f act o ry f u l fi ll m e nt o f

.

t h e fi rst w o rk b e g ins t o g iv e t h e y o un g m an a r e al kn o w l e dg e o f h i s

o wn n ee d s h is a p titu d e a n d d e f e cts
,
.H is a p titu de m u st b e d e v e l op e d ,

his e rr o rs e li m inat e d T h e e stablish m e nt o f a r ep utati o n f o r g o o d o r

.

f o r ill is at o nc e b e g u n
-
. U p o n t h e d e g r e e o f h i s succ e ss a n d o pp o rt u ni
ti e s a t han d w ill depe n d his a d vanc e me nt In g e n e ral h e sh o ul d r e tai n
.
,

his p o siti o n until a p r o m o ti o n is s e c u r e d o r until h e has de v e l ope d h i m

s e l f a n d this p o siti o n t o th e i r r e as o nabl e li m its Wh e n th e r e a r e n o o p
.

o t u n it i es w ithin t h e o r g an izati o n h e sh o ul d s e e k an o th e r a n d b e tt e r
p r ,

p o siti o,
n l e avin g his w o rk o nly a f t e r d u e n o tic e Th e y o.un g a r e nat

u r a l ly i m p ati e nt at d e lay a n d e x p e ct ra p i d p r e f e r m e nt Th ey o f t e n
.

f ail t o see t h e o p p o rtuniti e s wh ich a r e t h e m o st o bvi o us a n d m ak e e arly

chan g e s in e m p l o y m e nt t o th e ir u lti m at e d i sa dvanta g e A n e w p o si
, .

t i o n sh o ul d o ff e r s o m e i m m e d iat e an d i m p o r fan t a d vanta g e o r s o m e

tan g ibl e o pp o rtuniti e s o th e r w is e a chan ge i s un d e si rabl e f o r t h e o r
, ,

ga n iz a t i o n in w hich a m a n has s e rv e d has t h e b e st kn o w l e dg e a n d w ill

u n d o ubt e d ly a d vanc e h i m w h e n t h e o p p o rtunity o ff e rs b e caus e such a d

vanc e m e nt i s o bvi o usly t o t h e l o g ical a d vanta g e o f all c o nc e rn e d

—
.

2 0 Se l e c t i n
.
g E m l
p y o m e n t W h i l e i n m a ny ca s e s O pp o r
t u n it i e s f o r e m p l o y m e nt a r e s o li m it e d that littl e ch o ic e i s a ff o r de d t h e
y o un g e n g in e e r in t h e s e l e cti o n o f e m p l o y m e nt y e t i n t h e l o n g run h e
,

m ay e x e rt c o nsi d e rabl e c o ntr o l o v e r such s e l e cti o n i f h e m ak e s ca r e f ul

p r e p arati o n f o r his f utur e w o rk . It i s e vi d e nt in m ost c as e s that t h e

f utur e rath e r than t h e i m m e d iat e p r e s e nt sh o ul d b e t h e o bj e ctiv e o f t h e
y o un g e n g in e e r T h e lin e h e d e sir e s t o f o ll o w sh o ul d b e bas e d so f a r
.

as p o ssibl e o n his pe rs o nal p r e f e r e nc e a n d o n h is p e rs o nal fi tn e ss a p ti ,

tu d e s a n d abiliti e s Th e g r e at e st succ e ss w ill usuall y c o m e w ith that

.

lin e in t h e p ursuit o f which h e e x pe ri e nc e s t h e g r e at e st satis f acti o n an d

in which h e can e x e rcis e t o t h e g r e at e st deg r e e his nativ e abiliti e s an d
tal e nts an d his acquir e d kn o wl e dg e an d e x pe ri e nc e That m an i s f o r .

t u n a t e wh o fi n d s his p r o f e ssi o nal o r busin e ss li f e lai d d o w n o n t h e lin e s

‘

h e w o ul d m o st g la d ly f o ll o w a n d wh o in c o ns e qu e nc e is m o st th o r o u g hly
int e r e st e d in t h e w o rk h e is call e d u p o n t o d o It is e vi de nt th e r e f o r e
.

that i m m e d iat e sala ry i s o f s e c o n da ry c o nsi de rati o n but that e m p l o y

m e nt sh o ul d b e s o u g ht in th o s e lin e s a n d in th o s e p lac e s w h e r e b o th
o p p o rtuniti e s o ccu r a n d c o n d iti o ns g iv e pr o m is e o f ulti m at e p r e f e r m e nt

in t h e lin e s o f t h e ch o s e n w o rk F inancial e m b a r assm en t m a y o c

.

c a si o n a l l
y m ak e a d i ff e r e nt c o urs e e ss e ntial a n d in
,
s u ch cas e s t h e e m
40 Th e E n g i n e e r at Wo rk

l
p oy e e sh o ul d e n de av o r t o instill int o his w o rk t h e e nthusias m a n d in
t e r e st r e qui r e d f o r his succ e ss Co ntinu o us e ff o rt t o this e n d w ill n o r
.

m ally cr e at e c o n d iti o ns o f sat is f acti o n q uit e e qual t o th o s e wh ich w o ul d

r e sult i f h e we r e abl e t o p u rsu e t h e lin e t o which h is e arly inclinati o ns
l ed .

2 1 . Sa la r y —T h e a m o un t
salary t o b e r e c e iv e d f r o m a
o f
g iv e n p o siti o n is naturally a m att e r o f int e r e st a n d f r e qu ently r e c e iv e s
g r e at e r c o nsi d e rati o n than its i m p o rtanc e w arrants T o t h e y o un g .

t e chnical g ra d uat e t h e m att e rs o f e x p e ri e nc e an d o pp o rtunity a r e c o m

m o n ly o f m uch g r e at e r i m p o rtanc e I f a y o un g m a n i s un d e r p ai d h e
.
,

i s a pt t o s e c u r e o ppo rtuniti e s f o r a m o r e e xt e n de d e x p e ri e nc e tha n

w h e r e his c o m p e nsati o n i s e xc e ssiv e as f o r e xa m p l e i n t h e a pp r e ntic e s
’
,

p o siti o n i n s o m e o f t h e lar g e m a n u f a ct u r i e s wh e r e Op p o rtuniti e s a r e

g iv e n t o a t e chn ical g ra d uat e f o r a br o a d acquaintanc e w ith t h e m a
chin e ry de si g n e d a n d c o nstruct e d th r o u g h a g r e at vari e ty o f w o rk o n
t h e t e stin g a n d e r e ctin g fl o o rs .

If t h e salary r e c e iv e d is m o r e than sh o ul d o r d inarily b e e x p e ct e d

i n a g iv e n p o siti o n it c o m m o nly m e ans e ith e r that t h e w o rk is t e m
,

p o r a r y o r that t h e m an has f o un d a n ich e int o w hich h e fi ts by u nusual

a p titu d e an d in w hich h e i s lik e ly t o r e m ain w ith o ut t h e o pp o rtunity o f

a cquirin g a br o a d e r a n d m o r e e xt e n d e d e x p e ri e nc e I f t h e salary i s .

lar g e t h e s e rvic e s m ust b e u tiliz e d t o t h e g r e at e st a d vanta g e in o r de r

,

t o m ak e th e m p r o fi tabl e w hich c o m m o nly m e ans that h e w ill b e k e p t

, ,

o n t h e o n e p articula r class o f w o rk in w hich h e is e s p e cially p r o fi ci e nt .

Al m o st e v e ry p o siti o n a ff o r t s o pp o rtuniti e s f o r e x p e ri e nc e a n d f o r
stu dy Em p l o y m e nt w ill n o t b e f urnish e d f o r l o n g unl e ss such e m
.

p l o y m e nt is p r o fi tabl e t o th o s e w h o f urnish it Ad vanc e m e nt w ill n o t .

c o m e until t h e in d ivi d ual has sh o w n his dep e n d ability a n d hi s ca p acity

f o r g r e at e r thin g s ; a n d such ca p acity m ust b e e xhibit e d b e f o r e a n d n o t
a f t e r t h e a d vanc e m e nt is s e cur e d Th e r e a r e f e w cas e s w h e r e ability
.
,

c a p acity a n d d e p e n d ability a r e n o t r e c o g ni z e d a n d a d vanc e m e nt c o m e s ,

w h e n o pp o rtuniti e s o ff e r w ith f e w e xc e p ti o ns a n d as a m att e r o f c o urs e

w h e n th e s e qualiti e s a r e d e m o nstrat e d Fe w e m p l o y e rs w ill p e r m it e m
.

p l o y e e s w h o hav e d e m o nstrat e d th e i r fi tn e ss f o r a p o siti o n t o l e av e th e i r ,

s e rvic e o r a dvanc e stran g e rs in p r e f e r e nc e T h e e m p l o y e r f o r hi s o wn .

i nt e r e sts p r e f e rs th o s e w h o s e h o n e sty int e g rity an d ability h e kn o w s a n d

, ,

h e w ill s e l d o m l o o k e ls e w h e r e t o fi ll an i m p o rtant p o siti o n unl e ss h e i s

satis fi e d that such c o urs e is n e c e ssary in o r de r t o s e cur e t h e de si r e d r e
su l t s

—F r m rly i t
.

2 2 . C h an g e vs . C o n ti n u ity of Se rv i c e o e w as co n

side r e d de si rabl e f o r t h e y o u n g e n g in ee r to r e m ain in on e p o siti o n o nly

 Co n t i n u i t y o f Se r v i c 4]

l o n g e n o u g h t o th o r o u g hly f a m iliariz e hi m s e l f w ith t h e w o rk a n d th e n ,

t o s e e k o th e r p o siti o ns w h e r e his p ractical e x p e ri e nc e m i g ht b e c o n s id

e r a b l y e xt e n d e d .

At t h e p r e s e nt ti m e w h e n hun d r e d s o f y o un g en g in e e rs a r e g ra d u
at e d f r o m o u r t e chnical sch o o ls e ach s e as o n it wo ul d s e e m un de si rabl e
,

f o r any y o un g m a n t o d r o p a p o siti o n which g av e f ai r p r o m is e o f ulti

m at e b e tt e r m e nt in o r d e r t o accu m ulat e a vari e ty o f e x p e ri e nc e w hich
a f t e r all m a y b e o f littl e s e rvic e in his p r o f e ssi o nal car ee r It w o ul d
“

s e e m by f a r t h e b e tt e r w ay f o r t h e m a n t o th o r o u ghly m ast e r e v e ry
d e tai l o f his busin e ss a n d t o r e tain his p o siti o n i f it g iv e s r e as o nabl e
p r o m is e o f ulti m at e b e tt e r m e nt rath e r than t o b e c o m e a w an d e r e r f r o m
ith ach siti n r e d i ffi cult t o s e cur e as hi s a g e i n
j o b t o j o b w e p o o m o

cr e as e s .

E ach m a n m ust h o w e v e r b e t h e archit e ct o f his o w n f at e Th e .

m a n w h o thr o u g h lack o f initiativ e acc e pts a p e r m an e nt sub o r d inat e p o

s iti o u wh e n h e m i g ht b e tt e r hi m s e l f by a p r o p e r chan ge i s p e rha p s -
,

m o r e o r l e ss un f o rtunat e ; but i f h e acc e p ts his l o t w ith c o nt e nt m e nt

a n d is abl e t o satisf y r e as o nably w e ll hi s n e e d s a n d i d e als h e m ust b e ,

r e g ar d e d as r e as o nably succ e ss f ul ; whil e t h e a m biti o us m a n wh o f r e

qu e ntly chan ge s f r o m p lac e t o p lac e in t h e h o p e s o f ulti m at e ly fi n d in g
‘

t h e p o sit i o n w hi ch b e st fi ts his p e culiar tast e s a p titu d e s a n d p e rs o nal

,

a m biti o ns m ay r e m ain unsati s fi e d a n d uns e ttl e d th r o u g h li f e a n d i n hi s

,

a d vanc e d y e ars b e f o rc e d int o unsatis f act o ry e m p l o y m e nt b e caus e t h e

p o siti o n h e d e sir e s is fi ll e d by a y o un g e r m an .C o nstant chan g e i n po
s it i o n is o f t e n e vi d e nc e o f w e akn e ss in ability t e m p e ra m e nt o r charac
,

t e r th o u g h it s o m e ti m e s is t h e r e sult o f lack o f o pp o rtunity

, .

D urin g s e as o ns o f har d ti m e s o r p anic w h e n p ublic wo rk h a s

,

lar g e ly c e as e d a n d n o n e w inv e st m e nts a n d e stablish m e nts a r e p ra e ’

t i ca b l e in t h e railr oa d a n d p ublic utiliti e s fi e l d s o r in t h e m in e s a n d f ac

t o ri e s th o u san d s o f e n g in e e rs l o s e th e i r p o siti o ns a n d fi n d n o thin g in

,

th e i r p r o f e ssi o nal lin e o p e n f o r th e m at any p ric e Th e y m ust e n .

d ea vo r t o fi n d w o rk in o th e r fi e l d s w hich a r e p e rha p s si m il a rly inactiv e ,

o r a w ait t h e r e su mp ti o n o f busin e ss in b e tt e r ti m e s D urin g such ti m e s

.
,

t h e a d vanta g e o f havin g s e cur e d a p o siti o n in a p e r m an e nt o r g ani z a

t i o n a n d havin g m a d e t h e valu e o f t h e s e rvic e s al m o st in d is pe nsabl e

, ,

i s a ppar e nt .

2 3 . T h e R e lat i v e V al u e s o f V a ri o u s C la sses o f E m p l o y m e n t .

T h e r e lativ e valu e s t o t h e t e chnical m a n o f vari o us class e s o f p r o f e s

s i o n a l e m p l o y m e nt m ust d e e n d lar g e ly o n t h e p e rs o nal inclinati o n a n d
p
p o int o f vi e w A. rchit e ctur e an d m any s p e cial f o r m s o f t e chnical w o rk
 42 Th e E n g i n e e r at Wo rk

are d e fi nit e a f t e r s e l e cti o n r e qui r e n o f urth e r c o m m e nt T h e e n

an d .

g in e e r in g stu d e nt wh o has n o t s p e ciali z e d m a y p e rha p s b e b e n e fi t e d by

a bri e f d iscussi o n o f vari o us lin e s o f w o rk in which o pp o rtuniti e s f o r
e m p l o y m e nt m a y o ccu r .

Wh e n t h e e d ucati o n o f t h e stu d e nt is g e n e ral t h e o pp o rt u niti e s f o r,

e m p l o y m e nt a r e c o e xt e nsiv e w ith t h e w h o l e e n g in ee rin g fi e l d

-
O ut .

si d e o f t h e fi e l d which p e r m its t h e a pp licati o n o f p e rs o nal a p tit u de it ,

m ak e s littl e d i ff e r e nc e in w hat lin e o f e m p l o y m e nt h e b e g ins as all w o rk ,

f urn ish e s d e si rabl e e x p e ri e nc e At t h e en d o f a s e ri e s o f y e ars h e ha s

.

acqui r e d kn o w l e dg e a n d skill in c e rtain d e fi nit e w o rk an d hi s chanc e s ,

f o r t h e p r o fi tabl e sal e o f his s e rvic e s a r e l i m it e d t o a m u ch narr o we r

fi el d .

Many e n g in ee rin g stu d e nts h av e t h e w r o n g p o int o f vi e w i n r e

g ar d t o t h e b e st Op p o rtuniti e s f o r ulti m at e p r o f e ssi o nal a d vanc e m e nt .

It has alr e a dy b e e n n o t e d ( se e Se c 1 2 ) that t h e fi e l d e n g in ee r i s t h e

.

i de al o f m o st e n g in e e rin g stu d e nts It i s w o rthy o f n o t e that t h e

.

o ffi c e al m o st w it h o u t e x c e p t i o n c o ntr o ls t h e fi e l d an d that m any m e n

wh o hav e h a d l o n g e x p e ri e nc e in t h e fi e l d f ail o f f u rth e r a d vanc e m e nt

f o r t h e lack o f kn o w l e dg e a n d e x p e ri e nc e in o ffi c e w o rk E x p e ri e nc e .

in fi e l d w o rk usually l e a d s t o p arall e l a d vanc e m e nt Th e ti m e k e ep e r .

,

t h e st o r e k e e p e r a n d t h e ins p e ct o r b e c o m e t h e f o r e m an t h e su p e r i n
, ,

t e n d e nt a n d t h e r e si de nt e n g in e e r G o o d o ffi c e wo rk l e a d s t o a d vanc e
.

m e nt in t h e o ffi c e Th e abl e d ra f ts m an b e c o m e s t h e de si g n e r t h e as
.
,

s i st a n t e n g in e e r a n d w ith e x p e ri e nc e t h e chi e f
,
S urv eyin g an d fi e l d
, .

w o rk in m any c o untri e s can b e d o n e t o a d vanta g e o nly at c e rtain p e ri o d s .

D ra f tin g usually o ff e rs m o r e st e a dy e m p l o y m e nt a n d has t h e a d vanta g e

o f p lacin g t h e e m p l o y ee n e ar t h e r e s p o nsibl e h e a d O f t h e o r g anizati o n .

D i ff e r e nt class e s o f e m p l o y m e nt o ff e r varyin g a d vanta g e s Con .

structi o n wo rk is o f t e n t e m p o rary unl e ss w ith a p e r m an e nt o r g aniza

ti o n U n f o rtunat e ly m any e n g in e e rin g p o siti o ns hav e n o f u t u r e Th e
.
, .

wo rk is m o r e o r l e ss t e m p o rary a n d in d ull ti m e s a n d s e as o ns t h e e m
p l o y m e nt c e as es a n d t h e e m p l o y ee m ust l o o k f o r n e w fi e l d s In thi s .

wa y h e m ay an d f r e qu e ntly d o e s p ass f r o m o n e j o b t o an o th e r h o l d
, , ,

in g e ach p o siti o n until t h e w o rk is acc o m p lish e d a n d n e v e r b e c o m in g ,

s e ttl e d o r a pe r m an e nt p art o f any e n g in ee rin g o rg anizati o n .

E n g in e e rin g e m p l o y m e nt m a y o f t e n l e a d t o b u sin e ss o pp o r t u niti es .

T h e y o un g m an w ith ca p acity wh o a f t e r h e h as ac q ui r e d t h e e xp e r i
,

e nc e w hich can b e o btain e d in e n g in e e rin g p o siti o ns c o nn e ct e d w ith

g r e a t in d ustri e s has t h e f o r e si g ht an d t h e e n e rgy t o d r o p o u t o f lin e o f

,

p r o m o ti o n w hich m ay b e o f o nly li m it e d o pp o rt u niti e s a n d t o tak e a ,

 V a lu e o f V a r i ou s
-
Em p lo y m e n t 3

po siti o n th r o u g h w hich h e will acqui r e a kn o w l e dg e o f o p e rati o n m ain ,

t en a n ce a n d g e n e ral busin e ss m ana g e m e nt w ill f r e qu e ntly b e r e w ar d e d

,

by p lacin g hi m s e l f in lin e f o r g r e at e r busin e ss o pp o rtuniti e s than a r e

p o ssibl e i f h e c o n fi n e s his e ff o rts t o t h e p ur e ly e n g in e e rin g p has e s o f
‘

t h e w o rk . P ublic s e rvic e c o r p o rati o ns o ff e r m any o pp o rtuniti e s f o r

ulti m at e a d vanc e m e nt E m p l o y m e nt w ith s u ch c o r p o rati o ns m ay f r e
"

qu e ntly r e sult in p e r m an e nt p o siti o ns an d a quali fi e d m a n w ill a d vanc e

-

S l o w ly but sur e ly a n d m ay ulti m at e ly r e ach t h e hi gh e st p o siti o n which

such c o rp o rati o ns hav e t o o ff e r .

It is e x ce e d in g ly d e si rabl e f o r t h e e n g in e e r t o b e c o m e at an e arly
d at e a p art o f a p e r m an e nt o r g anizati o n i n a lin e w hich h e w ill b e c o n
t e nt t o f o ll o w a s a pe r m an e nt li f e w o rk If a chan ge int o an o th e r lin e
.

i s de sirabl e it sh o ul d b e m a de at a n e arly d at e ; d e lay g r e atly c o m p li

,

cat e s t h e situati o n If h e w ith d ra w s f r o m o n e li n e o f wo rk a n d e nt e rs

.

an o th e r a f t e r c o nsi d e rabl e a d van ce m e nt has b e e n attain e d it m ust ,

usually b e at t h e e x p e ns e o f salary f o r h e w ill n o t hav e t h e valu e in

,

any o th e r lin e w ith o ut acqui r e d e x p e ri e nc e .

F o r e i g n s e rvic e is subj e ct t o t h e sa m e d isa d vanta g e a n d sh o ul d b e

r eg ar d e d as a p e r m an e nt li f e w o rk o r aban d o n e d e arly f o r w o rk at
,

h o m e Wo rk in a f o r e i g n c o unt ry inv o lv e s a l o ss o f t o uch w ith h o m e

.

c on d iti o ns an d p r o f e ssi o nal acquaintanc e an d a chan g e a f t e r s o m e ,

y e ars abr o a d o f t e n r e sults in t h e n e c e ssity o f acc e p tin g a sub o r d inat e

p o siti o n at a g r e atly r e d uc e d salary .

E m p l o y m e nt in t h e g o v e rn m e nt s e rvic e has c e rtain a d vanta g e s a n d

c e rtai n d isa d vanta g e s C o m p e nsati o n in t h e m in o r p o siti o ns is usually
.

e qual o r g r e at e r than that which can b e s e cu r e d in p rivat e w o rk but t h e ,

hi gh e r p o siti o ns a re n o t so we ll p ai d O n t h e o th e r han d th o s e wh o
.
,

r e ach a dvanc e d p o siti o ns an d d is p lay r e as o nabl e ability a r e assur e d o f

p e r m an e nt p o siti o ns . Instructi o nal w o rk in t e chnical instituti o ns i s
subj e ct t o t he sa m e c o m m e nts S uch p o siti o ns o ff e r m any o pp o rtuni
.

ti e s f o r de v e l o pm e nt b u t th e y d o n o t de m an d t h e c o nstant e x e rcis e o f
e n e r g y a n d t h e c o ntinu o us e ff o rt w hich a re c o m m o n t o c o m m e rcial

wo rk . If t h e in d ivi d ual lacks initiativ e an d f o rc e t h e o p p o rtuniti e s

,
,

f o r r e tainin g t h e p o siti o ns w ith a m ini m u m o f e ff o rt a r e c o ns p icu o us ,

a n d inclinati o n in that d i r e cti o n w ill s o o n un fi t t h e in d ivi d ual f o r any

i m p o rtant p o siti o ns in c o m m e rcial w o rk W hat e v e r t h e w o rk o f t h e .

e ng in e e r m a y b e his a i m sh ou l d b e t o
p r o p e rly d o t h e w o rk at han d t o ,

stu dy an d t o i m p r o v e Ad vanc e m e nt w h e r e o pp o rtuniti e s o ff e r w ill

.
, ,

tak e car e o f itsel f i f t h e y o un g e n g in ee r by his acquisiti o n o f k n owl e dge

a n d skill is r e a d y f o r
p r o m o ti o n .
44 Th e E n g i n e e r at W o rk

42 P r i
. v at e P rac t ic e — T h e g r e at m aj o rit y o f e n g in e e ri n g

p o siti o ns a r e salari e d p o siti o ns P r o bably l e ss than t en p e r c e nt o f

. .

t h e e n g in e e rin g p r o f e ssi o n is e n g a g e d in w hat is t e r m e d p rivat e p ra e

“

t ic e
.
”
In such wo rk t h e c o m p e nsati o n i s g e n e rally bas ed o n e ith e r a
p e r d i e m basis o r o n a p e rc e nta g e o f t h e c o st o f t h e w o rk w hich i s u n
d e rt ak en I n such p ractic e t h e e n g in e e r usually f urnish e s all t h e as
.

s i st a n t s n e c e ssary f o r t h e m akin g o f t h e o ri g inal surv e ys t h e d e si g ns ,

a n d p lans a n d f o r su p e rvisin g t h e c o nstructi o n a n d o ccasi o nally s o m e

, ,

o f t h e la r g e r o r g ani z ati o ns o f this kin d un d e rtak e t h e actual c o nstru e

ti o n o f t h e wo rk as w e ll .

Fo r succ e ss in p rivat e p ractic e at l e ast o n t h e lar g e r a n d m o r e i m

,

p o rtant w o rks e xt e n d e d e x p e ri e nc e o n a g r e at vari e ty o f w o rk is r e

,

quir e d f o r in g e n e ral t h e w o rk o f a p rivat e o ffi c e cann o t b e de v o t e d t o

,

a sin g l e s p e cialty alt h o u g h it is u sually c o n fi n e d t o c e rtain de fi nit e r e

,

lat ed lin e s .

O ccasi o nally a y o un g m a n j ust o u t o f c o ll e g e w ith o nly a f e w y e ars

o f p ractic e b e hin d h i m att e m p ts t o e nt e r p rivat e p ractic e If such w o rk .

i s c o n fi n ed t o si m p l e s e rvic e such as d ra f tin g surv eyin g et c in w hich , ,

.
,

r e as o nabl e e x p e ri e nc e a n d a dap t n ess hav e b ee n attain e d suc h a ven ,

tur e is j usti fi abl e W h e n h o w e v e r t h e y o un g e n g in ee r o ff e rs t o t h e

.

p ublic ina d e quat e e x p e ri e nc e uns o un d j u dg m e nt a n d insu ffi ci e nt skill

,

f o r t h e p r o p e r p e r f o r m anc e o f t h e w o rk h e d e si r e s t o u n de rtak e his ,

att e m p t i s unj usti fi abl e a n d i m m o ral T h e sal e o f skill a n d kn o w l edg e

.

w hich a r e n o t p o ss e ss e d is f rau d a n d alth o u g h such a busin e ss m ay b e

,

c o n d uct e d i n such a m ann e r as t o e sca p e t h e l eg al liabiliti e s inv o lv e d by

m isr e p r e s e ntati o n t h e m o ral s e ns e is sacri fi c e d with r e sultin g p e r m a
,

n e nt inj ury t o t h e p r o f e ssi o nal succ e ss o f h im wh o p u rs u e s s u ch a

c o urs e Mo st att e m p ts o f thi s kin d r e sult in t h e f ailur e s w hich a r e
.

ri g htly th e i r d u e If su ffi ci e nt w o rk is s e cur e d t o p ay e x p e ns e s it m ust

.
,

usually b e s e cur e d at a p ric e t o o l o w f o r t h e class o f s e rvic e s w hich

sh o ul d b e r e n de r e d W ith o u t br o a d e x p e ri e nc e p r o p e r s e rvic e s cann o t
.

b e r e n d e r e d a n d o n acc o unt o f t h e l o w p ric e r e c e iv e d f o r his w o rk

, ,

h e is o f t e n unabl e t o f urnish e v e n t h e b e st s e rvic e s o f w hich h e is ca p

abl e T h e r e sults a r e un f o rtunat e H e l e av e s b e hin d h im a r e c o r d o f
. .

w o rk ina d e q uat e ly c o nc e iv e d a n d i m p r o p e rly d o n e He has m o rt g a ge d .

h is f utu r e f o r a ri o pp o rtunity f o r an e arly p r o f e ssi o nal p r e f e r m e nt f o r

w hich h e w a s un p r e p ar e d a n d h e can n e v e r b e c o m e m o r e than o f m in o r
g ra d e in hi s p r o f e ssi o nal w o rk .

2 5 D u t ie s t o Sub o r d i n at e s — W h il e m u ch h a s b e e n sai d o f
. .

t h e du ti e s o f t h e e m p l o y e e i n t h e p e r f o r m anc e o f his w o rk such du ti e s ,

46 Th e E n g i n e e r at W o rk

To b e a suitabl e a d vis e r f o r such r e s p o nsibl e p o siti o ns t h e e n ,

g in e e r s l o yalty m ust b e b e y o n d qu e sti o n ; hi s o nly int e r e st m ust b e that

’

o f his cli e nt in e v e ry ri g ht a n d p r o p e r wa y No m an can s e rv e t w o

“
.

m ast e rs f o r e ith e r h e w ill hat e t h e o n e a n d l o v e t h e o th e r o r e ls e h e

,

w ill h o l d t o t h e o n e an d d e s p is e t h e o th e r ( Matt This p rin

”
. .

c ip l e has b ee n r e c o gn iz e d as e ss e ntial by t h e b e st m e n o f e v e ry a ge a n d

nati o n a n d in e v e ry busin e ss a n d p r o f e ssi o n I f t h e e n g in ee r has a d

.

v e rs e int e r e sts o f any kin d n o m att e r h o w inn o c e nt th e y m ay a p p e ar

, ,

th e y w i ll bias his j u dg m e nt a n d h e w ill d o l e ss than his d uty It i s .

t h e insi d i o us int e r e st w hich has n o a pp ar e nt r e lati o n t o t h e i m m e d iat e

w o rk o f e n g in e e rin g rath e r than t h e acti o n that is rankly d ish o n e st that

is t o b e f e ar e d f o r thr o u g h such int e r e sts t h e fi rst s e ri o us m isst e p
,

m a y b e tak e n .

It i s n o t b e li e v e d t o b e e ss e ntial t o d i scuss h e r e t h e n e c e ssity o f

abs o lut e h o n e sty in s u ch w o rk p e rs o nal int e r e sts w ith c o ntract o rs
, ,

p r o fi ts f r o m t h e sal e o f m at e rials c o m
, m issi o ns f r o m m an u f act u r e rs ,

c o llusi o n w ith p r o m o t e rs a r e n o t o nly o bvi o usly d ish o n o rabl e a n d di s

,

h o n e st but s o unqu e sti o nably i m m o ral a n d a g ainst p ublic p o licy that

,

th ey r e n de r t h e in d ivi d ual a m e nabl e t o t h e l aw No o n e w h o r e s p e cts

.

his p r o f e ssi o n o r wh o h o p e s f o r p r o f e ssi o nal p r e f e r m e nt c o ul d p o s

s ib ly yi e l d t o s u ch g r o ss t e m tati o n
p
C o n s u ltat i o n —C o m m o nly t h e m a n w h o i s c all e d u p o n
.

2 7
. .

t o tak e char g e o f an i m p o rtant e n d e av o r is o n e w h o has d e v e l o p e d

m o r e o r l e ss s p e cial kn o w l e dg e an d ability in t h e p rinci p al fi e l d w hich

w ith o th e r p has e s c o nstit u t e s t h e p r o j e ct .Wh e n a y o un g e n g in e e r has
b e e n a dvanc e d t o a p o siti o n o f r e sp o nsibility a n d auth o rity o n a p r o j e ct
o f thi s natur e h e o f t e n f e e ls that t h e i m p o rtanc e o f hi s p o siti o n d e

m an d s an e xhibiti o n o f l e arnin g a n d ability that is o f t e n e ntir e ly b e

y o n d his ca p acity N e v e rth e l e ss h e is f r e qu e ntly i m p e ll e d t o att e m p t
.

p r o f e ssi o nal v e ntur e s quit e b e y o n d his e x p e ri e nc e rath e r than t o ac

kn o w l e dg e that e v e n h is abiliti e s hav e th e i r natural li m itati o n In .

this m ann e r y o un g m en o f un d o ubt e d ability f r e qu e ntly att e m p t p r o

f e ssi o n a l w o rk o f a s p e cial natur e f o r w h ich th e y a r e in n o w ay quali
fi e d a n d risk t h e succ e ss o f th e i r e m p l o y e r s int e r e sts in a m ann e r that
’
,

i s unj ust a n d un w arrant e d Whil e s u ch att e m p ts a r e us u ally att e n de d

.

w ith m o r e o r l e ss succ e ss th e y usually f ail t o acc o m p lish t h e r e sults

,

that m i ght b e attain e d by such e x p e rt s e rvic e a n d w r o n g ly d e p rive t h e

cli e nt o f t h e v e ry b e st r e sults No m a n can b e uni f o r m ly e x p e rt o n all
.

branch e s c o v e r e d by m any p r o j e cts a n d it i s t h e si g n o f a na rr o w m in d

,

a n d li m it e d ability f o r a m a n n o t t o r e c o g niz e his o w n li m itati o ns o r t o

 D u t ie s to Pr o f e ssi o n

f ail t o call in e x p e rt a i d w h e n such a id can b e us ed t o a d vanta ge in his

cli e nt s s e rv i c e
’

D u t i e s t o t h e P r o f e ss i o n —E v e ry p r o fe s si o na l m a n i s
.

28
.

g r e atly in de bt e d t o his p r o f e ssi o n His kn o w l e dg e a n d us e f uln e ss hav e

’

b e e n g r e atly au g m e nt e d by t h e lab o r a n d inv e sti g ati o n t h e succ e ss e s ,

a n d t h e f ailur e s o f th o s e w h o hav e g o n e b e f o r e T h e p r o c e e d in g s o f
.

t e chnical s o ci e ti e s t h e artic l e s in t h e t e chnical p r e ss t h e tr e atis e s o n

, ,

t e chnical subj e cts a n d t h e o pp o rtuniti e s o f t e chnical sch o o ls all a ff o r d

t h e e n g in ee r o ccas i o n t o e nlar g e hi s kn o w l e d g e e x p an d his e x p e ri e nc e
, ,

incr e as e his u s e f uln e ss a n d m ak e hi m s e l f o f g r e at e r val u e t o hi m s e l f

a n d t o t h e p ublic . Th e hi g h i d e als a n d t h e d istin g uish e d abi lity that
hav e b e e n e x e rcis e d by t h e m e n t o t h e p r o f e ssi o n in t h e p ast brin g t o t h e
r f ssi nal m a c o nsi d e rati o n a n d stan d in g w hich h e c o ul d n o t o t h
p o e o a n

e r w i se e nj o y . It is s e l f e vi d e nt th e r e f o r e that h e w h o e nj o ys t h e m ani
-

f o l d b e n e fi ts t o b e d e riv e d f r o m t h e liv e s an d lab o rs o f th o s e w h o a r e

hi s ass o ciat e s o r hav e p r e c e d e d h i m in his p r o f e ssi o n is m o r al ly b o u n d ,

t o m aintain s u ch i d e als a n d c o ns e rv e such r e s p e ct by t h e e x e rcis e o f hi s

b e st j u dg m e nt a n d b e st ability a n d by a hi gh c o nc e p ti o n o f p e rs o nal r e
s p o nsibility an d o f pe rs o nal h o n o r a n d by a c o rr e s po n d in g e x e rcis e o f
,

s u ch i de als in hi s p r o f e ss i o nal wo rk
T h e E n gi n e e r i n B u s i n e s s—E n g i n e e ri n g t rain i n g a f
.

2 9
.

f o r d s a suitabl e f o un d ati o n n o t o nly f o r p r o f e ssi o nal w o rk but als o f o r

vari o us o th e r o ccu p ati o ns a n d v o cati o ns It is a satis f act o ry trainin g .

f o r t h e sub o r d inat e p o siti o n o f f o r e m e n su p e rint e n d e nts sal e s m e n a n d

, ,

p r e li m inary t o e nt e rin g t h e fi e l d o f c o nt ractin g f o r t h e c o nstructi o n o f

e n g in e e rin g w o rk ,
f o r t h e m anu f actu r e o f m achin e ry e n g in ee rin g m a ,

t e r i a l s a n d su pp li e s a n d o th e r o ccu p ati o ns which hav e t o d o w ith o r a r e

,

inti m at e ly r e lat e d t o e n g in e e rin g w o rk Al m o st all that has be e n sai d

.

o f o th e r activiti e s a p p li e s t o th e s e a n d t o any o th e r lin e s o f w o rk in

w hich t h e e n g in e e r m ay e n g a g e w h e th e r d i r e ctly o r in d ir e ctly c o n

,

n ect e d w ith t e chnical a ff airs o r in fi e l d s quit e f o r e i g n t o such m att e rs .

H o n o rabl e a n d c o nsci e nti o us s e rvic e int e lli g e nt a pp licati o n c o nsi de r

, ,

a t e acti o n a n d hi g h i d e als a re t h e ass rts t hi g h stan d in g ublic

p p o o p ,

c o n fi de nc e an d b u sin e ss p r e f e r m ent .

3 0 T h e E n g i ne e r a s a C i ti z e n
. T h e f ai lu r e o f e n g i n e e rs a s
.
-

a class t o tak e p a rt in s o cial a n d p o litical activiti e s is lar g e ly r e s p o nsibl e

f o r t h e lack o f a pp r e ciati o n o f t h e p ublic at lar g e f o r t h e e n g in e e rin g

p r o f e ssi o n . T h e w o rk o f t h e e n g in e e r is o f t e n f a f f r o m t h e p ublic e y e ,

in t h e o ffi c e a n d in t h e fi e l d He i s o f t e n a w ay f r o m h o m e an d hi s
.

m in d is so c o nc e ntrat e d o n his w o rk a n d o n his d uti e s that h e is ap t t o

48 Th e E n g i n e e r at Wo rk

av o i d t h e p ublic a n d i s o f t e n al m o st a stran g e r in his o wn t o wn e xc e p t

a m o n g his p e rs o nal f ri e n d s No m a n sh o ul d b e c o m e so e n g r o ss e d i n
.

his busin e ss o r p r o f e ssi o n that h e f o rg ets o r n eg l e cts h is d uti e s as a

citi z e n T h e e n g in e e r sh o ul d l e n d his a id a n d su pp o rt t o e v e ry b e n e
.

fi c ia l p ublic m o v e m e nt a n d sh o ul d b e e s p e cially activ e in sha p in g p ublic

Op ini o n a n d s e curin g p r o p e r l e g i slativ e acti o n al o n g th o s e lin e s o n

w hich h e is e s p e cially in f o r m e d th r o u g h hi s p r o f e ssi o nal t rainin g a n d

activiti e s In m any m att e rs in which t h e e n g in e e r i s b e st in f o r m e d t h e
.

p ublic n e e d s a d vic e a n d assistanc e Ag itat o rs a n d p o liticians f r e

.

qu e ntly e nc o u ra g e f o r th e i r o wn e n d s p o p ula r p r e j u d ic e f o r o r a g ainst

g o v e rn m e nt acti o n al o n g lin e s w ith w h ich t h e e n g in e e r i s f a m iliar o r o f
w hich thr o u g h his t rainin g in t h e analysi s o f c o n d iti o ns a n d t h e d e t e r
,

m inati o n o f f acts h e is b e st fi tt e d t o j u d g e
,
Th e p ublic i s lar g e ly ig .

mo rant o f t h e t ru e p r fn c ip l e s un d e rlyin g c o ns e rvati o n inlan d w at e r w ays , ,

p r e p ar e d n e ss p ublic i m p r o v e m e nts sanitati o n m unici p al o w n e rshi p

, , , ,

a n d m any o th e r qu e sti o ns w ith w hich t h e e n g in e e r is o r m a y e asily b e

c o m e f a m iliar W ith m any o f th e s e subj e cts unl e ss th e r e is an en

.
,

li g ht e n e d p ublic o p ini o n t h e p ublic thr o u g h its l e g islat o rs o r m e m b e rs

,

o f c o n g r e ss is liabl e t o d e al un w is e ly a n d unj ustly

,
It i s a d uty o f t h e .

e n g in e e r as a citiz e n t o g iv e t h e p ublic t h e b e n e fi t o f his trainin g a n d

p ractical e x p e ri e nc e in th e s e vari o us m att e rs o n w hich h e is p artic u larly

abl e t o r e n d e r valuabl e s e rvic e .

Effi ci e nt a n d e ff e ctiv e s e rvic e i n such m att e rs w ill n o t o nly b e o f

b e n e fi t t o t h e p ublic but w ill b e o f g r e at valu e t o t h e in d ivi d ual a n d en
hanc e t h e r ep utati o n o f t h e p r o f e ssi o n in t h e m in d s o f t h e p e o p l e
—
.

3 1 C o n d.u c t o f P r o f e ss i o na l P rac ti c e T h e co n du c t o f t h e
e n g in e e r o r a rchit e ct in t h e ractic e f hi s r o f e ssi o n sh o u l d b e g ov
p o p
e rn e d by a strict r e g a r d f o r t h e ri g hts o f o th e rs a n d an a p p r e ciati o n o f

t h e d uti e s h e as a p r o f e ssi o nal m a n o w e s t o all w ith w h o m h e has bu si

, ,

n e ss r elati o ns Th e Am e rican Institut e o f A rchit e cts o ff e rs c e rtai n

.

a d vic e r e lativ e t o t h e p rinci p l e s o f p r o f e ssi o nal p ractic e which it ,

r e c o m m e n d s t o its m e m b e rs In m o st r e s p e cts this a dvic e is d i r e ctly

.
1

a p plicabl e t o e n g in ee rin g p ractic e as w e ll W hil e th e s e p rinci pl e s m ay .

n o t s e e m d ir e ctly a pp licabl e t o t h e c o n d uct o f t h e y o u n g e n g in e e r in

m in o r p r o f e ssi o nal p o siti o ns th e y c o ntain t h e basi c p rinci p l e s o n w hich

,

all such c o n duct sh o ul d r e st a n d i f r e a d i n c o nn e cti o n w ith t h e c o de s

,

o f e thic s w hi ch f o ll o w w ill f urni sh t h e n ec e ssa r y i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e

'

r
p p o e r c o urs e o f in d ivi d ual acti o n in m o st cas e s .

R p r i nt e d f r o m t h
1 e e Quart e r ly B u ll e t i n of A m e r i can I nst i tute of
th e
Archi t cts A d o p t d by
e . e th e I nst i tute at th e Was hi ngt o n c o nve nt i on D e c , .

1 4—1 6, 1 9 09 .
 P ro f e ss i o n a l P ra c t ic e 49

T h e Am e rica n I n s titu t e o f A rch it e ct s s e e k in g t o m a n t a i n a , .

h i g h stan d ar d o f p rac ti c e a n d c o n d u c t o n t h e p a rt o f i t s m e m b e r s as
a sa f e g uar d o f t h e i m p o rtant fi nanc ial t e ch ni cal a n d e s th e ti c i nt e r ,

e s t s e n tru s t e d t o th e m o ff e rs t h e f o ll o w i n g a d vi c e r e lati v e t o
, p ro
f e s s i o n a l p ra cti c e
T h e p r o f ss i n o f arc hi t e ctur e ca ll s f o
e o m of th hi g h st i nt gr i t y r en e e e ,

b us i n e ss c p ac i t y a d art i st i c a bili t y T h e arc hi t ct i s entrust d w i t h fi

a n . e e n an

i l un d rta ki ngs i n w hi c h hi s h n st y f p ur p o s e m ust b

c a e ab v sus p i c i on ; o e o e o e

h e acts as p r o f e ss i o na l a dv i s e r t o hi s c li e nt a d hi s a d v i c m ust b e a b o n e s

l t l y d i s i nt r e t ed ; h
u e i s c h arg ed w i t h t h xe rc i s o f j u d i c i a l f unct i ons
e s e e e e

as b t we n c li nt d c ntract rs d m ust act w i t h nt i r i m p art i a li t y ;

e e e an o o an e e

h e h as m ra l r s p ns ibili t i e s to hi s p r o f ss i ona l ass oc i at s d b d i

e o o e e an su or

nat e s ; fina lly b i s n gag d i n a p ro f ss i n w hi c h carr i s w i t h i t grave

, e e e e o e

r s p ns ibili t y t t h p u bli c Th s e d ut i e s d r e s p ns ibili t i s cann o t b e p r p

e o o e . e an o e o

e r ly d i sch arg d un l ss hi s m t i v s c nd uct a d a bili t y

e e such as t o o m o e , o n are c

m an d r s p e ct ed c o nfi d nc e an e .

N t f r l s
o se b o f ra m d w hi c h w ill p art i cu l ar iz
u e ca n a ll t h d ut i s o f
e e e e e

th archi t ct i n h i var i us r l at i ns t hi s c li nts t c ntract rs t h i s

e e s o e o o e , o o o , o

p r f ss i na l b r e t h r n
o e o d t th p u bli c eTh f ll o w i ng p r i nc i p l s s h o u l d
, an o e . e o e ,

h w v r g v rn t h e c n d uct f m m b rs f t h p r o f ss i n d s h u ld s e rve
o e e , o e o o e e o e e o an o

as a g i d i n c i rcu m stance s o t h e r t h an t h o s e nu m rat d

u e e e e

1 A rc h i t e t s S t t s — T h archi t ct s r l at i n t hi s cli nt i s p r i m ar ily

’ ’
. c a u e e e o o e

t h at f p r f ss i na l a d v i s r ; t hi s r l at i n c nt i nu s t h r o ug h o ut t h e e nt i r e
o o e o e e o o e .

c rs f hi s s e rv i c Wh n h o wev r a c ntract h as b n x cut d b t we n

ou e o e . e , e , o ee e e e e e

hi s c li nt d a c ntract r by t h e t r m s o f whi ch t h e arc hi t ct be co m e s t h e

e an o o e e

o ffic i a l i nt r p r t r o f i ts c n d i t i ns
e e e d th j u d g f i ts p r f r m anc an o o an e e o e o e

a d d i t i na l r l at i n i s cr at d un d r whi ch i t i s i nc m b nt u p n t h e arch t ct
o e o e e e u e o i e

t o s id n e i t h r w i t h li nt
e e c ntract r b t t c e hi s p w rs
e nd e r t h e
n or o o , u o us o e u

co ntract t n f o rce i t s f a i t h f u l p r f r m anc by b o t h p art i s T h f act t h at

o e e o e e . e

th arc hi t ct s p a y m nt c m s f r m t h cli nt d o s t i nva li d at hi s bli

e e
'
e o e o e e e no e o

g tia t
on act w i t h i m p art i a li t y t o b o t h p art i s
o e .

2 Pr l i m i.
y D e w i g dn ar E s t i m t — T h e arc hi t ct at t h
ra n o uts t
s an a es e e e

s h ou l d i m p ress u p n t h c li nt t h i m p rtanc o f su ffic i e nt t i m e f t h

o e e e o e or e

p r e p arat i n f d ra w i ngs
o d s p e c i ficat i o ns
o I t i s t h e d ut y f t h arc hi t ect
an . o e

t o m ak s c r p r e li m i nar y st i m at s wh en r q st d b t h e s h u l d
e or e u e e e e ue e , u o

ac q a i nt t h c li nt wi t h t h i r c o n d i t i na l c h aract r a d i n f r m h i m t h at
u e e e o e n o

c o m p l t a d fina l fig r s can b h a d n ly f r m c m p l t e a d fina l d ra w i ngs

e e n u e e o o o e n

an d s p c i ficat i ns e I f an nc nd i t i o na l li m i t f co st b e i m p s e d b f r suc h
o . u o o o e o e

d ra w i ngs m ad d a rest i m at d t h archi t ct m ust b f r t m a k s c h

e an e e , e e e ee o e u

a d j ust m nts as s e m t h i m n c ssar y S i nc e t h arc hi t e ct s h ou l d assu m

e e o e e . e e

n o r s p ns ibili t y t h at m a y p r v nt h i m f r m g i v i ng hi s cli nt d i s i nt r st d
e o e e o e e e e

a d v i c h s h u l d t by b n d o o t h r w i s guarant e an y est i m at e
e, e o no , o r e e, e or

co ntr ct a .

3 S p i te d
. ce a d E xp e t S e vi
u er n n s —O
en a ll wo r k xc p t t h i m
n r r ce n e e e s

p l st i t i s t o t h
e , i nt r st o f t h o wn r t m p l y a su p r i nt nd nt c l e r k
e e e e e o e o e e e or

of th -
w rk s
e- I n m an y ng i n r i ng p r bl m s a d i n c e rta i n s p ec i a liz e d
o . e ee o e n
 50 Th e E n g i n e e r at W o rk
e st h e t i c p r bl m s i t i s t o hi s i nt e re st t o h av t h se rv i ce s o f s p e c i a l exp e rts
o e , e e

a d th
n archi t ct s h o u l d so i n f o r m h i m T h e exp e r i e nc a d s p e c i a l k n o wl
e e . e n

ed g e o f t h e arc hi t e ct m a k e i t t o t h e a d vantag e o f t h e o wn r t h at t h e p er e se

s o ns a l t h o ug h p ai d by t h e o wn e r s h o u l d b e s e l e ct ed by t h e arch i t ec t un d e r
, ,

wh o s e d i re ct i n t h e y a e t o wo r k o r .

4 Th A rch i t ec t s C h a rg e s —T h e Sc h e d u l e o f C h arg e s o f t h e A m e r i can

. e
’
.

I nst i tut o f Arc hi t ec ts i s r e co gn iz e d as a p r o p r m i n i m u m o f p a ym e nt

e e .

T h e l o ca li t y o t h e natur e o f t h e wo r k t h e q ua li t y o f s e rv i c e s t o b e r en d e r e d
r , ,

t h e s kill o f t h e p ract i t i on e r o t h e r c i rcu m sta nce s f r qu e nt ly j ust i f y a r o e

h i g h e r ch arg e t h an t h at i n d i cat d by t h e sc h e du l e e .

5 P a y m e t f o r E xpe r t S e r vi c e —T h e arc hi t ct wh e n r ta i n e d as an e x
. n e e

p e rt w h t h r i
, c nn e ct i o n w i t h c o m p e t i t i ons o r o t h e r w i s e s h o u l d r e ce i ve
e e n o ,

a c m p e nsat i o n p r o p o rt i o nat e t o t h e r s p o ns ibili t y a n d

o d i fii l ty of t h e e cu

s e rv i c e N o d ut y o f t h e arc hi t e ct i s m o r e exact i ng t h an suc h s e rv i c e a d

.
, n

t h e h n o r o f t h e p r o f e ss i o n i s i nv o l v d i n i t
o Und e r n c i rcu m stanc s s h o u l d e . o e

e xp e rts k n w i ng ly na m e p r i c e s i n c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h eac h
o t her o

ct o s —
.

6 S l e ct i o n of B i d d e s o C o t
. e T h e arc hi t ct s h u l d a d v i s e t h
r r n ra r e o e

c li e nt i n t h e s e l e ct i o n o f bi d d rs a n d i n t h e a war d o f t h e c o ntract I n a d e .

v i s i ng t h at n o n b t trust w rt hy bi d d e rs b i nv i t e d n d t h at t h e a war d b e
e u o e a

m a d e o n ly t o c o ntract rs wh a r li abl e d co m p t ent t h e archi t ct p o

o o re e an e , e r

t e ct s t h e i nt e r sts o f hi s c li e nt e .

7 D u t i e s of t h e C o t r ct o
.
—As t h archi t e ct d c i d s wh t h e r n a n ot r . e e e e or

t h e i nt e nt o f hi s p l ans a d s p e c i ficat i ns i s p r o p e r ly carr i e d o t h n s h ou l d o u , e

ta k e s p c i a l car e t o se t h at t h s e d ra w i ngs a d s p c i ficat i o ns e c o m p l t e

e e e n e ar e

a d accurat e
n a n d h e s h o u l d n v r ca ll u p o n t h
, c o ntract o r t o m a k e go o d e e e

o v e rs i g h ts o e rr rs i n t h m o
r att em p t t o s hi r k r e s p o ns ibili t y by i n d fi n i te
o e n r e

c l aus s i n t h e c ntract o s p e c i ficat i o ns

e o r .

8 E g a gi n g i n t h e B u i l d i g T a d es —T h e arc hi t e ct s h o u l d n o t d i r e ct ly
. n n r

o r i n d i r ct ly e ngag e i n an y o f t h e b u il d i ng tra d e s If h h as an y financ i a l

e . e

i nte r st i n an y b u il d i ng m at e r i a l o d v i ce h e s h u l d o t s p e c i f y o r se i t
e r e , o n u

wi t h o ut t h e k no w l d g a d a p p r o va l f hi s c li e nt e e n o .

9 Acc ep t i g C o mm i ssi o s o r F a vo s —T h e archi t e ct s h o u l d n o t r e ce i v e

. n n r

an y c m m i ss i o n o an y su b sta nt i a l s rv i ce f r o m a c o ntract o r o f r o m an y
o r e r

i nt r st e d p e rs o n o t h e r t h a h i s c li nt
’

e e n e .

1 0 E c ou r a g i g G o o d W o k m a sh i p —T h e l arg e p o we rs wi t h whi c h
. n n r n

th e arc hi t ct i s i nv st d s h o u l d b e us e d w i t h j u d gm nt W hil e h e m ust con

e e e e .

d em b a d wo rk h
u s h u l d c om m n d g d wo r k I nt lli g nt i n i t i at i ve o n
, e o e oo . e e

th e p art o f cra f ts m e n a d wo r k m e n s h o u l d b e r c o gn iz e d a d e n o urag d n e n c e

an d t h e arc hi t e ct s h u l d m a k e e v i d nt hi s a p p r c i at i o n o f t h e d i gn i t y o f t h e
o e e

art i san s f unct i o n ’

.

1 1 Off e ri g S e vi c e s G r t i t i o s l y —T h e s e ki ng o t
. n r f a p o ss ibl e c li e nt
a u u . e u o

a d t h e o ff r i ng t o h i m o f p r o f e ss i o n a l s rv i c
n e o a p p r ova l d w i t h o t o m e e n an u c

pen ti
sa un l e ss warrant e d by p rs o nal o p r ev i o s b us i n e ss r l at i o ns t n d s
on , e r u e ,
e

t o l o w r t h e d i gn i t y a d stan d i ng o f t h e p r o f ss i o n a n d i s t o b e c o n d e m n d
e n e e .

1 2 Ad ver t i si g —A d v e rt i s i ng t n d s t o l we r t h e d i gn i t y o f t h
. n p r ot es e o e

s i o n a d i s t h e re f o r e c n d e m n e d
n o .
 P ro f e ss io n a l P ra c t ic e 5l

1 3 S i g i g B u i ld i g s a d Us of
. n n —T h e d i s p l a y o f t h e archi t ct s
n n e T i t l es e
’

nam e p o n a bu il d i ng un d r c o nstruct i o n i s c o nd em n e d b t t h e n o b trusi ve

u e , u u

s i gnatur e o f b u il d i ngs a f t r c m p l t i o n h as t h e a p p r va l o f t h e I nst i tut e

e o Th ee o .

us o f i n i t i a l s d e s i gnat i ng m m b rs hi p i n t h
e i nst i tute i s p r op e r i n co nn ec
e e e

t i n w i t h an y p r o f ss i ona l s e rv i ce a d i s t o b e nc ourag d as h e l p i ng t o
o e n e e

m a k e k n o wn t h e natur e o f t h h o n o r t h e y i m p ly e .

1 4 C o m p e t i t i o s —Ah arc hi t e ct s h o u l d n t ta k e p art i

. n a co m p e t i t i o n o n

as co m p t i t o r p r o f ss i o na l a d v i s r o j ur o r un l ss t h e co m pe t i t i n i s t o
e or e e r e o

b e c n d uct d acc o r d i ng t o t h e b e st p ract i c

o e d usage o f t h e p r o f ss i o n as e an , e

f o r m u l at ed by t h i nst i tut Exc p t as an aut h o r iz d c o m p t i t o r h m ay

e e . e e e , e

n o t att e m p t t o s e cur e wo r k f o w hi c h a c o m p t i t i o n h a s b e n i nst i tut e d r e e .

He m y n o t att e m p t t o i n fl u e nc t h a war d i n a c o m p t i t i o n i n wh i c h h e h as
a e e e

su b m i tt d d ra w i ngs e He m y n o t acce p t t h e c o m m i ss i n t o d t h e wo r k
. a o o

f o r w hi c h a c o m p t i t i n h as b e e n i nst i tut d i f h e o h as act ed i n an a d v i s o r y e e

cap ac i t y e i t h r i n d ra w i ng t h e p r gra m o i n m a ki ng t h awar d

e o r e .

15 I j . i n g Ot h e r s— A
n ur archi te ct s h u l d o t f al s e ly o m a li c i ous ly i
n o n r h

j ur d i r ct ly r i n d i r ct ly t h e p r o f ss i o na l r ep utat i o n p r s p e cts o b u s i n e ss
e e o e , e , o r

o f a f e ll o w arc hi t ct e .

1 6 U d e t a k i g t h e W o l o f O t h e r s —A archi t ect s h ou l d t un d e r
i

. n r n r c n no

tak a c o m m i s i o n whil e t h c l a i m f o c o m p ensat i n o d a m ag es o r b t h

e s e r o r , o ,

o f an arc hi t e ct p r e v i s ly m p l y e d a d w h o s e e m p l o y m nt h as b e n t r
ou e o n e e e

m i a t d r m a i ns unsat i sfi d un l e ss suc h c l a i m h as b e n r f rr e d t
n e e e , ar bi e e e o

t at i o
r o i ssu e h as b e n j o i n e d at l a w;
n r un l e ss t h e arc hi t ct p r ev i ous ly
e or e

e m p l y d n g l e cts t o p r ss hi s c l a i m l ga lly ; n o s h o u l d b att e m p t t o su p

o e e e e r e

p l ant a f e ll o w arc hi t e ct a f t r d e fin i t e s t p s h av b e n ta k e n t o ward h i s

e e e e

e m p l o y m e nt .

1 7 D ti s t o St d
. u ts e d D r f t sm e n —T h u en arc hi t e ct sh ou l d a d v i s
an d a . e e an

ass i st t h o s wh o i nt n d m a ki ng arc hi t ctur t h i r car e e r I f t h e be g i nne r

e e e e e .

m u t g t hi s tra i n i ng s o l l y i n t h e o ffic o f an arc hi t e ct t h e l att e r s h ou l d

s e e e ,

ass i st h i m t t h e b e st o f hi s a bili t y by i nstruc t i o n a d a d v i ce An archi t e ct

o n .

s h ou l d urg hi s d ra f ts m e n t o ava il t h em s l v s o f e d ucat i o na l o p p o rtun i t i e s

e e e .

H e s h l d as f a as p ract i ca bl e g i ve e nc urage m nt t a ll wo rt hy ag e nc i e
ou , r ,
o e o s

a n d i nst i tut i o ns f arc hi t e ctura l e ducat i n W hil e

or t h o r o ugh t c h n i ca l o . a e

p r p arat
e i o n i s e ss nt i a l f o t h p ract i
e c e f arc hi t e ctur e arc r hi t e cts cann
e ot o ,

p o ss ibly i ns i st t str o ng ly t h at i t s
oo h o u l d r e st u p o n a b r o a d f o un d at i n f o o

gen e ra l c l tur u e

1 8 D u t i es t o t h e P u b l i c a d t o B i l d i g A t h o r i t i e s —Ah arc hi t e ct
.

. n u n u

s h ou l d b e m i n d f u l o f t h e p u bli c w l f ar e a d s h o u l d p art i c i p at e i n t h s m ove e n o e

m nts f o p u bli c b tt r m nt i n whi c h hi s s p e c i a l tra i n i ng a d exp e r i e nc e

e r e e e n

q ali f y h i m t o act H s h o u l d o t eve n und e r hi s c li e nt s i nstruct i on e

u . e n ,
’
s, n~

gag i n o e ncourag e an y p ract i ce s c o ntrar y t o l aw o h o st il t o t h e p u bli c

e r r e

i nt r e st ; f r s h e i s o t o bli g d t o acce p t a g ive n p i ec e o f w o r k h cann o t

e o a n e ,
e ,

by u rg i ng t h at h h as b t f o ll o we d hi s c li nt s i nstruct i o ns e sca p e t h e co
e u e
’
, n

d e m a t i o n attac hi ng t o hi s cts
n An archi t ct s h ou l d sup p o rt a ll p ubli c o ffi
a . e

ci l s wh o h av e c h arg
a o f b u il d i ng i n t h e r i g h t f l p e r f o r m anc
e f t h i r l e ga l u e o e

d ut i s H s h o u l d car f u lly c o m p ly w i t h a ll b i l d i ng l a ws a d r e gu l at i o n s
e . e e u n ,
52 Th e E n g i n e e r at W or k
an d any such a p p e ar t o h i m n wi s
if un f a i r h s h ou l d e n d e av o r t o h ave u e or , e

t h em a l t r d e e .

1 9 Pr o f e i o l Q
. l i fi ca t i o s —T h p u bli c h as t h e r i g h t t o xp e ct t h at
ss na ua n e e

h ewh b ars t h e t i t l e f archi t t h as t h e k n w l e d g e

o e d a bili t y n e e d e d f o o ec o an r

t h e p r o p r i nv e nt i o n ill strat i n a d s p rv i s i n o f a ll b u il d i ng
e p e rat i o n , u o n u e o o s

whi c h h m a y un d e rta k S c h q ua li ficat i o ns a l on j st i f y t h assu m p t i o n of

e e . u e u e

t h e t i t l e o f arc hi t ct e .

L IT ERA T URE
I n dustr i a l L ea d rs hi p b y H L G au l t Ya l e Un i v rs i t y Pr e ss N w Haven e , . . . e , e .

T ra d M ra l s by E D Pag e Ya l e Un i v rs i t y Pr ss N ew Hav en
e o , . . . e e , .

M o ra l s i n M o d e rn B us i n e ss Y a l e Un i v rs i t y Pr e ss N e w Hav n . e , e .

Ev r y d a y Et hi cs Ya l e Un i v rs i t y Pr ss N e w Hav n
e . e e , e .

Et hi cs i n S rv i c e b y W H T a f t Ya l e Un i ve rs i t y Pr ss N w Hav en
e , . . . e , e .

Ana lyzi ng C h aract r by B l ac k f o r d d N w c o m b R v i w f R evi w s C e , an e . e e o e o .

,

New Y o r k .

Th e J b th Man t h B ss by B l ac k f r d a d N e wc m b R v i e w o f R e
o , e , e o ,
o n o . e

vi ews C N w Yo rk o .
, e .

T h e Eng i n e r d t h e S c i a l Pr bl m s D i scuss i n f t h d t y f t h e
e an o o e . o o e u o eu

gi e n t s c i t y Pr s i d nt i a l d d r ss t A m e r i ca n S c i e t y f C i v il En g i
er o o e . e e a e o o o

nee J n e 1 9 1 3 by G e rg F S wa i n Can Eng V l 2 4 p 9 1 8 a d V l 2 5

r s, u , , o e . . . . . o .
, . n o .
,

p . 119 .

Pr e s nt Da y T e n d nc i s d Pr o bl m s a d t h R e l at i o n f t h e Eng i n e er
e e e an e n e o

t o t h em A b stract o f a d d r ss by G rg F S wa i n Eng R e V o l 6 7 p 7 2 2
. e eo e . . . c . .
, . .

S ee a l s Eng N w s V l 6 9 p 1 3 4 6
o . e , o . , . .

Th Eng i n e r i n Pu bli c S rv i c A b stract f A d d r e ss t o C l ass f Cas e

e e e e . o o

Sc h l by F H N w ll Eng N e ws V l 6 8 p 1 53
oo . . e e . .
, o .
,
. .

T h e R e l at i n f t h Eng i n r t o L i f A d d r ss t o W st rn S c i t y f E
o o e ee e . e e e o e o n

Jan 1 1 1 9 1 1 by J h n w A l v r d
'

gi e n e r s, .
,
o . o .

T h e R l at i n o f Eng i n e r i ng t o Ec n m i cs
e D i scuss i n f t h e ff ects e
o e o o . o o e u

g i e e i g h d h d up o n t h
n r n c o n o m i c c n d i t i o ns by W illi a m K nt En g
a a e e o e . .

N ws Vol 3 4 p 1 5 6
e , .
, . .

D e fic i nc y i n P e rs na li t y R s p ns ibl e f
e Eng i n e rs Fa il ur e t R ec i v e o e o or e o e

R e c o gn i t i o n A d d r ss by Pr o f G F S wa i n b ef re A m e r i can I nst i t t o f
. e . . . o u e

E l ctr i ca l E g i n rs C m p ar e s q a li t i e s f l ea d e rs hi p f eng i n e rs d l a w
e n ee . o u or o e an

y ers Eng R e V l 7 1 p 2 61
. . c . o . , . .

R e l at i ns b t w n Cu st m e r C ns l t i ng Eng i n r d E l ctr i c l M n
o e ee o , o u ee an e a a u

f actur e r A b stract f p a p r b e f r N w Y r k E l ectr i ca l S o c i t y Di scuss e s

. o e o e e o e .

d tyu d us e f l n ss f Eng i n e r
an S D ana G r ee n Eng N ew s V l 3 9 p 45
u e o e . . e . .
, o .
, . .

Re l at i n f t h C ns l t i ng Eng i n e r t t h O p e rat i ng Eng i n r Di

o o e o u e o e ee . s

cuss e s d s i r bili t y f h ar m n y b t w n t h m F W Ro s Eng R ec V o l

e a o o e ee e . . . e . . . .

67 , p . 49 7 .

C o nsu l t i ng Eng i n ee r d t h e Mun i c i p a l Eng i n e r Qua li ficat i ns

Th e an e . o n ec

e ss r y f r g o d ng i n r a d d t i e s f eac h c l ass H C H S h nt n C o
a o o e ee n u o . . . . e o . n .

Eng V l 2 5 p 2 49
. o .
, . .

S m e P bli c R e l at i ns f t h e E ng i n ee r O p p rt n i t i e s f t h eng i n e r
o u o o . o u or e e

i n s oc i a l s e rv i c M N B k r Eng N w s V o l 6 5 p 3 4 6 e . . . a e . . e , .
, . .
 C H AP T ER IV

P E R SO N AL AN D E T H I CAL R ELATI O N S

32 . L i m itati o n s of P o s it i v e L a w .
—T h n c s s i ty
a gu i de t o
e e e of

hu m an c o n du ct has b ee n r e c o g niz e d i n e v e ry age a n d by e v e ry p eo ple .

W ith p ri m itiv e p eo p l e m i g ht m a de ri g ht a n d f o rc e w as t h e basis o f

, ,

t h e s e ttl e m e nt o f d i s p ut e s u ntil thi s b e ca m e r e c o g niz e d as an u n sa t i s

f act o ry a n d a n e e d l e ssly e x p e nsiv e m e th o d f o r t h e a d j ust m e nt o f s o cial
r e lati o ns E v e n t o day in i nt e r nati o nal r e lati o ns t h e l a w o f m i g ht i s
.
,

f r e qu e ntly e x e rcis e d a n d such e x e rcis e i s a sa d c o m m e ntary o n o u r

r e s e nt so — call e d civilizati o n T h e n e c e ssity f o r satis f act o ry e stab
p .
,

li sh e d s o cial a n d b u sin e ss r e lati o ns r e sult e d in t h e e stablish m e nt o f

p o sitiv e l a w w hich w hil e it has g r o w n de v e l o p e d a n d i m p r o v e d still

, , ,

l e av e s m uch t o b e de sir e d .

W hil e p o sitiv e l a w fi x e s c e rtain s ocial an d busin e ss o bli g ati o ns b e

t we e n in d ivi duals a n d p r o vi de s a m eth o d by wh ich f u rth e r o bli g ati o ns
,

can b e e stablish e d by ag r e e m e nt y e t e v e n wh e r e an att e m pt i s m a de in

,

a c o ntract t o s p e ci f y in t h e g r e at e st detail t h e li m itati o ns o f such o bli

g a t i o n
,
s th e r e a r e m any p o ints o f c o ntact in b o th s o c ial a n d busin e ss

i nt e rc o urs e o v e r w hich n o su cc e ss f ul l e g al c o ntr o l can b e e stabli sh e d .

P o sitiv e l aw i s an att e m p t t o c ry staliz e t h e i d e a s a n d c o nvicti o ns

o f t h e citiz e ns o f a c o unt ry as t o th o s e o bli g ati o ns a n d that c o n duct

w hich e stablish e d by cust o m usa g e a n d e x p e ri e nc e s e e m t o a ff o r d

, , ,

t h e g r e at e st d e g r e e o f j u stic e a n d e q u i ty u nde r av e ra g e c o n d iti o ns in

t h e r e lati o nshi p o f m an t o m a n S uch la w s f all so f a r sh o rt o f a e c o m
.

p l i sh i n g th e ir o bj e ct that c o u rts o f e quity hav e b e e n e stablish e d t o m iti

g at e an d su p p l e m e nt t h e l a w in cas e s wh e r e strict l e g al r e li e f i s im
p racticabl e .

L a w s w e r e o ri g inally e nact e d w ith t h e o bj e ct o f p r o t e ctin g p a r

t i cu l a r l y t h e e stablish e d ri g hts o f t h e r ulin g class a n d w e r e m o d i fi e d ,

t o b e n e fi t t h e m o r e un f o rtunat e o nly as r e v o luti o n o r chan g e in t h e

m o ral a n d e thical vi ew o f t h e p e o pl e r e quir e d E v e n t o d ay u n du e
.

we i g ht i s f r e qu e ntly g iv e n t o v e st e d a n d p r o p e rty ri g ht t o t h e d at r i ,

m e nt o f t h e un f o rt u nat e Wh il e t h e o bs e rvanc e o f l e g al ri g h t s is hi g hly

.

i m po rtant still a s o ci e ty in which n o n e but l e g al ri g hts a r e r e c o g niz e d

,

w o u l d c o nstitut e a m o st u nha pp y c o m m u ni ty .
 Et h ic s 55

33 . E t h i c s — W hil e t h e l aw d e fi n e s t h e p rivil e g e s o f t h e in d ivi d

ual in t h e lar g e r m att e rs o f li f e , it do e s n o t al ways ass u re e quity an d
‘

j ustic e e v e n i n th o s e m att e rs an d i s a g u i de t o a li m it e d ext e n t o nly in

,

t h e e v e ry d a y r e lati o ns o f m a n t o m an Th e in d ivi d ual c o n d uct in

.

th o s e m ani f o l d inti m at e r e lati o ns which a r e n o t g o v e rn e d by l eg al en

a c t m e n t s has m o r e t o d o w ith charact e r a n d succ e ss than t h e o bs e rva

ti o n o f m e r e l e g al r e qui r e m e nts It i s n o t su ffi ci e nt that t h e l aw b e oh

.

se r ve d f o r a m a n m a y liv e strictly w ithin t h e l a w a n d b e m o st un de

‘

si rabl e as a citiz e n f ri e n d o r n e i g hb o r
,
.

T o t h e h o n o rabl e b u sin e ss o r p r o f e ssi o nal m a n t h e qu e sti o n o f a,

l e g al ri g ht in r e g ar d t o a c o u rs e o f c o n du ct is o f s e c o n d ary i m po rtance
t o t h e e th ical ri g ht an d h e w ill n o t e x e rcis e l e g al ri g hts wh ich a r e n o t
,

als o m o ral ly s o u n d As has alr e a dy b e e n po int e d o u t t h e l a w o nly a p

.
,

p r o x i m a t e s j u stic e a n d e q u ity a n d f r e qu e ntly in its a pp licati o n f alls

,

f a r sh o rt o f t h e o bj e ct . Th e n a g ain t h e e x e rcis e o f a l e g al ri g ht s o m e
,

ti m e s inv o lv e s l e g al acti o n wh ich i n turn r e qui r e s an e x pe n d itu r e o f

,

ti m e a n d mo n e y o f t e n un warrant e d by t h e r e sults which m a y b e a t

t a i n e d ; so t h e l e g al ri g ht wh il e e quitabl e m a y n o t b e e n f o rc e d o n ac
, ,

c o unt o f t h e tr o u bl e i nv o lv e d U n fo rtunat e ly th e r e a r e m e n wh o a r e
.

w illin g t o tak e a dvanta g e o f all la w s f av o rabl e t o th e m s e lv e s e v e n

th o u g h e ntir e ly unj u st a n d t o tak e a dvanta g e o f t h e u n w illin g n e ss o f
,

o the rs t o s u stain t h e i r ri g hts in c o urt a n d t o tr e s ass o n th o s e l e g al

p
ri g hts so f a r as can sa f e ly b e do n e
'

Mo ral a n d e thical p ri nci p l e s un do ubt e dly b e g an t o de v e l o p p ri o r

t o t h e e stablish m e nt o f e v e n t h e m o st p ri m itiv e f o r m s o f p o sitiv e l a w
a n d hav e g r o w n a n d d e v e l o p e d c o nc o m itant w ith t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f

t h e law . Mankin d has l o n g r e c o gn iz e d t h e i m p e r f e cti o ns in p o sitiv e

l a w a n d has att e m p t e d t o c o ntr o l t h ro u g h r e li g i o n a n d m o ral ass o cia

ti o ns an d s o ci eti e s a n d th r o u g h e stablish e d p ubli c o p ini o n th o s e hu m an ,

acti o ns which n e e d c o ntr o l f o r t h e g e n e ral an d in divi dual g oo d but

which p o sitiv e l a w has f ail e d t o e ff e ct In g e n e r a l e v e ry c o u ntry has a
.

c e rta in m o ral o r e thical stan d ar d which m ay b e r e g ar de d a s e stablish e d

by cust o m an d c o m m o n a pp r o val S uch stan d ar d s a r e m o r e o r l e ss i m
.

p e r f e ct
. Tru e e thi cal p rinci pl e s a r e n o t a m att e r o f cust o m but a re
we ll u n de rst o o d a n d hav e b e e n r e c o g niz e d by t h e b e st m e n in all a g e s
a n d m a n w a lks o f li f e .T h e e th ical c o d e e stablish e d by c u st o m
chan g e s w ith t h e de v e l o pm e nt o f s o ci ety an d can r e ach p e r f e cti o n o nl y
wh e n s o ci e ty d e v el o p s m o rally f a r be y o n d its p r e s e nt c o n d iti o n .

T h e n e t p ractical r e s u lts o f t h e e thical d e v e l o p m e nt o f any nati o n

m u st b e a d j u d g e d by t h e e xistin g c o n d iti o ns S o cial c o n d iti o n which
.
s
56 P e r so n a l an d E t h i c a l R e la t i o n s

w ill p e r m i t o f so m uch
cri m e a n d po v e rt y as n o w e xist i n e v e ry c o u n
t ry a r e n o t i de al a n d th e s e c o n d iti o ns w h ich n o w o btain a r e un do ubt
,

e d l y lar g e ly d u e t o t h e un e thical l e g al a n d s o cial o r g anizati o n o f so

cl e ty a n d t o i g n o ranc e o f h o w b e st t o acc o m plish t h e d e si r e d r e s u lts ,

a n d un w illin g n e ss t o w aiv e p e rs o nal a dvanta g e in f av o r o f m o ral o bli

a t i o n s I n e v e ry s o ci e ty th e r e a r e in d ivi d uals wh o f ail t o r e c o g niz e

g .
,

o r at l e ast t o e x e rcis e e v e n th o s e e thical a n d m o ral o bli g ati o ns wh ich

,

a r e r e g ar d e d a s w e ll f o un d e d by t h e s o c i e ty in w hich th e y liv e an d ,

wh o u n d o ubt e d ly acc o m p li sh c e rtain d e si r e d r e sults a n d d e riv e c e rtain

p r o fi ts a n d a p p ar e nt a dvanta g e s by such d isr e g ar d H u m anity is w e ak
.
,

a n d f e w in d ivi d uals hav e liv e d activ e liv e s in c o nstant c o ntact w ith

th e i r f e ll o w m en wh o hav e al w ays o bs e rv e d th o s e e thi cal o bli g ati o ns

,

wh ich th e y i n th e i r c o nsci e nc e r e c o g niz e as m o rally j u st a n d e quitabl e .

34 F.o r m ati o n o f I n d iv i d u al P r i n c i p l e s —I t i s e s s e n t ial th at

e v e ry in d ivi d ual wh o i s t o tak e p a rt in bu sin e ss o r p r o f e ssi o n a l li f e

sh o ul d a do pt o r f o r m i n d ivi d ual p rinci p l e s o f acti o n f o r g u i danc e in

his r e lati o ns t o o th e rs w ith wh o m h e m u st n e c e ssarily c o m e in c o ntact ,

f o r w ith o u t s u ch p rinci p l e s h e w ill n o t b e abl e t o act p r o m p tly a n d h e

w ill b e u nc e rtain i n his r e lati o n t o m e n a n d o f t e n b e l e d int o e m ba r
,

rassin g p o siti o ns w ith p o ssibl e l o ss o f h is s el f r e s p e ct an d r ep utati o n

-
.

T h e p rinci p l e s t o b e a d o p t e d sh o ul d b e s o un d a n d at l e ast u nti l sub ,

st a n t i a t e d by p e rs o nal e x p e ri e nc e sh o u l d b e bas e d o n t h e c o ns e ns u s o f
,

o p ini o n o f th o s e m e n t o w h o m t h e in d ivi du al l o o ks u p w ith c o n fi de nc e

a n d r e s p e ct W ith o ut such p rinci p l e s m i stak e s ar e c e rtain an d t h e

.

in divi dual m ay b e l e d int o a c o urs e o f acti o n w h ich w ill s e ri o u sly a ff e ct

his f ut u r e .

Th e fi rst st e p in u n e thical c o n duct i s o f t e n ina d v e rt e nt an d i s m a d e

th r o u g h ign o rari ce Co n d iti o ns o f t e n r e n de r f u rth e r d e p a rtur e a p
'
.

p a r e n t ly e x p e d i e nt o r n e c e ssa ry T h e m o ral i d e als b e c o m e blunt e d a n d

.
,

e thical p rinci p l e s a r e i g n o r e d b e caus e o f t h e u n e thical attitu de o f ass o

c i at e s an d c o m p etit o rs a n d a r e i g n o r e d w ith t h e th ou g ht o r e x p r e ssi o n

,

that If we go t o R o m e w e m ust do as t h e R o m ans o r If w e do n o t

“
,
” “

d o this s o m e o n e e ls e w ill O n s u ch f als e i d e as t h e d o w n wa r d p ath

”
.

b eg ins an d e n d s w h e r e ?
Th e r e can b e n o qu e sti o n that as a basis o f a succ e ss f ul li f e an d ,

e ntir e ly a p art f r o m m o ral a n d r e li g i o us i d e als H o n e sty is t h e b e st

“
,

p o licy . E v e n th o s e wh o hav e o ccasi o n t o u se t h e s e rvic e s o f a d ish o n

e st p e rs o n cast h i m asi d e w h e n his i m m e d iat e u se i s o v e r w e ll kn o w in g ,

that h e wh o w ill s e ll h i m s e l f o nc e m ay d o so a s e c o n d ti m e a n d t o t h e ,

d e tri m e nt o f his fi rst e m p l o y e r Th e m at e rial p r o fi t w hich m ay t e m

.
 S p e c i fi c a t io n s fo r a Ma n 57

p o r a r il y accru e f r o m un e thical c o n d uct so d w ar f s t h e int e ll e cts o f th o s e

w h o yi e l d t o its t e m p tati o n that it is b o un d t o l e a d t o m o ral an d p r o
f e ssi o n a l ruin .

It is th e r e f o r e e ss e ntial in busin e ss a n d in p r o f e ssi o nal li f e that

t h e in d ivi d ual b e h o n e st p r e f e rably f r o m an e thical a n d m o ral stan d ,

po int but i f n o t f r o m this p o int o f vi e w th e n c e rtainl y f r o m t h e stan d

, ,

p o int o f p o licy .

At t h e b e st li f e i s bri e f a n d tru e u s e f uln e ss a n d ha p p in e ss sh o ul d

, ,

b e its a i m a n d w hil e t h e e n g in e e r o r o th e r p r o f e ssi o nal o r busin e ss

,

m a n m ay acquir e c o m p arativ e ly littl e w e alth h e can a n d sh o ul d o w n ,

hi m s e l f a n d h is d ea r e st p o ss e ssi o n sh o ul d b e a s p o tl e ss r e p utati o n
, .

H o n e sty an d int e g rity l e a d t o de pe n dability No a m o unt o f kn o wl e d g e .

o r w o rk can tak e t h e p lac e o f th e s e att ribut e s T h e m an wh o can b e .

d e p e n d e d u po n i s e v e r in d e m an d a n d i f h e has als o acqui r e d a hi g h ,

d e g r e e o f kn o wl e d g e a n d e x p e ri e nc e a n d an a pp e tit e f o r har d w o rk h is ,

tru e succ e ss barrin g acci d e nts i s assu r e d

, , .

S i fi t i f M "
35 pe c ca
. o n s o r a a n .

“
T r e s p ect m y co untry m y p r f e ss i n
o d m y s lf T b h n st d, o o , an e . o e o e an

f a i r w i t h m y f ll o w m e as I exp ct t h m t o b w i t h m e T b l ya l
“
e n e e e . o e a o

c i t iz e n f t h e Un i t d Stat s T s p k o f i t w i t h p ra i s
o e d act a l w a y s as a
e . o ea e an

trust wo rt hy cust o d i an f i ts g o d na m T b e a m wh s na m carr i e s -

o o e . o an o e e

p r e st i g e w i t h i t W h e r v r i t g s e e oe .

“
T bas m y xp ctat i ns f a r e war d o a s o li d f o un d at i n f s rv i ce
o e e e o o n o o e

r e n d e r e d T b e w illi ng t p y t h e p r i c o f succ ss i n h o n st e ff rt T
. o o a e e e o . o

l o o k u p n m y w r k as an p p rtun i t y t b e s e iz e d w i t h j o y d t b e m a d e
o o o o o an o

t h e m o st f t as a p a i n f u l d ru d g r y t
o , no b e r l uctant ly n d ur e d e o e e .

“
T r e m m b e r t h at succ ss l i s w i t hi n m y w s l f
o e d in m y w e e o n e an o n

b ra i n m y w a m bi t i o n d m y w c urage d d t r m i nat i o n T xp ct
, o n an o n o an e e . o e e

d i fficu l t i e s d f rc e m y w y t h r o ug h t h m
an o T o turn h ar d exp e r i e nc e i nt o
a e .

ca p i ta l f r f utur e struggl e
o s .

T o b li v e i n m y p r f e ss i o n h art d sou l carr y an a i r f p

“
e e T o e an . o o o

t i m i m in t h
s p r s nc f t h o se I m eet
e T e d i s p l a ll t m p r w i t h c h
e e o rf u l . o e e e ee

n ss kill d u b ts w i t h str o ng c o nv i ct i n
e , o d r e d uc act i n w i t h an agr e o , an e o e

a bl p rs na li t y
e e o .

“
T m a k a stu d y o f m y b us i n e ss
o e T k n o w m y p r f ss i n i n ve r y . o o e o e

d e ta il T o m i x b ra i ns w i t h e ff rt a d s y st m i n m y wo r k
.
T fi d tim t o n e . o n e o

d o e v e r y n e e d f u l t hi ng by n o t l e tt i ng t i m e fi d m e d o i ng n o t hi ng T o h ar d n . o

d a y s as a m i s e r d s d ll ars T o m a k e eve r y h o ur b r i ng m d i v i d e n d s i n
oe o . e

i ncr eas e d k n wl e d ge a d h ea l t h f u l r cr at i o n T k p m y f tur un e n

o n e e . o ee u e

cum b e r ed wi t h d e b ts T sav as w ll as t o arn . o e e e .

Fo n d a m ong t h e p a p e rs o f Th o m as J Van Al y t y a gra d uat e

" u . s n ,
of th e
E l ectr i ca l En g i n e e r i ng d p artm e nt o f C o rne ll Un i v rs i t y a f t r hi s e e e de at h
whi c h o ccurr d o t h e j o b — C rn e ll C i v il E ng i n e e r V o l 2 3 p 1 5 4
e n . o ,
.
, . .
 58 Pe r so n a l an d E t h ic a l R e la t i o n s

To cu t ou txp ens i ve a m us e m e nts unt il I can a ff o r d t h em T o st ee

e . r

c l ear f d i ss i p at i on a n d guar d m y h e a l t h f b o d y a n d p eac e o f m i n d as a

o o

m o st p r e c i o us st c k i n tra d e
o .

Fi na lly t o ta k e a g d gr i p o t h e j o y s o f li f T o p l a y t h e ga m e lik e
oo n e .

am an . T o fig h t ag ai nst n t hi ng as h ar d as m y o w
o w a k n e ss a d e n d e av o r
n e n

t o g i v i t str e ngt h
e T o b a g e nt l e m an a d a C h r i st i an o I m y b e c o urt eo u
. e n s a s

to ma n f a i t h f u l t o f r i e n d s a n d tru e t o G o d
, .

—
,

3 6 C. o d e o f E th ic s W i th i n t h e la s t t e n y e ar s ( 9 )
1 1 6 t h e d i s

c u ssi o n s o f p r o f e ssi o nal e thics hav e crystaliz e d int o t h e vari o u s c o d e s

o f e thics w hich hav e b e e n a d o p t e d by m any t e chnical s o ci e ti e s Th e s e .

c o de s d o n o t p r e su m e t o de fi n e all o f t h e d uti e s an d o bli g ati o ns o i t h e -

in d ivi d ual t o w ar d li f e but e x p r e ss as f a r a n d as cl e arly as p racticabl e

,

t h e p rinci p l e s w hich sh o ul d g o v e rn t h e p r o f e ssi o nal r e lati o ns o f t h e e u

g i n e e r o r archit e ct t o his cli e nt o r e m p l o y e r t o o th e r p r o f e ssi o nal m en

, ,

a n d t o t h e p ublic Whil e in g e n e ral th e s e c o de s a r e int e n d e d t o a pp ly

.

t o t h e c o n d uct o f t h e p r o f e ssi o nal m an in in d e p e n d e nt p ractic e th e y ,

als o a ff o r d valuabl e su gg e sti o ns t o t h e y o un g e n g in ee r o r archit e ct as t o

hi s p e rs o nal c o urs e o f c o n d uct .

Th e y a r e an e x p r e ssi o n o f i de as which e v e ry m an sh o ul d th o u g ht
f ully c o nsi de r .

Th e s e c o de s a r e h o w e v e r rul e s w hich c o v e r o nly a f ew f e at u r e s o f

,

p r o f e ssi o nal c o n d u ct a n d e nti r e ly i g n o r e t h e m o r e i m p o rtant an d m o r e

p e rs o nal r e lati o ns Th ey d o n o t c o v e r t h e fi e l d o f e thics an d a p r o f e s
.

s i o n a l m an wh o f o ll o w s th e m i m p licitly m ay d e p art in m any w ays f r o m

a p r o p e r e thical sta n dar d in hi s p e rs o nal li f e .

T h e m a n o f e x p e ri e nc e a n d o f hi g h i d e als w h o d e si r e s t o liv e a li f e
o f us e f uln e ss a n d h o n o r n ee d s n o f o r m al c o d e o f e thics t o g ui d e hi s p e r

s o nal o r p r o f e ssi o nal c o n d uct .

3 7 Th e C an o n s o f E th i c s o f t h e Am e ri c an I n s ti t u t e o f Ar c h i
.

t e c t s — Th e f o ll o w in g can o ns a r e a do p t e d by t h e Am e ri ca n I nstit u t e o f
Arch i t e c ts a s a g e n e ral g u i d e y e t t h e e nu m e rati o n o f p arti c u lar d u
,

t i e s sh o u l d n o t b e c o n s tru e d a s a d e n ial o f t h e e xi s t e n c e o f o th e rs
e qu ally i m o rta nt alth o u g h n o t s p e c i fi cally m e n ti o n e d
p I t sh o u l d .

al s o b e n o t e d th a t t h e s e v e ral s e cti o n s i n d i ca t e o ff e n s e s o f g r e atl y

va ry i n g d e g r e e s o f g ravi ty .

It i s un p r o f e ssi o nal f o r an archit e ct

.1 T o e ngag e d i r e ct ly o i n d i r e ct ly i n an y o f t h e b u il d i ng tra d es
r .

.2 T o g arant e e an e st i m at e o c ntract by b o n d o r o t h e r w i s e
u r o .

.3 T o acc p t an y c o m m i ss i o n o su bs tant i a l s e rv i c e f r o m a c o ntract o r o r

e r

f r o m an y i nt e r e st d p art y o t h e r t h an t h e o wn e r
e .

.4 T o a d v e rt i s e .
 Co de o f Et h ic s 59

5 . ta k e p art i n an y com p e t i t i o n t h e t r m s o f whi c h a e n ot i n

To e r

h ar m o n y wi t h t h e p r i nc i p l e s ap p r v d by t h I nst i t t e o e e u .

6 T o att e m p t i n an y wa y exc e p t as a d u ly aut h o r iz e d c o m p e t i t o r t o

. , ,

s e cur e wo r k f o whi c h a c om p e t i t i o n i s i n p r o gr e s s
r .

7 T o att m p t t o i n fl u e nc e e i t h e r d i r e ct ly
. e i n d i r e ct ly t h e awar d o f a
, or ,

com pe t i t i o n i n whi c h h e i s a co m p e t i t o r .

8 T o a cc e p t t h e co m m i ss i o n t o d o t h e wo r k f o r whi c h a c om p e t i t i o n h as
.

b e e n i nst i tut ed i f h e h as ac te d i n an a dv i s o r y ca p ac i t y e i t h e r i n d rawi ng ,

t h e p r o gra m o r i n m a ki ng t h e a war d .

9 T o i n j ur e f a l s e ly o
. m a li c i ous ly d i r e ct ly o r i n d i r e ct ly t h e p o f es
r , ,
r

s i ou a l r p utat i o n p r o s p e cts o bus i n ss o f a f ll o w arc hi t ect

e , r e e .

1 0 T o un d rta k e a c o m m i ss i o n w hil
. e t h e c la i m f o co m p ensat i n o e r o r

d a m ag e s b t h o f an arc hi t ec t p r ev i o us ly e m p l y d a d wh s e e m p l o y
, or o ,
o e n o

m e nt h as b e n t e r m i nat d r e m a i n s unsat i sfi e d unt il suc h c l a i m h as be e n

e e ,

r e f rr e d t o ar bi trat i o n o i ssu e h as be n j i ne d at l a w o un l e ss t h e archi

e r e o , r

tee t p r v i o us ly m p l o y e d n g l e cts t o p r e ss h i s c l a i m l ga lly

e e e e .

11 T . att e m p t t o su p p l ant a f e ll o w arc hi t ec t a f te r d fin i t e ste p s h ave

o e

b e n ta k e n t o war d hi s e m p l o y m e nt
e .

1 2 T o c mpet
. k n wi ng ly w i t h a f ll o w arc hi te ct f o em p l o y m e nt on
o e o e r

t h e b as i s o f p r f e ss i o na l c h arg s
o e .

3 8 C o d e o f P r o f e s s i o nal E th ic s o f T h e Am e ric a n I n s t i t u t e o f
.

C o n su l t i n g E n g i n e e r s — It sh al l b e c o n s i d e r e d u n p r o f e s si o nal a n d
.
2

i nc o n s i st e n t w i th h o n o rabl e a n d d i g ni fi e d b e ari n g fo r a ny m e m b e r
o f T h e Am e ri can I n sti tut e o f C o n su lti n g E n g i n e e r s

1 T o act f
. hi s cli e nts i n p r o f ss i ona l m att e rs t h e r wi s e t h an i n a
or e o

str i ct ly fi d uc i ar y m ann r t acc p t an y t h r r em n e rat i n t h an hi s d i r ct

e or o e o e u o e

c harge s f o s e rv i c s r e n d e r d hi s c li nts exce p t as p r ov i d d i n C l aus e 4

r e e e , e .

2 T
. acc p t an y tra d e c m m i ss i ns d i sc unts a ll o wance s o an y i n d i
o e o o , o , , r

r e ct p r o fit o c o ns i d rat i o n i n c o nn ct i o n w i t h an y wo r k whi c h h e i s ngage d

r e e e

t o d e s i gn o t o su p e r i nt e n d o i n c o nn e ct i o n w i t h an y p r o f e ss i o na l b us i n e s s
r , r

whi c h m y b antrust e d t o h i m
e e .

3 T n e g l ct i n f o rm i ng hi s c li nts f an y b us i n es s c o nn e ct i o ns i nt r e sts
. o e e o ,
e

o r c i rc m stanc e s w hi c h m y b d e m e d as i n fl u nc i ng hi s j u d g m nt
u a e th e e e e or

qua li t y o f hi s s rv i c s t o hi s cli e nts

'
e e .

4 T o r c iv
. d i r ct ly o i n d i r e ct ly an y r y a l t y gratu i t y o c mm i ss i n
e e e, e , r , o , , r o o

o n an y p at nt d o p r o t ct d art i c l e o p r c e ss us e d i n wo r k u p n whi c h h e
e e r e e r o o

i s r ta i n ed by h i s c li ents un l ss a d unt il r ec i p t f su h r y a l t y gratu i t y

e , e n e o c o ,

o r c o m m i ss i o n h as b ee n ut h o r iz d i n wr i t i ng b y hi s c li nts
a e e .

5 T o o d e r c m m i ss i ns o
. o t h e rwi s
o i m p r p e r ly s li c i t p r f e ss i na l
o r e o o o o

wo r k e i t h r d i r ct ly o by an ag nt
e e r e .

6 T att e m p t t o i n j ur f a l s e ly o m a li c i o us ly d i r ct ly
. o e i n d i r ect ly t h r , e or , e

p r o f ss i o n a l r e p tat i o n p r s p e cts o
e u b us i n ss o f a f ll o w ng i n e r
, o r e e e e .

7 T o acc e p t m p l o y m nt by a c li e nt whil t h
. e c l a i m f o c om p e nsat i o n
e e e r

or d a m ag s o b t h e , f a f ll o w ngi n e r p r e v i ous ly e m p l o y d by t h e sa m e
r o , o e e e e

c li ent a d wh s e e m p l o y m nt h as b e e n t r m i nat d r e m a i ns unsat i sfi d r

n o e e e ,
e o

2 Aut h o r iz ed by th e c o nc il Jun e
u , 2 3 , 1 91 1 .
60 Pe r so n a l an d E t h i c a l R e la t i o n s

unt il s ch c l a i m h as b e e n r e f e rr d t o ar bi trat i n o i ssu h s b en j i n ed at

u e o r e a e o

l wa n l ss t h ng i n r p r v i ous ly m p l o y d h s n g l ct e d t o p r ss h i s
or u e e e ee e e e a e e e

cl a i m l ga lly e .

8 T att e m p t t s p p lant a f ll o w e ng i n e r a f t e r d fin i t st e p s ha ve
. o o u e e e e

b ee n ta k en t o war d hi s m p l o y m e nt e .

9 T o c m p e t e w i t h a f e ll o w e ng i n e e r f o
. o e m p l o y m e nt o t h e b as i s o f r n

p r o f ss i na l c h arg s by r e d uc i ng hi s usua l c h arg e s

e o d att m p t i ng t o
e nder an e u

b i d a f t e r b i ng i n f o r m d o f t h e c h arg s na m d by hi s c m p e t i t r
e e e e o o .

10 T acc p t an y ngag m nt t o r ev i w t h e w r k o f a f ll o w ng i ne e r
. o ,
e e e e e o e e

fo th r sa m e c li e nt exce p t w i t h t h k n o wl e d g o co ns e nt f suc h ng i n e r
e , e e r o e e

o r un l ss t h c nne ct i n o f such e ng i n e r w i t h t h w o r k h as b e n t e rm i nat e d

e e o o e e e .

3 9 C o d e o f P ri n c i p l e s o f P r o f e s s i o n al C o n d u ct o f T h e Am e r
.

i c a n I n s ti tu t e o f E l e c t ri cal E n gi n e e r s fi — W h il e t h e f o ll o w in g p ri n
c i p l e s e x p r e ss g e n e rally t h e e n g in e e r s r e lati o ns t o cli e nt e m pl o y e r
,
’

t h e p ub li c a n d t h e e n g i n e e ri n g f rat e rn ity it i s n o t p r e su m e d th at
, ,

th e y d e fi n e all o f t h e e n g i n e e r s d ut i e s a n d o bl i g ati o n s ’
.

( A ) G E N E R AL P R IN C I L ES P .

I n a ll f hi s r l at i ns t h e
1 . o b gu i d e d by t h e hi gh st
e o e ng i n e r s h l d
e ou e e

p r i nc i p l s o f h n r e o o .

2 I t i s t h d ut y f t h e ng i n e r t o s t i s f y hi m s l f t o t h e b e st o f hi s
. e o e e a e

a bili t y t h at t h e e nt e r p r i s e s w i t h w hi c h h e b e c m e s i d e nt i fi e d a e o f l g i t i m at o r e e

c h aract r I f f t r b c m i ng ass c i at e d w i t h an nt e r p r i s e h e fin d s i t t o b e
e . a e e o o e

o f q u st i o na ble ch aract r h s h u l d s v r hi s c o nn ct i n wi t h i t as s n as
e e ,
e o e e e o oo

p ract i ca bl e .

( B ) T H E N G IN E E S R A I O N S CL I E NT O E M OY E R
’
E R EL T TO R PL .

e ng i n r s h o u l d co ns i d e r t h e p r t e ct i o n o f a c li ent s o e m ’
3 Th . e ee o r

p l o y e s i nt r e sts hi s first p r o f ss i o na l o bli gat i n a d t h r e f o r e s h o u l d av o i d

’
r e e o ,
n , e ,

e v e r y act c ntrar y t o t hi s d ut y o If an y t h e r c o ns i d e rat i o ns suc h as p o f s . o ,

r e

s i o a l o bli gat i o ns o r str i ct i ns i nte r f r wi t h hi s m e t i ng t h e l g i t i m at

u r e o , e e e e e

e xp ctat i o n o f a c li nt o
e em p l oy r t h e e ng i n e r s h o u l d i n f o r m h i m o f t h e
e r e , e

s i tuat i o n .

4 An ng i n r cann t h o n ra bly acc p t c m p e nsat i n financ i al o

. e ee o o e o o , r

o t h r w i s e f r om m o re t h an
e , i nt r st d p art y wi t h ut t h e c ns e nt o f a ll on e e e e , o o

p art i s Th e n g i n e e r wh t h r c o ns l t i ng d e s i gn i ng i nsta lli ng o o p rat i ng

. e e , e e u , , r e .

m ust o t acc p t c o m m i ss i ns
n d i r ct ly o e i n d i r ct ly f r m p art i e s d e a li ng
o , e r e , o

w i t h hi s c li nt o m p l oy e r e r e .

5 An eng i n e r ca ll d u p on t d c i d e t h e s f i nv nt i o ns a p p arat s
. e e o e u e o e , u ,

or n y thi ng i n whi c h h e h as a financ i a l i nt r st s h u l d m a k hi s status i n

a e e , o e

t h e m att e r c l e ar ly u n d rst d b e f r e ngag e m e nt e oo o e .

6 An e ng i n e e r i n i n d e p e n d e nt p ract i ce m y b e m p l o y d by m o r e t h an
. a e e

on e p art y w h e n t h e i nt e r e sts , f t h e s v ra l p art i es d o o t c o n fli ct ; d it o e e n an

s h o u l d b e un d e rst o d t h at h e i s ot xpe ct d t o d vo t e hi s nt i re t i m t o t h e
o n e e e e e

w rk o f o e b t i s f r
o t o carr y o t
n , t h r ngag m ents A c o nsu l t i ng e ng i
u ee u o e e e .

3
A d op t e d b y th e b ar d
o of d i r e ct o rs Marc h , 8, 1 9 1 2 .
62 Pe rso n a l an d E t h i c a l R el at io n s

(D) T H E E N G I NE EE I ’
s R EL AT I ON S TO T HE P U BL C .

16 T h e e ng i n e r s h o u l d e n d e avo r t o as s i st t h e p u bli c t o a f a i r a d
. e n

c o rr ct ge n e ra l n d e rstan d i ng o f e ng i n r i ng m at t e rs t o ext e n d t h e g n ra l
e u ee , e e

k n wl e d g e f eng i n ee r i ng a d t o d i sco rag t h e a p p earance o f u ntrue n u

o o , n u e ,

f ai r exagg rat ed stat e m nts o

or e e ng i n e r i ng su bj ts i n t h p r ss o l s e
e n e ec e e r e

wh r e s p c i a lly i f t h s e stat e m nts m y l a d t o o

e, e e o m ad e f o t h p e a e , r ar e r e ur

p o s o f i n d uc i ng t h e p u bli c t o p art i c i p at
e , i n un w rt hy e nt e r p r i s e s e o .

17 T ch n i ca l d i scus s i ns d cr i t i c i s m s o f ng i n e r i ng su b j cts s h u l d
. e o an e e e o

n o t b e c o n d uct e d i n t h e p u bli c p r ss b t b ef ore ng i n e r i ng s o c i e t i e s o e ,

u e e , r

i n t h e t ec h n i ca l p r e ss .

18 I t i s d s i ra bl t h at t h first p bli cat i n c o nc e rn i ng i nv nt i ons o

. e e e u o e r

o t h e r e ng i n e r i ng a d vanc e s s h u l d
e ot b m a d t h r o ug h t h p u bli c p r e ss
o n e e e ,

b t b f o r e e ng i n e r i ng s o c i t i s o r t h r
u e e gh t ch n i ca l p ubli cat i o ns
e e ou e .

19 I t i s unp r o f e ss i na l t o g i v an p i n i n o a su bj ct wi t h t b e i ng
. o e o o n e ou

f u lly i n f o r m d as t a ll t h e f cts r l at i ng t h r e t a d as t o t h
o e p ur p s e s f o r
a e e o n e o

whi ch t h e i n f r m at i o n i s as k e d o T h e o p i n i n s h u l d c o nta i n a f u ll stat e . o o

m e nt o f t h e c o n d i t i ns un d e r whi c h i t a p p li s o e .

( E ) T H E N GI N s R E A TI N S o T H E E N G IN EE IN G FB ATE N I Y
’
E EER L O T R E T .

2 0 T h e e ng i n e r s h u l d ta k e an i nt r st i n a d ass i st hi s f e ll o w ng i
. e o e e n e

n ee by xch ange o f g n e ra l i n f o r m at i n a d exp e r i nc e by i nstru t i n a d

rs e e o n e ,
c o n

s i m il ar a i d t h r oug h t h e ng i nee r i ng s o c i t i s or by t h r m eans He s h o u l d

, e e e o e .

e n d av o r t
e p r o t e ct a ll r e p uta bl e e ng i n e e rs f r o m m i sr e p r e s e ntat i on
o .

21 Th . e ng i n e r s h u l d ta k e car e t h at cr e d i t f o
e e e ng i n e e r i ng wo r k i s
o r

attr i b ut ed t t h s e wh so f r as hi s k n o w l e d ge f t h e m att e r g o s e t h e
o o o, a o e ,
ar

r ea l aut h o rs o f suc h wo r k .

22 An e ng i n ee r i r s p o ns ibl c h arg o f w r k s h u l d t p r m i t n
. n e e e o o no e no

t ech n i ca l p rs o ns t ove rru l hi s ng i n r i ng j u d gm e nts

e o p ur l y
e ng i n ee r e ee on e e

i ng gr o un d s .

( F ) A M E ND M E NT S .

A d d i t i o ns t o o m o d i ficat i o ns i n t hi s C o d e m a y b e m a d e by t h e B ar d
, r , o

o f D i r e ct o rs un d e r t h e p r o c d ur e a p p lyi ng t o a b y l a w e -
.

4 0 C o d e o f E th i c s Su gg e st e d f o r Th e Am e ric an I n st i tu t e o f
.

C h e m ical E n g i n e e r s
Purp o s e o f t h e C o d e
T o d e fin t h e ru l s
f p r o f e ss i na l c o n d uct
e e d e t hi cs f o t h
o m e m b rs o an r e e

o f t h e I nst i tut e .

T h e I nst i tut e exp cts o f i ts m e m b e rs e

1 Th at i n a ll o f t h e i r r e l at i ns t h y s h a ll b
. gu i d ed by t h e hi g h st o , e e e

p r i nc i p l s o f h o n o r
e .

2 T h e u p h o l d i ng b e f o r
. t h e p u bli c at a ll t i m e s o f t h e d i gn i t y o f t h e
e

c h m i ca l p r f ss i n ge ne ra lly an d t h e r e p utat i o n o f t h e I nst i tut p r o te ct i ng

e o e o e,

i ts m m b e rs f r o m m i e p e sen t a i o n
e sr r .

3 P e rs o na l h l p f u l n e ss n d f rat rn i t y b e t we e n i ts m e m b e rs a d t o war d
. e a e n

th p r o f ss i o n g e n ra lly
e e e .
 Co de o f E t h ic s 63

4 . avo i d anc e a d d i sc ourage m nt o f s nsat i ona li s m exagg rat i o n

Th e n e e , e

a n d un w arrant e d stat e m e nts I n m a ki ng t h e first p u bli cat i o n co nce rn i ng i . n

v en tio s o nt h e r ch e m i ca l a d vanc s t h y s h ou l d t b e m a d e t h r ug h t h e
r o e , e no o

p u bli c p r e ss b ut t h r ug h c h e m i ca l s o c i e t i e s
,
d t c h n i ca l p u bl i cat i ns
o an e o .

5 T h e r e f usa l t o un d e rta k
. f o r c m p nsat i n w r k w hi c h h b e li ev s e o e o , o e e

w ill b e un p r o fita bl t o a c li e nt w i t h ut first a d v i s i ng sa i d c li e nt as t o t h e

e o

i m p o b b i l t y o f succ ss f u l r e su l ts
r a e .

6 T h e u p h o l d i ng o f t h e p r i nc i p l e t h at unr as na bly l w c h arg s f o p o

.
, e o o e r r

f e ss i o l wo r k t n d s t o war d i n f r i r a d unr e li a bl w r k e s p c i a lly i f suc h

na e e o n e o , e

c h arg s a e s t at a l w figur e f o a d ve rt i s i ng p ur p o s s
e r e o r e .

7 T h e r f usa l t
. l n d t h e i r na m e s t o an y qu st i onabl e nt rp r i s
e o e e e e e .

8 C o ns vat i s m i n a ll
. st i m at s r p rts t e st i m n y t c e s pe c i a lly i n
er e e ,
e o , o , e .
,

c o nn e ct i n w i t h t h e p r m o t i n o f b us i n ss e nt r p r i s e s
o o o e e .

9 Th at t h y s h a ll
. t ngag i n an y ccu p at i n whi c h i s o b v i o us ly co
e no e e o o n

t rar y t l a w r p u bli c w l f ar e
o o e .

1 0 Wh e n a c h m i ca l e ng i n e r
. n d e rta ke s f o t h e rs wo r k i n co nn ect i n
e e u or o

w i t h w hi c h h m y m a k i m p r v m e nts i nv nt i o ns p l ans d s i gns r t h r

e a e o e , e , , e o o e

r ec r d s h e s h u l d nt r i nt a w r i tt n agr m nt w i t h r gar d t o t h i r o wn r
o , o e e o e ee e e e e

s hi p ; d wh n i t i s su b s q u nt ly f o un d t h at s
an e h an agr e m e nt d e s t e e uc e o no

c ve r a p o i nt at i ssu t h e f ll owi ng ru l s s h a ll a p p ly
o e, o e

a If a ch e m i ca l ng i n r us e s i n f o r m at i n w hi c h i s ot c m m on k n o w l
.
“

e ee o n o

e d g e o r p u bli c p r o p e rt y b t w hi c h h e b ta i ns f r m a c li nt o e m p l o y e r t h
, u o o e r , e

r e su l ts i n t h e f o rm f p l ans d e s i gns t h e r r ec o r d s h a ll o t b r e gar d d

o , or o s n e e

a s hi s p r o p e rt y b t t h p r o p rt y f h i s c li nt
, u m p l oy r e e o e or e e .

b If a c h m i ca l ng i n r us s n ly h i o wn k n w l d g e o i n f o r m t i o n
. e e ee e o s o e r a

or d ata whi c h by p r i r p u bli cat i o n o r o t h r w i s e

, e p u bli c p r o p e rt y
o a d e ar , n

o b ta i ns n ch e m i ca l ngi n r i ng d ata f r om a c li nt
o e m p l y e r exc e p t p
e ee e or o er

f orma e s p c i ficat i o n s
nc r out i n i n f r m at i o n t h n t h e r e su l ts i n t h e f r m
e or e o , e o

i n i nve nt i ons p l ans d s i gns , o t h r r c r d s s h ou l d b , r gar d d as t h

e or e e o e e e e

p r p rt y o f t h e ng i n e r a d t h e c li nt o
o e e m p l y r s h o u l d b e nt i t l e d t t h e i r
e n e r e o e e o

u se n ly i n t h e cas f whi c h t h ng i n r w a r ta i n d
o e or e e ee s e e .

c A ll wo r k a d r e su l ts acco m p li s h e d by t h e c h m i ca l ng i n e r i n t h e
. n e e e

f o r m o f i nv nt i ns p l ans d s i gns e o t h r r ec r d s
o , o o uts i d f t h e fiel d
, e or e o , r e o

f or whi ch a c li e nt o m p l o y r h as r e ta i n d h i m s h o u l d b e r e gar d e d as t h
r e e e , e

c h e m i ca l e ng i n ee r s p r p e rt y ’
o .

(1 W h e n c h m i ca l ng i n e r p art i c i p at e s i n t h b il d i ng o f a p p aratus
. a e e e e u

f r m d s i gns s p p l i e d h i m by a c li e nt t h d s i gns r m a i n t h p r o p e rt y o f t h
o e u , e e e e e

c li e nt a d s h o u l d n t b e d u p li cat e d by t h e d s i gn r o an y n e r p r e s e nt i ng
n o e e r o e

h im f o t h e rs w i t h o ut exp r ss p r m i ss i o n
or e e .

e C h m i ca l ng i n ee r i ng d ata o i n f r m at i o n whi c h a c h m i ca l ng i ne e r
. e e r o e e

o b ta i ns f r m hi s cli nt o e m p l o y e r w hi c h h cre at e s as a r e su l t o f such

o e r or e

i nf o r m at i n m ust b e c ns i d e r e d c o nfi d nt i a l by t h e e ng i n r ;
o o d whil e h e e ee an

i s j ust i fi d i n us i ng su h d at o i n f o r m at i i n hi s own p ract i c e as f o rm i ng

e c a r on

p art o f hi s p r o f ss i o na l exp e r i e nc e i ts p bli cat i o n w i t h o ut e xp r ss p e r m i ss i o n

e , u e

is im p r p r o e .

f D e s i gns d ata r e c o r d s a d n o t s m a d e by an e m p l o y e e a n d r e f e rr i ng
.
, , n e

t o hi s e m p l o y e r s w o r k s h u l d b e r e gar d d s hi s e m p l o y e r s p r o p rt y
’ ’
, o e a e .
 '

64 P e r so n a l an d E t h i c a l R e la t i o n s
g A c li nt d s o t ac qu i r e an y excl us i v r i gh t t o p l ans
. e oe n a p p aratus e or

m a d e o c nstruct d by a c o ns l t i ng c h e m i ca l ng i n ee r xc p t f o t h e s p e c i fic
r o e u e e e r

cas e f o whi c h t h y w r e m a d e
r e e .

1 1 A ch m i c l ng i n e r cann o t h o n o ra bl y acc p t c m p nsat i n financ i a l

. e a e e e o e o ,

or oth rwi s f r o m m o r t h an
e e,i nt e r st d p art y w i t h o ut t h e co ns e nt o f a ll
e on e e e ,

p art i s ; ed wh th e r c o nsu l t i ng d s i gn i ng i nsta lli ng o

an e p rat i ng m st ot ,
e , r o e ,
u n

acc e p t co m p nsat i o n d i r ect ly o i n d i r ct ly f r o m p a rt i e s d ea li ng wi t h h i

e r e s

c li e nt o r e m p l o y r e .

W h n ca ll ed u p o n t d c i d e
e th e f i nv e nt i o n s a p p aratus p o o e on e us o -
, r

c ss e s et c i n w hi c h h h a financ i a l i nt e r st h s h ou l d m ak hi s status
e , .
, e as e , e e

i n t h m att r cl ar ly un d rst d b f r ngag m nt

e e e e oo e o e e e e .

1 2 T h e c h e m i ca l ng i ne e r s h u l d e n d eav r at a ll t i m e s t o g iv e cr d i t
‘

. e o o e

f o w rk t o t h s wh
r o f as hi s k n o w l d g g s a e t h r a l aut h o rs o f
o e o , so ar e e oe , r e e

suc h w o r k .

1 3 U di g ifi d . s nsat i na l o m i s l a d i ng a dv e rt i s i ng s h u l d b e d i s
n n e , e o r e o .

co u r a g e d .

14 C o ntracts m a d by c h m i ca l ng i n rs s h o l d b su b j ct t o t h e C o d e
. e e e ee u e e

o f Et hi cs .

Fo th a d m i n i strat i n f t hi s C d o f Ethi cs a C om m i tt e
r e o Et hi cs o o e , e on

s h a ll b a p p i nt d by t h e p r s i d nt h o l d i ng o ffi ce at t h t i m o f t h a d p t i o n
e o e e e e e e o

o f t hi s C o d t o c o ns i st f fi v m mb rs ;
e, a p p o i nt ed f fi ve y ars an t h r
o e e e on e or e , o e

for f o ur y e ars an t h r f t h r e e y ars an t h e r f t w y ars an t h r f o r

, o e or e , o or o e , o e

on e y ar e d t h e r a f t e r t h e p r e s i d nt t h n h l d i ng o ffic
, an e s h a ll a p p i nt o e
, e e o e o n

m m b r annua ll y t
e e s rv f fi v y ars a d a l s fi ll such va canc i e s as m y
o e e or e e n o a

o ccur f t h un xp i r ed t r m Th r e o f t h s e m m b e rs s h a ll b e v e r f rt y
or e e e . e e e o o

fi v y e ars
e f g T h e c o m m i tt e
o a s h a ll l e ct i ts w c h a i r m an T h e C om
e . e e o n .

m i t t e o Et hi cs s h a ll i nv st i gat a ll c m p l a i nts s b m i tt e d t t h m b e ar i ng
e n e e o u o e

u p o n t h e p r o f ss i na l c n d ct o f an y m em b r
e o d af t r a fair o p p rtun i t y
u e ,
an e o o

t o b e h ar d h as b e n g i v e n t
e th m m be r i nv o l v d s h a ll r e p rt i ts fin d i ng s
e o e e e , o

to th C ounc il w h o s act i n s h a ll b e fina l

e , e o .

4 1 C o d e o f E th i c s Ad o p t e d b y Am e r ica n So c i e t y o f C iv i l
.

E n g i n ee rs Se p t e m b e r 2 ,
I gI 4 —It s h al l b e c o n s i d e r e d u n p ro f e s , .

s i o ua l a n d i n c o n s i st e n t w i th h o n o rabl e a n d d i g n i fi e d b e ari n g f o r
a ny m e m b e r o f t h e Am e ri can So ci e ty o f C i vi l E n g i n e e r s
1 T o act f o
. h i s c li nts i n p r o f e ss i o na l m att rs
r t h r w i s e t h an as a
e e o e

f a i t h f u l ag nt o trust e t acc p t an y r m un e rat i n t h e r t h an h i s

r e e, or o e e o o

stat e d ch arg s f s rv i c e s r e n d e r d hi s c li nts

- e or e e e .

2 T att m p t t o i n j ur e f a l s e l y
. o e m a li c i s l y d i r ect ly o i n d i r ct ly t h e or ou . r e ,

p r o f ss i o na l r p tat i n p r s p e cts
e e b s i n ss f an o t h e r eng i n e r
u o , o , or u e , o e .

3 T att e m p t t o su p p l ant an o t h r e ng i n r a f t r d fin i t e st p s h av b n
. o e ee e e e e ee

ta k n t owar d hi s m p l y m nt
e e o e .

4 T o c m p t e w i t h an t h e r
. o ng i n e r f
e m p l y m e nt o th ba s i s o f
o e e or e o n e

p r f ss i na l c h rg e s by r e d uc i ng hi s usua l c h arg s a d i n t hi s m ann r

o e o a ,
t e n e a

t m p t i ng t un d r bi d a f t r b i ng i n f r m d f t h e ch arg s na m e d by an o t h e r
e o e e e o e o e . .

5 T o r vi w t h
. w o r k f an t h e r ng i n r f o t h
e e e sa m c li nt exc p t o o e ee r e e e , e

w i t h t h e k n o w l d g o c ns nt f s c h e ng i n e e r e e un l ss t h e c o nn e ct i o n f
r o e o u , or e o

such ng i n e r w i t h t h w r k h as b e e n t e rm i nat d
e e e o e .
 Q u es t io n s in Et h ic s

6 . a d ve rt i s i n s l f l au d at o ry l ang age o i n an y o t h r m ann r d r o g

To e e -
u , r e e e

s t r y t o t h e d i gn i t y
o f t h e p r o f ss i o n o e .

4 2 Q u e sti
. o n s i n E th ic s — I t i s r e a s o nab l y a s su m e d th at n o
o n e w h o is int e r e st e d i n t h e d i scussi o n o f E thics w o ul d de lib e rat e ly f o l

l o w c o urs e s o f c o n d uct w hich a r e cl e arl y a n d un do ubt e d ly w r o n g In .

m any cas e s a g iv e n c o urs e o f c o n d uct i s so o bvi o u sly ri g ht o r w r o n g

,

that n o ch o ic e e xi sts fo r any h o n o rabl e m an : h e m u st p u rsu e a ce rtain

lin e o f c o n d uct .

C o n d u c t m a y vary f r o m su ch o b vi o u s co n d iti o n s t o th o s e i n
w h i ch t h e qu e st i o n s o f ri g h t a n d w r o n g a r e s o i n d i st in c t th a t O p i n
i o n s m a y j u stly vary c o nc e rn in g t h e m att e r w h i ch i n e xt r e m e , ,

ca s e s m a y e v e n b e c o m e s i m p ly m att e rs o f t h e i n d ivi d ua l c o n sci e n c e

, .

T h e a p p l icati o n o f e th i cal ru l e s a s a d o p t e d by t h e vari o u s e n g i n e e r

i n g s o c i e ti e s w h il e o bvi o u s i n t h e ab stract a r e n o t al w ay s so o b vi o u s
i n th e ir a p p li cat i o n ; a n d th o s e a p p li cati o n s w h i ch m ay b e o bv i o u s
t o t h e m a n o f a ff air s m a y n o t b e a p p ar e nt t o t h e y o u n g m a n j u s t
e nt e ri n g p rac ti cal li f e C e rtain c o n c r e t e co n d i t i o n s hav e th e r e f o r e
‘

'

be e n s tat e d o n s o m e o f w hich it s e em s de si rabl e t h a t t h e st u de nt

,

sh o ul d e x p r e s s h i s o p i ni o n a n d t h e an s w e rs a f t e r b e i n g e xa m i n e d , , ,

sh o ul d b e d iscuss e d a n d t h e e thics o f t h e situati o n e x p lain e d B y a .

th o u g ht f ul c o nsi d e rati o n o f such qu e sti o ns an d a f u ll d iscussi o n o f t h e

sa m e t h e stu de nt w ill g ain a m o r e c o rr e ct vi e w o f e thical p rinci p l e s tha n
,

i s p o ssibl e b v t h e stu dy o f a stat e m e nt o f t h e abstract p rinci p l e s .

1 A y o ng ng i n
. r a p p li d f o r a p o s i t i n t h at w t o last s i x m o nt h s
u e ee e o as ,

a n d se cur e d t h e a p p o i nt m e nt i n act i v e c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h s v ra l o t h r s e e e .

A f t e r h h a d w r k d at t h e j o b f a m nt h h e w off r e d an p p o rtun i t y
e o e or o , as e o

t o gr at ly b tt e r hi s sa l ar y i n an o t h r c i t y
e e As h w financ i a lly i po e . e as rres n

s ibl e h c ou l d e as ily l e ave w i t h out f e ar o f l ga l act i o n S h ou l d h acce p t o

, e e . e r

d c li n e t h n e w ff e r a d w h y
e e o , n ?

2 Assu m e t h at an e ng i n
. r w r an a p p li cant f o a c rta i n p o s i t i n a d
ee e e r e o n

we r e as k e d c o nce rn i ng t h e sta n d i ng a n d q ua li ficat i o ns o f an t h e r ng i n e r f o r o e e

t h e sa m po s i t i n h as h e ar d un f av o rabl e r p o rt s‘
e co e ni g wh o m h
o , nc r n e e .

S h u l d h e gi ve t h e i n f o r m at i n h p o ss ss e s
o o e e ?

3 A y ung ng i n e r wa s m p l o y ed f
. o e s o m y ars w i t h an eng i n r i ng
e e or e e ee

fi m a d ac q u i r e d c o ns i d e ra bl
r n xp e r i e nc i n t h e i r s p c i a l t y A p art y d s i r i ng :
e e e e . e

s o m wo r k d o n a l o ng t h at li n a d h o p i ng t o s ecur e t h e sa m e at a l w figur e
e e e, n o ”

p r o p s d t h at t h e y ung
o e ng i n r ta k u p t hi s wo r k at d d t i m e s i n d e
o e ee e o ,

p e n d nt ly o f hi s
e m p l y rs wh o as b e i e ss w a s s o m w h at d u ll c u l d s p ar e
o e ,
us n . e , o

a p art of hi s s e rv i ce s Was h e j ust i fi e d i n acc p t i ng such w r k a d wh y

. e o , n ?

4 I f an
. ng i n r i s em p l oy e d f o a p rt i n f hi s t i m e by a sta t e t o
e ee r o o o

exa m i n e a n d p ass u p n p l ans f w o r k o w h i c h h e i s s p p o s e d t b e exp e rt

o or , n u o

a d o v r whi c
n e h t h e stat e h as assu m d a c rta i n c ntr o l i s h j ust i fi e d i n e e o , e
66 P e r so n a l an d E t h i c a l R e la t i o n s
s e ki ng
e ract i ce hi s p r f ss i n by un d e rta ki ng t p r e p ar p lans n d s p e c i
to p o e o o e a

fi a t i o s f o w o r k a l o ng s i m il ar li n s
c n r d w i t hi n t h e sa m e stat e e an ?

5 S h u ld o sh u ld
. o o t an ng i n r wh h as p r p ar ed p l ans d s p c i
r o n e ee o e an e

fi ca t i s fo on a p i e ce o f wo r k b i d o t h e sam e a s a co ntract o r a d wh y
r , n , n ?

6 P l ans . n d s p c i ficat i o ns w r
a p r p ar ed by e fi m of ng in e rs f o a e e e a r e e r

wat e r wo r k s s y st e m f o a s m a ll c i t y a n d bi d s w r i nv i t e d r An o t h e r e ng i , e e .

ne r act i ng w i t h a c ontracto r m a d e p l ans f a ch e a p e r s y st e m a d a tt e m p t d

e , , or n e

t o s ec r t h e c o ntract t h r ug h t h i r a bili t y t
u e d o t h e wo r k o n t h c hea p r
o e o e e

s y st m at a l ss p r i c e t h an c l d b e m ad by t h e o t h r co ntract o rs
e e th e ou e e on

o fli i l p l ans
c a Was t h e o t h e r ng i n e r j ust i fi e d i n hi s co n d uct d wh y
. e e , an ?

7 A c o m p an y whi c h h a d e m p l o y d an e ngi n e r t o p r e p ar e p l ans a d

. e e n

s p e c i ficat i o ns f o c e rta i n w r k b e c am e d i ss at i sfi d d unc rta i n as t t h e

r o e an e o

sa f t y f t h e p l ans h e h d p r o p s ed I n t h e a b s nc f t h e e ng i n e r a d
e o a o . e e o e , n

w i t h ut a d v i s i ng h i m as t o t h e i r i nt nt i n t h y ca ll d i n an o t h r e ng i n e r
o e o , e e e e ,

e xp l a i n i ng i t h i r l tt r t h at t h e y d e s i r d h i m t c h c k p t h p l ans d
n e e e e o e u e an

a d v i s t h e m as t o t h e i r sa f t y d su ffi c i nc y S h u l d t h s e c n d e ng i n r
e e an e . o e o ee

acc e p t d c li n e t h
or s rv i c
e d w h at gr o un d s
e e e, an on ?

8 A s e c o n d c m p an y un d r s i m il ar c i rcu m stanc e s
. o n d wi t h t h e o e , a c n

s nt o f t h i r e ng i n e r ca ll d f s i m il ar s rv i ce s f r m an o t h e r ng i n e r wh
e e e , e or e o e e , o

acc p t d an d f oun d t h e wo r k s p r e p s e d wou l d b e p e r f ct ly sa f e b t t h at

e e o e u

w hi l e i t w as n t o b v i o us y e t h u l d eas ily s h o w t h at a c ns i d ra bl e m
“

o , e co o e su

o f m n e y c u l d b e sav d a d t h e p l ant m a d
o o m uc h m r e sat i s f ct r y by ce r
e n e o a o

ta i n m i n o r ch ang s Suc h c h ang s i n p l ns wo u l d h o wev r p ro b a bly r e fl ect

e . e a , e ,

t o s om xt e nt o t h e ng i n e r f t h wo r k a d i f t h e p l ans w r e a ll o w d
e e n e e o e , n e e

to stan d t h e p ss ibl e sav i ng o i m p r o v m nt w u l d n v r b k n own W as

, o r e e o e e e .

it or w s i t n t t h d ut y f t h c o nsu l t i ng e ng i n e r t ca ll t h e atte nt i o n o f
a o e ,
o e e o

th e c m p an y t o t h e d f ct at t h exp e ns o f hi s f ll w ng i n ee r s r p utat i o n
o e e , e e e o e
’
e ?

9 An i nv e st i gat i o n w s m a d e o f a c o nt e m p l at e d i rr i gat i n p r o j ct n d a
. a o e a

f av o ra bl e r p o rt w a d u ly su b m i tt e d by an i rr i gat i n e ngi n e r t
e s a d ve l p o e o e o

m e nt c m p an y oAn o t h r e ng i ne e r was c ll d t o m a k e s rv ey s p re p ar e p l an
. e a e u ,
s

a d s p c i ficat i o ns a d t
n e su p e rv i s e c o nstruct i o n A f te r c ns i d ra bl p r o g
n o . o e e

r e ss h d b e e n m a d i n t h d e ta il d i nv st i gat i o ns t h e e ng i n e r b ecam e
a e e e e , e co n

vi n ce d t h at t h p r e li m i nar y r e p o rt w s gr at ly i n
e rr r a d t h at t h p r o j ec t a e e o n e

c u l d n t b e a s cc ss financ i a ll y H i s p i n i n w s su b m i tt d t t h d ev l
o o u e . o o a e o e e

0p m t c m p an y
en d t h y i nstruct d h i m t o k e p hi s r p o rt c nfi d e nt i a l
o , an e d e e e o an

to co nt i nu t h e w r k w i t h t h i nt ent i o n o f s lli ng s fli i t l an d t p ro t ec t
e o ,
e e u c en o

t h m s lv s f r m fin a nc i a l l ss o f t h m o n y a l r a d y i nv st e d a d p e r h a p s
e e e o o e e e e n

b e a bl t s cur e a p r o fit Was t h e ng i n e r j ust i fie d o n t i n co nt i nu i ng

e o e . e e r o

th e w r k un d r suc h c o n d i t i o ns a n d wh y
o e ,
?

1 0 An e ng i n e r h av i ng e xa m i n d a wat e r p o we r p r j ct r p o rt d t o hi s
.
e , e o e , e e

c li e nts t h at i n hi s p i n i n t h e c o st o f d eve l p m e nt d o t h e r co n d i t i ns
o o o an o

wo u l d ma k e t h c os t o f t h e p o ss ibl e p w r e t p ut t o o gr e at t o m ak e t h e o e ou

p r j ct financ i a lly sat i s f act o r y

o e H i s o p i n i o n w s acc p t e d a d t h e m att r . a e , n e

w s d r o p p e d by t h
a c li e nt Lat r t h e sa m e p r j ct wa ta k n p by a
e . e , o e s e u

p o we r co m p an y d th s a m e e ng i n e r wa s as k e d t o t k e c h arg e o f t h e
, an e e a

d e v l o p m e nt
e Wh at wa s hi s d ut y i n t h e p r m i s s a d wh y
. e e , n ?
 Q u e st i o n s in E t h ic s 67

A m anu f actur r o ff r e d an e ng i ne e r a c o m m i ss i o n o f t p e r ce nt on
11 . e e en

a ll t h e m at r i a l t h at m i g h t b us d e a co ntract p r ov i d ed hi s s p e c i a l b rand e e on ,

o f m at r i a l w s s p c i fi d
e If t h ng i n r k ne w o b e li ve d t h at t h e m t e r i a l
a e e . e e ee r e a

wa s qua l t o an y s i m il ar m at r i a l o t h m ar k t w o u l d h e b e j ust i fi e d i n a
e e n e e , c

o ff r a d w h y
?
c pt i g t h
e n e e , n

1 2 Wou ld h e b . s o j ust i fi ed i f h k n w t h ma t e r i a l w s e qual t an y

e e e e a o

on t h e m ar k t d w ul d t c st m r e t h an o t h r m at r i a l s o f t h e sam e
e , an o no o o e e

ki n d ?

1 3 If a s i m il ar
. ff e r w r e m a d t o a c ntract o r t o s p e c i f y c e rta i n m a
o e e o

te i a l w i t h hi s b i d wo u l d h b e j ust i fi d i n a e p t g t h e sa m
r s , n d wh y e e cc n e, a ?

1 4 A c o m p an y as k d t wo
. ng i n rs t nam t h e p r i c at whi c h t h y e e ee o e e e

wo l d agr e t p r p ar e p l ans f
u e a c e rta i n p i ec o f w r k Eac h ng i n e r
o e or e o . e e ,

wi t h o ut k n o w l e d g o f t h o t h e r e st i m at d t h at t h w r k s h o u l d r ea s na bly
e e , e e o o

b e w rt h t h e s m
o f at whi c h p r i ce o
u f t h e m su b m i tt d hi s p r o p
o ne o e

osi t i Th e
on t h e r b f r su b m i tt i ng hi s p r o p sa l acc i d e nta lly h ear d t h at
. o , e o e o ,

t h e sa m e p r i c h d b n na m d by hi s c o m p e t i t o r d b i ng d e s i r us f e
e a ee e , an e o o s

cur i ng t h e w r k r d uc d hi s p r i ce t o , Was h j ust i fi e d i n such d

e e o e re uc

t i n d wh y
o , an ?

1 5 If t h a b ve wo r k wa w rt h
. e at curre nt p r o f ss i o na l c h arg s
o s o e e ,

a n d an ng i n e e r k n wi ng t hi s a d w i t h ut k n wl d g f t h e p r i c na m d by
e o n o o e e o e e

o t h e rs wa s s d e s i r o s t o s e cur e t h
, o w r k t h at h w a s w illi ng t r ed uc hi s
u e o e o e

ch arg s t o e wo l d h e b j ust i fi d i n suc h r e d uct i n d wh y

u e e o , an ?

1 6 An ng i n e r w s a b ut t l t a c ntract f
. e e c rta i n exp ens i ve m ac hi n
a o o e o or e

r
e y . H e wa s v r y f a m ili ar wi t h s i m il ar m ac hi n r y m a d by a nu m be r f
e e e o

first c l ass m anu f acture rs b t w s un f a m ili ar wi th t h at m a d e by o c o nc rn , u a ne e

wh o s r e p tat i o n w a
e h k n w first cl ass T h e c m p an y anxi ous t o stan d
u s, e e , . o ,

o n an e q ua l f o o t i ng w i t h o t h rs ofi ed t p y a ll t h e n e c es sa r y exp e ns s e , er o a e

of th ng i n e r t o v i s i t s v ra l p l ace wh r e t h i r m ac hi n s w r i n
e e e e e s e e e e e u se ,

i nc l d i ng a tr i p t o t h i r f act o r y wh e r e a s i m il ar m ac hi n e was un d r o
u e , e c n

st ruct i o n If t h eng i n . r d s i r d s ch i n f o rm at i n d c ou l d c o nv n i nt ly
e ee e e u o , an e e

m k e t h tr i p s h u l d h e acc p t r d c li n t h e i nv i t at i n
a e , o d wh y e o e e o ,
an ?

1 7 If t h ng i n e r m a d e t h tr i p a b v o t li n d i t h r at hi s w e x
. e e e e o e u e , e e o n

p e ns o at t h exp ens e f t h e c o m p an y a d d ur i ng t h e tr i p w s i nv i t d by
e r e o ,
n a e

th e r p r nta t i ve s o f t h c m p an y t ta k var i us s i d tr i p s f o p l easur e

e e se e o o .
e o e r

an d t o acc p t v r i o s c st ly nt er ta i n m nt at t h xp ns f t h e co m p an y s ’
e a u o e e e e e e o

r p r s ntat i v s o f t h c m p an y i ts l f s h ou l d h e acc e p t o d ec li n a d
e e e e r o e o e ,
r e, n

Wh y ?
S h o l d an e ng i n ee r acc p t t o an y xt e nt m i n o r f av rs ( c i gars
18 . u e , e , o ,

th atr e t i c k e ts t ) o f a c ntract o r o t h s w h
e , e c li a bl t o b co m
. o r o e o ar e e e e co n ~

tract o rs o h i s w o r k a d i f s t o wh at xt nt
n , n o, e e ?

1 9 A c ntract r na m e d a p r i c e o f
. o f o r p r f r m i ng a p i c
o f wo r k e o e e o

f o a c o m p an y f r whi c h h wa s willi ng t ta k e t h e C m p an y s n t s Th e
’
r , o e o o o e .

n o t s h f o n d c u l d b d i sc unt e d at t h e l a l b an k
e , e u , o as t o n t t h e o
'

oc so e e co n

tract r o T h e m anag e r f th co m p an y a f t e r c nsu l t i ng w i t h t h e o e ,

o

cas hi r o f t h b an k ff r e d t h r o g h t h cas hi r t a war d t h e c ntract r t h e

e e , o e u e e o o o

c ntract at
o p ro v i d e d h w u l d a ll o w t h b an k a t o ta l d i sc nt at t h e e o e ou

b an k f i n whi ch v nt t h e c ntract wou l d st ill e t t h co ntract r

o e e o n e o
68 Pe r so n a l an d E t h ic a l R e la t io n s

S h ou l d th e c o ntract o r ta k e t h e co ntract n d r such u e co n d i t i o ns , an d

wh y ?
un d r t h e a b ove c o n d i t i ns t h cas hi r a d v i s e d t h e c o ntract r t h at
2 0 If
. e o e e o

t h e m anag r w s t r c i v h a l f t h d i sc ount wh i ch t h b an k m a d e wh at
e a o e e e e e ,

s h l d b e t h c ntract o r s att i tu d t war d t h e c ntract

ou e o d wh y
‘

e o o , an ?

2 1 An . ng i n r o f r p utat i o n w s as k ed by a b an ki ng h ous e t ta k e
e ee e a o

ch rg f c e rta i n ng i ne e r i ng w r k n o p r i c b e i ng agr e d u p on f hi s sal

a e o e o , e e or

ar y H by ch ance l arn ed t h at t h e b an k e rs wou l d n o t o b j ct t o a ch arg e

. e e e

o f t we nt y fi v p c ent i n xc ss o f hi s r gu lar ch arg e s W ou l d h e b e w

-
e er e e e . ar

rant d i i ncr e as i ng h i s c h arg s be y on d hi s sua l b as i s

e n e u ?

2 2 I n a s i m il ar cas a c o m p an y w a s o d s i r ous o f an e ng i n ee r s s e rv ’
. e, s e

i c s t h at t h y o ff r e d h i m fi f t y p ce nt m r e t h an hi s cust o m ar y ch arge s
e e e er o .

He w o l d h av b e e n g l a d t acc p t t h a p p i nt m nt at hi s r e gu l ar ch arg s
u e o e e o e e .

Was h e warrant e d i n acc e p t i ng t h e a d vance ?

2 3 An hy d rau li c e ng i n e e r un d r an agr e m nt w i t h a v ill ag e p r p ar e d

.
, e e e , e

pl ans f o a wat e r wo r k s s y st m T o p y f a p art o f t h wo r k i nv l ve d

r e . a or e o ,

v ill age b o n d s we r e i ssu ed T h ffi c i a l s o f t h v ill age as k e d t h e ng i n ee r . e o e e

i f h e w u l d ass i st t h e m i n t h e d i s p sa l f t h e bo n d s a d h
o agr d t o d s o o , n e ee o o

i f h e c nv e n i e nt ly c o u l d
o He s p k e t s ev e ra l b an k rs wh o d i d o t car e
. o o e , n

to b y th u b n d s a d fina lly m t i ng t h e r e p r s e ntat i ve o f a b o n d h ou e

e o , n ee e s ,

t l d h i m o f t h e b o n d s wh i c h t h v ill ag e d s i r d t s ll T h e b n d h ou se
o e e e o e . o

p urc h as d t h s e b n d s at a p r i c e m utua lly sat i s f act o r y t o t h e m s e l v s an d

e e o e

th ev i ll age A f t r war d t h e p r s i d nt o f t h b n d c o m p an y m e t i ng t h e
. e e e e o , e

e ng i n e r t l d h i m th at t h y h a d bo ugh t t h e b n d s at a ve r y s t i sf a
e , o e o a c

t o ry p r ic d as k e d h i m t o ca ll
e , an t t h e i r o ff i c as t h e b n d c o m p an y d e s i r e d a e o

t o g iv t h ee ng i n e e r a c h e c k f r
e e h un d r e d d ll ars S h o u l d t h e e ng i n e r o on o . e

h av e acce p t e d o r j e ct d t h e ch c k rd wh y e e e , an ?

2 4 A agr e d t o b y a f arm o f B f o
. e p a yi ng u cas h a d r , n

m a d e a w r i tt n agr e m e nt t m ee t B e a c rta i n d at n d i t h e r co m p l e t
e o on e e a e e

arrange m e nts by g i v i ng a m o rtgag f o r t h e b a l ance o t o f o r f i t t h e a m ount e r e

p aid B f o r e t h e d at e f m ee t i ng B r e lyi ng o A s agr ee m e nt r e fu s d a ’

. e o , , n e n
,

o t h e r s i m il ar o if A o acc ount o f s i ck n e ss f a il e d t o m ee t at t h e a p
er .
, n ,

p i nt e d t i m
o n d o n acc o unt e, f i gn o ranc e f a il d t o b
a r e p r e s ente d by t o e e a

t o rn e y B w s un d ou b t e d ly d a m ag d n ly $ 3 00 $ 4 00 by f a il ur t s e ll
. a e o or e o .

B y f a il r e t o m e t hi s agr m nt A l ga lly f r f i t e d hi s p a y m nt o f
u e ee e , e o e e

Ass m i ng th at A w s w illi ng t o f o r f i t a s m e q i va l ent t o t h e actua l d m

u a e u u a

ag s w B m o rally warrant d i h l d i ng A t o hi s agr m nt

e , as e n o ee e ?

2 5 Ass m . t h at a b o d y f s m e fi v o s i x m en un d e rta k t o f r m a
u e o o e r e o

j o i nt st ck c m p an y i n a li n o f b us i n e ss wi t h whi c h t h y e f am ili ar On
o o e e ar .

acc ount o f t h i r k n o wl d g e d r p utat i o n f or f a i r d a li ng t h ey s e cur e su b

e e an e e ,

s cri p t i o s t o t h e st o c k o f t h e c m p an y a d o rgan iz e t h
n sa m e A b oard o f o n e .

d i r e ct o r s i s e l e ct d c o ns i st i ng p r b a bly o f t h e o r i g i na l o rgan iz e rs
e , f th e o o

co m p an y wh o m ust a l s o b e s to ckh l d rs Dur i ng t h e ar ly st ag s o f d eve l

‘

o e . e e

o p m n t t h e f utur e o f t h e c o m p an y i s m o r e o
e , l ss unc rta i n d t h e p r o b r e e an

a bl e outco m e w ill b b tt r n d rst o o d by t h o s c l o s e ly c o nn e ct d w i t h t h

e e e u e e e e

m an g m e nt a e T h e r i gh t t o b y o . s e ll st o c k i s an n d u b t e d l e ga l r i g h t u r u o

whi c h can b e xe rc i s e d by an y o f t h e st o ckh o l d e rs at an y t i m e

e W oul d t h e .
70 P e r so n a l an d E t h i c a l R e la t i o n s

Str i ct v i e w of C o nsu l t i ng Eng i ne r i nge . Le tt e r . Eng N e ws

. , Vol . 5 8,
p . 61 7 .

Dut y o f Eng i n rs ee to th e Pr o f ss i o n
e . T D we ll e y
. . Eng N e ws
.
, V ol . 61 ,

p . 4 79 .

M ra l Stan d r d s R s p o ns ibili t y o f T e ch n i ca l C o ll eg e s by J h n B e rg
o a . e , o .

Eng N ew s V l 5 5 p 4 05
.
, o .
, . .

T h e Hu m an S i d e o f Eng i n ee r i ng J C Wa i t S ibl y J o o f Eng V o l

. . . . e ur . . .

2 8, p p . 20, 6 8, 9 4 .
 C H AP T ER V

T H E U SE O F E N G L I S H
“

4 3 . The I m p o r t a n c e o f E n g l i s h — T h e su cc e s s f ul e n g i n e e r

m ust b e s o m e thin g m o r e than a skill e d m e chanic an artisan o r a d e ,

si g n e r He m ust n o t o n ly b e abl e t o m ak e su rv eys an d p r e p ar e p lan s

.

a n d d e si g ns but h e m u st als o m ak e r e p o rt s t o his cli e nts o r su p e ri o rs ,

p pr e ar e instructi o ns f o r his assistants a n d sub o r d inat e s w rit e sp e c ifi ca ,

ti o ns p r ep ar e a g r e e m e nts b o th as a basis f o r r e c e ivin g bi d s an d f o r

, ,

m akin g c o ntracts ; h e m ust o ri g inat e lay o u t a n d su p e rvis e o r carry o u t

,

c o ntract wo rks a n d su p e rvis e t h e m a i n t en a n ce a n d o pe rati o n o f en

,

gin e e r in g p lans In e ach cas e t h e e n g in e e r m ust b e abl e t o e x p lain his

.

p lans a nd r
p p o o sals s o that his r e as o ns a n d m e th o d s w ill b e un d e rst o o d
a n d a pp r e ciat e d .

T h e ability t o p r e p ar e cl e ar l o g ical f o rc e f ul a n d c o rr e ct E n g lish

, ,

i s an ass e t of g r e at valu e t o t h e e n g in e e r a n d f r e qu e ntly m e a ns a d

,

va nc e m e nt b e y o n d o th e r s o f e qu al t e ch n ical ab i li ty b ut w i th o u t t h e
ability o f c o rr e ct an d p r o p e r e x p r e ssi o n .

O bscur e inc o rr e ct a n d f aulty lan g ua g e us e d in e n g in e e rin g r e

, ,

p o rts,
instructi o ns c o nt racts
,
a n d s pe ci fi cati o ns f r e qu e ntly
,
i nv o lv e s di s

p ut e s a n d liti g ati o ns w ith t h e c o ns e qu e nt l o ss o f th o u san d s o f do llars

, ,

a n d in s o m e cas e s m i sun d e rstan d in g s which m a y cau s e t h e l o ss o f liv e s

an d r e p utat i o ns An y e l e m e nt in e n g in e e rin g e d ucati o n t h e m i sus e o f

.
,

w hich m a y p r o d uc e such d i r e r e sults o r t h e c o rr e ct u se o f w hich m a y

brin g such g r eat r e sults i s w o rthy o f t h e m o st car e f ul c o nsi de rati o n
,

an d att enti o n .

Th e c o m m an d a n d i nt e lli g e nt us e o f lan g ua g e is o f t e n t h e b e st
m e th o d o f c o nv e y i n g t o o th e rs an a p p r e ciati o n o f t h e kn o w l e d g e
'

o f t h e e n g in e e r a n d h i s a b i l it y t o m e e t a n d s o lv e e n g in e e rin g p r o bl e m s .

Fo r succ e ss t h e e n g in ee r m ust n o t o nly b e t e chni cally abl e t o s o lv e t h e

,

e n g in e e rin g p r o b l m s w hich c o m e t o h i m f o r s o luti o n but o th e rs m ust

,

kn ow a n d a p p r e ciat e his ability It is tru e th at t h e b e st t e st o f ability

.

i s t h e actual p e r f o r m anc e o f t h e wo rk in qu e sti o n but a kn o w l e d g e o f ,

t h e ability so d e m o nstrat e d is c o n fi n e d t o t h e cli e nts e m p l o ye rs , ,

f ri e n d s c o ll e a g u e s o r e m p l o y e e s o f t h e e n g in e e r a n d a w i de r kn o w l
, ,

e d g e o f that ability can b e s e cur e d o nly by t h e s p o k e n o r w ritt e n w o r d .

A rticl e s in t h e t e chnical p r e ss o r p a pe rs b e f o r e e n g in ee rin g so

72 Th e U s e o f E n g li s h

d e scribin g d e si g ns al o n g n e w an d n o v e l w w o rk
'

c i e t ie s , n ew an d ne

lin e s w h e n w e ll p r e par e d a n d p r e s e nt e d e xt e n d t h e acq ua intanc e an d

, ,

r e p utati o n o f th e i r w rit e r T h e p r ep arati o n o f an a rticl e o r pa pe r o n a

.
,

subj e ct o n which h e is p articularly we ll in f o r m e d syst e m ati z e s t h e e n g i ,

n ee r s kn o w l e d g e g iv e s Op p o rtunity f o r his car e f ul r e vi e w an d p e r

’

s o nal criticis m o f his o w n w o rk d e v e l o p s hi s ability a n d ai d s hi m s e l f

, ,

m o r e than it d o e s any o th e r in d ivi d ual Wh e n such articl e s o r p a p e rs .

a r e o f r e al valu e th e y als o a i d in t h e a d vanc e m e nt o f p r o f e ssi o nal

,

kn o wl edge a n d f ul fi ll a d uty e v e ry m a n o we s t o hi s p r o f e ssi o n W h e n .

such a rticl e s a r e p re p a r e d p ur e ly f r o m a s e l fi sh m o tiv e f o r t h e p ur po s e

‘

o f a d v e rtisin g a n d p e rs o nal a d vanc e m e nt th e y a r e usually valu e l e ss t o ,

t h e p r o f e ssi o n a n d d e tri m e ntal t o t h e auth o r but w h e n p r e p ar e d w ith

t h e p ur p o s e o f c o nv e yin g valuabl e in f o r m ati o n a n d a d vancin g t h e p r o

f e ssio n i f w e ll p r e p ar e d e v e n th o u g h t h e subj e ct b e a si m p l e o n e
’

, ,

th e y b e c o m e a valuabl e ass e t t o t h e p r o f e ssi o n a n d a l eg iti m at e a id t o

i n d ivi d ual a d vanc e m e nt .

44 E n g i.n e e r in g E n g li s h — E n g in e e ri n g E n g li sh sh o ul d a n d
d o e s d i ff e r f r o m t h e E n g lish o f lit e rat u r e F in e w ritin g a n d p ic .

t u re sq u e lan g ua g e hav e littl e p lac e in t h e w ritin g s o f t h e e n g in e e r .

Th e lan g ua g e sh o ul d al w ays b e c l e a r d e fi nit e a n d e xa ct ; it sh o ul d o f t e n

o

b e bri e f t e chnical a n d t o t h e p o int

, It m u st vary in its charact e r f r o m
.

t h e E n g lis h o f lit e ratur e t o t h e E n g lish o f t h e l a w acc o r d in g t o t h e ,

p e rs o ns f o r w h o m a n d p ur p o s e s f o r w hich it m ay b e p r e p ar e d
,
In ge n .

e ral e n g in e e rin g E n g lish m ust b e w ritt e n w ith t h e

, p articular p arti e s i n
m in d f o r w h o m it is int e n d e d a n d th e i r e d ucati o n trainin g t e chnical
, , ,

kn o w l e dg e an d p o int o f vi e w m ust b e f ully c o nsi de r e d .

E n g in e e rin g w ritin g s m a y b e sub d ivi de d int o s e v e ral class e s e ach ,

m o r e o r l e ss d isti nct but such w ritin g s m a y f r e qu e ntly f all b e t w e e n

,

o r w ithin m o r e than o n e o f th e s e class e s a n d s o m e ti m e s p artak e o f ,

t h e charact e r o f e ach .

In g e n e ral l e tt e rs r e p o rts a n d p a pe rs m ay b e w ritt e n f o r

, ,

F ir s t : No n t e chnical r e a de rs
-
.

S e c o n d : T e chnical r e a d e rs m o r e o r l e ss acquaint e d w ith e n g in e e r

in g m att e r but n o t p a rti cularly v e rs e d in t h e s p e cial subj e ct tr e a te d .

Th ir d : S u p e rvis o rs a n d assistants th o s e s p e cially acquaint e d w ith

,

t h e s u bj e ct m att e r tr e at e d .

Fo u r t h : Co ntracts a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns .

45 T h e .H e ar e r o r R e a d e r — T h e k n o w l e d g e a n d ca p ac i ty o f
.

th o s e t o wh o m w ritt e n o r spo k e n lan g u a g e i s a dd r e ss e d i s an i m po rtant

'

e l e m e nt t o b e c o nsi de r e d in t h e
p r e p arati o n o f articl e s r e po rts o r a d ,
 Th e He a t e r or R e a de r 3

d r e ss e s . Th estat e m e nt that d o ublin g t h e h e a d o f w at e r actin g o n a

g iv e n tu rbin e w ill incr e as e its po w e r m o r e than ti m e s b e caus e such ,

p o we r w ill vary w ith t h e thr e ehalv e s p o w e r o f t h e h e a d actin g is a ”

-

p e r f e ctly cl e ar stat e m e nt t o t h e hy d ra u li c e n g in e e r but m ay m e an littl e

t o a busin e ss m a n a n d m u st b e stat e d i n g r e at e r d e tail an d w ith co n
‘

s i de r a b l e e x p lanati o n i f it b e c o m e s n e c e ssary o r d e si rabl e t o hav e t h e

busin e ss m an un de rstan d a n d a pp r e ciat e t h e f act I n such w ritin g .

t e chnical m att e rs sh o ul d b e e x p lain e d in cl e a r a n d si m p l e lan g ua g e so ,

that t h e p e rs o ns f o r w h o m it i s w ritt e n w ill un de rstan d t h e m att e r in

v o lv e d t h e r e as o ns f o rt h e p lans p r o po s e d a n d t h e r e sults t o b e a c co m
,

p li sh ed .Th e r e a r e f e w t e chnical m att e rs w hich cann o t b e m a de so

cl e ar in a p r o p e rly w rit te n p a pe r o r r e po rt that a n y g o o d busin e ss m an
can un d e rstan d th e m a n d f ailur e t o p r e p ar e s u ch p a p e rs that th e y
,

can b e so un de rsto o d i s u sually du e t o a lack o f un de rstan din g o f t h e

m att e r by t h e e n g i n e e r hi m s e l f An y e n g in e e r has o nly t o att e m p t t o
'

r e a d s o m e a d vanc e d w o rk o n a subj e ct w ith which h e i s un f a m iliar t o ‘

r e c o g ni z e t h e f act that whil e such a wo rk m ay b e p e r f e ctly p lain t o t h e

,

e x p e rt , it is quit e m e anin g l e ss t o t h e n o vic e wh o m ust fi rst r e a d e l e

m e ntary w o rks o n t h e subj e ct a nd acqui r e t h e f un d a m e ntal i de as a n d
t h e n e c e ssary v o cabulary b e f o r e h e can c o m p r e h e n d t h e a d vanc e d wo rk .

P a pe rs o n t e chnical subj e cts m ust th e r e f o r e b e w ritt e n w ith t h e

ca p acity o f t h e r e a d e r in vi e w Fo r t h e busin e ss m a n t h e c o nclusi o ns
.
,

a r e m o st i m po rtant but th e y sh o u l d b e su p po rt e d by such a cl e ar d i s

,

c u ss i o n o f t h e f acts a n d such a p r e s e n t a t io n o f l o g ical ar g u m e nts as

'

w ill a pp e al t o hi s j u d g m e nt a n d c o m m o n s e ns e T h e p rin ci p l e s by .

w hich t h e c o nclu si o ns a r e r e ach e d a n d t h e d e tail e d d ata t o wh ich th e y

,

a p p ly a r e l e ss i m po rtant but sh o ul d u sually b e p r e s e nt e d as a basis f o r

,

t h e c o nclusi o n .

Wh e n t h e p a p e r is p r e par e d f o r t e chnical r e a de rs w h o hav e h a d

a c e rtain t e chnical trainin g a n d a re kn o w n t o un de rstan d c e rtain sci en
“
,

t i fi c p rinci p l e s t h e m att e r m a y b e p r ese n t e d i n a d i ff e r e nt f o r m an d

'

t h e s p e cial m att e rs d e scribe d m ust b e s o tr e at e d a s t o m ak e th e m p lai n

t o o th e rs than t h e s p e cialist I n such cas e s t h e d iscussi o n o f t h e d ata
.

a n d t h e p rinci p l e s o n w hich t h e c o nclusi o ns r e st b e c o m e s t h e i m p o rtant ,

m att e r t o b e c o nsi d e r e d a n d t h e e x p lanati o ns a r e n ee d e d o nly o f th o s e

,

t e chnical d e tails that a r e s p e cial t o t h e subj e ct a n d a r e n o t c o m m o nly

u n d e rst o o d by t h e g e n e ral p r o f e ss i o nal ma n .

Wh en th o s e a dd r e ss e d a r e s p e cialists in t h e m att e r d iscuss e d t h e ,

d ata o btain e d a n d t h e m e th o d s o f th e ir d e rivati o n an d inv e sti g ati o n b e

c o m e o f p ri m ary i m po rtanc e T e chni cal t e r m s p r o p e rly a pp li e d w ill
.
 74 Th e U se o f E n glish

add t o th e cl e arn e ss o f t h e ex po siti o n a n d c o nclusi o ns wh e n d ra wn

,

m ust b e t h e o bvi o us d e d ucti o n f r o m t h e data an d t h e f acts

'

In t h e w ritin g o f c o ntracts an d s p e ci fi cati o ns which in t h e exe cu,

ti o n o f t h e wo rk m u st u s u ally b e int e r p r e t e d by m en o f varyin g ca p a

b i l it i e s a n d w h ich m a y b e a n d f r e q u e ntly a r e subj e ct t o t h e i n t e r p r e
,

t at io n o f t h e c o urt t h e w o r d s sh o ul d b e as car e f ully ch o s e n t o e x p r e ss

,

t h e e xact m e ani n g a s a re t h e m ath e m atical sy m b o ls in an e quati o n .

Th e r e sh o ul d b e but o n e int e r p r e tati o n a n d that t h e o n e int e n d e d a n d ,

t h e e xact m e anin g o f b o th t h e c o m m o n a n d t e chnical wo r d s o r t e r m s

u s e d a n d th e i r l o cal o r s p e cial si g ni fi canc e sh o ul d b e th o ro u ghly u n

d e r st o o d a n d a pp r e c iat e d Th e u se o f t h e t e chnical v e rnacular o f t h e
.

subj e ct tr e at e d i s d e si rabl e w h e n it a d d s t o t h e cl e arn e ss o f t h e m e anin g .

O r d ina ry w o r d s an d t e r m s m u st b e u s e d w ith g r e at car e a n d f r e ,

qu e ntly m ust b e m o d i fi e d an d d e fi n e d so a s t o assur e an e xact i n t e rp r e

t a t io n o f th e ir m e anin g .

4 6
. K n o w l e d g e o f Subj e c t — T h e ab s o lu t e p r e r e qu i si t e f o r

cl e ar a n d accu rat e t e chnical w ritin g i s a cl e ar a n d accurat e kn o wl

e d g e o f t h e subj e ct w hich is t o b e d iscuss e d o r d e scrib e d W hil e thi s
.

i s s e l f e vi d e nt lack o f such kn o w l e dg e is n e v e rth e l e ss an i m p o rtant r ea

-
,

s o n f o r m uch a n d p e rha p s m o st o f t h e o bscurity in r e p o rts , t e chnical

p pa e rs a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns I.f a s p e ci fi cati o n m ust b e p r e p ar e d o r a t e ch

n i ca l d e tai l d e sc rib e d w hich i s i m p e r f e ctly un d e rst o o d by t h e w rit e r ,

h o w th e n c an i t b e m a d e cl e a r t o o th e rs ? I t i s i m p o s s ib l e t o c o nv e y
‘

a t r u e i d e a w h i ch i s n o t p o s s e s s e d by t h e w rit e r a n d t h e i d e a c o n
,

v e y e d ca n n e v e r b e cl e ar e r th a n t h e w rit e r s u n d e rstan d in g o f t h e
’

m att e r d e s crib e d .

I t i s e vi d e nt tha t t h e e n g in e e r w h o w r o t e t h e s pe c i fi cat i o n s f o r
t h e m e asur e m e nt o f e arth in e m bank m e nts d i scuss e d in Se cti o n 5 1 ,

d i d n o t f ully a n d cl e arly u n d e r stan d o r a pp r e ci at e t h e e l e m e n t o f

sh ri nka g e a s a ff e cti n g t h e m e a su r e m e nt o f e a rth fi ll s a n d e n ti r e l y
f ai l e d t o c o n c e iv e t h e c o n d it i on s u n d e r w h ich su ch m e asu r e m e nt s
m i g h t h av e b e e n m a d e . If th e s e s ubj e ct s h a d b e e n u n d e r s t o o d t h e ,

n e c e ssity o f a n a pp e al t o t h e c o u rt w o u l d h av e b e e n av o i d e d .

Accu rat e a n d c o m p l e t e k n o w l e d g e r e qu i r e s stu dy a p p l i ca ti o n , ,

e ff o rt a n d r e fl e ct i o n . Th e s e t e ch ni cal w ri t e rs f r e qu e n tly f ai l t o
,

e x e rci s e,
e i th e r f r o m i n d o l e nc e car e l e ssn e s s o r lac k o f t i m e a n y
, ,

o n e o f w h i ch i s a r e a s o n f o r o b s cu r e lan g u a g e b u t n o o n e o f w h i ch
,

can b e c o nsi d e r e d a s a vali d e xcu s e f o r s u ch lan g u a g e .

A k n o w l e d g e o f s p e llin g p u n ctu ati o n g ra m m ar rh e t o ri c a n d

, , ,

c o m p o si t i o n a n d e v e n a br o a d e x p e ri e n c e i n t h e w ri ti n g o f t e ch
,
 Kn o w l e dg e o f S u b je c t 75

mical E n g li sh w ill su p p ly lack o f kn o w l e d g e o f t h e s u bj e c t m a t

n ot

W hi l e t he s e subj e cts a r e n e c e ssary e l e m e nts o f g o o d E n g li sh

'

t er.
,

a n d a r e i n d i s p e n sabl e f o r cl e ar a n d e xact E n g l ish a n d w h il e t h e ,

p ri nc i p l e s o f rh e t o ri c a n d c o m p o s i ti o n a r e d e s irab l e a n d e v e n e s s e n
tial f o r t h e b e st p r o d ucti o ns th ey a r e all s e c o n d ary t o t h e i de a o r
,

i d e a s w h ic h i t i s d e si r e d t o c o nv e y F ai lu r e t o p o ss e ss o r t o e x e r
.

c i s e a kn o w l e d g e o f th e s e subj e c t s sh o w s lack o f cu lt iva ti o n a n d

i s u n d e si rab l e a n d i n i m p o rtan t ca s e s h i g h l y o bj e ct i o n ab l e
,
The .

e x e rci s e o f su ch kn o w l e d g e i s d e si rab l e as a m e an s t o a n en d ,

b ut it cann o t w ith o ut c o llat e ral kn o w l e dg e o f t h e subj e ct m att e r

, ,

attai n th at e n d .

Th e r e a r e f e w m e n th o r o u g hly v e rs e d in th e i r s ubj e ct a n d f u lly

a c qu aint e d w i th all it s d e tail s w h o c an n o t p r e s e nt su ch subj e ct
, ,

o rally at l e a st i n a cl e ar a n d u sually i n t e r e s ti n g m an n e r E v e n
,
.

th o u g h th e i r g ra m m ar b e d e f e c ti v e th e i r s e nt e n c e s i m p e r f e ct a n d
, ,

th e ir e nti r e p r e s e ntat i o n p o o rly a rra n g e d y e t th e i r k n o w l e d g e is ,

a p p ar e n t a n d th e i r e ff o rt s a re a pp r e c iat e d T h e c o m b inati o n o f .

b o th kn o w l e d g e a n d l i t e ra ry ab i li ty i s n e c e s sary f o r t h e p r e s e nta
t i o n o f t e ch ni ca l m att e r i n cl e ar c o n c i s e a n d c o rr e ct lan g u a g e
, ,

a n d l o g i cal f o r m natu rally i n cr e a s e s t h e e a s e w ith w h ich t h e b e a r e r

can f o ll o w t h e ar g u m e nt an d c o m p r e h e n d t h e i de as B u t n o lit e r .

a ry ab il ity n o fl i g ht s o f rh e t o ri c n o e l e g a n c e o f d i cti o n o r p rac tic e

, ,

i n d e liv e ry o r p r e s e ntati o n ca n r e p la c e o r s u p p ly t h e lack o f

,

kn o w l e d g e o f t h e subj e c t o r c o nvi nc e t h e i nt e ll i g e n t h e ar e r th at
th e r e i s m o r e th a n e m p ty s o un d i n su ch a n a d d r e ss .

I n w ri tt e n p a p e r s a d e qu at e p r e s e ntat i o n w i th o u t s o m e kn o w l
, ,

edge o f t h e
p ri n c i p l e s o f l i t e rary c o m p o s iti o n b e c o m e s m o r e d iffi ,

cu lt ; bu t t h e p rin ci p l e r e m ai ns that k n o w l e d g e i s t h e p ri m e e s s e nt ial

a n d t h e o n e e l e m e n t w i th o u t w h i ch e v e n p art ial s u cc e s s i s i m p o s
'

sibl e .

W hat e v e r t h e su bj e c t m a y b e a n d w hat e v e r t h e o bj e ct o f t h e
p a p e r w h ich i s t o b e p r e p ar e d i t can b e su c c e s s f u l o nly w h e n bas e d
,

o n a s o u n d cl e ar e xact a n d d e t ai l e d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e subj e c t c o n
, ,

s id e r e d .W ith s u ch a k n o w l e dg e t h e p r e p ar ati o n o f s e n t e nc e s , _
,

p ara g ra p h s a n d e n ti r e p a p e r s o f a f o r m a n d su b sta n c e w h i c h c a n '

b e cl e arly un d e rst o o d b e c o m e s lar g e ly a m att e r o f car e a n d p ra c

,

tic e W i th s o m e th i n g t o say o r t o e x plain w h i ch is cl e arly u n d e r

.

.
,

st o o d by t h e w ri t e r a n d w ith t h e ca p ac i ty o f t h e r e a d e r k e p t f ully
,
-

i n m i n d any t e ch ni cally e d u ca t e d m a n can w i th car e a n d d i li g e nc e

,

s o o n acqu i r e t h e ab i lity t o w rit e E n g li sh .

 Th e U s e o f E n g li s h

P ri m a ri ly th e r e fo r e f o r t e ch n i cal w ri tin g o f e v e ry d e sc ri p ti o n
, ,

t h e e s s e n tial f e atu r e i s t o h av e t h e subj e ct w e ll a n d th o r o u g hly u n

d e r s t o o d t o h av e s o m e th i n g t o say a n d th e n t o s a y it i n t h e s i m
, ,

i e s t lai n e st cl e ar e s t lan g ua g e o f w h i ch t h e w ri t e r i s c a p ab l e
p , p , ,

k e e p in g cl e arly i n m in d t h e ca p acity o f t h e r e a de rs f o r w h o m t h e
m att e r i s i n t e n d e d .

K n o w l e d g e o f t h e su bj e c t i s f u n d a m e ntal t o su c c e s s a n d i n d is ,

p e n sabl e fo r cl e ar t e ch n i cal e x p o s i ti o n ; a n d s e c o n d ary b u t y e t v e r y ,

i m p o rta nt c o m e s a k n o w l e d g e o f s p e lli n g p u n ctu ati o n g ra m m ar

, , , ,

rh e t o ri c c o m p o s iti o n a n d t h e m e an i n g o f w o r d s b o th c o m m o n a n d
, ,

t e ch n i cal .

47 L
. o g ica l A rra n g e m e n t — W h i l e a cl e a r s tat e m e n t o f f ac ts
’

o r r e qu i r e m e n t s i s e s s e nt ial t o c o nv e y t h e i d e as a n d m e an in g d e

s i r e d w h e n t h e m att e r d i s cu s s e d r e qu i r e s c o n s i de rab l e s p ac e f o r
,

i t s f u ll c o n s i d e rati o n t h e l o g i cal arra n g e m e n t o f t h e m at e rial b e

,

c o m e s h ar d ly l e s s i m p o rtant .

Al l t e ch ni cal w ri ti n g s a r e i nt e n d e d t o c o nv e y t o t h e r e a d e r
a k n o w l e d g e o f w h at t h e w ri t e r kn o w s o r d e si r e s i n su c h a m a nn e r ,

tha t h e shall c l e arly u n d e rs ta n d t h e s ubj e c t d i s cu s s e d o r t h e r e

q u i r e m e n t s d e sc rib e d a s c o m p l e t e ly a s n e c e s sary or d e s i rab l e f o r
,

t h e p u r p o s e i n vi e w T h e s ubj e c t sh o ul d b e c o n s i d e r e d w i th thi s
.

e n d i n vi e w I t sh o u l d b e o u tl in e d in g e n e ral a n d th e n d i s cu s s e d
.

i n d e ta il a n d t h e d i s cu s s i o n sh o u l d p r o c e e d l o g ically f ro m t h e
,

f u n d a m e n tal a n d e s s e n ti al f e atu r e s t o th o s e th at a r e sub o r d i na t e

a n d l e s s i m p o rtant .

T h e subj e ct sh o u l d fi rs t b e a naly z e d a n d i t s f u n d a m e n tal a n d

e s s e nti al f e atu r e s s e p arat e d a n d ar ran g e d i n l o g i cal se qu e n c e E a ch .

f e atu r e sh o u l d b e f u rth e r c o n si d e r e d a n d t h e sub o r d i nat e b u t e s

,

s e n t i a l qual i f y in g f act o rs a rran g e d i n a s i m ilar m a n n e r W h e n .

t h e e n ti r e s ubj e ct h a s b e e n t r e a t e d i n th i s m ann e r a n d a n o u tli n e ,

h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e w ri t t e n m att e r can th e n
,
~

p ro c e ed .

T h e s u bj e ct sh o ul d fi r s t b e d i s cu s s e d i n a g e n e ral w a y s o a s
t o g iv e a t o n c e a c o nc r e t e c o n c e p ti o n o f t h e m at t e r t o b e tr e at e d .

F o ll o w i n g th i s e ach f e atu r e ca n b e tak e n u p i n t h e o r d e r d e t e r m i n e d

a n d d i scu s s e d a s f ully a s i t s i m o rtan c e d e m an d s T h e m ai n i d e a s
p .

un de rlyin g t h e tr e at m e nt sh o ul d b e : fi rst t h e arran g e m e nt o f t h e ,

e nti r e subj e ct i n l o g ical o r de r b eth as r e g ar ds m ain f e atur e s a n d ’

sub o r dinat e f acto rs ; an d s e c o n d t h e d iscussi o n o f e ach f e atur e a n d

,

e ach subo r d inat e f act o r in a c o nn e ct e d m ann e r but at t h e sa m e

78 Th e U s e o f E n g l i sh

i m pr e ss o n t h e r e a d e r a r e m att e rs w h i ch d e p e n d o n t h e p ur p o s e fo r
,

w h i ch t h e p a p e r i s p r e p ar e d an d t h e r e a d e r s t o w h o m i t w i ll b e

p r e s e nt e d . I n g e n e ral t h e p u r p o s e a n d t h e r e a d e r m u s t b e k e p t
,

c o nt i nu o u sly i n m in d a n d al l d i v e rsi o n s w h i ch w ill t e n d t o o b s cu r e

,

t h e m ain o bj e c t o f t h e p a p e r o r d i strac t t h e a t t e n ti o n o f t h e r e a d e r

f r o m th a t o bj e c t m u s t b e av o i d e d
,
.

T h e o utli n e sh o u l d b e r e g ar d e d o nly a s a m e an s t o a n e n d a n d ,

sh o u l d b e chan g e d o r m od i fi e d a s t h e n e c e ss ity f o r al t e rati o n m a y

d e v e l o p d u ri n g t h e p r e p arati o n o f t h e p a p e r F a ct s a n d i llu st ra
.

t io n s w h i ch i t m a y at fi rs t s e e m d e si rab l e t o u tili z e m a y b e f o u n d
, , ,

d u ri n g t h e p r e p arati o n o f t h e p a p e r n o t t o y i e l d t o s ati s f a ct o ry
,

t r e at m ent a n d o th e r s m a y b e s ub s ti tu t e d t o a d vanta g e I n t h e fi rst

,
.

att e m p t s a t t h e p r e p arati o n o f su ch p a p e r s i t m a y r e a s o n ab ly b e
e x p e c t e d th a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e subj e c t w i ll f r e qu e n tly m ak e

d e s irab l e a n e nt i r e r e c o n stru ct i o n a n d r e a rran g e m e n t o f t h e o u tl i n e .

T h e b e st r e sult s a n d u lt i m a t e f ac il ity i n t h e p r e p arati o n o f t e ch n i cal

p a p e rs ca n b e s e cu r e d o nly by w illi n g n e s s o n t h e p art o f t h e w ri t e r
e nti r e ly t o r e arran g e a n d r e w rit e h i s p a p e r as o f t e n as h e can r e c o g

n i z e t h e O pp o rtu ni ty f o r m at e ri al b e tt e r m e nt s .

T h e actual p r e p a rat i o n o f a n o u tli n e m a y b e p r e c e d e d t o a d

vanta g e b y t h e a n alysi s o f e x i sti n g p a p e rs o n subj e ct s s i m i lar t o
th at u n d e r c o n si d e rati o n T h e p a p e rs f o r s u ch s t ud y sh o ul d b e
.

s e l e ct e d f r o m t h e b e s t avai labl e s o u rc e s F r o m t h e anal y s i s so

.
.

m a d e an o u tli n e sh o u l d b e p r e p ar e d w h i ch w ill e xh ibi t at a g lanc e

,

t h e p lan o f c o nstru ct i o n o f t h e p a p e r s e l e c t e d f o r s tu d y S u ch a n
.

a naly t i ca l o u tlin e w ill g i v e t h e stu d e n t a cl e ar i de a o f t h e ba si s

p r e su m ably u s e d b y t h e b e s t w ri t e rs i n t h e p r e p arati o n o f th e i r
p a p e rs a n d w i ll s e rv e a s a g u i d e t o t h e p r e p arat i o n o f a n o u tl i n e
f o r t h e subj e ct at han d V aluab l e su gg e s ti o n s a n d e xa m p l e s al o n g
.

thi s lin e m ay b e f o un d in t h e f o ll o win g cha pt e rs o n s p e ci fi cati o ns ,

a n d i n vari o u s b o o k s o n E n g li sh c o m o si ti o n t o w h i ch r e f e r e nc e s
p
a r e g iv e n at t h e e n d o f th i s cha p t e r

—
.

49 .S ty l e T e chni cal m en c o m m o nly p o ss e ss an u n wh o l e s o m e

d is r e s p e c t f o r l it e rary ab i li ty . I t i s o f t e n a s su m e d b y th e m tha t
th e y a r e m e n o f ac ti o n a n d no t o f w o r d s a n d th at th e r e fo r e t h e
,

d e v o ti o n o f th e i r a tt e n ti o n t o t h e c o rr e c t p ri nci p l e s a n d m e th o d s
o f li t e rary e x p r e s s i o n i s su p e rflu o u s a n d n o n e ss e nt ial -
a n d rath e r
,

t o b e n e g l e c t e d th an cu lt ivat e d . T h e e d u ca ti o n o f t e ch n i cal m en
i s large ly sci e nti fi c an d p r e cisi o n a n d e ffi ci e ncy a r e a m o n g t h e m o st
,

i m p o rtant p rinci p l e s o f th e i r trainin g S uch e d ucati o n is n o t c o m p l et e

.
 S t y le 79

until t h e valu e o f lit e rary ability is a pp r e ciat e d L et t h e t e chnical m an .

b e sci e nti fi c in his u se o f lan g ua g e as w e ll as in t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f

his p lans L e t h im a p p ly th e s e p rinci p l e s in h i s w r i t i n g as w e ll as
.

in his w o rk L e t t h e s e qu e nc e o f hi s th o ug hts b e l o g ical an d h is

.

e x p r e ssi o ns p r e cis e in o r d e r that h e m a y s e cur e t h e g r e at e st e ffi ci e ncy

in c o nv eyin g by t h e lan g ua g e us e d cl e ar c o m p r e h e nsi o n o f t h e i de as ,

f acts o p ini o ns o r r e qui r e m e nts that h e d e sir e s t o i m p r e ss o n his r e a de rs

,
.

In this way o nly can h e p r o d uc e g o o d t e chnical l e tt e rs r e p o rts p a p e rs , ,

a n d s p e ci fi c ati o ns .

T h e f un d a m e ntal p rinci p l e o f e x p r e ssi o n e ith e r w ritt e n o r s p o k e n

i s t o s e cur e e ffi ci e n cy in t h e c o m p r e h e nsi o n o f i de as b y t h e p e rs o n a d
d r e ss e d w ith t h e l e ast p o ssibl e m e ntal e ff o rt
,
Th e e n g in e e r r e c o g niz e s .

t hat i n m achin e ry si m p licity in d e si gn a n d t h e p r o p e r arran g e m e nts o f

,

p arts a r e n e c e ssary f o r e ffi ci e ncy in p o w e r trans m issi o n Co m p lica .

ti o n in p a rts unn e c e ssa ry trans f o r m ati o n a n d inc o nv e ni e nt arran g e

,

m e nt r e sult in n e e d l e ss l o ss o f e n e r gy a n d all l o ss e s in t h e m achin e ry ,

r e d uc e t h e a m o unt o f e n e rg y w hich can b e de liv e r e d f o r us e f ul w o rk ,

a n d such l o ss e s m ust th e r e f o r e b e r e d uc e d as f a r a s p o ssibl e .

T h e sa m e p ri n ci p l e s a p p ly i n t h e u se o f la n g ua g e T h e m e n tal .

p o w e r o f t h e r e a d e r i s t o b e u tili z e d f o r t h e t ran s m is si o n o f i d e a s
b y t h e m e ch an i s m o f w o r d s T h e a m o u n t o f m e ntal e n e r g y ava i l
‘

a bl e f o r t h e p u r p o s e i s l i m i t e d W ith th i s e n e r g y t h e r e a d e r m u s t
.

r e c o g ni z e a n d int e r p r e t t h e w o r d s u s e d a rran g e a n d c o m bi n e t h e ,

i m a g e s su gg e st e d a n d fi n ally m u st r e ali z e t h e th o u g h t s c o nv e y e d
,
.

If t h e lan g ua g e i s c o n f us e d v e rb o s e o r inv o lv e d m o r e m e ntal

, , ,

e n e r g y i s u s e d u p i n r e c o g n i i n g t h e w o r d s a n d i nt e r r e ti n
z
p g th e m ,

a n d t h e l e s s i s avai labl e f o r t h e u n d e rstan d i n g o f t h e th o u g h t w h i ch

i t i s d e si r e d t o c o nv e y Al l l o s s e s i n t h e m e ntal e n er gy o f t h e
'

1
.

r e a d e r m u s t th e r e f o r e b e r e d uc e d t o a m i n i m u m t o s e cu r e t h e b e s t
r e su l ts .

Si m p l ic ity i n lan g ua g e w h e n p ract icabl e r e su lt s i n t h e h i g h e st

, ,

e ffi c i e ncy i n c o m p r e h e n si o n A g e stu r e o r an e xc la m ati o n f r e

.

qu e ntly c o nv e y s a m o r e a ccu rat e i d e a o f t h e th o u g h t o r f e e li n g s tha n

a sen ten c e o r
p ara g ra p h a n d t h e s p o k e n w o r d i s m o r e e fli c i e n t than
,

t h e w ritt e n .

T h e s p o k e n w o r d i s r e c e iv e d d i r e ct w i th t h e a d van ta g e o f p e r ,

s o n a l ex p r e s s i o n a n d o f t e n w i th a c o m m u n i ty o f kn o w l e d g e b e
‘

t w e e n t h e s p e ak e r a n d t h e p e rs o n s a dd r e s s e d T h e lit e ra ry f o r m .

1 S pe nce r ,
“
Th e P hil o s o p hy of St yl e .
80 Th e U s e o f E n g l i sh

of o ral e x p r e s si o n w h i l e i m p o rta n t i n all ca s e s a n d o f g r e at i m

,

p o rtan c e i n t h e f o r m al p r e s e n ta ti o n o f t e ch n ical m a tt e rs i s o f l e s s ,

i m p o rtan c e th an w h e n t h e sa m e m att e r i s p r e s e nt e d i n w rit t e n o r

p rin t e d f o r m I n t h e lat t e r ca s e s t h e p e rs o nal e l e m e n t i s lacki n g ,

a n d t h e m e a n n g m ust b e d ra w n s o l e ly f r o m t h e lan g ua g e u s e d
.
,

a n d e v e ry th i n g that ca n b e d o n e t o m ak e t h e s u bj e c t m att e r cl e a r ,

accu rat e a n d at tracti v e i s e s s e n tial t o t h e b e s t r e su lt s T h e ca r e f u l .

ch o i c e o f w o r d s t h e ac curat e u se o f t e ch n ical t e r m s c o rr e c t g ra m
, ,

m a t i c a l c o nstructi o n l o g ical arran g e m e nt o f i d e as cl ear m eth o d s

, ,

o f e x p r e s si o n ,t h e p r e s e n tati o n o f t h e m att e r i n an att rac t i v e m a n

n e r a r e all d e si rab l e t o s e cu r e a n d h o l d t h e att e n ti o n o f t h e r e a d e r
,

a n d t o c o nv e y t h e m e anin g cl e arly Po o r s p e llin g i m p r o p e r p unct u

.
,

at i o n u n g ra m m at i ca l c o n s tru cti o n a n d i n v o lv e d lan g ua g e d ra w

,

t h e a tt e n ti o n t o sub o r d i nat e m att e r s a n d l e a d t h e r e a d e r t o su r m i s e

that t h e c o n clu s i o n s p r e s e nt e d m a y b e a s e rr o n e o u s a s t h e f o r m
i n w h i ch th e y a pp e a r .

T h e subj e c t m att e r sh o u l d n o t b e sac ri fi c e d t o t h e s ty l e bu t ,

t h e s tyl e sh o ul d b e u ti li z e d t o d e v e l o p a n d i llu m i nat e t h e subj e c t

m a tt e r . T e ch n i ca l m att e rs m ay o f t e n b e d r y a n d t o o th e r th a n ,

t e ch n i cal m e n u n i nt e r esti n g a n d o b s cu r e T h e car e f u l ch o ic e o f

,
.

w o r d s si m p li fi e s t h e subj e ct clari fi e s t h e i d e a a n d cry s tal li z e s t h e

,

th o u g h t i n t h e m i n d o f t h e r e a d e r T h e ca r e f u l s e l e ct i o n o f ex
.

p r e s si o n s a n d t h e a d a p tati o n o f a su i tabl e li t e rary sty l e a tt rac t

a n d r e ta i n t h e at t e nti o n si m p li f y t h e subj e ct m at t e r a n d o f t e n i n
, ,

t e r e s t t h e r e a d e r i n subj e c t s o f w h i ch h e w o ul d o th e r w i s e w e ary .

Th e r e a r e f e w n e e d s f o r e lab o ra t e rh e t o ric al e ff o rt i n t e ch n i cal

w rit in g ; s u ch e ff o rt s e v e n if th e y d o n o t a p p e ar ab s u r d a ttra c t
, ,

a tt e n ti o n t o t h e m a nn e r o f e x p r e s si o n rat h e r th an t o t h e m at t e r
e x p r e ss e d an d
,
h e nc e a re o bj e cti o nabl e T h e lan g ua g e sh o ul d b e .

bri e f a n d e xa c t a n d t h e w o r d s sh o u l d b e s i m p l e bu t ca r e f ul ly
ch o s e n T h e p o i n t o f vi e w a n d t h e e xt e n t o f k n o w l e d g e o f t h e
.

r e a d e r m u st d e t e r m i n e t h e d e g r e e o f s i m p li ci t y w i th w h i ch t h e s u b ‘

j e c i m u s t b e t r e at e d U n e s s e n ti al a n d m e ani n g l e s s g e n e ral i ti e s
.

sh o ul d b e e li m inat e d f o r th e y t e n d t o war d o bscurity an d t h e d iv e r

,

si o n o f t h e r e a d e r s a tt e n t io n f r o m t h e m a i n s ubj e c t o n w h i ch h i s
’

th o u g ht s sh o u l d b e c o nc e nt rat e d
—
.

5 0. T h e C h o ic e o f W o r d s Ac cu racy o f e x p r e s si o n d e m an d s
a c ar e f ul ch o ic e o f w o r d s W o r d s a r e n e v e r e xa ctly sy n o ny m o u s
.
‘ '

in th e i r m e ani n g E v e n w h e n w o r d s a r e d e riv e d f r o m fo r e i g n
.

w o r d s o f e xactly sy n ony m o u s m e a ni n g th e y a r e a d a p t e d i n t h e ,
 Ch o ic e o f W o r ds 8]

E n g lish t o x p r e s s i de a s m o r e o r l e ss d i ff e r e n t I n t h e g r o w th a n d
e .

d e v e l o p m e n t o f lan g u a g e w o r d s o f t e n ac qu ir e o th e r s p e ci al m e a n
i n g s p e rh a p s qu it e f o r e i g n t o th at c o nv e y e d by t h e o ri g i n al s ig n i fi
ca t i o n Th e s e ch an g e s g r o w f r o m t h e o ri g i n a l m e an i n g s bas e d o n
.

p h y s i cal lik e n e s s ,
a s s o cia ti o n s i m i lari ty o f r e lat i o n u s e o f a p art f o r
, ,

t h e w h o l e a d a p tat i o n o f t h e m e n tal f o r t h e p hy s i cal a n d i d i o m at i c

, ,

m e ta p h o rs .

Tak e f o r e xa m p l e t h e chan g e s a n d e xt e n si o n in m e an i n g o f
t h e c o m m o n wo r d h ea d
2

I T h e o ri g i nal p hy s i cal m e a n i n g : H e a d
. .

2. F r o m p hysi cal lik e n e ss : T h e h ea d o f a riv e r ; o r t h e c o n su m m a

ti o n o f a de v e l o p m e nt t o c o m e t o a h e a d .

3 F r o m ass o ciati o n : T h e h e a d o f a b e d
. .

4 Si m ilarity o f r e lati o n : Th e h ea d o f a busin e ss

. .

5 T
. h e p art f o r t h e wh o l e : A hun d r e d h ea d o f h o rs e s .

6 Me ntal f o r p hysical A cl e ar h ead

. .

7 Me ta ph o ri c al : O v e r h e ad in de bt
. T o m ak e he a d a g ain st
.

o b stacl e s .

W o r d s f r o m s o m e s p e c ial a n d p e culia r a s s o c iati o n s o m e t i m e s

, ,

als o a c qu i r e a m e an i n g d i st in c tly f o r e i g n t o th e i r o r d i na ry si g
n ifi cat i o n . Fo r e xa m pl e t h e t e r m e xper t m e an s o n e wh o i s e s
,

p e c i a ll y w e ll v e rs e d i n any m a tt e r r e qu iri n g a s p e ci al t rai n i n g t o

quali f y a p e rs o n t o un de rstan d o r act int e lli g e ntly i n such m att e r .

O n acc o u n t o f t h e ab u s e o f t h e t e r m a n d t h e w r o n g f u l ac t s o f so m e
,

p a rti e s clai m in g this titl e t h e t e r m is s o m e ti m e s sati rically u s e d as a

,

t e r m o f sc o rn o r r e p r o ach .

Mo st c o m m o n w o r d s hav e nu m e r o u s m e ani n g s w h ich a r e

o f t e n d i ffi c u l t t o d i ff e r e ntia t e e v e n w h e n
p r o p e rly u s e d F r e qu e n tly .

su ch m e an i ng s a r e u nau th o ri z e d b y g o o d u sa g e a n d s u ch u se ,

sh o u l d b e d i sc o u ra g e d a n d d i sc o u n t e n anc e d a s i t o b scu r e s t h e la n
g u a g e a n d m ak e s ne c e s sa ry a n ac cu rat e d e fi n i ti o n o f t h e s p e cia l
m e a ni n g i n w hi ch i t i s t o b e u n d e rs t o o d i n i m p o rta nt p a p e rs .

Tak e fo r e xa m p l e t h e f o ll o w i n g th ir t e e n u s e s o f t h e w o r d .

r o ck a n d t h e d i ffi culti e s att e n d ant o n its s p e ci fi c u se i n t h e li m it e d

‘

s e ns e a s f u rth e r d isc u ss e d in Cha p t e r XV I I It m ay hav e m e anin g s .

i n acc o r d anc e w i th i t s vari o u s u s e s a s fo ll o w s

G e o l og i ca l ly : An y m ass o f m in e ral m att e r in its nat u ral b e d o f ,

w hich t h e e arth s crust is c o m po s e d w h e th e r s o li d o r f ra g m e ntary

’
.
,

.
P 0pu la r : I A st o n e o f any siz e e v e n a p e bbl e
.
, .

2 Se e An d ers o n s Stu d y
’
of Eng li sh Wo r d s .
 2 Th e U se o f E n g l i sh

2 . A mass i n d u rat e d st o n e f o r m i n g a p r o m o nt o ry o r c li ff
of , .

3 N atu ral c ry stals o r ca n d y i n c ry s talli n e f o r m

. .

F ig u ra t ive : I A f o un dati o n s u ppo rt o r r e f u g e

.
, .

2 A s o u rc e o f p e ri l
. .

Te c h n i ca l : I In d urat e d f o r m ati o n o f d i ff e r e nt d e g r e e s o f har d

.

nes s .
3

2 . A ki nd so ap of .

3 A k i n d o f ha r d c h e e s e
. .

4 O r e ( u s e d a m o n g t h e M i ch i g a n c o p p e r m i n e s )
. .

S la n g : I Mo n e y o r w e alth
. .

2 . R o u g h u n c o uth ( f e e li n g s o r a pp e aran c e )
, .

Ass o ci a t i o n : R o ck fi sh — r o ck do v e .

T h e t e r m w at e rsh e d f o r m e rly m e ant o nly t h e lin e o f d ivisi o n

“ ”

b e t w e e n t w o a d j ac e nt d raina g e ar e as As such a lin e d e fi n e s t h e .

”

d raina g e ar e a its e l f t h e t e r m has b e e n g ra d ually a pp li e d t o t h e

”
,

w h o l e r e g i o n w hich c o ntribut e s t o t h e s u pp ly o f a riv e r o r la ke that is ,

t o t h e d raina g e ar e a a n d this d e fi niti o n o f w at e r sh e d i s n o w r e c o g

”
,

n i z e d a s g o o d usa g e T h e t e r m catch m e nt a r e a i s als o s o m e ti m e s

“ ”
.

u s e d syn o ny m o usly w ith d raina g e ar e a D raina g e ar e a o r catch

“ ” “ ” “
.

m e nt ar e a has o nly a sin g l e m e anin g a n d cann o t b e m i sun d e rst o o d

”
.

Th ey sh o u l d th e r e f o r e b e us e d in p r e f e r e nc e t o t h e m o r e in d e fi nit e
t e r m w at e rsh e d
“ “
D raina ge ar e a b e in g t h e m o r e c o m m o n t e r m is
.
”
,

u sually m o r e a p p r o p riat e w h e n us e d f o r n o n t e chnical r e a d e rs -

.

T h e ab o v e e xa m p l e s w i ll i n d i cat e s o m e th i n g o f t h e d i ffi cu lt i e s
w h i ch w ill b e e n c o u nt e r e d i n c o nv e yi n g i d e as w i th o u t a c ar e f ul
3
s tu d y a n d d i s cri m i nat i o n i n t h e u s e o f w o r d s No a t t e m p t t o c o n .

s i d e r th i s subj e c t i n p arti cu la r i s p o s s ib l e i n t h e li m it s o f th i s
,

ch a p t e r bu t a w arn in g o f t h e d i ffi cu lt i e s t o b e e n c o u nt e r e d i n t h e
,

s e l e cti o n a n d u se o f w o r d s t e r m s a n d clau s e s sh o u l d b e su ffi c i e n t
,

t o e nc o u ra g e t h e s tu d y i n t h e li n e s su g g e st e d by m e an s o f t h e
r e f e r e n c e s g i v e n at t h e e n d o f th i s ch a p t e r .

As w o r d s a r e u s e d t o c o r1 v e y i d e a s th o s e w o r d s sh o ul d b e _ ,

c h o s e n w h ich b o th a ccu ra t e ly e x p r e ss t h e i d e a t o b e c o nv e y e d a n d

a r e m o st f a m iliar t o th o s e t o w h o m t h e w o r d s a r e a d d r e ss e d .

Mo st o f t h e E n g lish wo r d s in c o nstant daily u se a n d m o st inti m at e ly ,

c o n n e c t e d w ith t h e p e rs o nal a n d f a m ilia r a ff airs o f li f e ar e o f Sax o n ,

o ri g i n . Th e y a r e u n d e rs t o o d m o r e qu i ck ly a n d m o v e t h e h e a r e r
m o r e fo rc ib ly tha n s i m i la r w o r d s o f L ati n o ri g in L at i n w o r d s .
,

3 Se ea l s s ec s o . 205 , 206 .

4 A m i s l a d i ng e an d un warrant ed u se o f t h e wo d r .
 Pr e c i se U s e o f W o r ds 3

h o w e v e r a r e m o r e e lab o rat e m o r e s ch o l arly a n d m o r e e xac t

, , , .

Wo r d s o f L atin o ri g in m ust b e us e d by t h e t e chn o l o g ist in t h e

sci e nti fi c d iscussi o n o f t e chnical subj e cts o n acc o u nt o f th e ir ,

g r e at e r e xac tn e s s a n d t h e su gg e sti o n s a s s o ci at e d w i th su ch s e i e n
,

t ifi c t e r m s T h e s e l e c ti o n o f w o r d s o f Sax o n o r L a ti n o ri g i n f o r u s e
.
~

i n t e ch ni c al p a p e rs w o u l d th e r e fo r e d e p e n d o n t h e subj e ct d i s cu s s ed ,

t h e o bj e c t o f t h e w rit e r a n d t h e t e c h ni cal e d u c ati o n o f t h e re a d e r

,
.

In r e p o rts a n d p a p e rs i nt e n d e d t o e x p lai n t e ch n ical m at t e rs t o t h e

p ubli c o r t
, o n o n t e ch ni cal cli
-
e nt s L at i n t e r m s sh o u l d b e av o i d e d
,

a n d s i m p l e Sax o n w o r d s u s e d so f a r a s p o s s ibl e W h e n t e ch n ica l .

m att e rs a r e p r e s e nt e d t o t e ch ni cal r e a d e rs t h e u s e o f L at i n t e r m s ,

i s n o t o n ly a d m i s sibl e bu t ab s o lu t e ly e s s e n ti a l t o cl e a r e x p o s i t i o n -
.

Si m p l ici ty i n u n d e rs ta n d in g i s n o t al w ay s a s s u r e d by si m p li c ity
i n lan g ua g e T h e m o r e e xact t e r m s a r e al w ay s p r e f e rab l e i f t h e
.

r e a d e r can e a sily c o m p r e h e n d th e i r m e ani n g .

5 1 T h e P
. r e c i s e U se o f W o r d s — T h e h abi t o f t h e car e l e s s u s e
o f w o r d s is un f o rtunat e ly acqui r e d by al m o st e v e ry p e rs o n w ith hi s

e a rly u s e o f lan g ua g e In o r d ina ry int e rc o urs e t h e subj e ct di scuss e d

.
,

i s o f t e n so f a m iliar a n d t h e c o n d iti o ns so w e ll kn o w n t o bo th p arti e s t o

t h e c o nv e rsati o n that t h e m e anin g o f t h e lan g ua g e us e d is o f t e n quit e
o bvi o us e v e n if t h e w o r d s u s e d d o n o t e x p r e ss t h e e xact m e anin g w hich
,
.

t h e s p e ak e r int e n d s t o c o nv e y Wh e n h o we v e r t h e subj e ct is u n f a m il
.
, ,

iar a n d t h e i de as t o b e c o nv e y e d a r e int ri cat e o r invo lv e d t h e w o r d s

, ,

m ust b e us e d w ith p r e cisi o n o r t h e m e anin g t o b e c o nv ey e d is o bscu r e d ,

d ist o rt e d o r e nti r e ly l o st O utsi d e o f t h e l e g al p r o f e ssi o n th e r e is n o

.
,

p r o f e ssi o n in w hich car e f ul d iscri m inati o n in t h e u s e o f w o r d s 1 5 so i m

p o rtant as in t h e p r o f e ssi o n o f e n g in e e rin g a n d t h e cl o s e ly r e lat e d p ro

f e ss io n o f archit e ctu r e T h e r e c o r d s o f t h e c o u rts a r e f ull o f cas e s

.

inv o lvin g t h e int e r p r e tati o n o f t h e m e anin g o f wo r ds In 1 85 5 a cas e .

w a s tak e n int o c o urt o n acc o unt o f a c o ntract in wh ich t h e wo r d s

“
ro a d a n d track w e r e in d iscri m inat e ly u s e d A railr o a d wa s t o b e
” “ ”
.

built be t we e n c e rtain t e r m ini acc o r d in g t o c e rtain s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d, ,

at an a g r e e d p ric e p e r m il e T h e qu e sti o n at issu e inv o lve d t h e d e t e r

.

m inati o n o f w h e th e r t h e p ric e wa s p e r m il e o f track inclu d in g m ain ,

track si d e tracks e t c o r p e r m il e o f r o a db e d T h e latt e r int e rp r e ta

, , .
, .

ti o n wa s a pp li e d a pp a r e ntly f o r t h e r e as o n that t h e c o ntract o r h a d a c

,

c e pt e d m o nthly p ay m e nts o n that basis w ith o ut a n v clai m f o r si d e

tracks a n d turn o uts .

5

5 Se e Wa i t Eng i n e r i ng
, e an d Archi t e ctura l J r i s p ru d ence
u , se c . 601 .
 4 Th e U se o f E n gli sh

l e g al d i sc u ssi o n which illustrat e s t h e n e c e ssi ty f o r p re

An o th e r ,

c is e lan g ua g e in o r de r that o nly a sin g l e int e r p r e tati o n m a y b e po ssibl e ,

wa s han d e d d o w n i n a cas e that ca m e u p i n t h e c o n structi o n o f t h e

‘

N o rth e rn Paci fi c R ailr o a d Th e d is p ut e ar o s e o v e r t h e a m o unt o f

.
6

e a rth e xcavat e d f r o m c e rtain d itch e s a n d u s e d in an e m bank m e nt .

Th e s p e ci fi cati o ns a pp ar e ntly r e a d a pp r o xi m at e ly as f o ll o w s 7

“
Eart h w ill b e m easur e d i n xcavat i n ; b t wh e n e ar t h i s ta k e n f r om e o u

b o rr o w p i ts o r d i tch s o t eas ily m easur e d t h e art h m a y b m e asur e d i

e n , e e n

e m b an k m e nt i n whi c h cas e an a ll o wanc e o f 1 0 p e r c e nt f o r s h r i n k ag e wil l

,

b e m ade
”
.

Whil e at fi rst r ea d in g this sp e cifi ca t io n a pp e ars p lain a n d w ith o ut -

a m bi g uity it i s i n r eality ca p abl e o f t w o int e r p r e tati o ns de p e n de nt

, ,

u po n wh e th e r t h e 1 0 p e r c e nt all o w anc e f o r shrinka g e is a pp li e d t o t h e

cut o r fi ll In t h e cas e i n qu e sti o n an em bank m e nt o f
. cubi c ,

yar d s o f e arth wa s m a de f r o m t wo cuts that m easu r e d cubi c

yar d s an d t h e re m ain de r f r o m d itch e s that w e r e n o t m e asur e d As
,
“
'

e a rth wo rk i s c o m m o nly e sti m at e d t o sh rink 1 0 p e r c e nt o n e cubic yar d ,

o f cut w o ul d sh rink t o 9 cubi c yar d o f fi ll On this basi s

. .

cubic yar d s o f fi ll m ust hav e r e qui r e d c u bic yar d s o f cut an d ,

t h e a m o unt d u e t h e c o ntract o r wo ul d b e '

. 9 cu .
yds .

Fr om cut s cu .
y ds .

i tc h e s
Fr om d yd on . s .

T h e c o ntract o r h o w e v e r e sti m at e d t h e a m o unt d u e h i m o n t h e

, ,

basi s that t h e shrinka g e all o w anc e a ppli e d t o t h e fi ll h is c o m p utati o n ,

b ei n g as f o ll o w s :
1 1 0p e c nt x r e u yds c . .

Fr o m cuts c yds u .
,

Fr om d i tch e s u yds c . .

T h e e n g in e e r a n d t h e c o m p any o n t h e oth e r han d w hil e d i ff e r , ,

in g b e t w e e n th e m s e lv e s e nti re ly m isint e r p r e t e d t h e basi s o n which t h e

,

sh rinka g e sh o ul d b e m easur e d an d c o m p ut e d t h e yar da g e as f o ll o w s ,

T h e ng i n r s co m p utat i o n’
e ee

T ta l y ar d ag e
o cu y d s . .

Fr o m c ts u yd cu . s,

Fr o m d i tch s e cu .
yds .

6 Wa i t Eng i n r i ng
Se e , ee an d Archi t ectura l Jur i s p ru d e nce , se c . 601 .

7 Eng N e ws S p V o l 5 1
. u .
, . , p . 1 29 .
 86 Th e U se o f E n gli sh
I n d i ana p e r m i ts p ur e f o o d o n ly at f a i rs , .
”

I n d i ana p r m i ts p ur e f d o n ly at f a i rs
e oo , .
”

Th e tru e m e anin g w ith o u t p unctuati o n w o ul d b e assu r e d by t h e

b e tt e r a rran g e m e nt o f t h e W o l d s ' '

I n d i ana p e r m i ts o n ly p ur e f o d at f a i rs
“
o .

O nly a p r o p e r arran g e m e nt o f t h e w o r d s o r p r o p e r p u nctuati o n

w ill m ak e cl e ar t h e m e anin g o f thi s s e nt e nc e .

In m any cas e s t h e m e anin g o f a s e nt e nc e w ill b e e ntir e ly chan g e d

by t h e chan g e in p unctuati o n o r by its ass u m p ti o n in an u n p unct u at e d
s e nt e nc e as f o r e xa m p l e
,

W o m an w i t h out h e m a wo u l d b e a savag
, r, n e .

W m an wi t h o ut h e m wou l d b e a savage
o r an , .
”

A r e arran g e m e nt and sli g ht chan g e in t h e w o r d in g w o ul d in thi s

cas e assur e an accurat e un de rstan d in g O f t h e m e anin g t o b e c o nv ey ed
w ith o ut p unctuati o n as f o r e xa m p l e : ,

Man wo u l d b e a savag w i t h out wo m an o

“
e ,
”
r

Man w i t h o ut wo m an wo u l d b e savag a e .

It is n o t o u r p ur p o s e t o d iscuss t h e p rinci p l e s O f p u nctuati o n o r its

cust o m ary u se but o nly t o call att e nti o n t o t h e n e c e ssity o f c o rr e ct a p
,

p licati o n t h e c o n f usi o n r e sultin g f r o m its i m p r o p e r u se a n d t h e u n c e r

, ,

t a in t i es r e sultin g f r o m its o m issi o n .

53 T h e V o c abu. l a r y
— It i s i m p o rta nt that t h e e n g in e e r

sh o u l d a c qu i r e a t e ch nical v o c abu lary a n d a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e v e r - o

n a c u l a r o f t h e bu si n e s s i n w h i ch h e i s e m p l o y e d o r w i th w h i ch

h e m a y b e a s s o ci at e d O th e r w i s e h e w il l n o t b e ab l e t o u n d e r
.

stan d gi v e instructi o ns O r f u rni sh e x p lanati o n o f t e chnical o r tra d e

, ,

d e ta il s S u ch i n f o r m at i o n i s al s o n e c e s sa ry i n t h e p r e p arati o n Of
.

s p e ci fi cat i o n s a n d t e ch n ical r e p o rts a n d p a p e r s f o r t e ch n i ca l r e a d - a

ers . S c i en ti fi c a n d t e ch ni cal t e r m s a n d t h e f a m iliar a n d s p e ci a l

tra d e t e r m s a n d tra d e v e rna cu lar si m p li fy e x p la nati o n s c o v e rin g
m at e rials O p e ra ti o n a n d d e tai l s o f c o n st f u c t i o n a n d a r e ab s o lu t e ly
, ,

n e c e s sary f o r r e as o n abl e f aci li ty i n b u s in e ss tra nsact i o n s Mr j o h n . .

C W a it a p r o m i n e nt e n g i n e e r i n g att o rn e y o f Ne w Y o rk C i ty i n
.
, ,

a p a p e r o n t h e subj e ct O f e n g in e e rin g v e rnacular g iv e s t h e f o ll o w ,

i n g n o t e s tak e n b y o n e o f h i s a s s i sta nts co n c e rnin g c e rta i n c o n ,

d i t i o n s o n w h ich t h e c o ntrac t o r o n t h e w o rk d e si r e d a d vi c e .

I n t h e fi r st ca s e a bri d g e c o ntract o r st at e d th a t ,

A trave l e r w s t h l we r c o r d o f t h e a p p r oac h Sp an f t h e W illi am s

“
a on e o o

b urg h B r i d ge a d wa s su ta i n ed by f o r gu y s Each gu y w h l d f ast by

n s u . as e

t w d o gs a f t r p a ss i ng t h r o ug h an o p e n i ng i n t h e ta il p i e c e
o , e T o n y an . .
,

I tal i an h a d j st b en s ent o t a d h d g i ve n t wo o f t h e d g s a f re s h bi te
, u e u n a o

on t h e l ng st g y w h e n t h y l t l o s
o e u o e o f t h e gu y s s li p p e d
, e a d th e
e o e, n , n
 Th e V o c a b u la ry

t rave l e r t i p p d o v e r a d t h r w t h e co unt e r we i g h ts i nt o t h e a i r a d t h e y
e n e -
n

we nt d o wn o t h e str ee t b e l o w a d kill ed a m an
n n .

T h e c o ntract o r w a nt e d t o k n o w i f h e w a s l i a b l e .

I n t h e s e c o n d cas e a m as o n c o n tract o r s ta t e d , ,

“
H e h a d b e n e m p l y d t o r e m o d e l a m as o nr y d a m an d a Fl e m i sh b o n d
e o e

was fir st r e q u i r d o f h i m b t t h e e ng i n ee r want ed a b e tt e r bo n d an d i ns i st ed
e , u

o n h av i ng gr e at e r s e cur i t y Th e ng i n ee r i ns i st ed t h at t h e str e tch e r s s h ou l d

. e

b e b nd d by an o v e r l a p o f t h e b e d by n o t l e ss t h an fi f t ee n i nc h s a d t h at
o e e , n

e v e r y a l t e rn at e c urs o f t h e d a m s h o u l d b e t i ed w i t h a h e a d r H e a l so
“

o e e .

r e qu i r e d t h e l e ngt h o f e ac h s tr e tch e r t o b e t h r e e t i m es t h e r i s e a d t h e , n

d p th o f t h
e h a d e r i n t h e b acki ng eq ua l t o t h r ee t i m s t h e r i s e ; t h a t t h e
e e e

r o ck f ace f t h e r m o d l d d a m s h o u l d b e d ra f t li n e d t h e m o l d e d f ace sh ou l d
o e e e -
,

b e 6 c t t h e b as p an h a m m e r d
-
u ,
d t h e w at e r ta bl e t h
e e r n o f t h e q uarr y ;
e an -
e u

t h e a rc h r i ngs w r e t b bus h h am m e r e d c l o s j o i nt e d a d gr o ute d a ll t o

e o e -
, e- n ,

b e b att r d a n d b r o k n as hl ar ; t h at t h e o v e r fl o w s h u l d b e i n 1 2 i nc h r i se r s
e e e o -

a n d tr a d s e a d t h e st e p s r o ug h c t
, n a ll i nt r i o r s p aces t o b e t h o r o ug hly -
u ,
e

gr o ut d wi t h n e at ce m ent
e .
”

T h e c o n trac t o r d e s ir e d t o k n o w if h e h a d any r e d r e s s .

I t i s d o ubt f u l w h e th e r m a ny y o u n g e n g in e e rin g g ra d u at e s w o u l d
u n d e rs ta n d t h e c o n d i ti o n s o u tl in e d m u ch b e tt e r tha n d i d t h e y o u n g

la w ye r i n Mr W a i t s O ffi c e y e t t h e c o n d i ti o n s a r e qu i t e cl e arly
.
’

d e fi n e d i f t h e t e r m s u s e d a r e u n d e rst o o d .

T h e b e st m e th o d o f ac qu i ri n g a t e ch n ical v o ca b u l ary i s t h e
d i r e c t stu d y o f t h e w o r d s a n d t e r m s u s e d i n a ny s p e c ial v o cati o n
o r bu s i n e ss w h e n su ch i n f o r m at i o n i s a cc e s s ibl e T h e r ea di n g o f .

t h e vari o u s t e ch n i cal p a p e rs a n d t h e p r o c e e d in g s o f t h e v ari o u s

s o c i e ti e s w h i ch c o v e r o r i n c lu d e t h e s p e c ial subj e c t i n w h ich i n f o r
m ati o n i s d e si r e d w ill o f t e n f u rn i sh valuab l e a dd iti o n s t o t h e v o
c ab u l a r y T h e use o f stan d ar d d i c t i o nari e s i s o f l ittl e valu e i n th i s
.

stu d y a s t h e d e fi n iti o n s g iv e n a r e t o o g e n e ral So m e va l uab l e w o rk .

i s b e i n g d o n e b y vari o u s t e ch n ical s o c i e ti e s i n t h e d e fi n i ti o n o f t e ch
n ica l t e r m s a n d t h e e s tab li s h m e nt o f u n i f o r m ract i c e d thi s
p a n

w o rk sh o u l d b e cl o s el y f o ll o w e d .

L IT ERA T URE
Th e Th eo r y an d Pract i ce o f T e ch n i ca l Wri t i ng S C Ear l e T h e Macm i l . . . .

l an CO .

Han d b o o k o f Eng li s h f o Eng i n ee r s W O Sy p h er d Sco tt Fo r esm a

r . . . .
, n

Co .

A G u i d e t o T ec h n i ca l Wr i t i ng T A R i ck ar d M i n i ng . . . . an d Sc i e nt i fic Pr e s s
N o t e T aki ng S S S e war d Jr A lly n B aco n
-
. . .
, . .

T h e Art o f Wr i t i ng d S p a ki ng t h e Eng li s h Languag e

an e .
(6 s m a ll vo l s ) .

S h e r wi n C o d y .
88 Th e U se o f En gl i sh

E ff ct i v B us i n e ss L e tt rs A H G r d n e r T h R o na l d Pr e ss C
e e e . . . a . e o .

Putna m s C rr s p n d nce Han d b o k E l e an o r e B ank s G P Putna m s S o n s

’
o e o e o . . . .
’
.

Co ns e rvat i o n o f Eng li s h S p e e c h J F F al d Fun k W g l l s Co . . . err . a na .

H an d b o o k o f C o m p o s i t i o n E C M o ll e t D C H at h C O . . . . . . e .

T h e C r r ct W o r do J T B a k r C rr ec t Eng li s h P b C o
e . . . e . o u . .

Err o rs i n Eng li s h F H V i t el l y Fun k W ag l l s C O . . . ze . na .

T h e Ess nt i a l s o f C o m po s i t i o n a n d R h t o r i c
e A H Es p ns h a d e D C e . . . e . . .

H at h C o e .

A Stu d y o f Eng li s h W o rds J M An d e rs on Am B o k C o . . . . . o .

Exp o s i t o ry Wr i t i ng M G Fu l t on Th e Mac m ill an Co . . . . .

E l e m e nt s o f Eng li s h C o m p o s i t i on G r d n e r K i ttr e d ge a n d Arn o l d G i nn . a ,

.

Co .

Eng li s h C o m p o s i t i o n B arr tt W e n d ell C h as Scr ib n e r s S o ns

. e . .
’
.

Ess ent i a l s o f Exp o s i t i n a d Argu m e nt W F Fo st e r H oug h t o n Mi fll i C o

o n . . . .
, n .

Eng li s h Pr s e C o m p o s i t i o n E d war d Fu l t o n H nr y H o l t C
o . . e o .

W o r d s a d Th i r Us s R G W hi t e H o ugh t on Mi ffli C
n e e . . . . , n O .

Eve r y Da y Eng li s h R G W hi t e H o ugh t n Mi fll i C o

-
. . . . o , n .

S o u l e s D i ct i o nar y o f E g li s h S yn o ny m s G H H w i s o n L i tt l e B r o wn
’
n . . . o .

Co .

E ng li s h S y no n y m s Ant o n y ms , an d Pr e po s i t i ns o . J C . . F e r ra l d . Fun k
W a g n al l s Co .

C ra bb s En g li s h S y n n ym s G e o rg Cra bb Har p r B ro t h rs
’
o . e . e e .

S tan d ar d Th esaurus o f En g li s h W r d s d P h ras s C V S Ma ws o n T h e o an e . . . . .

K e l m sco tt S o c i e t y .

Putnam s W o r d B o o k L A Fl e m i ng G P Pu tnam s S o ns
’
. . . . . .
’
.

T h e Th e r y d Pract i c e o f T c h n i ca l Wr i t i ng
o an S C Ear l e T h e Mac e . . . .

m ill an C o .

Han d b k f Eng li s h f o Eng i n e rs W O Sy p h d Sco tt F o re s m an

oo O r e . . . er .
,

Co .

C ns e rvat i o n o f Eng li s h S p e ec h J F F
o ld F nk W g gn . . . er ra . u a al l s Co .

Han d b o k o f C m p s i t i n E C M o ll e t D C H eat h C
o o o o . . . . . . o .

Th Co rr ect W o r d J T B a k e r C rr ct Eng li s h P u b C o
e . . . . o e . .

Err o rs i n Eng li s h F H V i e t e l l y Fun k Wa gn a l l s C o . . . z . .

Th Ess e nt i a l s f C o m p o s i t i o n a d Rh e t o r i c A H Es p nsh a d e
e o n . . . e . D . C .

H eat h Co .

A St d y o f Eng li s h W r d s J M An d rs n Am B o o k C
u o . . . e o . . O .

Exp s i t o r y Wr i t i ng M G F l t n T h Macm ill n C o

o . . . u o . e a .

E l m e nts f Eng li s h Co m p o s i t i o n G ar d n r K i ttr ed g

e o d Arn o l d . e , e an . G i nn
Co .

Eng li s h C o m p o s i t i o n Ba rr tt W en d e ll Ch as Scr ib ne r s S ns . e . .
’
o .

Ess nt i a l s o f Exp s i t i o n
e d Arg m nt W F F o st e r H oug h t o n
o an u e . . . , ,

Mi fll i n CO .

Eng li s h Pr o s e C m po s i t i o n E d war d Fu l to n H enry H o l t C

o . . o .

W o r d s d Th e i r Us e s R G Wh i te H ug h t o n Mi fli i C o
an . . . . o ,
n .

Ev r y Da y Eng li s h R G Wh i t H oug h t o n Mi fll i C O
e -
. . . e .
,
’
n .

S l e s D i ct i o nar y o f En g li s h S yn o n y m s G H H o wi s n Li tt l e B ro wn
ou
’
. . . o .

Co .
 L E TT E R S A ND R E P O R T S

54 . I m po rta nc e o f P r o p e rly W ri tt e n L e tt e r s — U su al ly t h e

fi rst intr o d ucti o n o f t h e e n g in e e r o r archit e ct t o th o s e w h o m h e de

si r e s e m p l o y m e nt c o m e s thr o u g h t h e s p o k e n o r w ritt e n w o r d an d a ,

cl e ar a n d c o ncis e stat e m e nt o f hi s clai m s t o e m p l o y m e nt o f hi s e d u ca ,

ti o n a n d pr e vi o us e x p e ri e nc e p r e s e nt e d i n p r o p e r f o r m is an i m p o r
, ,

tant e l e m e nt in s e cu rin g t h e p o siti o n h e d e si r e s A l e tt e r p o o rly w rit .

t e n p o o rly w o r d e d m is p e ll e d un g ra m m atical i m p r o p e rly p u nctuat e d

, , , ,

a n d ill o g ically arran g e d m arks t h e w rit e r as car e l e ss a n d m o r e o r l e ss

,

i g n o rant a n d i s an un f o rt u nat e intr o ducti o n .

P e rs o nality in a p e rs o nal a pp licati o n m ay t o s o m e e xt e nt o v e rc o m e

un g ra m m atical a n d inc o rr e ct lan g ua ge a n d at l e ast t h e s p o k e n w o r d
,

l e av e s n o lastin g r e c o r d b e hin d ; but a p o o rly w ritt e n l e tt e r m ay p as s

f r o m han d t o han d a n d m ay l e av e an e n d urin g r e c o r d o f inc o m p e t e ncy .

In lat e r busin e ss an d p r o f e ssi o nal li f e t h e art o f l e tt e r w ritin g i s

,

o f n o l e ss i m p o rtanc e . T h e i m p r e ssi o n c o nv ey e d by a cl e ar c o ncis e ,

a n d p r o p e rly arran g e d l e tt e r i s o f g r e at a d vanta g e an d busin e ss t rans ,

acti o ns a r e g r e atly f acilitat e d by such l e tt e r M uch ti m e i s O f t e n l o st

.

th r o u g h car e l e ss l e tt e r w ritin g w h e r e t h e f ailur e p lainly t o stat e t h e

f acts w hich it i s d e sir e d t o c o m m u nicat e n e c e ssitat e s a r e qu e st f o r e x
,

p lanati o n o r f urth e r in f o r m ati o n .

5 5 B u s i n e s s L e tt e r s
. . In t h e w rit i n g o f b u si n e s s l e tt e r s
-
,

c e rtain m o r e o r l e ss f o r m al m e th o d s O f arran g e m e nt hav e b e e n g e n e r

ally a do p t e d a n d t h e u se O f such arran g e m e nt is de sirabl e as sh o w in g
t h e f a m iliarity O f t h e w rit e r w ith g o o d usa g e T h e p rinci p al r e qui r e
.

m e nts f o r t h e p r o p e r p r e p arati o n O f a busin e ss l e tt e r a r e as f o ll o w s

H e a d i n g — T h e a d d r e ss in t h e h e a d in g sh o ul d al ways b e su ffi
ci en t l y c o m p l e t e f o r p o stal p ur p o s e s If a str e e t a n d h o us e nu m be r
.

a r e n e c e ssary th ey sh o ul d p r e c e d e t h e na m e O f t h e c ity b u t t h e d at e
, ,

sh o ul d c o m e a f t e r wa r d an d n o t b e f o r e It i s d e si rabl e t o u se t h e na m e
.
,

n o t t h e nu m b e r o f t h e m o nth ; t h e nu m b e r o f t h e d a y o f t h e m o nth a n d ,

t h e c o m p l e t e nu m b e r f o r t h e y e ar Th e d ay o f t h e m o nth a n d h o us e
.

nu m b e r sh o u l d b e Arabic n u m e rals but str e et nu m b e rs i f l e ss than o n e

,

hun d r e d a r e usually s p e ll e d o u t .
 Le t t e r s 9l

A bb r evia ti o n s — W hil e f o r f o r m al l e tt e rs i t i s p e rha p s m o r e d i g u i

h e d t o av o i d abbr e viati o ns in b o th t h e h e a d in g a n d salutati o n o f t h e
l ett e r a n d in a d d r e ssin g t h e e nv e l o p e it i s b o th p e r m i ssibl e a n d de si r
,

abl e t o u se such abbr e viati o ns in busin e ss l ett e rs f o r t h e na m e o f t h e

m o nths a n d O f t h e stat e s .

Ad dr ess — T h e salutati o n a dd r e ss m a y o m it t h e str e e t a n d h o us e

nu m be r but t h e na m e o f t h e city a n d stat e sh o ul d al w ays b e inclu de d
,

in f o r m al l e tt e rs a n d t h e titl e Mn Me ssr s e t c sh o ul d al wa y s b e
“
,
” “
,
”
.
,

u s e d as a m att e r o f c o u rt e sy .

Sa l u t a ti o n — U se t h e f o r m D e ar Si r n o t My D e ar Mr , .

unl e ss yo u a r e quite inti m at e ly acquaint e d w ith t h e p arty t o wh o m t h e

l e tt e r is w ritt e n In Offi cial c o m m unicati o ns a n d l e tt e rs t o G o v e rn
.

m e nt O ffi cials u se t h e still m o r e f o r m al Si r
“ ”
.
,

S u b j e c t H e a d i n g — T h e u se O f a subj e ct h e a d in g in all busin e ss l e t

t e rs i s v e ry de sirabl e Its u se in a p p licati o ns f o r e m p l o y m e nt is a d
.

vi s e d as it g iv e s t h e i de a O f fa m ilia rity w ith busin e ss m e th o d s It .

sh o ul d b e plac e d at t h e ri g ht a n d j ust ab o v e t h e b o dy O f t h e l et t e r a s ,
.

f o ll o w s : Ap p licati o n f o r Em p l o y m e nt Fo r e xa m p l e s o f t h e p r o p e r
“ ”
.

f o r m O f busin e ss l e tt e rs se e Se cti o n 5 9 .

5 6. S u gg e s t i o n s C o nc e rn in g L e tt e r s o f App l icat i o n f o r E m
l o m n t — G r e at car e sh o ul d b e u s e d i n w ri ti n g l e t t e rs o f a pp lica
p y e

cati o n f o r e m p l o y m e nt Th e han d w ritin g sh o w s charact e r an d is O f t e n

.

r e qui r e d in a pp licati o ns f o r p o siti o ns Fo r this r e as o n such l e tt e rs .

sh o ul d b e w ritt e n n o t ty p e w ritt e n unl e ss un f o rtunat e ly t h e han d w rit

, ,

in g is so p o o r as t o m ak e such a f o r m o f a pp licati o n h o p e l e ss .

It sh o ul d b e b o rn e in m in d that t h e p r o s p e ctiv e e m p l o y e r p r o bably

has n o kn o w l e dg e O f t h e a p p licant o th e r than that a ff o r d e d by t h e l e t
t er. T h e succ e ss o f t h e a pp licant w ill d e p e n d u p o n his cr e atin g a f a
vo r a b l e i m p r e ssi o n a n d t o thi s e n d n e atn e ss p r o p e r f o r m g o o d g ra m , ,

m e r c o rr e ct s p e llin g d e fi n it e n e ss O f e x p r e ssi o n a n d g o o d c o m p o siti o n

, ,

a r e hi g hly i m p o rtant Th e quali fi cati o ns o f t h e a pp licant sh o ul d b e

.

p r e s e nt e d f ully cl e arly c o ncis e ly a n d l o g ically

, , .

T h e p a p e r us e d sh o ul d b e O f c o m m e rcial n o t e siz e a n d O f g o o d ,

quality Scra p p a p e r o r p a pe r p unch e d o r s pe cially rul e d f o r t e ch

.

n i ca l w o rk ,
is unsuitable T h e w ritin g sh o ul d n o t b e cr o w de d an d
.

sh o ul d b e p r o pe rly c e nt e r e d o n t h e sh e e t .

T h e y o u n g e n g i n e e r e s p e cially Wh e n j u st g ra d uat e d sh o u l d
, ,

n o t b e t o o a m bi ti o n s in h i s a pp l i cati o n f o r w o rk a n d sh o u l d n o t

li m it t oo cl o s e l y t h e ch aract e r O f w o rk f o r w h i ch h e a pp li e s U n .

l e s s h e h a s h a d c o n si d er abl e e x p e ri e nc e h e sh o u l d n o t a pp ly f o r a ,
 92 Le t t e rs an d Re p o rt s

“
p o s iti o n as a c ivi l e l e c t ri cal e n g i h e e r et c bu t f o r a , .
,

p o s iti o n or a p o sit i o n a s a s s istan t H e m a y g iv e an i d e a o f

“ ” “ ”
.

t h e w o rk w h ich m o s t i nt e r e st s h i m bu t sh o u l d e x p r e s s h i s w i lli n g
,

n e ss t o acc e p t an y r e a s o nab l e p o s i ti o n a s h e i s s e l d o m qual i fi e d o r

i n p o sit i o n t o c o m m an d a ny i m p o rta n t p la c e o n a n e n g i n e e ri n g
s ta ff.

W h e n t h e y o u n g e n g i n e e r h a s d o n e p r e v i o u s w o rk h i s f o r m e r ,

s alary m ay b e m e nt i o n e d bu t o th e r w i s e t h e m att e r o f s alary sh o u l d

,

b e l e f t t o a la t e r c o m m u n cat i o n - H e sh o u l d n o t g iv e t h e i d e a th at
.

t h e qu e sti o n o f sala ry i s fi r s t i n h i s m in d .

57 I
. m p o r t a nt S u gg e sti o n s — E c o n o m y a n d e ffi c i e n cy i n t h e
u se O f lan g ua g e a r e e ss e ntial in l e tt e r w ritin g as in o th e r e n g in e e rin g

w ritin g . A f t e r w ritin g a s e nt e nc e
( 1 ) Se e h o w m any w o r d s ca n b e o m i tt e d o r ch an g e d l e avi n g ,

t h e m e an i n g c l e ar e r a n d s tr o n g e r .

( 2 ) Se e h o w t h e sa m e i d e a ca n b e e x p r e s s e d i n b e tt e r a n d
cl e a r e r t e r m s .

D O n o t w rit e
“
I w i sh h e r e w i th t o e n t e r m y a p p l icati o n f o r
I h e r e by w i sh t o m ak e a p p li cati o n f o r ”

Al l o w m e r e s p e c t f u lly t o O ff e r m ys e l f as a n a p p l ica nt f o r
, ,

I wo ul d lik e t o e nt e r an a ppl icati o n f o r ”

I w i s h t o tak e th i s m e a n s O f a p p ly i n g t o y o u f o r
I n st e a d o f t h e ab o v e w ri t e
I r e s p e c t f ully a pp ly f o r ”

Sta t e m e n ts sh o u l d n o t b e t o o blu n t I t i s u nn e c e s sary t o .

w rit e : I h av e n o t h a d a ny p rac tical e x p e r i e n c e

“
W ri t e p r e f e r .

ably : My kn o w l e d g e a n d e x p e ri e n c e a r e li m i t e d t o m y w o rk at t h e
u ni v e rs ity .
”

R c fcre h c es — Av o i d . Fo r r e f e r e nc e s I su gg e st t h e f o ll o w in g o r
,

P l e as e r e f e r t o t h e fo ll o w in g : U se inst e a d I r e s p e ct f ully r e f e r yo u “

R e f e r e n c e t o a sch oo l c o ll e g e o r univ e rsity i s i m p r o p e r

’

to .

R e f e r t o s o m e p articular t e ach e r p r o f e ss o r o r o ffi cial o f such instituti o n

, .

R e f e r e n ce t o a bank i s p r o p e r f o r fi nancial stan d in g Fo r p e rs o nal .

stan din g t h e na m e a n d p o siti o n o f an O ffi cial sh o ul d b e g iv e n

, .

In p e rs o nal a pp li cati o ns f o r w o rk Op e n l e tt e rs O f r e c o m m e n dati o n

,

a r e o f littl e w e i g ht Th e y a r e o f c o u rs e f avo rabl e o r th ey wo ul d n o t

.
, ,

hav e b e e n w ritt e n o r p r e s e nt e d T h e e m p l o y e r usually p r e f e rs a p e r

.

s o nal a n d p rivat e l e tt er a dd r e ss e d t o hi m s e l f f r o m s o m e o n e o f stan d in g

o r r e p u tati o n H e has p r o b ab ly w r it t e n t o o m any g e n e ral Op e n l e tt e rs
'

.
94
I
Le t t e rs an d Re po rt s

c omm o n m i sta k i s t h at f d evo t i ng a l ng p aragra p h t stat i ng that I r a l

e o o o e
i ze t h at a l arg e n m b e r f a p p li cat i o ns will d u b t l ss b e r ec e i v d d t h at i t
u o o e e an
will r q i r a gr at d l o f y o ur t i m e t o r e a d t h r ug h t h m a ll
e u e e ea d i t w ill o e , an

p r b a bly b v r y d i fli l t t d ec i d e t S i m p l d i r ct stat e m ents n at ly ”

o e e cu o , e c . e, e e
,

W r i tt n i n w e ll b a l anc e d s e nt nc s w ill n e ar ly a l wa y s m a k e a f av ra bl e i m
e -
e e , o

p r ss i n
e od m c h can b acc o m p li s h e d by l o g i ca l p aragra p hi ng
, an u e .

A v r y s h rt l e tt r i s t li k e ly t acco m p li s h m uc h f t h wr i t r un l ss
“
e o e no o or e e e

he i a l r e a d y p e rs na lly k n o wn S i ng l s nt e nc e l tt rs o b r i f i n qu i r i s
s o . e -
e e e r e e

as ki ng d ta il d i n f o r m at i n c o nc rn i ng t h vacanc y d t lli ng n o t hi ng o f
e e o e e an e

w r i t r s qua li ficat i o ns at nc e g i v t h e i m p r ss i n t h at h w o u l d b m o r e
’
th e e o e e o e e

i nt r st d i n p rs na l a d vantag s t h an i n s e rv i ng hi s m p l o y r d t h at h e
e e e e o e e e an

i s o t v r anxi o s t s cur e t h e p o s i t i n
n o e -
u o e o .

Man y ca p a bl d d s rv i ng m
“
d t r e a liz e t h b ear i ng t h at
e an e e en , o no e

th e w r i t i ng f an a p p li c a t i n m y h av u p n t h i r p r o s p cts
o M f ind ii o a e o e e . en o

f t a bili t y f r q nt ly s c r p i t i o im p l y thr g h a f avo r bl e p r e s n ‘

er en e ue e u e os ns s ou a e

t at i o o f t h i r su p p s d fitn ss
n e d it i s ft n th cas e s p c i a lly w i t h
o e e , an O e e , e e

y ng r m
ou et h at t h when m ak s t h
, n at st d b st p r e s ntat i o n o f
e on e o e e e e an e e

hi s q a li ficat i ns s ecur e s t h e p s i t i n r t h r t h an t h e
u o wh h as gr at e r o o a e on e o e

a bili t y b t l ac k s t h f acu l t y f p r s nt i ng hi s q u li ficat i ns

, u e o e e a o .

I n r ep lyi ng t an a d v rt i s m nt o t a l e t t
“
y r q u sts f o c e r ta i n
o e e e r o er , an
‘

e e r

i t m s o f i n f o r m at i o n s h o l d b f lly c m p li d w i t h A p i nt ill strat i ng t hi s

e u e u o e . o u

r e q i r m e nt whi c h h as r p ate d ly c m t o t h e wr i t e r s b s e rvat i n i s t h f act

u e e e o e
’
o o e

t h e d ra f ts m e n w h e n as k d f o a s m ll sa m p l e o f t h e i r l tt e ri ng s e m t o
, e r a e , e

t hi n k i t n c e ssar y t su b m i t s ev ra l l arg e b lky d ra w i ngs

e o i nst a d e u e

o f s b m i tt i ng a s m a ll r s h
u t t h at w l d s ily c nta i n a f a i r sa m p l f t h i r
e ee ou ea o e o e

wo r k .
”

Co m m e ntin g o n this l e tt e r t h e E n g in ee rin g N e w s stat e s e d it o ri

Mr B c k s s gg e st i ns “
li k ly t b f o un d us f u l o t n ly
. o
’
u o , are e o e e , n o

by t h l arge cr p o f Jun e gra d uat s Of t h p r s nt y a r wh m h m nt i o ns

e o e e e e e , o e e

i n hi s Op n i ng paragr p h b t b y m an y ng i n e rs o f exp r i nc
e a d hi g h , u -
e e e e e an

stan d i ng .

I t cc rs t i n t hi s c nn ct i n t d d t t h s gi v n by Mr B o c k
o u o u s, o e o , o a o o e e . ,

an o t h r s ef l hi nt t h at w h p p n t k n w h as b n f o un d h l p f u l by m an y
e u u e a e o o ee e

e ng i n e rs i n xp r i nc d i n g i ng a b ut t h tas k f s ki ng a p s i t i n O
e e e e e o o e O ee o o . ur

sugg st i n i s t h at t h e ng i n r w h i s s k i ng a p s i t i n s h ou l d p r ep ar e a
e o e ee o ee o o

l tt r s tt i ng f o rt h i n f a i r ly c o m p l t f r m j st wh at hi s p r f ss i na l x
e e e e e o u o e o e

pe ier h as b n i nc l d i ng i n t hi s Of c rs a stat m ent as t hi s e d uca

n ce ee , u , ou e, e o

t i n a d p e rs na l ch aract r i st i cs s c h as a p r s p ct i v m p l y r w l d d
o n o e ,
u o e e e o e ou e

s i r e t h av A li st f r f er e nc e s stat i ng i n c nn ct i o n w i t h ac h r e f r enc
o e . o e , o e e e e

j st w h at p art i cu l ar p art o f t h e a p p li cant s xp r i ence

u c h aract ri st i cs i t ’
e e or e

tr eats o f s h u l d a l s acc m p an y t h e l tt e r
, o o o e .

Thi s stat m nt s h o l d b e n eat ly t y p w r i tt n

“
e eg d p a p r f stan d ar d u e e on oo e o

l e tt r s iz e a d a c p y can t h n b i nc l s d w i t h an y l e tt r f ap p li cat i o n o
e , n o e e o e e o r

r e p ly t an a d ve rt i s m nt I n t hi s w y t h l tt r f a p p li cat i n i ts l f a b e
o e e . a e e e o o e c n

m a d b r i f a d b us i n e ss li k
e e d can m p h as iz e
n y s p c i a l fitn e ss w hi c h t h e e, an e an e

wr i t r m a y t hi n k h p ss ss s f
e fi lli ng t h p art i cu l ar p o s i t i o n t o w hi c h t h e
e o e e or e
 Le t t e r s o f Ap p lic a t io n 95

le tt e r r l at e s At t h sa m e t i m e t h e m p l y r i s g i ve n a ll t h e f acts co
e . e e o e n

c e rn i ng t h e a p p li cant t h at h e i s lik e ly t o n ed i n a f r m w h e r e t h y a e e , o e r

re a d ily fi l e d f o exa m i nat i o n r .

”

See Eng N e w s V o l 7 6 p 2 7 5 . . , . .

E xa m l s o f L e tt e r s o f App l i cat i o n f o r P o s i ti o n s — As
59 p e.

e xa m p l e s O f l e tt e rs o f a p p licati o n w hich a r e f airly satis f act o ry s e v e ral ,

a ctual l e tt e rs a re h e r e g iv e n in a sli g htly m o d i fi e d f o r m .

E xa m pl e A
S ut h Str ee t 1 31 2 o ,

N w Y o r k F b ruary 8 e , e , 1 91 4 .

Mr X Y Z
. . . .
, Co nsu l t i ng Eng i n ee r ,

2 1 3 St t e St a .
,

B ff a l N Y u o, . .

D ear S i r :
I m wr i t i ng t r qu e st t h e f av o r o f an i nt e rv i w w i t h y o at y ur co
a o e e u o n

ve i en e w i t h t h e v i e w o f
n c ecur i ng a p s i t i o n i n h y d rau li c w r k s o o .

I a m a gra d uat e o f C ll g d al s f th C i v il Engi n ee r i ng D o e e, an o O e e

p ar t m e t of t h n Un i v rs i t y o f e e

Fo a y rr I wa ass i stant t t h C hi f Eng i n ee r Mr

ea s of t h e o e e , .

Wat e r C m p an y d l at r C i v il d H y d rau li c Eng i n r f o Mr

o , an e Co an ee r . n

s l t i g Eng i n e r
u n I m a d e t h e p r e li m i nar y surve y s g a g i g e t a d
e , , n s, c .
, n

i n t h fli p r p ar e d t h e structura l a d hy d rau li c d s i gns f t h hy d r o l ec

e o ce e n e or e -
e

tr i c p l ant at i n a d d i t i o n t t h e r m i sc ll an s t ec h n i ca l wo r k o o e eo u .

F o r t h e l ast t w y ars I h ave b n ga i n i ng exp r i nc i n c o nstruct i n as

o e ee e e e o

Sup e r i nt n d nt f o e e d C m p an y Arc hi t e cts r f I ow d s i r an o , , o n e e

t r e t rn t m r e str i ct ly e ng i n
o u o r i ng w r k d m p art i cu l ar ly i nt e r e st d i n
o ee o , an a e

hy d ra li c w r k
u o .

I r s p ct f lly r f r y t t h a b ove na m e d fir m s
e e u e e ou o e .

I t cc rs t m e t h at i f I c nn t b f s rv i c e t o y i n y o ur o w p ract i c e
o u o a o e o e ou n

yo u m a y k n o w f o t h e r ng i n rs firm s wh n d ass i stants t wh m y o

o e ee or o ee o o u

wo u l d ki n d ly r f e r m e e .

V r y r e sp ect f u lly y o urs e ,

E x a m pl e B
G re ne B ay , Wi s .

Marc h 1 3, 1 91 5 .

Mr X Y Z C o nsu l t i ng Eng i n e e r
. . . .
, ,

M il wa k e W i sc o ns i nu e , .

D ear S i r :
Y o ur na m e h as b e n g i v n by Mr W A f th e C nstruct i n e e . . . o o o

Co m p an y f as b e i ng c nn ct ed wi t h t h d s i gn a d c nstr ct i n o f
o o e e e n o u o

hy d r o e l ectr i c wo r k
-
.

At t h p r s nt t i m e I m l o ki ng f o an p n i ng i n t h ng i n e e r i ng d
e e e a o r o e e e e

pa tme t
r s o m e hy d r e l ectr i c
n on i rr i g t i n p r o j ct o- or a o e .

I am y ears l d a d an Ass oc i at m em b r f t h Am e r i can S oc i t y O n e e o e e

o f C i v il Engi n e e rs .
96 Le t t e r s an d Re p o r ts

Fr o m 1 9 05 1 9 1 0 I wa e m p l o y d by t h e
-
o t h e i r i rr i gat i n p r j ect
s e n o o

i n t h e Stat e f W hil e t h e r e I wa D i v i s i n Eng i n e r i n c h arg e f

o s o e o

l o cat i n d co nstruct i n f m a i n cana l s a d d i str ibut i ng s y st em l o cat i o n o f

o an o o n ,

p u m p i ng p l ants a d s m a ll p o w r s i t e s art h d am s t o p o grap hi ca l hy d r o

n e , e , ,

gra p hi ca l a d c o ncr e t e wo rk
n .

I n Ju ly 1 9 1 0I wa e m p l o y e d by f Ne w Y o r k o n t h e i r
s i rr i o

g tia p r j ct i n t h
on o eSta t e f as C o nstruct i o n E ng i n r o t h i r
e o ee n e res

e vo i r
r e art h d m a d c ncr t e w r k
, a d i n N ov e m b e r
n f t h at y ar w a
o e o , an o e s

a p p o i nt e d C hi f Eng i n r f t h p r j ct w hi c h p o s i t i o n I c o nt i nu e d t o h o l d
e ee o e o e ,

unt il i ts c m p l e t i n i n 1 9 1 2 Thi s w r k c ns i st e d f a r o ck fi ll d m d on
o o . o o o a an c

cr t e d i v e rs i o n w r k s fi f t n m il s f m a i n cana l d n i n e t y m il e s o f d i t i b
e o , ee e o an s r ~

n t i ng l at e ra l s n e ar ly t wo m il e s o f st e e l fi m i g c ncr t e h a d gat e s a d
, u n , o e e n

s y p h o ns d t wo m il e s c o nt i nu o us wo d e n stav e p i p e s y p h o n
, an o .

I r sp ect f u lly r ef e r y o t :
e u o

Mr A J . . C nsu l t i ng Eng i n e e r
. o ,

Mr A E . . S tat e Eng i n e r o f
. e

Mr D C . . G e n ra l Manag r o f t h e
. f e e o

Mr P S A . . f o r m r ly C hi e f Eng i n e r o f t h
. . e e e

an d
Mr . T r easur e r of th e I rr i gat i o n C o m p an y , 30
‘

Str ee t ,

Ne w Y o r k .

If y o u h ave an y p en i ng a l o ng t h e s e li n e s t h at y o can
o u o ff e r I s h a ll
, be
glad to a d v i s e y o f rt h e r r t o arrang e f o an i nt e rv i e w
u u o r .

Y urs v e r y r e s p e ct f lly o u ,

( S i gn d ) e

E xa m pl e C
4 63 F e rr e ll Av e nu e ,

D e M o i n e s I o wa
s , .

M e ssrs . an d Marc h 1 6 , 1 91 6 .

Stat e Str ee t
4 62 ,

C hi cago Illi no i s , .

G e nt l e m e n :
I r e s p ect f u lly su b m i t t o y o m y a p p li cat o n as eng i n e r o y our sta d u i e n
‘

M y exp r i ence h as b ee n as f ll ws
e o o

1 885 9 0 Mac hi n e a p p r e nt i c e i n t h e s h o p s
-
f Co m p an y b u il d e rs o f o ,

st ea m p u m p s a d hy d rau li c m ac hi n e r y n .

1 89 09 2 Er e ct i ng p u m p s
-
d hy d rau li c m ac hi n e r y f o C m p an y
an r o .

1 89 2 9 4 D e s i gn i ng a d d ra f t i ng r o m
-
f C o m p an y
n o o .

1 89 4 9 5 Mac hi n i st i n s h o p s o f I XL C o m p an y S EW C o m p an y a d Z C o m p an y
-
, n

t exp an d m y exp e r i e nc
o i n m ac hi n e wo r k e .

1 89 5 9 9 Un i v e rs i t y o f
-
m e c h an i ca l e ng i n e e r i ng c o urs e gra d uat i ng i n ,

Jun e 1 89 9 .

1 89 9 0 8 W i t h t h e W X Wat e r P o w r C m p n y; a n d t h e Q H y d r o E l ectr i c
-
. . e o a

C m p an y bu il d i ng a d i nsta lli ng hy d rau li c m achi n e ry i n t h e i r

o , n

var i o us p l ants .

1 90 8 t o t h e p r s nt t i m e su p e rv i s i ng t h e i nsta ll at i o n o f hy d r o e l e ctr i c m a
e e ,

c hi n r y i n var i ous p l ants f o t h e C A C o m p an y

e r . . .
98 Le t t e rs an d Re p o r t s

e xt e nt a n d li m itati o ns o th e r w is e t h e p o int o f vi e w f r o m w hich t h e r e

,

p o rt i s t o b e m a d e o r t h e e xt e nt o f t h e i nv e sti g ati o ns n e c e ssary f o r its

p ur p o s e m a y n o t b e un d e rst o o d a n d t h e r e p o r t m ay b e unsatis f act o ry ,

inc o m p l e t e o r i nv o lv e unn e c e ssary ti m e a n d e x p e ns e .

L ik e all o th e r t e chni ca l w ritin g t o b e O f valu e a r e p o rt m ust b e

,

bas ed o n a th o r o u g h kn o w l e dg e o f t h e subj e ct a n d such kn o w l e dg e ,

m ust b e s pe ci fi cally d e t a i l e d a n d c o m p l e t e o n acc o unt o f t h e s p e ci fi c

charact e r o f t h e r e p o rt An e qually i m p o rtant c o n d iti o n i s cl e arn e ss
. .

T h e fi n d in g s a n d c o ncl u si o ns m ust b e m ani f e st a n d b e y o n d qu e sti o n t o

t h e m in d s o f t h e r e a d e r w h o m a y o r m a y n o t hav e t e chni cal kn o w l e d g e .

I f t h e r ep o rt cann o t b e u n de rst o o d by t h e m a n f o r w h o m it i s p r e par e d ,

it is us e l e ss o r w o rs e f o r it m ay i f m isint e r p r e t e d b e m isl e a d in g a n d
, ,

a dd t o t h e c o n f usi o n inst e a d o f cl e arin g u

p unc e rtainti e s which i s its ,

m ain O bj e ct .

6 2 P r e l im i na ry C o n s i d e rat i o n — B e f o r e a n i n v e sti g ati o n i s

. .

u n d e rtak e n a th o r o u g h c o nsi d e rati o n sh o ul d b e g iv e n t o t h e i n st r u c

ti o ns which o utlin e t h e p urp o s e o f t h e r ep o rt an d t o t h e va ri o us f act o rs

,

w hich m ust b e t h e basis o f t h e d e si r e d r e p o rt It i s d e sirabl e t o fi rst o u t

.

lin e t h e vari o us c o n d iti o ns a n d p e rtin e nt d ata which wo ul d in any m a n

n e r a ff e ct t h e p r o j e ct a n d w hich sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e inv e sti g at e d o r s e
,

cur e d i n o r de r that a cl e a r un d e rstan d in g m a y b e Obtain e d a n d l o g ical

c o nclusi o ns r e ach e d an d de m o nstrat e d In thi s w ay t h e Op po rtuniti e s
.

f o r e rr o r r e sultin g f r o m o v e rl o o kin g e ss e ntial e l e m e nts in t h e p r o bl e m

w ill b e lar g e ly o bviat e d As has alr e a dy b e e n in d icat e d m any subj e cts
.

quit e f o r e i g n t o t h e t e chnical si d e o f t h e qu e sti o n w ill f r e qu e ntly hav e an

i mp o rtant b e arin g o n c o rr e ct c o ncl u si o ns a n d f ai l ur e t o g iv e such sub
,

j e ct s d u e c o nsi d e rati o n is t h e caus e o f m any unsatis f act o ry a n d e r r o n e

o u s r e p o rts.

Th e r e is al w ays d an g e r th at t h e e x p e rt m ay b e c o m e int e r e st e d in
t h e p a rtic u lar subj e ct O f his s p e cialty a n d l o s e si g ht o f t h e f act that
th e r e a re o th e r subj e cts o f e qual o r p e rha p s g r e at e r i m p o rtance t o
w hich h is att e nti o n sh o ul d als o b e d ir e ct e d In c o nt e m p latin g s o m e
.

f o r m o f e n g in ee rin g o r archit e ctural c o nstructi o n t h e t e chnical m a n is , .

lar g e ly int e r e st e d in w ays an d m e ans H is cli e nt is o nly int e r e st e d in

.

r e sults Whil e t h e cli e nt m ay de sir e t o kn o w t h e d e tails by w hich t h e

.

r e sults a r e t o b e attain e d his p rinci p al int e r e st li e s i n t h e ans we rs t o

,

h
t e qu e sti o ns : H o w m uch w ill it c o st ? Wh e n can it b e c o m p l e t e d
” “

“
Will it acc o m p lish its p urp o s e ? If th e s e qu e sti o ns can b e ans we r ed
”

satis f act o rily h e is w illin g t o l e av e all t e chnical d e tails t o his p r o f e s

,

s i o n a l a d vis e rs .
 E t h ic a l Co n s ide ra t i o n s 99

63 .
—In r e p o rti n g o n d e si g n s s t ru e
E t h i ca l C o n si d e rati o n s ,

tur e s o r p r o j e cts O f o th e r e n g in e e rs ca p ti o us criticis m s sh o ul d b e

,

av o i de d A r e p o rt is n o t t h e p lac e t o n e e d l e ssly sh o w t h e su p e ri o r
.

kn o w l e dg e o r ability o f t h e w rit e r o r t o att e m p t t o w in o v e r t h e cli ents

o f o th e r e n g i n e e rs I f re sults can b e acc o m p lish e d sa f e ly a n d e c o n o mi
.

cally by t h e m e th o d p r o po s e d e v e n th o u g h in t h e o p ini o n o f t h e r e
,

p o rt e r a b e tt e r d e si g n m i g ht b e p o ssibl e it is g e n e rally un d e si rabl e t o

,

a d vis e un e ss e ntial o r ra d ical chan g e s which w ill r e sult in n o m at e rial

be tt e r m e nts .

T h e e n g in e e r m a y b e call e d t o r e p o rt o n s o m e sin g l e p has e O f a

‘

p r o j e ct s u ch as its sa f e ty o r o n s o m e p articular p art o r e qui p m e nt o n

,

which h e is su p p o s e d t o b e p articularly w e ll in f o r m e d In such cas e s

.

h e sh o ul d av o i d int e r f e r e nc e w ith o th e r p has e s o f t h e w o rk o n which

his o p ini o n i s n o t r e q u e st e d Th e r e m a y b e e xc e pti o ns t o this stat e
.

m e nt sh o ul d t h e e xa m inati o n d e v e l o p t h e e xist e nc e o f ra d ical e rr o rs

which m a y e n d an g e r t h e structu r e o r t h e li f e o r p r o p e rty o f o th e rs o r
sh o ul d t h e r e p o rt e r b e c o m e a w ar e o f g r o ss f rau d o r d ish o n e sty He .

m a y un d e r such c o n d iti o ns o w e it t o t h e p ublic t o tak e such acti o n as

w ill p r e v e nt such d an g e r o r t h e acc o m p lish m e nt o f such f rau d This is .

a c o n d iti o n w hich r e quir e s t h e g r e at e st fi n e ss e in its t r e at m e nt a n d

sh o ul d in g e n e ral b e han d l e d w ith o ut p ublicity an a p pe al fi rst b e in g ,

m a d e t o th o s e w h o a r e d ir e ctly int e r e st e d t o tak e s u ch acti o n as w ill

p r e v e nt t h e s e ri o u s r e sults o f t h e p r o p o s e d c o nst ructi o n o r transacti o n .

S uch a ppe al m ay b e e n f o rc e d by a d e cisi o n t o p ublish t h e f acts i f th e y '

a r e n o t e quitably a d j ust e d It is p e rha p s n ee d l e ss t o say t h a t su ch a

.

stan d sh o ul d b e tak e n o nly w h e n t h e c o n d iti o ns a r e s u ch as t o w arrant

such ra d ical acti o n .

6 4 I n vest i g ati o n s a n d E st i ma t e s — P r o p e r r e p o r ts m u st b e
.

bas e d o n a s u itabl e inv e sti g ati o n o f t h e subj e ct a n d this m ust b e m a d e

,

as c o m p l e t e as t h e p ur p o s e O f t h e r e p o rt w ill w arrant N o thin g that .

can b e de t e r m in e d m ust b e assu m e d a n d t h e r e po rt e r m ust u se t h e

,

g r e at e st o f car e t o m ak e sur e that t h e i d e as a n d Op ini o ns w hich r e sult

f r o m his inv e sti g ati o n a r e n o t c o l o r e d by his p e rs o nal bias ( se e Se c .

W h e n r ep o rts a r e o f a p r e li m inary natur e t h e e xt e nt o f t h e in ve s

,

t iga t i o n m ust b e li m it e d but t h e e ss e ntial f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns sh o ul d b e

p pr o e rly d e t e r m in e d a n d d u e all o w anc e m ust b e m a d e f o r all u n c e r

t a in t i e s ( se e Se c .

R e p o r t s w ill f r e q u e ntly r e quir e e sti m at e s o f t h e c o st o f co n st r u c

ti o n o r o f d e v e l o p m e nt a n d p o ssibly O f fi x e d char g e s Op e ratin g e x
,

pe ns e s a n d c o st Of m aint e nanc e as we ll as an e sti m at e o f p r o babl e in

l00 Le t t e r s an d Re p o rt s

c o m e Such e sti m at e s r e qui r e ca r e f ul c o nsi d e rati o n a n d m u ch f o r e

.

th o u g ht Th e y m ust in a p r e li m inary r e p o rt b e bas e d o n inc o m pl et e

.
, ,

d ata Co ntin g e nci e s O f vari o us kin d s w ill su r e ly aris e an d m ust b e

.

su ffi ci e ntly f o r e s e e n an d p r o vi d e d f o r by c o ns e rvativ e e sti m at e s ( se e

Se c .
52 )
2 .

A thin g that is w o rth d o in g at all i s w o rth d o in g we ll an d this p rin ,

c ip l e i s e s p e cially t ru e i n m akin g r e p o rts A cu rs o ry e xa m inati o n o r a

.

f ailur e t o g iv e t h e m att e r un d e r c o nsi d e rati o n car e f ul a n d c o m p l e t e i n

v est iga t i o n w ith r e sultin g c o nclusi o ns bas e d o n insu ffi ci e nt o r in c o m
,

l e t e d ata w ill m o st lik e ly b e m isl e a d in g a n d m a y r e sult in o v e rl o o kin g

p ,

s e ri o us c o ntin g e nci e s o r f av o rabl e f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns S uch a r e p o rt .

m ay l e a d e ith e r t o e x p e nsiv e inv e st m e nts that w ill b e f o un d e nti r e ly

un warrant e d w h e n a th o r o u g h e xa m inati o n is m a d e o r in t h e c o n d e m
nati o n o f a wo rthy p r o j e ct E v e ry r e p o rt sh o ul d b e so th o r o u g h an d
.

c o m p l e t e that t h e accu racy O f t h e c o nclusi o ns w ill b e ass u r e d .

6 5 E l em e n t s o f S uc ce s s f u l R e po r t s — M o s t r e p o rt s d e p e n d
'
.

f o r th e i r valu e o n accuracy o f Obs e rvati o n a n d c o rr e ct d e d ucti o ns .

Th ey O f t e n r e quir e g r e at t e chnical kn o w l e dg e a n d skill a n d f r e qu e ntly a

w i d e p ractical e x p e rienc e Th e r e a r e usually c e rtain v e ry de fi nit e f acts
.

o r c o nclusi o ns w h ich a r e t h e e ss e ntial f e atur e a r o un d w hich all o th e r

f acts a n d d e d ucti o ns sh o ul d b e c e nt e r e d a n d t o w hich th e y a r e sub o r

d in a t e S p e cial e ff o rt sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e e x e rci s e d t o brin g o u t an d
.

acc e ntuat e th e s e i m p o rtant i de as a n d t o f acilitat e t h e a pp r e ciati o n o f

th e i r b e a rin g a n d i m p o rtanc e C l e ar e x p licit a n d e xact stat e m e nts a r e
.
,

o f s p e cial i m p o rtanc e P ro p e r arran g e m e nt w ill n o t o nly sav e m uch

.

ti m e t o t h e r e a de r but w ill e m phasi z e t h e i m p o rtanc e O f t h e m ain i d eas

a n d t h e r e lati o n o f t h e sub o r d inat e f act o rs W h e n d e si rabl e t o r ecit e
.

all t h e f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns in g r e at d e tail t h e e ss e ntial m att e rs p e rti

,
‘

n e nt t o t h e i m m e d iat e p ur p o s e o f t h e r e p o rt sh o ul d b e e m p hasi z e d so .

that this i m p o rtanc e can b e d ist i n g uish e d a n d t h e l o g ical c o nclusi o ns

m a d e m ani f e st .

T h e t e chnical r e p o rt i s O f t e n t h e p i o n e e r r e p o rt o n t h e su b

j e c t ; lat e r t h e l e g al a n d o th e r as p e cts m ust b e e xa m in e d a n d p ass e d

u p o n by s p e cialists i n e ach lin e but in its p r e li m ina ry sta g e s t h e e n

, ,

g i n e e r m u st f r e q u e ntly l o o k int o e ac h p has e an d i f his r e p o

,
rt i s t o

b e ar e x p e rt scr u tiny it m u st b e bas e d o n a br o a d un de rstan d in g O f

m any thin g s .

In t h e p r e p arati o n o f r e po rts o n t e chni cal p r o j e cts t h e e n g in e e r ,

n e e ds m o r e than t e chnical trainin g In such p r o j e cts qu e sti o ns o f l aw

.
, ,

busin e ss trans po rtati o n m ark e t c o n diti o ns m anu f actu rin g a g r icu l

, , , ,
 l02 L e t t e rs an d Re p o rt s

g in e e r hi m s e l f d o e s n ot f ully un de rstan d an d a pp r e ciat e the l o g ic of

t h e s i tuat i o n .

Fo r si m p li f yin g sci e nti fi c f acts p rinci p l e s an d data g ra p hical dia , ,

g ra m s a r e O f g r e at i m p o rtanc e Th ey g iv e a si g ni fi canc e t o fig u r e s a n d
.

d ata w hich i s n o t o th e r w is e a pp ar e nt .

Th e r e p o rt sh o ul d usually b e acc o m p ani e d by s u ch m a p s d ra w ,

in g s an d sk e tch e s as m a y b e n e c e ssary w ith t h e d ata f urnish e d t o ,

cl e arly illustrat e t h e c o n d iti o ns an d sh o w c o nclusiv e ly that t h e c o n d i

ti o ns a r e s u ch as t h e r ep o rt s ets f o rth .

I n m o st cas e s f acts a n d d ata sh o ul d b e g iv e n in such a m ann e r

that t h e r ep o rt m ay b e ch e ck ed u p by o th e rs w h o a r e in f o r m e d o n t h e
subj e ct a n d t h e c o nclusi o ns g iv e n i n t h e r ep o rt sh o ul d b e such as w ill
b e cl e arly d e m o nstrat e d by t h e f acts in t h e cas e a n d t h e availabl e d ata .

R e p o rts sh o ul d n e v e r c o nsist o f g e n e ral c o nclusi o ns o r m e r e Op ini o ns

but sh o ul d b e t h e l o g ical o utc o m e o f f acts c o n d iti o ns an d d ata ,
.

In g e n e ral it i s e ss e ntial that t h e r e p o rt its e l f sh o ul d b e cl e ar c o n ,

cis e a n d d e fi nit e i n its stat e m e nts a n d r e c o m m e n dati o ns An y e lab o .

rat e d isc u ssi o ns o i v o lu m in o us data sh o ul d u sually b e c o ntain e d in t h e

a pp e n d ix t o which t h e m ain r e po rt sh o ul d r e f e r f o r c o n fi r mati o n O f i ts
f a cts a n d r e c o m m e n d ati o ns E v e n un d e r such c o n d iti o ns it i s we ll t o
.

su m m ariz e t h e c o nclusi o ns an d such a su m m ary m ay b e intr o duc e d i n

t h e cl o sur e o f t h e r e p o rt o r m a y s o m e ti m e s b e i nclu de d t o a d vanta g e in
a sh o rt l e tt e r o f trans m ittal which m a y b e us e d a s an intr o d ucti o n t o
,

t h e m o r e e xt e n d e d t r e at m e nt in t h e r e p o rt .

L IT ERA T URE
E ff e ct i ve B s i n ss Le tt e rs A H G ar d n er T h e R o na l d Pr e ss Go
u e . . . . .

P tna m s C rr e s p o n d nc Hand b o k E l an r e B ank s G P Putna m s

u
’
o e e o . e o . . .
’

S o ns.

T h e A p p li c nt s D i ffic l t i e s by R F l m i ng E g N ws V l 7 5 p 1 0 85
’
a u , . e . n . e , o .
, . .

Wat r Po we r Eng i n e r i ng C h a p t r 2 4 T h e C o ns i d rat i n f Wat r P w r

e e . e , e o o e o e

Pr j cts b y Dan i l W M a d McG w H ill B k C o

o e , e . e , ra oo .

T h e Pr p ar t i n o f Eng i n e e r i ng R e p rts
e a o N t e s o t h e r e q i r em ents f a o . o n u o

r e p o rt E d war d B St e p h e ns o n Eng N ew s V o l 7 0 p 1 2 1 9
. . . .
, . , . .
 C H AP T ER VI I

O R I G I N N AT U R E ,
AND D E V EL O P ME N T OF L AW

66 . O ri g i nP r e se n t C iv il iz at i o n — T h e p r e s e nt s tat e o f
of th e
m e ntal a n d m at e rial d e v e l o p m e nt o f t h e nati o ns o f t h e e arth is t h e r e
sult o f influ e nc e s m any O f w hich m ay b e trac e d back t o t h e d a w n o f
hist o ry Men an d nati o ns a n d th e ir la w s cust o m s an d r e lati o ns a re
.
, ,

n o t al o n e w hat m o d e rn civilizati o n has p r o d uc e d but hav e b e e n cr e at e d

by influ e nc e s which hav e b e e n actin g f r o m t h e m o st r e m o t e ti m e s .

T h e h e rita g e o f t o day t h e s o cial p o litical a n d r e li g i o us instituti o ns a re

, ,

d u e t o m any p e o p l e an d t o o th e r nati o ns m any o f w hich hav e l o n g ,

c e as e d t o e xist but w h ich n e v e rth e l e ss ha ve l e f t an in d e libl e i m p r e ssi o n

o n p r e se n t s o c i a l p o litical m e ntal a n d m o ral d e v e l o p m e nt a n d o n t h e
‘

, , ,

th o u g hts acts a n d d aily liv e s o f p r e s e nt ge n e rati o ns

, .

Th o s e wh o r e a d D ra p e r s Int e ll e ctual D e v e l o p m e nt o f E ur o p e o r
’
,
i

Whit e s War f ar e o f Sci e nc e an d Th e o l o gy w ill fi n d th e s e in flu e n ce s

’
,

p o int e d o u t as th e y hav e a ff e ct e d c e r tain lin e s o f m o de rn th o u g ht a n d ,

w ill r ea liz e that a d vanc e m e nt in all lin e s is t h e r e sult O f m any infl u e nc es

w hich hav e m o d i fi e d O l d i d e as a n d O l d r e lati o ns a n d hav e b e e n lar g e ly
instru m e ntal in cr e atin g t h e p r e s e nt c o n diti o ns w hich n o w Obtain in
e v e ry c o untry .

6 7 L a w an E v o lu t i o n — It w ill b e f o un d tha t t h e la w s o f t o
. .

d a y which g uar d o u r ri g hts an d p rivil e g e s a n d li m it a n d c o ntr o l o u r ac

ti o ns w e r e n o t cr e at e d e ntir e ly n ew f o r t h e p arti cu la r n e e d s o f t h e
,

p r e s e nt ti m e but hav, e d e sc e n d e d f r o m t h e p ast chan g e d a n d m o di fi ed ,

as n e c e ssiti e s hav e de m an de d but still havin g th e i r r o o t th e i r o ri g in an d

'
,

f o un d ati o n in th e p ast .

T h e t e r m l a w is f a m iliar in nu m e r o us a pp licati o ns havin g a l

”
,

w ays h o w e v e r a s o m e w hat si m ilar si gn i fi cati o n

, ,
T e chnical st u de nts .

a r e p e rha p s m o st f a m iliar w ith natural la w s o n w hich t h e sci e nc e s

“ ”

a r e bas e d A kn o w l e dg e O f such la w s is a m o st i m p o rtant e l e m e nt in

"

t e chnica l e d ucati o n .

E n g in ee rs a n d archit e cts stu d y t h e la w s O f m e chanics t h e la w s O f ,

e l e ctricity O f ch e m istry o f p hysics a n d o f t h e vari o us o th e r s u b d i vi s

, , ,

i o ns 0f scien ce T h e liv e s O f m o st e n g in e e rs a r e larg e ly s p e nt in in

°

ve st iga t i n g such la w s a n d in u tilizin g th e m f o r t h e acc o m p lish m e nt o f

d e si r e d r e sults Such la w s hav e b e e n sl o w ly d e riv e d but n o t cr e at e d

.

by m a n th e y a r e fi x e d an d u nalt e rabl e an d a r e n e v e r br o k e n
,
.
 104 O r i gi n an d D e v e lo p m e n t o f La w

P lants an d t he l o we r ani m als nat u ral la w s O f g r o wth

f o ll o w t h e
a n d d e v e l o p m e nt a n d t h e instinct w hich i s als o th e i r e stablish e d natural

la w . Mankin d is als o influ e nc e d a n d c o ntr o ll e d m o r e la rg e ly by nat

u ral la w s than m any a r e a pt t o r e aliz e H e r e d ity e nvi r o n m e nt e du
.
, ,

cati o n all a ff e ct e v e ry acti o n an d e v e ry th o u g ht a n d Op ini o n

, .

That w hich is t e r m e d m o ral l a w m ay b e d e fi n e d as t h e g e n e ral

m o ral t o n e o r f e e lin g o f a c o m m unity t o ri g ht a n d w r o n g acti o n Th e .

unish m e nt f o r n e g l e ctin g o r d is r eg ar d in g m o ral l a w i s p ubli c d i sa p

p
p r o bati o n c o nt e m p t o r o stracis m
,
It ch an g e s t o s o m e e xt e nt w ith
.

e v e ry d e ca d e a n d d i ff e rs w ith d i ff e r e nt ti m e a n d d i ff e r e nt nati o ns
,
.

D ivin e l a w is b e li e v e d t o hav e b e e n r e c e iv e d f r o m D e ity a n d f o r m s t h e

basis O f all r e li g i o n a n d p r o bably h a s h a d g r e at e r influ e nc e o n hu m an
,

ac t i o ns than any o th e r e xc ep t natural la w s .

T h e d ivisi o ns O f la w s w hich m a v b e t e r m e d hu m an la w s a n d w hich

a r e int e n d e d t o influ e nc e o r g o v e rn hu m an acti o ns a r e s o m e w hat d i f ,

f e r e n t in charact e r Mo st o f th e s e la w s a r e n o t unalt e rabl e n o r u n

.

chan g in g ; n o r a r e th e y al w ays o b ey e d Th e s e l a w s m a n has s e e n fi t

.

t o e stablish f o r his o wn g ui d anc e a n d p r o t e cti o n t o e n a b l e h i m t o liv e '

i n sa f e ty a n d at p e ac e in t h e e nj o y m e nt o f such ri ght a n d p rivil e g e s as

h is stat e O f civilizati o n has m a de p o ssibl e .

68 D e v e l o p m e n t o f H u m an L a w s —P ri m i ti v e m a n p r o b a b ly
.

liv e d e nti r e ly un de r natural la w s He o btain e d th o s e thin g s w hich his

.

str e n gth a n d a g ility w o ul d p e r m it ; w ith h i m as w ith t h e l o w e r ani m als

,

m ig ht m a d e ri g ht a n d his e xist e nc e w a s lar g e ly a c o ntinu o us stru g

“ ”

gle . W ith his m e ntal d e v e l o p m e nt h e b e g an t o r e a l i z e that his in d ivi d

ual instincts a n d int e r e sts w e r e har d ly su ffi ci e nt f o r his g ui d anc e He .

b e g an t o se e that h is n e i g hb o rs h a d ri g hts e qual to a n d O f t e n in co n

fl ict w ith his o w n a n d that unl e ss h e w o ul d liv e in c o nstant w ar f ar e it
, ,

w a s abs o lut e ly e ss e ntial that t h e ri g hts O f all b e so r e g ulat e d as n o t t o

int e r f e r e o r s o as t o int e r f e r e as littl e as p o ssibl e w ith t h e e qual ri g hts
, ,

o f o th e rs In o r d e r t o p r o t e ct h i m s e l f in t h e e nj o y m e nt O f hi s o w n
.

r o e rty a n d ri g hts h e w a s o bli g e d t o m ak e la w s f o r t h e r e g ulati o n O f

p p ,

his o w n c o n d uct S uch la w s w e r e at fi rst lar g e ly r e g ulat e d by cust o m

.

o r by t h e Op ini o n o f t he h e a d O f t h e clan o r trib e W hat e v e r w a s cus .

t o m a ry o r u sual w a s c o nsi d e r e d ri g ht a n d b e ca m e t h e l a w Th e s e la w s .

hav e g r o w n d e v e l o p e d a n d hav e b ee n alt e r e d a n d e x p an de d as t h e rac e s

,

o f m ankin d hav e g r o w n a n d d e v e l o p e d an d e x p e ri e nc e d n e w d e m an d s

f o r t h e p r o t e cti o n o r e xt e nti o n o f th e i r s o cial p o litical a n d busin e ss r e

,

l a t io n s a n d th e y c o nstitut e t o d ay t h e vast l e g al f abric w hich c o ntr o ls

,

a n d m o d i fi e s e v e ry lin e O f civiliz e d hu m an activity .

 106 O r igin an d D e v e lo p m e n t o f La w

c o m m un ity wh e r e th e y we r e o bs e rv e d ; th e y we r e f r e qu e ntly v e ry l im
i t e d in e xt e nt .

C ust o m a ry usa g e still has t h e e ff e ct o f l a w in m any m att e rs at t h e

p r e s e nt d a y e xc e p t w h e r e d ir e ct l e g islati o n has int e rv e n e d Th u s a
‘

.
,

cubic yar d o f c r u sh e d r o ck m ay c o nsist o f a cu st o m ary w e i ght o f st o n e

'

inst e a d o f m e asu r e d quantity A c o r d o f w o o d sa w e d t o st o v e l e n gt h

.

m a y b e a cust o m ary quantity o f l e ss than an actual c o r d A p e rch o f .

st o n e m ay b e a cust o m a ry q u antity l e ss than t h e actual p e rch a n d such ,

cust o m ary m e th o d s o f m e asurin g m at e rials w ill h o l d in l a w unl e ss such

m e asur e m e nts hav e b e e n o th e r w is e fi x e d by d i r e ct l e g islati o n o r by c o n
tract .

In e arly ti m e s t h e p e o p l e o f E n g lan d w e r e un de r m a n y kin g s Al l .

w e r e unit e d by Eg b e rt ( K e nt — 82 8 ) a f t e r m any y e ars o f w ar f ar e .

Th e i r cust o m s which d i ff e r e d w i de ly in t h e vari o us kin g d o m s w e r e in ,

al m o st h o p e l e ss c o nflict Al f r e d t h e G r e at ( wh o di e d in 900) har

.

m o n i e d th e s e la w s d i g e st e d a n d analyz e d th e m a n d p r o vi d e d a g r e at
z , ,

b o o k f o r c o nv e ni e nt r e f e r e nc e Th is d i g e st o f t h e c o m m o n la w s o f
.

E n g lan d is t h e f o untain h e a d o f t h e g r e at b o dy o f la w s a n d o f t h e l a w ,

t hat n o w e xists in b o th E n g lan d a n d Am e rica F r o m th e s e t h e c o m .

m o n l a w o f E n g lan d a n d Am e rica has g r o w n a n d d e v e l o p e d p r i nc i ,

p ally f r o m t h e c o urt d e cisi o ns o f d is p ut e d cas e s .

7 1 D e v e l o p m e n t o f C o m m o n L a w b y J u d ic ial D ec i s i o n s
. .

A lth o u g h l e g islativ e acti o n i s t h e m o st c o ns p icu o us s o u rc e o f m o d e rn

la w s it i s n o t t h e s o urc e o f m o st o f t h e la w s w hich r eg ulat e t h e pe r
,
.

s o nal busin e ss r e lati o ns o f m e n " .

L e g islativ e activity has b e e n in t h e m ain d i r e ct e d t o t h e o r g an i za

ti o n t o t h e a d m inistrati o n o f g o v e rn m e nt ; in l e g islati o ns o f a p ubli c
,

charact e r such as p r o visi o ns f o r t h e c o ll e cti o n o f r e v e nu e s f o r t h e ,

m aint e nanc e a n d r e g ulati o n o f p ublic hi g h w ays f o r t h e lic e nsin g o f ,

s p e cial tra d e s a n d o th e r a d m ini strat iv e acts In t h e g r e at fi e l d o f p r i .

"
vat e l a w r e g ulatin g t h e r e lati o ns o f in d ivi d uals w ith e ach o th e r a fi e l d ,

f r o m w hich t h e vast m aj o rity o f e v e ry da y subj e cts o f l eg islati o n aris e ,

o u r l e g al syst e m i s still e ss e ntially t h e p r o d u ct o f j u d icial d e cisi o ns .

L eg islativ e invasi o n o f this fi e l d is p rinci p ally o nly f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f

, ,

a m e n dm e nt o f d e tail .
”

Th e s e d e cisi o ns f o r m a p r e c e de nt which s e rv e s t o s e ttl e o th e r si m i

la r cas e s Co urts a r e n o t at lib e rty t o i gn o r e de cisi o ns o f p r e vi o us
.

c o urts f o r th e s e d e cisi o ns a re pa rt o f t h e c o m m o n l aw an d n o m an i s
“

"L a w
, I ts Or i g i n Nat r e
, u an d D ev l o p m n t by L A H st n
e e , . . u o . M ode r n

A m r i can
e La w, V o l . 1 , Se c . 17 .
 D e v e lo p m e n t o f C o m m o n La w 107

w is e r than t h e l a w T h e c o untl e ss d e cisi o ns o f c o urts in E ur o p e a n d

.
.

Am e rica t h e r e c o r d s o f which fi ll th o usan d s o f v o lu m e s a r e t o an e x

, ,

t e nt bin d in g up o n t h e c o urts which d e ci d e si m ilar cas e s t o d ay Ea ch . .

n e w d e cisi o n b e c o m e s p a rt o f t h e c o m m o n l a w .

Th e o r e tically t h e l a w n e v e r chan g e s P ractically it is c o nstantly

.
,

b e in g r e vis e d an d m o di fi e d t o m e e t n e w c o n d iti o ns as civilizati o n an d "

its acc o m panyin g busin e ss transacti o ns d e m an d Whil e p ast d e cisi o ns .

a r e bin d in g in a s e ns e o n c o u rts o f t h e sa m e j uris d icti o n still as n e w , ,

situati o n s a ris e p r e c e de nts as e stablish e d by p r e vi o us de cisi o ns can b e

,

a n d a r e m o r e o r l e ss e xt e n d e d m o d i fi e d a n d m o ul d e d by n e w d e cisi o ns
,
.

int o c o n f o r m ity w ith t h e n e c e ssiti e s that aris e It m ust n o t b e un de r .

st o o d that th e s e d e cisi o ns o f t h e c o u r ts o f c o m m o n l a w a r e abs o lut e o r ,

that th ey cann o t b e d ep art e d f r o m un de r any c o n d iti o ns o r circu m

stanc e s f o r i f j u d icial d e cisi o ns hav e b e e n e stablish e d in a p articular
,

wa y f o r a nu m b e r o f y e ars a n d it is f o un d that o n acc o unt o f p ublic

p o licy an abs o lut e chan g e i s n e c e ssary such chan g e s a r e m a d e by t h e
,

c o urts o f c o m m o n la w th e m s e lv e s Th e c o urts s e l d o m h o w e v e r flatly

.
, ,

d isr e g ar d p r e c e d e nt but usually h o l d that t h e r e m e dy in such cas e s

,

li e s w ith t h e l eg islativ e b o dy Wh e n t h e c o m m o n l a w i s inc o nsist e nt

.

w ith t h e n e e d s o f t h e c o m m unity a n d t h e e vil b e c o m e s a c r yin g o n e t h e ,

l e g islatur e w ill usually st e p in a n d m ak e such alt e rati o ns as c o n d iti o ns .

d e m an d .

It sh o ul d als o b e n o t e d that th e s e d e cisi o ns a r e bin d in g o nly in a

li m it e d s e ns e Th e y a r e bin d in g o n c o urts o f c o m m o n j uris d icti o n "
.

that is i n t h e j uris d icti o n un de r which t h e d e cisi o ns hav e b e e n r e n d e r e d .

W isc o nsin d e cisi o ns a r e bin d in g o n W isc o nsin c o u rts ; Ne w Y o rk d e

c i s i o n s o n Ne w Y o rk c o urts a n d E n g lish d e cisi o ns a r e bin d in g o n E n g

li sh c o urts W h e r e a cas e i s t o b e d e ci de d o n lin e s f o r w hich th e r e

.
'

i s n o p r e c e d e n t i n t h e j uris d icti o n o f t h e c o urt w h e r e t h e cas e is h e ar d , .

t h e d e cisi o ns o f t h e c o m m o n l a w c o urts in o th e r j uris d icti o ns w ill hav e

an i m p o rtant influ e nc e o n t h e d e cisi o n o f t h e c o urt .

C rt s f C m m L w —T h e c o u rt s o f c o m m o n l a w
7 2 o.u o o o n a

hav e vari o us na m e s in vari o us stat e s J ustic e Co u rts a r e e stablish e d

.
”

t o try p e tty cas e s inv o lvin g clai m s n o t e xc e e d in g $ 2 00 F r o m th e s e .

c o urts a pp e als m ay b e m a de t o t h e n e xt hi gh e r c o ur ts Th e t e rm Ci r “
.

cuit C o urt is p e rha p s th e m o st c o m m o n na m e a pp li e d t o c o urts o f c o m

”

m o n l aw .P r o vi si o ns a re als o m a de w h e reby t h e v e r d ict o f such c o urts

o n fi rst r e s o r t m a y b e r e vi e w e d o r carri e d by a pp e al t o a s e c o n d c o urt ,

s o m e ti m e s t e r m e d a c o urt o f a pp e al an d s o m e ti m e s t o a thir d c o urt o f

'

fi nal j uris d icti o n usually kn o w n as t h e Su p r e m e Co urt o f t h e Stat e s

 108 O r i g in an d D e v e lo p m e n t o f La w

In such c o urts t h e d e cisi o n is usually fi nal unl e ss s o m e c o nstituti o nal ,

qu e sti o ns a r e inv o lv e d w hich w ill p e r m it o f its b e in g tak e n t o t h e Su

p r e m e C o urt o f t h e U S t h e d e cisi o n o f w hich w ill in s u ch cas e p r e
. .
,

vail Cas e s b e t we e n stat e s a n d b e t w ee n citiz e ns o f d i ff e r e nt stat e s i f

.

th e y inv o lv e a m o unts o f o r m o r e a re tak e n int o t h e U nit e d

Stat e s C i rcuit C o urt f r o m w hich th e y m a y p ass t o t h e U nit e d Stat e s

Co urt o f App e als a n d th e nc e t o t h e U nit e d S tat e s S u p r e m e Co u rt .

T h e o bj e cts o f t h e c o m m o n l a w a r e ( I ) t o p r o t e ct t h e ri g hts o f i n
d i vi d u a l s a n d ( 2 ) t o r e d r e ss t h e w r o n g s t o w hich th e y m ay hav e b e e n
,

subj e ct e d Th e la w s w hich p r o t e ct t h e ri g hts w h ich m e n p o ss e ss a n d

.

d e fi n e t h e in f rin g e m e nt o f th o s e ri g hts a r e ca ll e d substantiv e la w s .

T h e la w by w hi ch cri m inals a r e p unish e d a n d w r o n g s r e d r e ss e d a r e

call e d r em e d ial la w s .

73 S u.b d i vi
.
s i o n s o f t h e C o mm o n L a w — Sub s tan t iv e la w s .

d e fi n e r igh t s a n d w r o n g s R i g hts inclu d e l e g al ri g hts w hich t h e l a w

'

w ill r e c o gn iz e a n d p r o t e ct W r o n g s inclu d e such w r o n g s as a re r e c o g

.

n i z e d by t h e l a w a n d f o r w hich t h e l a w w ill o ff e r a r e d r e ss .

B lackst o n e sub d ivi d e s ri g hts i nt o ri g hts o f p e rs o ns a n d ri g hts o f

thin g s Th e fi rst r e lat e s t o t h e p e rs o n o f m en as d istin g uish e d f r o m
.

th e i r p r o p e rty a n d inclu d e s t h e ri g ht w hich e v e ry m a n has t o e nj oy p e r

s o nal s e curity p e rs o nal lib e rty a n d pe rs o nal p r o p e rty als o t h e liab il i
, , ,

ti e s an d ri g hts arisin g f r o m m utual r e lati o ns such as m ast e r an d s e rvant ,

p rinci p al a n d a g e nt g uar d ian a n d w a r d husban d a n d w i f e

, , p a r e nt an d ,

chil d .

T h e ri g ht o f thin g s inclu d e s l a w s w hich d e al w ith t h e acq u isiti o n

a n d o w n e rshi p o f r e al a n d p e rs o nal p r o p e rty inclu d in g t h e acc o m p any,

in g ri g ht a n d liabiliti e s .

W r o n g s m ay b e sub d ivi de d i nt o p ublic w r o n g s an d p rivat e w r o n g s .

P ublic w r o n g s a r e th o s e c o m m itt e d a g ainst t h e w h o l e c o m m unity a n d

w hich a r e t e r m e d cri m e s a n d m i s d e m e an o rs P rivat e w r o n g s a r e n o t
.

such as a r e d an g e r o us t o t h e c o m m unity at lar g e but a r e th o s e which ,

infl ict l o ss o n t h e in d ivi d ual a n d a r e kn o w n as t o rts .

T h e p e nalty f o r p ublic w r o n g s m a y b e fi n e s o r i m p ris o n m e nt ,

w hi l e th o s e f o r p rivat e w r o n g s i nclu d e r e stituti o n f o r t h e l o ss e s s u f

f e re d .

c o ntr o ls t h e o rg anizati o n o f c o u rts a n d t h e m e th o d s

R e m e d ial l a w
by w hich clai m s can b e e n f o rc e d th e r e in In b o th this c o untry a n d i n .

E n g lan d th e r e a r e t w o g r e at syst e m s o f c o urts t h e c o u rts o f C o m m o n ,

L a w a n d t h e C o urts o f E quity .

Th e c o u rt o f c o m m o n l a w i s t h e c o urt t o w hich r e f e r e nc e has pr e

v i o u sly b ee n m a d e Th e s e w e r e t h e e arli e s t c o urts in e xist e nc e i n E n g
‘

.
 lo O r i gi n an d D e v e lo p m e n t o f La w

p r o p e rty w a s f o ll o w e d by t h e la w s r e latin g t o p e rs o nal p r o p e rty W ith .

t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f t ra d e it wa s f o un d n e c e ssa ry f o r m ankin d t o f o r m

a g r e e m e nts ach o th e r f o r s p e ci fi c p ur po s e s which l ed t o t h e d e

w ith e

ve l o p m e n t o f t h e la w s o f c o ntracts T h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f c o m m e rc e
.

b e ca m e s o e xt e nsiv e that t h e l a w o f a g e nci e s b e ca m e n e c e ssary Fo r .

t h e p ur p o s e o f f acilitatin g c o m m e rc e la w s r e latin g t o t rans f e r o f n e g o

,

t iabl e p a p e r w e r e d e v e l o p e d At t h e p r e s e nt ti m e t h e g r e at incr e a se in
.

c o r p o rat e busin e ss has l e d t o g r e at d e v e l o p m e nt in t h e la w s r e latin g t o

c o r p o rati o ns O th e r s p e cialti e s in which e n g in e e rs a r e s pe cially int e r

.

e s t e d a r e t h e la w s o f f ranchis e s t h e la w s g o v e rnin g w at e r a n d w at e r
,

ri g hts t h e la w s o f e m in e nt d o m ini o n a n d t h e p at e nt la w s Th e s e la w s
, , .

a r e i n f act s o nu m e r o us that a m e r e catal o g o f th e i r subj e cts w o ul d r e

q ui r e m uch m o r e ti m e a n d s p ac e than a r e availabl e It i s h o p e d h o w .

e v e r that s o m e i d e a has b e e n g iv e n o f t h e g ra d ual g r o w th an d d e v e l o p

.

m e nt o f la w s a n d that t h e r e a d e r has b e e n i m p r e ss e d w ith t h e f act that

,

a s th e y n o w e xist th e y hav e c o m e d o w n t o us f r o m m o st r e m o t e ti m e s

a n d hav e b e e n m o d i fi e d as circ u m stanc e s s ee m e d t o r e qui r e Whil e .

t h e s e la w s a r e f a r f r o m p e r f e ct th e y r e p r e s e nt t h e c u st o m s a n d b e st
,

i de as o f t h e p ast a n d a r e sl o w ly m o d i fi e d t o m e e t t h e n e w c o n d iti o ns
that aris e A stu d y o f t h e la w s that w ill a ff e ct t h e s pe cial w o rk o f t h e
.

i nd i vi d ual in p ractic e w ill b e o f g r e at s e rvic e a n d w ill a id h i m in kn o w

in g hi s o wn ri ghts a n d p rivil e ge s t h e ri g hts a n d p rivil e g e s which m u st
,
‘

b e acc o r d e d t o o th e rs a n d w h e n h e sh o ul d s e e k a d e quat e l e g al a d vi c e
,
.

O UTL I N E O F L AW S AND LE G AL R E L ATI O N S

77 . G e n e ra l C la s s i fi c a ti o n of L aw .

t
B e wee n N tur l L w
a a a
G od an d Man Rev l d La w ea e

E ccl e si st i c l L a a aw
LAWS M r lL w o a a

t
B e we e n Pa io
bli
I nte rn t n l La w Pri vate c a
u

Man an d Man
C nsti t t i n l L o u o a aw
N ti n l
a o i St tuto ry La w
a or a
M n i ci p l L w C m m n La w “

( Eq u i t y
u a a o o

D e fi n i ti on s o f L a w
78 . .

I G e n era l
. A r u l e o f acti o n p r e scrib e d by auth o rity
.
“
Ce ntury .

D icti o nary A rul e o f acti o n e stabli sh e d by r e c o g niz e d

“
.

auth o rity t o e n f o rc e j ustic e an d d ir e ct duty Stan d .

”
 D e fi n it io n s o f La w I l l

a rd D icti o nary . Agrul e o f acti o n B e nj a

o ve r n i n g .

m in .
“
A rul e o f acti o n that w hich i s se t fi x e d p r e , , ,

sc rib e d or lai d do w n b e f o r e han d Sp e nc e r .

”
.

II . L aws b e tw e e n G o d an d Ma n .

I . Na t u r al laws . Stat e m e nts

invariabl e s e qu e nc e o f of th e
natu ral p h e n o m e na L a w o f g ravity B o yl e s l aw e t c
. .
’

,
.

2 . D i vi n e o r r ev e a l e d l a w Th o s e rul e s o f a ct i o n su pp o s e d t o
.

b e lai d u p o n m a n by D i e ty Mo saic l a w . .

III . L a ws b e t w e e n Ma n an d Ma n .

I . G en er a l . R ul e s f o r t h e
c o ntr o l o f hu m an acti o n ; th e s e we r e
“
c r eat e d by m a n f o r his o w n p r o t e cti o n e xc ep t ins o f ar ,

as r e li g i o us w ritin g s a r e c o nsi de r e d t o b e la w s lai d do wn

by t h e D i e ty "
Whit e
'
-
. .

2 . E c c l e s ia s t i c a l l a w L a w s o f t h e chu rch o r o th e r r e li g i o us
.

ass o ciati o ns .

3 . M or a l la w Th o s e rul e s o f c o n d uct a pp r o v e d by t h e co m
.

m unity .

4 . I n t er n a t i o n a l l aw Th o s e p r e c e de nts o r c u st o m s o bs e rv e d
.

by in de p e n de n t nati o ns .

( a ) Co v e rin g m utual ri g hts a n d duti e s o f nati o ns .

( b ) Co v e rin g ri g hts a n d duti e s o f citiz e ns wh e n in f o r

e ig n stat e s .

5 . M u n icipa l la w Th o s e rul e s o f civil ri ghts a n d c o n d uct

.

which r e g ulat e t h e acti o n o f t h e inhabitants o f a nati o n o r

stat e w ith each o th e r .

I V F u r t h e r d efin i t i o n .

I P o si t ive law Th o s e rul e s o f c o n d uct a n d o f int e rr e lati o n

. .

p r e scrib e d a n d e n f o rcibl e by p ubli c auth o rity ; t h e l a w

“ ”

o f t h e c o u rts Po sitiv e la w s in g e n e ral r e fl e ct t h e p0p u

.

lar c o nvicti o n o f that w h ich is r e as o nably j ust e q u itabl e ,

a n d p r o p e r in t h e c o n d uct a n d r e lati o ns o f m a n t o m a n

un de r t h e av e ra g e circu m stanc e s o f t h e stat e in w hich t h e v

p r e vail .

2 S u b s t a n t i ve l a w
. De fi n e s in d ivi d ual ri g hts a n d that w hich
.

c o nstitut e s in f rin g e m e nt o n th o s e ri g hts .

3 R e m e
. di a l l a w R e lat e s t o t h e o.r g anizati o n o f c o u rts a n d
t h e m ann e r in w hich ri g ht s m a y b e e n f o rc e d th e r e i n .

7 9 So u r c e s o f Mu nic i pa l L a w
. .

I Wr i t t en L aw
. .

I Co nstit u ti o n o f t h e nati o n
. .
1 12 O r ig in an d D e v e lo p m e n t o f La w

n Co nstituti o n of th e stat e .

o
o
S tatut e s o f nati o n .

s- S tatut e s o f stat e .

n
e
O r d inanc e s o f m in o r po litical sub divi si o ns .

g C o n tr a ct s W h e n n o t o p po s e d t o p ubli c p o licy o r t o t h e l a w
.

o f stat e o r nati o n t w o o r m o r e in d ivi d ual s m ay by m u

, ,

tual c o ns ent p r e scrib e f o r th e m s e lv e s rul e s o f acti o n u n

,

d e r c e rtain c o n d iti o ns w hich t h e p ublic auth o riti e s w ill e u

f o rc e viz : c o ntracts
,
.

U n wr i t t e n L aw .

I . Civi l l a w .

A O ri g in
. J ustinian Co de as c o d i fi e d f r o m anci e nt R o
.

m a n la w s .

B . B asi s o f all Co ntin e ntal E ur o pe an syst e m o f j u r i sp r u

d e nc e .

C . L ar g e ly influ e nc e d E n g lish a n d Am e rican l a w th r o u g h

W illia m t h e Co nqu e r e r wh o c o nqu e r e d E n g lan d in
1 066 .

D . L o ui siana lar g e ly infl ue nc e d by F r e nch la w s ; t e rri

t o ry acqui r e d f r o m S p ain lar g e ly infl u e nc e d by Sp an
i sh syst em o f l aw b o th o f which a re civil la w s
,
.

2 . C o m m o n L aw .

A . O ri g in .

( a ) Al l la w s o f E n g lan d e ith e r statut o ry o r co m

th e ,

m o n which w e r e in f o rc e at t h e ti m e o f t h e De c
l a r at io n o f In d e p e n de nc e a ri d r e c o g niz e d by o u r,

c o u rts a n d w hich hav e n o t sinc e b e e n r ep e al e d

,
.

( b ) Al l th o s e univ e rsal o r l o cal usa g e s which t h e

c o urts r e c o g niz e as havin g f o rc e o f l aw .

B G r o w th— b y j u d icial d e cisi o n ; by e stablish e d l o cal

.

u sa g e s .

C Ho w m o d ifi e d— b y statut e s ; by j u d icial d e cisi o ns a n d

.
,

t o s o m e e xt e nt by c o ntract .

D Par o l c o ntracts
. .

E Quasi c o ntracts
. .

80 . D e fi ni t i o n s C o nc e rn i n g Mu n i c i p a l L a w s .

I . S u b j ec t Ma tt er .

I . Po litical l a w : r e latin g t o a dm inistrati o n o f stat e o r nati o n .

2 . C ri m inal l a w : r elatin g t o o ff e ns e s d ir e ctly p r o s e c u t e d an d

p unish e d by t h e stat e o r nati o n .
1 14 O r i g in an d D e ve lo p m e n t o f La w

81 . C l a s s i fi ca ti o n an d R e lati o n of P os it i v e L aw .

P n l S curi t y e rs o a e
A b s l te Ri gh ts P rs nal Lib rt y o u e o e
P r n l Pr pe rt y e so a o

N t ral P r ns
a u Th e so
C ourt
P bl c P o l e u i
s

p e e
KI d i id l ) n v ua s

H sb nd d W i fe u a an
Par nt d C hil d e an
Oth r G uard i n d W rd e a an a
P rs ns M ste r d S erv nt e o a an a
Princi p l a d A gent a n
P rtn r hi p s a e s

Mu n i ci p al fCo r p o ra t i o n s
'

Ar t i fl Cia l P r nS
C rp r t n
( C o rp o r a t i o n s )
e so
B u sm ess o o a io s

C nsti tuti n l o o a
Sta tut ry o

LO i gi o f R i gh ts Qu s i C ntr ct s
r n a -
o a
Fr m Co ntra cts o
Co m m n L w o a

R l Esta te
( Cl ass fi ca t n P r n l Pr
ea

p rt y
i io
e so a o e

Purch s a e
C o ntr ct a
I n h e i tanc r e
Ti tl e M rri ge a a
G r nt a
Jud gm nt e
Occup ncy a

Priv te a To rts—I nt rf r nc wi th b s l t righ ts

e e e e a o u e
Wr n gs o B reac h o f C o ntr ct a
(C i vi l
Law)

v r nt
T h e G o e nm e

3 33if
0
7
1
r
C im e s A g inst a Th e a e St t
(C r i m i l
1
Th e d I n i vi u l
d a
L a w)
Po l t ca l La w—A d m n str t i n
i i i i a o

8 2 E n f o rc e m e n t o f L a w
. .

I . In G e n er a l .

I . Na t u r a l la w Invariabl e la w s o f natur e
. .

N at u ral la w s a r e al ways e n f o rc e d T h e e n g in e e r m ay so .

m o d i f y t h e c o n d iti o ns that t h e o ccurr e nc e o f natu ral p h e

n o m e n a w ill n o t b e d e tri m e ntal t o hu m an int e r e sts o r so

that th e i r o ccu rr e nc e w ill b e m o r e f av o rabl e t o hu m an

int e r e sts as t h e cas e m ay b e
,
.

2 . D ivi n e l a w H o p e o f f ut u r e r e w ar d a n d f e ar o f e t e rnal p u n
.

i sh m e n t .
 En f o rc e m e n t o f La w 1 15

E c c e l esia s t i ca l l aw Church a pp r o val vs x c o m m unicati o n

'

3 . . . e

orchurch c e nsur e .

4 M or a l la w Se l f a pp r o val vs s e l f c e nsur e a n d a pp r o val vs

- -
. . . .
,

c e nsu r e o f s o ci e ty o r c o m m unity .

5 .I n t er n a t i o n a l l a w A p p r o val vs
. d isa pp r o val o f nati o ns .

p o ssibilit ie s o f w a r .

6 M u n i ci pa l l a w
. Po pular a pp r o val o r disa p p r o val a n d p e n
.

a l t i e s p r e scrib e d by nati o n stat e o r m unici p al statut e s ,

.

R e m e d ia l l a ws — ,
m a y b e e n f o rc e d by
I Co u r t s o f Co m m o n L aw G o v e rn e d b y c o m m o n la w rul e s
. .

a n d strictly b o un d by p r e c e d e nt F uncti o ns p unish m e nt .

,

a n d c o m p e nsati o n f o r acts a f t e r th e y o ccu r .

2 .Co u r t s o f E q u i t y E xtra o r d inary r e m e d i e s n o t r e c o g niz e d

.

by c o m m o n l a w ; inj uncti o n a g ainst unla w f ul acti o n ,

e n f o rc e s p e ci fi c p e r f o r m anc e .

E n f o r ce m e n t o f R e m e d ia l L aw s J u ris d icti o n o f c o urts o f co m

.
,

m o n law E v e ry p e rs o n liv e s un de r th r ee f o r m s o f g o v
.

e r n m e n t — nati o nal
,
stat e a n d l o cal I n m o st stat e s t h e
,
. .

c o urts f o r t h e e n f o rc e m e nt o f r e m e d ial la w s a r e as f o l
lo ws
I Ju s t i c e co u r ts — w hi ch a re li m it e d t o cas e s inv o lvin g n o t
.
,

m o r e than $ 2 00 .

2 .Ci r c u i t C o u r t C as e s that aris e un d e r la w s o f t h e stat e ; als o

.

th o s e that aris e un de r la w s o f t h e U nit e d Stat e s wh e r e

a m o unt inv o lv e d i s l e ss than
3 S u pr e m e C o u r t o f S t a t e
. R e vi e w o f ci rcuit c o u rt cas e s ; als o
.

c o u rt o f o ri g inal j uris d icti o n in cas e s inv o lvin g co n st it u

t io n a l qu e sti o ns .

4 U S Cir c u i t C o u r t
. . . C as e s un d e r U nit e d Stat e s statut e s ;
.

als o cas e s b et we e n c itiz e ns o f d i ff e r e nt stat e s inv o lvin g ,

p r o pe rty ri g hts o f m o r e than

5 U S Co u r t o f Appe a l
. . . R e vi e w o f ci rc u it c o urt de cisi o ns
. .

6 U S S u pr e m e C o u r t
. . . R e vi e w o f d e cisi o ns o f c o u rt o f a p
.

p e al a n d o f su p r e m e c o u rts o f stat e s Co u rt o f o ri g inal .

j uris d icti o n in qu e sti o n s inv o lvin g U nit e d Stat e s c o nsti

t u t i o n a l qu e sti o ns .
1 16 O r i gi n an d D e v e lo p m e n t o f La w

L IT ERA T URE
Eng i n e e r i ng a d n Arc hi t e ctura l Jur i s p ru d e nc e by J C Wa i t
W il e y , . . .

an d S o ns N e w Y o r k
, .

La w s o f O p e rat i ns Pr e li m i nar y t o C nstruct i o n i n Eng i n e e r i ng a d

o o n

Arch i t e ctur e by J C Wa i t W il e y a d S o ns N e w Y o r k
, . . . n , .

Manua l o f C o m m e rc i a l L a w by E W S p e nce r T h e B bb s M e rr ill , . . . o -

Co . I n d i ana p o li s I n d i na
, , a .

Law s o f B us i n e ss by Th eo p hil us Pars o ns T h e S S Sc rant o n C

, . . . o .
,

Hart f o r d C o nn
, .

B u s i n e ss L w by T R W hi t e
a ,
S il v e r B ur d e tt C N e w Y o r k
. . .
, o .
, .

D i ct i o nar y o f L a w by W C An d rs o n T H F l o d C o C hi cago '

, . . e . . . o .
, .

C y c l o p e d i c L w D i ct i o nar y S h u m a k e r a d L o ngs d o r f Ca ll ag h a n
a , n .

Co .

urge ss C o m m e rc i a l
B
’
L a w, by K . F . Bu rg ss e an d J A Ly ns
. . o . Ly ns
o

Carna h an C hi ca go
, .
 1 18 L e ga l R e la t i o n s

Th e fi c e rs o f a p rivat e c o r p o rati o n m ust b e d uly auth o riz e d by

of

t h e B o ar d o f Di r e ct o rs t o e m p l o y s e rvic e o r p ay m e nt f o r such s e rvic e

m a y b e av o i d e d Th e e m p l o y m e nt o f an o ffi cial o f a p rivat e c o r p o ra
.

ti o n t o d o c e rtain thin g s wh i ch cann o t b e d o n e w ith o ut ass i stants ,

cl o th e s h im w ith auth o rity t o e m p l o y such assistants .

Th e o ffi cials o f a m unici p ality cann o t l e g ally c o ntract f o r s e rvic e s

f o r t h e p ay m e nt f o r w hich n o a pp r o p riati o n s a r e availabl e .

O ccasi o nally e n g in e e rs a r e e m p l o y e d in g o o d f aith o n c o nsultin g

w o rk by m unici p al auth o riti e s but n o a d e quat e a rran g e m e nts a r e m a d e
,

f o r p ay in g f o r th e i r s e rvic e s In s o m e cas e s a c e rtain a pp r o p riati o n

.

has b e e n m a de but thi s h a d b ee n e xc e e de d by t h e e x p e n d itur e s In .

such cas e s an i nj uncti o n w ill l ie p r e v e ntin g any p ay m e nt in e xce ss o f

,

t h e a m o unt p r o vi d e d Whil e such an inj uncti o n i s unusual it is a l

.
,

w ays p o ssibl e a n d p r o p e r p r o vi si o n f o r su ffi ci e nt f un d s sh o ul d b e m a d e

,

b e f o r e t h e s e rvic e s a r e r e n d e r e d
84 D i s c h a r ge f —
.

. E m p l o y m e n t m a v b e t e r m in at e d by a n e m

p l o y e r b e f o r e t h e c o ntract t e r m o f s e rvic e has e x p i r e d by r e as o n o f any

o f t h e f o ll o w in g caus e s :

I W ill f ul d i s o b e d i e nc e t o la w f ul o r de rs
. .

2 G r o ss m o ral m isc o n d uct

. .

3 H abitual n e g li g e nc e
. .

4 Inc o m p e t e ncy o r inca p acity

. .

85 P r o f e s s i o na l E m p l o y m e n t — T h e r e lati o n s o f t h e p r o f e s
.

si o ual m a n t o his cli e nt a r e c o n fi de ntial o r fi d uciary T o p r e v e nt u m .

d u e a d vanta g e f r o m t h e unli m it e d c o n fi d e nc e w hich such r e lati o ns in

v o lv e t h e l a w r e quir e s t h e u t m o st o f g o o d f aith in all t ransacti o ns
,

b e t we e n t h e p arti e s In acc e p tin g s e rvic e in a p r o f e ssi o nal ca p acity

.

th e r e f o r e t h e in d ivi d ual als o acc e p ts c e rtain r e s p o nsibiliti e s w ith o ut a

s p e cial a g r e e m e nt .

. Th e r e s p o nsibiliti e s l e g ally i m p li e d in such cas e s a r e su m m ariz e d

by W ait as f o ll o ws : 5

I That h e h as t h e r e quisit e skill a n d kn o wl e dg e

. .

2 That h e w ill u se r e as o nabl e car e a n d d ili g e nc e in t h e e x e rci s e o f

.

his skill a n d in t h e a pp licati o n o f hi s kn o w l e dge .

3 That h e w ill u se hi s b e st j u dg m e nt ; a n d
.

4 That h e w ill b e h o n e st
. .

I f t h e p r o f e ssi o nal m a n n e g l e cts o r f ails t o e x e rcis e any o n e o f

th e s e r e quir e m e nts an d inj u ri e s o r d a m a g e s r e sult f r o m such n e g l e ct o r
f ailur e h e is liabl e un d e r t h e l a w f o r such inj u ry o r d a m a g e s
,
.

4 Wa i t S cs 802 —806
e, e . .

5 Wa i t Se 83 1
, c . .
 Pr o fe s s i o n a l Em p lo y m e n t 1 19

T h e la w h o l d s e v e ry m an wh o s o licits e m p l o y m e nt in any v o cati o n

o r p r o f e ssi o n r e s p o nsibl e f o r t h e skill ability a n d l e arnin g n e c e ssary
, ,

f o r t h e r e as o nabl e p e r f o r m anc e o f hi s w o rk H is liability i s d et e r .

m in e d by his c o ntract f o r e m p l o y m e nt w hich m a y b e w ritt e n v e rbal , ,

o r i m p li e d a n d is t h e sa m e w h e th e r his s e rvic e s a r e r e n d e r e d gr at u i
,

t o u sly o r f o r a r e war d .

I f t h e cli e nt is a w a r e o f t h e p r o f e ssi o nal inca p acity o f h i s e m

l o e e w h e r e e m l o y m e nt is g iv e n n o i m p li e d liability i s e ntail e d but
p y , p ,

o nly such liability as w ill r e sult f r o m actual w arrant e e .

T h e e m p l o y m e nt o f a p r o f e ssi o nal m a n d o e s n o t i m p ly p e r f e cti o n

in h i s Wo rk o r t h e sa f e ty o r d urability o f his d e si g ns o r c o nstructi o n
, ,

unl e ss it is p r o ve d that unsatis f act o ry r e sults a r e d u e t o lack o f o r d i

nary skill car e o r att e nti o n Th e acc e ptanc e o f e m p l o y m e nt by a p r o
,
.

f e ss i o n a l m a n d o e s n o t i m p ly o r w arrant satis f act o ry r e sults but f ail ,

u r e d u e t o h is d ir e ct f ault o r n eg l e ct w ill r e n d e r h i m liabl e f o r d a m a g e .

Th e d uty o f t h e p r o f e ssi o nal m a n is a d uty o f r e as o nabl e car e an d d ili

g e nc e in t h e p e r f o r m anc e o f his w o rk Th e r e i s n o i m p li e d p r o m is e .
“

that m iscalculati o ns m ay n o t o ccu r An e rr o r o f j u dg m e nt i s n o t n ec .

e ssa r ily e vi d e nc e o f a w ant o f skill o r ca r e a n d m iscalculati o ns a re inci ,

d e nt t o all t h e busin e ss o f li f e He i s r e s p o nsibl e f o r t h e c o us e

.
” 6

q u en c e s o f m iscalculati o ns a n d e rr o rs o nly wh e n it is sh o wn that s u ch

m iscalculati o ns a n d such e rr o rs c o u ld hav e o ccurr e d thr o u g h lack
o f r e as o nabl e kn o w l e d g e skill a n d d ili g e nc e ; a n d such kn o wl e dge
, ,

skill a n d d ili g e nc e m ust b e such as w o ul d b e p o ss e ss ed an d e x e rcis e d by

a r e as o nably p ru de nt m a n in t h e sa m e p r o f e ssi o n Thus an e n g in e e r .
7

o r archit e ct w h o d e si g ns a f o un d ati o n i m p r o p e rly b e caus e h e has n e g

l ige n t ly f ail e d t o a d vis e hi m s e l f as t o t h e ch a r a c t e r o f t h e s o il o r wh o 8

’

car e l e ssly p r o vi d e s b o il e r flu e s in e xc e ss o f t h e ca p acity o f t h e chi m

n ey
9
i s liabl e f o r t h e r e sultin g l o ss .

Th e liabi lity o f t h e p r o f e ssi o nal m a n i s d e t e r m in e d by t h e nat u r e

o f h is c o nt ract f o r e m p l o y m e nt This i s s e l d o m in f o r m al w ritt e n
.

f o r m but is usually t h e r e sult o f c o rr e s p o n d e nc e o r v e rbal a g r e e m e nt ,

a n d o f t e n is n o t d e fi nabl e w ith any d e g r e e o f c e rtainty If h o we v e r .

, ,

h e acc ep ts e m p l o y m e nt w ith an actual o r an i m p li e d a g r e e m e nt a s t o

c e rtain d e fi nit e r e sults th o s e r e sults m ust b e r e as o nably a pp r o xi m at e d
,

6 C b s v B e d e 89 Ma i n e 1 87
o om .
, , .

7 T h e L ga l L i a bili t y
e f Arc hi t cts d D s i gn e rs by R N M ill r
o e an e , . . e . Th e
R o s e T e ch n i V l 2 5 p 1 1 7
c , o , . .

8 L ou i s i ana M l ass s C v L e Sass i e r 5 2 La Am 2 070

o e o . .
, . . .

9 Hu b rt e t l vs Ar i k m 1 5 Da ly ( N Y ) 2 3 7 2 N Y S p 7 1 1
e a . e , . .
, . . u . .
 1 20 Le ga l R e la t i o n s

or he cann o t r e c o v e r f o r his lab o r a n d m ay b e h e l d liabl e f o r any d a m

a g e s that o ccu r I f f o r e xa m p l e an a rchit e ct i s e m pl o y e d t o d e si gn a
.

buil d in g t o c o st a S p e ci fi e d su m a n d t h e plans wh e n fi nish e d ca nn o t b e,

carri e d o u t w ith o ut an e x p e ns e which g r e atly e xc e e d s that su m t h e ,

archit e ct cann o t c o ll e ct f o r his s e rvic e s ; an d i f t h e w o rk o f c o nstr u cti o n

is un d e rtak e n b e f o r e t h e f act o f e xc e ss c o st is de t e r m in e d a n d t h e s pe ci
fi e d c o st is g r e atly e xc e e d e d t h e a rchit e ct m a y b e liabl e f o r such d a m
,

a g e s t o hi s cli e nt 0
A s m all d i ff e r e nc e is i m m at e rial but t h e s pe ci fi e d
.
1
,

su m m ust b e r e as o nably a pp r o xi m at e but i f t h e cli e nt a f t e r fi n d in g o u t

that t h e c o st w ill b e incr eas e d d e ci de s t o u se t h e p lans h e m ust p ay f o r
, ,

th e m .

86 T h e E n g i n e e r a s a n Ag e n t —W h e r e a n e n g i n e e r o r
.

archit e ct un d e rtak e s t o su p e rvis e t h e c o nstructi o n o f wo rk h e b e c o m e s ,

an a g e nt o f his cli e nt w ith t h e auth o rity a n d subj e ct t o t h e liability o f

a ge nts .

T h e auth o rity o f an an a g e nt unl e ss o th e r wis e kn o wn o r li m it e d

1 1
,

c o nsists o f
I Th o s e p o w e rs d ir e ctly c o n f e rr e d
. .

2 Inci de ntal p o we rs r e as o nably n e c e ssary t o car ry int o e ff e ct t h e

.

p o w e rs d i r e ctly c o n f e rr e d .

3 P o w e rs w hich cust o m a n d u sa g e hav e a d d e d t o t h e p o w e rs di

.

r e ct ly c o n f e rr e d .

4 Such o th e r p o w e rs as t h e p rinci p al has by act n eg l e ct o m i ssi o n

.
, ,

o r acqui e sc e nc e ca us e d o r p e r m itt e d th o s e d e alin g w ith t h e a g e nt t o

r e as o nably b e li e v e h e has c o n f e rr e d .

5 P o we rs e x e rcis e d by t h e a g e nt a n d subs e qu e ntly c o n f e rr e d by

.

t h e p rinci p al .

T h e d uti e s o f an a g e nt a r e lai d d o w n by S p e nc e r as f o ll o w s
I T o act w ith scru p ul o us g o o d f aith t o w ar d t h e p rinci p al
—
. .

2 T o acc o unt f ully a n d p r o p e rly f o r all p r o c e e d s p r o fi ts a n d d i s

.
,

b u r se m e n t s o f t h e a g e ncy .

3 T o e x e rci s e d u e car e d ili g e nc e a n d p ru d e nc e in t h e m ana g e m e nt

‘

.
,

o f t h e p rinci p al s a ff airs
’
.

4 T o o be y all la w f ul instructi o ns
. .

5 T o n o ti f y t h e p rinci p al o f all e ss e ntial m att e rs a ff e ct in g t h e

.

a g e ncy .

6 T o act in p e rs o n e xc e p t w h e r e auth o rity t o act thr o u g h an o th e r

.

is e xp r e ss e d o r i m p li ed .

1 0
E d war d B arr n Estat e C 0 x W o o d ru ff Co 1 6 3 Ca l 5 6 1 1 2 6 Pac
o . . . .
, . 351 .

1 1
C ntracts i n Eng i n e r i ng J I Tuc k e r Sec 1 46
o e . . .
, . .

1 2 S e Man u a l f C o m m rc i a l L a w
e o E W S p e nc r Se c 5 7 8
e . . . e , . .
 122 Le ga l R e la t i o n s

that h e has e x e rci s e d a v e ry p o o r j u dg m e nt but that h e i s unskill e d that ,

h e has b e e n d i sh o n e st a n d f rau d ul e nt .
1 3

A s lack o f g o o d f aith o r c o rru p ti o n is o f t e n har d t o d e m o nstrat e t o

t h e sati s f acti o n o f a c o urt o r j ury t h e c o nt ract o r m a y b e un f ai rly us e d
,

a n d p u t t o m uch unn e c e ssary e x e ns e th r o u g h t h e i g n o ranc e inj ustic e

p ,

o r e v e n t h e m alici o us d e ci si o n o f t h e e n g in e e r .

It i s e vi d e nt th e r e f o r e that w h e n by t h e t e r m s o f a c o ntract an e u
,

g in e e r o r a rchit e ct is cl o th e d w ith d iscr e ti o na ry o r quasi j u d icial p o w e r

-

a n d e x e rcis e s that p o we r i n g o o d f aith h e cann o t b e h e l d r e s o nsibl e

p ,

f o r hi s acts or fi n d in g s S uch c o n d iti o ns o btain w h e n h e acts as ar

.

bit e r o r r e f e r e e in t h e d e t e r m inati o n o f d is p ut e d qu e sti o ns o r o f m att e rs

o f f act w hich a p p e rtain t o t h e c o m p l e ti o n o f w o rk o r t h e basis o f
p ay
m e nt f o r t h e sa m e .

T h e sa m e p rinci p l e s h o l d in t h e e x e rci se o f d iscr e ti o nary p o w e r by

a p ublic o ffi c e r ; in g e n e ral such o ffi c e rs a r e n o t liabl e to p rivat e in d ivi d
u a l s f o r inj uri e s r e sultin g f r o m th e i r act o r n e g l e ct o r f o r t h e acts o r n e
g
l e ct o f th e i r sub o r d inat e s T h e p ublic o ffi cial b e in g e l e ct e d o r a pp o int e d
.

can n o t b e h e l d o n an i m p li e d a g r e e m e nt t o e x e rci s e t h e r e quisit e skill ,

d ili g e nc e a n d j u d g m e nt f o r his w o rk .

88 O wn e rsh i p o f P l a n s D e s i g n s a n d I n v e n t i o n s —U nl e s s
.
,

o th e r w is e s p e ci fi cally a g r e e d t h e p lans f o r a structur e w ill b e l o n g t o t h e

,

o w n e r w h e n h e has p ai d t h e e n g in e e r o r archit e ct a r e as o nabl e p ric e f o r

his s e rvic e s at l e ast d u rin g t h e ti m e a n d f o r t h e p ur p o s e o f co n st r u c

,

ti o n Wh e th e r o r n o t t h e d e si g n e r can r e quir e a r e turn o f t h e p lans

.

a f t e r th e i r u se e v e n wh e n such is sh o w n t o b e t h e univ e rsal l o cal cus

,

t o m has n o t b e e n cl e arly s e ttl e d

,
.

T h e unauth o riz e d u se o f such p lans by c o pyin g o r buil d in g f r o m

th e m i s h e l d ill e g al unl e ss th e y a r e p ublish e d t o t h e w o rl d in which
, ,

cas e unl e ss c o py ri g ht e d th e y hav e b e c o m e p ublic p r o p e rty

, ,
.

Th e p lans d e si g ns a n d inv e nti o ns o f an e m p l o y e e a r e t h e p r o p

,

e r t y o f t h e e m p l o y e r o nly i f such o w n e rshi p is a g r ee d o r r e as o nably i m

p li e d .

Wh e r e a p r o f e ssi o nal d e si g n e r i s e m p l o y e d f o r t h e p ur p o s e o f de
si gn h e has n o ri g hts in t h e de si g n p r o d uc e d d urin g his e m p l oy m e nt but ,

t h e ri g hts o f d isc o v e ry o f a n e w m e th o d o f c o nst ructi o n o r o f a n e w

p r o c e ss o r m at e rial w o ul d
,
r e m ain in t h e em p l o y e e alth o u g h t h e em ,

p l o y e r m ig ht r e tain a lic e ns e t o u se th e m i f t h e d isc o v e ry w a s in t h e

d i r e ct lin e o f e ff o rt f o r w hich t h e d e si g n e r w a s e m p l o y e d T h e r e sults .

1 3 B ag l y v D i ck s n
e . o , 1 3 Ou t . Ap p 4 84 ; . a l s Wa i t
o , Se c 84 8
. .
 En gi n e e r in L e g a l P r o c e e di n g s 123

of th e wo rk o f th e d e si g n e r
utsi de o f o ffi c e h o urs a r e h o w e v e r his p e r
o

s o nal p r o p e rty . In g e n e ral t h e sa m e p rinci p l e s a pp ly t o inv e nti o ns

, .

T HE E N G I N E E R IN L E G AL P R O C EE D I N G S

89 . N e c e s s i t y o f E x pe rt Se rv ic e —In liti g at i o n i n v o lvi n g

t e chnical m att e rs it i s c o m m o nly n e c e ssary f o r t h e p arti e s inv o lv e d t o
call in e n g in e e rs wh o a r e s p e cially in f o r m e d o n t h e m att e r in qu e sti o n .

This is m a d e n e c e ssary by t h e f act that t h e att o rn eys e m p l o y e d w hil e ,

p o ssibly l e arn e d in t h e l a w a ff e ctin g t h e cas e at issu e cann o t,b e i n

f o r m e d o u t h e m any a n d d iv e rs e t e chnical m att e rs w hich th e y a r e

call e d u p o n t o p r e s e nt t o t h e c o u rts It i s hi g hly d e si rabl e that t h e a t
.

t o r n e y s e m p l o y e d o n any t e chnical cas e sh o ul d hav e h a d p r e vi o us e x

p e r ie n ce o n si m ilar cas e s as such e x p e ri e nc e w ill g r e atly f acilitat e t h e

,

p r e p arati o n o f t h e cas e a n d assur e its m o r e a d e quat e p r e s e ntati o n .

In any e v e nt t e chnical liti g ati o n w ill o r d inarily r e qui r e e x p e rt s e rv

i c e f o r t h e p ur p o s e o f :
Fi r s t : C o nsultati o n in r e g ar d t o t h e t e chnical d e tails inv o lv e d .

Se co n d : Assistanc e in t h e p r e p arati o n o f t h e cas e .

Th ir d : Assistanc e in t h e e xa m inati o n o f t e chnical w itn e ss e s by t h e

att o rn ey .

Fo u r t h : As e x p e rt w itn e ss .

go . C on s u l t a t i o n — Ih m o st ca s e s w h e r e li ti g at i o n a ri s e s
c o nc e rn in g t e chnical p r o j e cts o r a ff airs th e r e a r e c e rtain qu e sti o ns in
,

v o lv e d w hich a r e m o r e o r l e ss d o ubt f ul Th e s e qu e sti o ns m ust b e d e

.

t e r m in e d by e vi d e nc e c o nc e rnin g t h e f acts in t h e cas e a n d o f t e n by t h e

,

o p ini o ns o f m e n e x p e ri e nc e d in t h e p articular subj e ct as t o t h e b e arin g

o f t h e f acts o n t h e p o ints at issu e It is th e r e f o r e e vi de nt that b e f o r e

.

li ti g ati o n is b eg un all such f acts a n d t h e l o g ical c o nclusi o ns t o b e d ra w n

,

f r o m t h e sa m e sh o ul d b e d e t e r m in e d by th o s e w h o a r e quali fi e d by
l e arnin g a n d e x p e ri e nc e t o j u dg e as t o th e i r si g ni fi canc e a n d as t o t h e
c o rr e ctn e ss o f t h e clai m w hich it is p r o p o s e d t o su pp o rt by l e g al acti o n .

Wh e n t h e e n g in e e r i s call e d in o n such m att e rs h e sh o ul d b e f o r e ,

h e e x p r e ss e s an o p ini o n in r e g ar d t o t h e p o int at issu e d e t e r m in e a l l ,

o f t h e f acts i n t h e cas e a n d all o f t h e c o n d iti o ns w hich surr o un d it a n d ,

a f t e r car e f ul d e lib e rati o n an d stu dy d e d uc e t h e l o g ical c o nclusi o ns

,

w hich naturally f o ll o w such f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns O p ini o ns bas e d

.

o n a n e x p art e stat e m e nt o f t h e m att e r a r e o f t e n quit e m isl e a d in g a n d

sh o ul d b e stu d i o usly av o i de d an d b e f o r e h is fi nal c o nclusi o ns u p o n any

i m p o rtant qu e sti o ns a r e r e n de r e d h e sh o ul d insist u p o n t h e o pp o r
1 24 L e g a l R e la t i o n s

t u n it y o f a th o r o u g h inv e sti g ati o n a n d a ca r e f ul c o nsi de rati o n o f all

o f t h e f acts a n d d ata a n d u p o n a car e f ul e xa m inati o n o f t h e b e st
,

auth o riti e s availabl e P e rha p s t h e suit its e l f o r at l e ast t h e r e sults o f

.

t h e suit m a y d e pe n d u p o n t h e t ruth o f t h e o p ini o ns h e e x p r e ss e s a n d ,

in t h e c o urs e o f t h e liti g ati o n i f such liti g ati o n is un de rtak e n it is m o r e

, ,

than lik e ly that any o p ini o n a n d c o nclusi o n w hich h e has e x p r e ss e d w ill

b e subj e ct t o scrutiny o f o th e rs e qually w e ll in f o r m e d w h o w ill b e call e d
o n by t h e o th e r si d e o f t h e liti g ati o n a n d w h o s e e qual d uty it b e c o m e s

t o se e that t h e ri g hts o f th e i r cli e nts a r e f ully p r e s e rv e d a n d that j ustic e

p r e vails.

It i s o bvi o us that n o c o nsci e nti o us p r o f e ssi o nal m a n w ill kn o w in g ly

ac ce p t e m p l o y m e nt w hich inv o lv e s an att e m p t t o subv e rt j ustic e an d
p e r m it w r o n g t o triu m p h It is h o we v e r f r e qu e ntly t h e ca s e that t e ch
.

n i ca l qu e sti o ns a r e s o inv o lv e d that th e r e a r e f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns w hich

s e e m f ai rly t o w arrant t h e j ustic e o f t h e clai m s m a de by b o th p arti e s t o

t h e liti g ati o n It is t h e un d o ubt e d ri g ht o f e ach t o p r e s e nt d is p ut e d
.

clai m s in t h e li g ht m o st f av o rabl e t o th e m s e lv e s so l o n g as t h e t ruth is

n o t p r e ve r t e d a n d j ustic e i s t h e ulti m at e a i m Fo r this r e as o n unl e ss
.
,

it i s e vi de nt that t h e p ur p o s e o f t h e cli e nt is un f ai r o r d ish o n e st o r that

his clai m s a r e f o un d e d o n a p e rv e rsi o n o f f acts o r inc o rr e ct c o ncl u si o ns ,

th e r e is n o r e as o n wh y h e sh o ul d n o t b e f ully e ntitl e d t o p r o f e ssi o nal

a id t o t h e e xt e nt that t h e e n d s o f j ustic e a n d e quity r e qui r e .

Un f o rtunat e ly t h e d e si r e o f t h e cli e nt is n o t al w ays li m it e d t o t h e

ab o v e e n d s F r e qu e ntly h e de si r e s t o w in his cas e r e gar d l e ss o f la w o r
.

o f e quity a n d h e is n o t al w ays scru p ul o us as t o t h e m e th o d s e m p l o y e d

,

p r o vi d e d t h e d e si r e d e n d s a r e c o nsu m mat e d No t o nly is this t h e cas e

.
,

but it is f r e qu e ntly tru e that pe rs o nal bias o f t h e cli e nt his att o rn e y a n d

,

e n g in e e rs i s s o d e v e l o p e d by th e i r p e rs o nal int e r e sts a n d th e ir ass o ci a

t i o n w ith t h e qu e sti o n inv o lv e d that th e y a r e u nabl e t o d iscri m inat e as

t o t h e j ustic e o f t h e cas e o r as t o t h e l o g ical c o nclusi o ns t o b e d ra w n

f r o m t h e f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns Such bias is but hu m an a n d m a y b e

.

j ustly c o n d o n e d so l o n g as it d o e s n o t l e a d t o an att e m p t at f rau d o r d e

ce it. Wh e n carri e d so f a r as t o cr e at e t h e b e li e f that vict o ry is so d e
si rabl e that t h e e n d w ill j usti f y any m e ans it r e ach e s b ey o n d t h e p al e
,

o f h o n o rabl e p ractic e a n d e m p l o y m e nt in such cas e m ust b e av o i d e d by

,

all c o nsci e nti o us m e n .

9 1 P r e a rat i o n o f th C a s e — H avi n g c o n vi n c e d h i m s e l f o f
.
p e

t h e t ruth a n d j ustic e o f his cli e nt s c o nt e nti o n t h e e n g in e e r m a y b e o f

’
,

g r e at valu e in t h e p r e p arati o n o f t h e cas e f o r its p r e s e ntati o n in c o urt .

In this w o rk t h e e n g in e e r m ust n o t o nly f ully in f o r m hi m s e l f in r e g ar d

1 26 L e ga l R e la t i o n s

qu e nt int e rvi e w s a n d d iscussi o ns in o r de r that by t h e c o m bin e d e ff o rt

,

o f t h e att o rn e y a n d e n g in e e r t h e m att e r m ay b e p r e s e nt e d in t h e b e st
,

p o ssibl e m ann e r .

Th e e n g in e e r m a y als o b e o f g r e at a i d in t h e s e l e cti o n o f e x p e rt
w itn e ss e s w h o m h e kn o w s t o b e t rust w o rthy ca p abl e th o r o u ghly i n
, ,

f o r m e d o u t h e m att e r inv o lv e d a n d abl e t o p r e s e nt th e i r i d e as a n d

,

o p ini o ns in c o urt in such a m ann e r that t h e j u d g e o r j ury m a y b e i m

p r e ss e d by th e i r l e arnin g ability a n d h o n e st int e nti o ns a n d un d e rstan d

,

a n d a p p r e ciat e t h e c o nclusi o ns w hich h e e n d e av o rs t o e luci d at e .

An e n g in e e r m ay als o g r e atly assist t h e att o rn e y i n f o r e castin g so ,

f a r as p racticabl e t h e p r o babl e lin e o f e x p e rt t e sti m o ny w hich w ill b e

,

o ff e r e d by t h e o pp o sit e si d e a n d by arran g in g f o r w itn e ss e s quali fi e d t o

m ee t it . In g e n e ral t h e att o rn eys m ust r e ly e nti r e ly u p o n th e i r t e ch

,

n i ca l a d vis e r i n such m att e rs

—
.

9
. 2 E xa m i nat i o n o f T e ch n ical W it n e s s e s An e n g in e e r w h o
has th o r o u g hly stu d i e d t h e subj e ct a n d f ully a p p r e ciat e s t h e p rinci p l e s
inv o lv e d a n d t h e e ss e ntial i d e as w hich it is d e si rabl e t o de v e l o p in o r de r
t o p r o p e rly p r e s e nt t h e m att e r t o j u d g e o r j u ry can b e o f g r e at valu e
,

as an a d vis e r b o th in t h e d i r e ct a n d in cr o ss e xa m inati o n O n p ri n .

c i p l e s that a r e w e ll e stablish e d t h e sa m e ans w e r w ill un d o ubt e d ly b e

,

g i v e n by t h e e x p e rt w itn e ss o f e ith e r p arty O n qu e sti o ns de p e n d in g

.

o n o p ini o n such ans w e rs m a y d i ff e r la r g e ly . No m att e r h o w h o n e st

t h e e x p e rt w itn e ss m a y b e h e is n o t all o w e d t o v o lunt e e r in f o r m ati o n
,

a n d can g iv e an ans w e r o nly w h e n a p r o p e r qu e sti o n is p r o p o un d ed .

It i s p ractically i m p o ssibl e f o r o n e un f a m iliar w ith t h e t e chnical m att e r

at i ssu e t o so f ra m e qu e sti o ns that th e y w ill n e c e ssa rily inv o lv e t h e a n
s we r s o u ght a n d m any t e chnical cas e s hav e b e e n l o st by t h e inability
,

o f t h e att o rn e ys t o un d e rstan d a n d brin g o u t t h e f acts a n d p rinci pl e s at

i ssu e ( se e Se c 5 1 ) e v e n f r o m th e i r o w n w itn e ss e s T h e d i ffi culty l s

. .

acc e ntuat e d in t h e cas e o f cr o ss e xa m inati o n w h e r e t h e o pp o sin g w it

n e ss wh o is o f t e n m o r e o r l e ss anta g o nistic m ust b e m a d e t o g iv e t h e
, ,

ans w e r d e si r e d by a car e f ully f ra m e d qu e sti o n w hich w ill a dm it o f n o

alt e rnativ e T e chnical cas e s hav e b e e n w o n p ur e ly o n cr o ss e xa m ina
.

ti o n o f o pp o sin g w itn e ss e s by att o rn eys w e ll v e rs e d in t h e sub j e ct

un d e r liti g ati o n a n d a d vi s e d by c o m pe t e nt e x p e rts .

93
. T h e E x p e rt W it n e s s — T h e s e l e ct i o n o f an e n g in e e r ex ,

rt i his s e cialty i s a m att e r o f g r e at d i ffi culty ( se e Se c 1 1 1 ) but

p e n p ,
.

t h e s e l ecti o n o f an e x p e rt w itn e ss is e v e n m o r e d i ffi cult f o r a m a n m a y

,

b e th o r o ug hly in f o r m e d in his s p e cialty c o m p e t e nt t o d e si g n a n d c o n

,

st ruct a n d y et m ay b e unsuitabl e t o p r e s e nt his i d e as a n d o pini o ns in

 Th e Ex p e r t W i t n e ss 127

c o urt in s u ch a m ann e r that t h e j u dg e o r j ury w ill un d e rstan d t h e t e ch

n i ca l p rinci p l e s inv o lv e d a n d t h e c o nclusi o ns w hich l o g ically f o ll o w f r o m

t h e f acts a n d c o n d iti o ns .

U n f o rtunat e ly t h e av e ra g e t e chnical m an cann o t e x plain his w o rk

“

s o a lay m an can un d e rstan d it ; t h e av e ra g e e n g in e e r has this f ault in an

un u sual d eg r e e a n d t h e succ e ss f ul p r e s e ntati o n o f his t e sti m o ny m a y

,

b e a m att e r o f c o nsi d e rabl e trainin g in o r d e r that h e w ill d r o p his t e ch

,

n i ca l it ie s a n d d e tails a n d stick s o l e ly t o t h e e ss e ntials o f t h e cas e If h e .

w ill t e ll his st o ry f o r his o w n si d e so that it can b e un d e rst o o d hi s i n ,

ability t o e x p lain hi m s e l f cl e a rly un d e r t h e cr o ss e xa m inati o n o f t h e -

o p p o sin g c o uns e l m a v b e sa f e ly l e f t t o w o rk its e l f o u t

”

( En g R e c . .

V ol .
, 60 p ,
.

Th e r e i s n o t h in g u n p r o f e ssi o n al in t h e initial p r e su m pti o n o f an

“ '

e n g in e e r that a p r o s p e ctiv e cli e nt s int e r e st j usti fi e s p r o f e ssi on al d e f e nc e

’
,

o r in e x e rtin g his b e st e ff o rts in m akin g that d e f e nc e e v e n th o u g h th e r e

m a y b e m o r e o r l e ss d o ubt inv o lv e d In f act that d o ubt i s j ust w hat

.
,

sh o ul d b e turn e d int o a c e rtainty i n f av o r o f t h e cli e nt i f p o ssibl e If .

,

o n t h e o th e r han d it is cl e a r that t h e t e chnical p o siti o n tak e n by t h e

,

cli e nt is in d e f e nsibl e as an e n g in e e rin g p r o p o siti o n any e n g in e er wo ul d ,

b e r e cr e ant t o his p r o f e ssi o nal p rinci p l e s i f h e d id n o t p lainly a n d u n

q u a lifi e d ly a d vis e that cli e nt o f t h e e rr o n e o us p o siti o n assu m e d by h i m .

Thi s is by n o m e ans an unc o m m o n e x pe ri e nc e Th e r e p r o bably a r e f e w .

e n g in ee rs w h o hav e h a d m uch c o nsultati o n e x e ri e nc e w h o c o ul d n o t

p
na m e a c o nsi d e rabl e nu m b e r o f cas e s wh e r e t h e o nly t ru e p r o f e ssi o nal
c o urs e has b e e n t o a d vis e an e m phatic n e g ativ e t o p r o p o siti o ns w h e r e an
e nc o ura g in g a ffi r m ativ e w a s c o n fi d e ntly e x p e ct e d Th e r e is h o w e v e r .
, ,

n o e va d in g this kin d o f r e s o nsibility As a p r o f e ssi o nal m a n h e is

p .

b o un d by t h e hi g h e st p r o f e ssi o nal o bli g ati o n t o plac e his b e st j u dg m e nt

a n d kn o w l e dg e at t h e s e rvic e o f th o s e w h o s e e k h i m w h e th e r t h e r e sult ,

f av o rs t h e c o nt e m p lat e d p r o j e ct o r n o t It is as m uch his duty t o t e ll a

.

cli e nt that h e i s w r o n g i f h e i s w r o n g as t o t e ll h im h e i s ri ght w h e n h e

, ,

is ri ght ”

( En g R e c V o l 57 p
. . . .
, .

No t o nly a r e t h e p arti e s t o liti g ati o n f r e q u e ntly w r o n g in th e i r

vi e w s o f t h e ri g hts a n d p rinci p l e s inv o lv e d but t o o o f t e n a de lib e rat e ,

att em p t is m a de t o b o lst e r u p an unj ust cas e by bias e d e vi de nc e .

O n e o f t h e l e a d in g Am e rican c o nstructin g e n g in e e rs w a s ask e d t o

“

s e rv e a s an e x p e rt w itn e ss in an i m p o rtant suit He h a d t h e us ual av e r

'

si o n t o such wo rk but t h e p r o m in e nc e o f t h e p art i e s askin g h i m t o s e rv e

,

w as s o g r e at that h e d i d n o t car e t o d e clin e o utri g ht He acc o r d in gly .

na m e d an e xc e ssiv e f e e a n d e x pe ct e d t h e m att e r t o d r o p th e r e T o his .

1 28 Le ga l R e la t i o n s

ast o nish m e nt t h e f e e w as i m m e d iat e ly a pp r o v e d an d t h e la wy e rs vis

it e d h i m t o e x p lain t h e cas e an d stat e j ust w hat h e wa s e x p e ct e d t o t e s
t i fy. He p r o t e st e d that t h e t e sti m o ny w o ul d b e s e ri o usly inc o rr e ct
t e chnically but h e wa s th e n in f o r m e d that such thi ng s we r e r e ally m at
,

t e rs o f j u dg m e nt an d t h e v e ry la rg e f e e h e wa s t o r e c e iv e wa s f o r t h e
p pur o s e o f sh o w in g t o t h e c o urt that t h e d e si r e d o p ini o ns w e r e h e l d by
an e m in e nt e n g in e e r I f h e chan g e d his vi e w s a f t e r t h e cas e w a s se t
.

t l e d it w o ul d b e a m att e r o f in d i ff e r e nc e t o t h e la wy e rs a n d th e i r cli e nts .

It is har d ly n e c e ssary t o say that t h e e n g in e e r d id n o t s ee t h e m att e r in

t h e sa m e li g ht En g R e c V o l 6 2 p 5 3 3
”
. . . . . .
,

It i s sai d that in t h e e arly c o urts o f R o m e th e r e we r e c e rtain in d i

v i d u a l s w h o w o r e stra w in th e i r sh o e s ; thi s w a s t o si g ni f y that th e y

w e r e p r e p ar e d t o go int o c o urt a n d s w e ar t o w hat e v e r c o n d iti o ns th e i r

cli e nts m i g ht d e si r e Th e r e a r e v e ry f e w m e n in t h e ranks o f t h e e n
.

g i n e e r i n
g p r o f e ssi o n a
,
n d th o s e w h o d o a pp e ar s o o n sink int o t h e o bliv

i o n th ey so j ustly m e rit .N 0 m an in any p r o f e ssi o n wh o blin d s his c o n

sci e nc e in f av o r o f un ri g ht eo usn e ss can h o p e t o attain that r e s pe ct a n d
e m in e nc e w hich sh o ul d b e t h e o bj e ct a n d d e si r e o f e v e ry m a n .

In nu m e r o us l eg al p r o c e e d in g s o f t h e sa m e class it is c o m m o n t o
,

fi n d c e rtain in d ivi d uals uni f o r m ly r e p r e s e ntin g o n e as p e ct o f t h e sa m e

qu e st i o n Fo r e xa m p l e in t h e c o n d e m nati o n o f p ublic utiliti e s c e rtain
.
,

e x p e rts i f e m p l o y e d a r e uni f o r m ly e m p l o y e d o n t h e p art o f m uni ci p ali

ti e s w hil e c e rtain o th e rs a r e as uni f o r m ly e m p l o y e d o nly o n t h e si de o f

utiliti e s This i s d u e n o t n e c e ssarily t o d ish o n e sty but t o a c e rtain bias
.

o f t h e in d ivi d ual j u dg m e nt that m ak e s his t e sti m o ny o f g r e at e st valu e

t o t h e si d e w hich h e c o m m o nly r e p r e s e nts .

This bias m ay b e m o r e o r l e ss ra d ical a n d i s o f t e n t h e r e sult o f

p e culiar e x p e ri e nc e o r a o n e si d e d p o int o f vi e w an d in m any cas e s t h e
,

Op ini o ns o f such p arti e s w o ul d b e ra d ically chan g e d i f th e y w e r e call e d

u p o n t o ca r e f ully c o nsi de r t h e subj e ct f r o m a d i ff e r e nt as p ect .

It m ay b e a dd e d that w h e n e v e r an h o n e st a n d c o nsci e nti o u s e n

g in e e r fi n d s hi m s e l f r e p e at e d ly call e d t o sustain a c e rtain d e fi nit e p o int
o f vi e w in a vari e ty o f si m ilar cas e s h e w ill d o w e ll t o car e f ully analyz e

hi s p o siti o n a n d e xa m in e t h e basis o f his o p ini o ns an d d e t e r m in e

w h e th e r hi s c o nclusi o ns a r e n o t b e in g ra d ically a ff e ct e d by t h e li m ita
ti o ns o f his e x pe ri e nc e a n d a ffi liati o ns rath e r than b y any p r o f o u n d
‘

kn o w l e dg e o f t h e subj e ct .

94 Q. u a l ifi c a t i o n s — Ii i o r d e r t o b e c o m p e t e n t a s a n e x pe rt ,
“

t h e w itn e ss m ust sh o w that h e p o ss e ss e s kn o w l e dg e o r skill in t h e m a t

t e r o n w hich his e vi d e nc e is d e si r e d . H is quali fi cati o ns m ay d epe n d o n

1 30 Le ga l R e la t i o n

of w e e ks or m o nths ,
m ay b e in nvi r o n m e nt which o r d inarily f alls
the e

t o t h e l o t o f t h e a d v o cat e ; n o t t o s p e ak o f t h e f utility o f e x p e ctin g t o

ge t such an Op ini o n f r o m a m a n p lac e d in t h e w itn e ss stan d a n d co n ,

d e m me d t o say nau g ht but in ans we r t o in g e ni o usly c o nc o ct e d p e rha p s ,

'

m o r e o r l e ss ras p in g qu e sti o ns I d o n o t m e an sai d L o r d Ca m pb e ll

“ ”
.
, ,

t o thr o w any r e fl e cti o n o n Si r F r e d e rick Ma d d e n I d ar e say h e is a

“
.

v e ry r e s p e ctabl e g e ntl e m an a n d did n o t m e an t o g iv e any e vi d e nc e that

,

wa s untru e ; but r e ally th is c o n fi r m s t h e o p ini o n I hav e e nt e rtain e d ,

that har d ly any w e i ght i s t o b e g iv e n t o t h e e vi de nc e o f w hat a re call e d

sci e nti fi c w itn e ss e s ; th ey c o m e w ith a bias o n th e i r m in d s t o su pp o rt t h e
caus e in which th e y a r e e m ba rk e d ; a n d it a pp e ars t o m e that Si r F re d
e rick Ma dd e n i f h e h a d b e e n a w itn e ss in a cas e a n d h a d b e e n ask e d
, ,

o n a d i ff e r e nt o ccasi o n w hat h e th o u g ht o f this han d w ritin g w o ul d ,

hav e g iv e n a t o tally d i ff e r e nt ans w e r .

” 1 6

Much that i s si m ilar t o t h e ab o v e has b e e n sai d f r o m t h e b e nch a n d

by w rit e rs o n Evi de nc e in criticis m o f e x p e rt t e sti m o ny a n d s o m e ra d i
cal chan g e is un d o ubt e d ly de si rabl e in j u d icial p r o c e d ur e in o r de r that
such t e sti m o ny m ay b e utiliz e d t o c o ns e rv e t h e e n d s o f j ustic e It is .

t o o m uch t o e x p e ct h o w e v e r that this w ill e v e r b e acc o m p lish e d so l o n g

as t h e c o urts m ust de p e n d e ith e r u p o n t h e p r e s e ntati o n o f e vi de nc e by

e x p e rts e m p l o y e d by t h e o pp o sin g p a rti e s i n t h e cas e w h o f r o m t h e na

tur e o f t h e j u d icial p r o c e d ur e a r e m o r e o r l e ss bias e d in f av o r o f th e i r

cli e nt a n d a re n o t p e r m itt e d e v e n i f th e y so d e si r e t o e x p r e ss th e i r
, , ,

c o m p e t e nt a n d unbias e d o p ini o n o n t h e subj e ct T h e qu e sti o ns ask e d .

a r e so f ra m e d as t o c o m m an d t h e ans w e rs g iv e n a n d t h e natur e o f t h e ,

cr o ss e xa m inati o n is usually an e n d e av o r t o c o n f us e t h e w itn e ss b e ,

littl e his ability p r o v e t h e f alsity o f his o p ini o n a n d as a r e sult ar o us e

,

t h e anta g o nis m w hich is d e tri m e ntal t o t h e e n d s o f j ustic e .

E x p e rt w itn e ss e s a r e b u t hu m an a n d hu m anity i s n o t in f allibl e

'

e v e n w h e n cl o th e d in t h e g a r m e nts o f t h e c o urt O u r hi g h e st tribunals

.

a re cl o s e ly d ivi d e d o n j u d icial o p ini o ns a n d m any cas e s a re d e ci d e d by

,

bar e m aj o riti e s sh o w in g that e nti r e ly d isint e r e st e d a n d f ai r m in de d

,

j u dg e s a r e n o t abl e t o arriv e at unani m o us d e cisi o ns In o th e r cas e s .

j u d icial de cisi o ns hav e be e n r e n d e r e d by j uri sts w h o s e int e r e sts o r co n

n e ct i o n s hav e b e e n such as t o so bias th e i r j u dg m e nt that th e i r i m p e ach

m e nt r e sult e d as a c o ns e qu e nc e o f g larin g ly e rr o n e o us d e cisi o ns Ev e n .

t h e su p r e m e c o urt o f t h e U nit e d Sta t e s d e ci ded t h e Til d e n H ay e s P r e s -

On t h Be st Mann e r f Ma ki ng U e f t h S rv i c s f Exp rts i n t h

1 6 e o s o e e e o e e

C n d ct o f Ju d i c i a l I n qu i r i e s by C l e m ens H rsch l Eng N w s Ap 9 1 887

o u ,
e e . . e , r .
, ,

p . 234 .
 E x p e r t E v i de n c e 31

id e n t ia l c o ntr o v e rsy o n p ur e ly p o litical lin e s a n d nu m e r o us cas e s m i ght

,

b e cit e d b o th o f t h e su p r e m e c o urt a n d o f l o w e r c o urts w h e r e t h e d e

c i s i o n s hav e r e sult e d f r o m p ur e bias T h e f act that such bias m a y a n d
.

s o m e ti m e s d o e s e xist is r e c o g ni z e d by t h e p r o visi o ns o f t h e l a w w hich

,

p e r m its att o rn e ys o n a p r e s e ntati o n o f a s w o rn stat e m e nt o f p r e j u d ic e

t o s e ek an o th e r j uri s d icti o n f o r t h e trial o f th e i r cas e .

In a r e c e nt cas e in o n e o f o u r stat e s in w hich a v e ry i m po rtant

,

p ublic qu e sti o n h a d ar o us e d c o nsi d e rabl e p ublic c o ntr o v e rsy a s p e cial ,

c o urt m a de u p o f s e v e n j u dg e s a f t e r h e arin g e xt e n de d e vi de nc e o n t h e
,

subj e ct d e ci d e d t h e m att e r o n p u r e ly p o litical lin e s Th e r e wa s n o t

, .

o n e o f t h e j u d g e s actin g in t h e cas e but that o n t h e fi nal ball o t v o t e d

, ,

f r o m t h e p o int o f V i e w w hich w a s m o st p o p ula r in t h e d istri ct w hich h e

r ep r e s e nt e d .

It is e vi d e nt that in t h e natur e o f cas e s r e qu i r i n g e x p e r t t e sti m o ny

, ,

such t e sti m o ny w ill b e arran g e d b e f o r e han d a n d that n e ith e r si d e w ill

call w itn e ss e s w h o s e t e sti m o ny w ill b e d e tri m e ntal t o th e ir int e r e sts It .

. is o bvi o us that un d e r th e s e ci rcu m stanc e s t h e e x pe rt w itn e ss has al

r e a dy e x p r e ss e d his o p ini o n o n t h e subj e ct a n d that such o p ini o n is
f av o rabl e t o his cli e nt I n m any cas e s this Op ini o n has be e n d u e n o t
.

o nl y t o a car e f ul c o nsi d e rati o n o f t h e f acts a n d d ata availabl e but t o a

l o n g a n d e xhaustiv e e xa m inati o n a n d c o nsi d e rati o n f r o m t h e p o int o f

vi e w o f t h e cli e nt U n de r such ci rcu m stanc e s it i s c e rtain that t h e e x
.

p e rt w ill b e int e r e st e d o n hi s cli e nt s si d e o f t h e cas e a n d w ill o r d inarily

’

d e sir e its succ e ss He is m o r e o v e r un d e r c e rtain o bli g ati o ns f o r e m

.

p l o y m e nt by his cli e nt a n d un d e r such ci rcu m stanc e s his j u dg m e nt can

n o t b e alt o g e th e r unbias e d W hil e this c o n d iti o n has its o bj e cti o nabl e
.

f e atur e s it is e qually tru e that it is n o t w ith o ut its a d vanta g e s

,
This .

p a r t i sa n sh ip i s n o t w ith o ut its u se in t h e ulti m at e triu m ph o f e quity a n d

f

j ustic e f o r it l e a d s t o a m o st car e f ul scrutiny o f t h e cas e in an e n d e av o r

,

t o brin g o u t all o f t h e p o ints w hich t e n d t o d e m o nstr at e t h e j ustic e o f his

cli e nt s clai m a n d it is d o ubt f ul i f this c o ul d b e acc o m p lish e d by t h e u n

’
,

bias e d inv e sti gati o n o f an e nti r e ly d isint e r e st e d e x p e rt .

Th e th o u g htl e ss o bs e rv e r o f a trial is lik e ly t o d ra w t h e i m p r e ssi o n

“

that t h e r e p r e s e ntativ e s o f e ach si d e a r e m o nu m e ntal liars but this o p in ,

i o n is g e n e rally e nti r e ly w r o n g f o r thr e e r e as o ns o n e b e in g that m o st

,

w itn e ss e s t e sti f y m e r e ly f r o m m e m o ry w ith o ut t h e h e l p O f a d iar y ah ,

o th e r b e in g that t h e la w y e rs o f t e n succ e e d i n p r e v e ntin g a w itn e ss f r o m

t e llin g t h e w h o l e truth a n d t h e thi r d b e in g that w h e r e t h e d iv e rg e nc e o f

,

vi e w s b e t we e n t w o p arti e s w a s a m att e r o f sl o w d e v e l o p m e nt a n d t h e
cas e w a s a l o n g ti m e in c o m in g t o trial t h e r e c o ll ecti o ns o f t h e vari o us
,
1 32 L e g a l R e la t i o n s

p a rti e s m ust in e vitab ly b e tin g e d by th e i r o wn int e r e sts a n d n o t th o s e o f

th e i r o p p o n e nts T h e c o urt a n d j ur y a r e c o ns e qu e ntly o bli ge d t o tak e
.

this m ass o f c o nflictin g e vi de nc e a n d asc e rtain as f a r as p o ssibl e by t h e

p r e p o n d e ranc e o f cr e d itabl e t e sti m o ny o n w hich si d e j ustic e p r o bably
li e s o r w h e th e r b ot h parti e s a r e n o t p artly w r o n g a n d p artl y ri ght
, ,

w hich last c o n d iti o n i s al m o st al w ays t h e cas e If t h e d i s p ut e i nv o lv e s

.

t e chnical f e atu r e s it is e vi de nt that g r e at e r c o m p l e xity is intr o d uc e d ,

b e caus e h e r e c o n d iti o ns w h ich a r e n o t w ithin t h e kn o wl e d ge o f m o st

m e n m ust b e th o r o u g hly un d e rst o o d b e f o r e a cas e can b e e quitably d e
ci d e d — En g R e c V o l 60 p 1 4 1
.
”
. . .
, . .

9 6 D .e s irabl e R e f o r m o f P r o c e d ur e — F r o m t h e p r e vi o u s c o n
si d e rati o n o f t h e m att e r it is e vi d e nt that t h e p r e s e nt status o f e x p e rt
,

t e sti m o ny m ust b e r e g ar d e d as lar g e ly n o r m al a n d n o thin g m o r e than

w hat sh o ul d r e as o n ably b e e x p e ct e d It i s o nly t h e p art o f w is do m
.

th e r e f o r e that t h e p r o c e d ur e in such cas e s sh o ul d b e c o rr e ct e d al o n g t h e

lin e s w hich w ill utiliz e t h e b e n e fi cial r e sults o f t h e p r e s e nt syst e m o f in
t r o d u c i n g e x p e rt e vi d e nc e a n d o ff s e t its d isa d vanta g e s by t h e u se o f t h e

e x p e rt o r b o ar d o f e x e rts as t h e a d vi s e r o f t h e c o urt
p .

It i s n o t de si rabl e that t h e p r e s e nt syst e m b e e nti r e ly d is p e ns e d

w ith o r that t h e f r ee d o m o f t h e p arti e s t o p r e s e nt any c o m p e t e nt t e sti
m o ny b e abri dg e d It has o ccas io nally b e e n a d v o cat e d that n o e x p e rts
.

sh o ul d b e h e a r d e xc e p t th o s e a pp o int e d by t h e c o urt but it i s a f act b e ,

y o n d qu e sti o n that t h e c o u rts a r e n o t as a rul e c o m p e t e nt in this da y o f ,

narr o w s p e cialti e s t o s e l e ct e x p e rts a de quat e t o p r o pe rly brin g o u t all

,

o f t h e p o ints at issu e a n d a r e o th e r w i s e s o subj e ct t o hu m an w e akn e s se s

,

that such a pp o int m e nts w o ul d n o t b e b ey o n d t h e p al e o f p e rs o nal a n d

p o litical infl u e nc e .

In t h e j u d icial p r o c e d ur e o f cas e s O f e x p e rt e vi de nc e w hat i s ,

nee d e d at t h e p r e s e nt ti m e i s n o t that t h e e x p e rt sh o ul d b e ch o s e n by
t h e c o urt but that t h e c o urt sh o ul d hav e e x p e rt a d vis e rs w h o a r e abl e
t o p r o p e rly w e i g h t h e t e sti m o ny sub m itt e d an d t o d i ff e r e ntiat e o n t h e
basis o f th e i r sci e nti fi c o r t e chnical kn o w l e dg e o f t h e subj e ct t h e tru e
f r o m t h e f als e t h e e ss e ntial a n d t h e n o n e ss e ntial a n d t o d ra w c o rr e ct
,
-
,

c o nclusi o ns f r o m t h e m ass o f e vi de nc e which i s f r e qu e ntly b ey o n d t h e

ca p acity o f t h e p r e si d in g j u dg e o r o f t h e j ury .

97 A .
pp rai sal o f P ubl ic U tili ti e s — I n t h e a pp ra i sal o f p u b li c

utiliti e s t h e sa m e d i ffi culti e s a r e e nc o unt e r e d as in o th e r p r o c e d ur e s f o r

,

t h e d e t e r m inati o n o f t e chnical m att e rs by e x p e rt t e sti m o ny Be f o re .

t h e a pp o int m e nt o f stat e p ublic u tility c o m m i ssi o n s it w a s t h e g e n e ral ,

p ractic e usually
,
as s p e ci fi cally p r o vi d e d in t h e f ranchi s e s t o a pp o int a ,
 1 34 L e g a l R e la t i o n s

hav e b e e n p r e pa r e d by t h e c o r p s o f t h e b o ar d a n d sub m itt e d t o b o th -

p a rt i e s p ri o r t o t h e h e arin g .

At t h e h e arin g e x p a rt e e x p e rt e vi d e nc e has b e e n h e ar d by m e ans

o f w hich att e m p ts hav e b e e n m a d e e ith e r t o r e d uc e o r incr e as e c e rtain

it e m s o f t h e e sti m at e s w hich it w a s c o nsi d e r e d d e si rabl e t o c o nt e st .

Th o s e it e m s w h ich w e r e sati s f act o ry b e caus e actually t o o hi g h o r t o o

l o w w e r e n o t c o nt e st e d Th e c o r p s o f t h e b o ar d havin g o nc e fi l e d th e i r
.

valu e s a r e o nly m o r e fi r m ly c o nvinc e d by t h e attack o f b o th p arti e s o f

t h e j ustic e o f th e ir fi n d in g s a n d a r e d riv e n t o c o rr e cti o n o n ly w h e n
,

th e i r p o siti o n is sh o w n t o b e unt e nabl e .

E v e ry c o nsi d e rati o n o f t h e natur e o f e x p e rt e vi d e nc e a n d o f h u

m a n natu r e w o ul d l o g ically r e qui r e that all e vi d e nc e by t h e e x p e rt w it
n e ss o f t h e t w o p a rti e s t o t h e cas e fi rst b e p r e s e nt e d a f t e r w hich t h e
e vi d e nc e sh o ul d b e c o nsi d e r e d inv e sti gati o n m a d e a n d a fi n d in g
, ,

r e ach e d by t h e e x p e rts o f t h e c o m m issi o n Thi s arran g e m e nt w o ul d .

un d o ubt e d ly r e sult i n m o r e j ust a n d e quitabl e fi n d in g s than un de r t h e

c o n d iti o ns n o w w fd ely e xtant .

9 8 . P r o f e s si o n a l D u ty — T h e tru e a i m o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n o f e n
.

gi n e e r in g i s t h e e stablish m e nt o f truth I f t h e e n g in e e r by his s p e cial

.
,

kn o w l e dg e can assist in t h e e stablish m e nt o f j ustic e h e has a d uty t o

,

p e r f o r m that cann o t b e lai d li g htly asi d e .

I f h e i s tru e t o his p r o f e ssi o n h e w ill al w ays g iv e t h e r e sults o f

“
,

h is stu dy w h e th e r it b e ars f o r o r a g ainst t h e si d e u p o n w hich h e h ap

,

p e ns t o b e call ed I f h e is n o t p r e p ar e d t o d o that o r i f t h e ci rcu m

.
,

stanc e s o f t h e cas e p re v e nt it th e n h e is in d uty b o un d t o d e clin e o r r e

, ,

f us e t o r e n d e r hi s s e rv i c e s This h e m ay n o t al w ays d o ; but i f c o m

.

p e ll e d t o att e n d a g ainst his w ish e s h e cann o t b e sai d t o b e un d e r any

,

O bli g ati o ns t o e ith e r p a rty t o t h e suit a n d m a y e x e rcis e hi s h o n e st j u d

, g
m e nt w ith o ut p r e j u d ic e o r riti cis m
” 7”
c
, .

In acc e p tin g s e rvic e as an e x p e rt w itn e ss t h e e n g in e e r o we s it t o ,

hi m s e l f t o t h e p ublic a n d t o his p r o f e ssi o n t o r estrain his p e rs o nal bias

, ,

r e tain hi s hi g h i d e als a n d t o l e n d hi s s e rvic e s o nly t o t h e su pp o rt o f

,

t ruth a n d j ustic e .

Th e G o l d e n R ul e a pp li e s i n e x pe rt t e sti m o ny as e v e ry w h e r e e ls e .

Translat e d f o r this o ccasi o n this m i ght say Do n o t mak e stat em e nts in ‘

g ivin g t e sti m o ny w hich y o u w o ul d n o t b e w illin g t o su pp o rt b e f o r e any

g ath e rin g o f e n g in e e rs .
’ 1 8

1 7 En g i n r i ng
ee an dArchi t e ctur l J r i s p ru d nc W i t S 87 4 p p 7 9 7—9 8
a u e e, a , ec . , . .

1 8
Fran k H VV . ater m i n d i sc ss i n
an n E xp rt E v i d nc
u b f r th
o on e e e e o e e

Am e r i can I nst i tut e of C nsu l t i ng Eng i n ee rs Oct 2 5 1 9 1 2

o , .
, .
 L i t e r a t u re

L ITE RA T UR E
Eng i n r i ng d Arc hi t ctura l J r i s p ru d nc e "J h n Cass n Wa i t J h n
ee an e u e o a , o

W il y S ns N w Y o r k
e o , e .

Th L w f Ev i d nc i n C i v il Cas s B urr W J n s B ancr f t W hi tn y

e a o e e e . . o e , o e

C o San Franc i sc o .

Eng i n r i ng d t h L w D i scuss i n o f r i g i n d gr w t h f t h p o
ee an e a . o o an o o e r

fe i ss o nd f l aw F ran k P M d i n
an J ur Ass c Eng S 1 9 05
o . . e a, o . o . . oc .
, .

Eng i n rs a d Arc hi t ts Th i r P w r d Dut i s C ns i d r d f ro m

ee n ec , e o e an e o e e a

L ga l Stan d p i nt A d i scuss i n f En g i n e r i ng La w J C B ra d f r d T rans

e o . o o e . . . o , .

En g Ass c f S o ut h V o l 8 p 1 0 1 89 7
. o . o , .
,
.
, .

L ga l Eng i n e r i ng A d van t a g e s f La w y r Hav i ng T ra i n i ng i n Eng i n r

e e , o e ee

i ng E d i t r i a l Eng R V l 6 6 p 6 5 0
. o , . ec . o .
,
. .

L ga l L i bili t y f Arc hi t cts d D s i gn rs R o b rt N M ill e r R s

e a o e an e e . e .
, o e

T ec h n i c V l 2 5 p 1 1 7 , o .
, . .

Exp rt Ev i d nc A d i scuss i n b f r A m r i can I nst i tut e f C ns l t i ng

e e e . o e o e e o o u

Eng i n rs by Var i s Eng i n rs Pa m p hl t Offic f S cy 1 01 Par k Av

ee ou ee . e , e o e .
, e .
,

N w Yo rk
e S a l s o Eng R ec V l 6 6 p 5 4 2
. ee . . o .
, . .

T h e Eng i n e rs R es p ns ibili t y as Exp rt E d i t r i a l Eng R V l

e o an e . o . . ec . o .

5 7, p . 737 .

Engi n e r i ng S rv i c s e e e an d C rt Cas s
ou e . E d i to r i al . Eng . R ec . Vo l . 60,

p . 1 41 .

E xp rt W i tn ss E d i t r i a l Eng R ec V l 6 2 p 5 3 3
Th e e e . o . . . o . , . .

B st Mann e r f M ki ng U S rv i c s f Exp rts i n t h e C

'

O th n e f th e o a se o e e e o e on

d uct f J d i c i l I n q u i r i s
o C l m ns H r c h l E g R c Ap 9 1 6 —2 3 1 887
u a e . e e e s e . n . e . r . . , .

Th Sc i nt i fic Exp rt i n F r ns i c Pr c d ur Pr o f C h s F H i m s J
e e e o e o e e . . a . . e ,
ou r .

Fran k I nst J n e 1 89 3 . . u .

T h e Eng i n r as a W i tn ss b f o r e t h e C o urts J e ss M S m i t h S ibl y

ee e e . e . . e

J o ur f Eng V l 2 0 p 2 65
. o . o .
, . .

Th S rv y r i n t h e Pr s nc f t h C o rt Pr f J C K n wl t o n M i c h
e u e o e e e o e u . o . . . o . .

Eng S Jan 1 9 01 . oc . . .
 C H AP T ER IX

N O T ES ON AG R E E M E N TS AN D C O N T R AC T U AL R E L A
TIONS
99 .D e fi n i ti o n s .

An a gr e e m e n t i s t h e e x p r e ssi o n o f t wo o r m o r e p e rs o ns o f a m u
tual int e nti o n t o e ff e ct t h e l e g al r e lati o n o f th o s e p e rs o ns T h e t e r m .

is br o a de r than t h e t e r m c o n t r act a n d m ay i nclu de

An a g r e e m e nt r e sultin g in a c o ntract This i s an a g r ee m e nt .

w hich d ir e ctly c o nt e m p lat e s t h e cr e ati o n o f o bli g ati o n s .

2 . An a g r e e m e nt i m m e diat e ly c o nclu de d that cr e at e s n o Obli g a

ti o n Fo r e xa m p l e c o nv e yanc e s o f lan d w ith o ut c o v e nants ; g i f ts
.
, ,

sal e s a n d d e liv e ry o f chatt e ls f o r cash w ith o ut w arranty e t c Th e s e ,

.

a re s o m e ti m e s call e d ex e c u t e d c o n tr a c t s .

3 An a g r e e m e nt c o nclu de d w ith inci de ntal o r r e m o t e o bli g ati o ns ;

.
,

f o r e xa m p l e m a rria g e ; a s e ttl e m e nt o f p r o p e rty in trust e t c

, , .

A l eg a l o b l ig a t i o n is a privat e l e g al c o ntr o l which can b e e x e rcis e d

by a c e rtai n de fi nit e p e rs o n o r p e rs o ns o ve r a c e rtain de fi nit e p e rs o n o r
p e rs o ns f o r t h e u
p p r o s e o f c o m p e llin g c e rtain d e fi nit e acts o r f o rb e ar

auc e s whi ch m ust p o ss e ss o r b e r e ducibl e t o a m o n e y valu e .

An ex e cu t o r y c o n tr a c t i s a l e g al o bli g ati o n cr e at e d by a g r e e m e nt
a n d e n f o rc e abl e b y an a cti o n at l a w ; i t i s o n e i n w h ich a t l e a s t o n e

o f t h e p arti e s has s o m e thin g m o r e t o d o .

An e x e cu t e d c o n tr a ct i s o n e i n w h i ch b o th p art i e s h av e d o n e all
that th e y a g r e e d t o d o .

A b i— l a t er a l c o n t r a c t i s an e x e cut o ry c o ntract c o nsistin g Of an e x

p r e ss p r o m is e o f o n e l e g al ri g ht g iv e n i n e xchan g e f o r a c o unt e r p r o m
i se o f an o th e r l e g al ri g ht .

E x m p l e —A ff rs t o p r f o r m c rt i n s rv i c s f o B f r a g i v e n a m o unt
a o e e e a e e r o

a d B acc p t
n e t hi s off e r p r o m i s i ng t h e r by t o p a y sa i d a m unt f A s s rv
s , e
‘
o or
’
e

i c s ; t h e l att r s p r o m i s e cc p ts t h e f o r m r s ff r o f a p r m i s e d cr at es
e e
’
a e e
’
o e o an e

a b i l at e ra l a d xp r e ss c o ntract
-
n e .

An e x pr ess c o n t r ac t is a b i lat e ral c o ntract e ith e r o ral o r in w rit

-

i n g all o f w h o s e t e r m s a r e acc e p t e d
,
.

An u n i l a t er a l co n tr a ct i s a hal f e x e cut e d hal f e x e cut o ry c o ntract

- -
, ,

c o nsistin g o f an e x p r e ss o r in f e rr e d p r o m i s e o f o n e l e g al ri g ht f o r a n
o th e r l e g al ri g ht .

E x —I f A
. ff rs a d fin i t e r e war d f or t h e r turn
o e e f a l st art i c l d e o o e, an

B act i ng ff r r turn t h l o st art i c l e B act cce p ts A s ff r a d ’ ’

, th
on e o e , e s e , s a o e n
 1 38 Agre e m e n t s d C o n t r a c t u a l R e la t i o n s
'

an

An o r a l co n t r a c t i s an e x p r e ss c o ntract with o ut o th e r e vi d e nc e than

th e s po k e n wo r d .

A i s o n e wh o s e o bli g ati o n s a r e bin d in g u po n b o th

val i d c o n t r a c t

parti e s t o t h e a g r ee m e nt .

A vo i d ag r eem e n t i s o n e which cr e at e s n o o bli g ati o n .

A v o i da b l e c o n tr a c t is o n e wh o s e o bli g ati o n i s n o t bin d in g u po n

o n e p arty t o t h e a g r ee m e nt at his e l e cti o n ,
.

An a g r e e m e n t o f i m per fe c t o b l ig a ti o n i s o n e w hich is inca p abl e o f

e n f o rc e m e nt but o th e r w i s e vali d .

E x —I f A agr e e s t o w r k f o r B f o $ 1 0
,

. 0p y ar d t h y s i gn a w r i t
o r er e , an e

t n agr m nt t
e t h at ff ct t h c o ntract i s a va li d c ontract i f b t h p art i e
ee e o e e , e o s

h av c m p l t c ntract l ca p ac i t y
e o e e o ua .

If A i s a m i n r o th r p arty l c ki ng t h ca p ac i t y t c ontract
o , r o if th
e a e o , or e

c ntract i s p r o cur ed by f ra d i t i s a v i d bl e c o ntract

o u , o a .

If t h w r k w hi c h A agr s te o p r f r m i s un l w f u l t h e agr m nt i s ee o e o a , ee e

If B d o e hi s s rv i c s d A wa i ts mo r t h an s i x y e ar s
s n ot p ay A f or e e , an e

a f t e r p e r f o r m i ng th wo r k b f r su i ng i f B i s d i sc h arg e d by p r o c e d
e e o e , or e

i ngs i n b ank rup tc y o i f t h a gr e em ent i s o t i n w r i t i ng t o sat i s f y t h

, r e n e

statut s o f f rau d t h agr em nt i s va li d b t un e n f rc a bl

e , e e e u o e e .

T h e c o ntract in whi ch t h e e n g in ee r i s m o st f r e qu e ntl y int e r e st e d

i s t h e expr ess ex e cu t o r y co n tr a c t which has b e e n de fi n e d as f o ll o w s : ,

A c ontract i s an agr m nt i n w hi c h a p art y u n d rtak e s t o d o o r o t

“
ee e e n

t o d o a p art i cu l ar t hi ng —C H I E F J U S TI C E M A S H AL 4 W h e at o n ( N C ) 1 2 2
. R L, . .
,

et se q .

C ntract i s t h at f r m o f agr m nt whi c h d i r ct ly c o nt m p l at s a d

“
o o ee e e e e n

cr at s an o bli gat i o n — S W I I AM R A N S ON
e e . IB LL . .

A c o ntract i s a p r m i s t d o o t o r f ra i n f r o m d o i ng s o m e act w hi c h
“
o e o r e

t h e l w w ill n f rc e — P O F J B J OH N S O N
a e o R . . . .

A c o ntract i n t h e w i d st s ns e o f t h t r m i s an a gr m e nt wh r by
“
e e e e , ee e e

at l ast e of t h p art i s ac qu i r s a r i g h t i n r e l at i n t o s o m
on e e e p rs o n t hi ng e o e e , ,

act o f r b aranc — P O R M B E N AM IN
,
r o e e . B F . . . J .

A c ntract i n a n rr w s ns i s an agr em nt wh r by at l e ast o n e o f

“
o a o e e e e e e

t h e p ar t i es ac q u i r s t h r i g h t t an act o f r b arance o t h p art o f t h e “

e e o r o e n e

o t h r T h e bli gat i n ass m d by t h o t h r i s ca ll d a p r o m i s e —P OR

e . o o u e e e e .
”
R .

R M B E N AM IN
. . J .

1 00 E x p r e s s E x e cu t o ry C o ntract
. .

E xpr ess ex e c u t o r y co n tr a c ts m a y b e o f t wo kin d s

I Co n tr a ct s u n d er s ea l o r spe ci a l t i es C o ntracts u n d e r s e al a r e
. .

m o r e f o r m al a n d o f a hi g h e r o r d e r than p ar o l c o ntracts a n d f o r m e rly ,

h a d g r e at e r f o rc e a n d e ff e ct in l a w so g r e at in f act that an e x e c u t o ry , , ,

a g r e e m e nt c o ul d b e m a d e bin d in g o nly by a c o ntract u n de r s e al T h e .

s e al i m po rt e d a c o nsi de rati o n an d r en de r e d p r o o f unn e c e ssary Th e .

p r e su m p ti o n w a s that an a g r e e m e nt e x e cut e d w ith so m uch s o l e m nity

 Ca p a c i t y to Co n t ra c t 1 39

an d de lib e rati o n w a s f o un d e d u p o n su ffi ci e nt caus e Th e s e al has .

,

h o we v e r l o st m uch a n d in s o m e cas e s in Am e rica all o f its f o r m e r

, , ,

f o rc e ; a n d in s o m e s t at e s it has n o si g ni fi canc e .

U n de r t h e c o m m o n l aw w hich as n o t e d ab o v e has in s o m e cas e s , ,

b e e n m o d i fied by s ta tut e t h e fo ll o w i n g a g r e e m e nt s m u st b e e x e cu t e d
,

un de r s eal
1 G ratuit o u s p r o m is e s
. .

2 Co ntracts w ith c o r po rati o ns ( n o l o n g e r n e c e ssary unl e s s sp e

.

c i fi ca lly so p r o vi d e d in t h e c o rpo rati o n cha rt e r )

3 D e e d s a n d m o rt g a g e s ( u nl e ss o th e r w is e p r o vi de d in t h e statut e s
.

o f t h e stat e ) .

4 B o n ds
. .

I I Co ntracts n o t un de r s e al w h eth e r w ritt e n o r o ral a r e t e r m e d

.
, ,

pa r o l c o n t r a c ts .

1 01 . a V ali d C o ntrac t
R e qu ir e m e n t s of .

T h e r e quir e m e nt s o f a vali d c o ntract a r e :

I T wo o r m o r e p arti e s w ith ca pacit y t o c o ntract
. .

I I An o ff e r a n d acc eptanc e
. .

I I I A c o nsi de rati o n
. .

I V L e g ali ty o f o bj e ct
. .

V R e ality o f c o ns ent
. .

V I A w ritin g ( wh e n e v e r r e qui r ed by t h e stat u t e o f f ra u d s )

. .

1 02 P a rti e s w i th C a p a c ity t o C o ntrac t

. .

I A m a n cann o t e nt e r int o c o ntract r e lati o ns w ith hi m s e l f o f such

.

natur e that it w ill b e e n f o rc e abl e by la w .

A c o ntract m ust th e r e f o r e hav e at l e ast t wo pa r t i es .

I I Th e f o ll o w in g pe rs o ns a r e inca p abl e un de r c e rtain ci rcu m

.

stanc e s o f e nt e rin g int o a vali d c o ntract

Min o rs
’

1 . .

n P e rs o ns o f uns o un d m in d .

o
o D r u nk e n p e rs o ns .

N P e rs o ns u n d e r c o ns e rvat o rs
- .

n C o r p o rati o ns
w
.

O Ag e nts .

1 M i n or s At c o m m o n l a w a p e rs o n un d e r t h e a g e o f t we nty
. .
,

o n e i s a m in o r .

A A m in o r can bin d hi m s e l f f o r n e cessa r i es

. Th e t e r m n e ce s .

sa r i es inclu de s all articl e s a n d s e rvic e s that a r e r e as o nably n e c e ssary t o

su pp ly t h e p e rs o n al n e e d s o f a pe rs o n in t h e m in o r s circu m stanc e s i h ’

cl u d in g f o o d cl o thin g l o dg in g m e d ical a n d l e g al a i d instructi o n et c

, , , , ,
.
,

o f quality a n d quantity suitabl e t o his c o n d iti o n o f li f e .

 1 40 Ag re e m e n t s an d Co n t ra c t u a l R e la t i o n s

B . c o ntract o f a m in o r unl e ss m a de f o r n e c e ssiti e s o r un de r

The ,

t h e auth o rity o r d i r e cti o n o f t h e statut e s i s v o i d abl e in hi s f av o r

,
Such .

a c o ntract i s bin d in g o n a n a dult p e rs o n wh o has e nt e r e d int o such a

c o ntract but v o i dabl e o n t h e p art o f th e m in o r
,
.

C Such c o ntracts m a y b e av o i d e d by t h e m in o r e ith e r

.

( a ) Du rin g m in o rity o r ,

( )b B e f o r e rati fi cati o n a f t e r attainin g m aj o rity .

D Such c o ntracts m ay b e c o n fi r m e d by t h e m in o r a f t e r attainin g

.

his m aj o rity by
( )
a E x p r e ss rati fi cati o n .

( b ) By acts w hich cl e arly sh o w hi s int e nti o n t o c o n fi r m t h e c o n

tract .

( c ) B y o m issi o n t o d i sa ffi r m t h e c o ntract w ithin a r e as o nabl e ti m e

i f such o m issi o n is p r e j u dicial t o t h e i nt e r e sts o f t h e o th e r p arty o r ,

within t h e statut o ry p e ri o d o f li m itati o n .

B I f a m in o r av o i d s a c o ntra ct o n w hich h e has r e c e iv e d m o n ey

.

o r p r o p e rty h e m u st r e st o r e it i f it i s in his p o we r t o d o so
,
.

F Wh e r e a m in o r has p e r f o r m e d s e rvic e in partial o r e ntir e e x e

.

c u t i o n o f an e x p r e ss c o ntract a n d h e av o i d s t h e c o ntract
,
h e m ay r e ,

c o v e r t h e val u e o f t h e s e rvic e s r e n de r e d o n an in f e rr e d c o ntract .

2 . P er s o n s o f u n s o u n d m i n ds .

A A p e rs o n o f u n so u n d m i n d m a y bin d h i m s e l f f o r n e c e ssari e s
. .

B A c o ntract o th e r than f o r n e c e ssari e s m a d e by a p e rs o n wh o is

.

o f uns o un d m in d i s v o i d abl e in his f av o r .

C A c o n tract m a d e w i th su ch a p e r s o n i n a lu c i d i n t e rval i s
.

b i n d in g .

D Wh e n such p e rs o ns n o t un de r c o n s e rvat o r a r e a pp ar e ntly o f

.
, ,

s o un d m in d a n d t h e o th e r c o ntractin g p arty has r e as o nabl e caus e t o

,

b e li e v e o th e r w is e t h e c o ntract cann o t b e av o i de d i f it is f a i r a n d has

,

b e e n so f ar p e r f o rm e d that t h e p arty ca n n o t b e r e st o r e d t o hi s f o r m e r
‘

'

p o siti o n .

3 D r u n k e n per s o n s
. .

A A dr u n k en per s o n
. can bin d hi m s e l f f o r n e c e ssari e s .

B Co ntract f o r o th e r than n e c e ssari e s m a d e by a p e rs o n so d runk

.
,

as t o b e inca p abl e o f un de rstan d in g its natu r e an d e ff e ct is v o i dabl e in ,

his f av o r .

C A l e ss d e g r e e o f ( l ru n k e n e ss d o e s n o t r e n d e r t h e c o ntract v o i d
.

abl e u nl e ss t h e circ u m stanc e s j u sti f y t h e in f e r e nc e that i t wa s o btain ed

by f ra u d .
1 42 Agre e m e n t s an d C o n t ra c t u a l R e la t i o n s

( c ) Wh e r e a c o r po rati o n by r e s o luti o n its g o v e rnin g b o ar d

of

w ith o ut s e al auth o ri z e s t h e e x e cuti o n o f t h e instru m e nt un d e r s e al .

D An a g ent cann o t r e p r e s e nt a p rinci pal t o wh o s e int e r e sts his

.

o w n a r e anta g o nisti c .

E T h e auth o rity o f p ublic o ffi c e rs a n d a g e nts a r e m att e rs o f p u b

.

lic la w a n d r e c o r d o f whi ch all p arti e s a r e l e g ally b o un d t o tak e n o tic e .

In all cas e s o f p o ssibl e inca p acity th e r e a r e c e rtain w e ll d e fi n e d

,

li m its w h e r e t h e ca p acity t o c o ntract is un d o ubt e d a n d e q u ally w e ll d e

fi n e d cas e s w h e r e in t h e inca pacity t o c o nt ract is e quall y o bvi o us B e .

t we e n th e s e o bvi o us li m its g r e at unc e rtainti e s m a y e xi st an d t h e ability ,

o r inability m a y b e a qu e sti o n inv o lvin g p r o o f o f c o n d iti o ns t h e p o int ,

o f vi e w o f t h e l o cal c o u rts w hich o f t e n d i ff e rs ra d ically in d i ff e r e nt

,

l o cati o ns o r t h e o p ini o n o f a j ury wh o m a y j u dg e f r o m such e vi de nc e

,

as m a y b e p r e s e nt e d an d w hi ch m ay n o t b e a ppar e nt at t h e ti m e t h e
c o ntract is m a de Th o s e wh o e nt e r int o c o ntracts w ith p e rs o ns w h o
.

m a y p o ssibly n o t p o ss e ss t h e ca p acity t o c o ntract un d e rtak e such c o n ,

t racts at th e i r p e ril a n d such c o ntracts sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e c o n fi n e d t o

such li m its as a r e cl e arly w ithin t h e l e g al ca p acity o f t h e p art i e s .

1 03 O ff e r a n d A cc e p tanc e
. .

I Th e o ff e r m ust b e cl e ar an d abs o lut e a n d m ust m ani f e st an in

.
,

t e nti o n t o c r e at e o r t o chan g e l e g al r elati o ns .

1
. An o ff e r m a v b e r e v o k e d at any ti m e b e f or e acc e p tanc e e x ,

c e pt wh e n :
A A de fi nit e Op ti o n f o r which a valuabl e c o nsi de rati o n i s g iv e n
.
, ,

is g rant e d .

B T h e O ff e r i s m a d e in ans we r t o a r e qu e st f o r p r o po sals t o b e
.

acc o m p ani e d by a depo sit c e rti fi e d ch e ck o r b o n d t o b e f o r f e it e d a s

, ,

liqui d at e d da m a g e s f o r f ailu r e t o e nt e r int o c o ntract o bli g ati o ns i f t h e ,

p r o p o sal b e acc e p t e d In thi s cas e t h e o p po rtunity o f sub m ittin g t h e

.
,

p r o p o sal t h e e x p e ns e inc u rr e d by t h e p r e p arati o n o f p lans by a dve r

, ,

t i se m en t s f o r p r o p o sals by f urni sh in g p lan s a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d b y

, ,

o th e r acts o f t h e fi rst p a rty a r e su ffi ci e nt c o nsi d e rati o ns f o r t h e e x e r

,

ci s e o f t h e o pti o n t o r e tain t h e p rivil e g e o f acc e ptin g o r r e j e ctin g t h e

r
p p o o sal f o r a c e rtain s p e ci fi e d o r f o r a r e as o nabl e ti m e .

2
. An o ff e r m a y e la p s e b e f o r e acc e p tanc e .

A B y e x p i rati o n o f a p r e sc rib e d ti m e f o r acc e p tanc e

. .

B Wh e r e n o ti m e i s p r e scrib e d by t h e e x p i rati o n o f a r e as o nabl e

.
,

ti m e f o r acc e ptanc e .

C By f ailu r e t o c o m ply w i th t h e p r e scrib e d c o n d iti o ns as t o t h e

.
,

m o de o f acc e p tanc e .
 C o n s i de r a t i o n

D . B y t h e de ath
insanity o f e ith e r p arty
or .

I I T h e acc ep tanc e m ust b e cl e ar abs o lut e i de ntical w ith t h e

.
, ,

t e r m s o f t h e O ff e r a n d w ith t h e int e nti o n o f c r e atin g l e g al o bli g ati o ns .

An acc e p tanc e u p o n t e r m s varyin g f r o m th o s e p r o p o s e d by t h e

o ff e r i s a c o u n t e r p r o p o siti o n a n d i s n o t bin d in g until it i s its e l f ac
-

c ep t e d Such a c o unt e r —
. r
p p o o sal i s a virtual r e j e cti o n o f t h e o ri g inal
o ff e r a n d sinc e t h e O ff e r w h e n r e j e ct e d i s at an e n d a subs e qu e nt ac
, ,

c e p t a n c e o f t h e o ri g inal o ff e r can o p e rat e o nly as a n e w c o u nt e r p ro

-

p o sal w hich lik e t h e o ri,

g inal o ff e r m a y b e e ith
, e r acc e p t e d o r r e j e ct e d .

I I I 1 An a g r e e m e nt i s n o t a c o ntract unl e ss its t e r m s a r e ce r

. .

tain o r ca p abl e O f b e in g m a de c e rtain .

2 . E ith e r t h e o ff e r o r t h e acc e p tanc e m a y b e e x p r e ss e d by c o n d uct

o r wo r d s P e r f o r m anc e o f t h e c o n diti o ns o f an O ff e r o r t h e acc e p tanc e
.
,

o f t h e c o nsi d e rati o n p r o ff e r e d i s an acc e p tanc e o f t h e o ff e r .

3 An o ff e r n e e d n o t b e m a de t o a d e fi nit e p e rs o n but n o c o ntract

.
,

can e xi st until t h e o ff e r has b e e n acc e pt e d by a de fi nit e p e rs o n .

4 Wh e r e t h e p arti e s c o m m unicat e b y m e ans b e y o n d th e i r c o ntr o l

.
,

as by m ail t h e c o ntract i s c o m pl e t e t h e m o m e nt t h e acc e ptanc e is d is

_
,

p atch e d p r o vi d e d thi s is do n e i n d u e ti m e a f t e r r e c e i p t o f t h e o ff e r
,

a n d b e f o r e n o tic e o f w ith d ra w al is r e c e iv e d .

1 04 C o n s i d e ra ti o n
. .

In e v e ry c o ntract c o ntai nin g a p r o m i s e th e r e m ust b e a co n s id era

,

ti o n f o r t h e p r o m is e e xc e p t in t h e cas e o f c e rtain c o ntracts u n de r s e al

,

o r n e g o tiabl e t h e f o r m o f w hich i m p o rts t h e c o nsi d e rati o n

,
I n such .

cas e s t h e want o f a c o nsi de rati o n m ay b e pl e a de d a n d p r o v e d e xc e p t

, ,

a g ainst a b o na fi de fi de assi g n e e ( o r inn o c e nt p urchas e r ) o f a n e g o ti

abl e c o ntract p urchas e d a n d assi g n e d t o h im b e f o r e it ca m e du e
,
.

A c o ntract i s sai d t o b e n e g o tiabl e w h e n it can b e so trans f e rr e d

that t h e assi g n e e has t h e ri g ht t o su e u po n it at l a w in his o wn na m e .

( B ills o f e xchan g e o r p ro m iss o ry n o t e s ) .

A b o na fi de assi g n e e i s an inn o c e nt p urchas e r f o r valu e t o w h o m

t h e n e g o tiabl e p a p e r has b e e n s o l d a n d assi g n e d w ith o ut n o tic e o f t h e
want o f a c o nsi de rati o n
I T h e c o nsi de rati o n n ee d n o t b e a dequat e t o t h e p r o m is e but it
.

m ust hav e s o m e valu e So l o n g as t h e p r o m is o r g e ts w hat h e ha s

.

bar g ain e d f o r a n d w ith o ut clai m o f f rau d o r un d u e i nflu e nc e t h e c o u rt ,

w ill ri o t inquir e int o t h e a d e quacy o f t h e c o nsi de rati o n .

I I W h e n at t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e p r o m is o r t h e p r o m i s e e c o n f e r s o r
.
,

p r o m i s e s t o c o n f e r any b e n e fi t u p o n t h e p r o m i s o r o r i ncu rs o r p r o m ,

i se s t o incu r any de tri m e nt a n d such d e tri m e nt b e n e fi t o r

, p r o m is e i s
,
1 44 Agre e m e n t s an d C o n t r a c t u a l R e la t i o n s

th e in d uc e m e nt f o r t h e p r o m i s o r s p ro m i s e it is a su ffi ci e nt c o nsi de ra
'

ti o n f o r t h e p r o m is e .

I I I T h e aban do n m e nt o f any l e g al o r e quitabl e ri g ht a g ainst t h e

.

p r o m is o r o r a g ainst a th ir d p arty o r t h e f o rb e aranc e t o e x e rcis e it f o r

,

a d e fi n it e o r r e a s o nabl e ti m e i s su ffi c i e nt c o n s i d e rati o n fo r a p r o m i s e ;
so i s t h e c o m p r o m is e o f a d i s ut e d clai m h o n e stly m a d e
p alth o u g h it ,

ult i m at e ly p r o v e d t o b e u n fo u n d e d .

I V Th e d e liv e ry o f p r o p e rty in trust t o a p e rs o n is su ffi ci e nt

.

c o nsi de rati o n f o r a p r o m i s e t o e x e cut e t h e trust .

V B l o o d r e lati o nshi p natural a ff e cti o n o r m o ral o bli g ati o ns a re

.
,

n o t su ffi ci e nt c o nsi de rati o ns t o su

p po rt a p r o m is e .

V I A p r o m i s e wh o s e p e r f o r m anc e i s i m p o ssibl e in its e l f o r i m

.

p o ssibl e i n l a w i s n o t su ffi ci e nt as a c o nsi d e rati o n ; n e ith e r i s a p r o m

,

i se t o d o o r actually d o in g w hat o n e i s l e g ally bo un d t o do .

V I I A p ast c o nsi de rati o n w ill n o t su pp o rt a subs e qu e nt p r o m is e

.
,

f o r such a p r o m i s e i s p u r e ly a g ratuity o nly .

E x c ept i o n s .

1 a r equ e st i s m a de a n d a c o nsi de rati o n g rant e d a n d t h e r e

. If ,

qu e st u n de r t h e ci rc u m stanc e s r e as o nably i m pli e s t h e p r o m i s e o f r e

c o m p e ns e such p r o m is e can b e e n f o rc e d
,
.

2 I f o n e w ith o ut r e qu e st v o luntarily d o e s o n b e hal f o f an o th e r

.
.

that w hich t h e o th e r was l e g ally b o un d t o do t h e act m ay b e rati fi e d ,

by t h e latt e r by a subs e qu e nt p r o m is e o f r e c o m pe ns e an d such r a t ifi ca ,

ti o n w ill b e e quival e nt t o a p r e vi o us r e qu e st in su pp o rtin g such p r o m

i se .

Vh e n
3 \ . u n d e r t h e l a w a p r o m i s e f o r a val u abl e c o n si d e ra t io n
cann o t b e e n fo rc e d a g ainst t h e will o f t h e p ro m is o r h e m ay su b se , ,

qu e ntly i f o f f u l l ca p acity t o c o ntract r e n o unc e t h e b e n e fi t o f such la w

, ,

by r e n e w in g hi s o ri g inal p r o m is e .

1 05 L e g a l ity o f O bj e c t
. .

An a g r e e m e nt t h e o bj e ct o f which is f o rbi d de n by l a w o r o p po s e d
,

t o p ubli c p o licy w i l l n o t b e e n f o rc e d by t h e c o u rt
,
Th e p e r f o r m anc e .

o r o m issi o n o f an act m a y b e f o rbi d d e n by e x p r e ss p r o hibiti o n o r by

i m plicati o n .

T h e p rinci p al class e s o f a g r e e m e nt Op po s e d t o t h e l a w o r t o p u b
li c p o licy a r e th o s e
I W hich t en d t o i nj u r e p ubli c s e rvi c e
. .

I I W hich t e n d t o o bstruct t h e c o u rs e o f p ubli c j ustic e

.
‘

I I I W hich t e n d t o e nc o ura g e liti g ati o n

. .

I V Which inv o lv e i m m o rality

. .
 1 46 A g re e m e n t s an d C o n t ra c t u a l R e la t i o n s

1 . U nla w f ul i m p ris o n m e nt of th e o th e r p arty or of hi s w i f e , pa r

en t , o r chil d r e n .

2 I m p ris o n m e nt o f such p arty p r o cu r e d thr o u g h t h e abus e o f

.
,

la w f ul p r o c e ss o r m a de unj ustly o p p r essiv e .

3 U nla w f ul a n d g r e at b o d ily har m t o such p arty

. .

U nla w f ul s e iz u r e de t e nti o n o r de structi o n o f t h e p r o p e rty o f

,

s u ch p arty .

V Un d u e I n fl u e n ce — U n d u e influ e nc e as g r o un d s f o r e va d in g a
.

c o ntract m ay o btain wh e r e o n e o f t h e p arti e s in d u c e d t h e o th e r t o e nt e r

int o t h e c o ntract by t h e u nc o nsci e nti o us u se o f p o we r a ff o r de d by
1 . Pa r e ntal fi d uciary o r c o n fi de ntial r elati o ns .

2 . Me ntal w e akn e ss o f t h e o th e r .

3 N e c e ssity o r e xtrava g anc e o f an e x p e ctant h e i r o r o n e sustain

.

in g that charact e r .

1 07 Sta tu t e o f F rau d s
. .

No c o ntract w ithin t h e p r o visi o n o f t h e statut e o f f rau d s i s en

f o rc e abl e at l a w unl e ss such c o ntract o r s o m e m e m o ran d u m th e r eo f is
,

in writin g si g n e d by t h e p arty t o b e cha r g e d th e r e by o r b y hi s la w f ully

, ,

auth o riz e d a g e nt Such c o ntract o r s o m e m e m o ran du m th e r e o f m ust

.

sh o w w h o a re t h e p arti e s th e r e t o an d what is t h e p r o m is e s o u ght t o b e

e n f o rc e d .

A v e rbal c o ntract w ithin t h e statut e is v o i dabl e but n o t v o i d .

T h e w ritt e n c o ntract o r m e m o ran d u m n e e d n o t b e si g n e d by t h e

o th e r p arty t o t h e c o ntract ; a w ritt e n o ff e r v e rbally acc e p t e d i s bin d , ,

in g u po n t h e si g n e r .

T h e f o ll o w in g p r o m is e s a re w ithin t h e statut e o f f rau d s

”

1 .A s p e cial p r o m is e o f an e x e cut o r o r a d m inistrat o r t o ans we r

any de bt o r da m a g e o u t o f his o wn e stat e .

2 .A s p e cial p r o m i s e t o p e rs o nally assu m e t h e d e bt d e f ault o r m i s .

carria g e o f an o th e r p e rs o n
3 .A n a g r ee m e nt m a d e u p o n t h e c o nsi d e rati o n o f m arria g e .

4 .C e rtain a g r e e m e nts n o t t o b e p e r f o r m e d w ithin t h e s p ac e o f o ne

y e ar f r o m t h e m akin g t h e r e o f .

5 .A c o ntract f o r t h e sal e o f lan d t en e m e nts o r h e r e d ita m e nts o r

, ,

t h e d i s p o sal o f any i nt e r e sts in th e m f o r a l o n g e r p e ri o d than o n e y e ar .

Such c ontracts i f m a de by a g e nts a r e n o t e n f o rc e abl e at l a w unl e ss t h e

auth o rity o f t h e a g e nts is al s o in w ritin g a n d si g n e d b y such p arty .

1 08 Th e i n t e r p r e tati o n o f C o nt rac t
. .

Wh e n t h e m e anin g o f a c o ntract i s in do ubt t h e l e a d in g rul e s Of ,

c o nstr u cti o n which g o v e rn its int e r p r etati o n a r e as f o ll o w s

I I n g e n er a l
. .
 I n t e r p r e t a t io n o f C o n t ra c t 1 47

1 .Wh e r e n o do ubt e xists th e r e is n o r o o m f o r c o nst ructi o n

,
.

2 .I m po ssibl e thin g s cann o t b e r e quir e d .

3 .T h e c o ntr o llin g c o nsi d e rati o n in c o nstructi o n is t o d isc o v e r t h e

m utual int e nti o ns o f t h e p arti e s W ith thi s O bj e ct t h e subj e ct m att e r

.
, ,

c o nt e xt a n d t h e o b j e ct p r e c e d en ce c o ns e qu e nc e s caus e s e ff e cts a n d
'

, , , , , ,

c o n d iti o ns o f t h e p arti e s t o t h e c o ntract m u st b e e xa m in e d t o de t e rm in e

th e i r int e nti o n .

I I As t o t h e m e a n i n g o f w or ds
. .

1 .T h e wo r d s o f a c o ntract a r e t o b e c o nstru e d w ith r e f e r e nc e t o

its subj e ct m att e r a n d t h e c ircu m stanc e s un d e r w hi ch it w a s m a de .

Th ey a re t o b e tak e n as th o s e wh o us e d th e m int e n de d .

2 .Wh e n w o r d s hav e m o r e than o n e s e ns e that a g r e e abl e t o la w

.
,

m u st p r e vail .

3 Wo r d s inc o nsist e nt w ith t h e natu r e o f a c o ntract o r w ith t h e i n

.

t e nti o n o f t h e p arti e s w ill b e r e j e ct e d, .

4 T h e wo r d s a r e t o b e tak e n i n th e ir o r d inary a n d p o p ular s e ns e

.
,

unl e ss by t h e usa g e o f tra de e t c th e y hav e acqui r e d a pe cu l iar s e ns e

,
.
,

in r e g ar d t o t h e m att e r c o nsi de r e d .

5 T e chnical w o r d s unl e ss cl e a rly us e d in an o th e r s e ns e a r e t o b e

.
, ,

int e r p r et e d as usually un de rst o o d by t h e pe rs o ns in t h e p ro f e ssi o n b u si ,

n e ss o r tra de t o which th ey r e lat e .

6 B r o a d wo r d in g w ill n o t e xt e n d a c o ntract t o th o s e th in g s c o n
.

c e rnin g which it is a ppar e nt t h e p arti e s di d n o t int e n d t o c o ntract .

I I I I n c o n si s t en cy
. .

1 .Se v e ral w ritin g s b e t w e e n t h e sa m e p arti e s i f th e y r e lat e t o t h e ,

sa m e subj e ct m att e r an d a re substantially p arts o f o n e transacti o n ,

m u st b e tak e n a n d c o nstru e d t o g e th e r as o n e c o ntract .

2 .W h e r e t h e t e r m s o f t h e c o ntract p artially w ritt e n a n d p a rtially ,

p rint e d a r e,
inc o nsist
'

e nt t h e w ritt e n p art
, w ill c o ntr o l t h e p rint e d .

3 .W o r d s inc o nsist e nt w ith t h e natur e O f a c o ntract o r w ith t h e i n

t e nti o n o f t h e p arti e s w ill b e r e j e ct e d

,
.

4 Wh e n ri d do ubt e xists as t o t h e m e anin g o f a c o ntract t h e c o n

.
,

structi o n w hich t h e p arti e s t o it hav e p ractically g iv e n it by th e ir act ,

carri e s g r e at we i g ht .

5 .I n ca s e o f d o ub t t h e lan g u a g e o
,
f a c o nt ra ct i s tak e n m o st

str o n g ly a g ainst t h e p arty usin g i t e xc e p t wh e n thi s wo ul d caus e p eu

.
, w
'
alty o r f o r fe itur e .

1 09 T h e D i s ch a r g e o f C o ntra c t
. .

A c o ntract m a y b e d ischar g e d
I By a g r e e m e nt b e t wee n t h e p arti e s
. .
 II . By c o nt ract p r o vi si o ns .

III . B y p e r f o r m anc e .

IV . By i m po ssibility o f p e r f o r m anc e .

V . B y o p e rati o n o f l a w .

VI . B y br e ach o f t h e c o ntract .

VII . By t h e d ischar g e o f t h e ri g ht o f acti o n .

I . D isch ar g e b y ag r e e m e n t .

A c o ntract n o t pe r f o r m e d o n e ith e r si de m ay b e d ischar g e d

1 . B y m utual a g r e e m e nt o f t h e p arti e s t h e c o nsi d e rati o n b e in g ,

m utual r e l e as e .

2 . By a chan g e in its t e r m s o r t h e substituti o n o f a n e w c o ntract .

3 . B y a n e w an d in de p e n de nt c o ntract w ith t e r m s inc o nsi st e nt

with t h e o l d c o ntract
B r e l e as e u n d e r s e al o r u p o n a su ffi ci e nt c o nsi de rati o n
4 .
y .

5 .B y a chan g e in t h e p arti e s w h e r e by a n e w p arty i s substitut e d

,

f o r t h e p r e vi o us o n e by a g r e em e nt o f all th r e e whil e t h e t e r m s r e m ain ,

t h e sa m e .

I I D is ch a r g e b y co n tr a c t pr o vi si o n s — A c o nt ract m ay b e d i s
.

ch ar g e d by c e rtai n c o n t rac t p r o vi s i o n s w h e r e i t i s s p e c ifi e d
1 That t h e n o n f u lfil lm en t o f c e rtain s p e ci fi e d t e r m s shall g ive
.
-

t o o n e p arty t h e o p ti o n o f can ce llin g t h e c o ntract .

2 That t h e f ul fi ll m e nt o f c e rtai n c o n di ti o ns o r t h e o ccurr e nc e o f

.
'

c e rtain e v e nts shall r e l e as e t h e parti e s f r o m f u rth e r liabiliti e s .

3 That t h e c o ntract m a y b e t e r m inat e d u po n c e rtain t e r m s at

.

t h e o p ti o n o f e ith e r o f t h e p arti e s .

I I I Dis ch ar g e b y per fo r m a n c e — A co n t ra ct m ay b e d i schar g e d

’

b v p e r f o r m anc e in acc o r danc e w ith its t e r ms .

A m o d i fi cati o n o f t h e t e r m s o f p e r f o r m anc e m a y b e acc e p t e d in

sati s f acti o n o f t h e p e r fo r m anc e a s s pe ci fi e d a n d b e e qually e ff e ctual in
,

t h e d ischar g e o f t h e c o ntract .

Th e p ro m i s o r i s d i schar g e d f r o m liability o n his p r o m i s e wh e n h e

h a s m a d e p r o p e r o ff e r o f p e r f o r m an c e a n d t h e o ff e r h a s n o t b e e n a c
c e pt e d .

IV . Im po s s i b i l i ty o f p f
er o r m a n c e — Wh e r e
th e r e i s an e x p r e ss c o n
tract t o do a c e rtai n thin g p o ssibl e b ot h i n nat u r e a n d by la w t h e p r o m ,

i s o r m u s t d o i t o r p a y d a m a g e s e v e n th o u g h i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f u n
,

f o r e s e e n cau s e s o v e r w h ich h e h a s n o c o n t r o l t h e p e r f o r m an c e o f
h i s c o n tract h a s b e c o m e i m p o s sibl e .

E x cept i o n s — T h e f o ll o w in g cas e s a r e e xc ep ti o ns t o t h e ab o v e rul e

I Wh e r e a s p e ci fi e d thin g wh o s e c o ntinu e d exist e nc e is e ss e ntial
.

t o t h e p e r f o r m anc e i s d e str o y e d w ith o ut d e f ault o f t h e p r o m i s o r .

 “

l 50 A gr e e m e n t s an d C o n t ra c t u a l R e la t i o n s

I R el ease —
. A vali d r e l e as e o f t h e ri g ht
. of acti o n m u st b e e ith e r
un de r s e al o r f o r a valuabl e c o nsi de rati o n .

2 . A c cor d a n d s a t is a c t i o n f .

AWh e r e th e r e i s an o ff e r t o acc e p t t h e p e r f o r m anc e o f s o m e

.

th in g n ew i n li e u o f a clai m a n d t h e pe r f o r m anc e i s c o m p l et e d b e f o r e ,

t h e w ith d ra w al o f t h e o ff e r .

B Wh e r e it c l e arly a p p e ars that a p r o m i s e ( n o t t h e p e r f o r m anc e )

.

o f s o m e thin g n e w i s by a g r e e m e nt tak e n in satis f acti o n o f a clai m .

C W h e r e a caus e o f acti o n i s p u rsu e d t o fi nal j u d g m e nt in a c o urt

.

o f co m p e t e nt j u ris d icti o n a j u dg m e nt in f av o r o f t h e plainti ff d i s

,

char g e s t h e cau s e o f acti o n by wa y o f a m e r g e r a n d a j u d g m e nt ,

a g ainst h im o n t h e m e rits d ischar g e s it by w ay o f e st o ppe l .

3 Ju d
.
g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t — Wh e n an acti o n o n a c o ntract i s
bro u g ht in a c o urt o f c o m p e t e nt j u ri s d icti o n a j u d g m e nt d i schar g e s ,

t h e caus e o f acti o n by m e r g e r i f in f av o r o f t h e p lainti ff a n d by e st o p

p e l i f in f av o r o f t h e d e f e n dant .

i — In m any stat e s th e r e a r e statut e s call e d S tatut e s

4 L a.
ps e o f t m e

o f L i m itati o n w hi ch fi x a li m it o f ti m e w ithin w hich t h e ri g ht o f acti o n

m u st b e e x e rcis e d an d w hi ch a ff o r d wh e n inv o lv e d an abs o lut e bar t o

,

an acti o n br o u ght b ey o n d t h e p r e scrib e d ti m e .

L IT E RA T URE
T h e La ws o f C o ntr cts— J o h n C Wa i t ( J h n W il e y a S o ns ) . o .

Eng i n e r i ng d Arc hi t ct ra l Jur i s p r d nc e La ws o f C nstruct i o n

e an e u u e , o

J o h n C Wa i t ( J o h n W il y S o ns )
. e .

M ill r n C o ntracts— H E M ill er ( T h e K e e f e Dav i d s o n

e o . .
-

Th L a w f C ntracts— A l xan d r Har i ng ( T h

e o o M y r on C C l ar k P b e e e . u .

C l ar k —
C o ntracts W m L C l ar k Jr ( W e st Pu bli s hi ng
on . .
,

G n e ra l Pr i nc i p l s o f t h e A m r i can L a w o f C ntracts—R M B
.

Th e e e e o . . en

j am i n ( T h B ow e n M rr ill e -
e

Th Pr i nc i p l s o f th Eng li s h L w f C o ntracts— S i r W R Ans o n ( Ca l

e e e a o . .

l a gh a n Co ) .

Cas es on t h e L aw of C ntracts—W A
o . . K ee ner , 2 V lso .
( B ak e r Vo o r hi s
C o m p an y ) .

C o ntracts i n Eng i n r i ng— J I T uck r ( Mc G w H ill B o k ee . . e ra -

o

Eng i n r i ng C o ntracts d Sp i fi t i — J B J h ns n ( M G w H ill

ee an ec ca on s . . o o c ra -

B kC
oo o .

B ish p o C ntracts— J P B i s h o p ( T H F l o d
o n o . . . . o

L e ctur s o n L a w o f C o ntracts— J M B r o wn Was hi ngt o n D C ( P b

e . .
, , . . u

l i h d by a t h o r )
s e u .

G o v e rn m nt C o ntracts — C F Carus i ( Ca ll ag h an
e . .

Laws o f B us i n es s— Th op hil us Par so ns ( T h S S Scrant o n e e . .

Manua l f C o m m rc i a l L aw— E d war d W S p enc e r ( T h e B o bb s M rr ill

o e .
-
e

B us i ne ss Law —Th o m as R W hi t e ( S il ve r ; . B ur d tt e C o m p an y ) .
 C H AP T ER X

DAY L AB O R AND CO N T R ACT SY ST E MS O F C O N ST R U C

T ION

1 1 0
. B u sin e ss Me t h o d s —T w o sy s t e m s m ay b e em p lo y e d in
th e c o n st ru ct i o n of p ub li c an d p ri vat e w o rks .

Fi r s t : T h e d a y lab o r r g anizati o n c o nsistin g

syst em , i n w hich an o

o f su p e rint e n d e nts , f o r e m e n m e chanics a n d labo r e rs i s e m pl o y e d a n d

,

t h e m at e rial p urchas e d by t h e m unici p ality o r o w n e r a n d t h e w o rk i s

un de rtak e n in de pe n de ntly o f c o ntract o rs .

S e c o n d : T h e c o ntract syst e m b y which m e n o r fi r ms w h o m ak e a

busin e ss o f c o nstructi o n a re e m p l o y e d u n d e r s o m e f o r m o f c o ntract
t o un d e rtak e t h e w o rk .

E ach o f th e s e syst e m s has its a d vanta g e s a n d d isa d vanta g e s .

Each m a y b e e nti r e ly satis f act o ry un d e r c e rtain c o n d iti o ns a n d v e ry

unsatis f act o ry un de r o th e r c o n d iti o ns T h e ch o ic e o f syst e m m u st de
.

p e n d o n t h e s e l e cti o n o f t h e l e ss e r o f t w o e vils wh e n all c o n d iti o ns a re

c o nsi d e r e d F r o m t h e p o int o f vi e w o f t h e p arti e s havin g t h e w o rk
.

d o n e t h e ch o ic e w ill b e m a d e o f t h e syst e m w hich w ill s e cur e t h e l o w e st

c o st o f c o nstructi o n t h e b e st w o rk m anshi p p r o m p tn e ss o f c o n st r u c
, ,

ti o n a n d t h e e li m ina ti o n o f c o ntin g e nc e s t o t h e g r e at e st d e g r e e .

It is i m p o rtant f o r t h e o w n e r that t h e actual c o st o f t h e w o rk

sh o ul d b e cl o s e ly kn o w n in o r d e r that h e m ay d et e r m in e w h e th e r
t h e w o rk can b e fi nanc e d a n d w h e th e r its c o nstructi o n w ill b e w a r

rant e d by t h e r e sults that w ill b e o btain e d f r o m t h e inv e st m e nt .

T h e c o ntract o r is e qual l y int e r e st e d in t h e c o st in o r d e r that h e

m a y de fi nit e ly kn o w that h e can c o m p l e t e t h e w o rk f o r a g iv e n su m
a n d w ith a c e rtai n p r o fi t B o th o w n e r a n d c o ntract o r a r e int e r e st e d
.

in a de fi nit e k n o w l e d g e o f all o f t h e c o n d iti o n s inv o lv e d in o r de r that

it m a y b e p o ssibl e t o cl o s e ly e sti m at e w hat that actual c o st w il l b e .

T h e o w n e r o f t e n assu m e s that h e can e li m inat e unc e rtainty b y in d ucin g .

t h e c o ntract o r t o assu m e all r e s po nsibiliti e s tak e t h e risk o f all u n c e r

,

t a i n t i e s a n d un d e rtak e t h e c o nstructi o n at a fi x e d su m This can b e .

'

an d is f r e qu e nt l y d o n e but f o r such s e rvic e as w e ll as f o r a l l o th e r s e rv

,

ic e s p ay m e nt m ust b e m a d e an d t h e p ric e s pai d f o r w o rk p e r f o r m e d

, ,

un de r such c o n d iti o ns i s usually e xc e ssiv e .

 Da y L a b o r an d C o n t ra c t Sy s t e m s

W h e n t h e natu r e o f t h e wo rk i s such that its c h aract e r a n d e xt e nt

can b e accurat e ly de fi n e d an d w h e n p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r such
w o rk a r e so p r e p ar e d that t h e v a r e cl e ar a n d c o m p l e t e t h e unc e rtain
,

ti e s a r e lar g e ly r e m o v e d a n d c o ntracts l e t t o r e s po nsibl e a n d e x p e r i

e n c e d c o ntract o rs a r e usually satis f act o ry W h e n h o we v e r t h e c o n
.
, ,

d i t io n s a re in d e fi nit e a n d in d e t e r m inat e as th e y m a y b e i n hazar d o u s

,

a n d n o v e l c o nstructi o n b e caus e o f inc o m p l e t e inv e sti g ati o n o f c o n d iti o ns

o r f r o m i m p e r f e ct a n d in d e fi nit e p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns any e sti m at e ,

m a d e m ust b e m o r e o r l e ss unc e rtain a n d w ill i nv o lv e a s e ri o us ri sk .

Such c o n d iti o ns m ust r e sult e ith e r i n e x o rbitant p ric e s o r t h e a s su m p

ti o n o f s e ri o u s ri sks at a l o w p ri c e by c o ntract o rs wh o un de r such
, ,

c o n diti o ns a r e a p t t o b e m o r e o r l e ss in e x p e ri e nc e d a n d i rr e s po nsibl e .

In t h e latt e r cas e e s pe cially i f t h e ri sk assu m e d by t h e c o ntracto r i s

,

r e ali z e d t o his de tri m e nt th e r e i s a str o n g t e n d e ncy f o r h i m t o e n

,

d e a vo r t o r e c o u p h is p o ssibl e l o ss e s by f urnishin g an d d o i ng as littl e

as h e can un de r hi s c o ntract Thi s o f t e n r e sults in d isa g r e em e nts a n d
.

liti g ati o n an d quit e lik e l y in p o o r wo rk a n d g e n e ral d issati s fa cti o n

,
.

In t h e fi x e d su m c o ntract t h e int e r e sts o f t h e o w n e r an d co n

tract o r a re in t h e m ain dir e ctly o p po s e d T h e o wn e r s d e si r e s a r e as
, ,
.
’

p r e vi o u sly o utlin ed .T h e c o ntract o r s int e r e st li e s b e t we e n a de si r e

'

f o r a m axi m u m p r o fi t a n d t o e stabli sh o r m aintai n a r e p utati o n f o r

h o n e sty eff i ci e nc y a n d ability T h e latt e r de si r e w ill i n duc e t h e r e
,
.

s po nsibl e c o ntract o r t o carry o u t h is c o ntract e v e n at a l o ss but i s i n

su ffi ci e nt f o r such p u r po s e w ith an i rr e s po nsibl e m a n .

T h e da y — lab o r syst e m s e e m s t o o ffe r a wa y o f av o i din g t h e diffi

cu l t i e s o f s e cu rin g p r o p e r w o rk un d e r t h e c o ntract syst e m He re .
,

h o w e v e r t h e o w n e r e xchan g e s t h e u n c e rtainty o f t h e h o n e sty ability

, ,

a n d e x p e ri e nc e o f t h e c o ntract o r f o r si m ila r unc e rtainti e s in r e g a r d t o

an o r g anizati o n which h e m ay hav e t o e st a b li sh f o r t h e s p e cial w o rk at

.

han d In m any cas e s h e m a y fi n d t h e e vils h e has assu m e d a r e as

.

g r e at as o r g r e at e r than th o s e which h e has e l e ct e d t o av o i d .

T h e p r o bl e m th e n i s t o ch o o s e such busin e ss m e t h o d s o f co n st ru c
ti o n as w ill av o i d th e s e d i ffi culti e s so f a r as p racticabl e T h e ans we r .

is n o t a pp ar e nt a n d in de e d cann o t b e al w ays t h e sa m e f o r t h e d iffi c u l

,

ti e s i n vari o us un de rtakin g s a r e so d i ff e r e nt that th e y m ust b e m e t in

e ach cas e in a d i ff e r e nt w a y a n d as t h e ci rc u m stanc e s s e e m t o w a rrant

I I I U n c e rta i nti e s i n t h e Co st of W o r k —D i ffi culti e s t o b e

.

.
,

e li m inat e d m ust fi rst b e r e c o g niz e d a n d o n e o f t h e g r e at e st d i ffi culti e s

, ,

i n t h e way o f s e curin g t h e c o nstructi o n o f wo rk at r e as o nabl e c o st li e s

 1 54 Da y La b o r an d C o n t ra c t S y s t e m s

tainty Th e s e can b e r e m o v e d t o a g r e at e r o r l e ss e xt e nt by th o r o u g h
.

inv e sti g ati o n w hich sh o ul d b e un d e rtak e n by t e chnical e x pe rts e m p l oy e d

b y t h e o wn e r
~
Th e r e sults o f t h e inv e sti g ati o n sh o ul d b e m a d e av a il
.

abl e t o th o s e w h o un d e rtak e t h e c o nstructi o n wh o sh o ul d als o b e r e ,

qui r e d t o m ak e such a dd iti o nal e xa m inati o n a n d inv e sti g ati o ns as w ill

g iv e th e m a p e rs o nal kn o w l e dg e o f t h e c o n d it i o ns i nv o lv e d s o f a r a s ,

p racticabl e .

C P l a n s — Co m p l e t e a n d d e fi nit e p lans can b e bas e d o nly o n a

.

c o m p l e t e a n d d e fi nit e kn o wl e dg e o f t h e l o cal c o n d iti o ns Th e y m ust

-
.

b e in d e fi nit e t o t h e e xt e nt that t h e kn o w l e d g e o f t h e c o nd iti o ns a r e i n

de fi nit e Co m p l e t e d e fi nit e a n d p r o p e r p lans can b e p r e p ar e d o nly by
.
, ,

th o s e wh o hav e su ffi ci e n t kn o w l e d g e a n d e x p e ri e nc e In de fi nit e p lan s .

a re f r e qu e ntly t h e r e sult o f i n d e fi nit e in f o r m ati o n as t o w hat sh o ul d

b e r e qui r e d .

D Spec i fi ca t io n s — Sp e c ifi ca t i o n s lik e p lans a r e d e p e n de nt u p o n

.
, ,

bo th a kn o w l e d g e o f c o n d iti o ns a n d a kn o w l e d g e o f h o w t h e c o n d iti o n s
sh o ul d b e m e t in o r de r t o s e cur e t h e r e sults d e si r e d Th e i r p r o p e r .

r e arati o n i s f urth e r c o m p li cat e d by t h e d i ffi culty o f s o e x p r e ssin g

p p
t h e m e anin g a n d i n t e nt o f t h e w rit e r that th e y w ill cl e ar ly c o nv e y t h e

sa m e t o t h e r e a de r a n d by t h e f act that th e i r m e anin g m ay hav e t o b e

,

int e r p r e t e d un de r c o n d iti o ns w hich w e r e n o t f o r e s e e n .

E C o n t i n g e n c i es — E v e n w h e n a f ai rly th o r o u g h p r e li m inary i n
.

ve st ig a t i o n has b e e n m a d e a n d w h e r e c o m p l e t e a n d d e fi nit e p lans a n d

,

s p e ci fi cati o ns hav e b e e n p r ep ar e d c o ntin g e nci e s cann o t b e e li m inat e d

,

alth o u g h th e y w i l l hav e b e e n r e duc e d No r e as o nabl e inv e sti g ati o n .

can b e so c o m p l et e that it w ill d iscl o s e all c o n d iti o n s that m a y d e v e l o p

d u rin g c o nstructi o n I f s o m e c o ntin g e nci e s b e c o m e o f m in o r i m p o rt
.

anc e o n acc o unt o f we ll d e fi n e d l o cal c o n d iti o ns o th e r c o ntin g e nci e s ,

m a y ari s e W e ath e r c o n d iti o ns m ay p r o v e un p r o p iti o us a n d caus e i n

.

c re as e d e x p e ns e C o ntinu o us rai ns m ay set in a n d de l ay wo rk a n d

.
‘

caus e m o r e o r l e ss d a m a g e Se v e r e c o l d w e ath e r m ay r e duc e o ut p ut

.

a n d r e qui r e p r o t e cti o n in t h e p e r f o r m anc e o f t h e w o rk F l o o d s m ay .

c o m e a n d caus e g r e at da m a g e a n d e v e n t o rna do e s o r h e avy w in ds hav e

,

a d de d t o t h e t o ll o f e xtra e x p e n se w h i ch c o ul d n o t b e f o r e s e e n
'

F Cas ua l ti e s — Co nstructi o n wo rk i s f r e qu e ntly acc o m p ani e d by

.

casualti e s m o r e o r l e ss s e ri o us Th e s e can b e g r e atly r e duc e d b y car e

.

a n d w atch f uln e ss but m ankin d w ill n e v e r b e c o m e su ff ici e ntly r e liabl e

,

t o e li m inat e th e m alt o g e th e r O n c o n t r u c t io n w o rk e v e ry m an is d e
.
,
n

p e n d e nt f o r hi s sa f e ty o n his f e ll o w m e n w h o a r e m o r e o r l e ss ,

car e l e ss a n d unr e l iabl e a n d o n t o o l s m achin e ry a n d a pp aratus that a r e

, ,
 U n c e r t a in t ie s in Co st o f W o rk

liabl e t o c o ntain unkn o w n a n d s e ri o u s d e f e cts T h e r e sults a r e in .

j uri e s o r de ath a n d d a m a g e s a n d d e structi o n all o f which a dd t o t h e

, ,

e x p e ns e inv o lv e d .

G Tr a n spo r t a t i o n —
. Al m o st e v e ry stru ctur e is d e p e n de nt o n trans
.

p o r t a t i o n t o s o m e e x t e nt f o r its p r o m p t c o nstructi o n a n d c o st Thi s .

w ill p r o bably b e satis f act o ry but m a y caus e tr o ubl e T h e po ssibiliti e s .

o f f r e i g ht bl o cka d e s m i ssh ip m e n t s w r e cks a n d vari o us d i sast e rs a d d

, ,

t o t h e unc e rtainty a n d e x p e ns e .

H E q u i pm en t — T h e satis f act o ry c o m p l e ti o n o f c o nstructi o n d e

.

p e n d s u p o n p r o m p tly s e curin g t h e p r o p e r e qui p m e nt f o r c o nstructi o n

p pur o s e s as w e ll as t h e n e c e ssary e qui p m e nt f o r t h e p r o j e ct t o b e co n

struct e d bo th o f w h ich inv o lv e m o r e o r l e ss unc e rtainti e s b e caus e

,

o th e rs than t h e p ri nci p als t o t h e c o nstructi o n a r e inv o lv e d Manu .

f a ct u r e r s m a y hav e o th e r o r de rs that hav e p r e c e d e nc e o r m a y b e unab l e

t o s e cu r e t h e m at e rials n e c e ssary f o r m akin g t h e e qui p m e nt a n d m an y ,

o t h e r caus e s m ak e this an it e m o f e xtra e x p e ns e .

I M a t er i a l —T o s e cur e m at e rial wh e n n ee d e d a n d at a r e as o n
. .

abl e p ric e i s o f t e n a se ri o u s d i ffi culty B o th it e m s m u st b e a sce r.

t a i n e d as a basi s f o r a c o st e sti m at e but as an o r d e r can s e l d o m b e

,

p lac e d at t h e ti m e t h e e sti m at e i s m a d e b o th d e liv e r y a n d c o st m ay

,

chan g e b e f o r e c o nstructi o n is po ssib l e .

1 S u pe r vi si o n —
. It i s e xc e e d in g ly d i ffi cult t o s e cu r e suitabl e su

p e r v i s i o n f o r c o nstructi o n w o rk F. i r m s havin g an e xt e nsiv e busin e s s

usually k ee p a nu m b e r o f d e pe n dabl e m e n o n wh o m f r o m th e i r p r e vi ,

o u s e x p e ri e nc e th e y can r e as o nably r e ly E v e n such fi r m s cann o t

, .

k e e p all o f t h e su pe rint e n de nts f o r e m e n e t c that th e y n e e d w h e n

, , .
,

busin e ss i s at its b e st ; a n d th e y m ust d e p e n d o n th e i r ability t o s e l e ct

a n d s e cu r e sui tabl e m e n f o r t e m p o ra ry p o siti o ns T h e p ro blem b e
‘

c o m e s m o r e d i ffi cult a n d unc e rtain w h e n an e nti r e f o rc e i s t o b e o r g an

i e d f o r t h e p ur p o s e o f a sin g l e c o nstructi o n
z .

L e tt e rs a n d r e c o m m e n dati o ns m a y assist in t h e s e l e cti o n o f such

m e n but th e r e i s n o w a y by w hich actual fi tn e ss can b e d e t e r m in e d e x
,

c e p t by trial a n d r e pe at e d trials a r e o f t e n n e c e ssary A su pe r int e n d

,
.

e n t o r f o r e m an w h o is in e x p e ri e nc e d o r unsuit e d to a c e rt ain p o siti o n ,

m a y a n d f r e qu e ntly d o e s a dd g r e atly t o t h e e x p e ns e o f t h e c o nstructi o n .

K L ab o r — Skill e d a n d u n sk i l l e d l a b o r i s o n e o f t h e i m p o rtant
. .

varia bl e s i n t h e c o st o f c o nstructi o n T h e abi l i ty t o s e cu r e suitabl e

.

m e n in su ffi ci e nt nu m b e rs f o r t h e p r o m p t c o m p l e ti o n o f c o nstructi o n
will g r e atly r e d uc e c o st W h e n m en a r e in g r e at d e m an d th e y a r e
.

har d t o s e cu r e t h e f o rc e e m p l o y e d b e c o m e s ina d e quat e a n d n o t o nly i s

,
156 Da y La b o r an d C o n t ra c t S y s t e m s

the wo rk d e lay e d an d
c o st o f su p e rvi si o n incr ea s e d but t h e m e n
th e .
,

th e m s e lv e s b e c o m e l e ss e ffi ci e nt “( h e n j o bs a r e scarc e a n d har d t o

.

fi n d t h e m e n o n t h e wo rk a r e att e ntiv e a n d e ffi ci e nt ; but w ith p l e nty

,

o f w o rk a n d lab o r in d e m an d th e y b e c o m e in d e p e n d e nt a n d in e ffi ci e nt
,
.

T h e p ric e o f lab o r a d vanc e s a n d t h e a m o unt p e r f o r m e d p e r in d ivi d ual

b e c o m e s l e ss Th e s e chan g e s f r e qu e ntly o ccur a f t e r an e sti m at e is
.

m a d e a n d m ust b e c o nsi d e r e d as s e ri o us unc e rtainti e s i n all e sti m at e s

L C o m b i n a t io n s —Ill e g al c o m binati o ns a r e a m o n g t h e unc e rtain
.

. .

ti e s that w ill cau s e e xtra e x p e ns e i n c o nstructi o n Co m b inati o ns o f .

c o ntracto rs m at e rial m e n a n d m anu f actu r e rs a r e n o t unkn o wn a n d

, ,

o f t e n s e ri o usly a ff e ct ric s Th y can s l d m b d b th e y a re

'

p e e e. o e p ro v e u t ,

o f t e n n o l e ss r e al Th e y can o f t e n b e r e c o g niz e d o nly by a v e ry de fi

.

nit e kn o wl e d g e o f actual va l u e s a n d th e ir e ff e cts o n c o st can s o m e

,
'

ti e s b e o bviat e d o nly by t h e r e j e cti o n o f o ff e rs a n d r e f usal t o p ro c e e d

until such c o n d iti o n can b e e li m inat e d .

M G r a ft — Th e f o r m o f d ish o n e sty kn o w n as g ra f t is m o r e
.

c o mmo n t o p ublic than t o p rivat e wo rk b e caus e t h e o ppo rtuniti e s i n ,

p ublic w o rk a r e g r e at e r It r e sults f r o m p rivat e c o m binati o ns o f d i s

.

h o n e st m e n wh o hav e s o m e in fl u e nc e w hich can b e us e d t o s e cu r e t h e

acc e p tanc e o f un f air p ric e s o r un f air wo rk a n d a c o ns e qu e nt d ish o n e st ,

p r o fi t which m a y b e d ivi d e d a m o n g th e m No hi g h g ra d e c o ntract o rs .

o r e n g in e e rs ,
wo rthy o f t h e na m e e v e r e nt e r int o such d e alin g s a n d
, .
,

w hil e thi s d i sr e p utabl e d e f e ct i n busin e ss r e lati o ns i s sti l l o ccasi o nally

e nc o unt e r e d a n d still n e e d s w atch f ul att e nti o n it i s b e li e v e d t o b e l e ss ,

c o m m o n than i s po p ularly su p po s e d .

N P o l i t i cs — Thi s e vil cr e at e s s o m e o f t h e m o st i m p o rtant u n ce r

.

t a in t i es in t h e c o st o f c o nstruc t i o n o f p ubli c w o rks It s o m e ti m e s r e .

su l t s in f o r m s o f g ra f t which hav e b e e n
p r e vi o usly m e nti o n e d but it
o f t e n tak e s f o r m s w hich whil e o b j e cti o nabl e har d ly j u sti f y so s e v e r e
, ,

a titl e .

P o litical influ e nc e s a r e c o m m o nly e x e rcis e d t o s e cur e a ppo int

m e nts o f su p e ri n t e n de nts f o r e m e n a n d i ns p e ct o rs w h o a r e unquali fi e d
,

f o r t h e w o rk a n d lab o r that is in e ffi ci e nt o r inca p acitat e d

,
Th e y m a v .

b e e x e rcis e d t o r e d u ce h o urs o f lab o r a n d t o un d uly incr e as e t h e c o m

p e n s a t i o n p ai d Th. e r e as o ns b e hin d this m ay s o m e ti m e s b e lau d abl e ,

as f o r e xa m p l e t h e d e si r e t o i m p r o v e lab o r c o n d iti o ns t h e de sir e t o

, ,

a ff o r d w o rk t o t h e un e m p l o y e d ; o r m ay b e unscru p ul o us wh e n e x e r c

c i s e d f o r p e rs o nal influ e nc e In any e v e nt p o litics is o n e o f t h e se ri o us

.
,

unc e rtainti e s w hich m ust b e c o nsi d e r e d in t h e c o st o f p ublic w o rks .

T o t h e ab ov e m i g ht b e a dde d l e g al c o m p licati o ns a n d p e rha p s ,

o th e r f act o rs w hich a r e o nly in di r e ctly c o v e r e d in t h e ab o v e analysis .

i 58 Da y La b o r an d C o n t ra c t Sy st e m s

3 . E li m i nat s e s ca m p i ng an d i n e ffi I ntr o d uc s i n ffic i enc y f p e i

e e o su r n

c i e n cy o f c o ntract r o .
te d n ts
en d f o rem n d an t e ue o

l w r wag e s d p o li t i ca l i fl
o e an n u

s i n a p p i nt m nts
e n ce o e .

4 . E li m i nat s d i fficu l t y o f d ra w i ng
e D i ffi cu l t i s m o r e f anc i e d t h an r l
e ea

c ntracts f o c o m p l x c nstru
o r e o e d can b o v e rc m e by m p l o y
an e o e

t ion . i ng e ffi c i nt d exp e r i nc d e
e an e e n

gi n eers .

P r m i ts fl xibili t y L ad s car l e ss i nv st i gat i on

'

5 . e e an d e as e of e to e e

m d i f yi ng p l ans
o .
an d de s i gn a d unsa f e e st i
n

mat s e .

6 . Sav i ng i n c st o of i ns p ct i n e o .
N o r a l sav i ng p o ss ibl
e i ns pec t rs e, o

r e n e c e ssar y t o p r v e nt car
a e e

l ssn ss by f r e m n
e e o e .

D i fficu l t y f fixi ng r e s p o ns ib ili t y

o .

T n d nc y t m a i nta i n rgan iz a
e e o o

t i o ns wh n ot n ee d ed e n .

U n de r f av o rabl eci rcu m stanc e s a n d f o r c e rtain p ur po s e s t h e a d

vanta g e s m ay o ff s e t t h e disa d vanta g e s but such c o n d iti o ns a r e li m it e d ,
.

Mr H I P Edd y wh o inv e sti g at e d t h e e ffi ci e ncy o f c e rtain cit y d e

. .
,

p a r t m e n t s o f B o st o n f o r t h e B o st o n F inanc e C o m m issi o n p r e s e nt e d
'

a p a p e r b e f o r e t h e B o st o n So ci e ty o f E n g in e e rs wh ich g av e m uch
p e rtin e nt in f o r m ati o n o n this subj e ct .

I n o r de r t o de t e r m in e t h e g e n e ral p ractic e o f citi e s i n do in g wo rk

o n e xt e nsi o n o f w at e r p i pe s a n d s e w e ra g e syst e m s b y da y la b o r o r by

c o ntract t h e f o ll o win g in f o r m ati o n wa s o btain e d : O f fi f t y e i g h t citi e s

,
-

r e po rt e d c o nc e rnin g t h e m e th o d s us e d f o r w at e r p i p e e xt e nsi o n o n e
thir d w e r e do in g wo rk by c o ntract but o utsi de o f Ne w E n g lan d f o r t v ,

e i g ht p e r c e nt we r e d o in g t h e w o rk by c o ntract O f s e v e nty thr e e .

-

r e pli e s i n r e g ar d t o m eth o d s u s e d f o r s e w e r c o nstructi o n fi f t y t wo -

w e r e do in g wo rk w h o lly by c o ntract but o utsi de o f Ne w E n g lan d ,

f o rty e i g ht o f fi f t y o n e citi e s r e po rtin g w e r e d o in g w o rk by c o ntract

- -
.

In Massachu s e tts s e v e nt e e n o u t o f e i g ht e e n r e p o rtin g w e r e do in g

w o rk by da y lab o r Whil e r e c o g nizin g t h e abus e s i n t h e c o ntrac t sys
.

tem ,
Mf E ddy n e v e rth e l e ss f av o r e d that syst e m o n acc o unt o f t h e
.
,

g r e at e r abu s e s in t h e da y lab o r syst e m I n wo rk do n e by d a y lab o r

-
.

h e f o un d a str o n g t e n d e ncy th ro u g h p o liti cal influ e nc e s t o e m p l o y

o l d e r a n d l e ss e ffi ci e nt labo r t o incr e as e w a g e s ab o v e t h e c o m p ara
,

tiv e w a g e s p ai d by c o ntract o rs t o sh o rt e n h o u rs t o p ay w a g e s f o r , ,

Satu r d ay hal f h o li days g e n e ral h o li days an d d u rin g sick l e av e an d

, ,

by such m e ans to g r e atly incr e as e t h e c o st o f c o nstructi o n In a .

c o m p aris o n o f e i g ht c o m parabl e p i pe s e we rs lai d in B o st o n by da y

 F o rc e Ac c o u n t | 59

labo r a n d by c o ntract h e f o un d t h e a d d iti o nal c o st o f w o rk do n e

by da y t o b e f r o m 4 8 p e r c e nt t o 2 2 0 p e r c e nt o f t h e c o st o f si m ilar
. .

w o rk do n e un de r c o ntract Si m ilar fig ur e s a n d c o nclusi o ns can b e

.

d ra w n f r o m vari o u s So urc e s a n d w hil e i n s o m e cas e s e vi d e nc e is

, , ,

availabl e t o t h e c o ntrary such cas e s a r e b e li e v e d t o b e t h e e xc e pti o n

,

a n d n o t t h e rul e .

W h e r e t h e m ana g e r o f w o rk do n e by f o rc e acc o unt i s d i r e ctly r e

s po nsi b l e t o an o w n e r w h o g i v e s p e rs o nal att e nti o n t o t h e e xp e n d i
t u r e s invo lv e d t h e o bj e cti o n s e nu m e rat e d ab o v e b e c o m e l e ss va l i d a n d
.

b e tte r r e sults can c o m m o nly b e s e cu r e d W h e n h o w e v e r an o r g an

.
, ,

i a t i o n is e ff e ct e d f o r t h e p ur p o s e o f a sin g l e c o nstructi o n t h e m ana g e

z ,

m e nt is c o n f r o nt e d w ith t h e d i ffi culti e s o f s e cu ri n g suitabl e e x p e ri e nc e d ,

a n d e ffi ci e nt su p e rvisi o n T h e b e st su p e rint e n d e nts a n d f o r e m e n a r e

.

c o m m o nly p e r m an e ntly e n g a g e d w ith c o ntract o rs w h o hav e a pe r

m an e nt a n d c o ntinu o u s busin e ss a n d m e n so e m p l o y e d d o n o t car e t o
,

br e ak such c o nn e cti o ns f o r a po siti o n which can b e at t h e b e st o nly

t e m p o rary an d which m a y l e av e th e m at t h e cl o s e o f t h e j o b w ith o ut
,

p e r m an e nt c o nn e cti o n Thi s f act o r is so i m po rtant that in o r de r t o

'

s e cur e g o o d m e n it i s u sually n e c e ssary t o pa y e xc e ssiv e salari e s T h e .

m ana g e r is at t h e f urth e r d i sa d vanta g e o f havin g n o p e rs o nal a n d inti

m at e kn o wl e d g e o f t h e ca p acity a n d r e liability o f t h e m e n h e m u st e m
p l o y a n d h e m ust f r e qu e ntly s e cu r e th e m o nly t o fi n d that th e y a r e u n
,

‘
suitabl e f o r hi s p u r po s e a n d a re availabl e o nly b e caus e th e i r i d io s y n
c r a si e s hav e m a d e th e m unsati s f act o ry f o r
pe r m an e nt c o nn e cti o ns .

An o th e r s e ri o us han d ica p is t h e n e c e ssity o f p u rchasin g an e nti r e

c o nstructi o n p lant a n d t o o ls f o r a p articular jo b which at its cl o s e can ,

b e s o l d o nly at a c o nsi d e rabl e sac ri fi c e E v e n t h e p urchas e o f such

.

e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e s e xt e nsiv e e x e ri e nc e a n d k n o we d e o f t h e
l p g pa r
t i c u l a r c o ntract inv o lv e d .

T h e e n g in ee r o r w h o e v e r m ust u n d e rtak e t h e r e s po nsibility o f

,

carryin g o u t wo rk o f c o nstructi o n o n this syst e m sh o ul d f ully a pp r e ,

ciat e h is r e s po nsibility a n d t h e p r o babl e e ffe ct o f a n y f ailu r e o n his

cli e nt s w e l f ar e a n d o n hi s o w n r e p utati o n a n d f utu r e p r o s p e cts Such
’

w o rk sh o ul d o nly b e att e m p t e d by th o s e w h o hav e h a d actual a n d e x

t e nsiv e e x p e ri e nc e a n d hav e a d e tail e d kn o w l e dge o f m e n e qui p m e nt
, , ,

a n d busin e ss m e th o d s w hich a r e n o t co m m o nly acquir e d w ith an e n

gin e e r in g e d ucati o n .

1 1 3
. C o n trac t a t a F ix e d P ric e — T h e o l d e s t a n d m o s t c o m
m o n m e th o d o f l e ttin g w o rk un de r c o ntract i s by r e c e ivin g c o m e titiv e
p
bi d s o f fi x e d p ric e s Th e s e may b e e ith e r lu m p su m s o r unit p ric e s
‘

.
 60 Da y La b o r an d C o n t r a c t Sy s t e m s

on e ach oa nu m b e r o f it e m s which t o g e th e r c o nstitut e t h e e nti r e w o rk

f .

Co ntractin g o n a basi s o f e ith e r a lu m p s u m o r o f unit p ric e s i s

su b j e ct t o t h e o bj e cti o n that t h e int e r e sts o f t h e c o ntract o r a n d o f
t h e o w n e r b e c o m e at o nc e anta g o nistic It i s t h e o w n e r s p ur po s e t o ’
.

s e cu r e t h e b e st q u alit y o f w o rk an d m at e rial at t h e p ri c e s pai d w hi l e ,

t h e natu ral p ur p o s e o f t h e c o ntract o r i s t o d o t h e w o rk as ch e a ply as

p o ssibl e a n d t o e c o n o m iz e b o th in t h e charact e r o f m at e rial a n d e x

p e ns e o f lab o r s o f a r as t h e c o n d iti o n s p e r m it
, .

I f t h e c o ntract o r i s a m an o f cha r act e r e x p e ri e nc e a n d r e p utati o n

, ,

a n d i f his p r o p o sal has b e e n bas e d o n d e fi nit e a n d cl e ar

plan s a n d
s p e ci fi cati o ns his a g r e e d p ric e w ill c o ntai n a su ffi ci e n t p r o fi t t o assu r e
,

t h e e x e cu t i o n o f t h e w o rk in a satis f act o ry m ann e r I f h o we v e r h e i s

.
, ,

unr e liabl e in e x p e ri e nc e d an d p lac e s t h e de si r e f o r p r o fi t ab o v e r e p u

,

t a t i o n h e m a v tak e t h e w o rk at such a p ric e as t o assu r e a l o ss i f h e

,

f ul fi lls hi s c o ntract In thi s e v e nt o r p o ssib l y i n any cas e t h e l e ttin g

.
, ,

o f c o nstructi o n w o rk t o such a m a n w ill inv o lv e c o nstant tr o ubl e a n d ,

u sually p o o r ulti m at e r e sults W o rk l e t un de r c o ntract sh o ul d so f a r

.
,

as po ssibl e b e l e t o nly t o m e n o f e x p e ri e nc e a n d stan d in g

,
.

In any but t h e si m pl e st f o r m s o f w o rk that can b e cl e arly a n d

d e fi nit e ly p lann e d a n d s p e ci fi e d unit p ric e s rath e r than a lu m p su m
,

sh o ul d b e r e q u i r e d T h e l ettin g o f wo rk f o r a lu m p su m m ay l e a d t o
.

e x o rbitant p ay m e nts f o r any e xtra w o rk r e qui r e d W h e r e a lu m p su m

.

i s b i d a n d a chan g e in t h e wo rk i s m a d e a su
p pl em e ntary c o ntract m ust
,

b e d ra w n a n d a r e a d j ust m e nt m a d e i n t h e p ric e t o b e p ai d In such .

cas e s t h e c o nt ract o r has a d i stinct a dvanta g e f o r hi s c o m p e nsati o n i s

,

fi x e d a n d hi s o w n p ri c e m u st u sually p r e vail f o r an y e xtra wo rk in

vo lv e d T h e lu m p su m c o ntract g iv e s n o in fo r m ati o n as t o what t h e
.

c o ntract o r r e g ar d s as a f ai r p ric e f o r e ach it e m o f t h e w o rk h e i s t o

p e r f o r m o,n w hich in f o r m ati o n t h e d e d ucti o ns f o r w o rk o m itt e d a n d

t h e e xtra p ay m e nts f o r w o rk p e r f o r m e d m i g ht b e bas e d W hil e n e w .

w o r k un de r a c o nt ract m a y b e d o n e o n t h e basis o f f o rc e acc o unt such ,

a m e th o d un d e r c o ntract c o n d iti o ns i s usually unsatis f act o ry T h e .

lab o r w ill u sually b e i n e ffi ci e nt W h e n t h e lab o r e r kn o w s h e i s w o rk

.

in g f o r t h e c o m p an y t h e stat e o r t h e city hi s inc e ntiv e t o do hi s b e st

, ,

i s g o n e f o r all l o st ti m e si m ply a d d s t o t h e p r o fi t o f his e m pl o y e r Fo r

, .

this an d o th e r r e as o ns f o rc e acc o unt wo rk un d e r c o ntracts sh o ul d b e

,

av o i de d wh e r e v e r p o ssible an d it can b e lar g e ly av o i de d by t h e u se

,

o f t h e u nit p ric e syst e m o f bi dd in g which can b e u s e d f o r e xtra w o rk

,

ari sin g o u t o f t h e chan g e o f p lans F o rc e acc o unt als o m e ans a d de d

.
 1 62 Da y La b o r an d C o n t ra c t Sy s t e m s

e sti m at e d by e ach buil de r w a s s e v e nty t w o a n d t h e av e ra g e nu m b e r

-
,

o f c o ntracts tak e n t e n T h e av e ra g e e x p e ns e o f e ach e sti m at e t o t h e

, .

g e n e ral c o ntract o r wa s $ 1 2 5 a n d in a dd iti o n t h e e x p en s e incurre d by

subc o ntract o rs an d m at e rial m e n w a s $ 3 78 m akin g a t o tal o f $ 5 03 ,

s p e nt o n e ach e sti m at e b y t h e c o ntract o r subc o ntracto rs a n d m at e rial ,

m en . In a d diti o n t o this e x p e ns e t h e h e a d o f e ach fi r m s pe nt an a v

,

e ra g e o f t w e nty o n e p e r c e nt o f t h e t o tal ti m e g iv e n t h e o ffi c e busi n e ss

-
.

o n th e s e e sti m at e s T h e av e ra g e nu m b e r o f g e n e ral c o ntract o rs e sti

.

m atin g o n e ach buil d in g wa s a p p r o xi m at e ly six m akin g a t o tal c o st o f ,

o n e ach buil d in g o r f r o m t w o t o th r e e p e r c e nt o f t h e c o st o f .

t h e buil d in g .

Takin g t h e t o tal nu m b e r o f e sti m at e s m a de f o r t h e fi ve c o ntract o rs

a n d d e d uctin g o n e thi r d f o r subc o ntract o rs e sti m at e s u s e d in co m
’
-

m o n by t h e g e n e ral c o ntract o rs l e av e s a pp r o xi m at e l y , as t h e
t o tal c o st f o r e sti m at e s m a de o n all w o rk b v th e s e fi ve fi r m s As t h e .

fi ve c o ntract o rs s e cu r e d a t o tal o f fi f ty c o ntracts t h e e x p e ns e o f t h e ,

bi d s f ro m w hi ch wo rk wa s s e cu r e d w a s a n d t h e e x p e ns e i n

curr e d f o r e sti m atin g c o ntracts w hich we r e n o t s e cu r e d w a s

wh ich a m o unt w a s a de a d l o ss t o t h e fi ve c o ntract o rs subc o ntract o rs ,

a n d m at e rial m e n in o n e y e a r This l o ss m ust b e m e t in d i r e ctly in t h e

.
,

l o n g run by t h e o w n e rs o f t h e buil d in g s e r e ct e d .

T h e c o m m itt e e in m akin g thi s inv e sti g ati o n e sti m at e d that in 1 9 06 ,

in buil d in g w o rk wa s do n e in t h e city o f Chica g o a n d that

t h e e x p e ns e o f e sti m atin g w a s at l e ast o f w h ich

w a s f ruitl e ssly s p e nt o n unsucc e ss f ul e sti m at e s .

T h e c o m m itt e e su gg e st e d that thi s e x pe ns e m i g ht b e curtail e d b v

e m pl o yin g a p r o f e ssi o nal e sti m at o r t o m ak e a c o m l e t e e sti m at e o f all
p
labo rs m at e rials a n d e x p e n s e s 1 n vo l ve d in a p r o p o s e d buil din g Thi s
, .

e sti m at o r sh o ul d b e
p ai d by t h e o w n e r a n d sh o ul d b e abs o lut e ly in d e
p e n d e nt . T h e c o m m itt e e e x p r e ss e d t h e O p ini o n that t h e natu r e o f t h e
e sti m at o r s p o siti o n wo ul d e nabl e h i m t o s e cu r e l o w p ric e s f o r t h e g r e at
’

m ass o f m at e rial by e li m inatin g m i d d l e m e n s p r o fi ts a n d r e d ucin g o p

’
~

po rt u n it i e s f o r c o m binati o ns
.
It w a s su gg e st e d that t h e ow n e r sh o ul d
.

v r h lans n d s e ci fi c a ti o ns o f t h e buil d in g a n d t h e e sti m at o r s

’

g o o e t e p a p
r e po rt o f t h e c o st o f c o nstructi o n a n d i f h e f o un d t h e c o st sat is f a c
,

t o ry h e sh o ul d turn t h e pa p e rs o v e r t o a c o ntracto r satis f act o ry t o

,

hi m s e l f an d his archit e ct I f t h e c o ntract o r w a s als o satis fi e d w ith

.

t h e a m o unt o f t h e e sti m at e h e c o ul d b e g iv e n t h e c o ntract f o r t h e e sti

,

m at e d a m o u nt p lus a fi x e d f ee d e pe n din g u p o n t h e charact e r a n d m a g

, ,

n i t u d e o f t h e structur e At t h e c o m p l e ti o n o f t h e w o rk i f t h e buil d in g
.
,
 C o s t P lu s Pe r c e n t a g e l 63

c o sts l e ss than t h e e sti m at e t h e c o m m itt e e su gg e sts that t h e a m o unt

,

sh o ul d b e divi de d e qually b e t we e n t h e c o ntract o r an d t h e o wn e r w hil e

i f t h e c o st ran ab o v e t h e e sti m at e t h e l o ss sh o ul d b e e qually d ivi d e d
,
.

Th e y b e li e v e that in thi s w a y t h e i nt e r e sts o f t h e o wn e r a n d o f t h e c o n

tract o r c o ul d b e m a de t h e sa m e an d that th e i r r e lati o ns w o ul d th e r e
,

f o r e b e har m o ni o us inst e a d o f anta g o nistic T h e d i ffi c u l ty in m akin g

.

such arran g e m e nts wo ul d p r o bably b e d u e lar g e ly t o t h e lack o f a c

quaintanc e b et we e n busin e ss m e n a n d c o nt ract o rs a n d t o t h e f act that ,

as f e w m e n p u t u p m o r e than o n e o r t wo buil d in g s th e y w o ul d natu r ,

ally se e g r e at e r e c o n o m y i n c o m pe titiv e bi d din g than in a w ar d in g t h e

c o ntract w ith o ut c o m p e titi o n .

T h e su gg e sti o n i s h o w e v e r w o rthy o f car e f ul c o nsi d e rati o n as

, , ,

s o m e syst e m o f p r e v e ntin g unn e c e ssary e x p e ns e i s de sirabl e a n d all

p racticabl e e c o n o m i e s w ill r e sult b o th in r e d uc e d c o st o f c o nstructi o n

a n d g r e at e r p r o fi ts .

1 1 5. C o n trac t s f o r C o s t P lu s a P e rc e n tag e —T o o b viat e t h e

d i ffi culti e s o f t h e fi x e d p ric e c o ntract vari o us m e th o d s hav e b e e n su g
,

g e st e d a n d tri e d w ith r e sults m o r e o r l e ss satis f act o ry T h e m o st co m .

m o n m e th o d has b e e n t o p a y t h e c o ntract o r t h e actual c o st o f t h e

c o nst ructi o n w o rk w ith a s p e ci fi e d pe rc e nta g e th e r e o f as c o m p e nsati o n
f o r hi s o v e rh e a d e x p e n s e s p e rs o nal s e rvic e s a n d p r o fi ts
, ,
.

T h e a d vanta g e s clai m e d f o r th is syst e m a r e that as t h e risk o r ,

hazar d o f c o nstr ucti o n i s e ntir ely r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c o ntract o r t h e ,

o w n e r can s e cu r e his s e rvic e s w ith t h e a d vanta g e s o f hi s skill a n d e x

p e r i e n ce f o r t h e l o w e st p ractica b l e a m o unt W hil e t h e o w n e r i s

.

o b l i g e d in this cas e t o assu m e t h e ha z ar d s o r c o nti n g e nci e s o f c o nstru e

, ,

ti o n h e w ill pa y o nly such c o sts as a r e actually incu rr e d a n d f o r which

,

h e sh o ul d e quitably p a y .

Th e r e is n o do ubt but that t h e r e m o val o f hazar d i s an i m p o rtant

f act o r in l o w bi dd in g . An y succ e ss f ul m a n m ust char g e p ric e s w hich
a r e su ffi ci e nt t o c o v e r n o t o nly t h e actual c o st w hich can b e int e lli g e ntly

e sti m at e d , but als o th o s e c o ntin g e nt e x p e ns e s w hich cann o t b e a c

c u r a t e l y f o r e s e e n b u t w hich
,
n e v e rth e l e ss w ill sur e ly o ccu r T e n de rs
, , .

f r o m r e s p o nsibl e c o ntract o rs f o r w o rk at a fi x e d p ric e a r e bo un d th e r e ,

fo r e t o b e hi g h e n o u g h t o c o v e r r e as o nabl e a n d p o ssibly unr e as o nabl e

,

c o n d iti o ns .

T h e p e rc e nta g e basis f o r t h e l e ttin g o f c o ntracts is h o w e v e r o pe n , ,

t o o bj e cti o ns . O n e i m p o rtant o b j e cti o n is t h e f act that e v e ry incr e as e

in c o st i nc r e as e s t h e a m o unt payabl e t o t h e c o ntract o r Inc r e as e d c o st .
,

whil e a d e tri m e nt t o t h e o w n e r i s a d i r e ct fi nancial b e n e fi t t o t h e co n

,
 64 Da y La b o r an d Co n t r a c t Sy s t e m s

t ract o r No t all c o ntract o rs a r e str o n g e n o u g h m o ra l ly t o w ithstan d

.

t h e r e sultin g t e m p tati o n .

An o th e r s e ri o us d ra wback t o all f o r m s o f c o ntractin g f o r c o st

p l us a c e r tai n d e fi nit e o r variabl e r e turn t o t h e c o ntract o r i s d u e t o t h e

in e ffi ci e ncy o f m ana g e m e nt w hich i s lik e ly t o r e sult wh e r e a c o ntracto r s ’

p r o fi t d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n hi s abilit y t o d o w o rk e c o n o m ical l y W . h e re

h e has littl e o r n o fi nancial int e r e st in t h e actual e c o n o m y o f c o nstru e

ti o n t h e pe rs o nal car e i n t h e ch o ic e o f m e n an d e qui p m e nt a n d t h e
,

cl o s e su p e rvisi o n w hich o btain s un de r fi x e d su m c o ntracts a r e o f t e n

m issin g w ith m o r e o r l e ss unsatis f act o ry c o ns e qu e nc e s
,
.

E x p e ri e nc e sh o w s that it i s al m o st o r qu it e i m p o ssibl e t o s e cur e

e ffi ci e nt w o rkin g c o n d iti o ns u n d e r t h e c o st p lu s p e rc e nta g e arran g e

m e nt . T h e f o r e m e n a n d lab o r e rs a p p r e ciatin g t h e f act that t h e co n

,

tract o r t o w h o m th e y a r e d ir e ctly r e s po n si bl e is n o t d e p e n de nt o n th e i r
g r e at e st e ff o rts f o r his r e tu rns w ill al m o st uni f o r m ly r e d uc e th e i r e f
,

f o rts w ith a r e sultin g incr e as e in c o st a n d p e rha p s a de tri m e nt t o t h e

,

quality o f wo rk .

Whil e t h e lu m p su m p ric e assu r e s p e rs o nal r e s p o nsibility t h e co n ,

tract o r w ill n o t att e m pt w o rk u nl e ss h e f e e ls c o n fi de nt that h e can p r o p

e rly e qui p t h e sa m e w ith suitabl e p lant a n d su p e rvisi o n ,
as o th e r wi s e
hi s chanc e f o r a p r o fi t w o ul d b e s m all In p r o s p e r o us ti m e s w h e n t h e
.
,

a m o unt o f wo rk t o b e do n e i s c o nsi de rabl e th e r e i s a str o n g t e m ptati o n

,

f o r t h e c o ntract o r un d e r t h e c o st p lus a p e rc e nta g e syst e m t o tak e all

, ,

w o rk o ff e r e d r e g ar dl e ss o f hi s abilit y t o f u rni sh suitabl e su p e rvisi o n

a n d e qui p m e nt . Such c o n d iti o ns a r e o f c o urs e d i sastr o us t o l o w c o st
o f c o nstructi on a n d t o sa t i s f a c t o r v w o rk . T h e u s e o f t h e p e rc e nta g e
f o r m o f c o n tract sh o ul d th e r e f o r e n e c e ssarily b e li m it e d t o fi r m s w ith
w e ll e stabli sh e d r e p utati o ns a n d m ust b e c o n fi n e d t o wo rk f o r p rivat e
,

c o m p ani e s n o t b o un d by t h e l e g al r e stricti o ns w hich g o v e rn p ublic

w o rks . U n de r c e rtain c o n d iti o ns such a pl an i s un do ubt e dly de si rabl e .

In e xt e n din g t h e ra p i d transit syst e m o f Ne w Yo rk C ity it b e ca m e n e c

e ssary t o c o nstruct a thi r d track o n t h e Se c o n d Thi r d a n d N inth Av e
,

n u e e l e vat e d rail w ay lin e s T h e d i ffi cul t i e s in t h e w a y o f t h e e xt e nsiv e

—
.

i m p r o ve m e nts r e qui r e d w e r e s e ri o us an d it w as n e c e ssary t o e ff e ct

,

t h e i m p r o v e m e nt w ith a m ini m u m ri sk o f d an g e r a n d t h e l e ast p ra e

t i c a b l e int e r f e r e nc e w ith t r a flflc o n t h e e l e vat e d str u ctu r e a n d o n t h e

stre e ts b e l o w T h e i m p r o v em e nt a gg r e g at e d ab o ut fi f t e e n m il e s o f
.

such wo rk r e qui rin g t h e f abricati o n a n d e r e cti o n o f ab o ut t o ns

o f structu ral st ee l at an e sti m a t e d c o st o f T h e Ma n
hattan E l e vat e d R ail w ay Co m pany de ci de d t o e m pl o y c e rtain r e s po nsi
 1 66 Da y La b o r an d C o n t ra c t Sy s t e m s

int o c o m pe titi o n wi th lu m p su m bi d s 011 t h e basis o f t h e e sti m at e d c o st

a n d ti m e p r o vi si o ns as has b e e n p r o p o s e d an a dvanta g e m a y b e s e ,

cur e d by a r e d uc e d c o st a n d by t h e unity o f int e r e sts which sh o ul d eu

su e f r o m thi s f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt .

In a s o m e what si m ilar c o ntract m a de i n B o st o n t h e a g r e e m e nt ,

r o vi d e d that t h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d r e c e iv e fi rst t h e actual c o st o f t h e

p
w o rk p lus t e n p e r c e nt o f such c o st U po n t h e fi nal c o m pl e ti o n o f t h e
. .

wo rk t h e t o tal c o st p lus t h e p e rc e nta g e w a s t o b e c o m par e d w ith t h e

,

e sti m at e d c o st m a d e by t h e e n g in e e r a n d p r o visi o ns w e r e m a d e i n t h e ,

a g r e e m e nt in cas e t h e e sti m at e w a s unsatis f act o ry t o t h e c o ntract o r

, ,

f o r a r e vis e d e sti m at e by a bo ar d o f th r e e e n g in e e rs If t h e t o tal c o st .

o f t h e w o rk e xc e e d e d t h e e sti m at e d c o st th e n o n e f o u rth o f thi s e xc e ss ,

w a s d e d uct e d f r om t h e t e n p e r c e nt t o b e p ai d t h e c o ntract o r ; a n d in .

cas e t h e w o rk w a s l e ss than t h e e sti m at e d c o st t h e c o ntract o r w a s e n ,

titl e d t o r e ce iv e o n e f o u rth o f t h e a m o unt sav e d T h e e nti r e c o st o f .

s m all t o o ls a n d su p pli e s u s e d w as char g e d t o t h e wo rk a n d t h e c o s t ,

o f m achin e ry t o o ls a n d a ppu rt e nanc e s p u rchas e d f o r an d u s e d u po n

,

t h e wo rk l e ss th e ir valu e at t h e e n d o f t h e c o ntract w a s als o inclu d e d

, ,

in t h e c o m p ut e d c o st .

Th e r e is n o a pp ar e nt r e as o n wh y a c o ntract un d e r t h e ab o v e p lans
m a y n o t b e satis f act o ry a n d m a y n o t b e a p p li e d t o t h e carryi n g o u t o f

p ublic w o rks un d e r o p e n c o m p e titi o n Thi s c o ul d b e do n e b y c o n .

tract o rs statin g in th e i r p r o po sals t h e p e rc e nta g e th e y w o u l d acc e p t in

a d diti o n t o t h e actual c o st o f t h e wo rk w ith p r o p e r p r o visi o n f o r a d d i ,

ti o ns o r d e d ucti o ns t o b e calculat e d o n t h e basi s ab o v e m e nti o n e d .

L IT ERA T URE
Ho w Q uant i t y C m p t i t i n can b e E li m i nat d D i scuss s a d v ntage s f
o e o e . e a o

e li m i nat i ng t h fig r i ng f quant i t i s by bi d d rs by H M S m i g Eng

e u o e e , . . au en . .

R ec V o l
. . 7 2, p . 5 66 .

S o m e O bj ct i ns t t h P rc ntag M t h d f B i d d i ng D i sc sses o b
e o o e e e e e o o . u

je t i
c t o un b a l anc e d bi d s
on s St fi Art i c l e Eng N w s V l 5 0 p 2 9 3. a . . e , o . , . .

C ntr ct i ng
o a P e rc ntag lik b as i s A d vantag s d d i sa d v a ntage
on a e e or e . e an s

o f lum p m d p rc e ntag bi d s
su an Sta ff Art i c l Eng R V l 5 4 p 4 2 1
e e . e . . ec . o . , . .

C ntract M t h d s f D i ng W r k D i scuss i n o f a d vantag s f d fin i t e

o e o o o
‘
o . o e o e

s p e c i ficat i ns Sta ff Art i c l Eng R c V l 5 5 p 479

o . e . . e . o .
, . .

C m p t i t i v C o ntracts C st t bi d d rs f st i m at i ng quant i t i e s Sta ff

o e e . o o e o e .

Art i c l En g R V l 5 8 p 4 4 9
e . . ec . o .
, . .

O bj ct i ns t L m p S m B i d d i ng Sta ff Art i c l e Eng N w s Su p p l

e o o u u . . . e e

m nt N v 1 2 1 9 03
e , o .
, .
 Li t e r a t u r e l 67

Mun i c i p a l C ntr ct S y st e m D scr i p t i n o a . e o an d A d vantag s o f B a l t i m r e o e

S y st m f C ntract Le tt i ng by Ma y r Th s
e o o , o o . G . H ay s Mun i c i p a l J o rna l
e . u ,

Vol . 1 3, p . 1 06 .

C ntract w i t h an I n d c m nt f Ec n m y D scr ib s Co ntract f C st

o u e e or o o . e e or o

P l us var i a bl b n s Sta ff Art i cl Eng N e w s V l 7 4 p 4 68

e o u . e . .
, o .
, . .

C st P l s Pr m i m Co ntracts A d vantag s d d i sa d vantage s d i scuss e d

o u e u . e an .

Sta ff Art i c l Eng R e V o l 5 5 p 5 8 e . . c . .

, . .

D i ff r nc s b t w n P bli c
e d Pr i vat
e C o ntracts St ff Art i c l En g
e e ee u an e . a e . .

N ws Ap 2 8 1 9 04
e , r .
,

S m e As p cts f F rc Acc nt C nstruct i n Sta ff Art i c l : En g R e

o e o o e ou o o : e . c .

Vo l . 60, p . 1 97 .

Quant i t y i s
B d Arc hi t ctura l d Eng i n r i ng C ntr cts D i scuss i n
on e an ee o a . o

of r p r p o e me th d s o of m a k i ng q ua n t i t y st i m at s Ab stract f p a p e r by G A e e . o . .

Wr i gh t b ef o r e th e T c h n i ca l S c i t y f t h Pac i fic C ast Eng R V l 40

e o e o e o . . ec . o .
,

p . 5 35 .

r nt P l ans f L tt i ng C ntracts D i scuss s var i us s y st m s p rt i

Di ff e e o e o . e o e , a en

l
ar l y C st p l us fi x d s m
o A b stract o f p a p r b y Fran k B G ilb r e t h b e f o r
- -
e -
u . e . e

Am r i can P bli c Wat r W r k s Ass n Eng N w s V l 5 6 p 41 1

e u e o
’
. e , o .
, . .

C ntract v rsus Da y La b r D i sc ss s a d v ntag s f F rc Acc nt

o e o . u e a e o o e ou

M e t h o d f d i ng w r k f c i t y E W M
o o h M i c h E g Annua l 1 89 8
o or . . . u e n sc er . . n rs . .

R l at i ve E ffic i nc y o f t h D y La b o r d C ntract S y st m i D i ng M
e e e a an o e o
'

o u

n i i p l W rk
c a A b stract f s v ra l d i scuss i ns Eng N w s V l 6 3 p 5 03
o . o e e o . . e , o .
, . .

S eea l s Eng N e ws Jan 2 7 1 9 1 0

o .
, .
, .

M n i c i p a l W r k by D y La b r d C ntract A b stract f d i scuss i n a d

u o a o an o . o o n

r su l ts f i nv st i gat i ns by Harr i s n P E d d y Eng R V l 61 p 3 3 2

e o e o o . . . ec . o .
, . .
 C H AP T ER XI

E N G I N EE R I N G AND AR C H IT EC T U R AL W O R KS CO N
ST R U C T E D U N D ER CO N T R AC T

P ubl ic a n d P rivat e W o rk s —B y t h e t e r m p ubl i c w o rk s

1 1 8 .

a r e m e a nt w o rk s f o r m un i ci p al it i e s c o u nti e s s tat e s a n d t h e nati o n

, , , ,

m an y f e atu r e s o f w h ic h a r e c o n tr o ll e d b y l a w B y t h e t e r m p rivat e
“
.

w o rk s a r e m e a n t w o rk s c o n stru ct e d by p riva t e p arti e s p art n e rsh i p s

”

o r c o r p o rat i o n s su ch a s p ri vat e bu il d i n g s rai lr o a d s h y d raul i c p lan t s

, , , ,

et c .
,
w h i ch a r e n o t c o nt r o ll e d by l a w so f a r a s t h e f o r m o f c o n trac t s ,

ch ara ct e r o f s p e ci fi ca ti o n s a n d m e th o d s o f l e tti n g c o n t rac ts a r e c o n

,

c e rn e d T h e w h o l e p r o c e d u r e o f au th o ri z i n g w o rk fi xi n g c o n tract
.
,

r e qui r e m e n t s a d v e rti si n g f o r p r o p o sal s r e c e iv i n g p r O p o sa l s l e tti n g

, , ,

w o rk c o n su m m ati n g c o n t ra ct s a n d i nt e r p r e t i n g c o n t rac t s d i ff e rs
, ,

m at e rially i n p ubl i c w o rk f r o m th at u s e d i n p r ivat e w o rk .

T h e la w s g o v e rnin g t h e m akin g a n d l ettin g o f c o ntrac ts f o r p ubli c

w o rks hav e b e e n f ra m e d t o o bviat e c o llusi o n a n d f ra u d an d th e i r r e ,

u i r e m e n t s m u st b e o bs e rv e d in o r d e r that a l e g al c o ntract m a y b e
q
m a de .

P ubli c wo rks m ust u sually b e l e t o nly a f t e r a d v e rti sin g a n d t o ,

th e
“
l o w e st r e s p o nsibl e bi dde r Stat e la w s s o m e ti m e s r e qui r e p ublic
.

w o rk t o b e a d v e rtis e d f o r a c e rtain l e n g th o f ti m e in c e rtain w ay s a n d , ,

t o a c e rtain e x t e nt p r e vi o us t o t h e l e ttin g o f t h e c o ntract

,
T h e l e g al .

o r chart e r r e quir e m e nts f o r a d ve rtis e m e nts a r e i m p e rativ e t o s e cur e t h e

vali d ity o f t h e c o ntract Wh e r e t h e l a w p r o vi de s that t h e c o ntract shall

.

b e g iv e n t o t h e l o w e st r e s p o nsibl e bi d d e r g ivin g a d e quat e s e curity ,

such b i d cann o t b e arbitrarily r e j e ct e d An y act w h e r eby a hi g h e r b i d .

de r i s m a d e t o a pp e a r t h e l o w e st w ill invali d at e t h e c o ntract ,

.
1

T h e c o ntract t o b e vali d m ust b e e x e cut e d w ith o ut alt e rati o n in

p lans s p e ci fi cati o ns o r ti m e ; but wh e n la w s do n o t r e qui r e c o ntracts

2
,

t o b e a w ar d e d t o t h e l o w e st bi d d e r alt e rati o n m ay b e m a d e in co n ,

tracts b e f o re th ey a r e e x e cut e d .

V o i d c o ntracts cann o t b e l ega li ze d by p ublic o fli c e r s but m ay b e

‘

rati fi e d by l e g islativ e acti o n An y r e as o nabl e r e quir e m e nts i m po s e d

.
3

I Wa i t ’
s Eng i ne ri ng e an d Arc hi te ctura l Jur i s p ru d e nc e, se c . 1 40 .

2 Ibi d , s ec s 1 4 1 1 42
.
, .

8 Ibi d , s cs 1 4 1 1 4 2
e .
, .
 l 70 W o rk s C o n s t r u c t e d U n de r Co n t r a c t
.

ri g i d ly e n f o rc e d e v e n th o u g h such chan g e m i ght r e sult i n b e tt e r w o rk

,
.

Th e p u b lic i s n o t b o un d by p rinci pl e s o f j ustic e a n d e qu ity a n d is n o t

int e re st e d in t h e c o ntract o r s succ e ss o r f ailu r e a n d any chan g e s whi ch
’

a r e m a d e t o b e n e fi t o r assi st t h e c o n tract o r a r e a p t t o b e m i sc o n stru e d

a n d c ritici s e d a n d m a y inv o lv e s e ri o us c o ns e qu e nc e s t o t h e e n g in e e r .

P rivat e w o rk o n t h e o th e r han d m ay b e a d v e rtis e d o r it m ay b e l et

, ,

w ith o ut a d v e rtis e m e nts by p ublic c o m p e titi o n by c o m p e titi o n b e t we e n

, ,

s e l e ct e d pa rti e s o r by a g r e em e nt w ith a sin g l e c o ntract o r as t h e o w n e r ,

o r c o r p o rati o n m a v e l e ct In a p rivat e c o ntract a v e rbal acc e ptanc e o f

.

a p r o po sal m a y c o nsu m m at e t h e c o ntract a n d a war d s sh o ul d th e r e ,

f o r e u sually b e m a d e subj e ct t o t h e m akin g o f a w ritt e n c o ntract i f ,

such w ritt e n c o ntract i s d e si r e d .

In p rivat e w o rk o th e r c o n d iti o ns a n d r e qui r e m e nts a re als o ra d i

.

cally d i ff e r e nt f r o m th o s e f o r p ubl ic w o rks ; alt e rnat e bi d s m o di fi c a ,

ti o ns o f r e qui r e m e nts a dj u st m e nts a n d b ett e r m e nts that c o n diti o ns

,

s e e m t o r e q u ir e in carryin g o u t t h e wo rk in han d m a y b e m a d e w h e n
e v e r t h e p arti e s t o t h e c o ntract a g r e e R i g h ts m a y b e w aiv e d o b l i g a
.
,

ti o ns canc e ll e d an d e xtra c o m p e nsati o n g rant e d wh e n e v e r it a pp e ars

, ,

that such acti o ns a re w a rrant e d by j ustic e a n d e quity o r by e x pe d i e ncy .

It is tru e that in p ubli c c o ntracts t h e l e g al r e qu ir e m e nts hav e b e e n

,

s o m e ti m e s i g n o r e d o r n e g l e ct e d a n d n o s e ri o u s c o ns e qu e nc e s hav e f o l
,

l o we d Many such c o ntracts which we r e invali d hav e b e e n m a de a n d

.

t h e w o rk s c o m p l e t e d a n d p ai d f o r e v e n in s o m e cas e s w h e r e th e r e has
,

b e e n w il f ul n e g l e ct d i sh o n e st int e nt a n d c o llu si o n a n d f rau d Thi s

,
.

has b e e n d u e o nly t o t h e f act that t h e qu e sti o n o f va l i d ity has n o t b e e n

rais e d in c o urt .

In o th e r cas e s h o n e st e rro rs du e t o a m istak e n c o nc e p ti o n o f l e g al

, ,

r e quir e m e nts n o t w e ll e stablish e d by c o u rt d e c i so n s hav e r e sult e d i n

, ,

h e avy l o ss e s a n d s o m e ti m e s in fi n a n cial f ailu r e t o c o ntract o rs w h o hav e

h o n e stly a n d c o nsci enti o u sly e nt e r e d int o o th e r w is e f ai r an d r e as o nabl e
c o n tracts f o r t h e p e r f o r m anc e o f p ub l ic wo rks .

T h e risk o f i g n o rin g l e g al r e qui r e m e nts i s t o o g r e at a n d n o co n ,

tract o r sh o ul d e nt e r int o a p ublic c o ntract w hich i s n o t cl e arly l e g al

in e v e r y d e tail .

In t h e p re parati o n o f c o ntracts f o r p ublic w o rks it i s th e r e f o r e ,

e vi d e nt that t h e e n g in e e r i s in e quity b o un d t o se e that his d e si g ns a n d

s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e e s p e cially d e fi nit e f ull a n d c o m pl e t e an d a s t h e r

, ,
e

r e qui r e m e nts o f t h e c o ntract cann o t b e l e g ally w aiv e d e s pe cial p r e ca u ,

ti o n sh o ul d b e tak e n t o se e that th ey a r e f ai r a n d r e as o nabl e .

T h e c o nt ract o r o n h is p art sh o ul d asc e rtain e ith e r p e rs o nally o r

‘

, ,

th ro u g h att o rn ey t hat all l e g al r e qui r e m e nts hav e b ee n c o m pli e d w ith ;

that t h e o r d inanc e o r o r d e r auth o rizin g t h e w o rk has b e e n l e g ally
p ass e d ; that t h e w o rk has b e e n l e g ally a d v e rti s e d : a n d t hat t h e c o n

tract a n d S p e ci fi cati o ns f ul fi ll all l e g al r e quir e m e nts I g n o ranc e o f t h e .

l a w e xc u s e s n o o n e a n d in d o in g busin e ss w ith t h e p ublic a kn o w l

,

e d g e o f all r e qui r e m e nts i s assu m e d by t h e c o u rt a n d i s n e g l e ct e d at t h e

p e ril o f t h e p r ivat e citiz e n .

1 1 9 N e g o tiat i o n s f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n C o n trac t s —T h e n e g o t i a
.

ti o ns whi ch a r e n e c e ssary p ri o r t o t h e c o nsu m m ati o n o f a c o nstructi o n

c o ntract w i l l vary in kin d a n d f o r m ality w i th t h e natu r e o f t h e w o rk t o
b e do n e . W h e r e t h e p arty l e ttin g t h e w o rk i s a p rivat e p e rs o n o r co r
p o r a t i o n ,
such n e g o tiati o ns m a y tak e any f o r m d e si r e d U sually. t h e

o w n e r w ill invit e bi d s bas e d o n s p e ci fi cati o n s m o r e o r l e ss c o m p l e t e ,

with o r w ith o ut s o m e p r o p o s e d c o ntract f o r m T h e r e qu e s t f o r p r o

.

po sa l s m a y b e a d v e rt is e d o r n o tic e s m a y b e s e nt t o such p arti e s as m a y

s e e m availabl e f o r t h e wo rk in qu e sti o n .

T h e p u rp o s e o f s o licitin g m o r e than a sin g l e b i d f o r e ith e r p ubli c

o r p rivat e w o rks is t o s e cur e f o r t h e p ublic o r t h e o w n e r t h e a d vanta g e s

o f c o m p e titi o n a n d t h e ri g ht t o s e l e ct a p r o p o sal w hich i s a d vanta g eo u s .

By such c o m p e titi o n c o ntract o rs a r e in d uc e d t o m ak e cl o s e e sti m at e s

, ,

t h e a m o unts o f w hich a r e usually d e p e n d e nt u p o n t h e a m o unt o f si m ila r

wo rk availabl e a n d t h e stat e o f t h e m ark e t f o r lab o r m at e rial s e t c

, , ,
.
,

t o b e f urnish e d Co m p e titiv e l e ttin g s i f h o n o rabl y carri e d o u t by a l l

.
,

arti s r e u sually t h e m o st d e sirabl e m e th o d s o f l e tt in g c o nstructi o n

p e
,
a

c o ntracts W h e r e in p rivat e wo rk t h e valu e o f t h e w o rk t o b e d o n e

.
, , ,

o r t h e m at e rials t o b e f u rni sh e d is w e ll kn o w n it m a y p r o v e m o r e
, ,

satis f act o ry t o l e t t h e w o rk w ith o ut c o m p e titi o n t o a r e s p o nsibl e c o n ’

t ract o r kn o w n t o d o satis f act o ry w o rk o r t o f urnish t h e su pp li e s ,

m at e rial o r m achin e ry e s p e c ially d e si r e d a n d at a m utually sa t i s f c

,
a

t o ry p ric e S atis f act o ry r e sults f r o m p rivat e l e ttin g s a re de p en de nt o n

.

h o n o rabl e de alin g s a n d thi s m e th o d i s p e rha p s o p e n t o g r ea t e r o p po r

,

t u n it i e s f o r d ish o n e sty w h e n t h e wo rk is le t by a thi r d p arty ( t h e e n g i

n ee r o r s o m e o th e r o ffi cial ) a n d n ot d i r e ctly by t h e o w n e r
, .

1 2 0 D i sh o n e s ty
. i n C o m p e ti t i v e L e tt i n g —T h e c o m p e tit iv e
l e ttin g o f c o nstructi o n c o ntracts is als o o p e n t o d ish o n e st p ractic e s .

Co nt ract o rs m a y c o m bin e w ith e ach o th e r w ith t h e int e nti o n o f s e cu rin g

hi g h p ric e s un de r a pp ar e nt c o m p e ti ti o n wh e r e n o such c o m p e titi o n
,

actually e xists App ar e nt c o m p e titi o n has b e e n s o m e ti m e s s e cu r e d by

.

m o r e than o n e b i d by a pp ar e ntly d i ff e r e nt but actually t h e sa m e p a r

ti e s If t h e t wo bi d s sub m itt e d by t h e sa m e p arty w e r e b o th l o w e r than
.

th o s e sub m itt e d by o th e r bi d de rs t h e l o w e r b i d wo ul d b e w ith d ra w n o n

,

a cc o unt o f all e g e d m istak e s all o w in g t h e hi g h e r b i d t o stan d an d thu s

,
 l 72 W o r k s C o n st ru c t e d U n de r Co n t ra c t

s e cu rin g t h e c o ntract at a p ric e g r e at e r than t h e l o we st p ric e at w hich

t h e c o ntract o r w a s r e ally w illin g t o un d e rtak e t h e wo rk Thi s w ith .

d r a wa l o f a b id c o ul d b e f o r m e rly acc o m p li sh e d o n t h e c o m m o n l a w
ri g ht t o w ith d ra w o r r e v o k e an o ff e r at any t im e b e f o r e its acc e p tanc e .

T o p r e v e nt su ch w ith d ra w al bi d de rs e s pe cially o n p ubli c w o rks a r e

, , ,

n o w usually r e qui r e d t o acc o m p any th e i r p r O p o sa l s w ith c e rti fi e d ch e cks

o r bi d d e r s b o n d s w hich th e y a g r ee t o f o r f e it i f th e y r e v o k e th e i r p r o
’

po sa L
\Vh e r e n e g o tiati o n s a r e carri e d o ut b e t we e n p rivat e parti e s a n d
r e s po nsibl e c o nt ract o rs t h e r e qui r e m e nt f o r a ch e ck o r bo n d t o a e c o m
,

p any t h e b i d is s e l do m m a d e a s in such cas e s p r o po sals a r e usually

,

m a d e in g o o d f aith a n d w ill b e carri e d o u t i f acc e p t e d .

Co n tract o rs als o s o m e ti m e s a g r e e a m o n g t h e m s e lv e s o n t h e p a rty

t o w h o m t h e a w ar d shall b e m a d e T h e l o w e st b id s o m e ti m e s at an
.
,

e x o rbitant p ric e , a n d t h e c o ntract o r t o su b m it it w ill b e a g r e e d u p o n ,

a n d o th e r c o nt ract o rs w ill e ith e r w ith d ra w o r sub m it hi g h e r bi d s in o r

d e r t o si m ulat e c o m p e titi o n . Such c o m binati o n can b e p r e v e nt e d o nly

by a kn o w l e d g e o f t h e r e al valu e o f t h e p r o po s e d w o rk Th e s e c o m .

b i n a t i o n s a r e i l l e g al a n d in cas e o f p ublic w o rk m a y in f act b e cri m i

, ,

nal I f th e y can b e p r o v e d th e y w ill invali dat e a c o ntract so s e cu r e d

.
, ,

w h e th e r p ublic o r p rivat e .

O ccasi o nall y c o m p e titiv e bi d s a re invit e d o nly f o r t h e p ur po s e o f

c o m p e llin g a f av o rit e bi d de r t o r e duc e hi s b i d t o t h e l o we st p o ssi b l e
a m o unt an d w ith n o int e nti o n o f u tili z in g t h e bi d s so sub m itt e d e xc e p t ,

as a m e ans o f f o rc in g t h e f avo rit e bi d de r t o r e duc e hi s b i d .

It is e vi de ntly unj u st t o r e qu e st p ro po sals f r o m bi dde rs wh o s e bi ds

w ill n o t actually b e c o nsi d e r e d a n d thus caus e a n e e d l e ss e x p e n d itur e
,

f r o m which th e y can r e c e iv e n o co ns e qu e nt p o ssibl e b e n e fi t An y e u .

g i n e e r o r busin e ss m a n p u rsuin g su ch tactics w ill s o o n fi n d hi m s e l f in

ill r e p ut e a m o n g r e s po nsibl e c o ntract o rs a n d hi s f utu r e att e m pt s at
s e cu rin g satis f act o r y bi d s g r e atly e m barrass e d T h e e n g in e e r sh o ul d
.

kn o w n o f r ie n d s n o r f av o rit e s a m o n g t h e bi dd e rs in t h e l e ttin g o f a n v
wo rk t o b e d o n e un d e r hi s s p e ci fi cati o ns an d sh o ul d striv e t o a w ar d t h e
c o ntract t o t h e l o w e st a n d b e st bi dd e r in all cas e s
R e strict e d L e tt in g s —Fo r p ri vat e l e t ti n g s p r o p o sal s m a v
.

1 2 1
.
,

b e r e stri ct e d t o th o s e p e rs o ns o r c o m p ani e s kn o w n t o b e m o st r e liabl e

o r ca p abl e a n d o th e rs w h o s e ca p acit y o r ca p abiliti e s m ay b e qu e sti o n
,

abl e m a y b e e x c lu d e d W h e re t h e kn o w l e d g e o i th o s e l e ttin g t h e w o rk
.

i s su ffi ci e nt t o j usti f y such d iscri m inati o n such a s e l e cti o n s e e m s d e

,

sirabl e as it g r e atl y si m p l i fi e s t h e s e l e cti o n o f a r e s po nsibl e c o ntract o r

,
l 74 W o rk s C o n s t r u c t e d U n de r Co n t ra c t
As k f bi d s
2 . as m an y un i ts as can b a p p li e d t t h e wo r k Thi s
or on e o .

m y i ncr as
a s li g h tly t h e o ffi c e wo r k b t i t w ill r d u c sts T u
e e , u e ce o . o se

gra d i ng a s i m p l xa m p l a c ntract o r w ill b i d l w r n d t h wo r k w ill

as e e e, o o e a e

c o st t h e ra il w a y m p an y l ss i f t h p ro p sa l co e m ad o as t o s p arat e e , e o s ar e s e

bi d s xcavat i n h au l d xcavat i n wast ed m b an k m nt b rr w d ov r

on e o e , e o , e e o o e , e

h a l w i t h a s h rt f r
u h a l a d a ll p ss ibl e c l ass i ficat i ns o f m at r i a l T
o ee u n o o e .
o

th ec ontract r t hi s m ans t h at unc rta i nt i s e r d uce d t o e

o e t wo e e ar e o n or

i t m s d th at h w ill b p a i d f j st w h at h d o s T o t h ra il wa y m
e an e e or u e e . e co

p an y i t m ans an last i c co ntract t h at r a d ily c o ve rs t h i n v i tabl ch ang e s

e e e e e e

o f li n p l ans
e or d t h at t h e c o m p an y p a y s f
, an j us t w h at i t g ts or e .

3 R wr i t s m f t h e cl a s s i n t h c ntracts d s p ec i ficat i ns p
“
. e e o e o u e e o an o , ar

ti l
cu a r l y th s w hi c h a p p li d t o f o r m r c n d i t i ns b t d
o e t f lly ov re e o o ,
u o no u c e

p r s nt o n e s
e e d s p c i a ll y s m o f t h m wh i ch h ave gr wn f r o m i n t e r
,
an , e e ,
o e e o

li n at i ns m a d f r m y ar t y r i n y ur p r i nt d f r m s
e o e o e o ea o e o .

4 R c gn iz r l t i o n b t w n t h r e s p o ns ibili t y o f t h c ntract o r
“
. th e o e e e a e ee e e o

a d t h e r q u i r m nts f
n e th b n d a d t h e r ta i n ed p rc nt g At t h t i m e
e e or e o n e e e a e . e

t h e c ntr ac t i s s i gn d
o d t h r s p o ns ibili t y f t h c ntract r i s m asu e d by
e , an e e o e o o e r

th f u ll a m unt f t h c ntract t h e ra il wa y c m p an y i s sat i sfi d wi t h a b n d ;

e o o e o , o e o

l at r as t h e wo r k i s n ar c o m p l t i n a d p t f i t e v n i n
e , e t h e ra il wa y e o n ar s o e u s e,

c m p any st ill h as t h b n d d a l s t h r ta i n d p e rc entag

o e d th
o an o e e e e an e co n

tract r s r e s p ns ibili t y h as b co m e i ns i gn i ficant

o
’
o e .

5 G iv as i ns p ct o rs m w h s k n w l d g f t h w r k at l ast
“
. e us e en o e o e e o e o e

a p p r ac h s t h at f
o e f r m n o ou r o e e .

6 G i ve f u ll q uant i t i s o m nt hly st i m at s d th n
“
. s u ou r e e n ou r o e e an e se

t o i t t h at t h vo u h e rs m a d e t o c ov r t h o s e st i m at s m v p r m p t ly t h r ug h
e c e e e o e o o

th au d i t o r s o ffic t o t h e tr asur e r
e
’
e e .
”
9

1 2 3 Su gg e s ti o n s o f Am e r i c a n So c i e t y o f E n g in e e r in g C o n
.

trac t o r s — A c o m m i tt e e o f th i s s o c i e ty su b m i t t e d a r e p o rt i n J a nuary ,

1913 in whi ch t h e f o ll o w in g de si rabl e r e quir e m e nts f o r p ublic co n

,

tracts w e r e e x p r e ss e d :
1 Th
“
c m m i tt t hi n k s i t i m p o ss ibl t su b m i t a c m p l e t f r m t
. e o ee e o o e o o

c v r a ll p h as e s f a ll ng i n r i ng c ntracts b t a w k f m uch va l u e can b

o e o e ee o ,
u or _
o e

d n b y a d p t i ng s m g n ra l p r i nc i p l s
o e o d f r m u l at i ng t h m
o e et h at t h y
e e an o e so e

m a y b e m a d a p art f s b stant i a lly v r y c ntract

e o u e e o .

2 Ev r y c o n d i t i n f w h ats ve r ch aract r by whi ch t h e p art i s a e t o

“
. e o , o oe e ,
e r

be b n d s h u l d b su b m i tt d t bi d d rs a p art f t h s p c i ficat i ns o w hi c h
ou o e e o e s o e e o n

t h e y b i d T h c ontract t b s i gn d s h u l d b ann x d t t h s p c i ficat i ons

. e o e e o e e e o e e .

I n t hi s w y t h bi d d r i s t li bl t b e sur p r i s d by w co n d i t i ns
a e e no a e o e ne o

a p p e ar i ng i n t h e co ntract su b m i tt e d f hi s s i gnatur e a f t r hi s b i d h as b n or e ee

m a d a n d acc p t d
e e e .

3 Th
“
gr at st v i c f c ontracts i s nc e rta i nt y I n a d p t i ng an y f r m
. e e e e o u . o o

o f c ntra t
o s p c i ficat i o ns ev r y e ff rt s h l d b m a d t o s cur e xactn ss
c or e e o ou e e e e e

o f d fin i t i n
e f th r i gh ts d d ut i e s of b o t h p art i e s
o o e an .

0 Fr om th e Pr cee d i ngs o f
o th e St L u i s Ra il wa y C l u b
. o .
 S e c u r i n g Lo w B ids l 75

R c gn izi ng t h i m p ss ibili t y f f r s e i ng ev e r y e m e rg ncy s o m e

4 . e o e o o o e e e ,

a ut h r i t y m st b d v i s e d f t h d t r m i nat i o n f e i t h r un xp ct ed p h y s i
o u e e or e e e o e e e

ca l n d i t i ns
co un f res n a m bi gu i t i e s i n t h e c ntract
o or o ee o .

“
5 Th first r q i s i t e t t hi s i s p r m p tn ss
. e e u t h at t h w r k m a y o o e , so e o

p r oc dee Thi s d ou b t l es s r q i r s t h at a ll d i s p t d q st i ns s h a ll b p i
. e u e u e ue o e r

m ar ily s e tt l d by t h e n gi n e r p r s nt
e th wo r ke e e e on e .

6 W hil . t h e e ng i n r i s t h e b st fi t t d p rs n t
e r e ac h a p r m p t d
ee e -
e e o o o e

c s i io hi s r el at i o n t t h o wn r
n, fit h im f an i m p art i a l d c i s i n
o e e un s or e o .

Th r m ust t h r e f r b s m e p r v i s i n f o an a p p a l t an i m p art i a l
e e , e o e, e o o o r e o

tr ib na l a n d fina l s tt l m nt f a ll d i s p ut s by i t
u e e e o e .

7 D i s p ut s s h u l d as f as p ss ibl b s tt l d as t h c ntract
“
. e o , ar o e, e e e e o

p r gr ss s
o e t h at t h p art i s can k n w h w t h e y stan d T t hi s e d
e , so e e o o . o n

a l l m att rs f d i s p ut s h o u l d b
e o r d c ed p r m p t ly t w r i t i ng a d a ll a p p a l s
e e e u o o n e

fr m tho ng i n e r s d c i s i ns s h u l d b p r m p t ly ta k n
e e e
’
e o o e o e .

8 Eac h p art y s h u l d assu m f u ll r s p ns ibili t y f hi s o w s h ar o f

“
. o e e o or n e

th e c ntract o .

9 Thi s i nvo l v s t h e assu m p t i o n by t h o wn r f r s p ns ibili t y f o

“
. e ,
e e , o e o r

t h e l o a l c n d i t i ns
c d fo o th b r i ngso t h r xp l rat i ns f t h
an r e o or o e e o o o e

sit e . T h e c ntract r s h ld b id o guarant e d l ca l c n d i t i o ns w i t h an

o ou on e o o ,

i ncr as e r d uct i n f p r i c f var i at i ns f r o m t h s T h l ca li t y b l ngs

e or e o o e or o e e . e o e o

t o th wn r
e o d th c ntract o r s h u l d t b bli g d t ga m bl
e ,
an e o it o no e o e o e on .

1 0 Th p r i n i p l e a l s o r e q u i r s t h at a c ntra t s h u l d t b t h p r ov i d
“
. e c e o c o no o e

t h e exact d ta il s f c nstr ct i n e d gu rant o th r su l t I f t h c n

o u o an a ee e e . e o

tract o r i s t o d t h w r k acc o r d i ng t xact p l ans f rn i s h d h i m by t h e

o e o o e u e

o wn r t h e , o wn r s h o l d ta k e t h e r s p o ns ibi li t y f
e e th
u r su l t If t h e or e e . e co n

tract r guarant o th lt h s h l d b f r t a d p t h i s o wn m t h o d s
e es e r e su , _ e ou e ee o o e

o f c o nstruct i o n .

1 1 T h e c ntract o r
“
. s p i a lly w h n b un d by a t i m e li m i t s h u l d
o , e ec e o , o

b e g iv n t h e t m st f r d m as t o t h r d r d m ann e r f d o i ng t h
e u o ee o e o e an o e

p r e scr ib e d w r k o .

1 2 D fin i t e p r o v i s i n s h u l d b m ad ass rt i n i n w r i t i ng
“
. e f th o o e e or e e o , ,

o f d e m an d s m a d by i t h r p art y var yi ng f r m t h n r m a l c o ntract p r i c

e e e o e o e .

T h e c ntract o r s h u l d g i v
o p ro m p t n t i c o f a c la i m f
o xtras d t he o e or e an e

o wn e r o f a c l a i m f a d ecr as e o f t h ass e ss m nt f d a m ag s
or e r or e e o e .

1 3 S o m e ru l s h ul d b e p r scr ib d f t h wn r s p r o t ct i n i n cas e
“ ’
. e o e e or e o e e o

o f d l ay on th c ntract o r s p art e i t h r by a r i gh t t annu l t h co ntract ’

e e o , e o e

or t t k e v r t h w r k i n wh o l e
o a o e i n p art o r t d ed uct actua l o liqu i d at d
e o , or , o r e

d a m ag s T h e su bj e ct i s
e . o f gr at d i fficu l t y a d n e d s m o st c a r f u l on e e n e e

c o ns i d e rat i o n .

Th c ntract r s h l d b p r t c t d f r m l ss b y d la y f t h e o wn r
e o o ou e o e e o o e o e

th o w n e r s o t h e r c ntract rs a d p r v i s i n m a d s e tt li ng suc h l o ss s
’
or e f
o o , n o o e or e

w i t h o t su i t w h r e p ss ibl
u e o e .

1 5 W h at i s t h e p r o p r am o unt o f r e t a i n e d p e rc ntag s W h at s h u l d
“
. e e e ? o

b e th m axi m u m p art o f t h e c o ntract p r i c

e t b r ta i n d nt il fina l e o e e e u

p a y m nt e D i ff re nc s o f o p i n i o n s h ou l d b e a d j ust d d a un i f o r m ru l
? e e e an e

ad p t do e .
| 76 W o r k s C o n s t r u c t e d U n de r C o n t ra c t
Mat i a l m i ns i st t h at t h c ntract b o n d h u l d p r ov i d e f r p ay
16 . er en e o s o o

m nt f
e m at r i a l s an d l a b o r
or e Thi s l e a d s t o gr at r s cur i t y t t h m at r i a l . e e e o e e

m en d c ns qu nt ly l w r p r i c s
an o e B t i t i s an unn c e ssar y c os t t o co
e o e e . u e n

tract rs o i e sta bli s h d cr ed i t Thi s su bj ct n d s t h e v i w s f bo t h s i d e s

o e . e ee e o .

1 7 S om
“
. c ntract rs a d e ngi n e rs m a i nta i n t h at t h e c o ntrac t c n d i
e o o n e o

t i o ns s h o u l d b e as b ri f as p ss ibl Y our c o m m i tt ee b eli eves t h at a ll s b

e o e . u

j t s w h i ch exp e r i e nc e h as s h o w n m y p r o d uc c o n fli ct s h u l d b e d fin i t l y
ec a e o e e

d i s p o s d o f by t h
e p r v i s i ns fix d i n t h e c ntract
e v e n i f t hi s xt n d s i ts
o o e o , e e e

l e ngt h .

1 8 A f ter
“
. v r y ff rt h as b n m a d t av i d a ll unc rta i nt y i n t h e
e e e o ee e o o e

c ntract a d t s ttl a ll d i s p ut s as t h y ar i s s m e h ne st d i ff e r enc s o f

o n o e e e e e, o o e

O p i n i n as t
o t h e r i g h ts o f t h
o p art i e s m y p rs i st t th e d of t h e a e o en e co n

tr a ct T h fina l s tt l e m en t o f unc nt st d m att rs s h u l d b m a d e w i th out

. e e o e e e o e

p r j ud ic
e t th e .
r i g h t f t h c ntract r t r c ov r d i s p ut d c l a i m s i n
o e o e o o o e e e

th e c urts I t h as un f rtunat ly b c m t o c m m n t o d c l ar e t h at o
o .
, o e ,
e o e o o o e n

fina l p a y m nt t h c o ntr act r s h all s i gn a r e l ea s e f a l l c l a i m s ar i s i ng

e e o o

ou t f t h e c o ntra t
o Thi s i s a s i d d d d i s h n st p r v i s i o n W h n
c . on e -
e an o e o . e

p a y m nt i s arn d by a f l fi ll m nt
e e f th
e c ntrac t i t ugh t t t o b d n i d
u e o e o , o no e e e

b caus t h c ntract r b li v s t h at h i s nt i t l e d t o m r
e e e o o e s h ou l d h
e e e e o e, n or e

b e f rc ed by n c ss i t y t o w a i ve acc ss t
o e e t h e c urts t c o rr ct w r o ngs d on e o o o e e

h im in t h c o rs o f hi s c ntract ”
e u e o .

T h e r e p o rt f u rth e r r e f e rr e d t o vari o us f o r m s o f c o ntract d ra w n by

d e fi nit e auth o riti e s inclu d in g t h e R o yal Institut e o f B ritish Arch it e cts
,

a n d t h e Am e rican Institut e o f A rchit e cts c o m m e n d in g th e s e f o r m s i n ,

m a n y r e s p e cts but a d d e d ,

O e g n ra l r m ar k m y b e m a d e i n r g r d t o n ar l y a ll such f r m s
“
n e e e a e a e o

t h at t h y h av b e n g n ra lly p r e p ar d b y p rs ns r p r s nt i ng wn rs s h
e e e e e e e o e e e o e , uc

as archi t cts d ng i n rse an d t h at h o w v r f a i r t h i r i nt nt i n

e ee th e
, an ,
e e e e o ,

i n v i ta bl t n d ncy h s b e en t p r t t t h o wn r s r i gh ts at t h e c o st o f t h e
e e e e a o o ec e e
’

th e c ntract o r s
o
’
.
”

1 2 4 F u rth e r Su gg e s ti o n s — In 1 904 vari o u s e n g i n e e rs m a n

.
,

u fa ct u r e r s c o n t rac t o r s a n d m at e rial m e n m e t i n G u l f p o rt M i s si s
, , ,

si p p t o o r g a n i z e t h e Am e rican P ubli c W o rk s As s o cia ti o n a n d

, ,

a m o n g o th e r th i n g s a d o p t e d t h e f o ll o w in g a s t h e ba s i s w h i ch i n th e i r
O p i ni o n sh o ul d u n d e rli e t h e m aki n g o f p u bli c c o n t ract s

1 W h n stat
. e m un i c i p a l statut e s c n fli ct w i th ass c i at i n r l s
e or o o o u e

t h e l att r s h a ll b
e wa i v d e e .

2 W h n wo r k i s d on a p rc e ntage b as i s s c r i t y s h u l d b e gi v n
“
. e e on e , e u o e

t o gu rant e a e st i m at e d f a i t h f l p r f r m anc f th e w or k
an u e o e o e .

3 D e s i gn i ng ng i n r s h a ll t c m p e t f o w r k a d v t i s ed t b e
“
. e ee n o o e r o er o

l e t un d r hi s p l ans
e d sp i ficat i o ns an ec .

“
4 N . bi d s s h a ll b e as k d nt il m n y t p y f o t h e w r k h s b en
o e u o e o a r o a e

p r vi d d
o e .

5 B i d s s h a ll b e o p n d a d r e a d i n p bli c
. e e n u .

6 N o bi d s s h a ll b su b m i tt d a f t r t i m na m e d i n a d v rt i s m e nt
“
. e e e e e e .
 l 78 W o r k s C o n s t r u c t e d U n de r Co n t ra c t
Ti m s h a ll b a ll w d c ntract o r f o d l a y caus ed by str ik s acc i
31 . e e o e o r e e ,

d nts o o t h e r caus s b y n d hi s c ntr o l

e r e e o o .

3 2 Wh n wo r k i s c m p l t d e ng i n e r s h ll acc p t o r e j ct sa m e w i t hi n
. e o e e e a e r e

a r as na bl t i m e
e o e .

3 3 C ntract r i s r l as d f r m a ll f ut r e r s p o ns ibili t y wh e n co
. o o e e e o u e n

t r a ct e ta k s p o ss es s i n f p lant w h t h r s tt l m ent h as b n m a d
e e o o , n ot e e e e ee e or ,

u l es s o t h r w i s agr ee d
n e e .

1 2 5 R i g h ts o f t h e C o n tract o r
. T h e su gg e s ti o ns m a d e in t h e .
-

p r e vi o u s s e cti o n r e p r e s e ntin g t h e p o i nt o f vi e w o f t h e c o ntract o r in

,

r e ga r d t o t h e p rinci p l e s that sh o ul d b e o bs e rv e d in t h e p r e p arati o n a n d

in t h e l e ttin g o f c o ntracts f o r p ublic wo rks sh o ul d r e c e iv e du e co n si d ,

c rati o n by e n g in e e rs a n d o th e rs wh o a r e c o nn e ct e d w ith such wo rk It .

wo ul d s e e m t o all wh o a re f a m iliar w ith c o ntracts f o r p ubli c w o rk s

that m uch inj ustic e is co m m o n l v i m po s e d o n c o ntract o rs by t h e f o r m s
o f c o ntracts o r d inaril y p r e p a r e d It is o f t e n unc o nsci o usly assu m e d
.

that t h e o nly o n e t o b e c o nsi de r e d in t h e p r e p arati o n o f a c o ntract i s

t h e p ublic o r o w n e r a n d that t h e e n g i n ee r m ust g u ar d th e i r i nt e r e st i n
,

e v e ry w a y w ith j ust as littl e th o u g ht f o r t h e int e r e sts o f t h e p arty o f

,

t h e s e c o n d p a rt wh o m ust tak e u p t h e r e al bur d e n o f p ractical c o n st r u c

,

ti o n as i s p o ssibl e w ith o ut d rivin g c o ntract o rs f r o m t h e fi e l d

,
.

Th e s e unj ust c o v e nants hav e b ee n us e d so l o ng i n t h e m akin g o f

c o ntracts that t h e v a r e c o p i e d r e w ritt e n a n d str e n g th e n e d f r e qu e ntly
, ,

w ith o ut r e alizati o n o f t h e f un d a m e ntal in e quity inv o lv e d an d w ith a ,

s tr o n g c o nvicti o n that th e y a r e e ss e ntial t o p r o p e rly p r ot e ct t h e p ublic

o r t h e o w n e rs a n d s o m e ti m e s p e rha p s t o sh o w that t h e e n g in e e r o r
,

a tt o rn e y has t h e w e l f ar e o f h is cli e nt p r o p e rly c ons e rv e d .

It i s tru e that t h e p a rty l e ttin g t h e w o rk m ay w o r d t h e c o ntract

a s h e w ill a n d that any inj ustic e h e m a y d e si r e t o infli ct i f w ithin t h e
, ,

l a w m a y b e inclu d e d i f c o ntract o rs can b e f o un d t o acc e p t such a co n

,

t ract .U nj ust p ro visi o ns c o m m o nly a n d ri g ht f ully a d d t o t h e c o st o f

t h e wo rk a n d t h e o w n e r i s o f t e n un d uly tax e d f o r u n f ai r a n d u n n e c e s
s ary r e quir e m e nts ins e rt e d i n t h e c o ntract by t h e e n g in e e r o r att o rn e y ,

w hich a d d n o thin g t o t h e o w n e r s p r o t e cti o n o r t o t h e val u e o f t h e

’

w o rk .

W hil e i t is tru e that c o ntract o rs m ay e x e rcis e th e ir o p ti o n as t o

wh e th e r o r n o t th e y w ill sub m it bi d s at a p ublic l e ttin g it i s als o tru e ,

th at w ith lar g e o v e rh e a d e x pe ns e s f o r e qui p m e nt p lant a n d p e r m an e nt ,

sta ff th e y a re f r equ e ntly f o r fi nancial r e as o ns p racticall y f o rc e d t o

, , ,

sub m it t o arbitrary a n d u nj u st e xacti o ns rath e r than t o r e m ain i dl e “

.

Th e y a re th e r e f o r e n o t alt o g eth e r f r e e a g e nts in th e s e m att ers .

 R i gh t s o f C o n t ra c t o r 9

H o n e st c o ntract o rs f r e qu e ntly c o m plain that c o ntract o rs as a class

a r e r e g ar d e d as d i sh o n e st a n d unsc ru p ul o us e s p e cially by t h e y o un g ,

a n d in e x p e ri e nc e d a n d that unj u st c o ntracts a r e t h e r e sult o f t h is f als e

,

c o nc e p ti o n This is po ssibly tru e a n d if so i s un f o rtunat e ; but e v e ry

.
,

e x p e ri e nc e d m a n w h e th e r e n g in e e r o r c o ntract o r kn o w s that th e r e
, ,

a r e m e n in e v e ry w alk o f li f e in e v e ry busin e ss an d in e v e r y p r o f e s
,

si o n wh o a r e b o un d o nly by th eir l e g al o bli g ati o ns a n d g ive littl e o r n o

th o u g ht t o e thical a n d m o ral o bli g ati o ns Th e r e a r e un f o rtunat e l y .

o th e rs w h o w ill g o e v e n f urth e r than thi s a n d w h o w ill p ursu e d i s,

h o n e st a n d ill e g al m e th o d s o f s e cu rin g busin e ss a dvanta g e s e v e n w ith ,

t h e chanc e s o f s e ri o us l e g al p uni sh m e nt .

Co nn e ct e d w ith e n g in e e rin g a n d archit e ctu ral w o rks a r e n o t o nly

t h e e n g in e e r a n d c o ntract o r but t h e cli e nt o w n e r ins p e ct o r t h e m e
, , , ,
.

chani e a n d lab o r e r a n d in p ublic w o rk t h e po litician an d s o m e ti m e s

, ,

m an y un d e si rabl e charact e rs w h o d ra w th e i r livin g f r o m t h e p ubli c

p u rs e .

Al l class e s o f m e n p o ss e ss quit e si m ilar charact e ristic s ; s o m e o f

e v e ry class
p o ss e ss h o n o r int e g rity e x p e ri e nc e a n d ability whil e o t h
, , ,

e r s a r e d ish o n e st in e x pe ri e nc e d an d inc o m pe t e nt So m e a r e de p e n d
,
.

abl e s o m e tricky a n d th e s e charact e ristics a r e po ss e ss e d in vari o u s

, ,

d e g r e e s a n d a r e m ani f e st e d i n vari o u s ways No busin e ss o r p r o f e s .

si o n has a m o n o po ly o n e ith e r t h e de si rabl e o r t h e un d e si ra b l e traits ,

a n d t h e m en wh o f o ll o w t h e p r o f e ssi o n o f e n g in e e rin g a n d t h e busin e ss

o f c o ntractin g a r e n o e xc e p ti o n t o t h e rul e .

T h e m e n wh o c o ntract f o r e n g in e e rin g a n d archit e ctu ral w o rks

a r e as a class m e n o f e x p e ri e nc e a n d ability w h o s e cl o s e c o ntact w ith
, ,

t h e d e tails o f c o nstructi o n has g iv e n th e m u sually a m o r e e xact a n d

m o r e de fi nit e kn o w l e d g e o f m e an s a n d m e th o d s than that p o ss e ss e d by
t h e e n g in e e r As th e y usuall y d e v o t e th e i r ti m e t o s o m e p articular
.

lin e o f wo rk th ey f r e qu e ntly b e c o m e s p e ciali sts w h o s e s e rvic e s can b e

.

utiliz e d t o g r e at a dvanta g e Th e r e a re als o o th e rs n o vic e s in t h e busi

.
,

n e ss s o m e ti m e s i g n o rant a n d unin f o r m e d wh o de sir e t o e nt e r t h e co n

, ,

trac tin g fi e l d r e a dy t o assu m e any risk f o r t h e p u r po s e o f e x p e ri e nc e

,

a n d p o ssi bl e p r o fi t .

Th e acti o ns o f m en a r e n o t o nly m o d i fi e d by th e i r e x p e ri e nc e a n d
int e g rity but th e i r p o int o f vie w is als o f r e qu e ntly m o d i fi e d by c o n d i
,

t i o ns which p lay an i m p o rtant p art in th e i r acti o n T h e c o nt ract o r wh o .

has s e cur e d an d i s ca rryin g o u t a p r o fi tabl e c o ntract m ay act in a v e ry

d i ff e r e nt m ann e r w h e n h e has un d e rtak e n a l o sin g c o ntract I n th e .

fi rst cas e h e m a y b e g e n e r o us o bli g in g an d c o nsci e nti o us ; in t h e latt e r

,
l 80 W o r k s C o n s t r u c t e d U n de r C o n t r a c t

cas e cl o s e t e chnical a n d p e rha p s m o r e o r l e ss unj ust a n d p o ssibly u n

, ,

scru p ul o u s T h e d e si r e t o p r o t e ct hi m s e l f f r o m l o ss e s m o r e o r l e ss
.

s e ri o us m ay m ak e an e nti r e chan ge in h i s f e e lin g s acti o ns a n d p o int

, , ,

o f vi e w .

Th e e n g in e e r w h o s e p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e w e ll p r e p ar e d a n d
c o m p l et e wh o has f ully c o v e r ed all e m e r g e nci e s in t h e p lans a n d co n
,

tract p ro visi o ns h e has p r e p ar e d m a y b e f ai r j ust a n d c o nsi de rat e If

, , .

hi s p lans o r s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e in e rro r o r inc o m p l e t e a n d hi s re p utati o n

f o r ability is at stak e h e m ay b e c o m e u n f ai r a n d unj u st a n d m ay b e
,

w illin g t o sac ri fi c e o th e rs fi nancially t o p r o t e ct h i m s e l f a n d c o v e r u p his

m istak e s .

It is t h e c o m m o n a ssu m p ti o n in m o st c o nt racts that t h e e n g in e e r

i s t h e arbit e r wh o stan d s b e t w e e n t h e t w o p arti e s t o t h e c o ntract a n d ,

will a d j u st f ai rly a n d e q u itably all d is p ut e s wh ich m a y aris e in t h e

p rem i s es Th is assu m p ti o n m a y b e m a de a l e g al o bli g ati o n w h e n

.

a g r ee d t o by b o th p arti e s a n d w ill b e m aintain e d by t h e c o u rts w ithin

,

rath e r w i d e li m its i f this f uncti o n i s e x e rcis e d with r e as o nably go o d

f aith .

That t h e e n g in e e r i s a d i sint e r e st e d p arty f r o m w h o m p e r f e ct j us

.

tic e can b e e x p e ct e d un d e r all c o n d iti o ns i s t o a c o nsi d e rabl e e xt e nt a

, ,

l e g al fi cti o n All m en a r e p r e j u d ic e d by th e i r r elati o ns a n d c o ns e qu e nt

.

po int o f vi e w r e g ar d l e ss o f th e i r p e rs o nal inclinati o n a n d d e si r e t o r e n

,

d e r substantial j usti c e No e n g inee r e m p l o y e d by an o w n e r in c o n

.
,
.

stant c o m m unicati o n w ith h im a n d actin g as h is p e rs o nal a g e nt in deal

in g s w ith t h e c o ntract o r can hav e a p e r f e ctly unbias e d vi e w p o int in
,

r e g ar d t o t h e qu e sti o ns w hich a ris e a n d which h e i s r e qui r e d t o arbi

trat e a n d d e c i de e s p e cially i f such m att e rs a re lar g e ly d i scr e ti o nary
,

a n d r e st p u r e ly o n j u d g m e nt U sually t h e v e ry p o ints t o b e de ci de d
.

a r e rais e d b e t w e e n t h e c o ntract o r a n d t h e e n g in e e r b e f o r e hi s cli e nts

kn o w that any d i ff e r e nc e actually e xists a n d t h e e n g in e e r is c o m m o nly

,

t o o cl o s e t o t h e w o rk t o al w a y s o btain a p r o p e r p e rs p e ctiv e c o n c e rn in g
t h e qu e sti o ns at i ssu e T h e d i ff e r e nt p o ints o f vi e w f r e qu e n tly g iv e
.

ris e t o p e r f e ctly h o n e st d i ff e r e nc e s in o p ini o n b e t we e n t h e e n gi n e e r

a n d c o ntract o r a n d f r e qu e ntly inv o lv e un f ri e n d ly r e lati o ns wh ich c o l o r
,

e v e ry qu e sti o n w hich m a y ari s e T h e wh o l e qu e sti o n b e c o m e s q u it e a

.

d i ff e r e nt o n e i f j u d g m e nt a n d d i scu ssi o ns a r e e li m inat e d a n d t h e c o n

tr o l o f t h e e n g in e e r i s c on fi n e d t o t e ch n ical fi n d in g s w hich a r e base d
o n c o m p r e h e nsiv e p lan s a n d e x p licit c o ntracts a n d a re susc e p tibl e o f

o nl y o n e int e r p r e tati o n .
 l 82 Wo rk Co n t r u c t e d U n de r Co n t ra c t
'
s s

t as t t h e m att rs r f rr d t o i t h un d e r m e nt i n d c l aus s
[ Ex ce p o e e e e h e o e e
‘
a t o a ll o f w hi ch s h a ll b l ef t t t h e s o l d i scr t i n o d ec i s i n o f t h e e o e e o r o

e ng i n e r v iz e , .

( a ) As t o t h p r o v i s i o n o f e ve r y t hi ng n c e ssar y f r t h e p r p r e x
e e o o e e cu

t i o n o f t h w rk s t e o , e c.

( b ) As t o t h a m n d m nt f rr rs ar i s i ng f r m i naccurat s tt i ng
e e e o e o o e e

o t o f wo r k s
u .

( c ) As t o t h q ua li t y o f m at r i a l s d wo r k m ans hi p
“
e e an .

( d ) As t o t h c m p t e ncy f t h g n e ra l f r e m an o t h e w r k s
“

e o e o e e o n o .

( 6 ) As t o t h c o m p e t ncy o c n d uct o f an y p e rs o n m p l o y d o n t h e
e e r o e e

wo r k s b y t h c ntract r e o o .

( f ) As t t h m asur m e nt d va l uat i o n o f xtra w o r k a d var i at i o ns

“
o e e e an e n ,

o r the m d o f asc rta i n i ng t h e a m

o e nt t o b a ll wed f extra w o r k a d
e ou e o or n

var i at i ns o .

( Q ) As t
“
th r j ct i o n a d r m va l o f wo r k d m at r i a l s t i n
o e e e n e o an e no

acc r d anc w i t h t h s p c i ficat i n t h i nstruct i ns f t h e e ng i n e e r a d t h

o e e e o or e o o , n e

su b st i t t i n o f t h r w o r k d m t i l s t h e f a d a ll o t h r m att rs
‘

u o o e an a er a re or, n e e

r f rr e d t o i n t hi s c l a s e
e e u .

( h ) As t d e f cts f au l ts wh i c h m y a p p ar i n t h e wo r k s a f t e r c o m
“ “

o e or a e

p l e t i on .

(i) As n i ng f w r k f i ns p ct i o n
t o th e Op e o o or e .

(j )
t t h e d at e w h e n t h e w r k s a
As o com p l t d o re e e .

( to )
t o th As x ut i n o f w r k s h av i ng b e e n d l a y ed by i nc l em en t
e e ec o o e

we at h er d t h e r caus s
an o e .

( Z) As t t h e carr yi ng o o f t h w o r k s w i t h d d ili g nc
“
o et et n e ue e e, c .
, c.

( m ) As t t h e exp n d i tur e f p r o v i s i o na l su m s
o e o .

( ) As t o t hit i ssu i ng f c e rt i ficat s r l at i ng t p a y m nts t o t h o n

e o e e o e e c ~

tract o r .

A l s xc p t as t o t h m att rs r f rr d t o i n t h un d r m nt i n d cl aus es
“
o, e e e e e e e e e -
e o e

nu m b r ed A t o e
‘
a ll whi ch s h a ll b e l e f t t t h s o l e d i scr t i on o d e c i o e e r ~

s i o n o f t h e co nc il u

( A ) As t t h e a ss i gn m nt s b l e tt i ng f an y p o rt i o n o f t h
“
o e or u -
o e

wo r k s .

( B ) As t t h d t r m i n a t i n f t h c ntract b y t h c o unc il
“
o e e e o o e o e .

T h se i nt e n d e d as ill ustrat i ns o f t h e m att rs whi ch e ng i n e rs m y

e ar e o e e a

w i s h t o d a l w i t h t h m s l ve s
e r m y w i s h t h e i r c unc il s t o d a l w i t h
e e i , o a o e , n~

st e a d of a ll wi ng t h em t o b su b m i tt d t o ar bi trat i n Eac h ng i n e r can

o e e o . e e

i ns e rt i n t hi s p art o f t h c l us wh at v r m att r h e d e s i r s t o xcl d e f r om e a e e e e e e u

ar bi trat i o n .

( 3 ) Or s t th w i t hh l d i ng by t h
a o ngi n e r f an y c e rt i ficat t
e o e e e o e o

whi c h t h c ntract r m y c l a i m t b e e nt i t l e d e i t h e r p rt y s h a ll f rt h w i t h
e o o a o , a o

g i v e t o t h e t h r w r i tt e n n o t i c f such d i s p t
o e d i ff r nc n d such e o u e or e e e. a

d i s p ut d i ff e r e nc e s h a ll b
e or d i s h e r e by r f rr e d t o t h ar bi trat i o n d e an e e e an

fina l d c i s i n f a p e rs o n t b a p p o i nted
e o o th r eq u st o f i t h r p art y o e , on e e e e ,

by t h p r s i d nt f o t h t i m b i ng o f t h I nst i tut i n of M n i c i p a l an d
e e e r e e e e o u

C o nty Eng i n rs
u d th aw ar d o f s h arbi trat i o n s h a ll b e fina l a d
ee , an e uc n

bi n d i ng p n t h p art i s S ch r e f e r nc exce p t o f t h e q u st i n f c e rt i ficat

u o e e . u e e, e o o e,
 A rb i t ra t i o n l 83

s h a ll n ot n d unt il a f t r t h c o m p l t i n o r a ll e g d co m p l t i o n f
be o pe e e e e o , e e , o

th ew r k s un l ss w i t h t h
o ,
w r i tte n c ns nt f t h
e co unc il o t h e en g i n r
e o e o e ,
r ee ,

an d t h c o ntract r e Th ar bi trat r s h a ll h av p o we r t o o p e n p r v i e w d
o . e o e u , e , an

r v i s a y ce rt i ficat p i n i o n d e c i s i n r qu i s i t i o n o n o t i ce s ve i n r e gard
e e n e, o , o , e r , a

t o th sa i d m att rs i n d i s p ut whi c h s h a ll b e su bm i tt d t o h i m a d f whi ch

e e e e , n o

n o t i s h ll h av b n gi v n as a f o res i d i n t h sam e m nn r as i f o suc h

ce a e ee e a , e a e n

c ert i fic t p i n i o n d c i s i n r eq u i s i t i n
a e, o , no t i c h d b ee n gi ve n U p on
e o , o or e a .

eve r y a y suc h r f r nc
, or n t h e c st o f d i nc i d nta l t
e e the r f e r nce a n d
e, o an e o e e e

a war d r s p ct i v ly s h a ll b i n t h e d i scr t i o n o f t h ar bi trat o r wh o m ay d e

e e e e e e ,

t e r m i n t h a m o unt t h r f
e e d i r e ct t h sam e t o b e tax d as be tw e n so l i ~
e eo , or e e e c

it o r an d c li nt as b t wee n p art y d p art y d s h a ll d i r ec t by w h m n d

e , or e an , an o a

i n w h t m ann e r t h sam s h a ll b b o rn e d p a i d Thi su bm i s i n s h a ll b e

a e e e an . s s o

d eem d t b a s b m i ss i n t ar bi trat i n w i t hi n t h e m an i ng f t h Ar bi tra

e o e u o o o e o e

t i n Act 1 89 9
o ,

Pr v i d e d a l wa y s t h at t hi s c l us s h a ll t a p p ly t an y co nt ract
“
o a e no o ,

t h e t ta l o r i g i na l a m nt s m o va l
o f w hi c h e xc l us i v e o f an y
ou , xtra s
u ,
r ue o , e

o r a d d i t i ns i s l s t h an o ,
t h us n d p o un d s r t o an y d i fi e en ce o r d i s
e s on e o a o r

p ut e s w hi c h i n c nn ct i n w i t h an y o c ntract s h a ll i nv lv a t ta l am o unt
e o on e o o e o ,

su- m ,r va l u e
o f l e ss t h an fi f t y p o und s i n
o i th e r o f whi c h t w ve nts al l , e o e

m att rs ar i s i ng
e t f th c ntract d an y d i ff e r nce o d i s p ut e s h a ll b e i n
ou o e o an e r

th es l j u d gm nt d d i scr t i o n o f t h ng i n r wh o se d ec i s i o n s h al l b e
o e e an e e e ee ,

fina l d bi n d i ng a ll p rt i s d W i t h t a p p a l 0
an on a e an ou e .
”
1

1 2 7 P ro g r e ss o f Arb i t rati o n —T h e e qu i ty o f i n clu d i n g arb i

.

t r a t i o n claus e s in c o nstructi o n c o ntracts is b e c o m in g m o r e w i de ly r e c o g

n i e d e ach y e ar
z Th e Am e ri can Institut e o f Archit e cts has f o r a n u m
.

b e r o f y e ars su gg e ste d a f o r m o f c o ntract w hich i n it s lat e r f o r m

( 1 9 1 5 ) at l e ast p r o vi d e s f o r arbitrati o n o f all m att e rs in d i s p ut e A .

c o v e nant f o r t h e arbitrati o n o f d is p ut e s w a s e m b o d i e d i n a uni f o rm

buil d in g c o ntract a do pt e d in 1 9 1 1 by a c o m m itt e e r e p re s e ntin g t h e
,

Chica g o Archit e cts B usin e ss Ass o ciati o n t h e W e st e rn So c i e ty o f E n

’

g i n ee r s a n d s e v e ral l o cal ass o ciati o ns o f m anu f actu r e rs a n d c o ntract o rs

,

in t h e buil din g in dustry Th is c o ntract auth o riz e s t h e archit e ct t o de .

ci de d is p ut e s b e t w e e n o w n e rs a n d c o ntract o rs ; but p r o vi de s that i f

e ith e r p arty d iss e nt f r o m this d e cisi o n t h e m att e r m ust b e sub m itt e d t o

a b o ar d o f arbitrati o n t w o o f wh o m shall r e p r e s e nt t h e o w n e r a n d co n
,

tract o r r e s p e ctiv e ly a n d t h e thi r d t o b e s e l e ct e d a n d na m e d in t h e

, ,

c o n t ract .

T h e m att e r o f inclu d in g an arbitrati o n clau s e in e n g in e e rin g co n

tracts has r e c e iv e d c o nsi de rabl e d iscussi o n a n d such claus e s hav e b e e n ,

us e d in nu m e ro us cas e s That this w ill b e t h e g e n e ral p racti c e in t h e .

n e ar f utu r e s e e m s in e vitabl e Su r e l v t h e e n g in e e rin g p r o f e ssi o n w ith .

1 0 Eng i n e r i ng R c r d Ju ly
e e o , 2 7 , 1 9 1 2 , Vol . 66 , p . 1 00 .
| 84 W o r k s C o n st r u c t e d U n de r Co n t r a c t

its g e n e rally we ll e stab l ish e d r epu tati o n f o r h o n e sty a n d f ai rn e ss w ill

s o o n r e c o g n iz e t h e j ustic e o f such a p r o visi o n a n d w ill w e lc o m e its
a do p ti o n F r o m th e i n d ivi dual stan dpo int t h e r e li e f f r o m de t e r m inin g
°

.
,

d is p ut e s o n m att e rs o n wh ich a p e rs o nal bias m ust b e r e c o g niz e d by

e v e ry f ai r m in d e d m an sh o ul d b e w e lc o m e f o r such a p r o vi si o n can in , ,

n o wa y b e r e g ar d e d as a r e fl e cti o n o n t h e h o n o r o r c o m p e t e ncy o f t h e

e n g in e e r .

L IT ERA T U RE
R s p o ns ibili t y f t h e Eng i n e e r i ng Pr f ss i n f t h e C n d uct f P b
Th e e o o e o or o o u

li c C ntracts by M j r C ass i s E G ill tt Eng N e w s V l 5 7 p 5 87

o , a o u . e e . .
, o . , . .

H w t o Dra w S p c i ficat i ns w hi c h w ill S h ut t Co m p ti ti n d Ma k

’

o e o ou e o an e

Ce rta i n t h Aw a r d f t h C ntract t a Fav r d B i d d r En g N ws V o l 5 4

e o e o o o e e . . e , .
,

p . 602 .

A Pr p s d La w t Pr v nt C o ll us i n d G ra f t i n t h Le tt i ng
o o e o e e o an e of Pu bli c
C o ntracts A b stract f p a p r b f r e Am So c E n g C o nt by C E
. o e e o . . . .
, . . G ill e tt e

o ut li n i ng p r p s e d N e w L e g i s l at i o n i n P hil a d l p hi a
o E g N ws
o e . n . e , Vo l . , 6 6,
p . 7 44 .

C m bi nat i ns a m o ng C o ntract o rs D i scuss i o n f l ga l d m ra l r i g h ts

o o . o e an o

of c o ntr ct rs i n c o m bi nat i o ns E d i t o r i a l Eng N ws V l 3 4 p 3 4 5

a o . . e , o .
, . .

Lo o s S p c i ficat i ns a d D i s h n st C ntracts E d i t o r i a l Eng N w s V o l

e e o n o e o . . e , .

60 p 3 68
, . .

Va li d i t y f C o ntra cts C o v r i ng A l t rnat i v o Ot h e r w i s Unc e rt a i n B i d s

o e e e r e .

D i scuss i o n f l e ga li t y f a ll o w i ng a l t rnat i v m at e r i a l i n S p e c i ficat i o ns

o o e e .

E d i t r i a l En g R V l 5 3 p 4 67
o . ec . o .
, . .

F ixi ng a B s i s i n a d vanc e f C m p ar i s n f A l t rnat e B i d s D i scuss i n

a or o o o e . o

o f a p l an t o p r e v nt c h arg s o f C rru p t i n i n ca lli ng f o a l t rnat iv bi d s

e e o o r e e .

Eng N e ws V o l 7 0 p 2 2 1
.
, .
, . .

A p l an t L i m i t Un b l anc d B i d d i ng C i t y Co ntract W rk D i sc ss i n
o a e on o . u o

cf p l an d v i s d by D e p t f Wat e r S p p ly N e w Y o r k
e e E n g N e ws V o l 69 . o u , . .
, . ,

p . 777 .

A l t e rnat i ve F rm s f Pav i ng C ntracts Sugge st i o ns f o s p e c i ficat i o nso o o . r

for as p h a l t p av i ng O X M L o g h l i Eng R V o l 7 0 p 47 6 . . . c u n . . ec . .
, . .

C ntract o r s B i d s t h i r o W P l ans D c l r d Il l ga l C i t s Cas e i n C i t y

o
’
on e n e a e e . e

o f S att l ee Eng N e ws V o l 7 4 p 6 09. .

, .
, . .

A l t rn t e S p ec i fic t i o ns f Pu bli c W r k e L g l C i t s s ve ra l cas s
e a a or o ar e a . e e e

by D T P i rce Eng N ws V l 7 4 p 1 04 8
.
‘

. e . . e , o .
, . .

T h e D ut i s o f Eng i n rs i n En f rc i ng Co ntracts by A J H i m e s E n g
e ee o ,
. . . .

N ews V l 4 8 p 45 , o .
, . .

Ar bi tr t i o n by On war d B at e s Di scuss i o n by d i ff e re nt m em b e rs J o ur
a ,
. . .

W E E V o l 1 7 p 4 81
. . . .
, . .

Ar bi trat i o n I ts p l ac i n o r p r o f s i o n l Pract i c e Pa p e r b e f r e T ec h
, e u es a . o .

S c Pac C ast by G A W i g h t J ur Ass o c Eng S

o . . o N v 1 90, 0 Als . . r , o . . . oc . o . . o

C o nst N ws J n 29 1 9 01
. e , u e , .

S h u l d an E ng i n r b e Ve st e d w i t h J d i c i a l F nct i ns D i scuss i n of
o ee u u o . o

s bj ct E d i t o r i a l E n g N ws Su p p V o l 5 1 p 1 89
u e . . e , . .
, . .
 CH AP T ER XII

AD V E R T I S I N G AN D L E T T I N G C O N T R AC T

1 2 8 . Pu rp o s e of Adv e r ti s e m e n t p r e p arati—T h
o n e
o f t h e ad

t c r t i s m c n t a n d t h e i n s t r u c t i o n t o b i dde r s p r e su p p o s e s that t h e p r e li m
'

li m inar y wo rk o f p r e p arin g p lans c o ntracts a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e e s

,

s e n t ia l ly c o m p l e t e d a n d that t h e w o rk i s r e a d y t o b e l e t .

Th e p u rp o s e o f t h e a d v e rti s e m e nt i s t o brin g t h e p r o p o s e d l e ttin g

'

t o t h e n o tic e o f m anu f actu r e rs c o ntract o rs o r o th e rs w h o m a y b e i n

,

t e r e st e d in such w o rk in o r d e r that suitabl e c o m p e titi o n m a y b e se

cu r e d
.

Th e m e d iu m f o r a d v e rti sin g sh o ul d b e s e l e ct e d w ith d u e r e g ar d t o ‘

t h e p e rs o ns w h o m it i s d e si r e d t o r e ach alth o u g h t h e m an n e r a n d e x
,

t e nt o f a d v e rtisin g w ill al w ays b e c o ntr o ll e d by l e g al r e qui r e m e nts in t h e

cas e o f p ubli c c o ntract .

In wo rk w h e r e o nly l o cal c o m p e titi o n i s d e sir e d t h e l o cal p a pe r ,

havin g t h e w i d e st ci rculati o n a m o n g t h e p a rticular class o f c o ntract o rs

d e si r e d sh o ul d b e s e l e ct e d
, .In w o rks o f any m a g nitu d e e s p e cially ,

w h e n p r o p o s e d f o r s m all citi e s a d v e rti s e m e nts sh o ul d b e ins e rt e d i n

,

t h e e n g in ee rin g a n d c o ntractin g p a p e rs o f t h e c o untry havin g w i de ci r ,

culati o n a m o n g t h e c o ntract o rs wh o m it i s d e si rabl e t o r e ach .

O n acc o unt o f t h e e x p e n s e s o f a d v e rti sin g an a d v e rti s e m e n t i s ,

.

u sually c o n fi n e d t o o nly such g e n e ral in f o r m ati o n as w ill e nabl e a co n

tract o r t o de t e r m in e wh e th e r o r n o t h e d e si r e s t o —u n de rtak e t h e wo rk .

E n g in e e rs in char g e o f l ar g e w o rks e ith e r p ublic o r p rivat e , ,

usually s e n d c o p i e s o f t h e a dve rtis e m e nt d i r e ctly t o all r e s po nsibl e

a n d d e si rabl e c o ntract o rs in o r d e r that t h e l e ttin g m a y b e br o u g ht d i

r e c t l y a n d qui ckly t o th e i r att e nti o n Fo r p ublic w o rk a list o f all

.

c o ntract o rs int e r e st e d i n t h e w o rk t o b e l et i s u sually k e p t o n fi le a n d

t h e a d v e rtis e m e nt i s s e nt t o all w h o hav e a pp li e d In l e ttin g p rivat e
.

wo rk it i s quit e u sual t o o m it t h e p ublic a d v e rti sin g e nti r e ly a n d c o n

fi n e t h e n o tic e s t o r e liabl e c o ntract o rs e s p e cially e qui pp e d w ith p lant
o r e x p e ri e nc e f o r t h e wo rk t o b e l e t Such a p ro c e du r e w o ul d b e e n
.

t i r e l y ill e g al f o r p ubli c w o rk as t h e a d v e rt i s e m e nt t h e p ubli c l e ttin g

, ,

a n d c e rtai n o th e r f o r m aliti e s a r e l e g al
p r o visi o ns m a de a n d n e c e ssa ry t o
g uar d a g ainst f rau d in p ubli c c o ntracts
.
.

1 2 9 N atu r e o f Ad v e rt i s em e n t —T h e a d v e rt i s e m e nt sh o ul d
.

cl e arly stat e w hat i s t o b e d o n e It sh o ul d e xp l ai n wh e r e wh e n b y

.
, ,
 N a t u re f A dv e r t i se m e n t l 87
'

wh o m f o r what p r o p o sals a r e t o b e r e c e iv e d
an d T h e a d v e rti s e m e nt
.

is int e n d e d t o call t h e att e nti o n o f int e r e st e d p arti e s t o t h e f a c t that

c e rtain w o rk is t o b e le t un de r c o ntract a n d sh o ul d i nclu de such in f o r
,

m ati o n c o nc e rnin g t h e e xt e nt a n d cha ract e r o f t h e w o rk t o b e do n e as

w ill all o w th e m t o j u d g e wh e th e r th e y w i sh t o e xa m i n e f urth e r int o
t h e m att e r w ith t h e int e nti o n o f bi d d in g o n t h e sa m e
,
.

T h e a d v e rti s e m e nt sh o ul d b e cl e ar a n d c o nci s e in its stat e m e nts .

T h e m att e r W hi ch it sh o ul d c o ntain w ill dep e n d s o m e what o n t h e char ~

a ct e r a n d e xt e nt o f t h e wo rk a n d w h e th e r t h e bi d de rs e x p e ct e d a r e
l o cal m e n o r m e n f r o m d i stant citi e s .

T h e a d v e rtis e m e nt sh o ul d b e p ublish e d n o t o nly in t h e usual w ay ,

but sh o ul d b e p ri nt e d o n sli p s a n d attach e d t o t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns o r b e

p rint e d o n t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns so that all w h o s e cur e th e m w ill als o se
,

cur e a c o p y o f t h e a d v e rti s e m e nt as it sh o ul d f o r m a p a rt o f t h e c o m
,

l t d a rs B i d d e rs o n w o rk hav e c e rtain m o ral a n d l e g al ri g hts

p e e p p e .
.

which a r e t o an e xt e nt e stablish e d by t h e a d v e rti s e m e nt .

Th e a d v e rti s e m e nt sh o u l d n o t b e p ubli sh e d until t h e w o rk has

b e e n dul y auth o riz e d t h e p r e li m inary inv e sti g ati o ns m a d e t h e de si g n
, , ,

c o ntract an d sp ec ifi c a t io n s c o m p l e t e d a n d t h e fi nancial arran g e m e nts

,
'

m a d e a n d t h e p e r f o r m anc e o n t h e p art o f t h e o w n e r o r p ublic assu r e d

,
.

Munici p aliti e s a n d p rivat e p arti e s hav e n o t b e e n alt o g e th e r scru pul o us ,

i n c o ns e rvin g t h e ri g hts o f bi dd e rs So m e ti m e s a d v e rtis e m e nts hav e

.

b e e n i ssu e d which hav e caus e d c o ntract o rs t o g o t o c o nsi d e rabl e e x

p e ns e in th e i r p r e p arati o ns f o r bi d d in g o nly t o fi n d a f t e r such e x
,

p e ns e s hav e b e e n i ncu rr e d that t h e l e ttin g has b e e n aban do n e d o n a c

,

c o unt o f un f o r e s e e n d i ffi culti e s o r f ailur e t o fi nanc e t h e p r o j e ct In .

o n e such cas e t w e nty six c o ntract o rs w e r e call e d f r o m all p arts o f t h e

-

U nit e d Stat e s t o o n e o f t h e stat e s w e st o f t h e Mi ss o uri f o r t h e p u r

p o s e o f bi dd i ng o n a lar g e m unici pal s e w e r c o ntract W h e n th ey ar .

riv e d th e y f o un d that a h e l e cti o n wa s t o b e h e l d o n t h e da y that bi d s

w e r e t o b e r e c e iv e d t o d e t e r m in e w h e th e r o r n o t t h e city sh o ul d i ssu e
bo n d s f o r t h e p r o p o s e d i m p r o v e m e nt s B i d s w e r e t o b e de po sit e d by
.

f o u r o cl o ck a n d t h e r e sult o f t h e e l e cti o n c o ul d n o t b e kn o w n u ntil lat e

’
.

i n t h e e v e nin g T h e b o n d s f ail e d t o carry by a v o t e o f t wo t o o n e

. .

E v e n un d e r th e s e ci rcu m stanc e s t h e m a y o r p r o p o s e d to o pe n bi d s t o
“

se e h o w t h e bi d s c o m ar e d w ith t h e e n g in e e r s e sti m at e H
’ ”

p e w as .

p r e v e nt e d o nly by str e nu o us o bj e cti o n o n th e p art o f a nu m b e r o f t h e

c o ntract o rs So m e o f t h e c o ntract o rs h a d c o m e f ro m p o ints as di s
.

tant as W ashin g t o n D C a n d t h e av e ra g e e x p ens e w a s p r o bably

,
. .
,

a t l e ast $ 00 unici
5 .T h e m p ity by its inc o nsi d e rat e acti o n o ccasi o n e d
a l ,
 | 88 A dv e r t is i n g an d Le t t in g Co n t r a c t

a n e e d l e ss e x pe n s e o f ab o ut t o t h e c o ntract o rs wh o h a d b ee n
a sk e d t o b i d o n t h e wo rk W h e th e r o r n o t th e r e wa s any l e gal r e
.

c o u rs e m ay b e qu e sti o n e d but t h e d i ffi culti e s a n d e x p e ns e inv o lv e d in

,

l e g al p r o c e e d in g s w e re so g r e at that n o att e m p t w a s m a de t o s e cu r e
l e g al r e d r e ss T h e m o ral iniquity inv o lv e d in such a p r o c e du r e n e e d s
.

n o c o m m e nt ; it p r o b abl y r e sult e d m o r e f r o m th o u g htl e ssn e ss than

f r o m a n y vi ci o u s int e nt but t h e r e sult w a s t h e sa m e
, Such o cc u r .

r e n ee s a r e n o t alt o ge th e r unusual Th e e n g in e e r in charg e o f t h e w o rk

.

i s c o m m o nly bla m e d w h e n such a c o n d iti o n r e sults an d h e sh o ul d en .

d ea vo r t o p r e v e nt th e i r o ccurr e nc e b o th f r o m his a pp r e ciati o n o f f ai r

,

p lay a n d f o r t h e sak e o f his r e p utati o n .

1 3 0 An al y s i s o f Ad ve r t i se m e n t — O n a ny w o rk w h e r e b i d d e r s
.

a r e e x p e ct e d t o c o m e f r o m a c o nsi d e rabl e d istanc e t h e a d v e rti s e m e nt ,

f o r p r o po sals sh o ul d c o ntain t h e f o ll o w in g i n f o r m ati o n :

Ou t l i n e o f Adver t is e m e n t
1 . B y wh o m
bi d s w ill b e r e c e iv e d .

2 W h e r e r e c e iv e d
. .

3 Wh e n r e c e iv e d
. .

4 N atu r e o f w o rk o r m at e rial t o b e f u rni sh e d

. .

5 L o cati o n o f w o rk
. .

6 Am o unt o f w o rk o r m at e rial t o b e f u rn ish e d

. .

7 W h e n c o ntract i s t o b e b e g un a n d w he n fi ni sh e d
. .

8 W h e r e p lans m a y b e s e e n o r o btain e d
. .

9 W h e r e s p e ci fi cati o ns m a y b e s e e n o r o btain e d
. .

1 0 What s e cu rity w ill b e r e quir e d w ith p r o p o sal

.
( If r e si de nt .

b o n d s m e n a r e r e qui r e d it sh o ul d b e stat e d )
, .

1 1 What b o n d w ill b e r e qui r ed w ith c o ntract ( If r e si de nt b o n d s

. .

m en a r e r e quir e d it sh o ul d b e stat e d )
, .

1 2 Wh e n p r o p o sals w ill b e o p e n e d
. .

1 3 W h e n c o ntract w ill b e a w ar d e d
. .

14 O th e r in f o r m ati o n o f int e r e st o r i m po rtanc e t o n o nr e si d e nt

.

bi dde rs .

1 5 F r o m wh o m g e n e ral in f o rm ati o n m a y b e o btain e d

. .

16 R e s e rvati o n o f ri g hts t o r e j e ct any o r all bi d s o r t o w aiv e i n

.
,

f o rm a lt i e s .

1 7 . O ffi cial
si g natur e s o f o ffi c e rs l ettin g w o rk o r r e c e ivin g bi d s .

Th e s e m att e rs w ill b e d i scuss e d i n d e tail un de r t h e h e a d in g 1 h

s t r u c ti o n t o B id d er s o f w hich th e y a r e a
p a rt o r t o w hich th e y a r e
'

us u all y a ppe n de d .
1 90 A dv e r t i s i n g an d L e t t i n g C o n t ra c t

an int e lli g e nt p r o p o sal Th e ti m e n e c e ssary w i ll d e p e n d o n t h e ac

.

c e ssi b il it y o f t h e w o rk a n d o n its charact e r a n d e xt e nt T h e bi dd e rs .

m ust hav e su ffi ci e nt ti m e t o e xa m in e t h e n e c e ssary d ata a n d t o s e cur e

in f o r m ati o n c o nc e rni n g p ric e s o f m at e rial an d lab o r a n d t o m ak e such
p r e li m ina ry stu d i e s o f t h e m e th o d s a n d p lant n e e de d i n t h e c o nstru e
ti o n a n d f o r such fi nancial arran g e m e nt ca p ital b o n d e t c as c o n d i
, , , , .
,

ti o n s m a y r e qui r e Th e r e i s usually a t e n de ncy o n t h e p art o f t h e o f

.

fi c i a l s o f m unici p ali t i e s a n d p rivat e c o m p ani e s t o un d uly sh o rt e n

t h e ti m e all o w e d f o r th e s e p ur p o s e s but t h e e n g in e e r m ust i m p r e ss
,

u po n hi s cli e nt o r e m p l o y e r t h e d isa d vanta g e s o f such a c o urs e U n .

l e ss a m p l e ti m e is g iv e n t o de t e r m in e all o f t h e f act o rs which w ill a f

f e c t t h e c o st o f t h e p r o p o s e d c o nstructi o n t h e do ubt a n d t h e u n c e r ,

t a in t i e s inv o lv e d w ill incr e as e t h e p ric e s b i d a n d t h e c o st o f t h e

p r o p o s e d w o rk E v e ry unc e rtainty l e a d s t o t h e sa m e r e sult a n d it

.
,

i s j ust as i m p o rtant t o all o w p r o pe r ti m e fo r t h e e xa m inati o n by co n

t ract o rs as t o p r o vi de p lans a n d s pe ci fi cati o ns w hich a r e cl e ar a n d e x
pl ic it .

33
1 . F o rm of — T h e p r O p o sa l m a y e i th e r b e a p ri nt e d
P r 0p o sa l .

f o r m o r it m a y b e l e f t f o r t h e bi d d e r t o m ak e o u t in t h e f o r m o f a w rit
t e n c o m m unicati o n It w ill d e p e n d o n t h e a m o unt a n d charact e r o f
.

t h e wo rk as t o which i s p r e f e rabl e Wh e n t h e w o rk i s si m p l e a n d t h e
.

"
b i d i s a lu m p su m f o r t h e e nti r e w o rk a s p e cial f o r m i s n o t e ss e ntial
,

a l th o u g h e v e n th e n it a dd s g r e atly t o t h e f acility w ith w hich bi d s m a y

b e e xa m in e d a n d c o m p ar e d W h e n th e r e a r e a nu m b e r o f it em s f o r
.

w hich p r o po sals ar e d e si r e d a f o r m f o r t h e p r o p o sal b e c o m e s e ss e n

,

tial in o r de r t o assur e a f ai r c o m paris o n Such a f o r m p r o pe rly p r e .

p a r e d insu r e s uni f o r m it in t h e bi d s sub m itt e d so that t h e v m a v b e d i

y

r e c t l y c o m ar e d o n t h e basis o f
p p ric e as such f o r m s a r e usually so
,

m a d e that t h e bi dd e r has o nly t o fi ll o u t t h e blanks l e f t f o r p ric e s in

stat e m e nts w hich hav e b e e n f ra m e d by t h e e n g in e e r a n d w hich co r ,

r e s p o n d with t h e t e r m s us e d i n t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns All unalt e r e d bi d s .

can h e nc e b e r e a d ily c o m par e d an d it i s usuall y p r o vi d e d that such

,

f o r m s m ust b e us e d unalt e r e d a n d that chan g e s m o d i fi cati o ns o r a d ,

d it i o n s w ill caus e t h e b i d t o b e r e j e ct e d W h e r e wo rk is o f a n a .

tu r e that such f o r m is p o ssibl e t h e qu e sti o n o f p ric e o nly r e m ains t o

b e d e ci d e d at l e ast a m o n g bi d de rs o f e qual r e s po nsibilit y
,
U n de r .

c o n di ti o ns w h e r e d i ff e r e nt m achin e ry o r su p pli e s a r e t o b e f urnish e d

t h e d i ff e r e nc e in p ric e b id d o e s n o t f u rni sh such an o bvi o us m e an s o f

c o m p aris o n as quality a n d d e tail be c o m e i m po rtant a n d th e s e t o g e th e r

, , ,

w ith e x p e ri e nc e r e s p o nsibility a n d p ric e s b i d m u st b e c o nsi d e r e d a n d

, , ,
 Fo rm o f Pro p o sa l 19 ]

a de cisi o n r e ach e d w hich m ust de p e n d o n t h e j u d g m ent o f t h e o ffi cials

l e ttin g t h e w o rk .

T h e blank f o r m o f p r o p o sal i s s o m e ti m e s b o un d w ith t h e sp e c ifi

cati o ns a n d i s s o m e ti m e s a s e parat e instru m e nt In t h e latt e r cas e it
'

sh o ul d r e f er t o t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns as fi l e d at t h e p lac e m e nti o n e d in t h e

a d v e rtis e m e nt .

Ce rtain d e clarati o ns that

( )
a T h e bi“
dd e r has car e f u l ly e xa m in e d t h e l o cati o n p lan s an d ,

s p e ci fi cati o ns
”
an d
“

( )
b T h e b
“
i d has b e e n m a d e w ith o ut c o llusi o n o r f r a u d a re ,

c o m m o nly e m b o d i e d in t h e f o r m o f p r o p o sal Th e y hav e littl e l e g al .

s i g ni fi canc e but s e rv e o nly as a w arnin g

,
.

Claus e s c o ve rin g t h e f o ll o w in g m att e rs sh o ul d als o b e inclu d e d :

( )
c T h e a g r e e d d at e o f b e g innin g a n d c o m p l e ti o n .

( )
d S tatin g t h e cha ract e r a n d a m o unt o f s e cu ri t sub m itt e d w ith y

t h e b i d a n d a g r e e in g t o f o r f e it t h e sa m e i f t h e b i d i s acc e p t e d a n d t h e
bi d de r f ails t o e nt e r t h e c o ntract as a g r e e d .

A n a g r ee m e nt t o f u rni sh s e curity a n d a stat e m e nt as t o t h e

( )
6

charact e r o f t h e sa m e .

( f) T h e na m e s o f subc o ntract o rs w h e n p arts o f t h e w o rk a r e t o,

b e subl e t t o o th e r c o nt ract o rs o r m anu f actur e rs a n d fi nall y ,

(g ) T h e si g natur e o f p rinci p als th e ir p lac e o f busin e ss a n d th e

,

S i g natur e o f w itn e ss e s o r an ackn ow l e d g m e nt i f r e qui r e d .

T h e f o ll o w in g e xa m p l e s w ill sh o w t h e u sual f e atu r e s o f th e s e

f o rm s
“

E x a m pl e A .

PR O P O SAL

TO T H E B O A RDA R K C O M M ISSIO N ER S OF T H E C IT Y o r B O S T O N FO R
or P

B U I L D I N G A B U T M E N T S A N D W I N G W A L L S FOR A B R I DG E A l woo n ’ ‘
-

I S L A N D P A R K E A S T B OS T O N , .

Th e n d e rs i gn e d h r by d c l ar t h at —h h
u e e car e f u lly xa m i n d t h
e e e a e e e

ann ex d f r m f c ntract d s p c i ficat i ns

e o o o d w ill p r o v i d e a ll n c s ar y
an e o , an e e s

m achi n e r y t l s , p p aratu
oo d ,t h r m ans f o co nstruct i n
a s, an o ed d o a ll e r o , an

t h e wo r k an d f rn i s h a ll t h
, m at e r i a l s ca ll e d f o by sa i d c ntract
u e d sp ci r o an e

fi c tio
a ns i n t h e m ann e r p r scr ib d by t h c ntract d t h s p c i ficat i ns
e e e o an e e o ,

an d th r qu i r m nts und e r t h m o f t h E ng i n e r f t h s m f
e e e e e e e , or e u o

Acc an y i ng t hi s p r p o sa l i s a ce rt i fi d c h ec k f t h e m o f o t h
om p o e or su ne ou

san d d ll ars as ca ll d f i n t h e f r e g i ng a d v rt i s e m e nt
o , e or o o e .

N m m b r o f t h e C i t y C o unc il
O e e d p rs n i n an y o ffic ,
em p loy
an no e o e or

m e nt o f t h e C i t y o f B o st o n i s d i r ct ly i n d i r ect ly i nt e r e st e d i n t hi s p
, e or ro
192 A dv e r t i s i n g an d L et t i n g C o n t ra c t

po sa l o i n y c ntract whi c h m a y b e m a d un d e r i t o i n xp ec te d p r o fit
r an o e , r e s

t o ar s e t h r f r m ;
i e d t hi s p r p o sa l i s m a d e i n g o d f a i t h w i t h ut c o l l u
e o an o o , o

si n o co nn e ct i n w i t h an y o t h r p rs n bi d d i ng f o t h sa m wo r k
or o e e o r e e .

Na m e
A d d r e ss

E r a m p1e B
. .

P R O P O SAL

Ma d by e r s i d i ng i n ( d at ) e e

d h e r e by d c l ar e t h at
o e th o n ly p rs n i nt e r st e d e e o e

i n t hi s p r o po sa l d t h at n o ,t h r p rs o n t h an t h e p e rs on h r i n na m ed
an o e e e e ,

h as y i nt r st i n t h i s p r p o a l
an e e i n t h c o ntract p r o p o s ed t b e tak e n ;
o s , or e o

t h at i t i s m a d w i t h o t an y c nn ct i o n w i t h an y o t h e r p rs n o p rs o ns
e u o e e o r e

m a ki ng p r o p sa l s f t h e sa m
o w r k a d t h at i t i s i n a ll r e s p cts f a i r
or e d o , n e an

w i t h o ut co ll s i n u f rau d o or .

A d n f urt h e r d c l ar e t h at h ave care f u lly xa m i n d t h e p r o po s d

e e e e

l cat i n f sa i d w r k
o o o d th ann exe d s p e c i ficat i o n a d f o r m o f contract
o , an e n ,

p l ans n o w fi l in th C i t y Eng i n r s ffic e d t h at w ill o

’
an d th e on e e ee O , an c n

tract t d t h e w o r k d f urn i h t h e m at r i a l ca ll d f by t h ann exe d n o t i ce

o o an s e e or e

to C ntract rs d t h ann x d c ntra t d sp c i ficat i ns i n t h m ann r d

o o , an e e e o c an e o e e an

on th co n d i t i ons r e qu i r e d u p o n t h e f o ll wi ng t r m s
e , o e

In Fr o m To

Oa k Str ee t Watc h Fac y S we r ’

e Ma i n Str t ee

Ma i n Str ee t Oa k Str e t e G r o v e Str t ee

G r o v e Str e t e Ma i n Str e t e F i rst Str t ee

G r v e Str t
o ee F i rst Str e t e S c n d Str ee t
e o

G r o ve Str e t e S co n d Str t
e ee Thi r d Stre t e

G r v Str e e t
o e . s Thi r d Str ee t F ourt h Str t ee

G r v e Str e e t
o F ourt h Str t ee K i s h wa k e St u e

Ma i n Str ee t G r ov e Str e e t S o ut h , E d o f Lat e ra l

n .

F i rst Str e t e G r o v e Str e t N o rt h e , E d f Lat ra l

n o e

F i rst Str ee t G r ov e Str ee t S o ut h ,

E d o f Lat e ra l
n

S e c on d Str e t e G r ve Str ee t N o rt h
o , E n d f Lat e ra l
o

S e co n d Str t ee G r ov Str ee t S ut h
e , o E d f Lat ra l
n o e

Thi rd Str ee t Gr v oStre e t N o rt h

e ,
E d o f Lat e ra l
n

Thi r d Str t ee G r v e Str e t S o ut h

o e ,
E d f Lat ra l
n o e

F ourt h Stre t e G r o v e Str e e t N rt h , o Oa k Stree t

F rt h Str e t
ou e G r v e Str e t S o ut h
o e , E d f Lat ra l
n o e

Oa k Str e t e F urt h Stre e t

o E d o f La t ra l
n e

K i s h w au k e Str e t e e Gr v oStr e t N o rt h
e e ,
E d o f Lat ra l
n e

K i s h wa k Str e e t
u ee G r ov Str e t S o t h
e e , u E d f Lat ra l
n o e
 1 94 A dv e r t is i n g an d Le t t i n g C o n t ra c t

T he instructi o ns are usually arran g e d i n ab o ut t he fo o w ll in g or

A G e n e ral
. n o tic e incl u din g ti m e o f r e c e ivin g bi d s an d g e n e ral
,

cha ract e r o f t h e wo rk .

B Ho w s e al e d a n d t o w h o m d e liv e r e d
.
,

C F o r m aliti e s r e quir e d in p r o p o sals

. .

D Mann e r o f statin g p ric e s

. .

E E sti m at e s
. .

F Wh e r e in f o r m ati o n can b e o btain e d

. .

G R e s e rvati o n t o alt e r a m o unts o f wo rk

. .

H R e s e rvati o n as t o a m o unt o f w o rk l e t un de r sin g l e c o ntract

. .

1. R e s e rvati o ns as t o ti m e o f be gi nnin g a n d c o m p l e ti o n .

1. R e as o ns f o r r e j e cti o n o f bi d s .

K Se curity t o b e r e quir e d w ith b id a n d w ith c o ntract

. .

S e curity w ith c o ntract .

M M isc e llan e o u s r e qui r e m e nts

. .

1 35 D et ai l s o f I n s t ru c t i on s
. .

A G e n e r a l N o t i c e— R e ce ivi n g B ids
.
,
etc .

( )a Se al e d bi d sab f o r t h e w o rk
o v e na m e d e n d o rs e d w ith t h e ,

titl e a n d als o w ith t h e na m e o f t h e p e rs o n o r p e rs o n s

m akin g t h e sa m e w ill b e r e c e iv e d at t h e o ffi c e o f
,
until
at o cl o ck
’
M at which ti m e t h e bi d s w ill b e o p e n e d by t h e
.
,

a n d p ublicly r e a d a f t e r w hich t h e c o ntract w ill b e

,

a war d e d .

Fo r t h e last claus e i n t h e ab o v e o n e o f t h e f o ll o w in g i s s o m e ti m e s
,

substitut e d
( b ) Af t e r whi ch t h e bi d s w ill b e r e f e rr e d t o t h e e n g in ee r ( o r
‘

o th e r o ffi c e r ) f o r r e c o m m e n d ati o ns
”
.

“
( c ) T h e c o ntract w ill p r o bably b e l e t at t h e r e g ular ( o r s pe cial )
m e etin g o f t h e on at o cl o ck M ’
.
”

( d ) Af t e r w hich t h e bi d s w ill b e c o nsi d e r e d a n d t h e a w ar d m a de

“

as e arly as p racticabl e .

B P r o po sa l s— H o w S eal e d a n d t o Wh o m D eli ve r e d .

( a ) P r o po sals m ust b e incl o s e d in a s e al e d e nv e l o p e a n d a d

.

d r e ss e d t o an d f urth e r i n d o rs e d w ith t h e titl e

b
( ) E ach b i d m u st b e incl o s e d in a s e al e d e nv e l o p e a n d de liv ,

e red to th e a n d in t h e p r e s e nc e o f t h e p e rs o n o ff e rin g

t h e b i d, it w ill b e d e po sit e d i n a s e al e d b o x p r o vi de d f o r that p u r po s e .

 I n s t r u c t io n s to B idde r s l 95

C . F o r m a l i t i es R e q u i re d i n P r o po sa ls .

( )
a N . B . B i d de r s a r e w arn e d
that all bi d s w hich a re d e fi ci e nt

i n e ith e r o f t h e f o ll o w in g r e quir e m e nts m a y b e r e j e ct e d as in f o r m al ,

.
”

( F o r m a lit ie s a do pt e d a r e h e r e a d de d ) .

( b ) No bi d s w ill b e r e c e iv e d i f d e tach e d f r o m t h e p acka g e in

“

which it is b o un d ; n o r m ust any o f t h e acc o m p anyin g p a p e rs b e d e

t a ch e d th e r e f r o m but t h e e nti r e p acka g e m ust b e u nbr o k e n a n d in
,

go o d o r d e r wh e n t h e b id is de po sit e d .
”

( c ) Th e bi d s m ust c o n f o rm t o t h e p rint e d f o r m s in o r d e r that ,

a f ai r c o m p aris o n m ay b e m a de o f all An y de viati o n f r o m sai d .

f o r m s by o m issi o n o f p ric e s o r t h e ins e rti o n o f w ritt e n a d d iti o ns by

,

t h e bi d de rs w ill invali d at e t h e b i d
,
Such a dd iti o n w ill e nsur e t h e t e
.

j e c t i o n o f t h e bi d s A l l bi
. d s m ust b e f ull in e v e ry p a r ticular .
”

( d ) T h e bi d s m ust b e m a de u po n b la n k s f u rn i sh e d by t h e
o r th e ir a u th o riz e d e n g in e e rs
”
.

( e ) No chan g e w ill b e m a de i n t h e f o r m o f t h e bi d s n o r m ust

“

any a dd iti o nal m o di fi cati o ns o r any f o r m o f s pe ci fi cati o n b e ann e x e d .

( f ) E ach bi dd e r m ust S i g n t h e p lans u po n which his b id is bas e d

“
,

in t h e o ffi c e o f t h e city e n g in e e r a n d t h e d at e o f such signin g m u st

,

p r e c e d e t h e d at e o f Op e nin g t h e bi d s
”
.

( g ) W h e n a fi rm is a bi dd e r t h e m e m b e r o f t h e fi r m wh o si g ns
“

t h e fi r m na m e t o t h e p r o p o sal sh o ul d stat e i n a d d iti o n t h e na m e o f all , ,

in d ivi d uals c o m po sin g t h e fi r m .

( h ) Each bi d d e r i s r e qui r e d t o stat e in hi s p r o po sal his na m e

“

a n d p lac e o f r e si de nc e ; t h e na m e s o f all p arti e s int e r e st e d w ith h i m ;

a n d i f n o o th e r p e rs o n b e so int e r e st e d h e shall d i stinctly stat e t h e ,

f act ; als o that it is m a de w ith o ut c o nn e cti o n w ith any o th e r p e rs o n

m akin g any p r o p o sal f o r t h e ab o v e w o rk ; an d that it i s in all r e s p e cts
f ai r a n d w ith o ut c o llusi o n o r f rau d
”
.
,

i
( )
“
I f any bi d d e r w ish e s t o w ith d ra w hi s r
p p o o sal h e m a y d o s o

be f o r e t h e ti m e fi x e d f o r t h e o pe nin g by m e nti o nin g hi s p u rp o s e t o ,

a n d w h e n his p r o p o sal i s r e ach e d it w ill b e r e tu rn e d ,

fi n rea d .

(j ) P e r m issi o n w ill not be g i ve n f o r t h e w ith d ra w al of any pro

D . M a n n er of S t a ti n g P r i c es .

(a) T h e p ric e s m ust b e w ritt e n in t h e b i d a n d als o stat e d in

fig ur e s ; a n d all p r o po sals w ill b e c o nsi de r e d as in f o r m al w hich a r e n o t
in c o n fo r m ity w ith this n o tic e .
1 96 A dv e rt i s i n g an d Le t t i n g Co n t ra c t

(b) B i d d e rs w i ll
stat e t h e p r o po s e d p ric e f o r e ach s eparat e
it e m o f t h e w o rk by w hich t h e bi d s w il l b e c o m par e d Th e s e p ric e s
,
.

a r e t o c o v e r all t h e e x p e ns e s i nci d e ntal t o t h e c o m p l e ti o n o f t h e wo rk ,

i n f ull c o n f o r m it y with t h e s pe ci fi cati o ns .

”

( c ) Th e s e p ric e s a r e t o c o v e r all t h e e x p e ns e s o f f urni shin g m a

“

t e r i a l o th e r than that S p e ci fi e d t o b e f urni sh e d by t h e city a n d all t o o ls ,

a n d lab o r i n c o m p l e ti n g t h e wo rk a f o r e sai d i n c o n f o r m it y t o t h e c o n
,

tract an d s p e ci fi cati o ns p r e par e d by t h e sa m e .

”

E . Es ti m a t e .

(a) n g in e e r s e sti m at e o f wo rk a n d m at e rial by which t h e

The e
’

bi d s w ill b e c o m p ar e d i s as f o ll o w s [T h e e sti m at e d quantiti e s o f m a

t e r i a l t o b e u s e d a n d wo rk t o b e d o n e sh o ul d f o ll o w h e r e ]

F Wh er e
. I n f o r m at i o n Ca n B e Ob ta i n e d .

(a ) B i dd e rs m ust g e t th e i r in f o r m ati o n
as t o t h e l o cal c o n diti o ns
o f tra d e , a m o u nt o f g r o un d wat e r
lab o r , charact e r o f t h e s o il p r o babl e , ,

r o ck e t c f r o m pe rs o nal inqui ry u p o n t h e g r o un d Such data w ill

,
.
, .

n o t b e g iv e n at thi s o ffi c e e xc e p t that t h e r e c o r d s as t o a n y sub c o n -

structi o n e t c o f which it has kn o w l e d g e w ill b e f r ee ly sh o w n

, .
, , .
”

( b ) O n acc o unt o f t h e charact e r o f t h e w o rk t h e ab o v e m e n

“
,

t io n e d quantiti e s cann o t b e e sti m at e d i n a dvanc e w ith accuracy ; th e r e ,

f o r e bi dde rs a r e r e qui r e d t o sub m it th e i r bi d s u p o n t h e f o ll o w in g e x

p r e ss e d c o n d iti o n s w hich shall a pply t o a n d b e c o m e a p art o f e v e ry
b i d viz : That bi dde rs hav e satis fi e d th e m s e lv e s by p e rs o nal e xa m ina
, .

ti o n o f t h e l o cati o n o f t h e p r o po s e d wo rk a n d by such o th e r m e ans as

th ey m a y e l ect as t o t h e accu racy o f t h e f o r e g o in g e sti m at e o f t h e en
,

g i n e e r a n d that th e y w ill n o t at any ti m e a f t e r t h e sub m issi o n o f t h e

,

b i d di s p ut e o r c o m p lain o f such stat e m e nts o f t h e e n g in e e r ; n o r as

,

s e rt that th e r e wa s any m i sun d e rstan din g in r e g ar d t o t h e natur e o r ,

a m o unt o f t h e wo rk t o b e do n e .
”

G R es e r va t i o n s o f R ig h t s t o Al t er Am o u n t o f Wo r k e t c
.
, .

“
( a ) T h e ri g ht i s r e s e rv e d t o incr e as e o r d i m inish in quantity as
m a y b e n e c e ssary in t h e j u d g m e nt o f t h e t h e variati o n
f r o m t h e e sti m at e h o w e v e r n o t t o e xc e e d t e n p e r c e nt
, , .
”

H R es er va t i o n s
. as to Am o u n t o f Wo r k L e t i n O n e Co n t r a ct

(a) r e s e rv e s t h e ri g ht t o l e t t h e w o rk as a wh o l e o r
The
i n p arts Co ntract o rs w ill stat e i n th e i r bi d s t h e l e ast an d g r eat e st
.

a m o unts o f w o rk f o r w hich th e i r bi d s a r e m a de .
 l 98 A dv e r t i si n g an d Le t t in g Co n t ra c t

a f t e r an a w ar d t o h im it i s d e sirabl e t o r e qui r e h im t o m ak e a s p e ci fi c
,

stat em e nt i n t h e p ro p o sal that in cas e t h e a w ar d i s m a de t o h im a n d h e

f ails t o e nt e r t h e c o ntract w ithin a s p e ci fi e d ti me h e shall f o r f e it t h e ,

a m o unt d ep o sit e d ( as a c e rti fi e d ch e ck o r b o n d ) as liqui dat e d d a m a g e s

f o r such f ailur e If t h e instructi o ns si m p ly r e qui r e a ch e ck f o r a stat e d
.

a m o unt t o acc o m p any t h e b i d such de p o si t m a y b e r e g ar de d as a pe n

,

alty w hich can b e r e tain e d o nly t o t h e e xt e nt o f t h e actual d a m a g e s

sustain e d an d p r o v e d i n a c o u rt o f l a w .
2

S uch d e po sits m a y b e r e qui r e d by l a w a n d ev e n wh e n n o t so re ,

qui r e d a r e a r eas o nabl e r e qui r e m e nt which m ay b e i m po s e d i f d e sir e d

by t h e parti e s l e ttin g t h e w o rk Such r equi r e m e nt i s e s p e cially de
.

si rabl e w h e n wo rk is a dv e rti s e d a n d t h e c o ntract o rs wh o b id m a y o r

m a y n o t b e r e s p o nsibl e .

T o m ak e such a f o r f e it u r e l e g ally vali d t h e acc e p tanc e o f t h e o ff e r ,

m ust b e i de ntical w ith t h e o ff e r a n d n o c o n d iti o ns m o r e bu r d e ns o m e

than th o s e o n w hich t h e o ff e r w a s bas e d can b e i m p o s e d I n t h e n e .

g o t i at io n s o f a p rivat e c o m p any w ith s e l e ct e d r e s po nsibl e c o ntract o rs

o r m anu f actur e rs f o r a c o ntract f o r w o rk m at e rial o r m achin e ry an d , ,

e s p e cially wh e r e t h e l e ttin g i s i n f o r m al such a dep o sit i s n o t usually ,

c o nsi de r e d n e c e ssary a n d i s s e l do m r e qui r e d .

In fi xin g t h e a m o unt o f s e curity r e qui r e d w ith t h e p ro po sal du e ,

c o nsi d e rati o n sh o ul d b e g iv e n n o t t o i m po s e un du e har d shi p s o n b i d

d e rs .
3
So m e ti m e s t h e a m o unt n e c e ssary i s fi x e d by l a w as a g iv e n
p e rc e nta g e o f t h e t o tal a m o unt o f t h e p r o po s e d c o ntract So m e ti m e s .

such s e c u rity i s ti e d u p fo r a l o n g p e ri o d p e n d in g fi nal a war d ; and i f ,

t h e a m o unt i s lar g e it m a y s e ri o usly t i e u p t h e ca p ital o r r e s o urc e s o f

,

t h e bi dd e rs wh o m a y hav e a nu m b e r o f such p r o po sa l s o u t at on e ti m e .

F r o m t h e bi dde rs stan dp o int a b i d b o n d f ro m a s e cu rity c o m pany i s

,
“ ”

m o r e satis f act o ry I n g en e ral h o w e v e r t h e c e rti fi e d ch e ck i s m o r e

.
, ,

sa tis f act o ry t o t h e o w n e r as i n cas e o f f o r f e itur e i t i s m o r e r e a dily

c o ll e ctabl e w ith o ut liti g ati o n than a b o n d .

( a ) Se curity t o t h e a m o unt o f w ill b e r e quir e d with e ach

“

p r o p o sa L
(b ) c e rti fi e d ch e ck f o r
A shall acc o m pany e ach b i d as
a g uarant e e that t h e bi d de r i f succ e ss f ul w ill e nt e r int o c o ntract f o r ,

t h e c o nstructi o n o f t h e w o rk w hich i f h e r e f us e s t o do w ill b e f o r

, ,

f e i t e d t o t h e city a s liqui dat e d d a m a g e s o n acc o unt o f such r e f usal ,

.
”

2 Wa i t Eng Arc h Jur i s p ru d nc

Se e , . . e e , se c . 1 68, an d Wa i t La w s an d Con
tracts s ecs 9 2 —9 7
,

.
, .

Ss c Eng N w s V o l 5 2 p 1 5 2
e . e , .
, . .
 I n s t r u c t io n s to Bi dde r s I 99

E ach b i d sti m at e shall b e acc o m p ani e d by a c e rt i fi e d

( ) c or e

ch e ck p ayab l e t o o r by t h e si g nin g in w ritin g o f t wo ,

f r ee h o l d e rs o f t h e city o f
-
w ith th e i r r e s p e ctiv e p lac e s o f b u si
n e ss o r r e si de nc e t o t h e e ff e ct that i f t h e c o ntract b e a w ar d e d t o t h e
,

p e rs o n m akin g t h e e sti m at e th e y w ill u p o n its b e in g s o a w ar d e d b e

,

c o m e b o un d as sur e ti e s f o f its f aith f ul p e r f o r m anc e a n d that i f h e ,

sh o ul d o m it o r r e f us e t o e x e cut e t h e sa m e w ithin d ays a f t e r

,

n o tic e that such c o ntract has b e e n a w ar d e d t o h i m th e y w ill p ay t h e ,

c o rp o rati o n any d i ff e r e nc e b e t we e n t h e su m t o w hich h e wo ul d b e en

titl e d u po n its c o m p l e ti o n an d that w hi ch t h e c o r po rati o n m i g ht b e
,

o bli g e d t o p a y t o t h e p e rs o n t o wh o m t h e c o ntract m a y b e a w ar de d at
,

any subs e qu e nt l e ttin g ; t h e a m o unt i n e ach cas e t o b e calculat e d u po n

t h e e sti m at e d a m o unt o f t h e w o rk by w hich t h e bi d s a r e c o m p ar e d .

Th e si g nin g ab o v e m e nti o n e d shall b e acc o m p ani e d by an o ath o r co n

fi r m a t i o n in w ritin g o f e ach o f t h e p e rs o ns si g nin g t h e sa m e that h e i s
a f r e eh o l d e r in t h e city o f a n d i s w o rth t h e a m o unt t h e se

c u r i t y r e qui r e d f o r t h e c o m pl e ti o n o f t h e c o ntract a n d stat e d i n t h e

p r o p o sal o v e r a n d ab o v e all his d e bts o f e v e ry natu r e ; that h e has o f

,

f e r e d hi m s e l f as sur e ty i n g o o d f aith a n d w ith t h e int e nti o n t o e x e cut e

,

t h e b o n d r e qui r e d by l a w i f t h e c o ntract shall b e a w ar d e d t o t h e p e r

,

s o n o r p e rs o ns f o r w h o m h e si g ns t o b e c o m e sur e ty T h e a de quacy .

a n d su ffi ci e ncy o f t h e s e cu rity o ff e r e d shall b e a pp r o v e d by t h e m ay o r

,

o f t h e city o f a f t e r t h e a war d is m a de a n d p ri o r t o t h e si g nin g o f

t h e c o ntract .

L . S e c u r i ty w i t h C o n t r a c t .

( ) a Se curity satis f act o ry

ay o r o f t h e city o f
to th e m an d

e qual t o o n e hal f t h e co n t r act p ri c e w ill b e r e quir e d w ith t h e c o ntract

’
-
.

( )
b T h
“
e p e rs o n o r p e rs o ns t o w h o m t h e c o ntract o r c o ntracts

m a y b e a war d e d w ill b e re qui r e d t o att e n d at this o ffi c e w ith t h e sur e

“

, ,

ti e s o ff e r e d by h i m o r th e m an d e x e cut e t h e c o ntract w ithin

,

d ays f r o m t h e dat e o f a w ar d ; a n d in cas e o f t h e f ailur e o r n e g l e ct so

t o d o h e o r th e y w ill b e c o nsi d e r e d as havin g aban do n e d it a n d is in
, ,

d e f ault t o t h e city o f a n d th e r e u p o n t h e w o rk w ill b e r e a dve r

t i se d a n d r e l e t a n d s o o n until t h e c o ntract b e acc e p t e d a n d e x e cut e d

”
.
,

M M is ce lla n e o u s
. R e q u ir e m e n t s .

O th e r p o ints t o whi ch t h e att e nti o n of th e c o ntract o r i s s o m e ti m e s

call e d a r e
att nti n bi rs is call s p ci fi cati o ns a n d
“
( ) a Th e
e o o f d d e e d t o t h e e

f o r m o f t h e c o ntract un de r w hich t h e w o rk i s t o b e d o n e ; a n d als o t o

t h e r e quir e m e nt s in r e g ar d t o s e curity
”
.
200 A dv e r t i s in g an d Le t t i n g C o n t ra c t

(b) B i dd e rs a re in f o r m e d that n o de viati o n f r o m th e s e sp e c i fica

ti o ns w ill b e all o w e d ,
unl e ss w ritt e n p e r m issi o n shall hav e b e e n o b
t a i n e d si g n e d by

( )
c A
“
c o p y o f t h e a d v e rtis e m e nt th e s e i nstructi o ns a n d t h e s p e ci
,

fi ca t io n s w ill b e attach e d t o t h e c o ntract a n d w ill f o r m a p a r t th e r e o f

”
.
,

( )
d P “
lans can b e s e en a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d f o r m o f t h e c o n
,

tract can b e o btain e d at t h e o ffi c e o f ,

o f t h e city o f
H

N . P la n s an d Spe ci fi ca ti o n s .

A c o py o f t h e p a m phl e t c o ntainin g instructi o ns t o bi d de rs f o r m ,

o f p p r o o sals f o r m " o f c o ntract g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns g e n e ral a n d d e

, ,

tail e d s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d c o ntract d ra w in g s w ill b e f u rni sh e d u p o n t h e

r e c e i p t o f a de po sit o f w hich d e p o si t w ill b e r e turn e d t o t h e
bi dde r u po n t h e r e tu rn o f t h e sai d p a m phl e t a n d c o ntract d ra win g s in ,

g o o d c o n d iti o n w ithin days a f t e r bi d s a r e o p e n e d .

O .
Qu a lifi ca t i o n s o f B i d der s .

No b i d w ill b e r e c e iv e d f r o m p arti e s wh o a r e n o t r e g ularly en

g a g e d in t h e kin d o f wo rk t o b e l e t T h e charact e r a n d ex p e ri e nc e o f
.

t h e bi dde r w ill r e c e iv e f ull a n d d e tail e d c o nsi de rati o n a n d h e m ust b e

abl e t o S h o w a fi nancial stan din g w hich w ill warrant t h e a w ar d o f co n

tract t o h im O th e r wis e hi s p r o p o sal w ill n o t b e c o nsi de r e d
. .

( a ) B i dde rs m ust acc o m p any th e ir p r o p o sal with sa m pl e s o f t h e

“

m at e rial p r o p o s e d t o b e us e d ; w hich sa m p l e s shall b e r e t ain e d by t h e

c i ty a n d all m at e rials f urnish e d by t h e c o ntract o rs shall b e e qual t o t h e
sa m p l e f urnish e d .
”

( )
b B i
“
d d e rs W i ll stat e bran d s o f m at e rial r
p p o o s e d a n d t h e m ak e

o f o th e r m at e rial which th e y int e n d t o u s e in t h e w o rk f o r which bi d s

a r e p r o po s e d
”
.

( c ) O th e r thin g s b e in g e qual p r e f e r e nc e w l l l b e g iv e n t o l o cal

“
,

lab o r a n d m at e rial .
”

i rs invit r s nt at e o p e nin g o f t h e bi d s
“
( )
d B dd e a r e e d t o b e p e e t h .

( )
e Th e ri g ht i s r e s e rv e d t o r e j e ct any o r all bi d s o r t o i g n o r e

any i rr e s po nsibl e bi dde r kn o w n t o b e s u ch ”

—
.

§ 39

1 6 R e.c e iv i n g a n d O p e n in g B i d s I n p ubli c l e tti n g s b i d s ,

sh o ul d b e r e c e iv e d u p t o a g iv e n h o u r a n d any bi d s w hich a r e o ff e r e d ,

a f t e r that h o u r sh o ul d b e ri g i dly e xclu de d Such a p r o visi o n m a y at .

fi rst s e e m arbitrary a n d unn e c e ssary but bi ds a re s o m eti m e s de lay e d ,

f o r f rau dul e nt p ur p o s e s If an e xt e nsi o n o f fi ve m inut e s is all o w e d

.
,
 202 A dv e r t is i n g an d Le t t in g Co n t r a c t

C .P o litics .

G ra f t .

F ri e n d sh i p .

R e ci p r o city .

s el e ctin g m at e rials su ppli e s , ,

f o ll o w in g f act o rs

D F ashi o n
. .

E App e aranc e
. .

Sy m m e try .

F inish .

s e l e ctin g m achin e ry t h e f o ll o w in g
F R ep utati o n
. .

O f Man u f act u r e r .

F inancial .

D ep e n dability .

Fo r Effi ci e ncy .

As a m achin e .

Ca p acity .

S a f e ty .

Si m p licity .

R e g ulati o n .

De si g n .

Acc e ssibility .

Ad j u stability .

Mat e rials .

D i m e nsi o ns .

Acc e ss o ri e s .

W o rk manshi p .

G D e liv e ry
. .

P r o m is e d .

D i stanc e o f shi p m e nt .

L IT ERA T URE
Bi d s f or Mun i c i p a l W o r k s . D i scuss i o n of va l u e of p u bli s h e d b id p r i ce s .

E di t o r i a l . E n g R ec Vo l 4 9, p 4 0
. 6 . . . .

Th e R i gh t t W i t h d ra w Err o n eo us B i d s Account o f Co urt ru li ng a ll o w

o .

i ng w i t h d raw a l En g N w s V o l 3 7 Ap r il 3 0 1 89 8
. . e , .
, , .

T h e A war d f a C o ntract f o Pu bli c W r k t o a H i g h B i d d e r

o C o urt a u r o .

th o ir zed C i t y o f N w Y o r k t o a w ar d c o ntr a ct t o b e st bi d d r
e Eng R ec V o l 5 4 e . . . .
,

p 37
. .
 Li t e ra t u r e

ar d i ng Pu bli c C o nt cts t H i g h B i d d rs Acco unt o f Court ru li ng t h at

Aw ra o e .

aw ar d t hi g h bi d d r w
o ill ga l En g R V l 5 4 p 4 1 9 e as e . . ec . o .
, . .

Th R j ct i n f a ll B i d s f Pu bli c W o r k O bj ct i ns t o t hi s p r oc ed r e
e e e o o or . e o u .

E d i t o r i a l En g R V o l 5 8 p 2 9
. . ec . .
,
. .

Th R qu i r m ents d Th o r y o f t h A d v rt i s m nt o N t i c t B i d d e rs
e e e an e e e e e r o e o

on C o ntracts f r P bli c W o r k s by J r m e C c h ran Eng N ws V l 6 6

o u , e o o . . e , o .
,

p . 306 .

I nstr ct i n t B i d d e rs C ntracts by J r m e C c h ran Eng N w s

u o s o on o , e o o . . e ,

Marc h 7 1 9 1 2 p p 4 3 4 a d 4 5 3
, , . n .

S curi t y f C o ntracts D s i ra bili t y f r e t a i n d p a y m nts E d i t o r i a l

e or . e o e e . .

Eng R e V o l 5 5 p 3 1 5
. c . .
, . .

Sur et y B o n d s f Th r C l ass s B i d Pr p sa l C ntra ct d Ma i nt nanc

o ee e , on o o , o an e e

B nd s o D i sc ss i o n f t h b n d s d f a i rn ss i n c ntracts by Fa i r D d d
.
-
u o e o an e o ,
o .

Eng Wo r l d V o l 4 p 4 01
.
, .
, . .

C nc e rn i ng C o ntract o rs S r e t y B n d s D iscuss i n o f f a il r e o f sur t y

o u o . o u e

c m p n y s b n d s t s rv p urp s e by A H M k w t Eng N e w s V l 7 1 ;
o a
’
o o e e o . . ar ar . .
, o .

p . 1 03 5 .

C ntract rs d Sur e t i e s Rec ent d ec i s i ns by U S S p r m e Co urt d

o o an . o . . u e an

obli gat i ns t h at m u st b ass m e d i n cas o f st o p p ag w r k by G eo A K i ng

o e u e e o , . . .

Eng R ec V o l 7 0 p 5 0
. . .
, . .

Lo w B i d d e r F r f i ts Sur t y Acc unt f co urt ru li ng at C l ev l an d O hi o

o e e . o o e , .

En g R e c V o l
. . . 70, p . 21 9 .
 C H AP T ER XIII

CO N T R ACT S

1 38 . O r d i nar y B u s i n e s s T ra n sact i o n s —Al m sto al l b u s i n e ss

transacti o ns inv o lv e c o ntracts e ith e r actual o r i m p li e d T h e m aj o rity
,
.

o f m in o r busin e ss transact i o ns a r e so de fi nit e a n d so quickly e x e cut e d

that n o w ritt e n m e m o ran da a r e e ith e r n e c e ssary o r de si rabl e .

A calls B a c o al m e rchant by t e l e ph o n e a n d inqui r e s t h e p ric e

, ,

o f har d c o al B r e pli e s $ 9 pe r t o n
. A a sks t o hav e t e n t o ns d e liv e r e d
. .

B d e liv e rs t h e c o al ; A s e n d s a ch e ck f o r $ 9 0 T h e transacti o n i s co m .

p l e t e ; an o ral e x p r e ss c o ntract has b e e n e nt e r e d i nt o a n d p e r f o r m e d ;

n o w ritin g wa s n e c e ssary

N e c e s s i t y o f W r itt e n A g r e e m e n t s —W h e n h o w e v e r t h e
.

1 39 .
, ,

transacti o ns b e c o m e at all c o m p licat e d a n d w h e r e m uch ti m e w ill

,

e la p s e pri o r t o o r b e fo r e fi nal p e r f o r m anc e t h e de tails o f t h e a g r e e m e nt

,

m a y b e c o m e in d istinct o r unc e rtain in t h e m in d s o f o n e o r b o th o f t h e

p arti e s unl e ss t h e S a m e a r e r e d uc e d t o w ritin g

,
.

W hil e an e x p r e ss c o ntract m ay b e e ith e r o ral o r w ritt en it i s ,

hi g hly de sirabl e that i f it i s n o t t o b e i m m e d iat ely p e r f o r m e d an d co m

l t e d it sh o ul d b e m a de in w ritin g i n o r de r that a r e c o r d o f t h e
p e ,

transacti o ns shall b e m a de b o th as a m e m o ran du m f o r t h e in f o r m a

ti o n o f t h e p arti e s th e m s e lv e s o r f o r th e i r a dm inistrat o rs in cas e o f
,

de ath .Thi s i s e s p e cially d e sirabl e wh e n e v e r t h e a g r e e m e nt i s o f m o

m e nt a n d e s p e cially w h e r e it is at all c o m p licat e d by g e n e ral o r t e ch
,

n i c a l s p e ci fi cati o ns o f any ki n d that m a y p o ssibly b e m is u n d e rst o o d ,

o v e rl o o k e d o r f o r g o tt e n b e f o r e its e x e cuti o n o r w h e r e o th e r g r o un d s
,

o f d is p ut e m a y p o ssibly aris e .

Th e habit o f m akin g all a g r ee m e nts o r d e rs a n d I nstructi o ns in

,

w ritin g w ill av o i d m uch c o n f usi o n m any m isun d e rstan din g s a n d p o s

,

sibl e liti g ati o n .

It i s n o t al w ays e ss e ntial t o p r ep ar e e lab o rat e c o ntracts T h e de .

g r e e o f d e tail w ith w hich th ey sh o ul d b e p r ep ar e d m ust d ep e n d lar g e ly

u p o n t h e natu r e o f t h e c o ntract a n d t h e o bj e ct f o r which th e y a r e w rit
ten . B ri e f c o ntracts w ith littl e o r n o d e tail a r e w arrant e d f o r ci rc u m
,

stanc e s un de r w hich c o m p e titi o n is li m it e d t o c o ntract o rs kn o wn t o b e

r e s p o nsibl e a n d e x p e ri e nc e d a n d wh o s e m at e rial wo rk o r m achin e ry
, ,

can b e tak e n o n th e i r m e rit w ith f e w qu e sti o ns as t o t h e charact e r o f de

tails .
206 C o n t ra c t s

Th e s e l e tt e rs c o nstitut e a c o ntract w hich i s e n f o rcibl e at l aw ,

.

A B C m ust acc e p t t h e m in e run c o al f ro m t h e Cha p in m in e a n d

“
. . .
,

w o ul d p r o bably hav e n o r e c o u rs e i f t h e quality h a d de t e ri o rat e d as h e ,

has m a de n o s p e ci fi cati o n c o nc e rnin g quality e xc e p t that t h e co al b e ,

m in e run an d f r o m t h e Cha p in m in e .

1 41 C o n tr ac t b y Ac c e p t a n c e o f L e tt e r — I n g e n e ral t h e n e g o
. .
,

t ia t i o n s m ay n o t b e as bri e f a n d t o t h e p o int as in t h e ab o v e l e tt e rs The .

c o rr e s po n de nc e m ay b e m o re v o lu m in o us a n d it m a y b e d e si rabl e t o i h ,

c l u d e all n e g o tiati o ns i n a sin g l e instru m e nt i n w hich cas e t h e d e sir e d ,

e n d m a y b e acc o m p li sh e d by a d i r e ct w ritt e n o ff e r a n d acc e p tanc e o r

by a m o r e f o r m al a g r e e m e nt e ith e r o f which sh o ul d b e si g n e d in d u ,
e

p licat e .

C o n t r ac t co n s u m m a t e d by a cc e t
p a n ce o f wr i t t e n o ff e r .

M es s r s A . . B . G , L a Sa l l e Il li n o is No v
, , . 2 0, 1 9 1 5 .

R o c kf o r d Ill i n o is , .

G e n t le m en
In acc o r danc e w ith o u r p r evi o u s c o rr e s p o n de nc e w e a g r e e t o f u r ,

nish yo u t h e a m o unt o f c o al n e e de d by y o ur f act o ry d urin g t h e y e ar

1916 ,
ab o ut t w e lv e hun d r e d t o ns m o r e o r l e ss o f t wo th o u
san d p o un d s e ach at t h e p ric e o f o n e d o llar a n d fi f ty c e nts
per t on .

Thi s c o al shall b e m in e run a n d f ro m o u r Cha p in m in e a n d shall b e ,

d e liv e r e d d u rin g t h e y e ar 1 9 1 6 as n e e d e d by y o u f o b cars o n t h e ,

. . .

si de track at sai d m in e w ith f r ei g ht all o w e d t o R o ck f o r d , .

Y o u r o r d e r f o r e ach m o nth s d e liv e ry m u st b e s e nt o n o r b e f o r e ’

t h e 1 5 th o f t h e p r e c e d in g m o nth P a y m e nts f o r all c o al d e liv e r e d .

d urin g any m o nth shall b e m a de o n o r b e f o r e t h e 1 5 th o f t h e m o nth

f o ll o w in g L e tt e r in d u p licat e ; p l e as e r e t u rn o n e c o p y
. .

V e ry truly y o u rs ,

ACC E P T E D X Y Z . . .

A B C . . .

1 42 . A F o rm al C o n t r ac t .

M E MOR A N D A OF A G RE EM E N T
It is a g r e e d b e t we e n A B C a n d X Y Z thi s t we n
m u tually . . . . . .
,

t i e t h da y o f N o v e m b e r A D 1 9 1 5 that t h e sai d X Y Z shall f u r

, . .
, ,
. . .

nish t h e sai d A B O f o b cars o n t h e si de track o f t h e Cha p in m in e

. .
,
. . .
,

l o cat e d n e ar L a Sall e Illin o is all c o al that w ill b e n e e de d by h i m f o r

, ,
 W r i t t e n Ex e c u t o r y C o n t r a c t 07

t h e u se o f hi s f act o ry at R o ck f o r d Il l in o is d urin g t h e y e ar 1 9 1 6 ab o ut
, , ,

t we lv e hun d r e d t o ns ( o f lbs ) m o r e o r l e ss a n d t h e c o al f u r
.

n i sh e d shall b e Min e R u n C o al f r o m sai d C ha p in m in e .

This c o al shall b e d e liv e r e d du rin g t h e y e a r 1 9 1 6 a n d as n e e de d ,

.

T h e o r de r f o r e ach m o nth s d e liv e ry shall b e s e nt o n o r b e f o r e t h e 1 5 th

'

o f t h e p r e c e d in g m o nth T h e sai d A B C a g r e e s t o p a y t h e sai d

. . . .

'

X Y Z t h e s u m o f o n e do l l ar a n d fi f ty c e nts
. .
p e r t o n f o r sai d
c o al w ith f r e i g ht all o w e d f r o m t h e Cha p in m in e t o R o ck f o r d Il l in o is
‘

,
, ,

a n d all p ay m e nts shall b e m a d e o n o r b e f o r e t h e fi f t e e nth o f t h e m o nth

f o r all c o al d e liv e r e d d u rin g t h e p r e c e d in g m o nth .

Si g n e d A B C . . .

Witn ess Si g n e d X Y 2 . . .

D C W . . .

43 1 . W r i tt e n E x e c u t o ry C o n trac t s —T h
x e cut i v e e w ritt e n e

c o ntract m ay i nclu de all f o r m s f r o m t h e si m p l e c o ntracts such as sh o w n ,

ab o v e i n which n o t e chnical s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e inclu d e d a n d t h e g e n e ral

,

c o n d iti o ns a r e f e w t o t h e e lab o rat e c o ntrac t n e c e ssa ry f o r t h e m o r e

,

c o m p licat e d t e chnical wo rk that r e qui r e s t h e p r e p arati o n o f nu m e r o us

g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns an d m any g e n e ral a n d de tail e d s p e ci fi cati o ns In .

e v e ry cas e t h e c o ntract o r a rt icl e o f a g r e e m e nt sh o ul d inclu d e b e si d e s ,

all r e q u ir e m e nts f o r a vali d c o ntract ( se e Se c .

1 P arti e s t o t h e c o ntract ( na m e s d e scri p ti o n r e si d e nc e

.
, , ,

2 Subj e ct m att e r
.

P r o m i s e s t o b e p e r f o r m e d ( w o rk m at e rials et c t o b e f u r , , .
,

n i sh e d o r do n e ) .

Co unt e r p r o m is e s ( p ay m e nts t o b e m a de )
-
.

3 Ti m e o f p e r f o r m anc e
. .

4 D at e o f c o ntract
. . .

5 Si g natu r e s
.

Th e s e m att e rs a r e usually w ritt e n in a m o r e o r l e ss f o r m al m ann e r

w ith c e rtai n set f o r m s o f intr o d ucti o n d e clarati o n a n d cl o su r e which
, ,

a r e h o we v e r l e g ally un e ss e ntial
, , T h e e ss e ntial f e atu r e s o f an a g r e e
.

m e nt a r e si m p ly th o s e f e atu r e s n e c e ssa ry t o in d icat e cl e arly t h e natu r e

a n d e xt e nt o f t h e o bli g ati o ns assu m e d by all
p arti e s c o nc e rn e d .

In m a n y cas e s t h e p urchas e r m ay n o t b e a cquaint e d w ith t h e e x

act n atur e o f t h e m at e rial o r su pp li e s which can b e p u rchas e d f r o m a
c e rtain m in e r m anu f actur e r o r d e al e r a n d m a y de sir e t o s e cur e m a
, ,

t e r i a l o r su p p li e s o f a c e rtain a n d d e fi nit e kin d o r h e m a y de si r e c e r ,

tain w o rk do n e m achi n e ry f urnish e d o r structu r e s built in a c e rtain

,
208 C o n t ra c t s

wa y , fo r a c e rtain p ur po s e o r t o acc o m plish c e rtain r e sults Th e r e

, .

m a v als o b e c e rtain r e s p o nsibiliti e s w hich t h e o w n e r de si r e s t h e co n

tract o r t o assu m e a n d t h e c o ntract o r m a v b e ask e d t o a g r e e t o c e rtain
,

c o n d iti o n s i n r e g ar d t o su pe rvisi o n ins pe cti o n et c a n d m ay als o in

, ,
.
,

e lu d e c e rtain f u rth e r c o n d i ti o ns in r e g ar d t o t h e m ann e r a n d m e th o d s

o f c o n d uct o f t h e w o rk a n d c e rtain c o n d iti o ns in r e g ar d t o t h e fi nancial

,

a rran g e m e nts pay m e nts e t c m a y b e de si r e d

, ,
.
,
.

In o r d e r that t h e o w n e r m ay s e cur e a d e fi nit e o ff e r f o r t h e un de r

takin g h e sh o ul d p r ep ar e a f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt w hich sh o ul d c o ntain
,

all t h e c o n d iti o ns a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns w hich m ay b e n e c e ssary t o describe

cl e arly t h e un d e rtakin g a n d m ak e h is w ish e s i n t h e p r e m is e s de fi nit e ly
a n d d i stinctly m ani f e st .

I n cas e th e s e c o n d iti o ns a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e bri e f t h e v m a y b e ,

w ritt e n int o t h e f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt but w h e r e th e y a r e elab o rat e a n d

invo lv e d th e y m a y b e tt e r b e incl u de d by r e f e r e nc e i n t h e a g r e em e nt
a n d b e p r e p ar e d as o n e o r m o r e s e p arat e a n d d istinct a e r w hich m a
p p y
b e inclu de d un d e r s e v e ral h e a d s s u ch as : G e n e r a l c o n di t i o n s G e n er a l ,

e c ifi ca t i o n s, d Speci fi ca ti o n s
s p an for
In any e v e nt t h e a g r e e m e nt
e ith e r w ithin its e l f o r t o g e th e r w ith

t h e attach e d p a p e rs sh o ul d e x p lain e xhaustiv e ly all m att e rs c o nc e rnin g

t h e w o rk a n d m at e rial a n d sh o ul d c o ntain all c o v e nants r e g ar d in g

,

su p e rvi si o n c o n d uct o f t h e wo rk r e sp o n sib ill t y o f e ith e r p arty pa y

, , ,

m e nts g uarant ee s a n d all s p e ci fi cati o ns r e lativ e t o t h e m e th o d s t o b e

,

e m p l o y e d in its p e r f o r m anc e a n d t h e m at e rials su p p li e s a n d a p p lianc e s

, ,

t o b e f urni sh e d o r u s e d i n t h e c o nstructi o n C l e arn e ss e x p licitn e ss

.
, .

inclusiv e n e ss b r evi t y a n d p r o p e r arran g em e nt a re e n d s t o b e attain e d

, ,
‘

i n th e i r p r e parati o n That an d o n ly that w hich it i s d e si rabl e t o c o v e

.

nant o r t o s p e ci f sh o ul d b e inclu de d a n d all c o v e nants an d sp e ci fica

y , ,

ti o ns sh o ul d b e stat e d in t h e sh o rt e st a n d cl e ar e st t e r m s c o m patibl e
w ith a p r o p e r a n d cl e ar un d e rstan d in g o f t h e m att e r int e n d e d t o b e set
f o rth .

Th e c o m pl e t e f o r m o f a g r ee m e nt inclu d in g all c o v e nants a n d ,

s p e ci fi cati ons f o r m s t h e basi s f o r t h e n e g o tiati o ns f o r a c o ntract

,
.

Whil e in i m p o rtant wo rk t h e f o rm o f a g r e e m e nt i s usually p r e par e d by

o n e p arty t o t h e c o ntract w ith o ut c o nsultati o n w i th t h e o th e r p arty ,

w h o i n g e n e ral i s unkn o w n it m u st b e so p r e p ar e d that all its claus e s

,

w ill b e acc e p tabl e o r acc e p t e d by t h e c o ntract o r o r n o c o ntract can b e

m a d e w ith o ut its m o d i fi cati o n .

F r e qu e ntly t h e n eg o tiati o ns a re p r e c e de d by an a dv e rtis e m e nt t h e ,

p pur o s e o f w hich i s t o call t h e att e nti o n t o t h e un d e rtakin g a n d o fte n ,

f u rth e r in f o r m ati o n i s g iv e n t o th o s e wh o d e sir e t o b e c o m e c o ntract o rs

 Co n t ra c t s

s p e ci fi cati o ns o f t e n w ritt e n s e p arat e ly a n d c o n fi n e d t o th e i r o wn pa r

,

t i c u l a r subj e ct T h e inc o r p o rati o n o f e ith e r t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns o r

.

t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s int o t h e a g r e e m e nt i s n o t e ss e ntial as a r e f e r e nc e ,

i n t h e a g r e em e nt t o any p a p e rs a n d th e i r attach m e nt th e r et o m ak e , ,

“
th e m e qually a p art o f t h e c o ntract Thi s i s als o tru e o f t h e Adve r .

t is e m e n t ,
” “
I n s t r u c t io n s P r o po sa l e t c E v e n a p r o p e r r e f e r e nc e
,
” “
,
”
.

t o th e s e p a p e rs su ffi ci e nt f o r th e i r i d e nti fi cati o n i s su ffi ci e nt t o m ak e
, ,

th e m a p art o f t h e c o ntract th o u g h unattach e d but i de nti fi cati o n is co m

, ,

l t i f th e y a r e attach e d A r e f e r e nc e t o t h e d ra w in g s su ffi ci en t f o r
p e e .
,

i de nti fi cati o n is all that i s n e c e ssary a n d t h e attach m e nt o f such d ra w

, ,

in g s t o t h e c o ntract i s unusual e xc e pt i n t h e cas e o f stan dar d m achi n

e r y w h e r e p h o t o g ra p hs a n d illustrati o ns m a y e ith e r b e attach e d t o o r

acc o m p any t h e c o ntract Th e s e p a p e rs wh e n p rint e d a r e o f t e n p rint e d

.

a n d bo un d in t h e o r d ina ry l e g al do cu m e nt f o rm that i s b o un d at t h e , ,

t o p a n d O p e nin g f r o m t h e b o tt o m T h e p a m phl e t f o r m h o w e v e r i s . .
,

lar g e ly u s e d a n d i s m uch han d i e r f o r r e f e r e nc e a n d m uch t o b e p r e

f e rr e d t o t h e l e g al f o r m W h e n t h e p a p e rs a r e p rint e d a n d t h e l e g al
.
,

f o r m i s us e d t h e m att e r sh o ul d usually b e p rint e d o n o nly o n e si d e

,

o f t h e p a p e r as this arran g e m e nt o ff e rs g r e at e r f aciliti e s f o r e xa m i na

,

ti o n a n d u se In t h e p a m phl e t f o r m b o th si de s o f e ach sh ee t m a y b e
.
,

utiliz ed t h e p a p e rs b e in g th e r e f o r e l e ss b u lk v In t h e arran g e m e nt o f
,
.
'

t h e m att e r in e ith e r cas e t h e f o ll o w in g o r d e r m a y b e us e d

,

Ti t l e : F r o nt p a g e o f c o v e r ( D e scri p ti o n o nly ) . .

Adv er t is e m e n t : Se c o n d p a g e o f c o v e r ( So m e ti m e s p rint e d o n
‘

t h e back o f t h e c o v e r a n d g e n e rally o m itt e d in p rivat e c o n ,

tracts ) .

Ta bl e o f C o n t e n ts ( or In d e x .
)
E s t ima t e f Am o u n ts
o o f Wo r k to b e D on e .
( No t e ss e ntial but
,

o f t e n d e si rabl e ) .

I n s tr u c t i o n s t o B id d er s . O ften inclu d e d un de r e ith e r h e a d in g ;

I n f or m a t i o n for B id d er s n ot us e d i n si m p l e c o ntracts .

F orm o f P r o po sa l .

F or m o f B o n d w i th P r o po sal .
( If one i s u sed ) .

I n d ex (or Ta b l e o f C o n t e n ts .
)
Agr e e m e n t .

G e n er a l C o n dit io n s
E ith e r as a p art o f o r s e parat e f ro m the
.

G en e r a l Spe ci fi ca t io n s
f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt
.

D e t ai l e d Spe cifica ti o n s
.

F or m o f B o n d wi t h Agr e em e n t ( Thi s m ay . b e, an d usually i s a ,

s ep arat e instru m e nt ) .

F o r m fo r F il i n g ( B ack p a g e o f c o v e r )
. .
 G e n e r a l C la u se s

Wh e n t h e a d v e rtis e m e nt i s p rint e d o n t h e back o f t h e c o v e r it ,

sh o ul d b e so arran g e d that wh e n t h e d o cu m e nt i s f o l de d t h e f o r m o f ,
‘

fi lin g w ill b e o n o n e si de a n d t h e a d v e rti s em e nt o n t h e o th e r si de .

So m e ti m e s t h e p rint e d a d v e rtis e m e nt i s cut f r o m t h e p a p e r in w hich

it a pp e ars a n d is f ast e n e d t o t h e F o r m o f C o ntract w hich ans w e rs
, ,

e v e ry p ur p o s e .

T h e b o n d t o acc o m p a n y t h e c o ntract m a y b e m a d e a s ep arat e i n

stru m e nt a n d n o t inclu de d un d e r t h e sa m e c o v e r as t h e o th e r p a p e rs .

This is c e rtai nly as w e ll as r e f e r e nc e t o t h e b o n d i s s e l do m n ec e ssary

, ,

whil e t h e a g r e e m e nt a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e g e n e rally r e qui r e d f o r f r e

qu e n t r e f e r e nc e .

1 45 G e n e r a l C lau se s f o r A gr e e m e n t —V h e n t h e ge n e r al co n
. .
V

di ti o n s a r e n o t inclu d e d in t h e fo r m o f a gr e e m e n t i t sh o ul d u su al ly
inclu de o nly th o s e i m po rtant c o v e nants that de fi n e a n d fi x t h e d ir e ct ,

r e lati o n o f t h e p arti e s t o e ach o th e r i n t h e m o st i m po rtant m att e rs .

T h e f o ll o w in g a r e su gg e st e d as t h e h e a d in g s un d e r w hich t h e d ata
'

f o r an a g r ee m e n t m a y b e p r ep ar e d subj e ct t o such m o d i fi cati o n as m a y ,

b e f o un d d e si rabl e o n d i ff e r e nt class e s o f w o rk :

O u t li n e f or Ag r e em e n ts
1 .Intr o ducti o n o f a g r e e m e nt a n d dat e o f sa m e .

2 D e si g nati o n o f parti e s na m e de scri p ti o n a n d r e si de nc e

.
, ,
.

3 D e clarati o n o f a g r e e m e nt p arti e s a n d l e g al r e p r e s e ntati o n

.
, .

4 E xhibits as attach e d c o n d iti o n s s p e ci fi cati o n d ra w in g s e t c

.
, , ,
.

5 Ti
. m e o f b e g innin g a n d c o m p l e ti o n .

6 L iqui dat e d d a m a g e s
. .

7 P ay m e nt
. .

8 G e n e ral p r o visi o ns b o n d e t c
.
, , .

9 F inal clau s e s d at e o r r e f e r e nc e t o dat e si g natur e s s e al w i t

.
, , , ,

n e ss e s an d ackn o w l e d g m e nt .

D i s cu ssi o n o f Ar t i cl es o f Ag r e e m e n t
1 I n tr o d u c ti o n t o Ag r e e m e n t a n d D a t e o f Sa m e — No s p e ci fi c
.

f o r m o f intr o ducti o n is r e qui r e d b y la w A g r e at va ri e ty o f f o r m s a re .

in u sea m o n g which m ay b e n o t e d t h e f o ll o w in g
a Thi s agr e m e nt m a d a d co ncl u d d t hi s
. e d ay o f
e n e A .
-

D .

by a d b t w n n e ee

b Thi s agre e m nt m a d a d co nc l d e d t h i s
.
“
e ed y of n u . a

by a d b e twee n
n

c This c ntract m a d e a n d c nc lu d d by d b t w e n
.
“
o o e an e e
2 12 Co n t r a c t s

T h e dat e which
a c o ntract w a s m a de o f t e n b e c o m e s o f m uch
on

n fo rm c
“
i m po rtanc e a n d sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e duly r e c o r de d , I t h e ,
.
1 ”

d at e i s u sually w ritt e n at t h e e n d o f t h e c o ntract .

2 . D es ig n a t io n o f P a r t ie s N a m es R esi d e n ces a n d D escr ipt i o n o f , ,

Sa m e — No s p e ci fi c f o r m i s r e qui r e d f o r thi s p articular claus e o f t h e

a g r e em e nt but t h e parti e s t o t h e c o ntract sh o ul d b e so cl e arly d e sig
,

n a t e d that th e i r r e si d e nc e a n d th e i r r e lati o ns t o t h e c o ntract w ill b e

f ully un d e rst o o d T h e f o ll o w in g f o r m i s c o m m o nly us e d

.

By d b etw n
an ( o wn r c r p o rat i n o r ag e nt ) o f t h e C i t y o f
ee e ,
o o

C unt y f o Stat e o f
o p art y o f t h e first p art a d ,
n

( c o ntract r c m p an y
o , ag e nt ) o f t h C i t y o f
o or C unt y o f e o

Stat e o f p art y o f t h s ec o n d p art e .

W h e n a c o ntract i s m a d e by a c o r p o rati o n th ro u g h its auth o riz e d

r ep r e s e ntativ e s o r a g e nts t h e r e lati o n a n d auth o rity o f t h e r e p r e s e nta
,

t i ve s o r a g e nts sh o ul d b e cl e arly stat e d i n o r d e r that t h e auth o rity m a y

b e p r o p e rly inv e sti g at e d a n d cl e arly un d e rst o o d a n d in o r de r that t h e ,

p e rs o nal liability o f t h e r e p r e s e ntativ e s o r a g e nts m a y b e av o i d e d

2
.

d b e t wee n t h Ma y r A l d r m e n d C o m m o na l t y f t h e C i ty
“
By
‘
.
an e o , f e , an o o

Ne w Y o r k act i ng by , d t h r ug h t h A que duct C m m i ss i o ne rs by v i rtu e

an o e o ,

of th e p o w r v e st e d i n t h m b y C h a p t r 4 9 0 f t h e La w s
e e f 1 883 f th State e o o , o e ,

o f N w Y o r k p art i s o f t h e first p art a n d

e , e ,

T h e f o ll o w in g e xa m p l e u s e d by t h e Me tr o p o litan W at e r a n d Se w
e ra g e B o ar d d i ff e rs s o m e what i n f o r m f r o m t h e p r e c e d in g :
a
a d th M e tr o p o li tan Wat e r a d S ewe rag e B o ard
n e n

d u ly c o nst i t t d a n d a p p o i nt d un d r a d acc r d i ng t o t h e p r ov i s i o ns
u e , e f e n o o

C h ap t e r 1 6 8 o f t h e Act f t h e Le g i s l atur o f t h e C o mm o n we a l t h f Massa

o e o

c hu se t ts o f t h y ar 1 9 01 h r i n act i ng f t h e C mm on we a l t h d wi t h o t
e e , e e or o , an u

p e rs n l li bili t y t o t h m s l v s a d
o a a h e r i na f t r d s i gnat e d as co
e e e ,
n e e e n

tract o r agr e as f o ll o ws e :
”

As d i ff e r e nt stat e s hav e d i ff e r e nt statut o ry m o d i fi cati o ns o f t h e

c o m m o n la w s it i s i m p o rtant that t h e r e si d e nc e o f b o th p arti e s t o a
,

c o ntract b e stat e d I f t h e p arti e s t o a c o ntract r e si d e in di ff e r e nt

.

stat e s t h e p lac e at w hich t h e c o ntract i s m a de w ill o r d inaril y fi x t h e

,

la w s u n d e r which t h e c o ntract is t o b e int e rp r et e d This m att e r m ay .

b e de fi nit e ly fi x e d h o w e v e r by inclu d i n g i n t h e a g r e e m e nt a stat e m

, ,
e nt

that
Thi s co ntract i s t o b e r gar d e d as a W i sco ns i n ( o s c h t h e r stat e as e r u o

m a y b e d s i r ed ) c o ntract
e .
”

1 Se e Wa i t Eng i n r i ng a n d Archi t e ctura l Jur i s p r d e nce se 5 9

, ee u , c . .

Wa i t Eng i n r i ng d Archi t ctura l Jur i s p ru d nce s e cs 2 9—3 9

, ee an e e , . .
 l4 C o n t ra c t s

i n t h e a g r e e m e nt b y w hich it i s sti p ulat e d that such c o n d iti o ns sp e ci fi ,

cati o ns e t c a s m a y be e ss e ntial a r e t o b e attach e d th e r e t o an d m a de

,
.
,

a p art th e r e o f Fo r e xa m pl e : .

p art i s t o t hi s agr e m nt h r by st i p u l at e t h at t h f ll o w i ng e x
“
Th e e e e e e e o

h i b i t s whi c h a
, attach ed h e r t o e m a d a p art h e r e o f as th oug h wr i tt e n
re e , ar e

h re i n
e

Th a d ve rt i s em nt m ar ke d Exhibi t A
e e .

T h e i nstruct i n t bi d d r m ar k ed Exhibi t B ”
o o e .

T h e f o r m o f p r p os a l m ar k e d Exhibi t C “
o .

T h e g n ra l co n d i t i o n m ar k e d Exhibi t D “
e e .

Th g n e ra l s p c i fi at i o n m ar k e d Exhibi t E
e e e c
“
.

T h e d ta il d s p c i ficat i n m ar k d Exhibi t F “
e e e o e

Th co ntract d ra w i n gs m ar k d Exhibi t G
e e
“
.

Exhibi t G s h a ll co ns i st o f d ra w i ngs d cr ib e d d nu m b e r d as f o ll o ws es an e

H e r e sh o ul d f o ll o w t h e titl e an d nu m b e r o r o th e r d istinctiv e m ark

o f t h e vari o u s d ra w in g s .

Wh e n t h e g e n e ral c o n diti o ns a r e inclu de d in th e f o r m o f a g r e e

'

m e nt a n d t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e n o t t h e cla u s e c o nc e rnin g t h e e xhibits ,

m ak e th e m a p art o f sai d a g r e e m e nt such as t h e f o ll o w in g ,

a A ll wo r k s h a ll b d n
.
“
d a ll m at r i a l f urn i s h e d i n str i ct c o n f r m
e o e an e o

i t y w i t h a p p n d e d a d v rt i s m nt m ar k d Exhibi t A i nstruc t io ns t o b i d
e e e e e
‘
,
’

d r m ar k d Exhibi t B a d s p e c i ficat i s m ar k d Exhibi t C w hi c h

‘ ’ ‘ ’
e s e , n on e , ar e

ap p end d h r t o a d e h e r by m ad a p art f t hi s agr m nt

e e n ar e e e o ee e ,
’
or

b A d i t i s f urt h e r exp r ss ly agr ee d t h at t h e sa i d excavat i o n s h a ll b e

.
“
n e

m ad e d sa i d m as nr y s h a ll b e b u il t a d a ll gra di ng a d fi lli ng s h a ll b e
an o , n n

d one , d a ll wo r k l a bo r a d m a t e r i a l t o b
an d on
, d f urn i s h e d un d e r t hi s
n e e an

c ntract s h a l l b e d on e a n d f urn i s h e d str i ct ly p ursu nt w i t h a d i n c on f o r m

o a n

i t y t t h e s p c i ficat i o ns h e r t ann x d w hi ch e m a d e a p art o f t hi s agr

o e e o e e ar ee

m nt
e .
”

T i m — W h e n t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns a r e n o t in clu d e d in t h e

5 e.

a g r e e m e nt a n d t h e ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n i s a m att e r o f c o nsi de rabl e i m

p o rtanc e o n e o f t h e a rticl e s in t h e g e n e ral f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt i s c o m
,

m o uly d e v o t e d t o thi s subj e ct alth o u g h t h e f u rth e r g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns ,

a n d sti p ulati o ns i n r e g ar d t o d e lays e xt e nsi o n o f ti m e a n d f o r f e itur e s , ,

a r e p lac e d in t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns .

Th e arti cl e in t h e f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt m ay b e e ss e nt i ally as f o l
lo ws
Th c ntract r f urth e r agr e s t b e g i n w o k wi t h i n
e o o d a y s f r om
e o r ,

t h e d at e o f t hi s agr e m nt a n d t o s p r o s c t t h e w o r k t h at i t w ill b e e
e e o e u e n

t i el y
r m p l et d o
co be f r e T h e m a i nt e nanc o f a gr at e r p r gr ss
n or .
o e e e o e

i n t hi s wo r k w hi ch w ill r e s l t i n i ts c m p l t i n w i thi n a s p c i fi d t i m i s
u o e o e e e,

an es s e nt i al f atur o f t hi s c ntract e d t h e c ontract r agr ee s t

e do ll , an o o o a
 G e n e ra l C la u se s 2l5

t hi ngs an d ta k e a ll n c ssar y p r caut i o ns t o i nsur t h e rat e o f p r o g re ss

to e e e e

a d t h e tim e
n f c o m p l t i n as stat ed
o e n d d fin d i n t hi s a gr ee m nt an d i n
o a e e e

t h e attac h e d s p e c i ficat i o n .

6 Li q u i d a t e d D a m ag es — Th e liqui d at e d d a m a g e s t o b e p ai d b y
.
fi

a c o ntract o r f o r d e lays i n t h e c o m pl e ti o n o f t h e wo rk un de rtak e n by

h i m t o b e c o m p l e t e d in a g iv e n ti m e un d e r t h e sti p ulati o ns o utlin e d i n
p ara g ra h
p 5 a r e usually o f su ffi ci e nt i m p o rtanc e t o b e i nclu de d as o n e

o f t h e articl e s in t h e f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt e v e n in cas e s w h e r e t h e g e n ,

e ral c o n d iti o ns a r e m a d e a s e p arat e e xhibit o f t h e c o ntract This m a y .

b e do n e by sti p ulati o ns e ss e ntially as f o ll o w s

Th ep art y o f t h s c o n d p art agr s t p y t h p art y f t h e first p ar t
e e ee o a e o

as liq u i d at ed d a m ag s t h su m o f e d ll ars p r d y f o e ac h a d e ve r y
e o e a r n

d y t h at h
a d l a y s t h e co m p l e t i o n o f t h
e e e nt i r e w o r k t o b e d o n e un d e r t hi se

c o ntract ; d t h e p art y f t h e fir t p a t s h a ll h av t h r i g h t t d ed uct t h e

an o s r e e o

a m unt f an y s c h liqu i d at d d a m age s f r o m an y m n e y s d e o whi c h

o o u e o u r

m y b c m d e t o t h e p art y o f t h e s e c n d p art un d e r t hi s c o ntr ct an d t o

a e o e u . o a ,

co ll ct f r m t h e p art y o f t h s e c on d p art d hi s sure t i s an y xc es f such

e o e an e e s o

liqu i d t d d am ag es v r d a bo v e t h a m o unt t h at wo u l d b t h e r wi s e du e
a e o e an e e o

t h c o ntract o r
e .

7 . P a y m e n t s — T h e p ay m e nts t o b e m a d e un d e r an a g r e e m e nt a r e

p r o vi d e d f o r in vari o us w ays In s o m e cas e s t h e f o rm o f p r o po sal

.
,

a f t e r b e in g acc e pt e d i s attach e d as an e xhibit t o t h e a g r e em e nt in

, ,

which ca s e it i s sti p ulat e d in t h e a g r e e m e nt t hat p ay m e nts shall b e

m a d e i n acc o r d anc e w ith t h e p ric e s se t f o rth in t h e e xhibit a n d in co n
f o r m ity t o t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns attach e d t o t h e
a g r e e m e nt I n o th e r cas e s a sch e d ul e o f unit p ric e s a n d e sti m at e d
.
,

quantiti e s i s inclu de d as o n e o f t h e articl e s in t h e g e n e ral f o r m o f

a g r eem e nt Thi s i s a ppar e ntly do n e f o r t h e r e as o n that t h e p ay m e nts
.

a r e a m o st i m p o rtant f act o r a n d that such i m o rtanc e w arrants th e i r

p
ins e rti o n int o t h e a g r e e m e nt its e l f Th e s e t w o f o r m s a r e sh o w n in t h e .

f o ll o w in g e xa m p l e s :
(a) F a d i n c o ns i d rat i n o f t h
or n f a i t h f l p e r f o r m anc
e o o f t h e co e u e n

tract by t h e p art y f t h s c n d p art i n f u ll acc o r d anc e wi t h t h e p l ans d

o e e o an .

s p e c i ficat i ns d wi t h t h t i p u l at i o ns h r i n c o nta i n ed
o , an e s attac h ed h e r t e e or e o,

t h e p art y o f t h first p art agr s t o p a y t o t h p art y o f t h e s ec o n d p art t h

e ee e e

p r i c s s e t f o rt h i n t h e f o r m o f p ro p o sa l w hi c h i s m ar k d Exhibi t C “ ”
e ,d e an

attach d h r t a d m ad
e e e o n p art h e r o f e Sa i d p a y m ent s s h ll b e m d e i n
a e . a a

acco rd anc w i t h t h e g n e r l c nd i t i o ns d S p ec i ficat i ons tta ch d h e r e t o

e e a o an a e .

( b ) Fo d i n c o ns i d rat i o n o f t h
r an f a i t h f u l p r f r m anc e
e f t hi s e e o o con

tract by t h e p art y of t h e s e co n d p art i n f u ll acco r d nc wi t h a ll f t h e p a e o ro

v i s i o ns o f t h sam as set f rt h i n t hi s agr e m nt a d i n t h var i o s e x

e e o e e n e u

See a l s o Paragra p h M , Se c 1 5 3
. .
 2 l6 C o n t ra c t s
atta ch d h r t o
h i b it s e e e , art y o f t h first p art agr e s t p y t t h p art y
th e p e e o a o e

o f t h e s c o n d p art i n
e , t h e m ann e r a d at t h t i m s h r a f t r e t f rt h n d
n e e e e e s o , a

at t h e rat s m nt i o n d
e e e an d d scr ib d i n t h
e f ll w i ng s h d u l o f un i t p r i
e e o o c e e c es ,

t o wi t

S CH E DU E
U NIT P I C E S L or R

It m e C l ass
o f Quant i t y Un i t Un i t Pr i ce
8 P r
. o v is i o n s f o r B o n d e t a — T h e p r o visi o ns
,
f o r b o n d a r e s o m e

ti m e s inclu de d un d e r p ara g ra p h 3 as sh o w n i n t h e e xa m p l e s g iv e n ,

th e r e in In o th e r cas e s th e y a re sti p ulat e d in an a rticl e at t h e e n d o f

.

t h e f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt e ss e ntially as f o ll o w s : ,

C o t a ct d B o d — I t i s f rt h r agr d by t h e p art i t hi s c ntr ct

“
n r an n u t e ee es o o a

t h at t hi s c ntract s h a ll b e x cut e d i n tr i p li cat e

o e ee c o p y b i ng r e ta i n e d , on e

by t h p art y f t h first p art o t o b d li ve r e d t o t h p art y f h e s c on d

e o e , ne e e e o e

p art , and t on eb d li v r e d t o t h e c h i f
o e e ng i n e r
e e e e .

T h e p art y o f t h s co n d p art f urt h r agr s t o x cu t a b on d i n t h e

“
e e e ee e e e

s m of
u d ll ars f oth f a i t h f u l p r f r m anc e o f t h
or e w rk d in th e o e o an e

f o r m p r v i d e d f o t h at p ur p s e a d i t i s agr e d t h at t hi s c ntract s h ll b
o r o , n e o a e

v o i d unt il suc h b n d i s s i gn d d l ive r d d a p p r v d by

o e , e e , an o e

9 F i
. n a l C l a u s e a n d S i g n a t u r es — In t h e fi nal claus e s a n d si g na

tu r e s it i s i m p o rtant t o se e that all l e g al r e qui r e m e nts a r e d uly co m

p li e d w ith I n . t h e cas e o f c o r p o rati o ns e ith e r p ublic o r p rivat e t h e
, ,

ri g hts o f t h e p arti e s si g nin g t h e a g r ee m e nt f o r such co rpo ra t o n s sh o ul d

b e car e f u lly de t e r m in e d i n or d e r that t h e a g r ee m e nt m ay b e a l e g al a n d
bin d in g o bli g ati o n o n such c o r po rati o n In s o m e cas e s a s e al i s de .

si rabl e o r e ss e ntial ; i n o th e r cas e s w itn e ss e s t o t h e si g natu r e a r e n e c

ce s sa ry ; a n d in still o th e r cas e s ackn o w l e d g m e nt b e f o r e a n o tary u b
, p
lic i s r e qui r e d .

“
I n w i tne ss w h r e o f t h p art i s t t h e s e p r e s ents h ave h e r unto t
e e e o e se

t h i r h an d s d s a l s t h d a y d d at e first ab ove wr i tte n

e an e e an .
”

W h e r e t h e d at e i s n o t ins e rt e d i n t h e fi rst p art o f t h e c o ntract t h e ,

fi nal claus e sh o ul d b e as f o ll o w s :
I n w i tn ss wh e r eo f t h e p art i s t o t h s e p r s ents h ave h reunt o se t
e e e e e

t h e i r h an d s a n d s e a l s t hi s d y of A D 19 a . .
 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f the C o n t ra c t

F . T o p r o vi de f o r e m e r g e nci e s .

G . E n g in e e r cann o t w aiv e o bli g ati o ns .

H T o m o d i f y m e th o d s
. an d e qui p m e nt .

I . r e tain i m p e r f e ct wo rk
To .

I Arbitrati o n
. .

P ric e s a n d P ay m e nts .

A E sti m at e s a n d p ay m e nts
. .

B D e lay e d p ay m e nts
. .

C E xtra wo rk
. .

D Co ntract p ric e s
. .

E B o n d an d su r e ti e s
. .

F G uarant e e s
. .

Co ntract o r s R e s po nsibiliti e s
’
.

A P ers o ns int e r e st e d in c o ntract

. .

B P e rs o nal att e nti o n o f c o ntract o r

. .

C Co ntract o r s a d d r e ss
’
. .

D Ag e nts su pe rint e n de nts an d f o r em e n

.
,
.

E Co m p lianc e w ith la w s
. .

F P r o t e cti o n a g ainst n e g li g e nc e a n d d a m a g e
. .

G P r o t e cti o n a g ainst clai m s f o r lab o r an d m at e rial

. .

H In f rin g e m e nts o f p at e nts

. .

1 Assi g n m e nt
. .

I T e r m inati o n o f c o ntract i f aban do n e d assi g n e d

.
, ,

lay e d o r vi o lat e d .

K Ti m e a n d o r d e r o f c o m p l e ti o n
. .

L R at e o f p r o g r e ss
. .

M L iqui dat e d da m a g e s
.

Co n d u ct o f W o rk .

A T o k e e p p lans a n d s p e c i fi cati o ns o n t h e wo rk
. .

B C haract e r o f e m p l o y e e s
. .

C Su stain al l l o ss e s a n d da m a g e s
. .

D T o p r o t e ct wo rk
. .

E H i n d ranc e s a n d d e lays
. .

F T o r e m e dy de f e ctiv e w o rk
. .

G Co nstructi o n p lant
. .

Po lic e a n d S anitary R e g ulati o ns .

A S anitati o n
. .

B Int o xicants
. .

C Ca m p s
. .
 D e fi n it i o n s 2l9

D e fi n i ti o n s
1 48 . .

I n t er pr et a t i o n o f P h r a s es a n d D e fi n i t i o n s o r O t h e r Sim il ar Ti t l e .

It i s de sirabl e t o i ncl u d e i n t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns d e fi niti o ns o f t h e

vari o us phras e s o r t e r m s us e d thr o u g h o ut t h e c o nt ract such as P arty ,
“

“
o f t h e F irst P art P arty o f t h e Se c o n d P art En g i
“
Co ntract o r
” “ ”

, ,

C hi e f E n g in ee r
“
n ee r ,
” “
Ins p e ct o r O wn e r Co m p any C ity ,
” “
,
” “
,
”
, ,
”

a n d any o th e r w o r d s t e r m s o r abbr e viati o ns which a r e n o t o th e r w is e ,

f ully d e fi n e d Thi s m a y b e do n e by ins e rtin g p ara g ra ph s de scri p tiv e

.

o f e ach titl e o r t e rm s as f o l l o w s

W h e n eve r t h w r d ( s )
“
th xp r ss i o n Part y o f t h F i rst
e o or e e e
‘
e

Part ’
Fi rst Part y a e s d i n t hi s c o ntract i t s h a ll b n d rst o o d as
or
‘ ’
r u e , e u e

r f rr i ng t
e e ( h r d scr ib e t h p rs n c o m p n y
o c o r p rat i n nt r
e e e e e o , a or o o e e

i ng i nt t h c ntract t h av t h sa m p r f r m d )
o e o o e e e e o e

W h n v r t h e w r d c o ntr ct o r
“
e e e th xp r ss i ns Part y f t h e Se c
o
‘
a
’
or e e e o
‘
o

on d Part S c o n d Part y,
’
or us d i t s h a ll b e un d rs t o d t m an t h p
‘
e ,
’
a re e e o o e e er

s o np rs ns c p artn rs hi p
e o c o r p rat i n wh o h as agr e d t o p r f r m t hi s
o e or o o e e o
-
, ,

c ntract
o t o hi s t h i r l e ga l r p r e ntat i v es
or or e e es .

W h e n v r t h wo r d Eng i n r i s us d i n t hi s c o ntract i t s h a ll b
“
e e e
‘
ee
’
e e un

d s t o d as r f rr i ng t
er o th C hi f Eng i n r f t h p art y f t h first p a r t o
e e o e e ee o e o e , r

su c h t h r ng i n r su p r i nt n d nt
o e e i ns p ct r as m y b aut h r iz d by
ee , e e e or e o a e o e

sa i d first p art y t act i n an y p art i cu l ar o .

W h n v r t h w r d s D i r ct d R qu i r d P r mi tt d Or d r e d D
e e e e o
‘
e e ,
’ ‘
e e ,
’ ‘
e e ,
’ ‘
e ,
’ ‘
es

ig t d
na e C s i d r d N ec ss r y Pr scr i b e d r w r d s o f li k i m p o rt
,
’ ‘
on e e e a ,
’ ‘
e ,
’
o o e a re

u s ed i t s h a ll b un d rst d t h at t h d i r ct i n r eq i r m nt p r m i ss i n o
, e e oo e e o ,
u e e , e o , r

d er, d s i gnat i n o e p r scr i p t i o n e tc of

o th En g i n r i s i nt n d e d ;
, r de , e ee e an

s i m il ar ly t h w o r d s A p p r ov d Acc p ta bl Sat i s f act o r y w r d s f li k

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’

, e e , e e, , or o o e

i m p rt s h a ll m an a p p r v d by
o ,
acc p ta bl e s t i s f act r y t t h Eng i o e , or e e or a o o, e

n r ee .
”

1 49 R i g h ts an d R eSp o n s ib i l i t i e s o f O wn e r
. .

A I n spec t i o n a n d Su pervi s i o n —
. U nl e ss t h e o wn e r i s w illin g t o .

assu m e r e s po nsibility f o r t h e n e g li g e nc e o f t h e c o ntract o r a n d t h e r e

sult ulti m at e ly t o b e acc o m p lish e d un d e r t h e c o ntract h e m ust n o t im ,

p o s e hi s c o ntr o l o i t h e m ann e r a n d m e th o d by w hich t h e r e sults a r e t o

b e acc o m p lish e d .
1

T h e r e t e nti o n o f t h e c o ntr o l o f m e n a n d m e th o d by t h e o w n e r d e ~

st r o ys t h e r e lati o ns o f O w n e r a n d In dep e n de nt Co ntract o r a n d e s “ ”

t a b li sh e s t h e r e lati o n o f Mast e r a n d Se rvant o r o f P rinci p al a n d ” “

Ag e nt
” 2
.

Th e o w n e r m a y d i r e ct as t o t h e r e sult o f t h e un de rtaki n g a n d m ay ,

p r e sc rib e in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d plans t h e m e th o d a n d m ann e r o f d o

1 Wa i t Eng i n e e r i ng , an d Archi t ctura l J r i s p ru d nc

e u e e, Se c . 65 1 .

2 Ibi d S cs 6 5 3 t o 65 9
, e . an d S e cs 66 5 t 6 66 . o .
2 20 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f the Co n t ra c t

in g t h e wo rk He m a v de l e g at e t h e d ir e cti o n an d su p e rvisi o n o f t h e
.

wo rk t o his auth o riz e d a g e nt o r a g e nts that i s t o hi s e n g in ee rs i n , ,

s p e ct o rs et c I n this cas e t h e c o ntract o r by acc ep tin g t h e c o nt ract a c

,
.
,

ce p t s such m e th o d s a n d m ann e r o f d o in g t h e w o rk as hi s o w n Car e 3

.

sh o ul d b e e x e rcis e d in inclu d in g i n t h e c o ntract an d s p e ci fi cati o n such ,

r e qui r e m e nts as a r e c o nsi de r e d n e c e ssary as t o t h e m e th o d o f do in g

t h e wo rk a n d as t o t h e fi nal r e sult t o b e o btain e d but a n v assu m p ti o n ,

o f de tail e d c o ntr o l o f m ann e r o r m e th o d s d urin g t h e c o nstructi o n o f

t h e wo rk sh o ul d b e stu d i o usl y av o i d e d i f as i s usually t h e cas e it i s , ,

d e si r e d t o fi x t h e r e sp o n sib i l it v f o r t h e c o n d uct o f t h e w o rk a n d f o r
t h e r e sults o f t h e sa m e o n t h e c o ntract o r ,
?

Such su p e rvi si o n a n d ins p e cti o n a s m a y b e d e si r e d m ust b e s p e ci

fi e d a n d d e scrib e d i n t h e a g r e e m e nt An y a i d that t h e c o ntract o r i s t o .

f u rnish in c o nn e cti o n w ith such ins p e cti o n m ust als o b e cl e arly s p e ci fi e d .

I t i s agr e d b y t h p arty o f t h s ec on d p rt t h at t h e p rt y o f t h e first

e e e a a

p art s h a ll b d i s h r by aut h r iz e d t
e, an a p p i nt f r o m t i m t o t i m suc h
e e o o o e e

e ng i n r s p r i nt n d nt
ee , i ns p ct o r as t h e sa i d first p a t y m y d ee m
u e e e or e r a

p r p r t o i n p ct t h
o e m at r i l t b f rn i h d
s e d th e w r k t b d ne h e a o e u s e an e o o e o u ~

d er t h s agr m nt d i n acc r d anc w i t h t h p ec i ficat i ns t h r f r T h

1 ee e an o e e s o e e o . e

c o ntract o r s h a ll f urn i s h a ll a i d d ass i stanc r qu i r d by t h e e ng i n r an e e e ee , eu

pe i t r n d t o
en i ns p ct r f o t h p r o p e r i ns p ct i n d x m i nat i n o f t h
en r e o r e e o an e a o e

wo r k n d a ll p arts o f t h
a m Th c o ntracto r sh a ll r e gar d d b y t h
e sa e . e an o e e

d i r ct i o ns
e d i nstruct i ns o f an y e ng i n r su p r i nt e n d nt o
an
. o i ns p ct r s o ee , e e r e o

a p p i nt d wh n t h sa m
o e c ns i t e nt w i t h t h o bli gat i ns o f t hi s agr
e e e are o s e o ee

m e nt a d f t h s p e c i ficat i o n attac h e d h r t o o r"s i d c o t co s h a ll i m m

, n o e s e e , a n ra r e

d i t l y ap p a l t
a e th C hi f Eng i n r f o r hi s d c i s i o n a d s h a ll r s p ct suc h
e o e e ee e , n e e

d c i s i n wh n s
e o r nd r d e o e e e .

B R ig h t o f Ac c ess a n d C o l la t er a l Wor k —
. U nl e ss o th e r w is e p ro .

vi d e d an a g r e e m e nt f o r c o nstructi o n w ill o r dinarily g iv e t h e c o n

,

tract o r f u ll p o ss e ssi o n o f t h e buil d in g p lant o r fi e l d o f o p e rati o n a n d , ,

i f o th e r c o nt ract o rs a re t o f u rnish m at e rial o r t o d o w o rk which m a y

r e sult i n m o r e o r l e ss int e r f e r e nc e p r o p e r p r o w sro n sh o ul d b e m a de ,

in t h e a g r e em e nt t o r e tai n this ri g ht .

This sti p ulati o n sh o ul d r e s e rv e t h e ri g ht o f acc e ss t o t h e w o rk

wh e n such r e s e rvati o n is n e c e ssary o r d e sirabl e T h e r e s e rvati o ns .

m a d e h o w e v e r sh o ul d n o t b e s u ch as m a y n e e d l e ssly caus e p o ssibl e

, ,

t r o ubl e o r e xtra e x p e ns e t o t h e c o ntract o r .

p art y o f t h e first p art r s e rv e s t h r i g h t t o e nt r t h p r o p rt y o

“
Th e e e e e e r

l ocat i n o whi ch t h w r k s h r i n c o ntract d f o a t o b c nstr ct d o

o n e o e e e r re e o u e r

3 Ibi d S e cs 66 0t o
, . 66 4 .

4 Ibi d S c 66 7 , e . .
222 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f t h e C o n t ra c t

It i s e xc ee d in g ly un de si rabl e t o m ak e chan g e s in wo rk w hich has

b e e n l e t un de r a c o ntract but in m any cas e s such chan g e s b ec o m e n e ,

ce ssa r y o n acc o unt o f t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f c o n d iti o ns w hich hav e n o t ,

a n d i n m any cas e s c o ul d n o t b e r e a d ily d e t e r m in e d in a d vanc e o f t h e

, ,

b e g innin g o f t h e w o rk R a d ical chan g e s w hich m at e rially a ff e ct t h e .

,

natur e o f t h e c o ntract e ith e r by a lar g e incr e as e o r a c o nsi de rabl e d e ,

cr e as e in t h e quantity o f t h e w o rk o r by a chan g e in its charact e r a r e

un f ai r a n d m ay r e sult in s e ri o us inj ustice t o t h e c o ntract o r Such .

chan g e s sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e li m it ed in a m o unt a n d such li m its sh o ul d

, ,

b e as s m all as sa f e ty w ill p e r m it an d sh o ul d s e l d o m e xc e e d 2 5 p e r c e nt .

I f lar g e r chan g e s b e c o m e n e c e ssary th e y sh o ul d b e acc o m p lish e d b y ,

t h e n e g o tiati o ns o f a su pp l e m e nta ry c o ntract .

T h e sa i d p art y o f t h s c n d p art f urt h r agr e s t h at t h e sa i d first e e o e e

p art y m y m a k su ch a l t e rat i ns as sa i d p art y m y

a e e fit i n t h e li n e gra d
o a se , e,

f r m d i m e ns i o ns p l an o m at r i a l
o , f t h e w r k h r i n c nt m p l at d
, r an y e o o e e o e e , or

p art t h e r o f i t h r b e f re
e a f t r t h e c o m m nce m ent f t h c nstruct i o n
, e e o or e e o e o .

I t i s agr e d h o w ve r t h a t t h c h ang i n t h a m unt quant i t y f an y i t m

e , e , e e e o or o e

s h a ll t xc d t w nt y fi ve p c e nt
no e ee f th
e st i m t d a m unts
-
er . o e e a e o on

whi c h t h bi d s we r e c m p ar e d
e d t h at i f an y c h ang e s o e m ad t xc e ed, an ar e o e

t hi s a m unt suc h c h ang s s h ll b b as d

o a sup p l m e nt agr m nt t o b
e a e e on e ee e e

m a d e t h e r ef o r e .

If suc h a l t rat i o ns d i m i n i s h t h e quant i t y f t h e w r k t

e b e d one th ey o o o ,

s h a ll o t c nst i tute a c l a i m f d a m ag s o ant i c i p at e d p r o fits

n o t h e w rk
or e r on o

t h at m a y b d i sp ns d wi t h If t h y i ncr as t h a m nt f w o r k suc h i
e e e . e e e e ou o , h

cr as e s h a ll b e p a i d f acc r d i ng t t h e q ant i t y act a lly d n

e or od at t h e o u u o e, an

p r i c s e sta bli s h d f o suc h wo r k un d r t hi s c ntract ; p r ov i d e d h w ev r t h at

e e r e o , o e ,

i f sa i d first p art y s h a ll m a k e suc h c h ng e s a l t e rat i ns as s h a ll m a k e a or o e us

l ss y w r k a l r a d y d n
e an o m at e r i a l a l r e a d y f rn i s h e d o us e d i n sa i d
e o e or u r

w r k t h at sa i d first p art y s h a ll r c m p ns sa i d p art y o f t h e s c o n d p art

o ,
e o e e e

for an y m at e r i a l l a b o r us d No w o r k s h a ll b e r e gar d ed as extra wo r k

or so e .

u n l ss i t i s r d r d i n w r i t i ng b y t h C hi f Eng i n r a d n d rs d by
e o e e e e ee n e o e

d w i t h t h e agr e e d p r i c e f
an th e s m sp cifi d i n s i d rd er p o or a e e e a o , r

v i d d sa i d p r i c
e i s t t h r w i s e d t e r m i n d by t hi s c ntract A ll c l a i m s
e no o e e e o .

xtr w o r k s h a ll b m a d t sa i d first p art y w i thi n s ixt y d a y s a f t r i ts

-

for e a e e o e

c m p l e t i n d f a ili ng t m a k suc h c l a i m s w i t hi n thi s t i m a ll r i g h ts f

o o , an , o e e, o

th c ntract o r f xtra p a y f suc h w r k s h ll b e f r f i t d

e o or e or o a o e e .
”

D Dis cr epa n ci es a nd O m issi o n s — VVh e r e d isc r e panci e s a r e f o un d

.

b e t w e e n plans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns which is f re qu e ntly t h e cas e in m in o r , ,

m att e rs at l e ast t h e c o urt w ill d e t e r m in e if p o ssibl e t h e actual i n

, , , ,

t e nti o n o f t h e p arti e s at t h e ti m e o f si g nin g t h e a g r e em e nt P r o vi si o ns .

m a y b e a n d u sually a r e m a de that t h e e n g in e e r m a y e x p lain s u ch d i s

c r e p an c i e s a n d m a y d e ci de w hich shall p r e vail
7
.

7 Wa i t Eng i n e r i ng
, e an d Arc hi te ctura l Jur i s p ru d nc e e, s ecs . 225 to 235 .
 R i gh t s an d R e s p o n s ib i li t i e s 3

on ra w i ngs o d scr ib d i n t h s p ec i ficat i o ns b t whi c h m y b f a i r ly

th e d r e e e u a e

i m p li d i nc l d d i n an y i t m f t h co ntract s h a ll b e d o n
e as u e d f urn i s h d e o e ,
e an e

by t h c o ntract o r w i t h ut a d d i t i na l c h arg e t h e r f r
e o o e o .

P r o visi o ns m ay als o b e inclu de d in t h e a g r e e m e nt f o r t h e c o rr ee

ti o n o f e rr o rs o r o m i ssi o ns in m att e rs o r th i n g s w hich a r e f airly i m
p li e d by t h e a g r e e m e nt a n d t h e sa m e rul e s h o l d a s in t h e cas e o f d i s
,

c re p a n c ie s .

It is e vi de nt that t h e g r e at e st ca r e sh o ul d b e e x e rcis e d t o se e that

t h e p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns f ully a g r e e a n d that d iscr e p anci e s a r e p r a c

tically e li m inat e d als o that t h e p lans a n d s pe ci fi cat i o ns a r e c o m p l e t e

,
.

I f car e is e x e rcis e d in th e s e r e g ar d s t h e chanc e o f se ri o us d iscr e p anci e s ,

o r o m issi o ns is r e m o t e Wh e n p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a re o nly ge n

.

e ral in cha ract e r a n d sh o w e vi d e nc e o f hasty o r car e l e ss p r ep arati o n

c o ntract o rs sh o ul d r e f us e t o b id u p o n t h e sa m e i f t h e e n g in e e r i s e m
p o we r e d by t h e c o ntract t o d e t e r m in e d iscr e p anci e s a n d r e qu i r e o m i s
s i o ns t o b e f urnish e d at his d iscr e ti o n a n d w ith o ut arbit rati o n .

Th e s e claus e s sh o ul d b e so w r itt e n as t o p r e v e nt t h e p o ssibiliti e s

o f unj ust clai m s f o r m in o r d isc r e anci e s o r i m m at e rial o m issi o ns but
p
sh o ul d n o t i m po s e u po n t h e c o ntract o r t h e e x p e ns e o f r e cti f yin g t h e
m istak e s o f t h e e n g in e e r .

D is
“
pa i cr e S h u l d t h r b e an y d is cr p ancy b t w n p l ans d s p c
n c es : o e e e e ee an e

i d at i o ns f r t h wo r k h r i n p ec i fi ed t h ng i n r s h a ll d fine w hi c h i s
e o e e e s , e e ee e

i nt n d d t ap p ly t t h w r k i n h an d d t h e c ntract o r s h a ll b b oun d by
e e o o e o , an o e

suc h d c is i n e o .
”

Om i i o : An y w r k
ss ns m at r i a l t h r i n s p c i fi d b t w hi c h m y
o or e no e e e e u a

b e f a i r ly i m p li ed as i nc l u d d i n t h c ntract f w hi c h t h C hi f E ngi n r e e o , o e e ee

s h a ll b t h j u d g s h a ll b d o n by t h c ntract r w i t h ut xtra c h rg
e e e, e e e o o o e a e .

Thi s agr m nt i l d i g t h s p c i ficat i ns p l ans d st i m at s i s i

ee e nc u n
'
e e o , an e e h

t n d e d t o b suffic i nt t o s h w a ll w r k t b e d n
e e e d m t rial t be f
o o
‘

o o e an a e o ur

h i s h d h e r e n d e r T h e quant i t i e s f t h var i us c l ass s f w r k d m at r i a l

e u . o e o e o o an e

t o b e d on d f urn i s h d un d r t hi s c ntract
e an a p p r xi m at a d
e to b
e o are o e n are e

us e d o n ly as a b as i s f st i m at i ng t h p r o b a bl c st f t h w r k d f
or e m e e o o e o an o r co

p ar i ng t h p r p o sa l s o ff r d f
e o th wo r k a un i f r m bas i s I t i un d r
e e or e , on o . s e

st o o d d agr d t h at t h actua l a m o unt o f w o r k t o b d n

an ee e d m t i l t e o e an a er a o

b e f urn i s h d n d r t hi s c ntract m y d i ff r s m wh at f r o m t h s st i m at s
e , u e o a e o e e e e e ,

an d t h at t h b as i s f p a y m nts und r t hi s c ntract s h a ll b t h actua l

e or e e o e e

a m ount f suc h w r k d m at r i a l d n
o d f urn is h d
o an e o e an e .

Th c o ntract o r agr e e s t h at h e w ill m a k e o c l a i m f d a m ag s ant i c i

e n or e ,

p at d p r o fits
e t h r wi s oracc nt o f an y d i ff r nc s w hi c h m y b f o nd
o e e on ou e e e a e u

b t w n t h q ant i t i e s f t h var i us ki n d s f w r k d m at i l actu lly

e ee e u o e o o o an er a a

d o n e o r f urn i s h d un d e r t hi c ntract a d t h e st i m at d q ant i t i s c ta i n d

s o n e e e u e on e

i n t hi s agr em nt I t i s f urt h r agr d t h at i t i s t h i nt nt f t hi s o

e e . e ee e e o c n

tract t h at a ll wo r k m ust b d n d a ll m at r i a l m st b f urn i s h d i n

e o e an e u e e ac

c or d ce w i t h t h e b
an t p ract i c a d i n t h v ent f an y d i scr p an i s b
es e, n e e o e c e e
224 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f t h e Co n t ra c t

t w n t h e p l ans d s p c i ficat i ns o o t h e r w i s o i n t h v nt f any d b t

ee an e o , r e, r e e e o ou

as t t h m an i ng f an y p rt i n o f t h c ntract s p c i ficat i ons

o e e o pl n o th e o e o , e or a s,

e ng i n r s h a ll d fin w hi c h i s i nt e n d ed t o ap p ly t o t h e w rk
ee e e d th e c o , an on

tract r s h a ll b b un d by suc h d c i s i n An y w o r k o m at e r i a l o t h o wn
o e o e o . r n s

o n t h e d ra w i ngs o d scr ib d i n t h e s p c i ficat i o ns b t w hi c h m y b

r e e f a i r ly e u a e

i m p li d i nc l d d i n an y i t m f t h e c ntract s h all b e d o n
e as u e d f urn i s h d
e o o , e an e

by t h c o ntract o r w i t h o ut a d d i t i o na l ch arg t h r f r
e e e e o .

E P r o pe r t y M a t er ia l e t c
. t o b e Fu r n is h e d b y F i r s t P ar ty
, , ,
.
,
.

Th e p art y o f t h e fi rst p art sh o ul d i n g e n e ral f u rni sh t h e r e al e stat e , ,

a n d ri g hts o f w a y r e qui r e d f o r t h e p u r po s e o f t h e wo rk T h e fi rst

- -
.

p art y m a v d e si r e t o f urnish o th e r m at e rial o r su pp li e s w hich m a y b e

o n han d o r w hich it m a y b e d e sirabl e t o f u rnish th r o u g h m a n u f a c t u r

e r s o r o th e r c o ntract o rs Th e l a t t e r f urni shin g s a r e u suall y d e scrib e d

. ,

in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns T h e r e a l e stat e o r ri ghts o f w a y a r e u sually d e

.

scrib e d i h t h e g e n e ra l co n d i t i o n s .

Th p art y f t h e first p art w ill f rn i s h a ll r a l stat e d r i g h ts o f wa y

o e u e e an

r as na bly n c ssar y f o t h w r k i nc l u d i ng l an d n d d f t h c o nstru

e o e e r e o , ee e or e e

t i n f o b rr w p i t s f wa t d u m p s f cam p s i t s d f acc ss t t h
o , r o o , or s e ,
or e an or e o e

work
I n cas f s r i us d l a y s i n t h ac qu i s i t i
e o e o f th n c ssar y l and f t hi s
e e on o e e e or

p ur p s o an xt ns i n f t i m w ill b grant d t h c ntract r suffic i nt t

e, e e o o e e e e o o e o

c m p nsat t h r e f o r T h c o ntract r s h a ll h av
o e e e . c m p nsat i n f m i n o r
e o e no o e o or

d lay s
e i nt rr p t i n c us d b y t h f il ur t o s c r s ch l an d b t s h a ll
or e u o a e e a e e u e u u re

i v c m p nsat i n f th act a l l s s cca i n d by s r i o s d l a y s ”

ce e o e o or e u os e o s o e e u e .

1 5 0 Au th o ri ty o f t h e E n g in e e r
. .

T h e e n g in e e r i s c o m m o nly d e si g nat e d as t h e arbit e r t o d e ci d e

qu e sti o ns o f quantity quality w o rk m anshi p a n d any o th e r qu e sti o ns , , ,

w hich m a y ari s e b e t w e e n t h e p arti e s t o a c o ntra ct C o m m o nly t h e .

,

s p e ci fi cati o ns att e m p t t o m ak e t h e de ci si ons o f t h e e n g in e e r fi nal an d “

c o nclusiv e o n t h e c o ntract o r a n d o f t e n o n b o th parti e s

”
Th e d e , .
8

C 1 5 1 0n s o f a ssi stants m ust al w ays b e subj e ct t o a al t t h C hi e f E n

pp e o e

i n ee r a n d f r e qu e ntly t h e d e cisi o ns o f t h e C hi e f E n g in e e r a r e m a de
g ,

su b j e ct t o a d j ust m e nt by a b o ar d o f arbitrati o n No a g r e e m e nt o n .

t h e p art o f t h e c o ntract o r can m ak e such d e ci si o n fi nal a n d c o ncl u “

siv e i i such de cisi o ns a re unla w f ul f o r a m an cann o t l e g ally si g n

’
,

Mutua li t y i s t h ss nc f va li d c o ntract a d t hi s m s t xi st n o t
8 e e e e o a n u e

o n ly i n t h c ntract as a wh o l b t i n r gar d t ac h o bli gat i o n f t h o

e o e u e o e o e c n

tract Th at i s
. r y bli g t i n r st i ng e v
ep art y m st b i n c n i d ra
o a o e on on e u e o s e

ti n of a p rom s
o act o f t h t h r p art y N i t h r p art y i s b o n d un l ess
i e or e o e . e e u

b oth b nd
are ou .

If t h f, , th ng i n e r i s m a d t h e ar bi trat r o f t h c ntr ct
e r e o r e, e e th e e o e o a on e

p art o f t h c o ntr ct r hi s aut h r i t y i s at l ast d ou b t f u l n l ss t h c ntra t

e a o o e u e e o c

a l s o p r o v i d s t h at t h first p arty i s a l s o b o n d by hi s d c i i n
e e u e s o .
 2 26 G e n e ra l Co n di t i o n s o f t h e Co n t ra c t

A S u per vis i o n
. D i r e ct i o n o f Wo r k —Th e f uncti o n o f t h e e n
and .

g i n e e r i s t o su p e rvi s e a n d d i r e ct t h e w o rk o f c o nstructi o n a n d t o see

that t h e sa m e c o rr e s p o n d s w ith t h e r e qui r e m e nts o f p lans sp e c ifi ca ,

ti o ns a n d c o ntract T h e ri g ht o f d ir e cti o n r e s e rv e d t o t h e e n g in ee r
.

in t h e c o ntract sh o ul d n o t b e so e xte n de d as t o r e li e v e t h e c o ntract o r

o f t h e r e s p o nsibility i m p o s e d th e r e un de r n o r sh o ul d i t b e such as t o ,

pe r m it t h e e n g in e e r t o u nn e c e ssarily ha m p e r o r d e lay t h e e x e cuti o n o f

_

T h e c o m m o n s p e ci fi cati o n that
“
t h e wo rk . Th e wo rk m ust b e co m ,

m e n c e d a n d carri e d o n at such p o ints a n d i n such o r de r o r p r e c e d e nc e

as m ay b e d i r e ct e d by t h e e n g in e e r i s u sually unn e c e ssa ry an d u n ,
”

j ust In m o st cas e s i f de si rabl e it is quit e p o ssibl e t o p r e scrib e t h e

.
,

p o int o r po ints at w hich t h e w o rk shall b e b e g un a n d t h e o r de r o r

p r e c e de nc e i n w hich it i s n e c e ssary that it shall b e c o nstruct e d Th e
“

ri g ht o f t h e e n g in ee r t o chan g e thi s o r de r sh o ul d b e li m it e d t o c o n d i
ti o ns wh e r e c o ntin g e nci e s m a v aris e that cl e arly m ak e such a chan g e
n e c e ssary .

S p e r vi s i o : I t i s m utua lly agr d b e t we n t h p art i s t o t hi s c ntract

“
u n ee e e e o

t h at t h e ng i n e r h a ll sup rv i se d d i r ect a ll w o r k i nc lu d ed h r i n T o
e e s e an e e .

p r v e nt a ll d i s p ut s
e d t o d i sc o urag li t i gat i o n i t i s f urt h r agr e d by a d
e an e , e e n

b e twe n t h e p art i e s t o t hi s c o ntract t h at i f i t cann o t b o th r wi se agr d

e e e ee ,

th e c hi e f ng i n e r s h a ll i n a ll cas s d t r m i n t h am o unt o f t h e q uan t i t i s

e e e e e e e e

of th s ve ra l ki n d s o f w r k whi ch a e t o b p a i d f un d r t his c ntract

e e o r e or e o ,

a d h e s h a ll d e t r m i n
n a ll qu st i o ns i n r e l t i n t sa i d w r k d t h o
e e e a o o o an e c n

s tru t i n t h r e o f
c o d h e s h a ll i n a ll c s s ar bi trat
e , an v r y q u st i n w hi c h a e e e e e o

m y ar i s r l at i v t t h
a e xe cut i o n f t hi s c ntract
e e o t h e p art o f sa i d
e e o o on co n

tract o r d hi s e st i m at e a d fin d i ngs s h a ll b e t h
, an c o n d i t i n p r c e d nt t o
n e o e e

th e r i g h t o f t h e p art y o f t h s c nd p art t an y a t i n th
e c ntr ct d
e o o c o on e o a an

t o an y r i g h t t o r c i v e an y m o n e y un d r t hi s c ntract
s e e e o .

D r a t i on o f wor k W h e n v e r i t i s n c ss ar y i n r d r t o assur t h
“
u : e saf e e , o e e e e

an d p r p r c n truct i o n o f t h
o e o wo r k t h
s ng i n r s h a ll d t r m i n t h t i m
e ,
e e ee e e e e es

an d s as ns e d t h e ord r
o f p r c d nc
an nd r w hi c h t h wo r k s h a ll b e
e o e e e e u e e

d on e W h r t h first p art y i s h av i ng o t h r w o r k d n i t h r by c ntract

. e e e e o e, e e o

or b y i t s w f o rc e t h e
o ng i n r m y d i r ct t h m ann r o f c o n truc t i ng
n ,
e ee a e e e s

t h e w r k d o n e un d e r t hi s c ntract i n o r d r t h at c o n fli cts m y b
o o avo i d e d
,
e a e

a d th
n var i us w r k s b i ng d o n e f t h p art y f t h first p art m y b
e o o e or e o e a e

h ar m o n iz d e .
”

B As si s ta n t s a n d I n spc c t o r s — In lar g e w o rk a c o nsi d e rabl e n u m

. .

b e r o f assistant e n g in e e rs su p e rint e n d e nts a n d ins pe ct o rs m a y b e r e ,

qui r e d t o se e that t h e w o rk is p ro p e rly p e r f o r m e d In g e n e ral th e i r .

,

activiti e s sh o ul d b e li m it e d t o t h e s pe cial wo rk t o w hich th e y a r e as

si gn e d .

wo r d e ng i n r s h a ll m an t h chi f ng i n r o f t h e p a r t y f t h e
“ ‘ ’
Th e ee e e e e ee o

fir t p art o hi s d u ly aut h o r iz ed agent ass i tant ng i n r su p r i nt n d e nts

s , r , s e ee ,
e e ,
 Au t h o r it y o f the En gin e e r

an d i ns p ect o rs act i ng s v ra lly wi t hi n t h sco p o f t h p art i cu l ar d ut i e s as

e e e e e

s i gn d t t h m
e o e .

C I n spe ct i o n — Ca r e sh o ul d b e e x e rcis e d by en g in e e rs in
. .

charge o f lar ge w o rks r e qui rin g a nu m b e r o f su p e rint e n d e nts a n d in

s p e ct o rs t o f ully a d vis e th e i r sub o r d inat e s as t o t h e e xt e nt a n d li m i
t a t i o n o f t h e auth o rity th e y a re t o e x e rcis e a n d t o f u rnish instructi o ns

as a basis f o r th e i r w o rk Instructi o ns sh o ul d b e in w ritin g in o r de r

.

t o p r o vi d e a p e r m an e nt r e c o r d a n d f o r f r e qu e nt r e f e r e nc e T h e in .

s p e ct o r w h e n un f a m iliar w ith his w o rk sh o ul d r e qu e st f ull instructi o ns

a n d sh o ul d r e f e r all d o ubt f ul p o ints t o his su p e ri o r He sh o ul d av o i d .

m akin g hasty d e cisi ons a n d sh o ul d n o t b e t o o r e a d y t o acc e p t su g

g e sti o ns o f t h e c o ntract o r o r o f o th e rs n o t i n auth o rity C ar e in a sce r .

tainin g his d uti e s a n d in de te r m inin g t h e m e th o d s a n d m ann e r in w hich

t h e w o rk sh o ul d b e d o n e at t h e inc e p ti o n o f t h e w o rk w ill av o i d e rr o rs , ,

a n d e m b a r a s s m e n t incr e as e his kn o w l e dg e a n d e ffi ci e ncy a n d r e sult i n

,

his m o r e ra p i d a dvanc e m e nt T h e assu m p ti o n o f a kn o w l e dg e o r e x .

p e r i e n ce h e d o e s n o t p o ss e ss a n d a c o ns e qu e nt f ailu r e t o m ak e me c e s
sary inqui ri e s w ill r e sult in unsatis f act o ry s e rvic e a n d f r e qu e ntly in
t h e l o ss o f p o siti o n .

In spe c t or s — In m o st lar g e p ublic w o rks w h e r e nu m e r o us ins pe ct

o rs a r e n e c e ssary o r d e si rabl e m en hav e o f t e n t o b e e m p l o y e d f o r such
,

p o siti o ns w h, o hav e littl e o r n o p r o f e ssi o nal kn o w l e d g e o r p ractical

e x p e ri e nc e o n t h e w o rk in qu e st i o n This is a pt t o b e tru e e s pe cially .

in p ubli c wo rk wh e re a p po int e e s t o such p o siti o ns a r e f r e qu e ntly p lac e d

by p o liticians w ith o ut m uch r e g ar d fo r ability o r s o m e ti m e s f o r int e g
ri ty Such i ns pe ct o rs f r e qu e ntly a r e g iv e n o r assu m e an auth o rity
.

which th e y sh o u l d n o t po ss e ss a n d s o m e ti m e s utiliz e th e ir p o siti o n t o

harr o w a n d ann o y t h e c o ntract o r e ith e r thr o u gh th e i r i g n o ranc e o r ,

o ccasi o nall y f o r p ur p o s e s o f p e tty g ra f t T o c o v e r such c o n d iti o ns it .

,

has b e e n su gg e st e d by Mr E rn est Mc C u ll o u gh that a claus e b e i n “

.
1

t r o du ce d in t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns s o m e w hat as f o ll o w s

I t i s m utua lly ag r e d t h at t h i nsp ct rs

“
e t his wo r k s h a ll t b
e e o on no e re

gar d d as d p t y e ng i n rs b t t h i r d ut i s s h ll b t o r po rt t t h
e e u ee , u e e a e e o e en

g i e r s i n c h arg an y d e v i at i o n f r o m t h
n e e s p ec i ficat i ns a d w h n n c s sar y e o , n e e e

to or d e r t h e w r k st p p d unt il t h ng i n r i n c h arg can g i v hi s op i nli

o o e e e ee e e on

c nc rn i ng an y d i s p ut d q u st i on
o e e e .

A ll d e c i s i o ns r gar d i ng t h e c h aract r f w o k t b e d n
e m at r i a l t o e o
'

r o o e or e

b e f urn i s h d o t h e i nt r p r e tat i o n f t h s p c i fic t i o ns h a ll b r f e rr e d t
r e e o e e a , s e e o

th e ngi n r i n h g
e ee d th
c ar i nsp ec t o rs s h a ll m a k
e, , an e c h ang s r d v i a e no e o e

t i ons f r m t h sp c i ficat i o ns
o e e a ll o wanc s f an y ki n d w i t h ut wr i tte n
or e o , o an

1 4 Se e Eng N . ew s Sup p l emnt e , vo l . 51, p . 233 .

228 G e n e ra l C o n di t i o n s o f the C o n t ra c t
t h orit y t o t h at ff ct f r m t h ng i n r i n c h arg It i s f urt h r m o r e agr d
e e o e e ee e . e ee

by t h p art i e s t o t hi s c ntr t t h at i n c as e t h e e ng i n e r i n c h arg i s bli ged

e o ac e e o

to b a b s nt f r m t h w o r k f
e e o c o ns i d ra bl t i m
e d i t b com n c ry
or a e e e an e es e e ss a

to d l gat e e hi s aut h o r i t y d ur i ng hi s a b s e nc t an y
e f sa i d i ns p ct o rs e o on e o e ,

sa i d i ns p ct r s h a ll b e a p p o i nt d i n wr i t i ng d s c h aut h o r i t y s h a ll c ease
o e e an u

wi th t n t i c o t h r turn o f t h ng i n r
ou o e n e e e e ee .

D L i n es a n d G r a des
. .

A ll li n s d gra d s s h a ll b f urn i s h d by t h e ng i ne r b t t h
“
e an e e e e e u e c on

tract o r s h a ll p r ov i d sta k s d s c h r d i nar y l a b o r as m a y r as o na bly b

e e an u o e e

r qu i r ed by t h e ng i n r t ass i st h i m i n suc h w r k W h n v r n ssa r y

e e ee o o . e e e ec e ,

w r k s h a ll b e sus p n d d t p r m i t f t hi s w o r k b t suc h sus p ns i n w ill b e

o e e o e o , u e o

as b r i f as p ract i ca bl e a d t h c o ntract o r s h a ll b a ll we d
e n e xtra c m p e e o no o en

sat i o n t h r f r T h e c o ntract r s h a ll g i v t h e ng i n r am p l n t i ce f t h
e e o . o e e ee e o o e

t im e d p l ac w h e r e li n s
an e d gra d e s w ill b n ed d A ll stak m ar k s
e an e e e . es, ,

et c . s h a ll b car f lly p r s e rv e d by t h e c o ntract r a d i n cas o f t h i r d

, e e u e o n e e e

struct i o n r m ova l by h i m o hi s e m p l o y s s uc h sta k s m ar k s t s h a ll

or e r ee , e , , e c .
,

b e r p l ac e d by t h e e ng i n r at t h e c ontract o r s exp e ns ’ ”
e ee e .

E Qu a n t i ti es a n d M e a su r e m e n ts — Th e subj e ct o f m e asur e m e nts

. .

i s p r o li fi c o f tr o ubl e in s pe ci fi cati o ns unl e ss t h e m e th o d s u s e d a r e f ully

un de rst o o d It i s al w ays de si rabl e t o assur e such un de rstan din g by a
.

s p e ci fi cati o n which shall e x p r e ssly stat e t h e m e th o d t o b e us e d Thi s .

is c o m m o nly do n e by t h e g e n e ral stat e m e nt

N o xtra o cust o m ar y m asur m nts f an y k i n d w ill b a ll w d i n
“
e r e e e o e o e

m e a ur i ng w r k un d r t h i s c ntract b t t h e actu l l ngt h t h

s o e s li d o , u a e , e o co n

t e nts t h n m b r a d w i g h t nly s h a ll b e c o ns i d r d un l ss o t h e rw i s e
, e u e n e o e e , e

s p ec i fica lly p r ov i d d e .
”

F r equ e ntly i n vari o us artisans w o rk vari o u s cust o m ary m e th o d s ’

o f m e asu r e m e nts a r e a pp li e d by t h e tra d e o r by g e n e ral u sa g e w hi ch in ,

g e n e ral a r e an att e m p t t o e q u ali z e t h e d i ffi cult p o rti o ns o f t h e w o rk

,

a n d r e d uc e th e m t o t h e basi s o f p lain w o rk by m akin g e xtra all o w anc e s

w h e r e such wo rk b e c o m e s unusually e x p e nsiv e Such m e th o d s a re .

j u sti fi abl e in th e m s e lv e s i f f ully un de rst o o d by b o th p arti e s t o t h e co n

,

tract a n d in de e d si m p li f y t o a c o nsi de rabl e e xt e nt t h e e sti m at e o f t h e , ,

p arti e s wh o a r e us e d t o m akin g th e i r fig ur e s o n t h e basis o f such m e as

u re m en t As th ey a r e usuall y r e a d ily un de rst o o d a n d can b e e asily
.

a pp li e d by t h e e n g in e e r a n d m o r e e asily a pp li e d b t h e c o ntract o r wh o
, y

has b e e n accust o m e d t o th e m it w o ul d s e e m d e si rabl e that th e y sh o ul d ,

b e u s e d w h e r e v e r such u se s e e m s f e asibl e In any e v e nt t h e m att e r .

,

sh o ul d b e m a de p lain a n d i f such rul e s a r e t o b e u se d it sh o ul d b e spe ,

c i fi ca l l y so stat e d .

If o n t h e o th e r han d such rul e s a r e t o b e i g n o r e d th e n a claus e ,

si m ila r t o that p r e vi o usly m e nti o n e d sh o ul d b e i ns e rt e d so that n o ,

 230 G e n e ra l C o n di t i o n s o f t h e C o n t r ac t

m ay a m n d o c rr ct an y rr o rs
e r o m i ss i o n i n t h e d ra w i ngs o r
o e p c i fic
e or s e a

t i o ns w h e n suc h a m e n d m nt c rr ct i n i s n c ssar y t b r i ng o t t h e e or o e o e e o u

m an i ng
e d i nt e nt whi c h i s c l ar ly i n d i cat e d by a r aso na bl e i nt r p r t a t i o n
an e e e e

of th sa m e e .

G E m e rg e n ci es — O u i m p o rtant w o rk w h e r e p o ssibl e haza r d s t o

.
,

li f e a n d p r o p e rty m a y a ris e o r w h e r e t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e w o rk m ay de ,

p e n d u p o n t h e p r e cauti o ns tak e n by an i n d ivi d ual c o ntract o r such p re ,

cauti o ns m a y b e n e g l e ct e d a n d it i s cu st o m ary a n d d e sirabl e un d e r ,

such c o n d iti o ns t o p r o vi de that t h e e n g in e e r m ay do w hat e v e r i s n e ce s

sary t o p r ev ent such p o ssibl e c o ntin g e nci e s T h e n e c e ssity o f e xe r .

cisin g such a ri g ht s e l do m o ccu rs but t h e ri g ht t o p r o vi d e such p re ,

cauti o ns i s v e ry e ss e ntial .

Em
“
g e oi e W h n ev r i n t h o p i n i n f t h e ng i n r t h c ntract r
er n s: e e , e o o e ee , e o o

h as t ta k n su ffi c i nt p r cau t i n f t h a f t y o f t h p u bli c o t h p
no e e e o or e s e e r e ro

te c t i n f t h wo r k t o b c nstruct e d un d e r t hi s c ntract o o f a d j c nt
o o e s e o o , r a e

structur s o p r p rt y w hi c h m y b e i nj ur d by p r oc ss s f c nstru t i n
e r o e a e e e o o c o

o n acc unt o f suc h n g l ct

o d w h n v r i n t h e o p i n i o n o f sa i d
e e ng i n r
. an e e e , e ee ,

an m rg e nc y s h a ll ar i s
e e d i m m d i at act i o n s h a ll b c ns i d r ed ec
e an e e e o e n es

sa r y i n r d r t o p r t ct p u bli c
o e p r i vat p e rs o na l
o e p ro p rt y i nt r e sts or e, or e e ,

t h e n d i n t h at ev nt t h sa i d ng i n e r w i t h r w i t h ut n o t i c e t sa i d co
, an e , e e e , o o o n

tract o r m y p r ov i d su i t a bl p r te ct i n t o sa i d i nte r st s by ca s i ng such

, a e e o o e u

w rk t b
o d ono d m at r i a l t o b f rn i s h d
e e an d p l ac d as s h ll f e ish e u e an e a u rn

suc h p r t ct i o n as sa i d e ng i n r m y c ns i d e r n c ssar y d a d qu t
o e ee a o e e an e a e .

Th c t d xp ns e f suc h wo r k d m at r i a l o f rn i s h d s h a ll
e os an e e o an e s u e ,

b b rn by sa i d c o ntract o r
e o e d i f t h e sa m s h a ll o t b e p ai d p r s e t at i n
, an e n on e n o

o f th bill s t h r f r t h n s i d c sts s h a ll b e d d uct ed f r m an y a m nts

e e e o , e a o e o ou

d ue w hi c h m y b c m d
or sa i d c ontract r
a e o e ue o .

p r f o r m anc f s uc h m rg e nc y w r k un d e r t h e d i r ect i o n o f t h e
“
Th e e e o e e o

e ng i n r s h a ll i n
ee w y r li v t h c ntract r f r m a y d am ag w hi c h
no a e e e e o o o n es

m y a cc r d uri ng
o ua f t r s i d p r caut i n h a b n d u ly ta k n b y sa i d
or e a e o s ee e eh

g i n eer .

H P r e l i m i n a r y Appr o va l — VVh e r e
. vari o us assistants an d ins p e ct .

o r s a r e e m p l o y e d in c o nn e cti o n w ith t h e e x e cuti o n o f w o rk it i s d e si r ,

abl e t o S p e ci fi cally li m it th e i r p o we r o f acc ep tanc e o f w ork do n e t o t h e

sti p ulati o ns o f t h e c o ntract .

No
“
ng i n r su p r i nt e n d ent o i ns p ct r s h a ll have an y p o w r t
e ee , e r e o e o

wa i v e t h e o bli gat i ns f t hi s c o ntract f r t h f urn i s hi ng by t h e c ntract r

o o o e o o

o f g d m at r i a l
oo d f h i s p e r f r m i ng g o d w r k as h r i n d scr i b e d i n
e an o o o o e e e

f ll acc r d anc
u w ith t h
o p l ans d s p e c i fic t i o ns
e N f a il ur e oem i ss i n an a . o r o o

of an y e ng i n r sup r i nt n d nt ee i ns p cto r t o c n d m n an y d t ec t i v
, e e e or e o e e e

w r k o m at r i a l s h a ll r l as t h e c o ntrac to r f r o m t h o bli gat i o n t o at nc

o r e e e e e o e

t ar o t r m ov e a d p r p r ly r p l ac e t h s am at an y t i m u p n t h d i
e u , e , n o e e e e e o e s

y o f sa i d d f ct i v w rk m at r i a l
”
co v er e e e o or e .

1 . R ig h t o f E n g i n e er t o M o d ify M e t h o ds and E q u ipm e n t — T h e

ri g ht to m o d i fy the c o ntract o r s ’
m e th o d of wo rk an d e qui pm e nt i s a
 A u t h o r it y o f the E n gi n e e r 3]

s e ri o us r e s e rvati o n w hich sh o ul d b e inclu de d o nly w h e n t h e natur e o f

t h e w o rk m ak e s it n e c e ssary f o r sa f e ty that t h e w o rk shall b e d o n e

w ithin a g iv e n ti m e o r by such m e ans that such sa f e ty shall b e s e cur e d .

Such a rbitra ry r e qui r e m e nts can b e a dvanta g eo usly m a de a p art o f t h e

g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns o nly w h e n th e stan d in g a n d e x pe ri e nc e o f t h e e n
'

i n e e r a r e su ffi ci e nt t o m ak e h i m a r e as o nabl e j u d g e o f t h e n e c e ssiti e s

g
o f t h e cas e .

R i g h t t o M o di f y Me t h o d s a d E q u i p m e n t : I f at an y t i m t h e m eth d s
“
n e o

o r e q u i p m nt us d by t h
e c o ntract o r a e f und t b e un a f e o i na d e q uat e
e e r o o s r

for s cur i ng t h e sa f t y o f t h w r k m n
e e o t h e r p e rs ns w h o m y b e e
e o e or o a n

d ang r e d t h r by o
e t o s cur
e e th
, qua li t y f w r k o r t h e r t e o f p ro gr es s
r e e e o o a

r qu i r d un d e r t hi s c o ntract t h e ng i ne r m y o r d r t h c ntracto r t i
e e , e e a e e o o n

cr as e t h i r s a f e t y o t i m p r ov t h i r c h aract r a d ffic i nc y
e e r o ed th e e e n e e , an

c o ntract r s h a ll c m p ly w i t h suc h o r d rs
o o e .

I f at an y t i m e t h e w r ki ng f o rc e o f t h c ntract i s i na d q uat e f o r
“
o e o e

s cur i ng t h p r o gr ess h r i n s p c i fi e d t h e c ntract r s h a ll i f o o r d r d

e e e e e , o o , s e e ,

i ncr s e hi s f o rc r qu i p m nt r b o t h t suc h an xt e nt
ea e o e e t, g i ve
o , o e as o rea

s na bl ass ranc o f c om p li anc e w i t h t h e sc h d u l e f p r gr ess

o e u e e o o .

“
Th f a il ur o f t h
e ng i n e r t m a k uc h d m an d s h a ll o t r li v t h
e e e e o e s e s n e e e e

c ntract o r o f hi s o bli gat i o ns t o s cur t h sa f t y o f hi s m

o th qua li ty o f
e e e e en , e

t h e w rk o ,d th rat e f p r gr ss r q u i r d by t hi s c o ntr act

an e o o e e e .

J R i h t t o R e t a i n I m p f
e r e c t W o r k — Th e c o ntract usually p o
r
.
g .

vi de s that all w o rk w hich is n o t in acc o r d anc e w ith t h e p lans a n d

s p e ci fi cati o ns shall b e tak e n do w n a n d r e built in acc o r danc e th e r e w ith .

U n de r s o m e c o n d iti o ns t h e r e m o val o f wo rk c o nstruct e d m ay so g r e atly

i m p e d e t h e p r o g r e ss o f t h e e nti r e w o rk o r inv o lv e such o th e r l o ss e s
a n d d a m a g e s that i t m a y b e d e sirabl e o r e ss e ntial t o r e tai n t h e w o rk ,

e v e n w ith t h e i m p e r f e cti o n rath e r than t o su ff e r t h e c o ns e qu e nt l o ss o f

its r e m o val a n d r e plac e m e nt Wh e n e v e r such cas e s m ay aris e it i s .

d e si rabl e t o inclu de in t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o ns a sti p ulati o n that i f t h e ,

i m p e r f e cti o ns a r e n o t o f su ffi ci e nt m a g nitu de t o warrant its r e m o val

a n d r e c o nst ructi o n o r i f such c o n d iti o ns aris e as t o m ak e such r e m o val

a n d r e c o nstructi o n i m racticabl e o r d an g e r o u s t h e e n g in e e r shall hav e

p
t h e ri g ht t o all o w t h e sa m e t o r e m ain but shall b e e m p o w e r e d t o m ak e ,

such r e as o nabl e de d ucti o n f r o m t h e c o ntract p ric e o f t h e sa m e as t h e

d e f e ct o f w o rk m anshi p m at e rial o r c o nst r ucti o n m a y f ai rly w arrant
,
.

y p art o
an p rt i o n o f t h w r k d n e o m at r i a l f rn i h d un d e r
r o e o o r e u s e

t hi s c o ntract s h a ll p r v d f ct i v d o t i n acc r d anc

o e e e w i t h t h p l ans a d
e an n o e e n

s p c i ficat i ns a d i f t h e i m p r f ct i o n i n t h e sa m s h a ll ot b f su ffic i nt
e o , n -
e e e n e o e

m agn i t d e o r i m p rtanc as t o m k t h
u o w o r k d ang r u s o un d s i ra bl
e a e e e o r e e,

or i f t h e r m o va l o f suc h w r k w ill cr at
e c o n d i t i o ns w hi c h e d ang r us
o e e ar e o

or und s i rabl t h e ng i nee r s h a ll h ve t h r i gh t d ut h o r i ty t r et a i n

e e, e a e an a o

suc h wo r k b t s h a ll m a k e suc h d d ct i ns i n t h fina l p ay m nt t h e r e f o r as

, u e u o e e

m y b j ust a d r e as o na bl e
a e n .
 232 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f the C o n t ra c t

K Ar b i t r a t io n — O n e
. s e ri o u s unc e rtainti e s in e sti m atin g t h e
of the

c o st o f w o rk by c o ntract o rs aris e s wh e n t h e de ci si o n s o f t h e vari o us

qu e sti o n s which m a y ari s e un de r a c o ntract a re l e f t t o t h e de cisi o n o f
t h e e n g in e e r \ Vh e r e t h e c o ntract o r has d o n e p r e vi o us w o rk un de r a
.

c e rtain e n g in e e r hi s charact e r an d t h e de cisi o ns which h e w ill g iv e

,

un de r t h e va ri o us c o n d iti o ns o f c o ntract w o rk m a y b e kn o w n but wh e n ,

a b i d i s m a de un de r an e n g in ee r wh o i s unkn o w n o r un de r an e n g in e e r
wh o is y o un g a n d in e x p e ri e nc e d t h e unc e rtainti e s b e c o m e q u it e s e ri o u s ,

a n d a c o nsi d e rabl e a dd iti o n m ust b e m a de t o t h e p ric e s b i d t o c o v e r

t h e p o ssibiliti e s o f unj ust r e quir e m e nt s ( Se e Se c . .

In m o st wo rk it i s e ss e ntial that t h e wo rk sh o ul d p r o c ee d an d it ,
-

i s d e si rabl e as a g en e ral rul e that t h e d e cisi o n o f t h e e n g in e e r shall b e

acc e pt e d a n d c o m p li e d w ith so f a r as t h e i m m e d iat e acti o n o f t h e co n
t ract o r i s c o nc e rn e d It is de sirabl e h o we v e r b o th o n acc o unt o f its
.
,

e ff e ct u p o n t h e p ric e s b i d a n d o n ac c o u nt o f f ai rn e ss that in all m at ,

t e rs o f m o m e nt w h e r e s e ri o us d i ff e r e nc e s m ay aris e b e t we e n t h e c o n
‘

t ract o r an d e n g in e e r s o me p r o visi o n b e m a d e by w hich an a ppe al

,

can b e tak e n t o a b ea r d o f arbitrati o n W h e r e arbitrati o n is p r o vi d e d .

,

t h e claus e in r e g ar d t o t h e e n g in e e r s d e cisi o n m a y b e inclu d e d e ss e n

’

t i a l ly as f o ll o w s
“
E gi ne D nei io s r s
’
Th ng i n r s h a ll w i t hi n a r as o bl e t i m
ec s n : e e ee , e na e,

d ec i d a ll q st i ns
e ue c l a i m s f e i t h e r p art y t t hi s c o ntract d a l l m t
o or o o an a

t e r s r e l at i ng t o t h x c t i o n d p r gr s o f t h e wo r k
e e e u th i nt r p r ta
an o es or e e e ‘

t i o n o f t h e p l ans p c i ficat i ns d c ntract , s e o an o .

Un l e ss o t h r w i s e p r ov i d d a ll t h e ng i n r s d c i i o ns s h a ll b e b
“
e e , e ee
’
e s su

j e t t ar bi tr t i o n
c o a .
”

T h e f o ll o w i n g s p e ci fi cati o n o n this subj e c t is w ritt e n in g e n e ral

acc o r danc e w ith t h e s p e ci fi cati o n f o r a rbitrati o n r e c o m m e n d e d by t h e
Am e rican Institut e o f Archit e cts :
A b i t a t i o — Un l s
r r t h r wi s s p c i fica lly p r v i d d a ll q est i ns i n
n es o e e e o e , u o
di sp t e un d e r t hi s c o ntr ct s h a ll b
u s b m i tt d t o ar bi trat i n at t h c h o i c
a e u e o e e

of ei t h r p art y t o t hi s c o ntr ct T h g e n r l p r c d r s h a ll c n f r m t o
e a . e e a o e u e o o
th e l w s f t h e st t i n w hi c h t h w r k li s ; d w h r v r p r m i tt d by
a o a e e o e an e e e e e

l w t h d c i s i o n o f t h e ar bi t rs m y b fi l e d i n c urt t carr y i t i nt o ff ct
a , e e e a e o o e e .

I f t h e e ng i n r f a il s t o m a k e a d c i s i n wi t hi n s r as n bl e t i m an
“
ee e o ~
e o a e,

a p p a l t o ar bi trat i n m y b t k n as i f hi s d i s i o n h d b n r n d r d
e o a e a e , ec a ee e e e

aga i nst t h e p art y ap p e a li ng I n s c h cas s d i n a c o f an a p p a l f r m

. u e an as e e o
t h e e ng i n r s d c i s i o n t h d m an d f ar bi trat i n s h a ll b e fi l ed w i t h h i m
’
ee e , e e or o

i n wr i t i ng wi t hi n t d a y s t h e r f t r ; d i n o cas l at r t h an t h t i m f
en ea e an n e e e e o
fina l p a ym e nt .

Th p art i e s m y agr
e p o n o e ar bi t r
a ot h r w i e t h r
ee s h a ll b
u n e , e s e e e

t h r e o nam d i n w r i t i ng by e ac h p art y t hi r d c h o s n by t h
.

e: ne e d th , an e e e

t w o ar bi t rs s l ct d ; o i f t h ar bi t rs f a il t e l ct a t hi r d wi t hi n t n
e so e e e r e e o e e
 G e n e ra l C o n d i t i o n s o f the Co n t ra c t

p art y r e ta i n a c rta i n p r p o rt i n f sa m e as l s wh r p r ov i d e d f o r p o
to e o o o e e e e r

tec tio aga i nst cl a i m s f r l a b r d m at r i a l f o d a m ag s f r r y a l t i s o

n o o an e , r e , o o e r

o th r w i s
e d xc p t i ng a l s an y a m nt r ta i n d as a guarant f t h
e, an e e o ou e e ee or e

m a i nt nanc o f t h e w r k o m at r i a l f urn i s h e d un d r t hi s c ntract o r f o r

e e o r e e o ,

f o r f i tur
"
e e .

B . D e la y e d P ay m e n ts .

I n cas e any p a y m e nt t o t h e c o ntract r o an y st i m at e i s d e l a y d by o n e e

t h e p art y o f t h first p art b y n d t h t i m p r v i d d h er i n sa i d fir st p art y

e e o e e o e e ,

s h a ll p ay t h e c ontract o r i nt r st o t h e a m o unt d at t h e rat o f s i x p r e e n ue e e

c e nt p e annu m f o t h p r i o d f suc h d e l a y T h t e r m f w hi c h sa i d
. r r e e o . e or

i nt r st s h a ll b e p a i d s h a ll i n t h cas f p r gr es st i m t s d at f r m t h
e e , e e o o s e a e , e o e

l ot h d y a f t e r t h
a d at f sa i d st i m at e t o t h e d at o f p a y m nt
e e o f th e st i e , e e o e

m at e,a d i n t h e cas
n of t h fin l e st i m at e f r m t hi rt y d a ys a f t r t h fi li ng
e e a o e e

of th c rt i ficat e o f c m p l t i n d acc p tanc t o t h e d at e f fina l p a y m e nt

e e o e o an e e o

of t h fina l e st i m at
e e .

I f i nt r st s h a ll b c m e d an y p r o gr ss st i m at t h a m o unt
“
e e o e o ue n e e e, e

t h e r e o f s h a ll b e a dd d t o t h succ e d i ng st i m at e ; d i f i nt e r st s h a ll b e
e e e e an e

c om d o t h fina l st i m at i t s h a ll b e a d d d t o such fina l st i m at

e ue n e e d e, e e e an

p a i d t h r wi th e by a s p c i a l v uc h r wi t hi n f urt ee n d a y s t h e r ea f t e r T h e
e or e o e o .

c ntract r h l l o t b e nt i t l d t i nt r e st
o o s a n an y m o s m s whi c h by t h e
e e o e on su r u

t r m s f t hi s c ntract t h p art y f t h first p art m y b ut h r iz e d t o r e ta i n

e o o e o e a e a o .
.

I t i s h e r by agr d t h at suc h i nt re st p a y m e nts i f an y e t o b i n li u f

e ee e , , ar e e o

an y c l a i m s o f t h c ntract r f a ll g d d a m ag s f o b r ac h o f c ntract o
e o o or e e e , r e o , r

o t h e rw i s e o acc unt f d l a y e d p a y m nts

, n o o e e .

C E x t ra
. Wor k .

A ll extra wo r k d o n e u n d e r t hi s c o ntract s h a ll b e p a i d f o r at actu a l co s t

p l us fi f t e e n p e c e nt ( I m p o p e sp e ci fi c a t i o n )
r . r r .

T h e ab o v e is qu it e a co m m o n f o r m o f s p e ci fi cati o n f o r e xtra w o rk ,

but i s o bj e cti o nabl e 011 acc o unt o f its f ailur e t o de fi n e w hat i s m eant
by actual c o st T h e act u al c o st o f a p i e c e o f wo rk w ill o f n e c e ssity
.
”

inclu de t h e c o st o f all m at e rial labo r a n d su pp li e s f u rnish e d f o r t h e ,

w o rk in qu e sti o n It inclu de s als o t h e c o st o f t h e ti m e that any f o r e

.

m a n m a y g iv e t o this s p e cial w o rk T h e wo rk in g e n e ral m ust b e r e .

’

g ar de d as inclu d in g n o t o nly t h e ab o v e it e m s but als o t h e c o st o f g e n ,

e ral su p e rint e n d e nc e o ffi c e e x pe ns e s in i m m e d iat e c o nn e cti o n with t h e

,

wo rk ti m e k e e p e rs a n d o th e r salari e s a n d t h e c o st o r at l e ast t h e d e
, ,

p r e ciati o n o n t h e t o o ls a n d m achin e ry u s e d i n c o nn e cti o n w ith t h e

,

sa m e als o o th e r g e n e ral e x p e ns e s If t h e c o ntract o r is do in g s ev e ral

,
.

i e c e s o f w o rk e ach j o b m ust be ar its p o rti o n o f g e n e ral e x p e ns e o f

p ,

h is m ain o ffi c e w ith trav elin g e x pe ns e s t o an d f r o m t h e w o rk an d e v e n

,

o f o th e r l e ttin g s U nl e ss th e s e a r e inclu de d p lus a p r o fi t t h e c o n ;

.
, ,

tract o r w o ul d n o t b e abl e t o r e m ai n i n b u sin e ss f o r all t h e e x pe ns e s ,

na m e d m ust b e pai d f r o m t h e a m o unt r e c e iv e d f o r t h e w o rk in qu e sti o n .

 P r ic e s an d Pa y m e n t s 2 35

It is s o m e ti m e s ar g u e d that e xtra w o rk an d its p e rc e nta g e o f p r o fi t

sh o ul d b e bas e d n o t o nly o n t h e it e m s m e nti o n e d un de r actual c o st
but als o o n t h e c o st o f g e n e ral su pe rvisi o n o r o v e rh e a d char g e a n d ge n
e ral e x p e ns e o r char g e o utsi d e o f t h e j o b .

W h e n a c o ntract jo b i s tak e n t h e it e m s o f g e n e ral e x p e ns e ove r

, ,

h e a d e t c are n e c e ssarily calculat e d an d a ppo rt i o n e d a m o n g t h e vari

,
.
,

o u s j o bs o f t h e c o ntract o r a n d unl e ss t h e t o tal quantity o f w o rk t o b e

,

d o n e o n s o m e o r all o f th e s e c o ntracts has b e e n m at e r i ally r e d u c e d a n

‘

a m o unt has b e e n p r e vi o usly incl ud e d su ffi ci e nt t o take car e o f th e s e

it e m s H e nc e j usti ce do e s n o t r e quir e that su ch it e m s sh o ul d b e in
.
,

clu de d in p art o f t h e c o st o f e xtra w o rk unle ss t h e it e m of e xtra w o rk

i s c o nsi de rabl e a n d a dd s t o such g e n e ral e x p e ns e It m a y als o b e .

n o t e d in this c o nn e cti o n that i f o v e rh e a d char g e s o f a co ntract o r s

,
’

g e ne ral o ffi c e w e r e t o b e c o nsi de r e d as a p art o f t h e actual c o st o f

t h e wo rk un de r e ach i n d ivi d ual c o nt ract this m i g ht b e c o m e b u r
,

d e n so m e i n t h e e v e nt o f t h e c o ntract o r s havin g d u rin g a g iv e n

’

ti m e o nly a sin g l e jo b t o w hich all o f s u ch e x pe ns e s w o ul d hav e

,

t o b e char g e d It t h e r e f o r e s ee m s j u st t o e li m inat e t h e g e n e ral e x

.

p e ns e a n d o v e rh e a d char g e b o th o f t h e c o ntract o r s g e n e ral wo rk a n d

’

o f t h e p articular j o b in qu e sti o n but t o i nclu de all it em s which go t o

,

m ak e u p t h e actual c o st o f t h is w o rk wh e th e r o r d i n a rv o r e xt r a o r
,

din a ry wh e n incurr e d d i r e ctly o n acc o unt th e r eo f

,
In g e n e ral thi s .
,

sh o ul d inclu d e labo r m at e rial su ppli e s i m m e d iat e su p e rvi si o n c o n

, , , ,

tracto r s liability insuranc e u se an d d e p r e ciati o n o f s m all t o o ls such

’

as p icks a n d sh o v e ls a n d any o th e r e x p e nse s d ir e ctly incu rr e d by

,

o r in c o ns e que nc e o f t h e s p e cial w o rk p e r f o r m e d U nl e ss all o f th e s e

.

a r e inclu d e d t h e t e n o r fi f t ee n pe r c e nt all o we d t o c o v e r p r o fi t an d
, .

g e n e ral e x p e ns e w ill b e t o o s m all f o r t h e p ur p o s e as insu ranc e o n c e r ,

tain class e s o f hazar do us wo rk m a y am o unt t o s e v e ral p e r c e nt o n t h e .

pa y r o ll ; an d t h e c o st o f f o r e m an sp e c i a l l v o n d i ffi cu l t w o rk
,
e m ay ,

s o m e ti m e s b e al m o st o r quit e as g re at as so call e d p r o fi t all o w e d -

.

G e n e ral e x pe ns e als o m a y f r e qu e ntly varv f r o m as l o w as fi ve p e r

c e nt t o as hi g h as t e n p e r c e nt o f t h e c o ntract p ric e It w ill b e n o t e d
. . .

th e r e f o r e that in o r d e r t o b e f ai r all actual e x p e ns e s d i re ctly c o nn e ct e d

,

w ith t h e w o rk sh o ul d b e i nclu d e d a n d a l ib e ral p e rc e nta g e ab o v e this

,

all o we d f o r g e n e ral e x pe ns e s an d p ro fi t
In o r de r that all e xtra w o rk m ay b e p r o p e rly ch e ck e d it is de si r ,

abl e that t h e e n g in e e r sh o ul d k ee p an acc o unt o f t h e w o rk p e r f o r m e d

a n d t h e m at e rial f u rni sh e d f o r t h e sa m e e ach d a y ; If t h e w o rk i s
si m p l e a bri e f n o t e o r m e m o ran d u m only w ill b e n e c e ssary but i f at a l l ,
 2 36 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f the C o n t ra c t

c o m p licat e d it i s d e si rabl e that t h e c o ntract o r b e r e qui r e d t o f urnish a

d aily m e m o ran d u m a n d a m o nthly bill o f his char g e s o n such a m o unt .

E xt W k I f d r i ng t h e p r f o r m nc
ra or : f t hi c ntract t h e e ng i n e r
u e a e o s o e

s h a ll o r d r i n w r i t i ng o t h r w r k d o n
e m at r i a l s f rn i s h d w hi c h i n hi s
e o e or e u e

o p i n i n cann o t b e c l ss i fi d un d r t h
o ni t p ric a f t h i s c ntract t h
e e e u es o o ,
e co n

tract r s h a ll d
o d p e r f o r m suc h w r ko an d f rn i s h suc h m at r i a l d s h a ll o an u e an

b e p a i d th ref r t h actua l c o st t h r o f p l s fi f t n p ce nt i n a d d i t i n ’

e o e . e e u ee er . o

t h r t o T h actua l c o t i s h r by d fin d t i nc l u d t h c st o f a ll l a b o r
e e . e s e e e e o e e o
‘

a d m at r i l s n e c ssar y f
n e a t h e p r f r m anc o f t h
e e xtra w o r k i nc l u d i ng an y
or e o e e ,

e xtra xp ns s i ncr e s d d i r ct ly o acc unt t h r o f a l s o t h wag s f

e e e a e e n o e e , e e o

f r m n
o e d th e
e xp e n s at t ac h d t c ntract o r s li a bili t y i nsuranc e cc v
an e se e o o
’

e r i ng t h e l a b r o m p l y e d o s e o .

N o a ll o wanc s h a ll b e m a d f v r h a d ch arg s g n ra l s p i
e e or o e e e , e e u er n

t n d nce g e n e ra l xp ns s c o nt i ng nc i s o se a d d p r c i at i n o f t h e
e e , e e e ,
e e , r u n e e o

c o nstruct i o n p l ant ; n i t h r h a ll sa i d c h arg es i nc l u d t h m a i nt nanc o f

e e s e e e e

t h e c ntract r s ca m p
o ffic o n l ss s ch ca m p
’
or ffic b m a i nta i n d
o e, u e u or o e e e

p r i m r ilya acc nt f suc

on h xtr w r kou T h e c ntract r s h a ll s b m i t t
o eth a o . o o u o e

e ng i n r a m nt hly bill f a ll ch arg s

ee o acc unt f s c h xtra w r k d i f
o e on o o u e o , an

th e ng i n r s d s i r s s h a ll a l s f rn i s h a d ily m m ran d u m f a ll suc h

e ee o e e o u a e o o
-

c h arg s e .
”

W h e n t h e e xtra w o rk i s o f c o nsi d e rabl e m a g nitu de t h e c o st sh o ul d

incl ude
a l s t h e p rata w ag f t h Sup r i nt n d nt G n e ra l F o r em an Ti m e K p
o ro es o e e e e , e , ee

d Mat e r i a l o C m m i ssar y C l e r k s
”
ers an r o .

I f an e x p e nsiv e c o nstructi o n p lant is t o b e us e d o n su ch w o rk p r o

visi o ns sh o ul d b e m a de t o p ay a c e rtain su m f o r it s u se an d dep r e cia
ti o n fi x e d e ith e r by an a d vanc e d a g r e e m e nt a s u pp l e m e ntary c o n
, ,

tract o r by a rbitrati o n Whil e 1 5 pe r c e nt a d d e d f o r ge n e ral e xpe ns e

,
. .

a n d p r o fi t m a y b e a f ai r c o m p e nsati o n f o r e xtra w o rk w ith s m all t o o ls

a n d w h e n t h e p lant inv e st m e nt is s m all it w o ul d b e t o tally ina d e quat e

w h e n m achin e ry valu e d p e rha p s at f r o m to ,

is t o b e ,

us e d T h e u se o f such m achin e ry sh o ul d b e c o v e r e d by an all o w anc e

.

c o m m e nsurat e w ith t h e d aily r e ntal char g e w hich w o ul d b e m a d e f o r

such m achin e ry o n r eg ular w o rk W h e r e such u se i s t o b e antici p at e d .

a r e ntal p ric e m a y b e fi x e d f o r such m achin e ry i n t h e it e m i z e d p r o

p o sal .

D P ce fo r ” o r k — T h e p ri c e s b i d by t h e c o ntract o r f o r t h e c o n
r i .
f

structi o n o f w o rk can b e m a de a p art o f t h e c o ntract by r e f e r e nc e t o

t h e p r o p o sal w hich sh o ul d b e attach e d t o t h e a g r e e m e nt o r by r e w rit
,
-

in g t h e p r ic e s na m e d in t h e b i d d i r e ctly in t h e a g r e em e nt .

I n c o ns i d rat i n o f t h f urn i hi ng f t h m t r i a l d t h e c m p l t i n
“
e o e s o e a e an o e o

o f a ll w o r k by t h sa i d p art y f t h s c nd p art e d o th c m p l ti n f o e e o , an n e o e o o

a ll w r k a d f t h d e li v r y f a ll m at r i a l m b rac d i n t hi s c ntract i n
o n o e e o e e e o
2 38 G e n e r a l C o n d it i o n s o f th e C o n t ra c t
sa i d c o ntract r f urt h e r agr s t h at t h a i d c i t y s h all b e a d i s
Th e o ee e s n

h r by aut h r iz d t r ta i n o t f t h e m on y p a y a bl e t t h e c o ntract or
e e o e o e u o e o

un d r t hi s agr m nt t h e m f fi v p e c nt o f t h e a m o unt o f th i s co
e ee e , su o e r e . n

tract d t o xp en d t h sa m i n t h e m ann r h r e i na f t r p r ov i d d f i n
an e e e e e e e or

m a k i ng suc h r p a i rs o th li n f sa i d w r k as t h ng i n e r m y d e m
e n e e o o e e e a e

n c s sar y T h sa i d c o ntract r f urt h r agr s t h at i f at an y t i m d ur i ng

e e . e o e ee , e

a p e i d o f s i x m nt h s f r o m t h d at o f t h fina l c m p l t i n o f t h e w r k
r o
'

o e e e o e o o

c nt m p l at d i n t hi s c o ntract an y p art o f sa i d wo r k s h a ll i n t h o p i n i o n
o e e , , e

of th sa i d e ng i n r r qu i r e r p a i r i ng a d sa i d ng i n r sh a ll n o t i f y t h
e ee e e , n e ee e

c o ntract r i n p rs n o by m a il t m a k t h r p a i rs
e o r qu i r d
or d t h at o e e e so e e , an

i f th sa i d c o ntract r s h a ll n g l ct t o m a k suc h r p a i rs t o t h e sa t i s f a ct i o n
e o e e e e ,

o f t h e sa i d ng i n r w i t hi n t h r e d a y s a f t r g i v i ng o m a ili ng suc h n o t i c
e ee , e e r e

to th sa i d c ntract o r hi s ag nt o att o rn y t h n t h sa i d ng i n e er s h a ll
e o , e r e , e e e

h av t h r i g h t t o m p l y suc h o t h e r p rs o n o p rs ns as m y b e d ee m d
e e e o e r e o a e

p rop r t m a k t h c h ang ;
e o d th sa i d p art y o f t h first p art s h a ll p y t h
e e e an e e a e

e xp ns t h r f
e e t f th s m r t ai n d f
e eo ,
t h e p ur p s
ou by i t
o b f or e u e e or o e, , as e e

m nt i n e d
e oA d t h e sa i d c i t y f urt h e r agr ee s u p n t h
. n xp i rat i n f t h e o e e o o

sa i d p r i o d o f s i x m nt h s p r v i d d t h at t h e sa i d w o r k s h a ll at t h at t i m e
e o , o e

b e in g d r d r t h at t h sa i d c ntract o r s h ll b nt i t l d t o r c i v t h
oo o e , e o a e e e e e e e

wh o l esuc h p art f t h s m l a t a f o r sa i d
or m y r m ai n af ter t h
o x e u s e as a e e e

p nse f m a ki ng sa i d r p a i rs i n t h e m ann r
e o f o r sa i d s h a ll h av e b e n p a i d
e e a e e

t h r f r om
e e .
”

1 52 F o rm o f B o n d —T h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m o f b o n d h a s b e e n
.

a d o p t e d by t h e B o ar d o f D i r e ct o rs o f t h e M ia m i Co ns e rvancy District
in c o nn e cti o n w ith t h e e xt e nsiv e fl o o d p r o t e cti o n w o rk w hich is s o o n
t o b e un d e rtak e n al o n g t h e M ia m i R iv e r " .

B O ND
Kn ow m e n b y t h es e pr es e n t s that we
a ll ,

of Co unty o f as P r i n c ipa l h e r e
a n d Stat e o f ,

in a f t e r call e d t h e C o n t r a c t o r a n d o r g an i z e d un d e r ,

t h e la w s o f t h e Stat e o f a n d d uly auth o riz e d t o transact busi

n e ss w ithin t h e Stat e o f O hi o as S u r e ty h e r e ina f t e r call e d t h e Su r ety , , ,

a r e h e l d a n d fi r m ly bo un d unt o T H E M I AM I C O N SER V A N C Y

D I ST R I C T a c o r p o rati o n o r g aniz e d un d e r t h e la w s o f t h e Stat e o f

,

O hi o w ith its p rinci p al p lac e o f busin e ss l o cat e d at D ayt o n C o unty o f

, ,

Mo nt g o m e ry a n d Stat e o f O hi o as O b l ig e e h e r e ina f t e r call e d t h e D is

. , ,

t r i e t in t h e su m o f
, B l a w f ul m o n e y o f t h e U nit e d
d o lla rs ( S .

Stat e s f o r t h e p ay m e nt w h e r e o f t o t h e D istrict t h e Co ntract o r bin d s

,

h e i rs e x e cut o rs a d m inistrat o rs succ e ss o rs a n d as , , , ,

si g ns a n d t h e Su r e t v bin d s its e l f its succ e ss o rs a n d assi gns fi r m ly by

, , , ,

th e s e p r e s e nts .

Se e R ep o rt of A E M o rgan C hi e f Eng i n ee r
. . , , Vo l . I II , p . 17 .
 F o rm o f Bo n d 39

Wh er eas t h e Co ntract o r a n d t h e D istrict hav e e nt e r e d int o a w rit

,

t en c o ntract d at e d t h e
,
day o f 1 91 h e r e ina f t e r call e d
th e C o n t r a c t a c o py o f w hich is attach e d h e r e t o a n d m a d e a p art
,

he reo f ,
for
Th e f
co n d i t i o n o t h is sai d
o b l ig a t i o n C o nt ract o r
is s u ch that if th e
s hall p a y all p e rs o ns fi r m s o r c o r p o rati o ns w h o p e r f o r m lab o r o r f u r
,

nish e qui p m e nt su pp li e s a n d m at e rials f o r u se in t h e w o rk th e r e un de r

,
,

a n d shall satis f y all clai m s a g ainst t h e d istrict f o r d a m a g e s t o li f e li m b , ,

o r p r o p e rty that m a y b e caus e d by t h e acts o f o r n e g li g e nc e o f th e , ,

C o ntract o r o r any o f his a g e nts o r e m p l o y e e s a n d shall satis f y all suits ,

o r clai m s br o u g ht a g ainst t he D istrict arisin g f r o m t h e vi o lati o n o f any

l a w o r d inanc e r e g ulati o n o r d e r o r d e cr ee o n t h e p a rt o f t h e C o n
, , ,

tract o r o r any o f his a g e nts o r e m p l o y e e s ; o r f r o m any in f ri n g e m e nt ,

o r all e g e d in f rin g e m e nt o f p at e nts in t h e w o rk un d e r sai d C o nt ract ; o r

h o w s o e v e r o ri g inatin g f r o m any o f t h e o pe rati o ns un d e r sai d Co ntract ;

a n d shall f ully in d e m ni f y a n d sav e har m l e ss t h e D istrict f r o m all c o st

a n d d a m a g e w hich it m a y su ff e r by r e as o n o f f ailur e so t o d o a n d shall ,

f ully r e i m burs e a n d r e p ay t h e d istrict all o utlay a n d e x p e ns e w hich t h e

D istrict m a y incur i n m akin g g o o d any such d e f ault a n d in all o th e r ,

p articulars shall f aith f ully p e r f o r m t h e c o ntract o n his p art acc o r d in g

t o all t h e t e r m s c o v e nants a n d c o n d iti o ns th e r e o f a n d w ithin t h e t i m e
, ,

s p e ci fi e d th e r e in th e n this o bli g ati o n shall b e v o i d ; o th e r w is e t o r e m ain

,

in f u ll f o rc e a n d e ff e ct .

P r o v i d e d,
F ir s t —
That sh o ul d t h e C o ntract o r f ail t o c o m p ly w ith t h e p r o vis
i o ns o f t h e C o ntract t o such an e xt e nt that t h e C o ntract shall b e f o r
f e i t e d t h e Sur e ty shall hav e t h e ri g ht t o assu m e t h e C o ntract a n d
,

p r o c e e d t o p e r f o r m o r subl e t t h e sa m e as th e r e in p r o vi d e d An d t h e
, .

S ur e ty shall in that e v e nt b e subr o g at e d t o all t h e ri g hts a n d int e r e sts

, ,

o f t h e C o ntract o r arisin g o u t o f t h e C o ntract a n d b e e ntitl e d t o h o l d ,

a n d u se all o f t h e e qui m e nt a n d
p p r o p e rti e s o f t h e C o ntract o r w hich
m ay b e n e c e ssary f o r t h e c o m p l e ti o n o f t h e C o nt ract ; a n d all m o n e ys
which m ay b e d u e t h e C o ntract o r at t h e ti m e o f his d e f ault o r w hich
m a y th e r e a f t e r b e c o m e d u e sai d C o ntract o r un d e r o r by virtu e o f t h e ,

C o ntract shall b e co m e d u e a n d p ayabl e t o t h e Sur e ty as t h e w o rk p r o g

,

r e sse s subj e ct t o all o f t h e t e r m s o f t h e C o n tract

, .

S e o n d— That any alt e rati o ns w h ich m a y b e m a d e in t h e t e r m s

c

o f t h e C o ntract or in t h e w o rk o r m at e rials t o b e f urnish e d th e r e un d e r ;

,

o r t h e g rantin g by t h e D istrict o f any e xt e nsi o n o f ti m e ; o r any f o r

b e aranc e o r acti o n o n t h e p a rt o f e ith e r t h e D istrict o r t h e Co ntract o r

2 40 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f t h e C o n t ra c t

t o war d t h e o th e r un de r sai d C o ntract ; shall n o t in any way r e l eas e t h e

C o ntract o r a n d t h e Sur e ty o r e ith e r o f th e m th e i r h e i rs e x e cut o rs
, , , ,

a d m inistrat o rs succ e ss o rs o r assi g ns f r o m th e i r liability h e r e un de r ;

, , ,

n o tic e t o t h e Sur ety o f any such alt e rati o n e xt e nsi o n f o rb earanc e o r, , ,

acti o n b e in g h e r e by w aiv e d ; p r o vi de d that t h e w ritt e n c o ns e nt o f t h e

,

Sur e ty shall fi rst b e o btain e d i f any alt e rati o n b e r e qui r e d which shall
alt e r t h e g e n e ral charact e r o f t h e w o rk as a w h o l e o r w hich shall in ,

cr e as e t h e t o tal a m o unt t o b e p ai d t o t h e C o ntract o r by m o r e than 2 5

p e r c e nt .

Th ir d— No ri g ht o f acti o n shall accru e h e r e un d e r t o o r f o r t h e u se

o r b e n e fi t o f any o n e o th e r than t h e D ist rict a n d t h e D istrict s ri g hts
’
,

h e r e un d e r m ay n o t b e assi g n e d w ith o ut t h e w ritt e n c o ns e nt o f t h e

Sur e ty .

Si g n e d a n d s e al e d thi s ,

P r e si d e nt .

SU R E T Y .

Att e st

Se cr e tary .

1 53 . R e s p o n s ibi lity of C o ntrac t o r as Aff e c t i n g P art y of the

F ir s t P ar t — C o ntra ct s f o r w o rk o r f o r f u rn i shi n g m a t e rial e t c a r e , .
,

u sually e nt e r e d i n t o o n acc o unt o f t h e f a m iliarity a n d e qui p m ent o f t h e

c o ntract o r w hich w ill e nabl e h i m t o do t h e w o rk o f t h i s class t o a d .

vanta g e a n d in o r de r that t h e p arty o f t h e fi rst p art m ay hav e t h e

,

w o rk d o n e w ith o ut p e rs o nal r e s po nsibility e ith e r as t o t h e o p e rati o n s

o f c o nstructi o n o r t h e ulti m at e r e sults o f t h e w o rk In o r de r that t h e .

c o ntract o r m ay b e r e qui r e d t o assu m e th e s e r e s p o nsibiliti e s vari o u s ,

sti p ulati o n s a r e n e c e ssa ry a n d such r e s po nsibiliti e s m ust b e sti p ulat e d

,

i n de tail a n d g r e at car e m ust b e e x e rci s e d o n t h e part o f t h e e n g in e e r

,

t o se e that all such m att e r s b e f ully c o v e r e d .

A P er s o n s I n t er es t ed i n C o n t r a ct
. .
 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f the C o n t ra c t

sti pulati o n sh o ul d b e inclu de d bin din g t h e c o ntract o r t o o bs e rv e t h e

la w s an d o r d inanc e s so that h e m ay clai m n o e x em p ti o n o n acc o u nt o f
t h e p r o visi o n o f t h e a g r e e m e nt .

p art y o f t h e s c o n d p art s h a ll b e s bj ct t o a ll l a ws a n d o r d i
“
Th e e u e

nanc e s o f t h c i t y o f e w i t hi n w hi c h c i t y t h i s agr m nt i s ee e

t o b e f u l fi ll ed a d sa i d c o ntract o r s h a ll b
, n e nt i t l d t o o exe m p t i n t h e r e e n o e

f rom o acc ount o f t hi s c o ntract

n .

F P r o t e ct io n Aga in st Ne g l ig e n c e a n d D a m ag e s — In e v e ry a g r ee
.

m e nt sti p ulati o n sh o ul d b e inclu de d p r o vi d in g f o r t h e p r o t e cti o n o f

p ubli c p r o p e rty a n d t h e liability o f t h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d b e fi x e d f o r

.
,

any n e g li ge nc e o f hi m s e l f o r o f hi s e m p l o y e e s an d f o r r e sultin g da m
a g e o ccasi o n e d th e r e by .

“
S h ou l d an y w r k b e d on m at r i a l f rn i s h d o p l ac d o
o th e p b
e or e u e r e n u

li c st t s o wa y s o i n an y t h r p l ace w h r p r o t ct i n i s n ec ssar y t h e
ee r r o e e e e o e ,

c o ntract o r s h a ll at a ll t i m d es p c i a lly d ur i ng t h
, ni ght p t p d
e s, an e e , u u an

m a i nta i n suc h b a i e d li g h ts d t k e suc h o t h e r n ee d f u l p e ca

'

d rr ers an r an a r u

t i o ns as m y b n c ar y t o ff ctua lly p r v nt t h e h a p p n i ng f y acc i

a e e e ss - e e e e e o an

d e nts i co ns qu nc o f t h w o r k b i ng d n o m at r i a l b i ng d p o s i t e d i n
n e e e e e o e r e e e

suc h p l ac s c ntract r s h a ll b li a bl f o a ll d a m ag s o ccas i n d

'

d th
e , an e o o e e r e o e

i n t hi s w y by r as o n f hi s act r n g l ct
a or e o f th at o f an y a t h r iz e d o e e or o u o

s b—
u c o ntra t r o an y ag nt m p l o y e
c o r w rkm n ; e d th , i d c ntract r
e e or o e an e sa o o

s h a ll s av d k ee p h ar m l ss t h
e an sa i d first p art y f r m a ll su i ts o d m an d s
e e o r e

for d a m ag e s a ll g d t o h av e o ccurr e d t o p rs ns
e e p r p e rt y by r e aso n o f e o or o

sa i d w r k o f p l ac i ng sa i d m at r i a l o
or o so f r m sa i d act o n e g li g nc e r o r e e .

A d t h e sa i d p art y o f t h s c o n d p art f urt h r agr s d ur i ng t h e p e r

“
n e e e ee

fo m r a n ce f th wo r k t ta k a ll n c s sar y p r e caut i n
o e o d t p l ac
e pr p r e e o an o e o e

guar d s f o t h e p r v nt i n f acc i d nts d p t p at n i g ht s i ta bl e d

r e e o o e an u u u an

s u ffic i nt li g h t
e d w ill i n d m n i f yan d sav e h ar m l ss t h sa i d p art i o f t h
e an e e es e

first p art f r o m a ll d am ag s d c o sts t w hi c h t h y m y b p t by r a so n o f e an o e a e u e

i nj ur y t t h p rs n o p r p rt y f an th r r u l t i ng f r m n g li g nc o
o e e o r o e o o e , es o e e e r

car l ssn e s s i n t h e p r f o r m anc o f t h w r k

e e e i n guar d i ng t h sam e e o or e e, or

f r o m an y i m p r o p r m at r i a l us d i n i ts c e truct i o n by o
e acc o unt o f act
e ons , or r on

o r o m i ss i n f t h sa i d p rt y f t h
o o s c n d p art o r t h g nt t h r e f ; a d t h e
e a o e e o e a e e o n

sa i d p art y f t h s c n d p art h r by f urt h r agr s t h at t h wh o l

o e e o o m ch
e e e ee e e or s u

of th m n y d e un d r
e o e by v i rtu f t hi s agr m nt as s h a ll
u e or m y b e o ee e or a e

c o ns i d e r d n c ssar y by t h a qu d uct c m m i ss i n e rs s h a ll
e e e e m y be e o o , or a ,
re

ta nei d by t h p art i s f e t h fir t p art unt eil a ll s

o i t s c l aei m s f r d a ms ag s u or o e ,

as a f r e sa i d h ave b e n s tt l d a d sat i s f act o r y v i d nc t o t h at eff ct f

e e e n e e e e ur
o ,

n i sh e d t h sa i d c m m i ss i n rs
e o o e .

T h e sa i d c o ntra c t r s h a ll ta k p r o p r m ans t o p r o t ct t h a d j ac nt e e e o e e e

o r a d j i n i ng p r p rt y o p r p rt i i n an y w ay nc unt r d o w hi c h m i g h t
o o e r o e es e o e e r

be i n j ur ed by an y p r o c s o f c nstruct i n t o b e un d e rtak e n un d e r t hi es o o ,
s

agr m nt a d h s h a ll b li a bl f o r an y
ee e , n e a ll c l a i m s f o d a m ag s o n a c
e e or r e
'

c o unt o f hi s f a il ur e t o f u lly p r o t ct a ll p r o p rt y i nj ur d d ur i ng on a e e e or o

co unt o f suc h c nstruct i o n o .

 R e s p o n si b i l i t y o f Co n t ra c t o r 2 43

G P r o t e ct i o n Ag ai n s t Clai m s fo r L ab o r a nd M a t er ia l — T h e a g r e e
.
'

m e nt sh o ul d c o ntain sti p ulati o ns p r o t e ctin g t h e p arty o f t h e fi rst p art

f r o m all clai m s f o r lab o r a n d m at e rial f urni sh e d f o r t h e c o m pl e ti o n
o f t h e c o ntract a n d it sh o u l d als o c o ntain any s pe cial r e stricti o n n e ce s
,

sary f o r t h e m e th o d o f p ayin g lab o r o n t h e wo rk .

Th sa i d p art y o f t h s c nd p art agr es t h at h w ill i n d e m n i f y d

e e e o e e an

sav h ar m l ss t h p art y o f t h fir t p art f r m a ll c l a i m s aga i n t sa i d first

e e e e s o s

p art y f m at r i l f urn i s h d
or e a w o r k d n un d r t hi s c o ntract
e or d i t is o e e , an

f urt h r agr e d by t h ee p art y o f t h s c n d p art t h at sa i d s c o n d p ar t y s h a l l

e e e o e

i f s o d s i r d f rn i s h t h
e e s a i d first p art y sat i s f a ct r y e v i d nc
u e t h at a ll p o e e er

s o n s wh o h ve d n w r k a- f urn i s h d m t r i a l un d r t hi s
o e o or gr m nt h av e a e e a ee e e

b n d u ly p a i d f r suc h w r k o m at r i a l
ee o d i n cas s uc h v i d nc
o r is d e , an e e e e e

m an d d a d
e o t f urn i s h d t o t h
n n a f o r sa i d first p art y suc h a m nt as m a y
e e e , ou ,

i n t h p i n i n o f t h e sa i d first p art y b n c s r y t m t t h c l a i m s f t h
e o o ,
e e es a o ee e o e

p r
e so ns a f r sa i d m y b e r ta i n d f r m t h m o n y d s i d p art y f t h
o e , a e e o e e ue a o e

s c n d p art un d r t hi s agr m nt unt il s t i s f act o r y v i d nc b f urn i s h d

e o e ee e , a e e e e e

t h at a ll li a bili t i s h ave b n f u lly d i sc h arg d

e ee e .

H P r o t e c ti o n Ag ai n s t R o y a l ti e s o n P a t e n t ed I n ve n t i o n s —T h e
.

arty l ttin g rk sh ul c nly r t ct f r suit f

'

p e t h e w o o d o m m o b e p o e e d o m o r

da m a g e s o ccas i o n e d by t h e u se o f p at e nt ed articl e s o n o r in g o n n e c t io n

w ith t h e wo rk o r t h e installati o n i nclu de d i n t h e c o ntract A sti p ula .

ti o n sh o ul d th e r e f o r e b e inclu de d i n t h e s pe ci fi cati o ns by which t h e

c o ntract o r a g r ee s t o p r o t e ct t h e p a rty o f t h e fi rst p art f r o m any a n d
all r o yalti e s o n any pat e nt e d inv e nti o n i nstall e d o r us e d by h i m i n c o n
n e ct i o n w ith t h e w o rk o r i f t h e sai d p arty o f t h e fi rst p art i s t o p a y
,

f o r such r o yalti e s it sh o ul d b e so p r o vi d e d a n d s p e ci fi e d Such st i p u .

l a t i o n s sh o ul d e s p e cially b e p r o vi de d in t h e a g r e e m e nt c o v e rin g i i i
st a l l a t io n o f m achin e ry o r in t h e installati o n o f vari o us w o rks f o r m a n

u f ac t u r i n g o r si m ilar installati o n T h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d n o t h o w .

,

e ve r , b e h e l d fo r t h e u se o f p at e nt e d articl e s o r m e th o d s w hich a r e
s p e ci fi e d in t h e c o ntract but a rran g e m e nts f o r t h e u se o f s u ch p at e nts
,

sh o ul d b e m a de by t h e e n g in e e r o r o th e r a g e nt o f t h e party o f t h e fi rst
p art
T h e c o ntract r s h a ll p r o t ct o d sav e h ar m l ss t h p art y e f th anfirs t e e o e

p art f r m a ll o d ve r y d m an d f o d a m ag s r o y a l t i s o f s
an e e an y r e , e r ee on

p at nt d i nv nt i n us d by h i m
e e e o us d i n c o nn ct i n w i t h t h e w o r k do ne
e or e e o |

or m at r i a l f urn i s h d un d e r t hi s c ntract
e e d i t h a ll b th d ut y o f suc h o , an s e e

c o ntract r i f s d em an d d by t h p art y f t h first p art t f urn i s h a i d

o o e e o e o s

first p art y w i t h a p r p r l e ga l r l as o i n d m n i t y f r m d ga i nst a ll

o e e e e r e o an a

s c h c l a i m s a d an y o a ll p a y m nts m y b w i t hh ld f r m sa i d c ntract r
u , n r e a e e o o o

unt il s i d re l as i s f urn i s h d i f t h p art y f t h e first p rt o l ects Th e

a e e e e o a s e .

a b v s h ll t h o w v r i nc l d e an y p t nt d i nv nt i n
o e a no , e e , p r c e ss o r d r e d
u a e e e o or o e

by t h ng i n e r
e e s p ec i fi d i n t h e co ntract
e or e .
 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f t h e Co n t ra c t

1 . Ass ig n m e n t and S u b l e t t i n g — In
cas e s w h e r e t h e a g r e e m e nt i s .

d ra w n f o r t h e p e rs o nal skill o r p r o f e ssi o nal kn o w l e d g e o f t h e co n

tract o r n o a ssi g n m e nt o r subl e ttin g o f t h e w o rk wo ul d n atu rally b e
,

p e r m itt e d In o th e r cas e s i t i s u su a l l v de si rabl e that t h e assi g n m e nt

.
,

o r subl e ttin g o f t h e w o rk o r any p art th e r e o f shall b e d o n e o nly w ith , ,

t h e kn o w l e d g e an d c o ns e nt o f t h e p arti e s o f t h e fi rst p art o r th e i r d uly

auth o ri z e d a g e nts It i s th e r e f o r e cust o m ar y t o inclu d e i n t h e a g r e e
.

m e nt s o m e clau s e sti p ulatin g such r e stri ct i o ns i n r e g ar d t o th is m att e r

,

a s t h e c o n d iti o n s m a y m ak e d e sirabl e .

T h e sa i d c ntract r f rt h r agr s t h at h w ill g i v h i p rs o na l t

“
o o u e ee e e s e a

t nt i n t t h f u l fi ll m nt o f t hi s agr m nt d t h at h e w ill t su b l e t t h
e o o e e ee e an no e

a f r sa i d wo r k o t h e f rn i s hi ng f t h a f r sa i d m at r i a l b t w ill k ep
o e r u o e o e e , u e

th e sa m e un d r hi s p e r s na l c o ntr l
e d t h at h e w ill ot o s i gn by p w r o , an n as o e

o f at t o rn y o o th r wi se
e y p rt i o n o f sa i d c ntract
r e n l ss by d w i th t h e
an o o u e an

p r e v i o us c o ns nt f th first p art y
e s i gn i fi d by e n d o rs m e nt o f t hi s agr
o e as e e ee

m e nt by t h o ffi c i a l s w h o s s i gnatur s a e attac h e d h e r e t o
e e e r .

Ab a n d o n m e n tF o r fe i t u r e — In o r d e r t o p r o vi de f o r du e
an d .

p r o g r e ss o n t h e w o rk un d e r t h e c o n d iti o ns o f aban do n m e nt o f t h e sa m e

by t h e c o ntract o r it i s cust o m ary t o intr o duc e a sti p ulati o n w h e r e by

,

t h e p arti e s o f t h e fi rst p a rt m a y a f t e r d u e n o ti fi cati o n t o t h e c o n ,

tract o r s su r e ti e s carry t h e w o rk t o c o m pl eti o n

’

,
.

I n cas t h c ntract o r s h a ll a b an d o n t h e w r k d f a il r r e f use t o

“
e e o o an o

c m m e nc i t aga i n w i t hi n
o e d a y s a f t e r n o t i ficat i o n f r o m t h e first p art y ,

or i f h e s h o u l d f a il t o c m p ly w i t h t h r d rs o f t h eng i n e r o w i t h t hi s
o e o e e e r

agr m nt o w i t h t h s p ec i ficat i ons h r e t o attac h e d t h n d i n t h at cas

ee e r e e , e , an e,

th e sur t i s e th eb n d s h a ll b n t i fi e d d d i r ct d t o c o m p l t t h sa m e
on e o e o an e e e e e .

I n cas t h sur t i s f a il t o c m p ly w i t h t h n t i c t h first p art y m y w i thi n

e e e e o e o e, e a ,

d y s a f t r s rv i ng suc h n t i c e carr y
a e e t h e w o r k at t h xp e ns e f o , on e e o

th e c ntract o r d s r t i s
o an u e e .
”

In t h e fl o o d p r o t e cti o n w o rk o f t h e M ia m i C o ns e rvancy District

w h e r e lar g e a n d i m p o rtant c o ntract s a r e inv o lv e d a n d w h e r e t h e m att e r
o f d e lays m a y b e c o m e s e r i o us a m o r e e lab o rat e p r o visi o n f o r t e r m i ,

natin g t h e c o ntract has b e e n p r e p ar e d a f t e r s e ri o us a n d th o r o u gh co n

If t h ew o rkn un d r t hi s C ntract s h a ll b e a b an d n d by t h e
to b e do e e o o e

C o ntract r i f t hi s C ntract s h a ll b e ass i gn d o p l ac d i n b an k ru p tc y o

o , or o e , r e , r

t h e w r k su bl t b y h i m
o t h rw i s t h an as h r i n s p c i fi d
e , i f at an y t i m e
o e e e e e e , or

t h e Eng i n e r s h a ll b e e f th e p ini n d s h a ll c rt i f y i wr i t i ng t o t h e
o o o , an so e n

B r d t h at t h e p r f r m anc f t h e C ntract i s unn ec e ssar ily o nre as o na bly

oa , e o e o o r u

d l ay d
e e t h at t h C o ntract r i s v i o l at i ng an y o f t h c n d i t i ns
, or e agre e o e o o or

m e nts f t hi s C ntract o i s ex cut i ng t h e sa m e i n b a d f a i t h o r o t i n acc r d

o o , r e n o

R e p rt o of A E M rgan C hi e f Eng i n e r
. . o , e , Vo l . I II, 44 .
 2 46 G e n e ra l C o n di t io n s o f t h e C o n t ra c t

C ntract o r f t h e p e rf r m anc o f t hi s C o ntract W h n an y p art i c l ar p art

o or o e . e u

o f t h e w o r k i s b i ng carr i e d o by t h e B o ar d by c o ntract o o t h e r wi se un d r
e n , r , e

th ep r v i s i o ns
o f t hi s s e ct i n t h e C ntract r sh a ll c o nt i nu e t h e r m a i n d e r
o o , o o e

of t h w r k i n c n f r m i t y w i t h t h t r m s f t hi s C ntract
e o o o d i n suc h m ae e o o , an n

n e ras i n n o w i s e t o hi n d r o i nt r f re w i t h t h e p e rs ns o wo r k m e n e m
e r e e o r

p l o y d as a b o v p r o v i d d by t h e B o ar d
”
e , e e ,
.

K . T im e fand Or d e r o D a m a g e s —
C o m pl e t i o n — L i t]
R ig h t zt i d a t e d

t o D is co n t i n u e Wo r k — Th e ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n o f a c o ntract i s o f t e n
.

o f g r e at i m p o rtanc e a n d i n all c o ntracts e v e n w h e r e t h e i m o rt anc e o f

, p ,

e arly c o m p l e ti o n i s n o t g r e at a ti m e o f c o m l e ti o n sh o ul d b e s e ci fi e d
p , p ,

o th e r w is e t h e w o rk m a y b e d e lay e d un d uly .

T h e ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n m u st o f t e n b e m a d e t h e e ss e nc e o f a c o n
tract o n ac c o unt o f
( )
a T h e n e c e ssity o f havin g a g iv e n w o rk c o m p l e t e d t o m e e t ce r

tain e m e r g e nci e s c o ntin g e nci e s o r u s e s

,
.

( )
1
7 O n acc o unt o f t h e l o ss e s o f int e r e st o n i nv e st m e nt o r o th e r

d a m a g e s whi ch m ay b e o ccasi o n e d by d e lay .

Fo r th e s e r e as o ns a n d p e rha p s f o r ma ny o th e rs w hich m i g ht b e
,

m e nti o n e d a s pe ci fi c ti m e o f c o m pl e ti o n sh o ul d b e sti p u l at e d in t h e
,

a g r ee m e nt I t i s als o f r e qu e ntly d e sirabl e that c e rtain p o rti o ns o f t h e

.

w o rk shall b e c o m p l e t e d fi rst a n d that o th e r p o rti o ns of t h e w o rk shall

,

f o ll o w in a g iv e n o r d e r t o b e st s e rv e t h e p ur p o s e s o f t h e c o nstructi o n
,
.

I n such cas e s t h e o r de r o f c o m p l e ti o n m a y b e an e ss e ntial f e atur e o f

,

an a g r ee m e nt T h e charact e r o f t h e w o rk m ay als o b e such that it

.

cann o t b e p ro p e rly p e r f o r m e d un de r c e rtain w e ath e r c o n d iti o ns an d ,

it m ay b e c o m e de si rabl e t o d i sc o ntinu e t h e w o rk w h e n such c o n d iti o n s

aris e Wh e n such c o n d iti o ns a re lik e ly t o aris e sti p ul ati o ns t o thi s c i
. ,

f e c t sh o u l d b e inclu d e d i n t h e a g r e em e nt .

Th e r e can b e n o do ubt that a c o ntract o r i s l e g ally b o un d by a

sti p ulati o n t o c o m p l e t e a c o ntract o n a g iv e n d a y o r d at e p r o vi d e d t h e
ti m e li m it i s r e as o nably p o ssibl e a n d p r o vi de d als o that h e i s n o t d e ,

lay e d by c o n d iti o ns e nti r e ly b ey o n d his c o ntro l W h e n a c o ntract o r .

d e lays t h e ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n b e y o n d that s p e ci fi e d in t h e c o ntract an d

"

e s p e cially w h e n such d e lays a r e cau s e d by his o w n n e g li g e nc e he is ,

un do ubt e dly liabl e f o r d a m a g e s o ccasi o n e d by such de lays an d such ,

d a m a g e s can b e c o ll e ct e d by d u e p r o c e ss o f l a w .

Th
“
p art y e f t h e s c o n d p art f urt h r agr
o e s t h at t h e wo r k s h a ll b e e ee

c o m m e nc d a d carr i e d
e n at t h e p o i nt a d i n t h r d e r o f p r c ed nc s p ec i
on n e o e e e

fi ed
sa i d p art y
Th e of th e s ec n d p art f urt h r agr s th at h e w ill c o m m nc
o e ee e e

th e wo r k w i t hi n d ay s af ter t h x c t i o n o f t hi s c o ntract a d w ill

e e e u , n
 R e s p o n s ib i l i t y o f C o n t ra c t o r 24 7

p r o gr ss t h r w i t h o t h at by t h e r k s h a ll
e e e s d ay of 19 . t h e wo
b e c o m p l e t e d i n acc o r d anc w i t h t hi s agr e nt e em e .

L R a t e o f P r o g r ess a d
. n F or f e i t u r e — W h e n t h e ti m e o f co m pl e

ti o n is i m po rtant a n d t h e l e n g th o f ti m e n e c e ssary f o r c o nst ructi o n i s

,

c o nsi de rabl e it i s n o t su ffi ci e nt si m ply t o p r o vi de that t h e wo rk shall

,

b e c o m p l e t e d at a c e rtain d at e f o r w ith such a p r o visi o n n o r e c o urs e

,

can b e h a d a g ainst t h e c o ntract o r until a f t e r t h e dat e o f c o m p l e ti o n .

T o assur e t h e p r o m p t c o m p l e ti o n o f t h e w o rk it is d e si rabl e in all such ,

a g r e e m e nts t o sti p ulat e that t h e rat e o f p r o g r e ss shall b e m a de an e s

se n t i a l f e at u r e o f t h e c o ntract a n d it sh o ul d b e p r o vi d e d that u nl e ss t h e
,

rat e o f p r o g r e ss n e c e ssary t o c o m p l et e t h e wo rk in t h e s p e ci fi e d ti m e
is maintain e d t h e c o ntract m a y b e f o r f e it e d a n d r e l e t o r t h e wo rk
, ,

p r o s e cut e d by o th e r m e ans w hich m e ans sh o

,
ul d b e s p e ci fi e d in d e tail .

F ailur e t o m aintain a g iv e n rat e o f p r o g r e ss an d t h e c o ns e qu e nt

f o r f e itu r e o f a c o ntract a r e s e ri o us f e atu r e s w h e n f o r f e itu r e i s actually
de cla r e d a n d a r e a pt t o l e a d t o liti g ati o n
,
Fo r thi s r e as o n t h e m e th o d .
,

o f d e t e r m ini n g p r o g r e ss sh o ul d b e cl e arly de fi n e d so that t h e ri g ht t o ,

de clar e f o r f e itur e in cas e f o r f e itu r e is d e clar e d m a y b e p e r f e ctly cl e a r , .

T h e f un d a m e ntal basi s o n w hich t h e rat e o f p r o g r e ss a n d c o m p l e

ti o n o f all c o ntracts m ust de p e n d i s t h e nu m b e r o f days wo rk t o b e ,
-
’

d o n e an d t h e ti m e availabl e f o r d o i n g it
, U n de r o r d inary c o n d iti o ns .
,

t h e rul e f o r de t e r m inin g t h e rat e o f p r o g r e ss is t o fi rst d e t e r m in e t h e

t o tal nu m b e r o f days wo rk e d inclu de d in all class e s o f wo rk c o v e r e d
by t h e c o ntract an d d ivi de by t h e ti m e T h e qu o t i e nt w ill b e t h e n u m
,
.

b e r o f d ays w o rk which m ust b e d o n e in e ach unit o r d iv is i o n o f ti m e

’
.

T h e f act o rs in t h e p r o bl e m a r e t h e quantity o f w o rk a n d t h e ti m e i n ,

which it i s t o b e do n e ; a n d t h e o r d inary a n d usual m e th o d o f c a l c u l at

in g t h e quantity o f wo rk i s by t h e day s wo rk ’
.

T h e t e r m d ay s w o rk r e p r e s e nts t h e a m o unt o f wo rk which can

’ ”

b e do n e by o n e m a n in o n e d ay a n d is in d e p e n d e nt o f t h e p a y which
,

t h e m a n r e c e iv e s : thus a lab o r e r at , p e r d a y a st o n e cutt e r at ,

-

p e r d a y o r a scul p t o r at p e r d a y wo ul d e ach d o o n e d ay s
’
,

wo rk in o n e d ay s ti m e Th e c o st th e r e f o r e i s n o t t h e m e asur e o f
’
.
, ,

quantity o f w o rk alth o u g h it i s t h e m e asu r e o f valu e

, .

In all c o ntracts h o we v e r w h e r e o n e class o f wo rk o nly is inv o lv e d

, , ,

o r w h e r e t h e class e s a r e s o si m ilar that t h e c o st o f t h e sa m e is in p r o

po rti o n t o t h e w o rk do n e quanti ty an d valu e s a r e e ss e ntially si m ilar

, ,

a n d t h e rat e o f p r o g r e ss m a
y b e m e asur e d by e ith e r quantity o r valu e .

F r o m t h e inc epti o n o f t h e wo rk t h e e n g in e e r m u st b e ar in m in d t h e
,

ti m e r e quir e d f o r its c o m pl e ti o n a n d t h e rat e o f p ro g r e ss m ust b e bas e d

,
2 48 G e n e r a l Co n d i t i o n s o f the Co n t ra c t

u po n t h e actual ti m e wh ich w ill b e r e quir e d f o r c o m p l e ti o n O f t e n o n .

acc o unt o f t h e natu r e o f c e rtain p o rti o ns o f t h e wo rk a g r e at e r p o rti o n ,

o f ti m e m ust b e all o w e d f o r t h e e x e cuti o n o f c e r tai n class e s o f wo rk ,

a n d o n o th e rs o n acc o unt o f li m it e d s p ac e o r o th e r c o n d iti o ns wh e r e

o nly a c e rtai n nu m b e r o f d ays w o r k p e r d ay a r e p o ssibl e

’

_
F r e qu e ntly .

c o rr e lativ e wo rk o r wo rk which d epe n d s f o r its e x e cuti o n o n t h e co m

,

p l e t i o n o r p r o g r e ss o f o th e r w o rk w ill tak e n o e s p e cial o r d istinct p o r

,

ti o n o f ti m e f o r its ex e cuti o n as it can p ro g r e ss as o th e r wo rk p ro

,

g e s se s
r .

In th e p ractical e x e cuti o n o f w o rk an o th e r f e atu re m ust b e c o n

,

s i de r e d in thi s c o nn e cti o n that i s t h e p r e p a rati o n f o r t h e e x e cuti o n o f

, ,

w o rk . It tak e s a c e rtai n l e n gth o f ti m e t o g e t t h e plant o n t h e g r o un d ,

a n d t o g e t it i n sha p e f o r t h e p r o p e r p e r f o r m anc e o f its f uncti o ns .

Th e n t o o i n t h e b e g innin g o f a wo rk it is i m p o ssibl e t o acc o m p li sh a s

, ,

m uch t h e fi rst m o nth as t h e s e c o n d o r t h e s e c o n d m o nth as t h e f o u rth

, ,

but a c o nsi de rabl e ti m e m ust ela p s e b e f o r e t h e wo rk i s in f ull s w in g

a n d can b e syst e m atically p r o s e cut e d This is du e t o t h e f act that m e n
.

a n d m ach in e ry a r e n e w a n d als o t o t h e f act that w o rk cann o t b e w e ll

p r o s e cut e d until it i s o p e n e d u p a n d r e n de r e d acc e ssibl e .

R at e o f p r o g r e ss als o d e pe n d s o n t h e p lant install e d an d t h e s p e c ,

i fi ca t i o n s r e qui rin g a hi g h e r rat e o f p r o g r e ss m a y i nv o lv e an e x p en d i

tur e f o r a p lant w hich w ill a dd m at e rially t o t h e c o st o f t h e w o rk T h e .

p lant m ust n e c e ssarily b e s e l e ct e d i n vi ew o f t h e ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n

a n d t h e rat e o f p r o g r e ss r e qui r e d ; th u s a sin g l e st e a m sh o v e l w ill
,

han dl e f r o m 600 t o yar d s o f e arth p e r da y a n d cann o t b e se t u p

t o a d vanta g e f o r r e m o vin g l e ss than yar d s If t h e rat e o f .

p r o g r e ss s p e ci fi e d i s so g r e at that a lar g e nu m b e r o f sh o v e ls a r e r e
quir e d t h e inv e st m e nt i nv o lv e d is v e ry lar g e a n d t h e c o st p e r yar d
, ,

m a y b e g r e atly incr e as e d o v e r what t h e c o st wo ul d b e i f su ffi ci e nt ti m e

w e r e all o w e d 5 0 that o nly o n e sh o v e l wo ul d b e r e qu i r e d .

A hi g h rat e o f p r o g r e ss o f wo rk i s o f t e n po ssibl e wh e r e it is n o t
f e asibl e f o r t h e e l e m e nt o f c o st i s i m p o rtant n o t o nly t o t h e c o ntract o r
,

wh o tak e s t h e w o rk but als o t o t h e p arty havin g t h e w o rk d o n e f o r

, ,

t h e c o ntract o r m ust bas e hi s char g e s o n t h e abs o lut e r e quir e m e nts o f

c o nst r ucti o n .

T h e s p e ci fi cati o ns o f t h e Sanitary D istrict o f Chica g o p r o vi de ,

Th e wo r k d o n e ac h m o nt h s h a ll
e o t b e l es s t h an t h
n p r o p o rt i o n i e n

dica t e d by t h t o ta l nu m b r o f m o nths p r o vi d d t h at t h first f our m o nt h

e e , e e s

a f t r n o t i ce t o b g i n s h a ll b c ns i d r d as o m o nt h d t h l ast t w o
e e e o e e ne an
’
e

m o nt h s b f o r e c m p l e t i o n as o
e o m o nt hne d p r ov i d d f urt h e r t h at t hi s rat
, an e e

s h a llno t b r q u i r e d i f at an y t i m t h aggr gat Wo r k d o n e xc e ds t h

e e e e e e e e e

t o t a l p r o p o rt i o n d e t o t h e t i m e t h at h as p ass e d s i nc n o t i c e t o b g i n w o r k
u e e ,
 G e n e ra l C o n di t i o n s o f the Co n t ra c t

May I st b e in g th e d at e of c o m p l e ti o n fi x e d by the s pe ci fi cati o ns or

o th e r w is e .

li/l . L iq u i d a t e d D a m ag es — L iqui d at e d d a m a g e s t o t h e xt e nt o f e

t h e actual d a m a g e s o ccasi o n e d by t h e d e lay w ill u n d o u bt e d l y c o nsti

tut e a l e gal a n d vali d clai m Th e a g r ee m e nt m a y fi x a c e rtain su m a s .

d a m a g e s f o r d e lay but th e r e is al w ays a qu e sti o n as t o w h e th e r t h e

,

a m o unt fi x e d m ay b e actually r e tain e d o r r e c o v e r e d at l a w Whil e it .

i s a c o m m o n p ractic e in such sti p ulati o ns t o d e fi n e t h e su m t o b e r e

t a in e d as liqui d at e d d a m a g e s it is n e v e rth e l e ss tru e that t h e c o urt
“
,
”

w ill us u ally n o t r e g ar d such su m as actual liqui d at e d d a m a g e s unl e ss “ ”

,

it can b e sh o w n that t h e actual d a m a ge s sustain e d w e r e e qual t o o r

g r e at e r than t h e a m o unt as na m e d In such cas e s t h e c o urt w ill n o t .

sustain a p e nalty but w ill sustain t h e c o ll e cti o n o r r e t e nti o n o f t h e ac

tual d a m a g e wh e n sai d d a m a g e i s n o t l e ss than t h e a m o unts na m e d in
t h e c o ntract
1 5
.

It m ay h e r e b e n o t e d that d i ffi culti e s in t h e wa y o f c o nstr u cti o n ,

casu alti e s acci de nts e t c a re n o t e xcus e s which w ill t e n d t o r e li e v e t h e

, ,
.
, -

c o nt act o r f r o m liq u i dat e d da m a g e s

r
“
O n t h e o th e r han d a de lay .
”
,

o ccasi o n e d by t h e p arty o f t h e fi rst p art o r by o ther c o ntract o rs m a y

r e li e v e a c o ntract o r f r o m liqui dat e d d a m a g e s Wh e n liqui d at e d .

” 1 6

da m a g e s a r e actually incu rr e d such da m a g e s a r e s o m e ti m e s waiv e d by ,

a f ailu r e t o n o tic e t h e de f ault o r by all o win g t h e w o rk t o c o ntinu e an d

p ay m e nts t o b e m a de as i f such d e f ault h a d n o t o ccur r e d
1 7
.

W h e r e t h e ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n i s a m att e r o f r e al m o m e nt a n d
liqui d at e d d a m a g e s a r e s p e ci fi e d f o r d e lays it i s d e si rabl e in t h e in
”
,

f e r e st o f f ai rn e ss a n d j u stic e t o als o ins e rt a b o n u s claus e f o r t h e c o m

l e t i o n o f t h e w o rk i n a d vanc e o f t h e ti m e r e qui r e m e nt T h e b o nu s
p .

claus e als o a d d s t h e e l e m e nt o f m utuality a n d assur e s t h e e n f o rc e m e nt

o f e ith e r p e nalty o r b o nus as a m att e r o f m u t u al a g r e e m e nt .

“
S h o u l d t h c ntract r f a il t o c m p l t e t h w r k as h r e i n s p c i fi d
e o o o e e o e e e

w i t hi n t h e t i m na m d un l ss grant d an xt ns i o n o f t i m by t h p art y o f
e e ,
e e e e e e

th e first p art h s h a ll b li abl f t h wag s o f t h s p e r i nt e n d nt o h i s

, e e e or e e e u e n

w o r k f r o m t h e a b v s p ec i fi d t i m t h e d at f th e ng i n e r s c rt i ficate ’
o t e e e o e o e e e

o f c m p l e t i n o f hi s w o r k
o o d th a m o nt o f suc h w ag s s h a ll b d d uct d
, an e u e e e e

f r m t h e m o n y w hi c h m y b
o e d t h i m f r o m t h e a m unt f t h e fina l
a e ti ue o o o es

m at e, or i f o m o n i e s s h a ll b
n d e h i m f r o m t h e p art y f t h e first p art t h e n
e u o ,

th e a m ount s h a ll b r c v ra bl f r m t h e c o ntract r
e e o hi s sur t y
e e o o or e .

T h e sa i d c o ntract r h r by f rt h e r agr s t h at t h sa i d
o e e u ee e

s h a ll b e d i s h r e by a t h o r iz d t o d e d uct a d r e ta i n
an e u t f an y m o n ey e n ou o

1 6 Wa i t Eng i n e r i ng d Arc hi t ectura l J r i sp ru d e nc s ecs 3 1 5 t o

, e an u e, . 3 20 .

1 6 1 b i d s cs 3 2 4
, e d 32 6 . an .

1 7 Wa i t Eng i n e e r i ng d Arc hi t e ctura l Jur i s p ru d e nc e Sec 3 2 5

,
an . . .
 R e s p o n s ib i l i t y o f Co n t ra c t o r 25 l

w hi c h m y b d e a b c m e d t t h sa i d c ntract o r un d r t h i s agr e
e u or e o ue o e o , e e

m nt t h e s m o f
e , d oll ars
u p d y as liq i d at d d m a g s f er a u e a e or

e v r y d y t h a f r sa i d w r k m y b unc o m p l t d o v r d b y n d t h
e a e o e o a e e e e an e o e

t i m h r e i n st i p u l at ed f i ts c om p l t i n : p r v i d d h w v r t h at t h e sa i d
e e or e o o e , o e e ,

first p rt y s h a ll h av t h r i g h t t o xt n d t h e t i m f o t h c m p l t i o n o f t h
a e e e e e r e o e e

sa i d wo r k i f h s h l d d c i d e s t o d o e ou e o .

A d th
“
sa i d p art y o f t h s ec n d p art agr s t o c m m nc t h w o r k
n e e o ee o e e e

h r e i n r q i r d t o b d o n w i t hi n
e e u e d ay s af t r t h
e s i gn i ng o f t hi s
e e e co n

tract d t h at t h rat f p r o gr ss s h a ll b suc h t h at

, an e e b f r th
o e e on or e o e e

d y a f o 19 th wh o l e w o r k s s h a ll b. c m p l t d acc o r d i ng t o t h i s
e e o e e

agr m nt ee e .

I n cas t h sa i d p art y s h a ll f a il t o f u ll y d nt i r ly
e e d in an e e , an con

f o r m i t y w i t h t h e p r v i s i ns d c o n d i t i o ns o f t hi s agr
o m nt p e r f r m
o d
an ee e , o an

c m p l te t h s a i d w r k d ac h d v r y p art d a p p urt nanc s t h r eo f

o e e o an e an e e an e e e

w i t hi n t h t i m h r i n b f r e s p c i fi d f o s c h p r f r m anc a d c m p l
e e e e e o e e r u e o e n o e

t i on o w i t hi n t h sa i d f urt h r t i m w hi c h m y b a ll o w d by
, r e e e a e e

for suc h p r f r m anc ed c om p l t i n t h

o sa i d p art y o f t h s c o n d p art s h a ll
e an e o , e e e .

an d w ill p y t th sa i d p art y f t h first p art t h

a o e m f fo o e e su o r

e ac h d v r y d y t h t t h sa i d p art y o f t h s c o n d p art s h all b i n d f ul t

an e e a a e e e e e a ,

whi c h sa i d m f (3su p r d y i s h r by agr e d u p n

o d d t r . e a e e e o an e e ‘

m i n d by t h
e p art i s h r t e th d a m ag s w hi c h t h
e p art y
e f th
e o firs t as e e e o e

p art w ill s ff r b y r as n f suc h d f au l t a d o t by w y f p na l t y

‘

u e e o o d e n n a o e , an

th sa i d p art i s o f t h
e first p art m y d d uct d r ta i n t h sa i d m f
e e a e an e e su o

p d y o t f an y m n y whi c h m y b e d
er a u be c o m d
o o e a ue or e ue ,

u n d r t hi s agr m nt
e ee e .

Th
“
t i m o f c m p l t i o n i s o f gr eat i m p rtanc e a d i t i s m utua lly agr e d
e e o e o , n e
“

b e t w n t h p art i s t t hi s c ntr ct t h at i n cas sa i d p art y o f t h e s ec n d

ee e e o o a , e o

p art s h a ll f a il t f lly d nt i r ly p r f r mo u d c m p l e te t h an sa i d wo r k a d
e e e o an o e n

ve r y p rt t h e r e f i n f ll c o n f r m i t y w i t h t h p r v i s i ns a d c n d i t i ns o f
‘

e a o ,
u o e o o n o o

t hi s g r m nt d w i thi n t h t i m h r i n b f r p c i fi d f suc h p r f r m
a ee e ,
an e e e e e o e s e e or e o

anc e d c m p l t i n t h n a d i n t h at
an o e vent t h e sa i d p rt y o f t h s n d
o ,
e , n e , a e e co

p art s h a ll d w ill p y t an t h e sa i d p art y f th first p art t h

a m o f o e e su o

fo ac h a d v ry d y t h t sa i d wo r k s h a ll r e m a i n
r e n om e e a a unc ~

p l t ede I n v nt h w v r t h at s i d w r k s h a ll b e f lly c o m p l t e d b f r e
. e e , o e e , a o u e e o

t h e d at e s p c i fi e d f s c h c m p l t i n t h n a d i n t h at v nt t h e sa i d p art y
e or u o e o , e n e e ,

o f th first p rt s h ll d w ill p y t t h sa i d p art y f t h s c n d p art t h e

e a a an a o e o e e o ,

su m f o f ac h d v r y d y t h at t h sa i d p art y f t h s c n d
or e an e e a e o e e o

p rt s h a ll h av c m p l t d t h
a c ntract i n a d vanc f t h t i m f c m p l t i n
e o e e e o e o e e o o e o

s p c i fi d T h sa i d p art y f t h first p art m y d d uct d r t i n t h sa i d

e e . e o e a e an e a e

su m f o p d y f ac h d y f d l a y b y n d t h d t f m er a or e a o e e o e a e o co

pl ti e s p c i fi d t f an y m o n y s w hi c h m y b d
on e e , ou o b c m d e un d r e a e ue or e o e u e

t hi s agr m nt s h ll d d t t h fina l p ay m nt f t h p rt y f t h s c n d
ee e , or a a o e e o e a o e e o

p art t h ,
m f e su f ac h d y t h w r k i s c m p l t d p r i r t
o or e a e o o e e o o

th sp c i fi d d t f c m p l t i n
e e e a e o o e o .
”

1 54 C o n d u c t o f t h e W o rk
. .

A K e epi n g o f P la ns a n d Spe ci fi ca t i o n s A cc essi b l e — It i s u sually

.

d e si rabl e t o hav e p l ans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns r e a d ily acc e ssibl e o n t h e w o rk ,

252 G e n e r a l C o n di t io n s o f the C o n t ra c t

in r de r that t h e r e quir e m e nts o f t h e c o ntract can b e di scu ss e d a n d

o

d e fi n e d by t h e e n g in ee r o r ins p e ct o r w ith t h e c o nt ract o r a n d hi s su

p e r i n t e n d en t Th e s e p a p e rs can u sually
. b e m a d e m o st c o nv e ni e ntly

acc e ssibl e by b e in g k e p t at t h e c o ntract o r s l o cal o ffi c e o r in so m e o t h e r ’

m ann e r o n t h e w o rk A clau s e t o thi s e ff e ct is c o m m o nl y d e sirabl e

. .

T h e c ntract o r s h a ll k p a c p y f t h e p l ans p r o fi l s a n d s p e c i ficat i o ns

“
o ee o o , e

c nstant ly cc ss ibl e o t h e wo r k f o t h e e o f t h e e ng i n e e r a d i ns p ct o r i n
o a e n r us n e

t h e w r k o f su p e rv i s i n
o Th p art y f t h e first p art s h a ll h o w ev e r f urn i s h
o . e o , ,

f r e e f c h arg o suc h p l ans p r fi l s d s p c i ficat i ns as a e n ce ssar y f o r t hi s

e, ,
o e an e o r e

p ur p s
”
o e .

B Ch ar a c t er o f 147 or k m e n — ( F o r e i g n lab o r c o nvict lab o r a n d

.
. .
,

e i g ht h o u r l a w )-
W hil e t h e p arty o f t h e fi rst p art i f h e wo ul d p lac e
.
,

t h e r e s po nsibility as t o acci d e nts a n d ulti m at e r e sults o n t h e c o ntract o r ,

m ust n o t un de rtak e t h e d ir e cti o n o f in d ivi d u al w o rk m e n h e m a y p r o ,

vi de that such wo rk m e n shall b e f aith f ul o r d e rly c o m p e t e nt a n d skill , ,

fu l Wh e r e wo rk i s t o b e do n e f o r t h e p ublic o r m ust b e do n e un de r
.
,

any statut o ry e nact m e nts it i s d e si rabl e als o t o inclu d e a sti pulati o n .

r e citin g t h e r e stricti o ns o f such statut e s .

T h e sa i d p art y f th s c o n d p art agr s t o m p l o y o n ly o r d e r ly c m

o e e ee e ,
o

p t nt
e e d s kill f u l m
an t d t h e w rk ; d t h at w h e n v e r t h
en e ng i n r o o o an e e ee

s h a ll i n f o r m h i m i n w r i t i ng t h at an y m o me o n t h e wo r k re i n hi s an r n a ,

O p i n i n i nc o m p e t nt
o , nf ai th ful d i s o rd r ly suc h me o , m us h a ll b or e , an r en e

d i sc h arg e d f r o m t h w rk d s h a ll o t aga i n b mp l y d o
e t h e sa m
o an n e e o e n e

w i t h o ut t h ng i n r s w r i tt e n c ns nt ’ ”
e e ee o e .

Th e f o ll o w in g
xtract f r o m o n e o f t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns o f t h e U nit e d
e

Stat e s R e cla m ati o n S e rvic e is an e xa m p l e o f t h e r e stricti o ns wh ich i t

’ ’

m a y b e n e c e ssary t o intr o d uc e in c e rtain c o ntracts :

I n a ll c nstruct i n wo r k e i g h t h ours s h a ll c o nst i tut a d a y s w o r k a d
o o e
’
n

no M o ng o li an l a b o r s h a ll b e m p l y d t h e r e o n T h e i m p o rtat i o n o f f r i gn e o e . o e

e rs an d l a b o r rs un d r c o ntract t o p r f r m l a b o r i n t h e Un i t d Stat e s o r t h
e e e o e e

T rr i t o r i s o t h e D i str i ct o f C l u m bi a i s p r hibi t d ( S c 3 7 3 8 R ev Stat

e e r o o e . e .
, . .

U S Acts : A g 1 1 89 2 2 7 Stat L 3 40; J n 1 7 1 9 02 See 4 3 2 Stat L

. . u .
, ,
'

.
, u e , , .
, .
,

3 88 ; F b 2 6 1 885 2 3 Stat L 3 3 2 ;
e .
, d F b 2 3 1 887 2 4 Sta t L
, In . .
, an e .
, , .

th p r f o r m anc e o f t hi s c ntract
e e p rs o ns s h a ll b e m p l o y d wh o a o no e e e re un

d g i g s nt nc s o f i m p ri s n m nt at h ar d l a b o r i m p o s e d by c urts o f t h e
er o n e e e o e o

s ev ra l Stat s T rr i t o r i e s o m un ic i p a li t i s h av i ng cr i m i na l j ur i sd i ct i o n
e e , e r e .

( Exe cut i v r d r May 1 8 e o e , ,

C L oss es a n d D m a e s — Ir i s als o d e si rabl e that a cl e ar un d e r

.
a g
stan d in g shall e xist as t o wh o i s t o b e ar t h e e x p e ns e d u e t o casualti e s
o r t o l o ss e s d u e t o t h e acti o n o f t h e e l e m e nts o r e x p e ns e s incurr e d f r o m

o th e r un f o r e s e e n c o n d iti o n s o r c o ntin g e nci e s w hich m a y incr e as e t h e

c o st o f t h e w o rk Th e s e c o n d iti o ns a r e u sually c o ntr o ll e d t o a g r eat e r

.
254 G e n e r a l Co n di t i o n s o f th e Co n t ra c t

g rant e d It sh o ul d als o b e sti p ulat e d that in g rantin g s u ch e xt e nsi o n

.
,

o f ti m e t h e p arty o f t h e fi rst p art d o e s n o t o th e r w is e w aiv e any ri g hts

,

un de r t h e c o ntract .

No c h arg e s h a ll b m a d e by t h c ntract r f o hi n d ranc s e d e lay s e o o r e or

f r m an y caus
o ( exc p t w h r w o r k i s st o p p d by r d r f t h
e e p art i e s o f
e e e o e o e

t h e first p art ) d r i ng t h p r gr ss o f an y p rt i n
u f t h e w r k e m b rac d i n
e o e o o o o e

t hi s c o ntract b t suc h d e l a y s i f d t o f au l t n g l ct o f t h e c ntract r

, u ,
ue o n or e e o o ,

s h a ll e nt i t l e h i m t o an xt e ns i n o f t i m a ll o w d f c o m p l e t i ng t h e w r k
e o e, e or o ,

su ffic i nt t c m p nsat e f t h e d t nt i o n p r vi d d t h e c ontract o r s h a ll g i ve

e o o e or e e , o e

th e ng i n e r i m m e d i at n t i c e i n w r i t i ng f t h e caus e f suc h d e t ent i n

e e e o o o o .

Th e a m o unt f t h e d t nt i n s h a ll b d t e r m i n d by t h e ng i n e r
o e e od th e e e e e e , an

e xt ns i o n o f t i m e s h a ll
e t i nc l d uns as na bl w at h r I n cas sa i d w r k
no u e e o e e e . e o

s h a ll b st p p d by t h act f t h e p art y o f t h e first p art t h en suc h exp ns

e o e e o , e e

as i n t h e j d g m e t f t h e ng i n r i s caus d by suc h st p pi ng o f sa i d w o r k
i u n o e ee e o ,

o t h r t h an t h e l ga l
e st f carryi ng e th c o ntract s h a ll b e p a i d by t h e
co o on e ,

p art y f t h e first p art t

o th p art y o f t h e s e c n d p art o e o .

“
Th e r s e rv t h r i g h t o f sus p n d i ng t h w h l e an y e e e e o e or

p art f t h e w r k c ntract d t o b e d o n w h n t h y s h a ll d e m i t f o r t h e i
o o o e e e e e n

te res ts o f t h C i ty of e so t o d o w i t h o ut c o m p e nsat i n f o l o ss , o r

to th c ntract r f s c h s s p ns i n o t h r t h an e xt n d i ng t h t i m f m
e o o or u u e o e e e e o co

p l et i g t h
n w o r k as m uc h as i t m y h av e b n d l a y d by suc h sus p ns i o n ;
e a ee e e e

an d i f t h e sa i d wo r k s h a ll b e d l a y e d f th r e as n t h at t h e p art i s o f t h e or e o e e

first p art d o t w h av o t o b ta i n d p ss ss i n o f l an d o whi c h sa m

no o n or e n e o e o n e

i s t o b p r f o r m d t h n a d i n t h at cas a d v r y suc h cas t h p art y f

e e e ,
e n e n e e e, e o

t h e s c o n d p art s h a ll b
e e nt i t l d t m uc h a d d i t i na l t i m e w h e r i n t p e
e e o so o e o r

f rm
o d c o m p l t t hi s c ntract o
an hi s p art as t h e ng i n r s h a ll c e rt i f y i n
e e o n e ee

w r i t i ng t b j st b t o a ll o wanc by w y o f d a m ag s s h a ll b m a d e f
e u ,
u no e a e e or

suc h d l a y N i t h r an xt ns i n f t i m e f o r an y r as o n b y n d t h at fix d
e . e e e e o o e e o e

h r i n f t h e c m p l t i o o t h d i ng a d acc p tanc e f an y p art f t h

e e or o e n n r e o n e o o e

w o r k ca ll d f o by t hi s c ntract s h a ll b d m e d t b a w a i v r by t h e sa i d
,

e r o ,
e ee o e e

c o m m i ss i n e rs o f t h e r i g h t t a b r gat t hi s c ntract f o a b an d n m t
o o o e o r o en or

d el ay i n t h , m ann r p r o v i d d f oe i n t h p aragrap h m ar k d
e i n t hi s e r e e

agr ee m nt e .
”

F D efe c ts a n d T h eir R e m ed i es
.
,
a n d m at e rial ) Wo rk . .

a n d m at e rial f urnish e d o n a c o ntract m u st b e f ully in acc o r d anc e w ith

t h e a g r eem e nt a n d s p e c ifi ca t ib n s W o rk that has b e e n do n e a n d i s n o t .

o f t h e quality r e qui r e d by a r e as o nabl e int e r p r e tati o n o f t h e sp e c ifi c a

ti o ns sh o ul d b e t o rn do w n o r r e m o v e d a n d r e built i n acc o r danc e w ith

t h e r e qui r e m e nts I f t h e m at e rials w h e n br o u g ht o n t h e sit e o f t h e
.

w o rk a r e n o t f o un d sati s f act o ry a n d i n f ull acc o r d anc e w ith t h e

a g r e e m e nt a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns th e y sh o ul d b e r e m o v e d at o n ce so that ,

th e y m a y n o t b e u s e d in t h e wo rk e ith e r by m i stak e o r wh e n t h e e n g in e e r
i s n o t a war e o f such u se A sti p ulati o n t o this a ff e ct in t h e a g r ee m e nt .

is th e r e f o r e a d viasb l e .
 S a n i t a r y R e g u la t i o n s 255

An di t i s f urt h r agr e e d t h at i f t h w r k o a y p art t h r f o an y

e e o r n e eo , r

m at e r i a l b r o ug h t th gr o n d f on i n t h e wo r k o
e l ct d f o t h
u or u se , r se e e r e

s am e s hall b e d e m d by t h ng i n ee r as unsu i ta bl
, e e ot ie c n f r m i ty
e e, or n n o o

w i t h t h s p c i ficat i ns t h c ntract r s h a ll f rt h w i t h r m ov suc h m at r i a l

e e o , e o o o e e e

a d r e b u il d o
n t h r w i s r m d y suc h w r k i n cc o r d anc w i t h t h d i
r o e e e e o a e e r ec

f t h e ng i n r
'

t io ns o e ee .

G PC o n s tr n c t i o n P l a n t — Ag r e e m e nts a r e usually m a d e w ith c o n

t ract o rs f o r c e rtain class e s o f wo rk o n acc o unt o f th e i r e x pe ri e nc e in
s uch w o rk a n d o n acc o unt o f th e i r p o ss e ssi o n o f n e c e ssary t o o ls ma ,

c hin e ry a n d p lant f o r t h e c o nstructi o n o f t h e w o rk in qu e sti o n The .

a g r ee m e nt sh o ul d th e r e f o r e i nclu de a s t i p ulati o n p r o vi d in g that t h e c o n

tract o r shall f urnish t h e n e c e ssa ry t o o ls m achin e ry e qui p m e nt a n d , ,

p lant f o r t h e c o nstructi o n o f t h e w o rk t o b e d o n e un d e r t h e a g r ee m e nt ,

u nl e ss such t oo ls m achin e ry e qu i p m e nt a n d p la n t a r e t o b e f u rnish e d

, , ,

by t h e p arty o f t h e fi rst p art .

p art y o f t h s ec nd p art s h a ll p r v i d a ll l a b r t o o l s d m ac hi n
“
Th e e o o e o , an

er y a d m at r i a l n c e ssar y i n t h
n e p r s cut i n
e d c o m p l t i n o f t hi s co e o e o an e o n

tract w h r e i t i s ot o t h e r wi S p c i a lly p r v i d d t h at t h p art y o f t h e fir t

e n se e o e e s

p art s h a ll f urn i s h t h sa m d i t i s a l s o t o b e un d rst o o d t h at t h

e e, an p art y o f e e

t h e first p art s h a ll ot b h l d r es p ns ible f t h e car o p r o t ct i n f an y

n e e o or e r e o o

m at r i a l t o o l s o m ac hi n r y
e , f o an y p art o f t h
r w o r k unt il i t i s fina lly
e or r e

c o m p l t d a n d acc p t e d
e e e .

“
Th a i d c ntract r s h a ll f urn i s h t h e n c ssar y sca ff l d i ng wa y s a d a ll
e s o o e e o , n

n c es sar y m e a ns a d c o nv n i nc s f t h e trans f e r f t h m at r i a l t o i ts
e n e e e or o e e

p r o p r p l ac
e d f r i ts e r ct i n ;
e, an d i t i s al so t
o b un d rst d t h at t h
e o an o e e oo e

p art y o f t h first p art s h a ll t b e h l d r s p n ibl f o r t h e car

e no p r o t ec t i o n e e o s e e or

o f an y m at e r i a l o p art o f t h w o r k unt il i ts fina l acc p tan

”
r e e ce .

1 55 P o l ic e a n d San ita ry R e g u lat i o n s —C e rtai n r e stri cti o n s

.

a r e u sua lly d e si rabl e i n o r d e r t o e n f o rc e s at i s f ac t o r y p o li c e a n d sa ni

tary c o n d it i o n s a n d t o p r e v e n t tr o ubl e f r o m t h e u s e o f i n t o xi cant s o n

t h e w o rk T h e la tt e r i s e s p e c ially e s s e ntial w h e n t h e w o rk t o b e
.

d o n e i s i s o lat e d f r o m c o m m u n i t i e s w h e r e li qu o r i s s o l d u n d e r lic e n s e .

O nly thr ee bri e f s p e ci fi cat i o ns o f a g e n e ral natur e a r e h e r e g iv e n

as e xa m p l e s It is f r e qu e ntly n e c e ssary t o m ak e e xact r eg ulati o ns
.

w hich w ill caus e t h e c o ntract o r c o nsi d e rabl e e x p e ns e e s p e cially w h e r e ,

lar ge w o rks a r e t o b e c o nstruct e d in c o nn e cti o n w ith t h e w at e r su ppli e s

o f lar g e citi e s In such cas e s t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns sh o ul d b e f ully e lab o

.

rat e d in o r d e r that t h e c o ntract o r m ay b e c o m p l e t e ly in f o r m e d as t o t h e

e x p e ns e which w ill b e inv o lv e d b e caus e o f t h e sanitary r e g ulati o ns .

A Sa n i ta t io n
. .

N c e ssar y san i ta r y c o nve n i e nc s f t h e

e e or u se of l a b o r rs e on t h e wo rk ,

p rop e r ly s c l u d ed f r om p bli c o b s rv t i o n s h a ll
e u e a , be c o nstruct e d an d ma in
256 G e n e ra l Co n di t io n s o f t h e C o n t ra c t

t ain e d by th e c ntract r i n such m ann e r

o o an d at suc h p o i nts as s h a ll be ap

p r v e d by
o th e eng i n e r a d t h e i r se s h a ll
e , n u be str i ct ly e n f rc e d o .

B . I n t o x i ca n ts .

c ntract o r s h a ll n i t he r p r m i t o r su ff r t h i ntr o d uct i o n o s

Th e o e e n e e r u e of

s p i r i t o us liqu o rs up o n o a b out t h w r k s e m b rac d i n t hi s c o ntra c t

u r e o e or

u p o n an y gr un d s ccu p i e d by h i m o o .

C C o n t ra c t o r B u il d i n gs
’
. s .

b u il d i ng o f struct r s f o h us i ng m
Th e th e r e ct i n o f t e nts u e r o en , or e o or

o t h r f o rm s
e f p r t ct i n w ill b p r m i tt d o n ly at suc h p l ac s as t h
o o e e ng i o e e e e e

n r s h a ll p o vi d
ee d th san i tar y c n d i t i n f t h e gr n d s i n o a b ut
r e, .
an e o o o ou r o

suc h struct u r s s h a ll at a ll t i m s b m a i nta i n ed i n a m ann r sat i s f act o r y t o

e e e e

th e e ng i n e r e .

L IT ERA T URE
Eng i n r i ng d Arc hi t ctura l Jur i s p ru d nc e J o h n C Wa i t Part I II
ee an e e . . . .

A c o nstr ct i n co ntract J h n W il e y S ns I nc Ne w Y r k
u o . o o , . o .

Eng i n e r i ng C ntracts d S p c i ficat i ns Pr o f J B J o h ns o n I nc l u d

e o an e o . . . . .

i ng d i scuss i ns o f t h e g n e ra l c l a s s f c ntracts d s p c i ficat i ns 3 d d

o e u e o o an e o . e .

M G w H ill B o k C I nc N w Y r k
c ra -
o o . . e o .

T h e Stan d ar d D c m e nts o f t h e A m e r i can I nst i t t e o f Arc hi t e cts o Co

u u . n

ta i n i ng c ntract f o rm s d g n ra l c n d i t i n f t h c nt ct as r c o m m n d ed
o an e e o o o e o ra e e

by t h I nst i tut e Pu bli s h d by t h e I nst i tut at Was hi ngt o n D C

e . e e , . .

E l m e nts f S p ec i ficat i o ns Wr i t i ng Pr f R D K i r by D i scuss i n d

e o . o . . . . o a

v t i em e t
er p r p o sa l s c o ntr cts g e n e ra l c n d i t i o ns a d s p c i fic c l us e s i n
s n s, o , a , o n e a

c ntracts J h n W il y S o ns I nc N w Y r k
o . o e ,
. e o .

La w s d B us i n ss f Eng i n ee r i ng a d C ntract i ng
an C E F o wl e r e o n o . . . .

D i scuss i n c ntracts o d s p c i fica t i ns

o Th r e l t i n f t h e e ng i ne e r d
an e o . e a o o an

c ntract r I ns p ct i n c ntract i ng bi d d i ng rgan iz a t i o n o f co ntract w o r k

o o . e o , o , , o ,

et c M G w H ill B o k C o I nc N e w Y o r k
. c ra -
o . . .

S p c i ficat i ns d C ntracts J A L Wa d d ll d J h n C Wa i t D i s
e o an o . . . . e an o . .

cuss i n f c ntract a d s p c i ficat i n w r i t i ng Eng i n ee r i ng c ntracts a d

o o o n e o . o n

c ntract l w Mc G w H ill B k C o I nc N w Y r k
o a . ra -
oo . . e o .

Th Pr i nc i p l e s o f S p c i fic t i n d Agr e em nt Wr i t i ng C R Y ng
e e a o an e . . . ou .

Pa m p hl t p bli s h d by t h e Cana d i an Eng i n r T r nt Cana d a

e u e ee . o o o, .

C i v il Eng i n r i ng S p c i ficat i ns d C o ntractsee R I D As hb r i d g e e o an . . . . .

Am r i can T c h n i ca l S c i t y C hi c go
e e o e . a .

Eng i n e r i ng C ntracts Le ctur e e g en ra l su bj t wi t h xa m p l e s by

o . on e ec , e

J A L Wa d d ll t o stu d ents i n s v ra l n i v rs i t i s P bli s h e d by t h e aut h o r

. . . e e e u e e . u .

Unr e as na bl C o ntract R qu i r e m ents by t h G ov e rn m nt D i sc ss e s l ac k

o e e e e . u

o f exp li c i tn ss d d i sa d vantag o f l m p
e m m t h d o f d o i ng wo r k f o t h e
an e u su e o r

C h ar l st n d y d c k G i v s xtracts f r m Sp e i fi t i
e o r o Sta ff art i c l e Eng
. e e o c ca on s -
. .

R ec V o l . . 4 6, p p . 2 65 , 2 89 , 3 1 3 .

ve rn m nt C o ntracts ; L e ga l P i t f a ll s d H o w t Av i d Th e m A ve ry
Go e an o o .

c o m p l t e d i scuss i n f t h r qu i r m e nts o f g v rn m ent c o ntracts by G e rge

e o o e e e o e o

A K i ng W illi a m B K i ng Eng R e V o l 5 2 p p 6 7 6 7 1 3 7 4 8 V o l 5 3
. . . . c . .
, .
, , , . ,

pp . 2 2 , 4 8, 6 6, 1 00 .
258 G e n e r a l C o n di t i o n s o f the C o n t ra c t
D ELA Y S AN D E N A TI E S P L

A D ci si n e o of th e C o urt o f C l a i m s o P en a l t i e s by n , Wm . B . K i ng . Eng .

R e c Vo l
. . 63, p . 45 3 .

Ti m e P na l t i s o Go ve rn m nt C ntracts C o urt ru li ngs as t o d ut i e s o f

e e n e o .

o wn e r a d c o ntract o r n E d i t r i a l Eng R ec V l 5 7 p 5 87 . o . . . o .
, . .

Ti m e P na l t y D ec i s i o n by U S Su p r m e C o urt C ourt ru l e d t h e p e na l t y
e . . e .

Va li d Eng R c V o l 5 5 p 6 3 3
. . e . .
, . .

P e na l t y o L iqu i d at d Da m ag e s D e fin e s d i ff e r n ce s a n d c i t e s cas e s
n e . e .

En g R ec V o l
. . . 60, p . 1 52 .

Ti m e P ena l t i e s C o ntracts Di scuss e s p e na l t i s a n d liq i d at e d d a m

on . e u

ag e s by G e rg A K i ng Eng R ec V o l 5 8 p 3 83
, o e . . . . .
,
. .

A Co urt D e c i s i n as t t h En f rc m e nt f t h e Ti m e P ena l t y i n En g i n e e r
o o e o e o

i ng C ntracts E d i t o r i a l Eng N ews V l 65 p 6 02

o . . . , o .
, . .

P e na l t y C l aus e s i n Eng i n S p c i ficat i ns D i scuss i n f f a i rn e ss o f p en e e o . o o

a l t y c l aus s T h e Eng i n ee r V o l 3 8 p 2 87
e .
, .
, . .

G o ve rn m e nta l R e s p o ns ibili t y f o D l a y s C ntracts C o urt ru li ng h l d r e on o . e

go v rn m nt li a bl e f unr as n bl e d e l a y E d i to r i a l Eng R ec Vo l 6 8
e e or e o a . . . . .
,

p . 62 .

W i ve r o f Ti m L i m i t d R e s p ns ibili t y f o Extras C o urt ru li ng i n

a e an o r .

c l a i m s c nc e rn i ng t h e g ov m t by W m B K i ng Eng R c V o l 6 7 p 48
o ~
ern en , , . . . e . .
, . .

R s p ns ibili t y f o C o ntract i ng D l a y s D i scuss e s caus s an d e ff ects of

e o r e . e

d elay s E d i t o r i a l Eng R e V o l 6 6 p 5 6 1
. . . c . .
, . .

D l a y by R eas n f C h ang e s C i t s c ourt d ec i s i o ns r gar d i ng r e s p o ns i

e o o . e e

b i l i t y f o r d l a y s by G e o A K i ng Eng R ec V l 7 0 p 1 3 6 ’

e . . . . . o .
, . .

D e d uct i on o f L iq u i d at e d Da m ag s f o D l a y D c i s i o ns b y U S C ourt e r e . e -
. .

o f C l i m s o n t hi s q u e st i o n by W m B K i ng
a Eng R ec V l 6 6 p 6 5 7 , . . . . . o .
, . .

Pe na l t i s a d L iqu i d at e d Da m ag s C i t s d c i s i ns t s h w unc rta i nt y

e n e . e e o o o e

o f l w o n su bj e ct by W m B K i ng
a E g R c V o l 69 p 3 68
, . . . n . e . .
, . .

E XTR A W ORK
Pa y m e nt f o o f Co m p l e t e S p e c i ficat i o ns
r Co ntract Extras A d vantage s . .

E d i t o r i al En g R ec V o l 5 7 p 1 7 0
. . . .
, . .

C m p nsat i n C l a i m f K p i ng C ff e r D m D y C i t e s d ec i s i n o f
o e o or ee o a r . o

C m p tr ll r U S T re asur y D p t ag i nst C o ntract o r by W m B K i ng Eng

o o e , . . e . a , . . . .

R ec Vol . . 67 , p . 97 .

C o m m nts T w o S p e c i fic t i ns C l aus e s R e l t i ng t
e on Extra W r k C i t i a o a o o . r

ci zes i n d fin i t c l us s E d i t r i l Eng N e ws V o l 5 4 p 4 2
e e a e . o a . .
,
.
, . .

A Co ntract r s C l a i m f Extra Al l o wanc e Stat s a d d i scuss e s cl a i m

o
’
or . e n .

E d i t o r i a l Eng N e ws V o l 7 1 p 9 2 4
. .
, .
, . .
 C H AP T E R XV

P R E P AR ATI O N O F SP E C I F I CATI O N S

1 56 I m po rt a n c e —T h e p r ep arati o n o f p r o p e r s p e c i fi cat i o n s
.

n e c e ssary f o r a cl e ar un de rstan d in g o f t h e natur e o f m achin e ry su p ,

p li e s o r m at e rial t o b e f urnish e d o r w o rk t o b e do n e un de r a c o ntract

, ,

is as e ss e ntial f o r such wo rk as t h e plans f o r t h e sa m e Each is e x .

p l a n a t o r y o f t h e o th e r e ach o f t e n i nc o m pl e t e w ith o ut t h e o th e r a n d
, ,

unl e ss each is car e f ully a n d p r o p e rly p r ep ar e d m any d is p ut e s an d m i s

,

un d e rstan din g a r e a p t t o aris e a n d f r e qu e ntly r e sult in e x p e nsiv e

liti g ati o n .

F r o m such s p e ci fi cati o ns bi d d e rs n o t o nly ge t th e ir in fo r m ati o n o f

,

t h e natur e a n d a m o un t o f t h e wo rk th e y w ill b e call e d u po n t o d o i f

thi s b i d is acc ept e d but th e y m ay als o f o r m s o m e i d e a o f t h e f airn e ss
"

o f t h e p arti e s w h o hav e p r e p ar e d t h e p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns an d o f

,

t h e tr e at me nt th e y a r e liabl e t o r e c e iv e d u rin g t h e p r o g r e ss o f t h e
wo rk . In m any cas e s th e s e p a pe rs a r e t h e o nly i nt ro ducti o n o f t h e
bi dde r t o t h e wo rk a n d t o t h e m en w ith w h o m h e i s invit e d t o do bu si
n e ss. I t i s s e l f e vi d e nt th e r e fo r e th at i n t h e p r e p arati o n o f s u ch
-

s p e ci fi cati o ns abs o lut e cl e a rn e ss o f d e tails a n d f ai rn e ss o f int e nt a r e

,

e s s e ntial t o s e cu r e sati s f act o ry p rO o sa l s a n d

p p r o p e r w o rk .

An y s pe ci fi cati o n that i s in d e fi nit e in de t e r m i nat e a m bi g u o us o r

, ,

us e l e ss w ill inv o lv e u nc e rtainti e s a n d r e sult in t h e a dditi o n o f c e rtain

su m s by t h e bi dde r f o r s e l f p r o t e cti o n w hich su m s w ill invariably b e
-

f a r i n e xc e ss o f t h e act u al c o st wh ich wo ul d r e sult f r o m a d e fin it e

a n d e xact r e q u i r e m e nt . An y s p e ci fi cati o ns th e r e f o r e w hich a r e a rbi
, ,

f rary un f ai r o r unn e c e ssarily s e v e r e g iv e a b a d i m p r e ssi o n o f t h e e n g i

, ,

n e e r att o rn e y an d p ri nci pals a n d usually inv o lv e e ith e r a r e f usal t o

,

b i d o n t h e w o rk o r a dd iti o ns t o t h e p ric e b i d t o o ff s e t t h e u n wa r r a n t e d
‘

tr e at m e nt t o b e e x p e ct e d u n de r such s pe ci fi cati o ns .

'
A s p e ci fi cati o n is n o t t h e p lac e t o sh o w t h e e xt e nt o f t h e e n g in e e r s
kn o w l e d g e but it i s t h e p lac e t o sh o w h o w cl e arly an d e xactly h e can
,

d e scrib e t h e e ss e ntial a n d p racticabl e li m its o f t h e qualiti e s o f wo rk

a n d m at e rial n e e de d f o r t h e e n d in vi e w , h o w w e l l h e can
p r o t e ct hi s
cli e n t by de fi nit e an d p r o p e r r e qui r em e nts a n d h o w f air a n d j ust h e
,

w ill b e in his tr e at m e nt o f c o ntract o rs .

1 57 U s e o f E n g li s h — I n t h e w ri ti n g o f s p e c i fi ca ti o n s all that
.
,

has b ee n sai d ab o ut t h e u se o f E n g lish a ppli e s w ith e s pe cial f o rc e T h e .

2 60 P re pa ra t i o n o f S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

lan g ua g e u s e d sh o ul d b e c l e a r accu ra t e a n d e xac t T h e t e ch ni cal

, ,
.

t e r m s o r v e rn acular c o m m o n t o t h e t ra d e t o w h i ch t h e s p e c i fi ca t io n s
a p p l y m ay b e u s e d bu t th e y m u s t b e u n d e rst o o d a n d u s e d c o rr e c tly
, ,
.

Wh e n u s e d th ey m u st b e d e fi n e d o r b e us e d i n t h e s e ns e w hich t h ey
hav e acqui r e d thr o u g h c o m m o n o r l o cal u sa g e t h e basi s o n w hich ,

th e y w ill b e l e g ally i nt e r p r e t e d .

I n t h e w ritin g o f c o ntracts a n d s p e ci fi cati o n s ev e rythin g sh o ul d ,

if n e c e ssa ry b e sacri fi c e d t o cl e arn e ss

,
I n r e po rts a n d p a p e rs f o r t h e
.
,

sak e o f e u ph o ny it i s f r e q u entl y de si rabl e t o substitut e o th er wo r d s

,

m o r e o r l e ss syn o ny m o us in o r de r t o av o i d r e p e titi o n In c o nt racts .

thi s sh o u l d b e av o i ded ; wo r d s a re al m o st n e v e r e xactly syn o ny m o us ,

a n d in c o ntracts a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns t h e w o r d havin g t h e e xact m e anin g

sh o ul d b e u s e d as f r e qu e ntly as n e c e ssary In such p a p e rs i t i s als o .

,

de si rabl e t o e x p r e ss t h e i de a t o b e c o nv e y e d in t h e cl e ar e st p o ssi b l e
w ay a n d r e p e titi o n o f t h e sa m e i de a i n d i ff e r e nt w o r d s i f it a d d s t o
, ,

cl e arn e ss is n o t r e g ar d e d as taut o l o g y Car e m ust b e tak e n h o w e v e r

,
.

t o see that r e p e titi o n do e s n o t o bscur e r a th e r than cl e ar u p t h e i d e a t o

b e c o nv e y e d T h e lan g u a g e m ust n o t hav e a d o ubl e m e anin g an d
.
,

w h e r e a subj e ct i s d e scrib e d i n g e n e ral an d als o in p articula r ca r e m u st ,

b e e x e rcis e d t o se e that t h e i de as d u p licat e d a r e i de ntical .

I n t h e B r o nx V all ey s e w e r c o ntract inv o lvin g t h e en gi

,

n e e r de scrib e d c o ncr e t e t o b e u s e d as a m ixt u r e H e th e n sp e .

“
c i fi e d that a batch o f c o nc r e t e sh o ul d c o nsi st o f o n e barr e l o f c e m e nt
”

cu . t wo barr e ls o f l o o s e san d cu a n d f o u r barr e ls .

o f st o n e ( 1 3 cu . T h e c o ntract o r un d e r t h e last de scri p ti o n wa s

r e qu i r e d t o m ix t h e c o ncr e t e in t h e rati o o f o n t h e basis

o f t h e v o lu m e u s e d o r e v e n ri ch e r o n t h e basi s o f t h e v o lu m e o f l o o s e
,

c e m e nt An acti o n wa s br o u g ht f o r o n acc o u nt o f t h e e xc e ss
-

c e m e nt r e q u i r e d 1

I n o r dina ry c o nv e rsati o n a n d in m o st w ritin g s t h e wo r d s us e d ,

hav e a s u ffi ci e ntly cl e ar m e anin g t o c o nv ey o u r i de as f o r g e n e ral p u r

p o s e s f o r o f t e n n o g r e at d e g r e e o f acc u racy is n e c e ssary
, I n th e .

w ritin g o f s pe ci fi cati o ns h o w e v e r th e s e sa m e wo r d s a r e f o un d t o b e
, ,

in de fi nit e a n d m ust b e defi n e d a n d q u ali fi e d t o brin g o u t t h e li m it e d

,

m e anin g i n w hich th e y a r e o r sh o u l d b e u s e d Th e y o un g e n g in e e r .

i s ap t t o assu m e that t h e w o r d s h e u s e s hav e a sin g l e a n d de fi nit e

m e anin g an d is g r e atly s u r p ri s e d t o fi n d t h e lan gu a g e h e has us e d
a n d w hich c o nv e y e d t o hi s m in d a v e ry d e fi nit e i d e a 1 5 sus c e p tibl e o f
‘

nu m e r o us o th e r int e r p r e tati o ns .

1 Se e t h e Eng i n e r i ng C o ntract o r
e , Vo l . 2, p . 83 .
 262 Pr e p a ra t i o n o f S p e c i fi ca t io n s

if t h e n g in e e r is e x p e ri e nc e d a n d i s c o ntinual l y at han d t o g iv e hi s i n
e

t e r p r e t a t io n o f o bscu r e claus e s o r hi s p e r m issi o n t o d i sr e g ar d i n e x p e d

,

i en t r e q u ir e m e nts An ins pe ct o r has n o s u ch p r e r o g ativ e unl e ss t h e

.
,

sa m e has b ee n e s p e cially d el e g at e d by his su p e ri o r a n d m ust u sually

i nsi st ( unl e ss f ully in st r ifct e d by t h e e n g in e e r which sh o ul d al w ays b e , ,

but s e l do m is t h e cas e ) o n t h e f ul fi ll m e nt o f t h e l e tt e r o f t h e c o ntract

,
.

W h e n t h e ins p e ct o r do e s insist o n carryin g o u t an i rrati o nal spe c ifi ca

ti o n a n d an a pp e al is tak e n t o t h e e n g in ee r i f e x p e ri enc e d h e m u st
, , ,

d e ci d e in f av o r o f a r e as o nabl e int e r p r e tati o n o f t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns w hich

h e has p r ep ar e d In so do in g t h e e n g in e e r m u st r e v e rs e t h e d e cisi o n
.
,

o f t h e ins p e ct o r t o his g r e at e m barrass m e nt a n d t o t h e inj ury o f hi s

, ,

c o n fi d e nc e in h is instructi o ns ( t h e s p e ci fi cati o n ) a n d o f hi s f utur e u se ,

f ul n e s s C l e arn e ss a n d e xac t lan g ua g e in su ffi ci e nt d e tai l t o m e e t all

.

r eas o nabl e c o ntin g e nci e s an d suitabl e f o r lit e ral int e r p r etati o n w ill ,

n o t o nly p r e v e nt d i s p ut e s but w ill a d d t o t h e e ffi ci e ncy a n d e ff e ctiv e

n e ss o f su pe rvi si o n an d ins pe cti o n .

In o r d e r that a s p e ci fi cati o n shall b e cl e ar a n d de fi nit e its p ara ,

g ra p hs a n d claus e s sh o ul d b e a rran g e d so f a r as p racticabl e in l o g ical , ,

o r de r . E ach e l e m e nt sh o ul d b e d iscuss e d c o m p l e t e ly a n d in d e tail in a

sin g l e p ara g ra p h o r s e nt e nc e d e v o t e d s o l e ly t o that sin g l e f e atur e a n d ,

w h e n f ully c o v e r e d sh o ul d n o t a g ain b e m e nti o n e d unl e ss n e c e ssa r y f o r

d e fi nin g its r e lati o n t o o th e r f e atur e s Mo r e than o n e e l e m e nt sh o ul d .

s e l d o m b e d e scrib e d in a sin g l e p ara g ra p h as such r e f e r e nc e t e n d s t o ,

w ar d o bscurity .

An e xtr em e cas e o f o bscurity i s ill u strat e d by t h e f o ll o w in g e x

a m pl e : 2

A ll t i m be r sta n d i ng w h r l ev e i s t o b e c o nstruct d m y b h l d by
%
e e e e a e e

t h e c ntract r as hi s
o o w d h e w ill b e a ll w d an xc ss
o n, an f 25 p r ic o e e e o e

cu bi c y ar d f o fi lli ng sa i d m uc k d i tc h as i n t h l v e m b nk m nt ; a l s o
%
per r e e ee a e

t h e c o ntract o r w ill b r q i r d t d d 1 0 t t h h e i g h t o f l v a b ve
e e u e o a o e e ee o

gra d e li n e t o a ll w f s e tt li ng o f sa m
o or e .

H e r e a r e a pp ar e ntl y th r e e d i stinct subj e cts tr e at e d i n a sin g l e

s e nt e nc e an d so tr e at e d as t o l e av e t h e r e a de r s o m e what in do ubt a s
,

t o t h e i de a int e n d e d t o b e c o nv e y e d b y th e i r auth o r Each o f th e s e .

subj e cts n o t o nly w o ul d hav e b e e n m o r e cl e arly c o v e r e d by a d i s

tinct s e nt e nc e but sh o ul d hav e h a d a p ara g ra ph de v o t e d t o its s pe ci fi c
,

p ur p o s e .

1 59 B r e vi ty —W h il e i t i s i m p o rtan t tha t e v e ry e l e m e n t o f t h e
. .

c o ntract shall b e cl early c o m pl e t e ly a n d e xactly d e scrib e d it i s als o

, ,

2 Se e Eng N e w s
. Su p . De c 3 1 , 1 90
. 3, p . 3 81 .
 B re v i t y 2 63

i m po rtant a n d e ss e ntial f o r cl e arn e ss that such d e scri p ti o n shall b e a s

bri e f as c o nsist e nt with a c o m p l e t e a n d e xact de scri pti o n .

A s pe ci fi cati o n i s n o t a tr e atis e o n t h e subj e ct un de r c o nsi de ra

ti o n a n d sh o ul d n o t b e u s e d t o i m p r e ss t h e cli e nt o r c o ntract o r wi th
,

t h e p r o f un d ity o f t h e e n g in e e r s kn o w l e d g e o f t h e subj e ct O nly th o s e

’

charact e risti cs o r f e atu r e s sh o ul d b e s p e ci fi e d w h ich a r e e ss e ntial in

o r d e r t o s e cur e t h e r e s u lts d e sir e d An y p ara g ra p h s e nt e nc e o r w o r d .
, ,

w hich can b e o m itt e d w ith o ut m at e rial e ff e ct o n t h e c o m pl e t e un de r

stan d in g o f t h e s u bj e ct sh o ul d b e o m itt e d .

T h e intr o d ucti o n o f clau s e s in t h e s p e ci fi cati o n w hich s p e ci f y n o th

in g e xc e p t pe rha p s t h e u nc e rtainty o f t h e e n g i n e e r s kn o wl e d g e o f t h e ’

m at e rial o r lab o r t o b e do n e a r e e xc e e d in g ly un d e si rabl e a n d sh o ul d

b e car e f ully av o i de d Fo r e xa m p l e in m any s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r t h e
.
,

f o u n dati o ns f o r brick p av e m e nts w hich w e r e f o r m e rly i n v o g u e in t h e

Upp e r Mississi pp i V all ey in whi ch th e f o un dati o n c o nsist e d o f br o k e n
st o n e fi ll e d w ith san d an d p ro p e rly r o ll e d thi s s p e ci fi cati o n wa s co m
, ,

m o n ly ins e rt e d
Th san d s h a ll b e r ll d w i t h c ns tant li g h t wate r i ng t o av o i d li ck
e o e , o

i ng p u .

W hat wa s m e ant by t h e latt e r p o rti o n o f this clau s e has al way s

r e m ai n e d a m yst e ry Po ssibly its o ri g inat o r h a d an i de a w hich h e
.

th u s de f e ctiv ely e x p r e ss e d ; o th e rs e vi de ntly n o t kn o w in g w hat it ,

m e ant a do p t e d t h e cla u s e f o r f e ar th e y wo ul d o th e r w is e p r e p ar e a de
,

f e c t ive s p e ci fi cati o n .

Ag ain a cla u s e r e latin g t o t h e c o ncr e t e m ix e r p r o vi d e d Mi x e r

,

m ust b e o f a siz e p r o po rti o nat e t o t h e siz e o f t h e batch m ix e d a n d in ,

t h e sa m e s p e ci fi cati o n in r e lati o n t o f o r m s
Th co ntr ct o r m y a d o p t an y su i ta bl s y ste m o f m o u l d s f o t h e o
e a a e r c n

cr t i n p l ac p r v i d e d t h sam b a p p r v d by t h e ng i n ee r T h e m u l d s
e e e, o e e e o e e . o

m y b fix d
a e m va bl
e b t m ust b e r i g i d w h n i n p l ac e so a s t o f o r m a
or o e, u e

c ncr t accurat ly
o e e e .
”
3

N e ith e r o f th e s e claus e s has any a p par e nt m e anin g o r at l e ast n o ,

m e anin g w hich wo ul d n o t b e c o v e r e d by a s p e ci fi cati o n f o r a go o d

a n d w o rk m anlik e j o b
”
.

1 6 0 I n d e fi ni t e Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s —C a r e l e s sn e s s a n d i g n o ra n c e o f
. .

t h e d e tai l e d r e qui r e m e nts wh ich sh o ul d b e inclu d e d o f t e n l e a d t o in

, ,

de fi nit e sp e ci fi cati o ns Such s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e als o s o m e ti m e s ins e rt e d

.

w ith d ish o n e st o r vici o u s int e nt Th er e i s o f t e n a t e m p tati o n t o w rit e

.

such s p e ci fi cati o ns rath e r than t o tak e t h e t ro ubl e t o c o nsi de r a n d t o

3 Eng N . ew s Su p , Vol . 51 , p . 257 .
2 64 P r e p a ra t i o n o f S p e c i fic a t i o n s

d et e r m in e t h e n e c e ssa ry r e q u ir em e nts at t h e ti m e t h e s pe ci fi cati o ns

,

a r e b e in g p r e p ar e d As h i s usual l y p r o vi d e d that t h e e n g in e e r shall

.

int e r p r et o r e x plain an y cau s e s n o t cl e arly stat e d th e r e r e m ain s an ,

o pp o rtunity f o r t h e e n g in e e r t o de ci de t h e m att e r lat e r a n d this als o ,

inv o lv e s an unc e rtainty a n d a chanc e f o r a c o ns i de rabl e variati o n in

e x p e ns e S uch unc e rtainti e s m ay b e a n d s o m e ti m e s a r e us e d f o r t h e
.

p pu r o s e o f d i sh o n e st f av o riti s m S uch u nc e rtainti e s.a r e m ani f e stly

u nsatis f act o ry a n d u n f ai r n o t o nly t o t h e c o ntra ct o r but t o t h e cli e nt

,

o f t h e e n g in e e r as w e ll f o r th e y al m o st al ways a dd unn e c e ssa ry e x

,

p e ns e . It i s o nl y t h r o u gh i g n o ranc e ca r e l e ssn e ss o r d ish o n e sty th a t

,

s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e l e f t so i n d e fi nit e that t h e c o ntract o r can n o t kn o w

e xactly w hat is e x p e ct e d a n d r e qui r e d o r th o s e w h ich a r e unn e c e ssary ,

o r un d e si rabl e a r e i nclu d e d .

Fo r d ish o n e st p u rp o s e s s p e ci fi cati o n s a r e s o m e ti m e s d ra w n so i n
,

d e fi nit e that n o bi dde r can d et e r m in e what i s r e quir e d u nl e ss h e has

.

i nsi de in f o r m ati o n an d so m any m att e rs m ay b e l e f t t o t h e de cisi o n

,

o f t h e e n g in e e r that n o c o ntract o r u nl e ss h e kn o w s h e w ill b e u n d uly

,

f av o r e d d ar e bin d h i m s e l f t o t h e unc e rtainti e s inv o lv e d

, Fo r e xa m .

p l e in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r a p r o p o s e d po w e r h o u s e f o r a stat e inst i

,

t u t io n t h e f o ll o w i n g s ti p ulat i o n s w e r e e m b o d i e d :
4
,

“
U n de r t h e h e a din g V i o lati o n o f Co ntract t h e archit e ct wa s ,
”

g ive n a u th o rity t o n o ti f y t h e c o ntract o r in w ritin g an d w ith in 2 4 h o u rs

a f t e r t h e s e rvin g o f t h e n o tic e t h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d c e as e wo rk ; t h e
,

archite ct was th e n t o hav e f u ll a u th o rity t o i m m e d iat ely p urchas e any

thin g r e q u ir e d a n d tak e p o ss e ssi o n o f all t h e m at e rials o n t h e g r o un d
o r built int o t h e w o rk an d t h e c o ntract o r o r b on d s m an w a s t o m e et
,

all bills Whil e such p r o visi o ns a r e b o th ill e g al an d absur d n o c o n

.
,

tract o r wo ul d si g n a c o ntract c o ntainin g such a claus e w ith o u t r e ali z

in g that a l a w s u it m i g ht b e n e c e ssary in o r de r t o m ainta in hi s r i ghts .

I n an o th e r claus e r e latin g t o chan g e s it wa s s p e ci fi e d that in cas e ,

a ny w o rk w a s n o t i n ac c o r d a n c e w i th t h e s p e c i fi cat i o n s t h e arch i t e c t ,

wo ul d b e e m p o we r e d t o acc ep t such wo rk o r m at e rial an d m ak e s u ch

a r e du cti o n in t h e c o ntract p ri c e as h e m ay det e r m in e w h ich r e d u e ,

“
ti o n wa s t o b e fi nal c o ncl u siv e a n d w ith o u t a pp e al an o th e r absu r d
, ,
”

a n d ill e g al r e q u ir e m e nt inv o lvin g h o w e v e r t h e p o ssibiliti e s o f f av o rit

, ,

i sm o r a suit at l a w .

I n r e lati o n t o e xtra wo rk t h e f o ll o w in g u niq u e an d u n f ai r p r o

,
“
visi o n w a s s pe ci fi e d : T h e c o ntract o r h e r e by a g r e e s t o f urni sh such
4 Se e Eng N ews
.
, Vol . 5 4, p . 602 .
 2 66 Pr e p a ra t i o n o f S p e c i fi c at i o n

It may b e r e g ar de d as p r o p e r t o g iv e n o g r eat a m o unt o f s pac e t o

t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r a c e rtain class o f m at e rial o r wo rk wh e r e o nly a

s m all quantity i s t o b e us e d but w hil e bri e f t h e r e quir e m e nt sh o ul d b e

, ,

cl e a r a n d e xact If t h e wo rk i s wo rth do in g t h e c o ntract o r has a

.
,

ri g ht t o kn o w t h e e xact r e qui r e m e nts b e f o r e h e bi d s f o r t h e sa m e a n d ,

sh o ul d n o t b e h el d subj e ct t o t h e unc e rtai n r equir e m e nts o f an e n g i

n ee r p o ssibly unkn o w n a n d in e x pe ri e nc e d T h e f o ll o w in g a r e e xa m
,
.

p l e s o f such o bj e cti o nabl e p ractic e

F i rst c l ass c m p un d arc h m as nr y w ill b e l a i d i n m rtar T h t hi ck
o o o o . e

n ss f t h rch t h l ngt h d t hi ck n ss f t h e st o n f o rm i ng t h e arc h

e o e a , e e an e o e ,

w ill b e suc h as t h e ng i n e e r s h a ll p r e scr ib

e e .

Als o ,

C oncr t e i s t o b m a d e o f suc h m at r i a l d i n suc h p r op o rt i o ns a

“
e e e an s

t o m at e r i a l d i n suc h m ann r as t h e ng i n r s h a ll d i r ct ”
an e e ee e .
5

E v e n w h e n an att e m p t is m a d e t o bri e fly d ra w such sp e cifi c a

ti o ns it s o m e ti m e s o ccu rs that t h e e n g in ee r m ay in his hast e s pe ci f y
, , ,

t h e m at e rial o f a g r e atly su p e ri o r quality t o that wh ich i s act u all y

n e e de d i n t h e wo rk This m ay p r o v e s e ri o u s i f thr o u g h an u n e x
. -

p e c t e d incr e as e t h e quantity r e quir e d i s actually lar g e Fo r e xa m p l e .

,

i n a s p e ci fi cati o n f o r s e w e rs in w hich o nly a li m it e d quantity o f t i m

b e r wo ul d p r o bably b e n e e d e d f o r t h e f o un d ati o n wo rk it w a s s p e ci ,

fied
Suc h l u m b r as i s r e qu i r d s h a ll b o f a s i ta bl e ch aracte r f t h p
e e e u or e ur

p o s e i nt e n d e d o f stra i g h t gra i n d f r ee f r o m a ll d f cts

”
, an e e .

T h e fi rst p art o f thi s s p e ci fi cati o n m i g ht hav e an e nti r e ly d i ff e r e nt

m e anin g f r o m t h e last p o rti o n o f t h e sa m e f o r i n f e w cas e s w o ul d ,

ti m b e r o f strai g ht g rain a n d f r e e f r o m all d e f e cts b e n ee de d A .

cauti o us c o ntract o r un de r such a s pe ci fi cati o n w o ul d b i d a p ric e w hich

, ,

w o ul d assur e h i m a r e as o nabl e p r o fi t un d e r any c o n d iti o ns w hil e a ,

car e l e ss c o ntracto r r e lyin g o n t h e fi rst clau s e o f t h e s pe ci fi cati o n

, ,

m i g ht su stain a s e ri o u s l o ss i f a lar g e a m o unt o f such m at e rial w e r e

-

u se d .

1 62 Am b i g u o u s Sp e c ifi c a t i o n s —U n n e c e s sa ry o r u nr e a s o n
. .

abl e r e qui r e m e nts a r e al w ays a m bi g u o us a n d a r e unc e rtain as t o w hat i s

actually d e si r e d a n d w hat w ill actually b e r e qui r e d by t h e e n g in e e r
, .

U n d e r such c o n d iti o ns r e s p o nsibl e c o ntract o rs w ill a d d m at e rially t o t h e

,

p ric e f o r t h e w o rk do n e un de r s uch spe c i fi a t io n s No t o nly do e s thi s .

unn e c e ssarily incr e as e t h e c o st o f t h e wo rk but such s p e ci fi cati o ns als o ,

.

bran d th e i r m ak e r as i g n o rant o f t h e p ractical r e qui r e m e nts o f t h e

5 Eng N e ws . Su p .
, V ol . 51 , p . 258 .
 A m b i g u o u s S p e c i fi c a t io n s 7

w o rk , an d a re a n o tic e t o unscru p ul o us p arti e s that t h e w rit e r o f t h e

s p e ci fi cati o n s i s o n e wh o m ay p e rha p s b e m ani p ulat e d o r blu ffe d int o
r e as o nabl e r e qui r e m e nts o r e v e n t o e xtr e m e s in t h e o th e r d ir e cti o n
, .

It i s o nly t o o e asy t o p r e p ar e in t h e o ffi c e s p e ci fi cati o ns w hich a r e i m

p o ssibl e t o carry o u t i n t h e fi e l d o r w hich i f carri e d o u t w ill p ro v e , , ,

un de si rabl e o r e x pe nsiv e .

Sp e ci fi cati o ns that cann o t b e r e as o nably e n f o rc e d e xc e p t un d e r

p articular a n d p e culiar ci rcu m stanc e s sh o ul d b e e li m inat e d f o r wh e r e ,

th e y a r e inclu de d th e y p ractically m u st b e i g n o re d e xc e p t wh e r e an
abs o lut e n e c e ssity f o r th e i r e n f o rc e m e nt aris e s Th is c alls f o r an arbi .

t rar y d e cisi o n by t h e e n g in e e r w hich a sub o r d inat e can s e l do m b e p e r

m i tt e d t o e x e rci s e a n d in t h e e x e rcis e o f w hich by t h e chi e f h e is l e f t
,

o p e n t o criticis m Fo r e xa m p l e i n t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r c o ncr e t e t h e

.
, ,

f o ll o w in g claus e has f r e qu e ntly b ee n ins e rt e d :

“
C ncr t e s h a ll o t b e d r o p p d i nt o p l ac t h r oug h a gr eat e r d i stance
o e n e e

t h an o f o o t
ne .
”
6

A s p e ci fi cati o n o f this s o rt i s usually wh o lly i m p racticabl e a n d

sh o ul d b e r e qui r e d o nly w h e r e s o m e inj u ry p o ssibly by s e parati o n o f ,

m at e rial o r inj ury t o n e w wo rk m i g ht m ak e such an unusual p r e ca uti o n ,

abs o lut e ly n e c e ssary .

S uch a s pe ci fi cati o n th e r e f o r e sh o ul d n o t b e a pp li e d t o t h e e nti r e

, ,

wo rk but o nly t o t h e c o n d iti o ns in w hich such r e qui r e m e nts a r e n e c e s

,

sary a n d it w o ul d s e e m de sirabl e t o intr o d uc e a l o n ge r spe c ifi

,

c at i o n i n w h ich t h e m e th o d s o f d e p o s it i n g t h e c o nc r e t e u n d e r v ari o us
c o n d iti o ns sh o ul d b e r e strict e d as f a r as n e c e ssity s e e m s t o de m an d .

Th e s e e xtr e m e s sh o ul d b e av o i d e d by t h e e n g in e e r He sh o ul d s p e ci fy .

o nly such r e quir e m e nts as a r e n e c e ssa ry f o r t h e c o m p l e ti o n o f t h e w o rk

'

in t h e m ann e r de sir e d .

1 63 A rbi trary Sp e c i fi ca t i o n s —“mil e i t i s n e c e s sary f o r t h e

.

e n g in e e r t o b e abl e t o e x e rcis e such c o ntr o l o v e r t h e w o rk that h e can

s e cu r e its p r o pe r p e r f o r m anc e a n d c o m pl e ti o n it i s un wis e a n d unsa f e ,

f o r h i m t o e n d e av o r t o e x e rcis e unn e c e ssary a n d arbit ra ry c o ntr o l o v e r

any p art o f t h e w o rk If t h e c o ntract o r i s t o b e h e l d r e s po nsibl e f o r
.

t h e w o rk o r f o r t h e r e sults o btain ed o r as t o ti m e o f c o m p l e ti o n
, , ,

sa f e ty t o t h e p ublic e t c h e m ust n o t b e r e li e v e d o f re s po nsibility

,
.
,

th ro u g h arbitrary s p e ci fi cati o ns by m e ans o f w hich t h e p r e r o g ativ e s o f

,
:

m ana g e m e nt m a y b e usur p e d by th e e n gi n ee r .

An e xtr em e cas e o f such u sur p ati o n is sh o w n by t h e f o ll o w in g

G En g . N e ws Su p Vol . 51 , p . 257 .
 2 68 Pr e p a ra t i o n o f S p e c i fi c a t io n s

e xtract f r o m a s e w e r s p e ci fi cati o n :
T h e c o ntract o r m ust e m p l o y a c o m p e t nt m e c h an i c s e l e ct e d by t h e
“
e ,

e ng i n r wh n d rstan d s a d Sp ak s Eng li s h a d t a c m m o n l a b o r e r
ee , o u e n e , n no o ,

t o m ak e t h e j o i nts pip s ewe r ”

f th o e e .
7

A c o m m o n but e xtr e m e ly a rbitrary r e quir e m e nt which m ay b e e x

e r c i s e d t o a c o ntract o r s s e ri o u s d isa d vanta g e a n d i s th e r e f o r e un d e
’

si rabl e i s as f o ll o w s :
,

“
Th c ntract r s h a ll c m m enc e d p r o s ecut wo r k at suc h p i nts at
e o o o an e o ,

suc h t i m s a d wi t h s c h f rc s as t h ng i n e r m y d i r ect
e n u o e e e e a .
”
8

Such a s p e ci fi cati o n i s s e l do m n e c e ssary o r d e sirabl e T h e in se r .

ti o n o f a ti m e li m it cl aus e a n d o f such r e quir e m e nts as t o wh e n a n d

w h e r e t h e wo rk i s t o b e b e g un a n d p r o s e cut e d as m a y b e n e c e ssa ry ,

w ill r e li e v e all d o ubt a n d r e n de r i m p o ssibl e a rbitra ry p e rs e cuti o n du r

,

in g c o nstru cti o n .

T o o g r e at a n d arbi trary auth o rity by t h e e n g in e e r m a y r e sult in

hi s assu m in g f o r hi s cli e nt r e s p o nsibiliti e s wh ich sh o ul d b e p lac e d o n
t h e c o ntract o r Fo r e xa m p l e
.

B f o r e bl as t i ng t h e c o ntract r m us t p r o cur e a w r i tt n o r d r f r o m t h e
“
e , o e e

e ng i n ee r B l asts s h a ll b c ov r d w i t h t i m b rs h e avily c h a i n d t o g t h r
. e e e e e e e .

Ca p s o t h e r xp l d e rs s h a ll i n n o cas e b k p t i n t h sam p l ac e i n w hi c h
or e o e e e e

d y na m i t or oth r
e xp l o s i v e s a sto r e d ; a d i n ge n e ra l t h e p r eca t i o n
e e re n , , u

a ga i nst acc i d e nts f r o m bl ast i ng s h a ll b e e nt i r ly sat i s f act o ry t o t h e e ng i n e r e e .

T h e c ntract r s h a ll b e li a bl e f o a ll d a m ag s t o p rs o ns o r p r o p e rt y caus e d
o o r e e

by blasts r exp l o s i ve s 0o .
”

I f un de r th is claus e t h e e n g in e e r i s call e d u p o n t o s p e ci f y t h e
,

p r e cauti o ns t o b e tak e n a n d sh o ul d an acci de nt o ccu r i n s p it e o f t h e

p r e cauti o ns tak e n t h e c o ntract o r m a y r e as o nably clai m that h e h a d
,

act e d as s e rvant o f t h e e n g in e e r s cli ent an d n o t as an in dep e n de nt ’

co ntract o r a n d is th e r e f o r e bla m e l e ss
, .

1 64 U n f ai r Spe c i fi c a t i o n s —O c ca s i o nally i n s p e c i fi cati o n s i t

.

wo ul d s e e m t h e p ur p o s e o f th e i r w rit e r i s n o t o nly t o p r o t e ct h i s cli e nt

in e v e ry l e g al w a y but als o t o ha m p e r t h e c o ntract o r by un f air an d u n
call e d f o r r e stricti o ns S uch r e stricti o ns can r e sult o nly in u n n e ce s
.

sary e x p e ns e as th e y m u st o f n e c e ssity li m it c o m p e t iti o n m ak e t h e ,

c o ntract in g p arti e s do ubt f ul o f t h e go o d f aith o f t h e p arty p r e p arin g

t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d sus p ici o us o f t h e tr e at m e nt w hich h e w ill a c
,

t u a ll y r e c e iv e sh o ul d h e b e a w ar d e d t h e c o ntract f o r t h e wo rk Such .

claus e s sh o ul d b e e li m inat e d e nti r e ly as th ey hav e n o p lac e in t h e co n

7 Eng N e w s . Su p .
, V ol . 51 , p . 1 49 .

8 Eng N e w s .
, V ol . 51 , p . 1 49 .

9 Eng N e ws .
, V ol . 51 , p . 65 .
2 70 P re p a r a t io n o f S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

the c o ntract o r t o p e r fo r m such w o rk at hi s o wn c o st a n d e x pe ns e i s

n o t o nly un f ai r but w ill usually r e sult i n h i g h bi d s a n d unn e c e ssary
,

e x p e ns e .An e xa m p l e o f an un f ai r s p e ci fi cati o n o f thi s class is as f o l

l o ws :
W h en v e r t h e b tt o m o f t h e tr e nc h i s n o t fi r m t h e c o ntract o r m ust
e o ,

f urn i s h n d p t i n p l ac
a w i t h o ut exp e ns
u g o o d o r su i ta bl e m at r i a l ; a d
e, e, e n

w h e n i t i s c o ns i d r d n c ssar y by t h e e ng i n r t h
e e e c o ntract o r s h a ll l a y a
e ee , e

f o un d at i o n o f t i m b e r w i t h o ut xtra exp ns
”
e e e 1 1
, .

T h e int e lli g e nt c o ntract o r w ill o f c o urs e a dd a su ffi ci e nt a m o unt , ,

t o f ully c o v e r t h e p r o babl e c o st o f any w o rk w hich m i g ht b e r e qu ir e d

un d e r such a s p e ci fi cati o n as t h e ab o v e an d t h e e n g in e e r s cli e nt w ill ,

’

p a y m o r e than t h e f ai r c o st o f such w o rk T o ask a c o ntract o r t o .

a ssu m e all risk o f c o n d iti o ns a n d th e n t o assu m e t h e risk o f w hat an

o bvi o usly un f air e n g in e e r m a y think n e c e ssary t o p r o vi d e f o r such n u

f o r e s e e n c o n d iti o ns i s t o say t h e l e ast un w arrant e d , , .

I n s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r w o rk w hi ch i s c o v e r e d f r o m si g ht n o t easily ,

r e ins p e ct e d a n d n o t o p e n at all ti m e s t o r ea dy e xa m inati o n i t is d e

, ,

si rabl e t o p r o vi d e that t h e e n g in e e r m a y i f h e de sir e s unc o v e r a n d

o p e n u p f o r his p e rs o nal e xa m inati o n any w o rk su pp o s e d t o b e co m

pl e t e ,
I n such cas e it i s usually p r o vi de d that i f t h e wo rk i s f o un d t o
hav e be e n c o nstruct e d in acc o r d anc e w ith t h e p lans a n d s pe ci fi cati o ns ,

t h e c o st o f such e xa m inati o n an d o f any n e c e ssary r e p ai rs shall b e at ,

t h e e x p e ns e o f t h e e n g in e e r s cli e nt ; but i f t h e w o rk i s f o un d f aulty i n

’

any p articular it shall b e r e p lac e d a n d r e p ai r e d at t h e e x p e ns e o f t h e

,

c o ntract o r .

Such a claus e p e r m ittin g r e e xa m inati o n at any ti m e d isc o u r

,
-
,

a g e s any att em p t a t intr o ducin g p o o r w o rk o r m at e rial e ith e r in t h e

abs e nc e o f t h e ins p e ct o r o r by c o llusi o n an d is f ai r a n d j ust f o r it in ,

v o lv e s n o e xp e ns e t o t h e h o n e st c o ntract o r w hil e it m e ans t h e p o ssi ,

b ilit y o f an e x p e ns e t o t h e d ish o n e st c o ntract o r g r e at e r than any po s

sibl e savin g thr o u g h d e f e ctiv e w o rk An un f air claus e o f this g e n e ral .

charact e r w hich w o ul d un do ubt e d ly caus e an unn e c e ssary incr eas e in

t h e c o st o f w o rk o n acc o unt o f t h e unc e rtainti e s inv o lv e d is as f o ll o w s : ,

T h e ng i n e r m ust b p e r m i tt d t o r em v e suc h p o rt i ns f t h e wo r k
“
e e e e o o o

as h m y f r m t i m t o t i m e t hi n k n c ssar y f r t h e d i sco v r y o f i m p r op r
e a o e e e , o e e

m at r i a l o w o r k m ans hi p
e r d t h e c o ntract o r s h a ll r e st r e suc h wo r k at hi s
, an o

o wn xp e ns e
e .
”
1 2

It i s e vi de nt that w ith such a clau s e an e n g in e e r m ay g r e atly a n a

n o y a c o ntract o r a n d a dd m at e rially t o t h e e x p e ns e o f c o nstructi o n .

1 1 Eng N ews
. Su p .
, V ol 5 0 p 30
. 5 . . .

Eng N e ws
. Su p .
, V o l 5 0 p 3 65
. , . .
 U n n e c e s sa ry S e v e r i t y 27l

S u ch a claus e i s n o t o nly un f air but sav o rs o f d ish o n e sty as by w a iv ,

i n g such e xa m inati o n f o r a f av o r e d c o ntract o r t h e c o st o f co n st r u e ,

ti o n m i g ht b e g r e atly r e duc e d .

1 65 U n n e c e s s a ry Se v e r i t y —In d ra w i n g s p e ci fi cati o n s f o r a
. .

m at e rial o nly t h e av e ra g e r e qui r e m e nts w hich charact e ri z e a g o o d m a

t e r i a l o f t h e class d e si r e d sh o ul d u sually b e e m b o d i e d It is u n de si r .

abl e t o m ak e t h e l i m itin g r e qui r e m e nts t o o s e v e r e unu sual o r e x t r a va ,

g ant as such r e quir e m e nts m a y m at e rially a d d t o t h e e x pe ns e p r e

, ,

v e nt int e lli g e nt bi d s b y d rivin g r e s po nsibl e c o ntract o rs f r o m t h e fi e l d ,

p r e v e nt t h e e x e cuti o n o f t h e w o rk o r inv o lv e a c o n f e ssi o n o f e rr o r ,

a n d hav e t o b e m o d i fi e d t o t h e e m barrass m e nt o f th e i r w rit e r Too .

o f t e n t h e m ini m u m li m its o f a s p e ci fi e d t e st a r e fi x e d at o r n e a r t h e

m axi m u m that has b e e n s e c u r e d f r o m t e sts o f t h e b e st o f si m ilar m a

t e r ia l F r e qu e ntly t h e re sults s p e ci fi e d a r e i m p o ssibl e t o o btain o n t h e
.

av e ra g e e s p e cially w h e n a m at e rial is n e w o n t h e m ark e t Such

, .

s e v e r e r e qui r e m e nts a r e usually i n e rr o r a n d a r e s e l do m i f e v e r n e c e s

sary T h e r e qui r e m e nts f o r a g o o d av e ra g e m at e rial a r e m o r e r e a d ily
.

e n f o rcibl e a n d any a dd iti o nal sa f e ty r e qu ir e d sh o ul d

,
i f p o ssibl e b e , ,

s e cu r e d by i m p r o v e m e nt i n de si g n .

In t h e e arly d ays o f brick p avin g w h e n t h e nu m b e r o f p avin g ,

brick f act o ri e s w a s still s m all a t e st o f p avin g brick f r o m o n e o f t h e

,

s mall e r f act o ri e s sh o we d that t h e b e st class o f m at e rial w o ul d n o t ab

s o rb m o r e than I V p e r c e nt o f w at e r B as e d o n th e s e t e sts it w a s
z
-
.
,

su gg e st e d that s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r this m at e rial sh o ul d p lac e this li m it

as t h e r e quir e m e nt f o r brick f o r p avin g At t h e p articular ti m e i n .

qu e sti o n t h e f act o ry m e nti o n e d c o ul d n o t hav e su ppli e d m o r e than o n e

hal f m illi o n brick p e r y e ar a n d f e w i f any o th e r f act o ri e s w e r e at that
, ,

ti m e turnin g o u t brick which wo ul d c o m p ly w ith such a s p e ci fi cati o n

, .

N e v e rth e l e ss such a s p e ci fi cati o n w a s a do p t e d f o r a p avin g c o ntract

inv o lvin g ab o ut six m illi o n brick a n d h a d t o b e w aiv e d b e f o r e t h e ,

c o nstructi o n o f t h e p av e m e nts i n qu e sti o n w a s p o ssibl e

Sp e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r C ri t ic i s m —T h e s tu d e n t sh o ul d c o n
.

1 66 . .

si d e r o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o ll o w in g s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d b o th criticis e t h e ,

s p e ci fi cati o n as w ritt e n an d r e w rit e t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s o a s t o assur e

‘

p r o p e r r e sults o r t o e x p r e ss t h e m e anin g ( w hich sh o ul d hav e b e e n e x

p r e ss e d ) i n cl e ar a n d u n e q uiv o cal lan g u a g e Th e stu d e nt sh o ul d e x .

a m in e c r i t i c a l l
y e ach s p e ci fi cati o n t o s e e w h e r e in it is o bscur e v e rb o s e
'

, ,

in d e fi nit e in de t e r m inat e a m bi g u o us arbitrar y o r un f ai r

, , , .

1 . B r o k n t o n s h a ll b e f q ua li t y a p p r v d by t h
s e e o ng i n r d s h all o e e e ee an
be o f cu b e s f suc h s iz as w ill p ass t h r
o g h a t w i nc h r i ng —Eng N e w s
e ou o .
”
.

Su p , V ol . 51 , p . 1 49 .
2 72 Pre p a ra t io n o f S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

2 c ntract o r m ust m p l o y a co m p e t e nt m ch an i c s el ct ed by t h e
. Th e o e e , e

e ng i n r wh o un d rstan d s a d s p a k s Engli s h
ee , d o t a com m n l ab o r er e n e , an n o ,

t o m ak t h j o i nts o f t h e p i p s w r Eng N ws S p V o l 5 1 p 1 49
%
e e e e e . . e u .
, .
, . .

3 S h ou l d t h e e ngi n ee r s d e s i r 5 0 o f t h e sto n e ( f or t h e c o ncr e t )

.
“
o e, e

m y b r p l ac d by grav e l p r f e ct ly f r e f r o m san d — Eng N e w s S p V o l

a e e e ,
e e . . u , .

51 , p 1 29 . .

4
“
Th e m o rtar s d i n m as nr y a d b r i c k w o r k s h a ll b m a d f h y
. u e o n e e o

drau li c em nt an d san d o li m e d san d

c ea c m bi nat i n f hy d rau li c , r an , or o o o

c e m ent li m d san d acc o r d i ng as t h

, ng i n r m a y d i r ct I t s h a ll b
e an , e e ee e . e

m i xe d i n suc h p r p o rt i o n d m ad e d s d i n suc h m ann r d w i t hi n o an an u e e an

suc h t i m a f t r m ixi ng as h e s h a ll p r scr ib n d d i r ct —Eng N e w s S p

e e e e a e . . u

Vo l . 51 p . 49 .

5 ng i n e r m st b e p r m i tt d t r m ov suc h p o rt i o ns o f t h
. Th e e e u e e o e e e

w o r k as h e m y f r m t i m e t t i m t hi n k n e c es sar y f o d i sc o ve r y o f i m p r o p e r
a o o e r

m at r i a l s o w o r k m ans hi p a d t h
e c o ntract o r s h a ll r st o r e suc h w r k at
r , n e e o

hi s w xp e ns — Eng N ws S p V l 5 0 p 3 6 5
o n e e .
”
. e u , o .
, . .

6 A ll t i m b r s d i n t h tr nc h d l f t t h r e s h a ll b e p a i d f o at c r
.
“
e u e e e an e e r u

r nt rat s Eng N ws S p V l 5 0 p 3 05
e e .
-
. e u .
, o .
, . .

7 I n acc r d anc w i t h o c nv rsat i n t hi s m o rn i ng I h e r by agr e t o

o e ur o e o e e
—
.
,

r e nt y 1 2 wh e l scrap rs at 0 c nt ac h p d y Eng N ws Su p
ou 5 e e e s e er a .
”
. e .
,

Vol 5 1 .
, p . 1 69 .

8 . Stat Eng i n r s h a ll b e tw n t h e first a d fi f t e nt h d ay s o f ac h

“
Th e e ee ee n e e

m nt h m a k a d fi l
o w i t h t h e Su p e r i nt n d e nt o f Pu bli c W r k s an st i
e n e e o , e

m at ef t h e a m o unt c h aract r a d q uant i t y o f wo r k d n e a d o f m at e r i a l

o , e n o n

whi c h h as actua lly b e n p t i n p l c e i n acc r d anc w i t h t h t e r m s d co

e u a o e e an n

ditio o f t hi s c ntract d ur i ng t h
ns p r e c d i ng m o nt h a d c o m p t
o t h e va l u e e e , n u e

t h r o f T h Su p r i nt e n d e nt f Pu bli c W r k s m y w i t hi n fi f t n d a y s
e e . e e o o a ee

t h r a f t r at hi s ffic p y t t h e c ontract o r f r m t h e m o n e y w hi c h s h a ll
e e e o e, a o o

h av e b e n a p p r p r i at d f r t h at p ur p os a m t t o xc ee d n i n t y p r
e o e o e, su no e e e

c nt o f t h v l u e o f t h e w o r k p r f o r m ed a d m at e r i a l f urn i s h d as o r
e e a e n e s ce

t i fi e d by t h Eng i n e r — Eng R ec Ju ly 2 7 1 9 07 p 85
e e . . .
, , . .

9 T r enc h s h a ll b e fi ll e d wi t h s p c i a l car e T h e ng i n e r m ay i f h e
.
“
es e . e e ,

d e m s n c ssar y r qu i r
e e e m a n ta m p i ng t o
e ach m an fi lli ng i n o r m a y
, e e on e ,

r qu i r e t h e co ntract o r t o p u d d l e t h e fi lli ng w i t h wat r w i t h out extra co m

e e

p en s t iao — Eng N ws S p V l 5 0 p 1 2 5
n .
”
. e u , o .
, . .

1 0 I t i s xp r ss ly s p c i fi e d t h at i n e nt r i ng i nt o t h agr em e nt t o p e r
“
. e e e e e e

f rm t h
o w o r k h r i n s p c i fi d t h e c o ntract o r a d m i ts t h at h h as r e a d e ac h
e e e e e , e

a d e v r y c l aus e o f t h e s e s p e c i ficat i o ns
n e d th c i rcu l ar f i nstruct i ons f u lly an e o ,

un d rstan d s t h e m an i ng f t h sa m
e d t h at h will c o m p ly wi t h a ll t h e
e o e e, an e

r q u i r m ents h e r i n s t f rt h — Eng N ws S p V ol 5 0 p 3 2 1
e e e e o .
”
. e u .
,
'

.
, . .

T h e s w r w ill b e m asur e d a l ng i ts c e nt e r li n e T h e p r i ce b i d
“
11 . e e e o .

p e r li n e a l f o o t o f s we r w ill i nc l d a ll xp ns f o r l a b r a d f o r m at r i a l
e u e e e e o n e

n d d t o c o m p l te t h e s we r ; d o a d d i t i na l p ay m e nt w ill b e m a d e f o r
ee e e e an n o

b rac i ng p u m p i ng str e e t r p a i r i ng o r an y o t h e r t hi ng i nv o l ve d i n c o m p l e t i ng
, , e

t h e s we r Eng N ws Su n V o l 5 0 p 2 5 7 ”
e .
-
. e , .
, . .

12 A ll c l a y d s p o ng y m at r i a l s h a ll b e r m oved t o a d p t h t o b d
.
“
an e e e e e

t r m i e d by t h e ng i n r ( o t exce d i ng 1 2 i nch s b l o w t h e b tto m o f t h e

'

e n e ee n e e e o

m aca d a m ) d s h a ll b e r p l ac e d w i t h suc h m at r i a l as t h e e ng i n e e r m ay
an e e
—
,

d i r ct e Eng N w s S p V l 5 0 p 2 5 7
. . e u .
,
o .
, . .
2 74 Pr e p a ra t i o n o f S p e c i fi c at io n s

L IT ERA T URE
Wr i t i ng o f S p c i ficat i ns P i nts t b o b s e rve d i n p r p arat i o n f
Th e e o . o o e e o

s p ec i ficat i o n by H P B r e i t e n bac h En g N w s Marc h 7 1 9 1 2 p 4 4 3

, . . . . e , , , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns A d d re ss t o stu d nts f R o al e. P ly t c h n i c I nst by e o e n ss a r o e .

,

Th eo C o p e r Eng R Ap 1 5 1 89 3 p 3 9 5
. o . . ec . r. , , . .

N t e s Pr p ar i ng S p ec i ficat i o ns U S Rec l a m at i n S rv i c e S o m e p r i n
o on e , . . o e .

ci p l to b e
es b s rv d Eng N ws V l 5 7 p 6 49 Eng R V o l 5 5 p 7 01
o e e . . e , o .
, . . . ec . .
, . .

T h e Ma ki ng f S p e c i ficat i o ns A b stract f r m a d d r ss t Am Soc T e st

o . o e o . .

Mat 1 9 03 by Dr C B Du d l y Eng N ew s V l 5 0 p 3 9
.
, . . . e . .
, o .
, . .

Al t e rnat S p c i ficat i o ns f Pu bli c W o rk Di scuss i n s h o w i ng t h at a ll

e e or . o

bi d s s h o u l d b m a d e o sa m e b as i s by C D H ill Eng N w s V l 7 4 N o 2 5
e n , . . . . e , o .
, . .

T h e A p p li cat i n o f S p e c i ficat i ns Pr s i d nt i a l A d d r ss b e f o r e l 6t h
o o . e e e ah

nua l m e t i ng Am As s o c T st Mat by R b rt W Hunt Eng N e ws V l 7 0

e . . e . . o e . . .
, o . ,

p . 20 .

Eng i n e e rs C o ntract rs a d S p c i fic t i ns Cr i t i c i s m f un f a i r d i
, o n e a o . o an n

d e fin i t e s p c i ficat i o ns Ed i t r i a l Eng N w s V o l 48 p 2 1 3
e . o . . e , . , . .

R l at i o n b tw e e n R e s arc h a d T ech n i ca l S c i t y Act i v i t i e s Extracts

e e e n o e .

f r o m a d d r ss t o Am So c T e st Mat Jun e 1 9 1 4
e A N T a lb t Va l u e o f e
. . . .
, . . . o . r

s arc h i n w r i t i ng s p ec i ficat i ns En g R c V o l 7 0 p 3 6
e o . . e . .
, . .

W h o S h o u l d Pr p ar S p c i ficat i ns E d i t r i a l Di sc ss s a d vantag s f
e e e o ? o . u e e o

u s i ng stan d ar d s p ec i ficat i ns d bj ct i o ns t o s p c i fic t i ns p r e p ar ed by i o an o e e a o n

t e re t d p rt i s suc h as m an f actur e r
s e a Eng N w s V o l 3 6 p p 1 2 1 1 5 4
e u . . e , .
, .
, .

C l ar S p e c i f yi ng a d t h e N va Sc t i an St e l C a l La w su i t D e s i ra bili t y
e n o o e -
o .

o f exp li c i t s p c i ficat i ns E d i t o r i a l Eng N w s V l 6 1 p 3 86

e o . . . e , o .
, . .

Th Ev il s f I n d fin i t e P l ans a d S p c i ficat i ns E d i t r i a l E g R c
e o e n e o . o . n . e .

V ol . 70 p , . 65 5 .

S q ar D a l S p c i ficat i ns D e s i ra bili t y o f exp li c i t a d f a i r p i fi

u e e e o . n s ec ca

t i o ns Eng R e c V o l 5 5 p 4 5 4
. . . .
, . .

Eng i n ee rs C o ntr cts d S p c i ficat i ns f r m t h e C ntract o rs P i nt o f

’
a an e o o o
’
o

v i e w A b stract o f p p e r b ef r e B o st n S C E by J W R lli ns J Eng

’

. a o o oc . . . . o , r .
,
.

N ws V l 5 8 p 3 5 6
e , o .
, . .

A C urt d ec i s i n t h at S p ec i fic t i ons o Pu bli c Wo r k m ust accurat e ly d

o o a n e

fi e t h e wo r k
n E d i t r i a l Eng N ew s V l 5 5 p 1 2 8
. o . .
, o .
, . .

C o ntract O bli gat i ns i n t h e St l T ra d e A b stract o f p a p e r b e f r e Am o ee . o .

Ir n o St ee l I nst g i v e s f un d a m e nta l c o n d i t i ns i n c ntracts by E A S

. o o , . . .

C l ar k e Ca Eng V o l 2 3 p 2 29
. n . . . , . .
 C H AP T ER XV I

T E C H N I CAL S P E C I F I CAT I O N S

1 67 . B r e a d th N e c e s s ar y —E n g i n e e rin g sp e c ifi
of K n o w l ed g e .

cati o ns m ay c o v e r al m o st any phas e o f in dustrial activity a n d i t is o b ,

vi o u s that n o in d ivi d ual can f r o m h is e x pe ri e nc e a n d i m m e di at e

'

kn o w l e dg e b e p r e par e d t o w rit e suitabl e s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r all o f t h e

,

m ultitu de o f e n g in ee rin g a n d archit e ctural w o rks m achin e s m at e rials , ,

a n d p r o c e ss e s f o r which such s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e s o m e ti m e s ne e de d .

E v e n w h e r e t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e f o r m att e rs w ithin t h e e x p e ri e nc e

a n d kn o wl e d g e o f t h e in d ivi d ual a n d e v e n th o u g h h e has f r e qu e ntly
,

r
p p e a r e d si m ilar a
p p e rs t h e d i ff e r e nc e in
,
c o n d iti o ns t h e a d vanc es ,

in t h e art t h e i m p r o v e m e nts in m e th o d s a n d t h e s p e cial e c o n o m i es

, ,

p o s s ib l e u sually r e qu ir e th o u g h t f u l p r e p arati o n a n d a r e a dj u st m e nt
,

o f t h e i d e a s that ha v e p r e vi o u s ly b e e n e m b o d i e d i n su ch a e rs
p p .

In al m o st e v e ry i m po rtant w o rk n e w c o n d iti o ns a n d n e w r e q u i r e
,

m e nts m a y inv o lv e d e tail e d m e th o d s n o t f ully f a m ilia r o r p o ssibly e v e n

quit e un f a m iliar t o t h e e n g in e e r in char g e an d h e is o bli g e d t o p re ,

par e a s pe ci fi cati o n f o r an o bj e ct o r r e sult s o m e w hat b e y o n d hi s e x

pe r i en ce .

In all cas e s an d pa rticula rly in t h e cas e last m e nti o n e d t h e e n g i

, ,

n e e r m ust kn o w e ith e r by e x p e ri e nc e o r by inv e sti g ati o n t h e natur e ,

o f t h e m at e rial a n d p r o c e s s e s b e s t a d a p t e d t o t h e p a rticu la r ca s e at

han d a n d t h e li m i tati o ns a n d r e stricti o ns that it is de si rabl e a n d co m

,

m e r c i a l ly p o ssibl e o r p racticabl e t o s p e ci f y f o r t h e g ui danc e in f u r

n i sh in
g t h e m at e rial an d do in g t h e wo rk o f c o n str u cti o n E v e ry
'

s o u rc e o f in f o rm ati o n s ho ul d b e utiliz e d a n d e v e n th e s e w ill o f t e n b e

,

f o u n d t o o li m i t e d f o r h i s f u ll i n f o r m ati o n .

1 68 D e ta il e d I n f o rm ati o n N e e d e d — In t h e p r e p arat i o n o f
.

t e ch n ical s p e c i fi cat i o n s i t i s e s s e nt ial th a t t h e e n g i n e e r sh o u l d p o s

,
'

s e s s a c o m p r e h e n si v e a n d d e t a i l e d kn o w l e d g e o f :
F ir s t Th e qualiti e s a n d charact e ristics o f t h e vari o us m at e rials
.

t o b e us e d a n d t h e p racti cabl e li m its t o w hich t h e qualiti e s n e c e ssary

f o r t h e w o rk in qu e sti o n sh o ul d b e r e st ri ct e d .

S e co n d T h e u sual a n d p racticabl e m e th o d s o f p e r f o r m in g t h e
.

wo rk t o b e do n e in s u ch a m ann e r that it w ill b e c o m p l e t e d wi th o u t

un n e c e s sary e x p e n s e a n d i n a m a nn e r sati s f ac t o ry f o r t h e p u r p o s e
w hi ch i t i s t o f u l fi ll .
2 76 T e c h n i c a l S p e c i fi c a t io n s

B o th r e qui r e m e nts p r e su p po s e a s o m e what br o a d a n d c o m pl e t e

kn o wl e d g e o f t h e m at e rial an d p r o c e ss e s c o nsi de r e d S uch a kn o w l .

e d g e i s acquir e d o nly by e xt e n d e d stu dy o bs e rvati o n a n d e x p e ri e nc e

, ,

a n d i s n o t u s u ally p o ss e ss e d by t h e y o un g e n g in e e r o r by an e n g in e e r

w h o has b e e n call e d u p o n t o un d e rtak e w o rk in lin e s s o m e what d i ff e r

e n t f r o m hi s p r e vi o u s p ractic e In such cas e s syst em atic stu dy in
.
, ,

clu d in g o bs e rvati o n a n d inv e sti g ati o n can o nly p a rtially tak e t h e

,

p lac e o f t h e kn o w l e d g e g ain e d by e x p e ri e nc e a n d w ith o ut syst e m atic

,

stu dy such s p e ci fi cati o ns cann o t b e p r o p e rly p r epar e d I n m any cas e s .

,

e x p e ri e nc e i s abs o lut e ly n e c e ssary f o r t h e n e c e ssary r e qui r e m e n ts

,

w hich sh o ul d b e inclu d e d in c o rr e ct s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e n o t al w ays suffi

c i e n t l y e lab o rat e d i n avai lab l e t e ch ni cal p a p e rs o r b o o k s n o r i s i t a l ,

w ays p racticabl e t o o btain a su ffi ci e nt kn o w l e d g e o f t h e sa m e thr o u g h

li m it e d o bs e rvati o n a n d inv e sti g ati o n .

T h ir d . Th e ability t o d e si g nat e in d e tail t h e c o m p o siti o n o r e l e

m e n t s o f t h e m at e rial o r p r o c e s s e s a n d t h e m e th o d s t o b e u s e d f o r
th e i r p r o p e r p r o ducti o n a n d utilizati o n o r t h e ability t o de si g n in d e
tail t h e structur e m achin e o r plant c o nt e m plat e d
,
.

Fo u r th A kn o w l e d g e o f t h e m e th o d s o r d inarily e m p l o y e d by t h e
.

m e chanics o r O p e rativ e s in t h e m anu f actur e o f t h e p r o du ct o r m achin e

a n d in t h e c o nstructi o n a n d o p e rati o n o r m aint e nanc e o f t h e p lant

o r stru ctu r e .

Fi f t h
. Th e e x p e ri e nc e w hich w ill f o r e s e e t h e n e c e ssa ry m at e rials
a n d m e th o d s t o b e e m p l o y e d d i ffi culti e s t o b e o v e rc o m e an d c o ntin
, ,

g e n c i e s t o b e m e t in t h e w o rk
'

T h e m o r e c o m p l et e t h e kn o w l e d g e o f t h e subj e ct t h e b e tt e r t h e ,

s p e ci fi cati o n p r o vi de d t h e e n g in e e r has t h e a b ility t o e x p r e ss his

,

kn o w l e dg e in cl e ar a n d e xact lan g ua g e .

No e n g in e e r can e v o lv e f r o m hi s inn e r c o nsci o u sn e ss a de quat e

s p e ci fi cati o n s f o r e n g in e e rin g w o rk ; a n d e v e n a f t e r e xt e n de d e xp er
i e n c e t h e int e lli g e nt e n g in e e r w ill f r e qu e ntly fi n d w ays i n w hich his
,

s p e ci fi cati o ns can b e m at e rially i m p r o v e d E xt e n de d stu dy o bs e rva

.
,

ti o n a n d i nv e sti g ati o n m ust th e r e f o r e p r e c e de t h e p r e p arati o n o f any

S p e ci fi c a ti o n a n d e s p e cially i n li n e s w h i ch a r e n e w t o th e i r w rit e r
, .

1 69 O u t li n e —T h e d e ta il e d r e qui r e m e nt s o f t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s
.

f o r e v e n a sin g l e f un d a m e ntal m at e rial o r p r o c e ss a re s e l do m so sim

p l e that th e y can b e cl e arly k e p t in m in d f o r t h e p ur p o s e o f sp e c ifi ca
ti o n w ritin g w ith o ut d an g e r o f s e ri o us o m i ssi o ns In t h e p re parati o n .

o f s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r e n g in e e rin g a n d arch it e ctu ral w o rks t h e m at e rials ,

a r e so m any t h e p r o c e ss e s so nu m e r o u s a n d t h e vari o us p a rts a n d

, ,
 2 78 T e c h n ic a l S p e c i fi c a t i o n s

fi rst d ra w n u p in which sh o ul d b e inclu d e d all i t e m s n e c e ssary f o r t h e

p articula r wo rk F r o m a c o rr e ct o utlin e o f this kin d t h e s pe ci fi cati o ns
.

can b e d ra wn with littl e chanc e o f o m issi o n o f i m po rtant m att e rs .

Af t e r a c o rr e ct o utlin e i s d ra w n t h e s pe ci fi cati o ns un d e r e ach

‘

h e a d in g m ay b e w ritt e n o r claus e s f r o m such o th e r s pe ci fi cati o ns as

,

t h e e n g in e e r d e sir e s t o u se as m o d e ls m a y b e u s e d so f a r a s th e y a p p ly
,

t o t h e w o rk in han d I t i s e ss e ntial h o w e v e r that th e i r b e arin g sh o u l d

.
, ,

b e car e f ully scrutiniz e d a n d n o s p e ci fi cati o ns sh o ul d b e intr o d uc e d

,

w h ich d o n o t d i stinctly a pp ly t o t h e w o rk in qu e sti o n

1
.

1 7 0 T h e U se o f Pu b l i s h e d Sp e c i fi ca t i o n s — In t h e p r e p ara ti o n
.

o f t e chnical s p e ci fi cati o ns o n lin e s that d i ff e r s o m e w hat f r o m th o s e

e m brac e d in t h e e x p e ri e nc e o f th e ir e n g in ee r t h e usual m e th o d h as ,

b e e n t o s e l e ct as a basis f o r t h e n e w s p e ci fi cati o ns si m ilar sp ec ifi ca ,

ti o ns w hich hav e b ee n u s e d o n o th e r m o r e o r l e ss si m ilar w o rk a n d ,

which a r e j u d g e d by t h e e n g in e e r t o b e satis f act o ry .

An int e lli g e nt stu d y a n d analysis o f s p e ci fi cati o ns w hich hav e

alr e a dy b e e n p r e p ar e d fo r si m ilar wo rk e s p e cially wh e r e t h e e x p e r ,

i e n c e o f th e i r auth o r r e n d e rs th e m auth o ritativ e i s o f g r e at valu e a n d

‘

i m po rtanc e .

Th e r e i s n o b e tt e r s o u rc e o f i n f o r m ati o n tha n w e ll p r e p ar e d s p e c i
fi c a t i o n s n o r a b e tt e r m e th o d o f s tu d y th an by a c o m p ari s o n o f t h e

p ractic e o f a nu m b e r o f e x p e r i e nc e d e n g in e e rs as e x p r e ss e d by th e i r
s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d n o b e tt e r m e th o d o f p r e parati o n than t h e a do p ti o n
,

o f w e ll c o nsi d e r e d p hras e s a n d e ntir e clau s e s that a r e r e ally a p p l icabl e

t o t h e cas e at han d T h e e rr o r w hich c o m m o nly f o ll o w s thi s p ractic e

.

li e s in t h e abus e o f such a m e th o d an d such e rr o rs can b e o v e rc o m e ,

a n d thi s m e an s o f acquirin g in f o r m ati o n utili z e d t o a d vanta g e o nly b

y
a f ull a n d car e f ul analysi s a n d c o m p r e h e nsiv e stu dy o f t h e sub j e ct .

Th e r e i s n o w a y o f acc o m p lishin g t h e o bj e ct s o u g ht w ith o ut har d an d

unr e m ittin g stu dy a n d inv e sti g ati o n a n d p r o f e ss io nal succ e ss a r e d e
,
w

p e n d e nt o n an a p p r e ciati o n o f th e s e r e quir e m e nts n o l e ss than o n

o th e r p r o f e ssi o nal kn o w l e d g e a n d e x p e ri e nc e .

T h e r e w ritin g o f a w e ll p r e p ar e d claus e which cl e arly a n d d efi n

i t e l y s p e ci fi e s t h e qualiti e s o r li m itati o ns d e sir e d in o r de r t o si m p ly
e ff e ct o ri g inality i s n o t a d v o cat e d O ri g inali ty in s p e ci fi cati o n w rit
.
,

1 S i m il ar ut li n s t t h s e s gg st e d
o e p u bli s h e d
o o u e a re

l t s I n S w t s Cata l gu e f B u il d i ng C onstruct i o n ( S e ch e cki ng li s t

. ee
’
o o . e

f or s p ci ficati ns d st i m ate s )
e o an e .

2d I n T h Eng i n r i ng Cata l o g s d S p c i ficat i on D i ge st i ssu e d b y

. e ee ue an e ,

th e Eng i n r i ng Mag zi n
ee (S S p c i ficat i n D i g e st )
a e. ee e o .
 P u b li s h e d S p e c i fi c a t i o n s

i n g is n ot a d e s i rab l e
bj e c t I n m o s t cas e s t h e m o r e o ri g i n al a s p e c
o .

ifi ca t i o n i s t h e p o o r e r i t i s
, W e ll e stabli sh e d p r e c e d e n t i s a sa f e
.

gu i d e t o f o ll o w e s p e c i ally w h e n pr o c e e d i n g b e y o n d t h e d o m ai n o f p e r
,

s o nal e x pe ri e nc e but it i s e ss e ntial t o d e t er m i n e t h a t a pr e ce d e n t i s

,

w e l l es t a b li s h e d an d is a p r o p e r p r e c e de nt f o r t h e c o n d iti o n at han d .

In s e l e ctin g f o r u se s pe ci fi cati o ns p r e par e d by o th e rs th e y sh o ul d ,

b e m o d i fi e d as t h e c o n d iti o ns d e m an d Thi s m e th o d has g iv e n an d

.

w ill g iv e g o o d r e sults by car e f ul d iscri m inati o n a n d int e lli g e nt stu d y ,

but it t o o o f t e n de g e n e rat e s int o si m p ly c o pyin g w i th sli g ht chan g e s ,

t h e claus e s p r e p ar e d in p r e vi o usly e x e cut e d w o rk t h e i m p o rtanc e o f ,

w hich f r e qu e ntly d i ff e rs f r o m t h e w o rk o n han d a n d t h e c o n d iti o n s o f

w hich o f t e n vary lar g e ly f r o m t h e w o rk f o r w hi ch t h e n e w sp ec i fi c a
ti o n s a r e t o b e u s e d T o p r e p ar e a g o o d s p e ci fi cati o n w i ll th e r e fo r e
.

r e qui r e m uch m o r e than e v e n t h e j u d ici o u s c o pyin g o f o th e r sp e c ifi

cati o ns .

A w e ll a n d p r o p e rly w ritt e n s p e ci fi cati o n w ill s e l d o m a p ply in

d e tail t o o th e r than t h e w o rk f o r w hich it i s p r e p ar e d a n d t h e u se o f ,

such s pe ci fi cati o ns o n e nti r e ly d i ff e r e nt wo rk un de r ra d ically d i ff e r e nt

c o n diti o ns a n d w ith o ut car e f ul initial stu d y a n d c o nsi de rati o n o f th e ir
a p plicati o n i n de tail can l e a d o n l v t o unsatis f act o ry r e sults a n d i s
,

in e xcusabl e T h e unint e lli g e nt c o pyin g o f such s p e c i fi cati o ns sh o ul d

.

b e stu d i o usly av o i d e d Such a m e th o d o f p r e p arati o n which is alt o

.
,

g e th e r t o o c o m m o n i s a pt t o brin g e m barrass m e nt an d sha m e o n th o s e

,

wh o f o ll o w it .

If t h e e n g i n e e r i s in t o o m uch o f a hurry o r i s t o o in d o l e nt t o
stu dy h i s subj e ct a n d t o p r o p e rly in f o r m hi m s e l f h e i s quit e sur e t o
,

c o py th o s e clau s e s which h e do e s n o t un d e rstan d as such claus e s w ill ,

a ppe al t o h i m as po ssib ly h i g hly e ss e ntial f o r t h e pe r f e cti o n o f h i s

s p e ci fi cati o ns w hil e f r equ e ntly th e y w ill hav e n o b e arin g what e v e r o n
,

hi s p articular cas e a n d t h e intr o d ucti o n o f a clau s e n o t pe rtin e nt t o

,

t h e o bj e ct at han d is a n o tic e t o c o ntract o rs a n d m anu f actur e rs that

th e ir auth o r is i g n o rant o f hi s subj e ct .

In t h e car e l e ss u se o f this m e th o d o f p r ep arin g s p e ci fi cati o ns ce r ,

tain s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e o f t e n s e l e ct e d o n l v b e cause th ey hav e b e e n us e d

o n i m p o rtant w o rk in o th e r p lac e s a n d hav e t o t h e uns o p histicat e d

e n g in ee r ,a l e arn e d s o un d a n d n o t b e caus e th e r e is any n e c e ssity f o r

th e i r intr o d ucti o n f o r t h e p a rticular wo rk i n qu e sti o n In this m ann e r .

c e rtain s pe ci fi cati o ns a r e s o m e ti m e s c o p i e d a n d r e c o p i e d until th ey

hav e l o st any sha de o f m e anin g ; an d in o th e r cas e s s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e ,

c o p i e d which m ay hav e n o a ppl icati o n w hat e v e r t o t h e cas e in han d .

 2 80 T e c h n ic a l S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

W hil e t h e ins e rti o n o f us e l e ss s p e ci fi cati o ns is o bj e cti o nabl e inas

,

m uch as th e y d is p la y i g n o ranc e o f th e ir w rit e r in r e g ar d t o t h e wo rk

at han d ye t th e y a re o r dinarily m eanin g l e ss an d th e i r ins e rti o n i s n o t
,

so s e ri o us as t h e o m issi o n o f i m p o rtant s p e ci fi cati o ns ,which i s p e r

ha p s a still m o r e c o m m o n o cc u rr e nc e .

Am o n g t h e d an g e rs o f c o p y i n g a s p e c i fi cat i o n i s tha t t h e s p e c i fi c a
ti o n is o f t e n inc o m p l e t e unl e ss t h e d ra win g o f t h e w o rk w h ich i s an
,

inte g ral p art o f t h e sa m e i s als o c o nsi d e r e d Di m e nsi o ns sh o w n o n

,
.

t h e d ra win g s a r e s e l d o m r e p e at e d in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns ; h e nc e i f t h e
s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e car e l e ssly c o p i e d w ith o ut d u e c o nsi de rati o n th e y
, ,

m a y b e c o nsi d e r e d as c o m p l e t e i n th e m s e lv e s w h e r e such i s n o t t h e
,

cas e Tak e f o r e xa m pl e t h e f o ll o w in g claus e f o r a p av e m e nt

.
, ,

U p o n t hi s san d cus hi o n s h al l b e l a i d a p ave m ent o f as p h a l t bl o c k s T h e

.

bl o ck s s h a ll b e 4 i n wi d t h a n d 1 2 i n l e ng t h
”
.

I t w ill b e n o t e d that t h e dep th o f t h e bl o ck i s n o t m e nti o n e d such ,

d e p th b e in g do ubtl e ssly sh o w n o n t h e d ra w in g t o w hi ch t h e sp e c ifi ca
ti o ns r e f e r
Si m p l e Spe c ifi ca t i o n s —I n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s i m
.

1 71 .

p l e r f o r m s o f lab o r a n d in t h e p u rchas e o f t h e si m p l e r m at e rials o r su p

,

p li e s an d e v e n o f si m p l e r a n d s m all e r m achin e s w hich hav e b e c o m e

,

s tan d ar d t h e n e c e s sar y s p e c i fi cati o n s a r e o f t e n o f t h e s i m p l e st ki n d

, .

Si m p l e s p e ci fi cati o ns m a y r e qui r e o nly a p lain a n d e xact stat e m e nt o f

t h e c o n d iti o ns that e xist a n d t h e g e n e ral natur e o f t h e m ach in e o r

structure r e qui r e d t o satis f y th o s e c o n d iti o n s Such s p e ci fi cati o ns r e

qu ir e n o e lab o rat e s pe cial kn o wl e d g e in th e ir p r e p arati o n bu t such ,

kn o wl e d g e m ay b e r e q u ir e d w h e n bi d s a r e r e c e iv e d in o r de r that an
int elli g e nt ch o ic e m a y b e m a d e as t o t h e m ann e r a n d m e th o d in w hich
th ey w ill b e b e st f ul fi ll e d .

Th e p r e p arati o n o f such s p e ci fi cati o ns do r e qui r e a c o m p l e t e co m

p r e h e nsi o n o f t h e c o n d iti o ns a n d t h e ability t o o utlin e th e m cl e a rly
a n d c o m p l e t e ly so that m anu f actur e rs o r c o ntract o r s w ill kn o w h o w
,

t h e r e q u i r e m e nts a r e t o b e m e t .

I n o r de r t o pe r m it o f c o m p etiti o n in m att e rs w h e r e in ce rtain

m e th o d s o r d e tails a re c o ntr o ll e d by o r a r e p e culiar t o c e rtain in d i
vi d u a l s o r fi r m s t h e s p e c i fi cati o n m ust b e l e f t op e n a n d sh o ul d r e quir e
,

that t h e p ro p o sal b e acc o m p ani e d by m anu f act u r e rs o r p r o p ri e t o rs

’ ’

s pe ci fi cati o ns de fi nin g i n d e tail t h e m at e rial m achin e ry o r c o n s t r u c

, ,

ti o n wh ich it is p ro p o s e d t o f urnish u n de r a s pe c i fi c b i d .

In all cas e s w h e r e t h e specfi c at io n s a r e o nly g e n e ral in charact e r

, ,

t h e c o ntract o r m a y b e r e quir e d t o f u rnish t h e d e tail e d s p e ci fi cati o ns

 2 82 T e c h n ica l S p e c i fi c a t i o n

1 74 . T h e U se of Sta n d a r d M at e ri a l s an d Me t h o d s —Sp e c ifi c a
ti o n s n o t o n l y bi n d t h e c o nt ract o r t o p e r fo r m h i s w o rk i n a c e rtai n
m ann e r a n d t o f u rni sh m at e rial o f a c e rtain g ra d e but th e y al s o
, ,

g r e atly influ enc e t h e c o st o f t h e wo rk a n d m at e rial so f u rni sh e d In .

o r d i na ry
p ract i c e i t i s d e s i rabl e t o s p e c i f y o nly su ch ch aract e r o f m a
chin e s m at e rial su pp li e s o r m e th o d s a s m ay b e f o un d o n t h e m ark e t
, ,

a n d in g e n e ral u se U nusual charact e ri stics m o d i fi cati o ns o f stan d

.
,

a r d m achin e s a n d t h e intr o d ucti o n o f n e w m e th o d s

,
sh o ul d b e s p e ci ,

fi e d o nly w h e n such unusual r e qui r em e nts a r e cl e arly n e e d e d t o s e cu r e

t h e be st r e sults a n d a f t e r an i nv e sti g ati o n ha s cl e arly sh o w n that t h e

a dd iti o nal e x p e ns e i nv o lv e d i s c o m m e nsurat e w ith t h e b e tt e r r e sults

t o b e o btain e d .

N e ith e r t h e b e st n o r t h e ch e a p e st i s uni f o r m ly de sirabl e o r a p

p licabl e a n d t h e i d e al q u a l i t v f o r t h e s p e ci fi c c o n d iti o n s in i m m e d iat e
,

qu e sti o n sh o ul d b e t h e a i m i n e ach cas e U nn e c e ssary r equir em e nts .

a n d r e stricti o ns as t o t h e quality o r charact e r o f m at e rial a n d su p pli e s

o r o f unusual m e th o d s o f c o nstru cti o n w ill a dd unn e c e ssarily t o t h e

e x p e ns e inv o lv e d a n d a r e a s e ri o us e rr o r Such s p e ci fi cati o ns a re o nly

.

t o o c o m m o n a n d f r e qu e ntly r e su l t in un w arrant e d e x p e ns e s e ri o u s ,

tr o ubl e an d s o m e ti m e s in l e g al c o m plicati o ns .

1 75 I n flu e nc e o f Sp e c i fi c at i o n s o n M at e ri al a n d M e th o d s
. .

Whil e it i s lar g e ly tru e e s pe cial l y i n s m all w o rks that t h e e n gin e e r

, ,

m ust u se th e s e m at e rials p r o d u cts a n d m e th o d s w hi ch a r e usual a n d

,

availabl e a n d hav e t h e e n do rs em e nt o f c o m m o n u sage it i s als o t ru e ,

'

that all such c o m m e rcial p r o d ucts a r e sl o w ly but sur el y m o di fi e d a n d

sha p e d by t h e d e m an d s o f t h e b e st p ractic e Th e m anu f actu r e r wh o .

o ff e rs a m at e rial o r a m achin e wh ich i s n o t u p t o stan d ar d r e u i r e

q
m e nts m u st s e ll t o t h e i g n o rant o r t o o th e rs at a c o nsi d e rabl e d i sa d
,

vanta g e f o r a r e du cti o n in p ric e f o r an in f e ri o r articl e m ay s o m e ti m e s

,

c o m p e n sat e f o r lack o f a h i g h e r d e g r e e o f p e r f e c ti o n If a m ach i n e o r .

m at e ria l i s f o u n d m o r e o r l e s s u n su it e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e f o r w h ich i t
i s u s e d a n d that p u r p o s e i s o f i m po rtanc e its us e rs w ill s oo n de m an d
, ,

such chan g e s in its q u aliti e s as w ill m ak e it m o r e sati s f act o ry ; an d

t h e e n g i n e e r i n ch a r g e o f t h e d e s i g ns d e p e n d e n t u p o n i t s u s e o r o f
, ,

t h e p lants i n w hich it m a y b e n e e d e d as a n e c e ssary su p p ly sh o ul d ,

inv e sti g at e its quality se e in w hat w ays it m ay b e i m p r o v e d an d p re

,

p a r e s p e ci fi cati o n s w h i ch w i ll b ri n g ab o u t t h e r e qui r e d i m p r o v e m e nt s .

Such i m p r o v e m e nts can b e br o u g ht ab o ut o nly by e x p e rt inv e sti g ati o n

a n d a f ull kn o w l e d g e o f t h e subj e ct ; a n d t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns m u st b e

m a d e al o n g p racticabl e lin e s .
 D e fi n it e Re q u ir e m e n t s

T h e Alt o o na lab o rat o ri e s o f t h e P e n n sy lvan ia R a ilr o a d a r e d e

v o t e d t o such wo rk an d t h e inv e sti g ati o n a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d t h e
, ,

r e sultin g b ett e rm e nts in m at e rials a n d su p p li e s f u rni sh e d t o that co m

any xa l s o f t h e b e s t p rac ti c e i n S p e ci fi c ati o n w ri ti n g
2
p a r e e m p e .

1 76 R e s po n sib i l i t y —T h e m o r e g e n e ral t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s t h e

. .
,

g r e at e r t h e deg r e e o f r e s p o nsibility w hich t h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d b e r e

qui r e d t o acc e pt As t h e de tails a re de fi n e d by t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns t h e
.
,

c o n t rac t o r s r e s p o n sib il ity m u st o f n e c e s sit y d e c r e a s e f o r n e ith e r

’

m o rally n o r l e g al ly ca n a m a n b e h e l d r e s p o n s ib l e f o r r e s ult s w h i ch
a r e e nti r e ly b e y o n d h i s c o n tr o l .

I n fi xin g r e s p o nsibility by m e ans o f t e sts an d g uarant e e s t h e ,

i t e m o f t h e e x p e n s e i nv o lv e d m u s t b e ca r e f ully n o t e d f o r e s p e ci ally , ,

in s m all e r c o ntracts such r e quir e m e nts s o m e ti m e s inv o lv e a co n si d

,

era b l e e xtra e x p e n s e .

I t i s f r e qu e n tly b e tt e r t o p u rch a s e a stan d a r d arti cl e f r o m a m anu

f actur e r o f kn o w n r e p ut e f r o m w h o m t h e e n g in e e r i s a wa r e h e can
,

s e cur e a m achin e w hich w ill g iv e c e rtai n we ll kn o wn r e sults than t o -

p u rch a s e a s i m ilar art i cl e u n d e r u nu sual g u a r a n t e e f r o m u nkn o w n

p arti e s a n d th e n f o r e g o t h e t e s t o n a c c o u nt o f t h e e x p e n s e i nv o lv e d .

R e s p o n sibl e m a nu f actu r e rs f r e qu e n tl y r e f u s e g ua ra nt e e s o n s m all

c o ntracts unl e ss t h e t e sts a r e m a de at th e i r o w n f act o ri e s o r unl e s s ,

t h e e x p e n s e o f su ch a t e s t i s c o v e r e d b y a n a d d it i o na l c o m p e n sat i o n
t o m e e t t h e c o st o f m akin g t h e m .

T h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d al w ays b e h e l d r e s po nsibl e f o r t h e class o f

w o rk m an sh i p a n d m at e rial d e s i r e d a n d h i s r e s p o n sibi l ity i n th e s e
,

m att e rs sh o ul d b e car e f ully c o v e r e d in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns .

1 77 D e fi n it e R e q u i r em en t s —In t h e p r e p arati o n o f Sp e c i fi c a
.

ti o ns f o r m at e rials p r o c e ss e s m achin e ry o r wo rk s w ith wh i ch t h e

, ,

e n g i n e e r i s m o r e o r l e s s u n f a m ili ar th e r e i s al w ay s a t e n d e n cy t o
,

c o v e r i gn o ranc e by in de fi nit e r equi r e m e nts .

I n de fi n it e s p e c i fi cat i o n s sh o u l d w h e r e v e r p o s s ibl e b e car e f u lly

, ,

e xclu de d f r o m all s p e ci fi cati o ns a n d f r o m m achin e ry s p e ci fi cati o ns in

, .

p articular If it is e ss e ntial t o s p e ci f y li m itin g str e ss e s i n m achin e

.

p arts th e n t h e li m its sh o ul d b e s p e ci fi e d in e xact lan g ua g e an d th e y

, ,

sh o u l d n o t b e s p e ci fi e d t o b e a m p l e o r su ffi c i e n t “
Su ch s p e c i fi c a
” “
.
”

ti o ns a re valu e l e ss f o r th ey l e av e t h e m att e r w i d e o p e n f o r i r r e spo n

2 Th e I n fl e nc
u e of S p c i ficat i ns
e o C m m rc i a l Pr o d ucts by C D D u d
on o e , . .

l ey . A dd r ss Am
e . So c . f o T e st i ng Mat r i a l s 1 9 0
r e 4 Se e Eng N e ws V o l 5 1
. . . , . ,

p . 5 92 .
2 84 Te c h n ica l S p e c i fi c a t i o n

sibl e m anu f actu r e rs t o do i m p r o p e r wo rk a n d trust t o t h e i g n o ranc e ,

o f t h e e n g in e e r t o p ass it o n ins p e cti o n w hil e w ith r e p utabl e m ak e rs ,

such claus e s a r e wh o lly unn e c e ssary .

T h e qu e st i o n a s t o w hat t h e t e r m s a m p l e su ffi ci e n t e t c a r e , ,
.
,

int e n de d t o c o v e r m u s t fi nally b e de ci de d i f t h e m achin e i s t o b e

,

acc e pt e d o r r e j e ct e d o n such a basis an d it w ill g r e atly a i d i n t h e ,

cl ea rn e ss o f t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns i f such qu e sti o ns a r e de ci de d in t h e fi rst

p lac e a n d t h e e xact r e quir e m e nts ins e rt e d in p lac e o f t h e i n d e fi nit e
o nes . G e n e ral s p e c i fi ca ti o n s i n r e g a rd t o w o rk m a n sh i p m u s t f r o m ,

th e i r n a t u r e n e c e s s a r i ly b e s o m e w h at i n e xa c t a n d i n de fi ni t e b u t w h e n
, ,

such claus e s m ust b e us e d th ey sh o ul d b e as car e f ully d e fi n e d as po s

sibl e Wh e n n e c e ssa rv s u ch claus e s m a y b e e m b o d i e d in t h e spe c ifi
‘

cati o n s a n d d e fi n e d by a s p e ci fi ca ti o n s o m e w h at a s f o ll o w s :
Wh en eve r o acco unt o f t h e natur e o f t h e w o r k m ans hi p
n m at r i a l t o or e

b e f urn i s h e d t h s pe c i ficat i o ns d efin i n g t h e sa m e a e f r o m t h e natur f

, e . r , e o

such w r k o m at r i a l i n exact o i n d fin i t e an d a e s p e c i fi e d t o b e fi st
o r e ,
r e ,
r
‘
r

cl ass o sat i s f act o r y o r by o t h e r t r m s i n whi c h t h e j d g m ent o f t h e l n

,
’
r
‘
,
’
e u

d i v i d ua l m y var y t h e n
a ,d i n t h at v nt t h ng i n ee r s h a ll b e t h e s o l
an e e , e e e

j u d g o f t h e f u l fi llm ent o f t h e sa m e
e .
”

Su ch a claus e sh o ul d h o w e v e r b e us e d w ith car e as f e w c o n

, , ,

tract o r s o r m anu f actu r e rs car e t o p u t th e m s e lv e s int o t h e han d s o f

an in ex p e ri e nc e d o r inc o m p e t e nt p arty .

1 78 Stan d ar d Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s —V ari o u s t e ch n i cal s o c i e ti e s a n d

.

ass o ciati o ns hav e f r o m ti m e t o ti m e a do pt e d stan d ar d s p e ci fi cati o ns “ ”

f o r c e rtai n m a t e r a l s p r o c e s s e s a n d s tru ctu r e s

,
I n g e n e ral su ch s p e c .
,

i fi cati o n s h av e r e c e iv e d t h e c ar e f ul c o n s i d e rat i o n o f ex p e rt s w h o h av e
h a d m u ch e x p e ri e n c e i n t h e m a nu f actu r e an d u s e o f t h e m at e ri al a n d
’

a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a v e ry f r e e a n d f u l l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e vari o u s p r a c

t i c a b l e r e qui r e m e n t s o f such m a nu f a ctu r e a n d u s e W h e n su ch s p e c .

i fi c a t i o n s a r e avai lab l e f o r a m at e rial t o b e u s e d i n c o n s tru cti o n th e i r ,

a d o p ti o n by t h e e n g in e e r s e e m s t o b e d e s i rabl e u nl e s s t h e p e cu lia r
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e cas e i n han d m ak e cha n g e s i n t h e r e qu i r e m e n ts e s
s e n t ia l T h e s ta n d a r d s p e ci fi c ati o n a n d i t s r e qu ir e m e n ts a r e u sually
.

w i d e ly k n o w n t o m a nu f actu r e rs an d c o ntra ct o rs a n d t h e c o s t o f t h e ,

m at e rial a s subj e ct t o su ch s p e c i fi cat i o n i s r e a d il y d e t e r m i n e d

, , .

R e qu i r e m e n ts m o r e s e v e r e o r ra d ically d i ff e r e nt f r o m a w e ll e s tab
l i sh e d stan d ar d m a y s e ri o u sly a ff e c t a n d r e n d e r u nc e rtai n t h e p ri c e s
w h i ch m a y b e d e m an d e d D e p artu r e f r o m su ch s ta n d ar d s sh o u l d
.

th e r e f o r e b e m a d e w ith ca r e a n d o nly f o r g o o d a n d su ffi ci e nt r e a
sons .
 C H A P T ER XV I I

SPE C I F I CAT I O N S FO R FU N D AME N T AL MAT E R I A L AN D

SU PP L I E S

1 7g . F u n d a m e n ta l E l e m e nt s o f S p e c i fi c a t i o n s — P u n da m e n t a l
m at e rials a n d p r o c e ss e s a r e fi rst intr o d uc e d in t h e d iscussi o n o f sp e
c ifi c a t i o n s n o t o n ac c o unt o f th e ir si m p licity but o n acc o unt o f t h e f act

th at e n g i n e e ri n g o r arch it e ctu ral w o rk i s m a de u p o f a s e ri e s o f such

e l e m e n t s a n d p r o p e r s p e ci fi c ati o n s o f f u n d a m e nta l m at e rial s su p p li e s
, ,

a n d p r o c e s s e s u n it e d t o g e th e r i n a c o m p l e t e a n d c o n s i s t e n t w h o l e
, ,

w ill c o nstitut e a c o rr e ct d e scri p ti o n o f t h e t e chnical r e qui r e m e nts .

T h e r e a r e i n f act n o s p e c i fi c at i o n s m o r e d i ffi c u lt t o p r e p ar e th an
th o s e f o r f un da m ental m at e rials a n d p r o c e ss e s Th e ir acc u rat e p r ep
.

a rati o n n e c e ssitat e s a c o m p l e t e a n d de fi nit e kn o w l e d g e o f e l e m e ntary

d e tails n o t c o m m o nly po ss e ss e d by any e xc e p t th o s e wh o hav e g iv e n
t h e subj e ct e xt e nsiv e stu dy . As t h e vari o u s m at e rials a n d p r o c e ss e s
a r e so nu m e r o u s a de tail e d kn o w l e d g e o f th e i r p racticabl e li m itati o ns
,

a n d t h e e xt e nt t o w hich th e ir quali fi cati o ns sh o ul d b e m o d i fi e d a n d

c o ntr o ll e d in a s p e ci fi cati o n i s n o t t h e c o m m o n kn o w l e d g e o f t h e e n g i
nee r .

F r e qu e ntly such kn o w l e dge is n o t g e n e rally availabl e a n d t h e i m

po rtanc e o f t h e m at e rial is n ot su ffi ci e nt t o w arrant t h e e x p e ns e o f a
s u ffi ci e nt inv e sti gati o n o r o f suitabl e t e sts a n d e x p e ri m e nts t o f o r m t h e
basis o f a s o u n d s p e ci fi cati o n in which t h e c o m p o siti o n m e th o d o f ,

m anu f actur e o r s p e ci fi c t e st r e qui r e m e nts can b e int e lli g e ntly a n d sp e

.

c i fi ca lly se t f o rth . This is p arti cularly tru e o f n e w m at e rials p r o p ri e ,

tary a rticl e s a n d vari o us su pp li e s .

1 80 P rac tica l L i m i t a ti o n s o f S e c i fi cati o n s —T h e p o s s ibi li ty

.
p .

o f an int e lli g e nt s p e ci fi cati o n d ep e n d s o n t h e e xist e nc e o f a c e rtain

a m o unt o f de fi nit e kn o w l e dg e w hich can b e cl e a rly o utlin e d c o v e rin g

'
,

t h e c o m p o siti o n o r charact e r o f m at e rial t h e m e th o d s o f co n st r u ct i o n

,

or m anu f actur e o r c e rtain t e st r e sults which a re t o b e o btain ed an d

,

which w ill actually in d icat e t h e charact e r o f t h e m at e rial .I n th e

e arly d e v e l o p m e nt o f any m at e rial , m achin e str u ct u r e o r p r o c e ss an
,

att em p t is m a d e t o acc o m p lish c e rtain r e sults in a c e rtain way T h e .

att e m p t is a f ail u r e a n d is aban d o n e d o r it m e e ts w ith g r e at e r o r l e ss

,

succ e ss in acc o m p lishin g t h e o bj e ct s o u ght In t h e latt e r cas e va ri o us

.
,

t r o ubl e s aris e as ti m e pass e s ; e arly succ e ss m ay b e f o ll o w e d by pa rtial

 Li m it a t i o n s o f Sp e c i fic a t io n s 2 87

f ailu r e w ith th e r an d m o r e s e v e r e c o n d iti o ns a n d such f ailur e s m ay

o ,

o r m ay n o t b e o bviat e d by chan g e s in c o m p o siti o n m e th o d s o f m anu ,

f actur e o r d e si g n .T h e d e v e l o p m e nt m ay b e succ e ss f ul un d e r c e rtain

c o n d iti o ns a n d a f ail u r e un d e r o th e rs In e ach cas e a kn o w l e dg e o f
.

t h e li m its o f a pp licati o n a n d c o m p o siti o n b e c o m e g ra d ually kn o w n a n d

a pp r e ciat e d Th e d e si g n e r m anu f actur e r o r p r o d uc e r acqui r e s a ce r
.
,

tain kn o w l e dge o f t h e d e v e l o p m e nt a n d o f t h e e ff e ct o f variati o ns in

its c o m p o siti o n o r d e si g n o n its utility un de r vari o us ci rcu m stanc e s ,

a n d such kn o w l e dg e is n o t usually availabl e t o t h e p urchas e r o r co n

s u m e r e xc e p t w h e n t h e d e v e l o p m e nt ha s b e e n e xt e nsiv e ly a p p li e d a n d ,

th e n o nly a f t e r a w i d e a n d c o m p r e h e nsiv e inqui ry T h e p urchas e r .

f r e qu e ntly acqui r e s a v e ry d e fi nit e kn o w l e dg e o f t h e a pp licati o n o f a

m at e rial t o his p articular r e qui r e m e nts a n d e s p e cially t h e e ff e cts o f
,

ti m e a n d u se o n its ulti m at e succ e ss .

Th e p r o d uc e r i f his p r o d uct i s r e as o nably succ e ss f ul d e si rin g t o

, ,

intr o d uc e it f o r t h e br o a de st a pp licati o n w hil e b e tt e rin g hi s p r o d ucts

a s t h e de m an d s r e qui r e i s n o t lik e ly t o g iv e t h e p urchas e r any f urth e r
,

kn o wl e dg e o f t h e c o ntin ge nci e s inv o lv e d th an hi s o w n int e r e sts wa r

rant He is un w is e i f h e p e r m its t h e p r o d uct t o b e us ed w h e r e f ailur e
.

w ill in e vitably r e sult f o r such f ailur e w ill p r e j u d ic e its f utur e u se ;

,

but h e m ust run c e rtain chanc e s i f f ailur e i n o r de r t o e xt e n d t h e u se o f

t h e p r o d ucts t o n e w a n d untri e d fi e l d s .

Th e p urchas e r s e cur e s t h e p r o d uct w hich f r o m his inv e sti g ati o n

s e e m s m o st lik e ly t o giv e t h e r e sults h e d e si r e s ; h e e n d e av o rs by in
ve st iga t i o n ,
by p r e p a rin g s p e ci fi cati o n s a n d by r e qui rin g g uarant e e s
a n d t e sts t o p r o t e ct his int e r e st s
,
Th e s e h e m ust li m it in acc o r d anc e
.

w ith t h e n e c e ssiti e s o f t h e cas e a n d t h e e x p e ns e inv o lv e d He m ust .

assu m e c e rtain risks o r stan d t h e e x pe ns e o f a ssu re d r e sults w hich

w o ul d f r e qu e nt ly l e a d t o g r e at d i ffi culty a n d un w arrant e d e x p e ns e e s ,

p e c ia l ly in a n e w p r o d uct G ra d ually t h e u se o f a p r o d uct b e c o m e s

.

m o r e a n d m o r e e xt e n d e d o th e r si m ilar p r o d ucts aris e a n d p urchas e rs

,

incr e as e in nu m b e r T h e a p p licati o n o f t h e p r o d uct is w i d e ly d i s

.

c u ss e d t h e d i ffi culti e s 1 n i t s u se b e c o m e kn o w n t h e e ff e cts o f de si g n
, , ,

o f c o m p o siti o n a n d o f m e th o d o f m anu f actur e b e c o m e a p p r e ciat e d .

U n de r th e s e c o n d iti o ns t h e p r o d uct can b e m o r e o r l e ss c o ntr o ll e d by

s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r c e rtain d e fi nit e an d f un d a m e ntal kn o w l e dg e b e c o m e s
,

availabl e t o all o n suitabl e in q ui ry Th e p r o d uct m a y b e c o m e stan d

.

a r di z e d in its c o m m o n a
pp licati o n a n d by r e f e r e nc e t o such stan d ar d s
,

e asily li m it e d by p u rchas e rs w ith n o r m al int e lli g e nc e a n d havin g e v e n

r e lativ e ly sli ght kn o w l e dg e a n d e x p e ri e nc e .

2 88 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p l ie s

In t h e inc e p ti o n o f t h e de v e l op m e nt n o stan d ar d s a re po ssibl e ; a

c e rtain risk i s n e c e ssa ry i f t h e p r o d uct i s t o b e us e d an d such ri sk i s
c o m m o n b o th t o t h e p r o d u c e r an d p urchas e r a n d m ust b e d ivi de d in
,

such e quitabl e m ann e r as t h e ci rcu m stanc e s r e q u ir e .

T h e p r o d uc e r d e si r e s t o p lac e hi s p r o d uct o n t h e m ark e t a n d t o

m ak e it an ulti m at e succ e ss H is e x p e ri e nc e an d his fi nanc e s m ay pe r
.

m it o f his w arranty a n d hi s r e p utati o n a n d r e s p o n sibility m a y m ak e

,

such w arranty acc e ptabl e t o t h e p urchas e r T h e w arranty inv o lv e s

.

e x p e ns e ,
r e p lac e m e nts a r e n e c e ssary a n d d a m a ge s m ay b e inv o lv e d ,

but fi nally e x p e ri e nc e i s acq u i r e d succ e ss m o r e o r l e ss d e fi nit e i s e s

,

t a b li sh e d t h e g uarant e e s can b e m o r e a n d m o r e li m it e d o r m ay b e c o m e
,

e nti r e ly unn e c e ssa ry f o r t h e p r o d uct has b e c o m e stan d ar d a n d it s u se

,

w ithi n c e rtain li m its r e c o g niz e d as a p ractical s u cc e ss .

It i s e vi de nt that d e tail e d s p e ci fi cati o ns sh o ul d b e li m it e d t o th o s e

m at e rials a n d su pp li e s in t h e m anu f actu r e o f w hich t h e c o m p o siti o n ,

m e th o d s o f m anu f actur e a n d r e sults attain e d can b e int e lli g e ntly c o n

tr o ll e d f o r a us e f ul p u r p o s e I f t h e c o m p o siti o n an d m e th o d s o f m a n
.

u f a c t u r e m at e rially a ff e ct t h e r e sults w hich w ill b e o btain e d in t h e u se

o f t h e m at e rials li m itati o n s o f b o th c o m p o siti o n a n d m e th o d s m ay b e

,

d e si rabl e ; but i f a kn o w l e dg e o f t h e e ff e ct o f c o m p o siti o n a n d m e th o d

i s n o t availabl e a s p e ci fi cati o n in w hich an att e m p t is m a de t o c o ntr o l
,

th e s e f act o rs i s us e l e ss o r w o rs e It is e vi de nt that any s p e ci fi cati o n

.

w hich w ill inv o lv e unn e c e ssary inc o nv e ni e nc e o r e xtra e x p e ns e t o t h e

m anu f actu r e r w ill b e u n d e rtak e n o nly w h e n t h e a m o unt o f t h e m a
t e r ia l r e qui r e d a n d t h e p ric e that can b e o btain e d m ak e it w o rth w hil e ,

a n d t h e e xtra e x e ns e w ill b e w arrant e d o nly b

p y d e fi nit e a n d p o sitiv e
a d vanta g e s t o b e g ain e d .

1 81
“
. T o t h e Sati s f ac ti o n o f t h e E n g i n e e r —As w ith e v e ry
.

o th e r subj e ct s o i n s p e ci fi cati o n w ritin g it i s m uch e asi e r t o d e al w ith

, ,

g e n e raliti e s in m o r e o r l e ss va g u e a n d m e anin g l e ss p h ras e s a n d t o

fi nally li m it t h e so call e d s p e ci fi cati o n by t h e r e qui r e m e nt that t h e m a
-

t e r ia l o r p r o c e ss shall b e f urnish e d o r d o n e t o t h e c o m p l e t e sa t i s f ac

ti o n o f t h e e n g in ee r Th e e n g in e e r m ay n o t a n d f r e qu e ntly d o e s n o t
.
,

kn o w w ith j ust w hat de tails h e w ill b e satis fi e d T h e m att e r is o f t e n

.

unc e rtain i n his o wn m in d a n d h e r e li e s o n t h e chanc e s o f his a sce r

tainin g by stu dy o r thr o u g h p r o f e ssi o nal ins p irati o n t h e li m itati o n s
w hich w ill p e r m it h i m t o p ass u p o n t h e m att e r w ith p o ssibl e cr e d it
.

wh e n t h e e m e r g e ncy f o r a n e c e ssary d e cisi o n ari s e s T h e c o ntract o r

.
,

o n his p art tak e s t h e chanc e o n t h e p r o bability that t h e e n g in ee r w ill

,

b e satis fi e d w ith r e as o nabl e r e qui r e m e nts .

 2 90 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p l ie s

Th e s e castin g s w h e n r e c e iv e d a n d u po n u se we r e v e ry u n sa t i sf a c
to ry So m e br o k e w ith in a f e w h o u rs a n d all br o k e w ithin a co m
.

p a r a t i v e l y sh o rt ti m e un d e r l e ss s e rvic e than s o m e o f t h e o r d inary o p e n

h e arth tray li p s p r e vi o usly us e d P ay m e nt f o r t h e li p s w a s r e f us e d
.
,

an d s u it e nt e r e d d urin g t h e t e sti m o ny d e v e l o p e d as f o ll o w s :
3

T h e su p e rint e n d e n t o f t h e st e e l f o u n d ry t e sti fi e d tha t

“
lb s .

vana d iu m ( all o y abo ut o n e thir d p ur e ) wa s p lac e d in e ach po t o f

-

l b s s t e e l w h i ch w o u l d a m o u n t t o f r o m
.
, p e r c e nt t o per c e n t
cal cu lati n sh ows er cent ) th at vana d i u m u t i nt o ca s tin g s
( o p p
vari e s f ro m p e r c e nt t o p e r c e nt s o m e ti m e s h i g h e r if,it i s
o r d e r e d hi g h e r ; als o that t h e a m o unt o f f e rr o vana d i u m l o st in t h e

m e lt vari e s a g o o d d e al w ith t h e t e m pe ratu r e o f t h e st e e l f r o m n o th ,

in g u p t o o n e hal f o f o n e p er c e nt A ch e m ist stat e d that h e f o un d

-

t h e vana d iu m c o nt e nt o f t h e castin g s t o b e p e r c e nt a n d pe r
c e nt ; carb o n c o nt e nt p e r c e nt a n d
, p e r c e nt A m e t al lu r .

g i st s tat e d th a t t h e a d d it i o n o f l b s o f f e rr o van a d iu m .
per
c e n t vana d iu m ) t o l b s o f s t e e l w o ul d b e e qu i val e n t i n r o u n d
.

nu m b e rs t o p e r c e nt vana d i u m a n d that th e r e w o ul d b e at l e ast

,

2 0 p e r c ent an d p o ssibly 3 0 p e r c e nt o f that l o st

,
T h e r e sult w o u l d
,
.

b e ab o ut p e r c e nt vana d i u m r e m ainin g in t h e st e e l He stat e d .

f u rth e r th at th e r e i s a r e c o g n i z e d s tan d ar d vana d iu m s t e e l n o t l e s s

‘ ’

than p e r c e nt o f vana d iu m a n d that castin g s c o ntain in g o nly

,

p e r c e nt a n d p e r c e n t w o u l d n o t b e cas tin g s o f s tan d a r d

‘

va na d i u m s t e e l a n d th at t h e t w o ca sti n g s i n qu e st i o n sh o w e d nu m e r
,
’

o u s g as caviti e s a n d bl o w h o l e s Th r ee o th e r w itn e ss e s t e sti fi e d that

.

a f t e r t h e ca st in g s w e r e b r o k e n th e y o b s e rv e d nu m e r o u s h o l e s .

“
N o t w ithstan d in g t h e f o r e g o in g t e sti m o ny as t o t h e vana d iu m
c o nt e nt a n d de f e cts o f t h e castin g s a d e ci si o n w a s g iv e n f o r t h e ,

p lainti ff
”
.

It i s e vi d e nt f ro m t h e ab o v e a n d f ro m nu m e ro u s o th e r instanc e s
.

, ,

that m i g ht b e cit e d that a si m pl e na m e is rar e ly a su ffi ci e nt spe c ifi ca

,

ti o n f o r any f un d a m e ntal e l e m e nt b e i t m at e rial o r p r o c e ss ; a n d it i s

,

th e r e f o r e n e c e ssary t o p r ep ar e a s p e ci fi cati o n i n w hich t h e li m itin g

quali fi ca ti o n s sh all b e g iv e n w h ich w ill a s su r e a m at e rial o r p r o c e s s
f u lly satis f act o ry f o r u s e s a n d p u r p o s e s f o r wh ich it i s t o b e u s e d .

1 83 U n s ati s f ac t o r y D et a i l e d Spe c i fi c a t i o n s —T h e d i ffi cult i e s

.

o f p r e p arin g s p e ci fi cati o ns in d e tail f o r any m at e rial is illustrat e d by

t h e r e c e nt s e ri o us tr o ubl e w ith brass a n d br o nz e in c o nn e cti o n

“ ” “ ”

3 Eng Ne ws .
, V o l 7 4, p p
. . 9 46 7
-
.
 U n sa t i s fa c t or y S p e c i fi c a t i o n s 29 ]

w ith t h e w o rk on the C atskill

aqu e d uct I r o n a n d st e e l w h e n e x p o s e d .

t o m o istur e ra p i d ly c o rr o d e a n d w o rkin g p arts a r e s o o n d e str o y e d o r

r e n de r e d u s e l e ss T o o v e rc o m e this d i ffi culty m anu f act u r e rs o f ap
.

p aratus a n d m at e rial w hich a r e e x p o s e d t o such c o n d iti o ns a n d t h e e n ,

g in e e r s w h o u se such a pp aratus a n d m at e rials hav e l o n g s o u g ht an in ,

c o rr o d ibl e m at e rial o f m o de rat e p ric e a n d o f su ffi ci e nt str e n gth t o w ith

stan d th e s e c o n d iti o ns In g e n e ral all o ys o f c o ppe r w ith z inc tin .
, , ,

nickl e alu m inu m e t c in m any c o m binati o ns hav e b e e n us e d f o r such

, , .
,

p u r p o s e s t o g r e at e r o r l e ss e xt e nt f o r m any y e ars .

Th e r e has p r o bably b e e n n o sin g l e p i e c e o f e n g in e e rin g c o n st r u c

ti o n o n w hich such lar g e quantiti e s o f such m at e rials hav e b e e n us e d
as in t h e C atskill aqu e d uct w h e r e t h e t o tal has a m o unt e d t o n e arly thr e e
m illi o n p o un d s Thi s c o nsist e d o f castin g s a n d f o rg in g s t h e f o r m e r
.
,

ran g in g f r o m s m all p i e c es t o p i e c e s o f p o un d s w hil e t h e f o r g ,

in g s ran g e d f r o m s m all b o lts t o st e m s f o r valv e s a n d sluic e g at e s in ,

s o m e cas e s six inch e s in d ia m e t e r a n d o v e r thi rty f e e t in l e n g th T h e .

.

p rinci p al s p e ci fi cati o ns issu e d by t h e b o a r d o f w at e r su pp ly a n d c o v e r

in g this m at e rial a r e as f o ll o w s : ,

RON Z E CAST I N G S B

A ll b r n z e cast i ngs s h a ll b m a d e f e w m e ta l s h a ll b f r f r m o h
o e o n , e ee o

j ti
ec b l e i m p r f ct i ns
on a d s h a ll c n f r m acc rat ly t
e e p att rns
o Wh n
an o o u e o e . e

th cast i ngs
e b i ng m ac hi n d i f t h m e ta l s h w s s i gns f i m p e r f t m i x
are e e ,
e o o ec

i ng t h y s h ll b r j ect d Un l ss o t h r w i s ca ll d f i n t h s p ec i ficat i ns
, e a e e e . e e e e or e o ,

or u p n th o d ra w i ngs b r n z e w h r i n d i cat d u p n t h
e d ra w i ngs s h ll m an
, o e e e o e a e

m ang n s b r n z e
“
a e e o .

MAN G ANESE B RON Z E

A ll m angan s b r n z s h a ll b q ua l t S p ar s Pars o ns
e e o H y d s m ang
e e e o e
’

,
’
or e
’

an e s e b r n z d s h a ll h av a t ns il
o e, an str ngt h f t l ss t h an 4 5 p c nt e e e e o no e er e .

o f th e l t i m at t ns il e stre ngt h d an l ngat i n o f t l e ss t h an 2 5 p e

u e e an e o o no r

c nte .

B RAS S R I VE T R OD

T ns il str engt h o f b rass r i v t r d s s h a ll b e t l ss t h an

e e p o un d s e o no e

pe s q ar i nc h Th e e l ast i c li m i t s h a ll b e t l ss t h an
r u e .
p un d s p e no e o r

s q uar i nc h a d t h e e l ngat i n t l e ss t h an 2 0p e c e nt
e , n o o no r .

S T EMS
Th m a i n gat st e m s h a ll b
e f m angan s e b r o n z e e th r b r nze of e o e , or o e o

a p p r ve d c m p s i t i o n o f suc h d i m ens i o ns t h at w h n p l ac d i n t ns i o n n d r
o o o , e e e u e

a l a d i n p n d s q l t t h e are o f t h va l v o p n i ng i n s q ar i nch e s m l
o ou e ua o a e e e u e u

t i p l i d b y 1 25 t h
e m i n i m m r ss s ct i n f t h
, e st m s h ll h av a r su l t nt u c o -
e o o e e a e e a

u n i t str ss ot xc d i ng t w t hi r d s t h l st i c li m i t f t h m at r i l us e d
e n e ee o -
e e a o e e a .

Th s st e m s s h ll b t rn d stra i g h t d tr e d s h ll h av a ll t h r ea d s l at h e
e e a e u e an u an a e

cu t .
 292 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p l ie s

ROLLED B RON Z E
W h n eve r t h t rm b r o n z i s us d i n t h s s p i ficat i ns i n a g e n era l
e e e e
"
e e e ec o

w ya , or t h e d ra w i ngs w i t h ut q a li ficat i ns i t s h a ll m an m angan s

on , o u o , e e e or

vana d i m b r n z e
u m n e l m ta l
o , W h n v r t h c h aract r i st i cs f an y m
or o e . e e e e e o a

ter ai l t p art i cu l ar ly s p c i fi d s c h m at r i a l s h a ll b
a re no us d as i s cus t o
e e , u e e e

m ar y i n fi t l ass w r k f t h natur e f o whi h t h e m at r i a l i s m p l y e d

rs -
c o o e r c e e o .

Th m i n i m u m p h y s i ca l p r o p rt i e s o f b r o n z s h a ll exc p t as o t h r wi e
e e e , e e s

s p ec i fi e d b e as f o ll ows
,

CAS TI N G S
U l t i m at t ns il str ngth e e e e lb p s q I n . er . .

Y i l d p i nt
e o lb p s q i n . er . .

E l ngat i o n
o 2 5 p e c e nt r .

ROLLE D MA T E R I AL
U l t i m at str ngt h e e lb p r s q i
. e . n .

Y i l d p i nt
e o lb p s q i n
. er . .

E l ng t i no a o 2 8 per c nte .

ROLLE D MA T ER I AL T H I C K NES S A B OVE ONE I NCH ,

U l t i m at str ngt h e e lb p s q i n . er . .

Y i l d p i nt
e o lb p e s q i . r . n .
~

E l ngat i n
o o 28 p c nt er e .

“
A f t r b e i ng f rg d i nt a b ar r ll e d
e o f rg d b r n z
e s h a ll stan d first
o , o or o e o e ,

h a m m r i ng h t t a fi p i nt ; s c n d b n d i ng c l d t h r ugh an ang l f 1 2 0
e o o ne o e o , e o o e o

d e gr e s t a ra d i us e q a l t o t h t hi c k n ss f t h e b ar
e o u e e o .

W hil e s o m e tr oubl e w a s e x p e ri e nc e d w ith br o n z e p i p e s t h e p rin

c ip a l d i ffi culti e s w e r e d u e t o d e f e cts in lar g e p lat e s a n d in b o lts r o ds , ,

si d e ba rs a n d la d de r run g s M any o f th e s e de f e cts d e v e l o p e d p ri o r t o

.

installati o n w h e r e t h e m at e rial h a d b e e n i n st o ra g e f o r a c o nsi de rabl e

ti m e Th e s e d e f e cts c o nsist e d o f cracks s o m e ti me s v e ry fi n e a n d o nly
.
,

su p e r fi cial whil e o th e rs w e r e o p e n a n d p e n e trat e d de e p ly int o t h e m a

t e rial In s o m e cas e s such de f e cts d i d n o t de v e l o p f o r t w o o r thr e e
.
’

y e ars a f t e r t h e m at e rial h a d b e e n r e c e iv e d a n d a f t e r t h e t e st s h a d in d i
ca t e d that t h e m at e rial w a s e nti r e ly satis f act o ry E v e n t h e u se o f h o t .

r o ll e d r o d s a n d o f th o r o u g hly ann e al e d c o l d r o ll e d m at e rial su pp o s e d ly

f r ee f r o m initial str e ss e s w a s n o t univ e rsally succ e ss f ul .

Th e t r o ubl e w ith brass o r br o nz e e x p e ri e nc e d o n t h e Catskill

aqu e d uct m ay b e classi fi e d as f o ll o ws
F i rst : B r e ak s f r o m str e ss e s
a Initial str e ss e s d u e t o m e th o d s o f m anu f actu r e o f t h e f a b
.
~

r i ca t i o n .

b App li e d
str e ss e s d u e t o u se
. .

Se c o n d : D a m a g e by w r o n g h e at tr e at m e nt as i n f o r g in g , b e n d in g ,

Han g in g u p s e ttin g a n d ann e alin g

, .
2 94 S p e c i fi ca t io n s fo r M a t e r ia ls an d S u p p l ie s

w hich hav e o ccu rr e d in t h e u se o f this m at e rial hav e b e e n d u e t o c o m

m e r c ia l c o m p e titi o n rath e r than t o t h e lack o f kn o w l e dg e a n d e x p e r i
e nc e a m o n g m anu f actur e rs a n d it is p r o babl e that t h e b e st m a n u f a c
,

t u r e r s w o ul d b e r e a d y at suitabl e p ric e s t o f abricat e th e s e m at e rials t o

m e e t all r e as o nabl e r e qui r e m e nts a n d t o g iv e suitabl e g uarant e e s t o this

e ff e ct
. It i s d o ubt f ul h o we v e r i f s u ch r e sults can b e o btain e d in o p e n
c o m p e titi o n .

1 84
. B a s i s o f C o rr e c t Spe c ifi ca t i o n s —F r o m t h e d i s cu s si o n i n
t h e t w o p r e vi o us s e cti o ns it is e vi d e nt that t h e p r e p arati o n o f sp e c ifi c a

ti o ns suitabl e t o assur e p r o p e r r e sults i s o f t e n att e n d e d w ith g r e at d iffi

c u l t i e s a n d m uch unc e rtainty a n d that t h e r e i s n o rul e univ e rsally a p
,

p licabl e f o r th e i r p r e p arati o n In t h e actual p r e p a rati o n o f S e c ifi ca

.
p
ti o ns m uch w ill d ep e n d o n t h e c o n d iti o ns un d e r w hich th ey a r e t o b e
p r e p ar e d
. I f t h e quantiti e s i nv o lv e d a r e s m all a n d t h e f uncti o n o f t h e
m at e rial uni m p o rtant t h e p r e p arati o n o f an e lab o rat e s p e ci fi cati o n e v e n
,

w h e n p o ssibl e i s har d ly d e si rabl e as m at e rials o f c o m m e rcial quality

w ill p r o bably b e e ntir e ly satis f act o ry a n d e ith e r t h e ri sk o r c o st o f r e
lac e m e nt i s n o t lar g e a n d m ay r e a d ily b e tak e n A s t h e quantiti e s a nd
p .

i m p o rtanc e incr e as e t h e n e c e ssity o f g r e at e r car e t o s e cur e c o rr e ct

,

s p e ci fi cati o ns als o incr e as e s an d t h e qu e sti o n as t o h o w t h e cha ract e r o f

,

t h e w o rk o r m at e rial can b e c o ntr o ll e d a n d t h e d e si r e d r e sults s e cur e d

b e c o m e e xtr e m e ly i m p o rtant .

E v e ry m at e rial has c e rtain p hysical a n d ch e m ical p r o p e rti e s a m o n g

which m ay b e s o m e o r all t h e f o ll o w in g
P h ys i ca l P r o per t i e s .

Si z e sha p e a n d d i m e nsi o n
,
.

C o l o r trans p ar e ncy g e n e ral a p p e aranc e a n d a pp e aranc e o f

, ,

f ractur e .

U ni f o r m ity h o m o ge n i t y a n d abs en c e o f a pp ar e nt d e f e cts

,
.

Sp e ci fi c g ravity o r r e lativ e w e i g ht d e nsity a n d p o r o sity ,

.

P r o p e rti e s o f p hysical c o m binati o n ( as all o ys ,

P hysical c o m p o siti o n .

H ar d n e ss a n d e lasticity .

S tr e n g th ( t e nsi o n c o m p r e ssi o n t o rsi o n o r i m p act )

, , .

P hysical c o n d iti o ns un d e r m ani p ulati o n o r as a r e sult o f m a n

u f ac t u r e o f w o rkin g int o f o r m f o r u se ( F ini sh d e f e cts .
, ,

fla w s str u ctu ral str e ss e s e t c )

, , .

Ca l o r ific Qu a li t ies .

Me ltin g an d b o ilin g p o ints

S p e ci fi c h e at .
 Ba sis o f C o rre c t S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

Co n d uctivity .

Cubical lin e ar e x p ansi o n

an d .

H e atin g valu e ( f u e ls ) .

El e c tr i ca l P r o per t i es .

Sp e c ifi c r e sistanc e .

Re lativ e c o n d uctivity .

Ch e m i ca l P r o per t i es .

At o m ic w e i g ht .

Ch e m ical
c o m p o siti o n .

Ch e m ical c o m binati o n .

C h e m ical i m p uriti e s .

Co rr o d ibility .

S o m e o r all o f t h e ab o v e p r o p e rti e s m ay in s o m e f o r m s hav e an

i m p o rtant e ff e ct o n t h e quality o f t h e m at e rial n e e d e d f o r t h e p articular
u se t o w hich it is t o b e a p p li e d Th e s e e ff e cts h o w e v e r a re n o t al ways
.

kn o w n o r a pp r e ciat e d alth o u g h c e rtain qualiti e s m ay b e v e ry e ss e ntia l

a n d e asily d e t e r m in e d w hil e o th e rs a r e a pp r o xi m at e ly un d e rst o o d a n d
,

m a y b e c o rr e s p o n d in g ly h e l p f ul in t h e s e l e cti o n Th e s e p r o pe rti e s m ay .

b e d e t e r m in e d by i n spe c t i o n w hich h o w e v e r inv o lv e s j u d g m e nt a n d e x

, ,

p e r i e n ce a n d w ill th e r e f o r e d i ff e r in r e sults w ith t h e in d ivi d ual a n d ,

stan dar d t es ts which a r e f a r m o r e e xact w h e n m a d e by m e n o f e v e n

li m it e d e x p e ri e nc e but w h o a r e f a m ilia r w ith t h e vari o us p hysical an d
ch em ical m ani p ulati o ns o n which s u ch t e sts a r e bas e d Th e li m itati o n .

o f th e s e qualiti e s by s p e ci fi cati o ns a r e us e f ul o nly w h e n t h e e ff e ct o f

such qualiti e s o n t h e valu e o f t h e m at e rial f o r any p articular cas e is

kn o w n a n d w h e r e such valu e i s unkn o w n o th e r m e th o d s o f c o ntr o l a r e
,

n e c e ssary .

In t h e p r e p arati o n o f s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r all m at e rials a n d all p r o c

e ss e s w o rk m anshi p m anu f actur e d articl e s m achin e s o r st ruct u r e s t h e
, , , ,

c o ntr o l o f t h e de si r e d r e sults m ay b e e ff e ct e d in o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o l
l o w in g w ays w h ich a r e h o w e v e r m o r e o r l e ss d i r e ctly r e lat e d ; na m e ly
,

1 B y c o m p o siti o n o r p r o p e rti e s a n d m ani p ulati o n o r w o rk m anshi p

.
, .

e
t B y ins p e cti o n .

a
b
B y t e sts .

{
A
-
B y g uarant e e s .

n B y s e l e ctin g th o s e succ e ss f ully u s e d un d e r si m ilar c o n d iti o ns .

e

C
h
B y r e quirin g t h e e quival e nt o f a s e l e ct e d stan d ar d
. .

1 85 C o m p o si ti o n o r P r o p o r t i o n a n d M an i p u l ati o n o r W o rk
.

ma n sh i p —It i s f r e qu e ntly t h e ca s e th at a s p e c i fi e d c o m p o s iti o n o f

.

kn o w n m at e rial w ill g iv e t h e r e sults de si r e d Fo r e xa m p l e w h e n cc .

 296 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a t e r i a l s an d S u p p lie s

m e nt i s f urnish e d a c o ntract o r a n d satis f act o ry san d a n d g rav e l a r e

availabl e t h e s p e ci fi cati o n f o r c o ncr e t e n e e d inclu d e o nly its c o m p o si
,

ti o n a n d m e th o d o f m ani p ula ti o n No t e sts a r e usually a dm i ssibl e f o r

.

t h e r e sults o f t h e t e sts w ill n e c e ssarily b e c o nt r o ll e d by t h e c o m p o si

ti o n an d m ani p ulati o n In t h e sa m e m ann e r m achin e ry b e arin g s m a y
.

b e c o ntr o ll e d by a r e q ui r e m e nt f o r c e rtain d e fi nit e all o ys kn o w n t o b e

sati s f act o ry f o r si m ilar s e rvic e an d a c e rtain s p e ci fi e d g ra de o f w o rk
,

m anshi p . In b o th cas e s a n d sha p e a n d d i m e nsi o ns m ust b e fi x e d by

t h e d e si gn .

1 86 I n s pe c t i o n —\V h e r e c o n s i d e rabl e e x p e ri e nc e i s avai labl e

. .

it has c o m m o nly b e e n asc e rtain e d that a c e rtain a pp e aranc e o r t h e p o s

s e ssi o n o f c e rtain qualiti e s w hich can b e d e t e r m in e d by ins pe ct i o n m o r e ,

o r l e ss cl e a rly in d icat e t h e suitability o f t h e m a t e r ia l f o r t h e r e qui r e

'

m e nts o f a p articular u se App e aranc e fi ni sh an d w o rk m anshi p m ust

.
,

b e d e t e r m in e d in this w a y in any e v e nt alth o u g h t h e charact e r o f fi nish

, ,

a n d o f w o rk m anshi p can a n d sh o ul d b e so d e fi n e d as t o in d icat e w h e th e r

o r d ina ry o r e xtra o r d inary r e qui r e m e nts a r e d e m an d e d .

U ni f o r m ity h o m o gen it y a n d t h e abs e nc e o f a pp ar e nt de f e cts m ust

,

all b e d e t e r m in e d b y ins p e cti o n V ari o us buil d in g m at e rials such as

.

lu m b e r brick st o n e e t c n o t subj e ct t o g r eat str e ss e s a r e acc ep t e d o r

, , , .
, ,

r e j e ct e d o n ins p e cti o n t h e ins p e cti o n de fi nin g th e i r g e n e ral charact e r ;

,

t h e m at e rial o f t h e lu m b e r an d t h e li m itati o ns o f its i m p e r f e cti o ns in

acc o r danc e w ith c o m m e rcial stan da r d s t h e g e n e ral charact e r o f t h e
,

brick a n d t h e e xt e nt t o w hich de f e cts w ill b e a d m itt e d a n d t h e g e n e ral ,

charact e r a n d siz e o f t h e st o n e .

In all such cas e s t h e ins p e ct o r n e e d s p r e vi o us e xp e ri e nc e un de r t h e

d i r e cti o n o f o th e rs w h o a r e f a m ilia r w ith th e s e vari o us m at e rials a n d
th e i r m an i p ulati o n i n p ractical c o nstructi o n o th e r w is e h e m ay a d m it
,

unsatis f act o ry w o rk m anshi p a n d m at e rial o r i m p o s e un d u e har d shi p s

o n t h e c o ntract o r

T e st s — W h e n a d e tai l e d k n o w
.

1 87 . l e d g e o f t h e e ff e c t o f va ri
o u s qualiti e s is availabl e t h e c o ntr o l o f w o rk a n d m at e rial by m e ans o f
,

r e c o g niz e d stan dar d t e sts is t h e m o st d e sirabl e In such cas e s t h e cu r.

r e nt kn o w l e dge o f th e s e qualiti e s a n d charact e ristics m ay b e insu ffi ci e nt

t o p e r m it t h e p r e p arati o n o f s p e ci fi cati o ns w hich w ill r e sult in t h e f u r
n i sh i n g o f satis f act o ry m at e rial as in t h e cas e o f t h e brass in t h e C ats
,

kill aq u e d uct ; but t h e b e st kn o w l e dg e availabl e w ill e ith e r hav e t o b e

u s e d a n d t h e risks o f t h e r e sults tak e n unl e ss a su ffi ci e nt inv e sti g ati o n

i s m a de t o d e t e r m in e t h e r e al quali fi cati o ns w hich m ust b e p o ss e ss e d by

t h e m at e rial in o r d e r t o r e n d e r it satis f act o ry Inv e sti g ati o ns o f this
.
 298 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia ls an d S u p p l ie s

Is t h e f ailur e d u e t o f aulty m at e rial o r t o f aulty u se ? Th e f acts a re

d i ffi cult t o d e t e r m in e a n d still m o r e d i ffi cult t o p r o v e a n d t h e m a n u f a c,

tur e r naturally r e f us e s t o tak e t h e ri sk unl e ss c o m p e nsati o n f o r t h e

sa m e i s un d uly g r e at f r o m t h e stan dp o int o f t h e us e r Fo r this r e as o n .

l o n g ti m e guarant e e s a r e as a rul e i m p racticabl e t o s e cur e alth o u g h i n ,

g e n e ral such g u arant e e s w ill b e m a d e f o r a p e ri o d c o v e rin g t h e ti m e o f

ins p e cti o n t e sts a n d c o nstructi o n as in t h e C atskill aqu e d uct cas e p r e
v i o u sly cit e d F urth e r than that i t 1 5 usually in e x pe d i e nt t o go a n d t h e
.

us e r m ust e ith e r tak e t h e risk o r pay an e xc e ssiv e p ric e .

1 89 Suc c e s s f ul U se — In m a ny ca s e s m at e rial s m ach i n e ry

.
, ,

etc
.
,
m a y b e s e l e ct e d o n t h e basis o f satis f act o ry r e sults o f actual e x

p e r i e n c e un d e r si m ilar c o n d iti o ns o f u se In such cas e s c o m pe titi o n

.

m a y b e s e cur e d by inclu d in g t h e p r o d ucts o f s e v e ral d i ff e r e nt m a n u f a c

t u r e r s w h o a r e kn o w n t o f urnish satis f act o ry g o o d s In such cas e s t h e
.

l e ttin g cann o t b e l e f t o pe n t o g e n e ral c o m p e titi o n o n t h e basis o f m ini

m u m p ric e as n e w o r unkn o w n g o o d s m a y b e p r o p o s e d c o nc e rnin g
,

w hich n o a d e quat e in f o r m ati o n is availabl e No b e tt e r m e th o d f o r t h e

.

s e l e cti o n o f m any a rticl e s is availabl e than that bas e d o n l o n g an d suc

c e ss f u l u se un d e r a c o nsi d e rabl e ran g e o f c o n d iti o ns It i s i m po rtant .
,

h o w e v e r t o d e t e r m in e that t h e c o n d iti o ns o f u se a r e c o m p arativ e a n d

,

that t h e p r e s e nt quality o f t h e m at e rial o r articl e as n o w o ff e r e d is f ully

e qual t o that o n w hi ch t h e e x p e ri e nc e i s availabl e .

1 9 0 B y C o m p a ri s o n w i t h a St an d ar d —M at e ri al s
. su pp li e s ,

a n d m anu f actur e d articl e s a n d t h e r e sults o f f un d a m e ntal c o nstruct i o n

m ay als o b e c o ntr o ll e d by c o m p aris o n w ith stan d ar d s m o r e o r l e ss d e fi

nit e a n d w hich m ust c o nsi st o f si m ilar a rticl e s kn o w n t o b e sa t is f act o ry .

T h e c o m p ari s o n w ith such stan d ar d s m ust b e g a g e d by t e sts o r in sp e c

ti o n Tak e f o r e xa m p l e t h e har d w ar e fi tt i n g s l o cks hin ge s e t c f o r
.
, , ,
.
,

t h e d o o rs o f a lar g e a n d i m p o rtant buil d in g Th e s e w ill s e l do m b e

.

m a d e t o d e si g n but w ill usually b e s e l e ct e d f r o m t h e m anu f actur e r s

’

catal o g Th e y m a y va ry f r o m t h e si m p l e w o rk d o n e by l o cal black

.

s m ith t o t h e artistic br o nz e p r o d ucti o n o f t h e hi g h e st g ra de U n de r .

t h e c o n d iti o ns o f t h e w o rk o nly c e rtain li m itati o ns a r e p o ssibl e .

H in g e s m ay b e r e qui r e d o f c e rtain m at e rial a n d o f c e rtain d i m e nsi o ns ;

t o s o m e e xt e nt fi nish m a y b e p r e scrib e d
,
E v e n th e s e m ust b e k e p t
.

w ithin t h e li m its o f d e si g n s actually availabl e in o r d e r t o k e e p t h e e x

e ns e w ithin li m its Th e d e si g n unl e ss s p e cial a n d this is s e l d o m p r a c
p .
,

t i ca b l e m ust b e s e l e ct ed f r o m t h e catal o g s o f m anu f actur e rs a n d can

,

b e s p e ci fi e d o nly as a c e rtain d e si g n o f a c e rtain c o m p any o r t h e e qual ,

th e r e o f Thi s m e th o d i s e vi de ntly unsatis f act o ry as it g iv e s a g r e at a d

.
 I n v e s t i ga t i o n s o f M a t e r ia ls

vanta g e t o a sin g l e m anu f actur e r w h o s e g o o d s a r e thus d i r e ctly stat e d

t o b e satis f act o ry a n d th e r e f o r e w h e n this m e th o d m ust b e us e d as it
, ,

m ust f r e qu e ntly w ith g o o d s si m ilar t o t h e har d w ar e na m e d ab o v e t w o ,

o r m o r e c o m p arativ e stan d ar d s f r o m d i ff e r e nt m anu f act u r e rs sh o ul d b e

na m e d i f p racticabl e
, .

I n g e n e ral w h e n t h e p r e p arati o n o f s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r s p e cial o r ‘

\

p pr o ri e tary articl e s is c o nt e m p lat e d it i s f r e qu e ntly d e si rabl e t o c o rr e

,

sp o n d d i r e ctly w ith s e v e ral l e a d in g m anu f actur e rs a n d asc e rtain w hat

s p e ci fi cati o ns th ey w ill m e e t a n d w hat g uarant e e s th ey w ill a g r e e t o f u r

nish W ith o ut such c o rr e s p o n d e nc e t h e p r e p a rati o n o f s p e ci fi cati o n s
.
,

w ith Ce rtain d e fi nit e r e qui r e m e nts a n d c e rtain fi x e d g uarant e e s sa t i s f a c

t o ry t o t h e p urchas e r i s ap t t o g iv e barr e n r e sults thr o u g h t h e r e f usal
,

o f t h e m anu f actu r e r t o b i d un d e r t h e c o n d iti o ns na m e d A c o ntract is .

t h e m e e tin g o f t h e m in d s o f t h e t w o p arti e s inv o lv e d a n d f r e qu e ntl y ,

bi d s can b e o btain e d o nly by c o nsultati o n w ith all p arti e s int e r e st e d .

1 91 I nv e st i g at i o n o f M at e rial s —In p r e p ari n g s p e c i fi cat i o n s

.
.

f o r m a t e rials o r o th e r f un d a m e ntal e l e m e nts o f c o nstructi o n t h e e n g i ,

n e e r is cauti o n e d a g ainst t h e unint e lli g e nt c o p yin g o f si m ilar spec ifi ca

ti o ns p r e p ar e d by o th e rs f o r p o ssibly quit e d i ff e r e nt c o n d iti o ns .

T h e e n g in e e r i s a d vis e d w h e n p r ep arin g such s p e ci fi cati o ns t o i n

ve st i g a t e th o r o u g hly a n d in d e tail t h e m at e rials o r o th e r e l e m e nts

which a r e t o b e us e d b e f o r e s pe ci fi cati o ns f o r t h e sa m e a r e p r e p ar e d
,
.

T h e inv e sti g ati o n sh o ul d inclu de such o f t h e f o l l o w m g f act o rs a s m a y

b e p e rtin e nt
1 O ccurr e nc e
. .

2 . P r o pe r fi e s .

3 . a
U sep p licati
or o n .

4 P r o c e ss e s o f m anu f actur e
. .

5 Manu f actur e rs de al e rs e t c
.
, ,
.

6 Me th o d s o f u se
. .

7 C u rr e nt p ric e s
. .

8 R e f e r e nc e t o s o u rc e s o f in f o r m at i o n
. .

( See N o t e s o n Alu m inu m se c

“ ”
.

T h e e n g in e e r sh o ul d als o c o nsi d e r a n d d e t e r m in e w hat p r o p e rti e s .

sh o ul d b e li m it e d a n d t h e c o m m e rcial li m itati o ns w hich sh o ul d b e s p e ci

,

fi ed . T h e li m itati o ns i m p o s e d sh o ul d n o t e xc e e d p racticabl e li m its a n d ,

.

sh o ul d b e o nly th o s e r e as o nably d e si rabl e o r actually e ss e ntia l f o r t h e

p ur p o s e in vi e w Such in f o r m ati o n is o f t e n c o ntain e d in t h e d iscus
.

si o n o f t e chnical s o ci e ti e s in t e chnical j o urnals in r e f e r e nc e b o o ks a n d

, , .

s p e cial t r e atis e s an d in s p e ci fi cati o ns p r e p ar e d f o r si m ilar p urp o s e s

,
 300 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p l ie s

O n un f a m ilia r subj e cts such li m itati o ns sh o ul d usua lly b e d e t e r m in e d

,

f r o m m o r e than a sin g l e s o u rc e .

No t all o f t h e qualiti e s o r charact e ristics o f a m at e rial a r e t o b e

d e scrib e d in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns but o nly such as m a y so va ry in t h e
c o m m e rcial p r o duct as t o r e n de r t h e m at e rial unsuit e d f o r t h e p u r
p o s e f o r w hich it is t o b e us e d . A kn o w l e dg e o f such li m itati o n is
n o t c o m m o n t o e n g in e e rs but i s u sually p o ss e ss e d o nly by th o s e w h o

a r e f a m iliar w ith t h e m at e rial in a p ractical w ay Af t e r a m at e rial

.

is in such g e n e ral an d c o m m o n u se a n d i s o f such g r eat i m p o rtanc e

that its n e c e ssary li m itin g qualiti e s hav e r e c e iv e d m uch att e nti o n a n d
hav e b e e n d iscuss e d b e f o r e t e chnical s o ci e ti e s an d in t h e t e chnic al
p r e ss o f t e n i n such cas e s t h e e n g in e e r un f a m iliar w ith its d e tail e d u se
,

can by st u dy a n d inv e sti g ati o n asc e rtain t h e n e c e ssary li m itati o ns

, ,

w ith su ffi ci e nt e xactn e ss f o r t h e p u r po s e o f s p e ci fi cati o n w ritin g .

In o th e r cas e s a m at e rial m a y hav e a m o r e o r l e ss l o cal charact e r

,

o r ma y b e i n t h e p r o c e ss o f chan g e a n d t h e d e si rabl e o r p ractical

,

li m itin g charact e risti cs m ay b e m o r e d i ffi cult t o de t e r m in e a n d spe :

ci fy. An inv e sti g ati o n o f t h e m at e rial inquirin g o f th o s e p arti e s
,

f a m iliar w ith its p r o d ucti o n a n d u se w ill usually g iv e t h e r e qui r e d

,

in f o r m ati o n.

It i s in g e n e ral un d e si rabl e a n d i m p racticabl e uni f o r m ly t o r e

qui r e t h e b e st o f e v e ry m at e rial f o r such s p e ci fi cati o ns w ill inv o lv e
,

g r e at a n d unne c e ssary e x p e ns e Th e m at e rial sh o ul d hav e t h e quali

.

ti e s n e e d e d f o r t h e p lac e a n d un de r t h e ci rc u m stanc e s in w hich it i s t o

b e us e d n o g r e at e r o r n o l e ss
,
. A g r e at e r r e qu ir e m e nt inv o lv e s u s e l e ss
e x p e ns e ; a l e ss r e qui r e m e nt inv o lv e s i m p r o p e r m at e rials :

A f t e r t h e 1 n ve st 1 ga t i o n 1 5 c o m p l e t e d an o utlin e sh oul d b e p r ep ar e d
,

o f t h e s p e cial r e qui r e m e nts n e c e ssary f o r t h e s p e ci fi c us e s f o r w hich

'

t h e m at e rial o r e l e m e nt i s n e e d e d ( se e Se cti o ns 1 9 4 a n d a ft e r
w hich t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns can th e n b e p r e p ar e d .

In t h e p r e p arati o n o f such s p e ci fi cati o ns it is e qually i m p o rtant

,

F ir st : T o inclu de all r e qui r e m e nts o f quality o r wo rk m anshi p

n ee de d t o s e cu r e t h e r e sults d e si r e d a n d ,

S e co n d : T o o m it any u nn e c e ssary r e quir e m e nts o r r e stricti o ns ,

e ith e r of q u ality o r \ wo r k m an sh ip in o r d e r t o av o i d u nn e c e ssary e x

,

pe ns e .

T h e syst e m i f car e f ully carri e d o u t w ill r e sult in t h e th o u g ht f ul

, ,

c o nsi de rati o n an d p r e p arati o n o f s pe ci fi ca ti o ns which is e ss e ntial f o r ,

t h e b e st r e sults a n d w ill e li m inat e t h e th o u g htl e ss c o pyin g o f e t r o nc

,

o u s s p e ci fi cati o ns . W h e n a s e t o f s p e ci fi cati o ns has o nc e b e e n p r e

302 S p e c i fi c a t io n s f o r M a t e r ia ls an d S u p p l ie s

ava ila bl t o t h e c o nsu m r o f k n owi ng h o w t h e var i at i o n o f c rta i n co n t i t u

e e , e s
e nts i n hi s p r d ct w ill a ff ect t h at p r d uct d ur i ng m anu f actur so a l s o
o u o e,
do s th e c o nsu m e r i f h i p hil s p hi c a d i s a stu d nt h av p p rtun i t i s
e , e s o o n e , e o o e
n o t ava il a bl t o t h e p r o d uc r f k n o w i ng h o w t h
e sa m var i at i o n o f o n e , o e e c

s ti t n ts i n t h
ue p r o d uct w ill a ff ct t h at p r o d uct i n s rv i c
e d it i n ly by e e e, an s o

th etw w o r ki ng t o g t h r a d c m bi n i ng t h e s p c i a l k n o wl d g w hi c h e ac h
o e e , n o e e e

h as t h at a r a lly va l ua bl e s p c i ficat i o n can b e m a d

, e e e .

8 A c m p l t w r k abl s p c i ficat i o n s h ou l d c o n t a i n t h i n f o r m at i o n
.
“
o e e o e e e

n ee d d by a ll t h o s w h m st n ec ssar ily e i t i n o b ta i n i ng t h m at e r i a l
e e o u e us ,
e

d si r d
e On ra il r a ds t hi m y i nv l ve t h e p urc h as i ng ag nt t h e m anu
e . o s a o e ,

f actur r t h i ns p ct r t h ng i n r o f t sts t h c h m i st d t h s wh o
e , e e o ,
e e ee e , e e ,
an o e u se

th em at e r i a l A g n ra l s p c i ficat i n m ay b li m i t d t o d scr ibi ng t h e p r p

. e e e o e e e o

er ti es f th m t rial t h
o m th od
e f sa m p li ng t h
a e a m o unt c ov r d by o e
, e e o , e e e n

sa m p l a d suc h d scr i p t i ns f t h t sts as w ill p r v nt d ou b t o a m bi gu i t y

e, n e o o e e e e r .

9 W h r m t h d s o f t t i ng
.
“
e e ana ly s i s
e i ns p ct i o n e we ll k no w n
o es or or e ar

an d n d rsto o d i t i s suffic i nt i f t h e s p c i ficat i n s i m p ly r f rs t o t h m

u e e e o e e e .

W h r e w o un sua l t sts r r qu i r d
e ne r wh ru d i ff r nt w e ll k n o w ne a e e e , or e e e e -

m t h o d s g i ve d i ff r nt r e su l ts i t i s ss nt i a l t
e e m bod y i n t h
e s p c i ficat i n , e e o e e e o ,

su ffic i nt d e scr i p t i n t o p r v nt d b t
e a m bi gu i t y
o e e ou or .

1 0 T h e sam p l e f
. t st r p r s nt i ng a s hi p m nt f m at r i a l s h o u l d
or e e e e e o e

a l wa y s b tak n at rand m by a r p r s ntat i v f t h c o nsu m e r

e e o e e e e o e .

11 Th am o unt o f m at r i a l r p r s e nt d by
. e sam p l can b e st b e d e e e e e on e e

c i d d by t h natur f t h m at r i a l i ts i m p rtanc
e e e d i ts p r b a bl
o ei e , o e, an o e un

f r m i t y as a ff e ct d by i ts m t h o d
o , f m n f actur e e N o un i v e rsa l ru l e can e o a u .

b e g i ve n
12 T h e p urc h s r h as a r i g h t t
. assu m e t h at v r y bi t o f t h m at e r i a l
a e o e e e

m a ki ng p s hi p m nt m ts t h r qu i r m nts f t h p e c i ficat i on s i nce

u a e , ee e e e e o e s ,

t h at i s w h at b c ntract e d f o d xp cts t o p y f o
e o I t s h ou l d m ak e v r y r an e e a r . e

li tt l d i ff r e nc t h e r f r w h at p art f t h e s hi p m ent t h e sa m p l e c om e s
e e e, e o e, o

fr m o o h o w i t i s ta k n
, r Av rag sam p l s m a d p o f a nu m b r o f s b e . e e e e u e u

sa m p l s e o n ly xcusa bl w h n t h li m i ts f t h e s p c i ficat i o n e o nar

e , ar e e e e o e ar s

r o w t h at t h e y d o o t c o v r t h e o r d i nar y i rr g l ar i t i s o f g o d p ract i c
n in
e e u e o e

m anu f actur e .

13 R t sts o f m at r i a l t h at h as nc f a il d s h u l d o n ly b as k e d f o r
.
“
e e e o e e o e

und r xtra r d i nar y c o n d i t i o ns

e e o d s h ou l d b grant e d v n m o r rar ly , an e e e e e

t h an t h y ask d f e rr rs i n t h e t sts o f c urs xc p t d

e are e or , o e o e e e e .

14 S i m p l f a i rn s r q u i r s t h at w h n i t i s d s i r d t h at m at e r i a l o nce
.
“
e es e e e e e

f a i r ly r e j ct e d s h u l d n ve rt h l ss b e us d s o m
e o c nc ss i n i n p r i c s h l d
e e e e , e o e o e ou

b e m ad e .

15 W h r co m m rc i a l transact i ns a e b t w n h n ra bl p o p l e t h e re
. e e e o r e ee o o e e ,

i s o r a l n e c ss i t y f o m ar ki ng r j ct d m at e r i a l t p r v nt i ts b i ng i
n e e r e e e , o e e e o

f er ed a s ec o n d t i m e If i t h as f a il d o nc e i t w ill p r b a bly f a il a s c n d
. e , o e o

ti m e,n d i f r turn f r i g h t i s r i g i d ly c ll ct e d
a e r turn e d shi p m nts t h e
e o e on e e

r i s k f l o ss i s gr at r t h an m o st s hi p p rs w ill car t o i ncur M r v r i t i s

o e e e e . o eo e ,

s o as y f o t h e c ns m r t p t an i nc ns p i cu us p r i vate m ar k o r j ect e d
e r o u e o u o o n e

m at e r i a l t h at i t i s b e li v d f w w ill car t i nc r t h e p r o b a bl e l ss f b us i
, e e e e o u o o

n s t h at w ill r su l t f r m t h d t ct i n o f an ff o rt t o d i s p o s o f a r j ct e d
es e o e e e o e e e e

s hi p m nt by ff e r i ng i t a s c n d t i m
e o e o e .
 Ex a m p l e o f I n v e s t i ga t i o n 303

A ll s p c i ficat i o ns i n actua l p ract i ca l d a ily

16 . e n d r vi s i on f rom u se ee e

t i m e t o t i m e as w i n f r m at i n i s o b ta i n d d e t p r gr ss i n k n o w l d g
, ne o o e , u o o e e e,

c h a ng s i n m t h o d s o f m anu f actur
e d c h ang s i n t h
e f m at r i a l s e, an e e u se o e .

A w s p c i fic t i n t h at i s
ne e fo a m at r i a l whi c h h hi t h rt o b n
a o , on e r e as e ee

b o gh t o t h r e p utat i n f t h m ak rs d w i t h ut an y xa m i nat i n as t o
u n e o o e e an o e o

qua li t y w ill b e f o rtunat i f i t d o s t r qu i r r v i s i n i n f r m s i x t o t

, e e no e e e o o en

m o nt h s a f t e r i t i s first i ssu e d
,
.

17 I n t h n f rc m nt f s p ec i ficat i ns i t i s un d u b t d ly b r ac h o f
.
“
e e o e e o o , o e a e

c o ntract l eg i t i m at ly l a d i ng t a r j ect i o n i f t h s p c i fi d t e st s g i ve r su l t s
e e o e ,
e e e e

no t w h o lly w i t hi n t h li m i ts d t hi s i s e s p c i a lly tr e i f t h e li m i t s r e a
e , an e u a re

s b l y wi d e
on a B t i t m ust b r m m b r d t h at o t sts g i ve t h a b s l ut
. u e e e e e n e e o e

trut h d w h e r t h r e s l ts a n ar b t j ust uts i d t h li m i t t h e m at e r i a l

, an e e u re e , u o e e ,

m a y actua lly b a ll r i g h t I t se m s t e be tt r t h r e f r t o a ll ow a s m a ll
. e o us e , e o e,

m arg i n f r o m t h e actua l p u bli s h e d li m i t e q ua l t o t h p r b a bl e li m i t f rr r , e o o e o

i n t h m t h o d f t e st i ng m p l o y d d a ll w f t hi s m arg i n i n t h e o r i g i na l
e e o e e , an o or

li m i ts wh n t h s p c i ficat i o ns r d raw n
, e e e a e .

18 Man y p r o d uc rs bj ct t o s p c i ficat i ns o t h e gr o un d t h at t h y
. e o e e o n e

ar ann o yi ng a d h arrass i ng d r a lly s rve

e n g d p rp ose I t i s t o b , an e e no oo u . e

f ar d t h at t h
e e c o m p l a i nt i s j u t i n t h cas s o f m an y un wi s ly d r w n
e ,
s ,
e e e a

s p c i ficat i o ns
e B t i t sh l d b e r m m b r d t h at a g d r as o na bl p e i fi
. u ou e e e e oo e e s c

cat i o n car f u lly w r k d t as t h r su l t o f t h c o m bi n d ff o rt o f b o t h

, e o e ou , e e e e e

p r o d uc r d c o nsu m r
e an d whi c h i s r i g i d ly n f rc d i s t h e b st p ss ibl
e , an e o e , e o e

p r t ct i n w hi c h t h
o e h n e st m anu f actur r can h ave aga i nst un f a i r c om p et i
o e o e

ti n o .

19 Man y c o nsu m r s f ear t h e ff ct o f s p e c i ficat i ons o n p r i ce s E xp e r i

. e e e .

e nc s m s t i n d i cat t h t a f t r a s p c i ficat i n h p a d wh at m y b ca ll d
e ee o e a e e o as ss e a e e

t h e exp e r i m nta l stag d i s w r k i ng s m o t hly p r i c s s h w a str o ng t n d

e e, an o o , e o e

enc y t o d r o p b e l o w figur s p r va ili ng b f o r t h s p c i ficat i o n wa s i su d

e e e e e e s e .

2 0 A c o m p l e t e w r k a bl e s p e c i ficat i o n f m at r i a l r e p r s nts a v r y
“
. o or e e e e

hi g h o r d r f wo r k I t s h ou l d c m bi n wi t hi n i t s l f t h h ar m n iz d t go
e o . o e e e o e an a

n si t i c i nt r sts f b o t h t h e p r d uc r
e e d th
o c nsu m r i t s h u l d h ave t h o e an e o e , o e

f w e st p
e s ibl r qu i r m e nt c o ns i st nt w i t h s cur i ng sat i s f act r y mat r i a l
os e e e s e e o e ,

s hou l d b co m p r e h ns i v as t l av o c h anc e f r am bi gu i t y o r d o u b t
e so e e o e e n o ,

a d abov
n a ll s h o u l d m b d y w i t hi n i ts l f t h r su l ts o f t h e l at st a d b st
e e o e e e e n e

s tu d i s o f t h e p r p rt i s o f t h e m at e r i a l w hi c h i t c o v rs
e o e e e .

1 93 E xa m p l e o f I n v e s ti g at i o n
. .

NO T ES ON ALUM I NUM — SYM B OL AL

Nat r —M e ta l
.

u e

O ccurr e nc e —A l u m i na A1 0 g i v e s t h e c h aract r i st i c q ua li t i e s t Arg ill ac o

, , e o e us
2 3
r o c k f o rm at i n f whi c h t h e s l at e s a d s h a l e f a m ili ar
o xa m p l s
o n e ar e e .

Har d n ss 3 e .

P hy s i ca l Pr p e rt i s o e

Sp i fi grav i t y — a Cast
ec c .
,

b W i r ( c o n d uct o rs ) ; . e

c R o ll d . e ,

R l at iv s p ec i fic grav i t y ( c m par d w i t h c o p p r ) w i re
e e o e e ,

At m i c w i g h t
o e ,
304 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a t e r i a l s an d S u p p l ie s

M e l t i ng p o i nt 1 1 5 7 F c m m e rc i a l w i r
,
° ‘
. o e .

M e l t i ng p o i nt 1 1 5 0 F p r a l u m i num
,
°
. u e .

S p c i fic h at m an ( 0t 1 00
e e e o
°

Th e r m a l c n d uct i v i t y m e an ( 0t o 1 00
o
°

C o ffi c i nt f cu bi ca l xp ans i o n ( 0 t o 1 00
e e o 00007 e
°
.

C effic i nt o f li n ear exp ans i o n p e d g F 00001 2 7 w i re

o e r e . .
, . .

C o effi c i ent f li n ar exp ans i o n p e d e g C 00002 3 1 wi r e

o e r . . . .

Pur e cast a l m i nu m t e ns il e str engt h a b out

u in .

T ns il str ngt h ( w i r e )
e e e t in o

E l ast i c li m i t— o e—
.
,

h a l f u l t i m at e str e ngt h
n .

M od u l us o f e l ast i c i t y i ,
n .

E l ctr i ca l Pr o p rt i e s
e e

S p c i fic R e s i stance 0 C
e ,
°
.

In m i h m s p cr o m cu b ee t er c .
, o

In ohm s p m i l f t er t -
oo , o

T m p e ratur co fii i e t p r d g C
e e e pe c ntc n e e . .
, r e .

R l at i v e c o n d uct i v i t y
e 62 .

R l at i ve c o n d uct i v i t y f e q ua l s iz e c p p r ( s o f t c o p p e r 1 ) 6 1 t o
e or o e =

R e l at i ve w i gh t f e qua l s iz f c p p r ( s o f t c p p r 1 )
or e e o o e o e =
,

R l at i v e we i g h t f o r qua l l e ngt h d r e s i stance f c p p e r ( s o f t c o p p r

e e an o o e = 1 ),

N t e s o Pr pe rt i s
o n o e

A l m i n m i s a w hi t m a ll a bl e m e ta l f l o w s p e c i fic grav i t y On
u u e e o . ac

co unt o f i ts s f tn e ss i t i s f o m an y p ur p o s s a ll y e d w i t h i r n c o p p e r
o , r e o o , ,

t i n zi nc I ts c m m n i m p ur i t i s a s ili co n a d i r n Un d e r o r d i
or . o o e re n o .

nar y c n d i t i ns a l um i nu m m y b c ns i d r e d as q u i t
o o co rro d ibl e a e o e e n on - .

I t i s a ff ct d h w v r i n t h xi d s f s m atm s p h e r e s na m e ly
e e , o e e , e o e o o e o , ,

n ear sa l t wat r o wh e r t h e a i r c nta i ns oxi d s f su l p h ur H y d ro

e r e o e o .

chl o r i c ac i d i s t h b st s l v nt d str ng s o l ut i o ns o f caust i c a lk a

e e o e ,
an o

li e s r e a d ily d i ss o l v e i t .

Us s e

A l u m i nu m h as l arg e a p p li cat i n f e l tr i cal co n d uct o rs w h r i nsu o or ec e e

l at e d c o n d t rs unn ce ssar y T h i i n co st o f i ns l at i ng
'

uc o s are e . e n cr e a e u

th l arg r a l u m i nu m w i r e t o g t h r w i t h t h d i fficu l t y i n m a ki ng s l
e e , e e e o

d e r ed c o nn ec t i ns h as p r v e nt d i ts w i d oe as i nsu l at e d c o n d uct rs
, e e e us o .

O w i ng t o t h gr e at r c o ffi c i e nt f exp ans i n ov e r t h at o f co p p r t h
e e e o o e ,
e

sag a ll o w d i n str i ng i ng a l um i n m w i r m ust b e gr at r t h an t h at

e u e e e

u s e d i c p p r w i r li n s I t i s co m m o n t o m a k e a l um i nu m trans m i s
n o e e e .

s i n li n s o f ca bl f r m d f a l u m i nu m w i r s ar o n d a c r o f hi gh
o e e o e o e ,
u o e

l ast i c li m i t st l i n o r d r t d o a wa y w i t h t h e exc ss i ve sag

e ee , e o e .

I n m a ki ng cas ti ngs n d r r d i nar y c n d i t i ns a s h r i n k ag f u i nc h

e o o o , e o

p fer t s h o u l d b e all w e d
oo o .

A l u m i nu m i s ve r y h t s h o rt j ust b f o r s o li d i f yi ng i n t h e m o u l d
“
o e e .

A ll o y s— A l u m i nu m can b h ard e n ed a d str e ngt h en e d by a s m a ll quan

%
e n

t i t y f c o p p e r A b t 3 o f c o p p e r d o bl s t h t ns il e str ngt h a n d
o . ou u e e e e

i ncr eas s t h s p e c i fic grav i t y f r o m Ro ll ed b r o n z e b ars

% %
e e t o

m ade p f 90 u c p p r d 1 0 a l u m i nu m h ave t e ns il e str engt h o f

o o e an
306 Sp e c i fi c a t io n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p lie s

Packa g e siz e s .

P r o t e cti o n in han dlin g .

Me th o d o f calculatin g w e i g hts e t c ,
.

Siz e s an d variati o ns all o w abl e .

S tr e n gth .

E l e ctrical c o n d uctivity .

1 95 Sp e c i fi c at i o n s f o r A l u m i n u m W i r e
. .

( Af t e r Am So c T e st Mat e rials Y e ar B o o k 1 9 1 0 p
. . . .
,
.

1 T h e m at e rial shall b e alu m inu m o f such q u ality that it shall

.

hav e t h e p r o p e rti e s an d charact e ri stics h e r e s p e ci fi e d .

2 T h e w i r e shall b e f r e e f r o m all su r f ac e i m p e r f e ct i o n s n o t c o n
.

sist e nt w ith t h e b e st c o m m e rcial p ractic e .

3 P
. acka g e siz e s f o r r o un d w i r e an d cabl e s shall b e a g r ee d u po n
i n p lacin g in d ivi dual o r de rs .

4 T h e w i r e shall b e p r o t e ct e d a g ainst d a m a g e in o r d inary han d

.

li n g a n d sh i p p i n g .

5 Fo r t h e p u r po s e o f calculatin g w e i g hts cr o ss s e cti o ns e t c t h e

.
, ,
.
,

s p e ci fi c g ravity shall b e tak e n at

6 T h e siz e shall b e e x p r e ss e d as t h e d ia m e t e r in de ci m als o f an
.

inch P e r m i ssibl e variati o ns f r o m t h e n o m inal d ia m e t e r shall b e :

.

( a ) Fo r w i r e 1 0 i nch e s i n d ia m a n d la r g e r 1 p e r c e nt e i th e r
, . .
,

(b) Fo r w i r e
s m all e r than 1 0 in 1 m il e ith e r w a y . . . .

7 Th e w i r e shall b e d ra w n so that t h e t e nsil e str e n g th w ill n o t

.

b e l e ss than p e r sq i n t h e e lasti c li m it n o t l e ss than 50 p e r

. .
,

c e nt o f t h e ulti m at e str e n g th a n d t h e p e rc e nta g e o f r e d ucti o n in ar ea

,

of 50 .

8 . E l e ctrical
c o n d uctivity shall b e de t e r m in e d u po n f ai r sa m p l e
by m e asur e m e nts o f r e sistanc e a n d t h e r e sistanc e shall n o t e xc e e d
,

o h m s p e r m i l f o o t at 0 C
-
°
. .

1 96 A s si gn m e nt o n F u n d am e n t a l M a t e ri a l a n d Su p p li e s
. .

T h e stu d e nt sh o ul d s e l e ct o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o ll o w in g subj e cts ,

a n d fi rst : Inv e sti g at e t h e subj e ct i n c o nsi d e rabl e d e tail a n d p r e p ar e a

r e p o rt o n t h e sa m e ( Se e se c 1 9 3 ) s e c o n d : O utlin e t h e p racticabl e
. .

li m itati o ns as t o t h e qualiti e s a n d such o th e r r e q u i r e m e nts as sh o ul d b e

inclu d e d in a s pe ci fi cati o n f o r t h e m at e rial f o r t h e u se t o w hich it is t o
b e a pp li e d ( Se e sec 1 9 4 ) a n d thi r d : P r e p ar e o r s e l e ct s pe ci fi cati o ns
. .

whi ch w ill f o r m t h e basis f o r an int e lli g e nt b id a n d c o ntract f o r such

m at e rial ( See sec
. .

Fo r l o o kin g u p th e s e vari o us subj e cts r e f e r e nc e s a r e g iv e n at t h e

e n d o f t h e Cha p t e r a n d in t h e B ibli o g ra p hy at t h e e n d o f t h e v o lu m e .
 F u n da m e n t a l M a t e r ia l s

Thi s li st o f m at r i a l s i s by m ans c o m p l t e a n d
e t h r s i m il ar su b no e e , o e

j e t h av i ng a l o ca l i m p o rtance can o f t n b e su b st i tut d t o a d vantag e

c s e e .

S f o as p ss ibl e t h
ar f whi c h a m at r i a l i s sugg e st d t o b e p
o e u se or e e a

p li d i s p l ac e d o p p o s i t e t h ki n d o f m at e r i a l I n m an y cas s h o weve r t h e
“ ”
e e . e , ,

vari o us ki n d s o f m at ri a l m e nt i n d can b a p p li e d t s ve ra l o r a ll o f t h e
e o e e o e

var i ous us s sugge st d e e .

I t w ill usua lly b d e s i ra bl t s p c i f y m r d e fin i t e ly t h xact u f o

e e o e o e e e se r

w hi c h t h e m at r i a l i s d s i r e d eI n d o i ng t hi s t h s p c i ficat i n s h u l d b e g i v n
e . e e o o e

a l ca l si gn i ficance by m a ki ng i t a p p ly t o s m e l oca l s t h c n d i t i o n s o f
o o u e, e o

w hi c h can b e i nv st i gat d a d co ns i d e r e d by t h e stu d nt

e e n e .

P vi g W t r Pr fi g R finga n , a e oo n or oo
W 001 C ll l r or e u a
P p a erP i p C v ri g e o e n

P p r Sh t f fi p r t ti n a e ee s or re o ec o
C mpr d
o S hi ng l
esse es

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i g n

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a e a M hi B ri g ac n e ea n s
B lt
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o o ea e or
R bb r u P w r Tr m i i n
e o e an s ss o
Br ass C ti g
as n M hi n B ri g
s V lv B d i ac e ea n s a e o es
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Sh t ee G t w y G id d B ri g a e a s u es an ea n s
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Bri k c C mm n
o o B il d i g B il r S tt i g F ud n , o e e n or ou n a
ti on s
S w r M h l C t hb i e e s, an o es or a c as n s

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D y Pr
r d R esse or e

pr d e s se B il d i g F r t u n on s
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S d Lim
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S m ll C ti g a as n s
M g an Pr p ll r B l d
an ese o e e a es
Ph p h os Pi i
or M hi n B ri g M in n o n s, ac e ea n s or a
S h f ti g a n
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C d r Pl t H ll P l t f on en se a es or
'

u a e or

S hi p s
Sh f ti g f S hi p D k F i tt i g a n or s or ec n s

B lt o s
Br h us W ill w o M ttr d th r iv r r v t a e ss e s, an o e r e e e
m t w rk en o
C rb r
a o u n dum Abr iv as E m ry W h l
e E m ry P w d r e ee s or e o e
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a on A L ig ht B tt r i rc s or a e es
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C l
oa F l f H t f B il r ue or ea or or o e

G M f t Pr d r G as an u ac u re or o u ce as

O O O O O O O O O O O O O L y i g Fi r B i k P ddl a n e r c or u e
308 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p lie s

Ma t e r i a l
Km d
or Su p p li es

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O m t f B il d i g rn a en s o u n s
C l m i B il d i g o u Fl r i n s n u n s or oo s n
B il d i g u n s

C op p e r Swit h c es
E l tr i T r m i i n ec c an s ss o
R f oo s
S t ill
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O s
F ri t i C l t h H t i l ti
0 0 0

c o rk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c on u c es or ea n su a on
L i f Pr rv r C rp t e e se e s or a e s
Fl g t n
a s o es W lk C b G tt r a s, ur s or u e s
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Wi d w I l t r n o s or n su a o s
Gr p hi t
a e L b ri t C r ibl u ca n or u c es
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a e R fi g R d C rt oo F il t n oa s, on c e e or er
D r in
,

a s
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r N t r l P w r F l L ig h t
,

du oe or a u a o e ue or
F l
,

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or u e e ro ec on
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C orru g t d a eR f W ll oo s or a s
G lva an iz d eR f T k T w r oo s, an s or o e s
Wr ou gh t Pi p Str t r l S h p B il r
e s, uc u a a es or o e
Pl t a e

L ea d W i d w W ig h t n o e s
P ip e
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Pi p J i t e o n s
L ea th r e B lt B lt L i g eH s, e ac n s or a rn e ss

L i m C l i m C bi d B il d i g
e, a c u ar e or u n s
Pl t M rt r as er or o a
P i t V hi l a n e c e
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u n s, oo s or a a s
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C ru de R d C r t Ti m b r Pr v
oa s, on c e e or e eser
ti a on
L m tiv B il r oco o e or o e
K r e o sen e
Cy l i d r n e
Li d n se e

T r f rm r O il S wit h an s o e s or c es
P ki
0

St m V l v S t m
i

ac n g ea a e e s
W t V lv St m a er a e e s
P m p Pi t R i g u s on n s
E g i Pi t R i g n n e s on n s
P mp u s
Pip J i t e o n s
B il d i g t id in i d
u n ou s e or s e
P li hi g o s n
P w r Tr m i i o e an s ss o n
H i t i g C bl o s n a e
D rr i k G y e c u s
C m t P i t i ng
i

R ed L ead e en or a n

B l ti g I l ti e M tt i g i n
n n su a on or a n
P w H
,

o er o u se
V lv P ki g a es or ac n
C r t M rt r Fil t r
onc e e. o a or e
Pl t i g M ld i g as er n or ou n
 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a t e r ia l s an d S u p p l ie s

B B I L I O G RAPHY OF MA T ER I ALS .

Se e Eng i n e r i ng I n d ex a d fi l s f var i s t e ch n i ca l s o c i e t i es li t d
e
”
n e o ou s e

t h e r e i n Se a l s o :. e

M e c h an i ca l Eng i n r s P o ck t b o k— K ent J h n W il y S ons ee

’
e o . o e .

A m e r i can C i v il Eng i n r s P o ck e t b o k J o h n W il e y S ns ee
’
o . o .

C i v il Eng i n r s P ck t B o k— Fr y e D Van N stran d C o

ee
'
o e o . o

I ns pe ct r s P ck t B o k—B y rn J h n W il y S o ns
. .

’
o o e o e . o e .

Archi t ect s n d B u il d e r s P o ck t B o k— K i d d e r J o h n W il y S o ns
’
a
’
e o . e

C iv il Eng i n r s P o ck t B oo k—T a t wi
.

J h n W il e y S ns
ee
’
e r u ne . o o .

A Manua l o f C i v il Eng i n e r i ng—Ran ki n 1 885 C h as G r i ffin Cc L o n e e, . . .

,

N t s o e on B u il d i ng C o nstru t i on Part c ,
III . Mat e r i a l s R i ve rt on s Lo nd on .
’
, ,

u il d i ng C nstruct i o n d Su p r i nt n d nce — F E K i d d e r Wm F Co m
B o an e e e . . . . .

st o c k C o N e w Yo r k .

Mat r i al s o f Eng i n e r i ng ( i n 3 p arts ) — Pr o f R o b t H Thurst o n J o h n

e e . . . .

W il y S o ns
e .

Mat e r i a l s o f C o nstruct i n—J B J h ns o n J h n W il e y S ons o . . o . o .

Str ngt h f Mat e r i a l s— H E Mur d c k J h n W il y S o ns

e o . . o . o e .

Mat r i a l s o f C nstru t i o n— Pr f G B U p t f J h n W il y S ons

e o c o . . . on o e .

Mat e r i a l s o f Eng i n r i ng— P f W m H B urr J o h n W il y S ons ee ro . . . . e .

Mat e r i al s o f C o nstruct i o n— A P M ill s J h n W il y S o ns . . . o e .

Pr i nc i a l S c i s 6 W — C H Sn o w J oh n W il y S o ns 1 9 03
"

T h p
e p e 1 d e oo e .

M ch an i ca l Pr p rt i s f W o d —S J R c o r d J h n W il y S ns 1 9 1 5
. . . ,

e o e e o o . . e . o e o , .

B r i c k m a k r s Man a l — R B M o rr i s o n F A Ran d a ll C o I n d i ana p li s

’
e u . . . . . .
, o ,

Manuf actur e f B r i ck Til s n d T rra C o tta— C T Dav i s H nr y Car e y

o , e a e . . . e

B ai rd C o P hil a d l p hi a 1 889 .
,
e , .

R e p o rt C m p r ss i ve Str ngt h S p e c i fic G rav i t y

on o d Rat i f Ab s p e e , , an o o or

t i o n f B u il d i ng St o n s i n Un i t d Stat s t o C hi f f Eng i n e rs U S Ar m y
o e e e e o e , . .. .

B y Q A G il m o r. D Van N stran d C 1 87 6
. e . . o o .
, .

T r e at i s Mas nr y C onstruct i n— Pr o f I 0 B ak r J h n W il y
e on o o . . . e . o e

S o ns .

Mas o nr y — M A H w J h n W il y S ns 1 9 1 5 . . o e . o e o ,
.

e
—
St o n s f B u il d i ng an d D e c rat i n G P M rr ill J o h n W il y S ns
or o o eo . . e . e o ,

Go v rnm e nt
e an d Stat e G eo l g i ca l Surv y
o e B u ll e t i ns on C l ay s ,
B u il d i ng
St n e s t
o , e c .

St l A Man a l f St l Us rs — W m M e tca l f J o h n W il y S ns 1 89 6
ee , u or ee e . . e o , .

Cast I r o n A R c r d o f Or i g i na l R s earch— W m J K p J o h n W il y
, e o e . . ee . e

S ns 1 9 03
o , .

R p rts f T sts o f M ta l s d Ot h e r Mat r i a l s f o I n d str i a l Pur p o s s

e o o e e an e r u e .

U S T st i ng Mac hi n at Wat e rt wn Ars na l Mass

. . e e o e , .

Mat r i a l s f Machi n s —A W S m i t h J oh n W il y S o ns 1 9 1 5
e o e . . . e , .
 C H A P T ER XV I I I

SP E C I F I C AT I O N S FO R F U N D AM E N T A L P R O C E SS E S

97
1 F u n.d a m en ta l P r oc e s s e s —T h e f u n d a m e n tal p r o c e s s e s o f
c o n st ru cti o n w o rk sh o u l d b e i nv e s ti g at e d i n v e ry m u ch t h e sa m e
m a nn e r a s m a t e rial s a n d su p p li e s T h e p r e p arati o n o f s p e c i fi c a
.

ti o ns f o r th e s e p r o c e s s e s i f carri e d i n t o d e tail i s e v e n m o r e d i ffi cu lt
than th o s e f o r m at e rials In b o th m at e rials an d p r o c e ss e s i m p r o v e
.
,

m e nts a r e c o nstantly b e in g m a de a n d t h e m e th o d s e m p l o y e d a re
,

c o n stant ly u n d e r g o i n g chan g e s a n d i m p r o v e m e nt s A s a g e n e ral .

rul e i t is u n w i s e t o s p e c i fy m e th o d s i n d e tai l a s r e su lt s a r e t h e e n d
, ,

d e si r e d a n d t h e d e tai l e d m e th o d s t o b e p u r su e d sh o ul d b e d e s i g nat e d
o nly t o t h e e xt e nt n e c e s sary t o s e cu r e t h e r e s u l t s d e s i r e d If t h e
. .

m e th o d s t o b e p u rsu e d a r e f ully s p e ci fi e d t h e c o ntract o r b e c o m e s a

,

“
s e rvan t a n d n o t —a n i n d e p e n d e nt c o n tract o r a n d t h e p ri n ci p al s ,
”

m a y b e c o m e liabl e f o r casualti e s w hich m ay o ccu r a n d u n sa t i s f ac

t o ry r e sul t s w h i ch m a y o btai n o n acc o u n t o f i m p r o p e r m e th o d s o f
p r o c e du re As a g e n e ral rul e t h e c o n tract o r sh o u l d b e l e f t r e as o n
.
,

ably f r e e t o p u rsu e th o s e m e th o d s w h ich h i s e x p e ri e n c e d i c tat e s ,

f o r i t i s lar g e ly o n a cc o un t o f th i s e x p e ri e nc e th at h i s s e rvi c e s a r e
s e cu r e d He sh o ul d h o w e v e r b e r e qu i r e d t o d o th o s e t hi n g s o r all
.
, ,

th o s e p r o c e ss e s w hich a r e cl e arly kn o w n t o b e e ss e ntial t o s e cur e

p r o p e r r e su lts As a g e n e ral p r o p o s i t i o n t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s f o r a n
.
,

e n g in e e rin g p r o c e s s sh o ul d i n clu d e

I A g e n e ra l d e sc ri p ti o n o f t h e w o rk t o b e d o n e
. .

I I R e f e r e n c e t o p lan s p r o fi l e s e t c p r o vi d e d
. , ,
.
, .

I I I T h e m a t e rial t o b e u s e d ( M at e r ial s c o v e r e d by an o th e r
. .

s p e ci fi cati o n ) .

I V T h e o p e rati o ns inclu d e d
. .

V P r e caut i o n s t o b e tak e n
. .

V I T h e r e s ults t o b e o btai n e d
. .

1 98 E arth w o rk a n d R o c k W o r k —Am o n g t h e p r o c e s s e s m o s t
.

c o m m o n i n e n g i n e e ri n g w o rk s i s t h e e xcavati o n o r c o n s tru cti o n o f

e art h a n d r o ck w o rks Su ch w o rk s h av e m any f e atu r e s in c o m
.

m o n w h il e o th e r f e atu r e s m ay b e s p e cial a n d p e cul iar t o a p a r t i c u

,

lar w o rk Fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e g e n e ral stu d y o f s p e c i fi cati o n s all

.
,
.

su ch w o rks ca n b e analy z e d t o g e th e r I n u si n g t h e analys i s f o i t h e

.
‘

p r e p arati o n o f s p e c i fi cati o n s all s p e c i fi cati o n s n o t a pp lic abl e t o t h e

,
3l2 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r P r o c e sse s

ca s e i n ha n d sh o u l d o f c o u rs e b e o m i tt e d I n t h e sa m e w a y i t
, ,
.

m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d th at b e s i d e s t h e h e a d in g s g i v e n i n t h e ana l
s i s th e r e a r e vari o u s o th e r i t e m s i n r e g ar d t o t h e g e n e ral charac t e r
y ,

o f t h e w o rk c o nt i n g e n ci e s d e lay s t h e h a z a r d s o f c o ns t ru cti o n t h e
, , , ,

f u rn i sh i n g o f t o o l s p la nt e t c w h ich a r e u sually i nc lu d e d i n t h e
, , .
,

g e n e ral f o r m o f a g r e e m e nt bu t w h ich m a y b e i n clu d e d i n t h e s p e c

,

i fi ca t i o n i f d e s i r e d
, I n a dd i ti o n t o th e s e th e r e m a y b e s p e c ial f e a
.

tu r e s which d e m an d s p e cial tr eat m e nt Whil e an att e m pt has b ee n .

m a d e t o m ak e t h e analy ti cal f o r m g i v e n a s c o m p l e t e a s pra cti cabl e ,

i t i s o ff e r e d s i m p ly a s a ba s i s o r a g e n e ra l m o d e l f o r a S p e c ial f o r m
t o b e p r e p ar e d by t h e e n g i n e e r f o r a ny s p e c ial w o rk h e m a y hav e o n
han d .

1 99 A nal y tical D i vi s i o n o f E arth a n d R o c k W o r k Sp e c i fi c a

.

t io n s .

I G E N E R A L DE S C R I P TI ON
.
'

A De scri p ti o n
. .

B L o cati o n
. .

C D i m e nsi o ns
. .

D Fo rm . .

B G ra de
. .

F D ivisi o ns o f wo rk
.
.

I I MA T ER I A L
.

A G e n e ral charact e r b o rin g s s o un d in g s e t c

.
, , ,
.

B Classi fi cati o n
. .

C Quality o f m at e rial t o b e u s e d ( in fi lls )

.
.

D Quantiti e s
. .

E Me asu r e m e nts an d e sti m at e s

. .

F Shrinka g e ( in fi lls )
. .

G E xtra e xcavati o n
. .

H E xtra m at e rial an d bo rr o w p its f o r fi lls

. .

I I I O P ER A TI ON S
.

A B e g innin g wo rk
. .

B G ra de s a n d lin e s
. .

C C l e arin g g rubbin g a n d w r e ckin g

.
,
.

D B r e akin g sur f ace o r m uckin g

. .

E C han g e s in r o a d s railr o a d s e t c
.
, .

F Co ns o li dati o n r o llin g t am pm g a n d p u d dlin g

.
, ,
.

G L i m its o f wo rk
. .

H B racin g sh o rin g a n d p r o t e cti o n o f w o rk

.
, , .

I P r o t e cti o n o f p ublic car e a n d m aint e nanc e o f tra ffi c ,

.
 3 l4 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r P r o c e s s e s

3 . At a ll p o i nts t h tr nc h s h a ll b e w i d n d a d d p e n ed
B e ll H o l es : e e e e n ee

su ffi c i nt ly t o a d m i t o f f r e acc ss f ca lki ng a ll aro und sa i d p i p e a n d so

e e e or ,

t h at t h h e l l o f t h p i p s h a ll h av e o be ar i ng
e t h e b o tt o m
e f th
e tr e nch es n on o e .

Suc h e n l arg m e nt o f t h tr e nch s h a ll b m a d e b ef o r e t h p i p e i s l o we r d

e e e e e

i nt i t o .
”

d E c va t i .
.

f B i d g e S b s t r c t u r es :
f
r
. a on Th e xcavat i o n f a ll p i e r
or r u u e or s

or a but m ents s h a ll b t o such a d e p t h as s h all p r m i t t h bo tt m o f t h ee e e o

gr ill ag i f gr illag e b us d
e, th bo tt o m f t h e m as o nry f o o t i ngs i f n
e e , or e o ,
o

gr ill ag b us e d t b p l ac d a t an l vat i n a b ut n i n t y ( 9 0) f ee t b v
e e , o e e e e o o e a o e

c i t y d atu m ( t o whi ch r f r nc e p l an e a ll l vat i ns o t h d ra w i ngs a d i n e e e e e o n e n

s p c i ficat i ns f o t hi s w r k a e r f e rr e d ) T h e ngi n r s h a ll d et e r m i n e
e o r o r e . e ee

th e exact l vat i o n o f t h e f oun d at i n f ac h s t ructur T h excavat i o n

e e o o e e . e

s h a ll b e f t h s iz a d d i m ens i ns d i r ct d by t h e ng i n ee r
o e e n o e e e .

E xc va t i f o Ma o r y F ou da t i o s T h e excavat i o n w ill b
“
6 . a on r of
s n n n : e

t h e f o r m d i m e ns i ns a d d p t h s h w n o
, t h e d ra wi ngs o
o t o suc h a d d i
n e o n , r

ti a l d p t h as t h natur o f t h m ate r i a l m a y r e qu i r e ”
on e e e e .

f St e t G d i g
. A ll str ts d av enu e s
r e ra w hi c h p av m e nts
n :
“
e to ee an on e ar

b e l a i d i nc l u d i ng r o a d way p ar ki ng s i d e w a lk i nt rse c t i o n a d a l l str e t

, ,d e n e an

a ll y a p p r ac h s s h a ll b gra d d t o t h e li ne s d cr ss s e ct i ns s h w n o n
e o e e e an o o o

th e p r fi le s od s e ct i ns f th sa m e an o o e .

9 R ai l . d G adi g Un d r t hi s h e a d s h a ll b e i nc l d d a ll xcavat i n
r oa r n :
“
e u e e o s

an d m b an k m nts f o t h
e nstruct i o n f t h r a d b d f b t h m a i n an d
e r e co o e o e or o

s i d trac k s f a ll stat i n gr un d s d s wi tch y ar d s d i nc lud i ng a l s t h

e , or o o an , an o e

e xcavat i o ns f o a ll d ra i ns d d i tch i n c nn e ct i n w i t h t h r o a d
r d th an es o o e , an e

e xcavat i ns f o t h e f un d at i ns f a ll b r i d g e s cu l v rts catt l gua r d s a d

o r o o o ,
e , e ,
n

a ll art h wo r k n e
e y fo t h e c h ang an d r o nstruct i o n
cc e s sa r f p u bli c r e ec o or

p r i vat e r o a d s a d cr ss i ngs f t h e c h ang i ng f w at r c urs s

n o d f a ll or or o e o e an or
-
,

o t h r art h w r k s i nc i d nt t t h c nstruct i o n f sa i d ra il ro a d
e e o e o e o o .
”

T h e w o r k c v r d by a d i
“
h C h i ca g o D
. i ge C al L o ca t i ra n a an : on : o e e n n

c l u d d i n t h e s e s p ec i ficat i ns i s t h e xcavat i on f t h at p art o f t h e m a i n d ra i n

e o e o

a g e ch ann l a d t h b il d i ng o f c rta i n c ll at ra l w r k s f o t h san i tar y

e , n e u e o e o r e

d i str i ct o f C hi cag o l cat d be t w n t h W ill o w S p r i ngs R o a d i n S ect i o n 3 2

o e ee e

o f T o wns hi p 3 8 N rt h Rang 1 2 East f t h Thi r d Pr i nc i p a l M r i d i an i n

o , e o e e ,

C o k C ount y Illi n o i s a d t h m i d d l o f S ct i o n 1 4 n ar L o ck p rt i n T wn
o , , n e e e ,
e o o

s hi p 3 6 N rt h Ra nge 1 0 East f t h Thi r d Pr i nc i p a l M r i d i an i n W ill

'

o , o e e ,

C unt y Illi n o i s b g i nn i ng b l w b t n ar t h sa i d W ill w S p r i ngs r a d t h e

o , , e e o u e e o o ,

sa i d p art f t h sa i d m a i d ra i nag ch ann l f ll w s t h e D e s p l a i n s r i v r

o e n e e o o e e

va ll y e b i ng l cat d rt h a d w t f t h e Illi n i s d M i chi gan c na l

, e o e no n es o o an a ,

a p p r oxi m at e l y as s h o wn o t h acco m pan yi ng p l an s m ar k e d 2 a dn e

'

, ,
”
an as

s h a ll b l ocat d by t h ng i n r d d e scr ib d as f o ll o ws
e e e e ee , an e :

Th li n f sa i d c h ann l s h a ll b g i n at W ill w S p r i ngs r a d a n d s h al l

‘
e e o e e o o

c nt i nu e i n a d i r ect i n p ara ll l t o d 460 f e e t f r m t h e r i v r b an k f t h e

o o e an o e o

can l a b ov W ill w S p r i ngs j in i ng by an e as y curve li n p ara ll e l t o d

a e o , o a e an

4 6 0 f e t f r m t h e cana l b an k i n t h
e o stra i g h t r ac h a bo v e Sag t h e nce by an e e ,

e as y curv i n a stra i g h t c o urs t t h co unt y l i ne a d p arall e l t o d 7 3 0

e e o e n an

fee t f r om t h e b an k f t h can l i n t h stra i gh t r e ac h at d a b o v e Le m nt

o e a e an o

t h e nc e by an e as y d c o nt i nu ous curve t o a stra i g h t cours e p ara ll l t a d

an e o n
 Ea r t h w o r k an d R o c kw o r k

4 6 0f e e t f r m t h e ana l b an k i n t h stra i gh t r ac h at d b l o w R o m e o sa i d
o c e e an e ,

c urs e t r m i nat i ng at
o e n ar t h m i d d l f S ct i n 1 4 o f L oc k p o rt T own
or e e e o e o ,

s hi p ; t h c urs Op p s i te Le m nt t o b e su bj t t a c h ang o f 2 00 f e t i f
e o e o o ec o e e

f o un d d s i ra bl sa i d c urs t h r ug h o t b i ng
e e, l cat d as t o f ac ili t at t h
o e o u e so o e e e

s p ili ng f t h wast m at e r i a l f r o m t h e ch ann l

o o e e i th r s i d
e Th t o ta l e on e e . e

a p p r xi m at e l ngt h i s
o f et o e 1 4 m il s ( San D i st o f C hi cag o ) e r e .
’
. . .

T h e e m b an k m nts s h a ll b 30 f t i n w i d t h at t h e
“
i E m ba k me t . n n : e e ee

t op ,d s h a ll h av e a s l p o f t w o ( 2 ) f
an t h o r iz o nta l t ( 1 ) v rt i ca l o
o e ee o on e e , r

s c h o t h r s l p a d s h cr ss s e ct i n as t h ng i n r m y d t e r m i n e f
u e o e n uc o o e e ee a e or

an y p art i cu l ar cas e .
”

i Em b k m en t
. I n m b an k m nt t h e s i d s s h a ll b n eat ly a d l
an : e e , e e n un

f o r m ly d r e ss ed t o a s l p o f t wo d o e h a l f ( 2 1 2 ) h r iz o nta l t o
o e ne (1 ) an n - -
o o

v rt i ca l
e such o t h r s l o p e as t h ng i n e r m a y d i r ct i n an y pa rt i cu l ar
, or e e e e e

cas e " ’

2 02 ( C ) D i m e n s i o n s ( D ) F o rm a n d ( E ) G ra d e
.
, , .

Dima si o s o f C o ss S c t i
. en s Th nb o tt m f t h fin i s h e d ch ann l
r e on :
“
e o o e e

s h a ll h av a w i d t h f 1 60f e t i n t h cl ar ; w h r t h ch ann l i s i n r ck t h
e o e e e e e e e o , e

s i d e s f sa i d ch ann l s h a ll b e k e p t v e rt i ca l xc p t as t n e c ssar y ff s t s
o e , e e o e o e

o ccas i n d by t h o e e f c h ann li ng m ac hi n e e us o e .

T h e s i d es f th r o ck ch ann l e t b w r k d o t w i t h a ch ann e li ng
o o
e e ar o e o e u

m ac hi n f r m t p t o b tt m t h c h ann l s b i ng
e o o t a h ad f t h o bl ast i ng I
o , e e e cu e o e . n

d oi ng t hi s t h b o tt m o f ach t o f t h m achi n e i s t b m a d e t o a u i
e o e cu e o e n

f o r m l v l a b v t h e gra d e e d e ac h succ e d i ng
o e o ff s t s i x i nc h e s f r o m
e, an e on e e

t h e on j u t p r ec e d i ng T h c ntract r w i ll b a ll o w d t w r k t h r c k i n
e s e o o e e o o e o

on e o m o r st p e s at hi s o p t i o n so f a as c nc e rns t h
r e o , m a i n p rt i n f , r o e o o o

th w i d t h o f t h e ch ann e l b t i n c as h
e l cts t w r k t h f ac i n t p e , u e e e e o o e e s o s

h av i ng a gr ea t r h i g h t t h an t h r ach o f t h c h ann li ng m ac hi n e i n d e p t h
e e e e e e ,

t h n t h e bl ast h o l s
e t b e s d i s p s d as t eff ctua lly p r v e nt an y bl as t
are o o o e o e e e

f r m b r a ki ng
o r s h att r i ng t h e r c k b y n d t h
e o s i d s o f t h e p r i sm o f t h
e o e o e e e

c h nn e l whi c h e t o b e l f t as s m t h d s li d as can b e b ta i n d w i t h
a , ar e oo an o o e a

s kill f u l d p r p r an f a c h ann li ng m ac hi n e
o e u se o e .

I n d t e r m i n i ng t h e wi d t h o f t h e c h ann l at t h t p f t h r oc k t h
“
e e e o o e , e

n ec ssar y ff s e t s m a d e by t h e p rat i o n f t h e m achi ne

e o t o b e a ll w e d o e o a re o

vi d d t h at w h r t h e d p th r oc k d s t xc d s ixt n f e t
i

f r o P. ro e f th
,
e e e o e oe no e ee ee e

t h e r s h a ll b b t e r ach
e c t of th
e c h ann li ng m achi n m a d
u on e d or u e e e e, an

t h at wh e n i ts d p t h i s v r s ixt n f t e d t gr t r t h an t w nt y f o u
o e ee ee , an no ea e e -
r

f eet t h e r s h a ll b e b t t w cuts m a d ; a d t h at n o wh r i s t h e r e t o b m o r
, e u o e n e e e e

t h an t h r cuts m a d f o t h e wh o l e d p t h f t h r o ck excavat i o n
ee e r e o e .

W h e r t h c h ann l i s p art l y i n art h d p art ly i n r ock t h e art h

e e e e an , e

s h a ll b o xcavat d as t l e av a b r m o t o p f t h r c k eq ua l t o t h r e
e s e e o e e n o e o e

e i gh th s ( 3 8 ) o f t h d p th of t h
-
r ck sur f ac e b l w a l v l 5 f e t ab o v
e e e o e o e e e e

d atu m ; p r v i d d t h at t h b e r m s h a ll b i n
o e vent l t h n 5 f et ;
e d e no e ess a e an

p r o v i d e d f rt h e r t h at wh r e t h e s ct i o n i s e nt i r ly i n
.
u , art h t h a dd i t i ona l
e e e e e .

wi d t h at b o tt o m s h a ll c o n f r m t t h a b o v r l ; d p r v i d d a l s o t h at at o o e e u e an o e ,

t h e l ev e l o f 5 f t a b ve d at m t h e be r m s h a ll t b l ss t h an 1 0f t w i t h
ee o u no e e ee ,

a s l o p t ow ar d t h ch ann l o f o h a l f f o t I n all cas es t h e art h s h a ll b

e e e ne -
o . e e

ta k n o t w i t h t h l ast s l p whi ch i s t o b f nd can b e sa f ly m a i nta i n d

e u e e o e e ou e e
 3l6 '
S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r P ro c e sse s

unt il t h e r e ta i n i ng wa ll s b u il t a d as m a y b e d i rec t d by t h e ngi ne e r a re ,

n e e

f r m tim e to tim ( S p e c San D i st o f C hi cag o )

”
o e . . . . .

G r ad e : T h gra d li n e o f t h e b o tt o m o f sa i d m a i n c h ann e l at t h
“
e e e

stat i n d es i gn at ed 7 4 0 s h a ll b e at an e l e vat i o n o f 2 4 f ee t b l w t h e d atu m

o e o

e sta bli s h e d by t h e Illi n i s d M i c hi gan cana l t rust ee s i n 1 84 7 a d sh a ll o an , n

s l p e t h e nce un i f o r m l y at t h e rat e o f
o o f a f oo t v rt i ca l t o fe t e e

h r iz o nta l t t h e e n d o f t h e stan d ar d xcavat i n at stat i o n 1 4 80 wh r i t

o o e o , e e

s h a ll h av an e l vat i o n o f e f e t b e l o w d atu m e e .

T h e san i tar y d i str i ct r e s e rv e s t h e r i g h t t o c h ang e sa i d gra d by ra i s i ng e

o r l w r i ng i t o by i ncr ea s i ng
o e d cr as i ng t h e s l p e t h e r by i ncr as i ng
, r or e e o , e e

or d cr ea s i ng t h
e a m unt o f excavat i o n ; p r v i d e d t h at sa i d c h ang e s h a ll i n
e o o ,

n o wi s e a ff ct t h t e r m s f t hi s c ntract as t o p r i c
e e e nt i t l e t h e sa i d c o n
o o e, or

tract o r t o an y c m p ensat i o n ad d i t i o na l t o t h rat fix d by t hi s c ntract

.
o e e e o , or

r n d e r t h e san i tar y d i str i ct li a bl f an y d a m ag s w h ats oeve r d i r ct o

e e or e , , e r

i d i r ct Pr ov i d d f urt h r t h at t h sa i d ch ang e s h a ll i n o p l ace a ff ec t t h e

n e . e , e , e n

gra d e by an a m o unt exc e d i ng f our f ee t ; d t h at t h san i tar y d i str i ct s h a ll e an e

n o t i f y t h sa i d c ntract o r f an y suc h ch ang e b f r an y p o rt i o n o f sa i d

e o o e o e

c h ann l s h a ll h av b e n fin i s h d i n c n f o r m i t y t t h gra d as h e r i n b e f o r e
e e e e o o e e e

s p c i fi e d ( S p e c San D i st f C hi cago )
e .
”
. . . o .

20 3 ( ) F D i vi si on s —
. Ih c o ntrac t w o rk o f lar g e m a g n i tu d e i t ,

i s f r e q u e ntly d e si rabl e f o r p u r po s e s o f l e ttin g t h e w o rk t o d ivi de it ,

int o a lar g e r o r s m all e r nu m b e r o f d ivi si o ns r e s e rvin g t h e ri g ht t o ,

l e t t h e c o nt rac t s f o r su ch d i vi s i o n s t o o n e o r m o r e c o n tract o rs a s
t h e p ar ty l e ttin g t h e w o rk m a y e l e c t .

a S e ct i ns f t h e p ur p o s f v nt a lly d e s i gnat i ng d i ff e r e nt p o rt i ons

.
“
o or e o e e u

o f t h e w rk d o f d i v i d i ng i t i nt o c o ntracts t h e sa i d p art o f t h e m a i n
o an ,

d r i nag c h ann l s s h a ll b e d i v i d e d i nt 1 4 s ec t i o ns as f o ll o w s :
a e e o

S ect i o n 1 , ext n d i ng f r m t h e stat i n d e s i gn a t e d 7 4 0 t o t h e stat i o n

“
e o o

d s i gnat d 80
e 0 e .

S ect i n 2 xt nd i ng f r o m t h s tat i o n d e s i gnat d 800 t o t h e sta t i on

“
o , e e e e

d e s i gnat d 85 0 e .

S ct i n 3 ext e n d i ng f r om t h e s e ct i o n d e s i gna t e d 85 0 t o t h stat i n

“
e o , e o

d s i gn at d 9 0
e 0 et c e t c
e , .

S ct i n 1 2 7 8 9 a d 1 0 i nv o l v e s ce rta i n ch ang s i n t h r i ve r ch an
“
e o , , , , n e e

n el pp os i t
o e .

S ct i n 9 i nvo lve s a p o ss ibl r l o cat i n f t h e Illi n o i s d M i c hi gan

e o e e o o an

cana l n d , a

S e ct i o ns 8 t o 1 4 i nc lus i ve m a y r e qu i r a i l way h n g s e r '

c a e .

T h e san i tar y d i str i ct r s e rv e s t h r i gh t t m k a ll r i v r cana l d e e o a e e , an

ra il wa y c h ang i n d e p n d nt f t h e m a i n w r k es ( S p e c San D i st
e ef C hi o o .
”
. . . o ~

cago ) .

2 04 M at e rial s —Sp e c ifi c a t i o n s f o r m at e rial s sh o ul d in clu d e a

.

d e scri p ti o n o f
A Th e ir g e n er a l ch ar a c t er a n d t h e availabl e in f o r m ati o n c o nc e rn
.

in g t h e sa m e .
3 8 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r Pr o c e s se s

or l o w d ra w n by t w h o rs e s i s n e c e s sary f o r l o o s e nin g b e f o r e sh o v e l
p o

in g a n d ( 3 ) to u g h e arth i n which h e inclu de s c o m pact clays t h e har d

,
“
,
”
,

crusts o f o l d r o a d s a n d all e arths so har d that o n e t e a m o f h o rs e s can

p ull a n d p l o w o nly w ith g r e at d i ffi c u lty but w hich t w o t e a m s o f h o rs e s
can l o o s e n with c o m p arativ e ca se H e a d d s this thi r d class o f e arth .
,

pass e s by ins e nsibl e d e g r e e s int o what i s call e d har d p an w hich h e

‘ ’

d e fi n e s as inclu d in g v e ry c o m p act clay o r a m ixtu r e o f g rav e l o r b o ul d

“
e r s w ith clay an d s o m e ti m e s s o f t shal e s that can b e p l o w e d w ith a
,

r o o t e r pl o w C e rtai n c e m e nt e d g rav e ls a re s o m e ti m e s call e d har d

”
.

pan .

'

T hearth a n d s o ils hav e al s o l o cal na m e s f o r e xa m p l e a do b e

e , ,

a t e r m us e d in t h e s o uth we st e rn po rti o n o f t h e U nit e d Stat e s t o d e

n o t e any clay o f which sun d ri e d brick o r a do b e s can b e ma d e “ ”
.

G u m b o is us e d in t h e Missi ssi pp i vall e y t o d e n o t e a black l o a m m ix e d

“ ”

w ith clay e xc e e d in g ly sticky wh e n we t a n d o f t e n v e ry har d a n d t o u g h

, ,

w h e n d ry Marl is t e chnically a m ixtur e o f clay a n d li m e but is

.
“ ”

o f t e n e m p l o y e d t o d e si g nat e clay s o ils w ith o nly a s m all a m o unt o f

li m e a n d s o m e ti m e s d isint e g ratin g m at e rials w ith a s o a py t e xtu r e

,
.

T h e t e r m quicksan d i s usually a pp li e d t o any san d o r san d y m at e rial

“

which fl o w s r e a d ily w h e n satu rat e d w ith w at e r .

E a rthy m at e rials a re s o m e ti m e s classi fi e d a n d d e scrib e d as f o ll o w s :

L o o s e e arth w h ich m a y inclu d e th o s e e a rths havin g littl e co
“ ”
1 .

h e si o n an d o ff e rin g littl e o r n o r e sistanc e t o s e p arati o n f r o m t h e r e

m a i n d e r o f t h e d e p o sit .

Co m m o n e arth w hich m a y i nclu d e th o s e havin g s o m e c o h e

“
2 .
,

si o n a n d m a y r e qui r e t h e u se o f a s pa de f o r r e m o val .

3 .T o u g h e arth w hich m a y r e quir

,
e b e f o r e r e m o val t h e u s e o f t h e

p ick t o br e ak it u p Th e s e incl u d
. e sti ff clay d isint e g ratin g r o ck a n d ,

sli ghtly c e m e nt e d san d s an d g rav e l .

R o ck m at e rials m ay als o b e d ivi d e d int o th r e e class e s o n t h e basis ,

o f t h e r e si stanc e o ff e r e d t o r e m o val na m e ly ,

So f t r o ck w hich is e asily r e m o v e d by ba rs a n d w e d g e s s u ch
“ ”
4 .
, ,

as l o o s e ly la m inat e d slat e s a n d san d st o n e s .

5 .O r“
d inary r o ck w h ich can b e r e m o v e d b y bars an d sl e d g e s
, .

such as san d st o n e s et c .

6 .H ar d r o ck wh ich m u st b e bla st e d
“
,
.

T h e s o f t a n d o r d inary r o cks m a y o f t e n b e m o r e p r o fi tably m o v e d

b v t h e u se o f e x p l o siv e s .

V e ry o f te n t h e t e r m l o o s e r o ck i s us ed f o r r o ck which i s u n
c e m e nt e d a n d i s l o o s e n e d f r o m its b e d a n d can r e a d il y b e m o v e d T h e .
 Ea r t h w o r k an d R o c kw o r k 3l9

t e r m is usually c o n fi n e d by de fi niti o n t o p i e c e s o f a li m it e d siz e o f t e n ,

n o t e xc ee d in g th r e e cubic f e e t in c o nt e nts .

Th e t e r m b e d r o ck r e f e rs t o r o ck in t h e nat u ral b e d a n d it m a y
“ ”
,

p o ss e ss vari o us de g r e e s o f har d n e ss .

O ccasi o nally d e p o sits a r e d e scrib e d by th e i r g e o l o g ical na m e s a l ,

th o u g h such de sc ri p ti o n g iv e s littl e in f o r m ati o n c o nc e rnin g th e ir e xact

charact e r as t h e sa m e g e o l o g ical de po sits w ill var y w i de ly in t e xt u r e
,

a n d c o n d iti o n at vari o us p lac e s .

E x a m pl es
a E xc v t i o f o B i d g e Ab t m t s T h e m at r i a l excavat d w ill b e
. a a n r r u en : e e

e rt h san d grav l
a , d f rag m ntar y m at e r i a l o f var i o us ki n d s a n d s h a ll
, e an e

b e s t i m t e d b y t h actua l cu bi c c nt e nts f t h excavat i n as l a i d o t by t h

e a e o o e o u e

e ng i n r a d s h a ll b e p a i d f o at t h p r i c p e r cu bi c y ar d b i d f suc h x
ee , n r e e or e

ca v tio a T h e m at e r i a l sh a ll b e r e fi ll e d ar o un d t h
n . c m p l t d a b t m nts e o e e u e ,

a d s h a ll b
n r p l ac d i n la y rs d t h r o ughly tam p d d an y sur p l us m
e e e e an o e an a

ter ai l s h a ll b r e m ov d by t h c ntract r n d w ast d b y h i m at s h p l ace

e e e o o a e uc or

p l ac e s as t h ng i n e r m y d i r ct n o t m r t h an fi v h un d r d f e t f r m t h
e e e a e , o e e e e o e

e xcavat o r t h e c st o f a ll f whi c h s h all b e i nc l u d d i n t h p r i c b i d f o r e x

, o o e e e

c a va t i o n
”
.

b B o r i g s d So d i g T h l cat i n f b o r i ngs a d s o un d i ngs m ad

. n an un n s:
“
e o o o n e

a l o ng n ear li n e f t h a qu d uct i s s h wn o n S h t N 1 whi c h a l s o s h o ws

or o e e o ee o .
,

wh at i s r e gar d e d as t h e p r b a bl l o cat i n f t h sur f ac f t h e l e d ge r ck b t o e o o e e o o ,

u

i t i s we ll k n wn t h at t h sur f ac o f t h l d g ma y d i ff r gr at ly f r m t h
o e e e e e e e o e

l c a t i o n s s h wn a d t h at t h h aract r f t h e m at r i a l e nc unt red can

o a o ,
n e c e o e o e

no t b d fin i t ly d t e r m i n e d b y was h d r ill b r i ng
e e e Th r i s t h r f r
e o s . e e , e e o e, no

e xp r ss d e i m p li d agr m e nt t h at t h li n e f t h sur f ac o f t h l d g e r ck
e or e ee e o e e e e o

o r t h e c h ract r f t h m at r i a l e nc nt r e d by b r i ng as i n d i cat ed u p o n t h
a e o e e ou e o ,
e

p l an i s g i v e n a p p r x i m at ly c rr ct ( M t Wat r S we rag e B ar d ) ”
, o e o e . e . e e o .

0 . C h a r a c t er o f Ma t e r i a l — “
G en er a l Ch a m c t cr of B o r i n g s a n d So u n d i n g s
The c h aract e r o f t h e m at r i a l t h r oug h d i n whi ch t h tunn e l i s t b e c e an e o on

s truct d i s i n d i cat d
e , th p rofi l a d sa m p l o f m at r i a l ta k n f r m t h e
e on e e, n e e e o

b o r i ngs m d e th li n e f t h e w o r k at t h p o i nts s h w n
a
’

on e th d ra wi ngs o e o on e

m a y b e s e n at t h e ffic e o f t h e C i t y Eng i n r
e Th s b o r i ngs e b e li eved
o ee . e e ar

t o b e p ract i ca lly c o rr e ct d t o r p r s nt a f a i r sa m p l e f t h e m at r i a l
, It
an e e e o e .

i s xp r es s ly un d rst o d h w v e r th at t h e c i t y d s o t guarant t h
e e o , o e , oe n ee e ac

curacy f t h e s e b o r i ngs a d s h u l d t h e c o n d i t i ns b f un d t o d i ff r f r om
o ,
n o o e o e

t h s i nd i cat d by sa i d b r i ngs t h C o ntract o r s h a ll h ave f o t hi s r a s n

o e e o ,
e . r e o ,

n o c l i m aga i nst sa i d c i t y
”
a .

d W e l l s— N a t u r e o f xc v t i o Fr m t h e d r illi ngs f t h e first art s i a

“
. e a a n : o o e n

w ll i t i s b li v e d t h at t h strata w hi c h l i b e l o w t h
e , e e sur f ac d w hi c h e e e e, an

m y b a nc o nt r d i n s i n ki ng t h e s h a f t will b e a p p r xi m at ly as f ll ws
e e u e e o e o o

Dr i f t ( c l ay s n d grav l ) 6 7 f t
“
t hi c k ne ss
, a , e , ee in .

C o a l m ea s r s h a l e s 5 f e t i n t hi c k n e ss
u e , e .

B ur li ngt o n li m st o n 96 f t i n t hi ck n ss e e, ee e .

K i d erh k gr u p 2 6 1 f t i n t hi ck n e ss
n oo o , ee .
 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r P r o ce sse s

Th eg en e ra l t hi ck n ss a d ch aract e r o f t h e strata as a b v gi v n a
e n o e e , re

b e li v d t o b a p p r xi m at ly c o rr ct Th e s c n d i t i o ns
e e e o h o w v e r li a bl e
e e . e o a re , e ,

to var i a t i o n w hi c h var i at i o n a n d t h r e su l t i ng c n d i t i ns h a l l b e at t h e
, e o o s

r i s k f t h e c ntract o r d sa i d c ntract r s h a ll o t b nt i t l e d t o an y c l a i m s
o o ,
an o o n e e

f o extra c o m p nsat i n f o a y var i t i n i n sa i d strata

r e o i n t h e c on d i t i ons
r n a o or

t h r f f r m t h o s a b v m nt i n d
e eo o f an y a d d i t i na l l a b o r m at r i a l
e o e e o e ,
or or o , e ,

or a p p li nc s w hi c h h i s o bli g d t o f urn i s h by r as n f such var i at i o n r

a e e e e o o , o

for an y un f o r e s n d i ffi c l t i s nc unt r d i n t h p r s cut i o n o f t hi s on

ee u e e o e e e o e c
’
t r a ct f
e . W e l l s— “
r t a I t i s xp ec t d t h at t h e
Ap p r o xi m a t e d e scr i p t i o n o f st a : e e

strata w hi ch w ill b nc o unt r e d i n s i n ki ng t hi s w ll w ill b s i m il ar i n i ts

e e e e e

natur t t h e strat i ficat i n f t h first art s i an w ll d r i ll d at M nm o u t h

e o o o e e e e o ,

whi c h strat i ficat i n w a p p r oxi m at ly as f ll w s o a s, e , o o :

I) r i f t
C a l m asur s h l
o e e, a e

B r li ngt n li m e st n e
u o o

K i n d r h o o k gr u p
e o

Ha m il t n d c rn i f r s
o an o e ou

G uel p h d N i agara an

C i nc i n at i s h a l sn e

G a l na li m st n e
e e o

T re nt n li m st n o e o e

Sa i nt P t r san d st n e e o e

first w ll D pth
e of ft e .

B l o w t h e St P t r san d st n
e t h r i s an unk n o wn t hi ck n ss f t h e
. e e o e e e e o

L o we r Magn s i an li m st o n e p r h a p s 3 00 t 5 00 f t i n t hi ck n ss b e l w
e e , e o ee e , o

whi ch t h e p o ts d a m san d st n e d p o s i ts ccur o e o .

Th
“
g n e ra l t hi ck n ss d ch aract r f t h e strata as a b ov g i v n a e
e e e an e o e e r

b li v d t b a p p r xi m at ly c o rre ct The y
e e e o e h wv r li a bl t o var i a
o e . a re , o e e , e

t i n w hi c h var i at i n s h a ll b at t h e r i s k o f t h e c ntract o r
o , o d sa i d on e o , an c

tra t r s h a ll o t b nt i t l d t o a y c l a i m f extra com p nsat i n f o an y

c o n e e e n or e o r

var i at i n i n sa i d str ta f r o m t h e b v
o f o an y a d d i t i na l l ab o r m at r i a l
a a o e, or r o , e

or a p p li anc s w hi ch h i s bli g d t o f urn i s h by r as on o f such var i at i n o

e e o e e o ,
r

f r m an y un f r s n d i fficu l t y
o nc unt e r d i n t h p r o s cut i n f t h e o
o e ee e o e e e o o c n
’
t r a ct fi

2 06 . a n a tt e m p t t o s u b
( B ) C l a s s ifi c a t io n .
—C l a s si fi c at io n is
d ivi d e e a rth a n d r o ck w o rk int o class e s o r kin d s o f m at e rial w hich w ill ,

f r o m t h e i r natur e r e qui r e d i ff e r e nt m e th o d s o f tr e at m e nt a n d c o us e ,

qu e ntly d i ff e r e nt e x p e ns e in m o vin g th e m W h e r e such di ff e r e nc e s e x .

ist it is usually d e si rabl e t o ask f o r s ep arat e p r o p o sals f o r e ach class o f

m at e rial Classi fi cati o n a n d t h e o p p o rtunity o f s e curin g a p r o p e r co m
.

p e n sa t io n f o r e ach kin d o f m at e rial w hich w ill o r m a y b e e nc o unt e r e d ,

o bviat e s t h e hazar d o f variati o n in t h e a m o unts o f t h e d i ff e r e nt kin d s

‘

o f m at e rial a n d
g u a ra n t ee s that t h e c o ntr act o r w ill r e c e iv e p ay m e nts
322 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r P r o c e sse s

ti o n as ab o v e in dicat e d m o d i fi e d by t h e a dd iti o nal p r o vi si o n in wat e r , ,

“
b el o w w at e r a n d d ry o r ab o v e wat e r ,
” “ ” “
.
”

A ll xcavat i n b e l o w l o w wat e r s h a ll i nc lu d e a ll nec es sar y xtra wo r k

“
e o e

c aus e d by t h e p s i t i o n d s h a ll b e p a i d f o at t h e p r i c e nam e d i n t h
o , an ac r e

c ep t e d p ro p s i t i o n o .

c Op e T e ch es T w p r i c es o n ly a r e t o b e p a i d f o m at e r i a l s e x a
. n r n . o r c

va t e d f r m t h e o p n tr e nc h a d o t h e r e xcavat i ns ( exc p t b rr o w p i ts )
o e n o e o ,

nam ly e f r t h e r o ck excavat i on whi ch i s t o c ove r a ll excavat i on o f s li d

e , on o , o

r oc k r m ov e d by bl as t i ng a d a ll bo u l d rs o f o e t hi r d c bi c y ar d o r m o r e i n
e , n e n -
u

v l m ;
o u d e e f an art h excavat i n whi c h i s t c ve r t h e xcavat i o n o f
on or e o , o o e

a ll o th e r m at r i a l s T h e p r i ce t b p a i d f o b o rr o we d e art h i s t o v r t h e
e . o e r co e

excavat i o n o f a ll ki n d s f m at r i a l s ta k n f r o m b o rr o w p i ts o ( Me t W a t r e e . . e

S e w rag e B o ar d )
e .

d C a a l s— C l as si fi ca t i on o f Ma t e r i a l —A ll m at e r i a l exc avat d un d r t h e
“
. n . e e

p r ov i s i o ns f t hi s c ntract i s t o b e c l ss i fi e d un d e r o e o t h
o o o t h e r o f t wo a n r e

h a d s v iz g l ac i a l d r i f t a d s li d r o ck
e , . :
‘ ’
n
‘
o .
’

G l ac i a l d r i f t s h a ll c o m p r i s t h e t o p s o il art h m uc k san d grave l cl a y

“
e , e , , , , ,

h ar d p a bo l d e rs f r a gm e ntar y r o ck d i s p l ace d f r o m i ts o r i gi na l b e d a d an y
-
n , u , , n

o t h r m at e r i a l t h at o ve r li s t h e b d r o ck
e e e .

S o li d r o ck s h a ll co m p r i s a ll r o c k f un d i n i ts o r i g i na l b ed ve n t h o u gh e o , e

i t m a y b s l o s e n d f r o m t h a d j ace nt und e r lyi ng r c k t h at i t can b r e

e o o e e o e

m o v d w i t h t bl ast i ng
e ou ( S p e c San D i s t o f C hi c ag o ) .
”
. . . .

d i g— C l as si fi ca t i o : ( a ) A l l m at e r i a l h an d l d un d e r t h e h e a d o f
“
G e . ra n n e

G ra d i ng s h a ll b e c l ass i fi d as f o ll o ws : S li d r c k l s e r o ck a n d e art h
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
e o o , oo , .

( b ) S li d r k s h ll i nc l u d a ll b e d r c k w hi c h cann t b
o oc a r em ov d e o o e e

w i th t bl ast i ng a l s o a ll b u l d rs
ou , t h r m ass s f r o c k o f t l ss t h an o e or o e e o no e

on ecu bi c y ar d whi c h r e q u i r bl ast i ng b f r e r m va l e e o e o .

( c ) L o o s r o c k s h a ll i nc l u d e a ll s o f t s h a l s o o t h e r s o f t l s r oc k s
“
e e r or oo e

whi ch ca b r m ove d wi t h ut bl ast i ng ve n t h oug h bl ast i ng m y b e d o ne

n e e o , e
;
a

t o f c ili tat t h e w r k ; a l s o a ll b o u l d e rs t h r m ann e r f r ck f n t I

a e o or o e o o o o

m o r t h an o n e cu bi c y ar d o l ss t h an t
e c bi c f ee t ,
r e en u .

( d ) Eart h s h a ll i nc l u d e a ll s o il rt h san d gr ve l l s st o n an d
“
, ea , , a , oo e e

b u l d rs o f l ss t h an t e c bi c f t c nt nts
o e e d an y t h r m at e r i a l f
n u ee o e ,
an o e o

e v e r y d e scr i p t i n n t c l ar ly i nc l u d d un d e r t h
o o s p c i fica t i ns o f s o li d r c k
e e e e o o

or l o o s e r o c k ; f a ll o f whi ch t h ng i ne r s h a ll b e j u d ge
s o e e e .
”

( c ) A ll m at r i a l s m v d i n gra d i ng s h a l l b e m e as ur d i n xcavat i o n
e o e e e

o n ly d e st i m at d by t h e cu bi c y ar d
an e n d r t h e f o ll wi ng c l ass e s u e o

C l ass 1 A ll m at r i a l t h at can b e p l o w d by an av rag i gh t m u l t a m

. e e e e e -
e e ,

e ac h an i m a l we i ghi ng ot l ss t h an t we l v h un d r d n lb s attach ed t o
e e e .,

a su i t a bl t n i nch b r a ki ng p l o w a ll w ll h an d l d by at l e ast f o r m en A l s
e e -
e , e e ,
u . o,

a ll l o o s m a t e r i a l t h at c n wi t h t p l o wi ng b l oa d d i nt o a scra pe r by t w
e a , ou , e e o

m en
C l ass 2 . I n d urate d m at e r i a l o f a ll ki n d s whi ch cann o t b e p l w d as i n , o e

C l ass 1 b t ,
u whi c h r e q u i r e s l o s e n i ng by p o wd e r n d can t h n b e r e m o v ed
o , a e

by scra p e r .
 Q ua li t i e s o f M a t e r ia l 323

C l ass 3 All d t ac h d m ass e s o f r o ck m o r t h an t wo a d l ss t h an t en

. e e , e n e

cu bi c f e t i n vo l u m An d a ll sl t e o th e r r o c k s s o f t
e e . l s e n oug h t o a r o , or oo e

b e r m ov ed w i t h ut bl ast i ng
e o .

C l ass 4 A1 1 r ck n t i nc l u d ed i n t h a b o ve cl ass e s whi ch r e q u i r e s d r ill

“
. o ,
o e

i ng a d blast i ng
n .
”
3

In discussin g t h e ab o v e s p e ci fi cati o n t h e E n g in e e rin g N e w s r e ,

m arks that in a si m ilar s p e ci fi cati o n a d is p ut e ar o s e in r e g ar d t o t h e

“
qu e sti o n o f wh e th e r c e rtain m at e rial sh o ul d b e classi fi e d as har d
p a n
”
o r r o ck “
a n d po ints o u t that w h il e c e rtain shal e s a n d har d
,
”

p a n m a y b e l o o s e n e d in s m all chunks by a p l o w y e t tru e e c o n o m y o f ,

c o nstructi o n wo u l d r e qui r e blastin g It s e e m s d e si rabl e that t h e de ci .

si o n as t o t h e classi fi cati o n o f m at e rial sh o ul d wh e n p racti cabl e b e bas e d

u p o n its e c o n o m ic wo rkin g w h ich i s g e n e rally a qu e sti o n o f j u dgm e nt ,

a n d th e r e f o r e a m att e r f o r h o n e st d i ff e r e nc e i n o p ini o n T h e N ew s .

su gg e sts that it wo ul d s e e m be tt e r t o hav e sa m pl e s o f t h e vari o us m a

t e r i a l s o n fi l e as t h e basis f o r th e c o ntract o r s p r o p o sal E v e n w ith this
’
.

p r o visi o n t h e g ra d in g o f m at e rial f r o m o n e class int o an o th e r m a y

,

s o m e ti m e s still le a d t o d i ff e r e nc e s o f o p ini o n m isun de rstan d in g s a n d ,

d i s p ut e s .

2 07 ( C ) Q . u ali ti e s o f M a t e rial .

E xa m pl es
a . A ll m at r i a l f t h e e m b an k m e nt s h a ll b grav l
E m b a n k m en t s . e or e e ,

c l a y o art h f r ee f r o m a ll o rgan i c m at t e r a d b e suc h as t h ng i nee r w ill

r e , , n e e

a p p r o ve An y m at e r i a l us e d i n sa i d m b an k m nt n d n t s o p p r o ve d s h a ll
. e e a o a

be r m v e d by t h e ntract r at hi s o w c st d exp e ns e
e o co d s h a ll i n oo n o an , an n

cas b st i m at ed o p a i d f
e e e r or .
”

b R fi l l i g t ch es— M t e r i a l f
. e n fl l
r en l i g
— T h e tr e nc h s h a ll b “
a or re n . es e re

fi ll d w i t h t h e xcavated m ate r i al p r v i d d i t b e f p r o p r quali ty b t i n

e e o e o e , u

cas i ns ffic i nt su i tabl e m at r i a l i s t hus b ta i n d t h at whi c h i s su i ta bl e

e u e e o e ,

s h a ll b e f urn i s h d by t h c ntract r wi t h ut c h arg

e d h e s h a ll r e m o v e
e o o ,
o e, an

f r m t h e gr o un d o
o un i f r m l y s p r ea d ov r t h sur f ace a ll m t i l whi ch
r o e e a er a

i s o t u e d i n fi lli ng
n s .
”

R fil li g i
c . e r o ok exc va t i o n I n r e fi lli ng tr nch s f r m w hi c h r oc k
n . n a e e o

h as b ee n excavat d t h e s ix i nc h s b l o w t h p i p s h a ll b e r e fi ll d wi t h s an d
e , e e e e e ,

e art h o l oa mr d ca r e f u ll y p ac k ed b e f r t h e p i p e i s l a i d ; a d t h
, an tr nc h o e n e e

ar o un d a d f i gh t e e n i nc h s ( 1 8 a b ove t h e p i p h a ll b fi ll ed wi t h
n or e e e. s e

e a rt h p r p e r ly ta m p d a b o v e w hi c h t h e r o c k m y b
, o fi ll ed i n b t n r o c k
e , a e , u o

con ta i n i ng m r t h an t wo h n d r e d ( 2 00) cu bi c i nch s w ill b a ll w d t o b

o e u e e o e e

us d i n t h e fi lli ng
e .

c es vo i em b a k m e t
cr N o m at r i a l s h a ll b
r us d w hi ch i s o t
n n . e e e n

f r ee f r o m v e g ta bl so il r oo ts o e o m i n e ra l m att r
e A ll st o n s m r e t h an
, r n n- e . e o

3 Se e Eng N e ws . Su p . , July 9, 1 903 .

 324 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r P ro c e sse s

on e i nc h th i ck o m r t h an t h r i nch s i n m ax i m um d i m e ns i ns s ha ll b e
r o e ee e o ,

r em ved f r o m t h e e b k m en t be f r s tt i ng
o n an o e e .
”

As n o t e d in t h e E n g in ee rin g N e w s S u pp l e m e nt t h e last claus e i s 4

,

an u nusual a n d unn e c e ssary r e quir e m e nt which w ill e n tail cl o s e i n sp e c

ti o n an d e xtra e x p e ns e T h e u sual li m itin g siz e fo r st o n e s i n r e s e rv o ir .

e m bank m e nts i s f o u r inch e s in d ia m e t e r a n d e v e n such a li m it s ee m s ,

e ntir e ly unn e c e ssary in w o rk o f c o nsi d e rabl e m a g nitu d e unl e ss t h e m a ,

t e r i a l c o ntains a su p e rabun danc e o f such m at e rial .

2 08 ( D ) Qu antit i es a n d ( E ) Me a su r em e n t s a n d E s ti m a t e s
. .

E x a m pl es :
a . E m b a n k m en t s : “
M e a su r e m en t s —T h e m e asur e m e nt of a ll m at e r i a l us ed

in th e em b ank m e nt s h a ll b an k m nt b e m ad e in th e em e .
”

b L v : E t i m t of q t i t i es T h s o li d c nt nts f t h e l v
. e ees s a e m u an e o e o e ee, co

p t ed t o t h
u e sta bli s h d p e r m an e nt gra d
e a d cr o ss s ec t i o n o n ly
e w ill b e e n ,

p a i d f or N t hi ng will b e a ll o w d f r s h r i n k ag T h c st o f c l e ar i ng gru b
. o e o e . e o ,

bi ng d b r a ki ng t h e sur f ac s h a ll a l s b i nc l u d e d i n t h p r i c e p c bic
an e e o e e er u

y ar d f o em b an k m ent
r .

c C a a l s M eas u em e t — M e asur em e nt f o r a ll xcavat e d m at r i a l will

. n :
“
r n e e

b e m a d e i n xc avat i o n by t h e cu bi c y ar d o f t we nt y s ev e n cu bi c f e t b as e d
e -
e ,

u p o n t h e surv y d cr o ss s ct i o n n t s f t h e e ng i n e e r
e an -
e o e o .

A ll g l ac i a l d r i f t excavat d un d e r t h d i r ct i n o f t h ng i n e r w h e th e r
“ ‘ ’
e e e o e e e ,

in o t o f t h e m a i n c h ann l w ill b e i nc l u d d i n t h m ea sur d q uant i t i s

r ou e , e e e e .

S oli d r o ck excavat e d wi t hi n t h e li m i ts o f t h e d i m ns i ns an d gr a d e
‘ ’
e o

o f t h e ma i n c h ann l f an y r i v e r d i v rs i o n c h ann l
e , f or t h e p l a i ng
o e e , or or c

o f an y b r i d g o o t h r str ctur e as h r e i n b e f o r s p c i fi d r th t s h a ll b
r e u e, e e e e , o a e

ta k n t by d i r ct i o n o f t h ng i ne r s h all b i ncl u d d i n t h m easur e d

e ou e e e e , e e e

qu a nt i t i s p r ov i d e d t h at n o t hi ng w ill b i nc l d d f r o ck t h at c m s t
e , e u e or o e ou

be l o w gra d i n t h e excavat i o n f an y ch ann l

e o e .

T h e p r i c s g i v n h e r e w i t h a e t o i nc l u d e a ll w r k h e r e i n s p e c i fi d as
“
e e r o e

c l ear i ng d gru bbi ng l ev e s f r p r o t ct i n p u m p i ng r a d wa y s f wo r k

an , e o e o , , o or

i ng b ack fi lli ng f r e ta i n i ng wa l l s d g n e ra lly a ll w r k an d m at e r i a l f oun d

, o , an e o

ne c ssar y i n p r o s ecut i ng t hi s c ntract ( S p ec San D i st o f C hi c g o )

e o . . . . a .

(1 Tu n e l
. n e i ther in art h o r o ck s h all b e e r

e st i m at d f a d i a m e t e r o n ly as gr at as t h e o uts i d e f t h
e o s p c i fi ed wa ll s o f e o e e

t h e s h a f t o t nn e l s An y m at r i a l r su l t i ng f r m cav i ng car l ss bl ast i ng

r u . e e o , e e ,

o r an y o t h e r ca e b y w hi c h m at e r i a l s h a ll b e r m ov d f r o m b e y o n d t h
us li n es e e e

s p e c i fi d s h a ll b e r e m ov d d r fi ll d wi t h su i ta bl cl a y t h r ug hly ra m m ed
e , e an e e e o o

i n p l ce a d at t h e c o ntract o r s xp e ns e
5 an
’
e .

2 09 F
( ) S h ri.nka g e —M at e rial w h e n m o v e d f r o m i t s na tura l
b e d u sually alt e rs its v o lu m e s o m e ti m e s to a c o nsi de rabl e e xt e nt , .

Vo l x 5 0 p 2 2 4
4
, . .

C o ncr e te fi lli ng m y b r e q u i r e d a d i f s s h o u l d
5 a e n o be s p ec i fi d e . Th e
s p e c i ficat i n g d m at e r i al as t h e eng i n ee r m y r e q u i r
o oo a e i s i n d efin i t e an d

un f a i r .
 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r P r o c e sse s

Whil e it m ay b e de si rabl e t o av o i d a bill f o r e xtras it i s s e l do m ,

that e xtra e x p e n se i s r eally av o i de d by r e quirin g t h e c o ntract o r t o as

su m e risks f o r e xtra w o rk f o r which h e i s t o r e c e iv e n o c o m p e nsati o n .

A f e w t e st p i ts al o n g t h e lin e o f t h e wo rk w ill g iv e t h e n e c e ssary in

f o r m ati o n as t o t h e o ccurr e nc e o f unsuitabl e m at e rial f o r t h e f o u n da
ti o n a n d an all o w anc e can b e m a de in t h e o ri g inal e sti m at e f o r t h e
,

c o st o f e xtra fi llin g an d a b id f o r t h e sa m e r e qui r e d wh e n t h e w o rk i s

,

let .
I n thi s w ay t h e c o ntract o r i s r e li e v e d f r o m hazar d a n d can a n d
w il l sub m it a l o w e r p r op o sal f o r t h e wo rk .

E xa m pl es :
.

a G n e r l A ll xcavat i o n d e p e r t h an s h wn o t h d ra wi ngs a d a ll
‘

. e a : e e o n e ,
n

extra xcavat i ns o r d e r e d by t h ng i n e r s h a ll b st i m at d d p a i d f o
e o e e e e e e an r

at t h c ontract p r i ce
e .

b Gr a d i g f o P a v m e t s : A ll m at r i a l m o r e t h an e i gh t i nc h es b e l ow
. n r e n e

th e stabli s h ed gra d e t g t h e r w i t h a ll m ate r i a l exc vat d f r o m ab ov t h e

e , o e a e e

gra d e o f t h e fin i s h e d p av m ent s h a ll b e c l ass e d as xtra xcavat i n d p a i d e e e o an

fo r at t h p r i c f suc h extra excavat i on n am d i n t h acce p t d p r p o sa l

e e o e e e o .

T h e c st f a ll o t h r excavat i o n i nc l d i ng a ll n ce ssar y e xcavat i o n f o cur b

o o e u e r

i ng s h a ll b i nc l u d e d i n t h e p r i c s na m d f o p v i ng a d cur bi ng
e e e r a n .
”

c E xc va t i o f o T e c h es An y i ncr as e i n d e p t h b ey on d t h at whi c h
. a n r r n : e

i s n e c ssar y t l a y t h p i p e s i n t h ab ov d scr ibe d m ann r i f r d e r d by

e o e e e e e , o e

th eng i n r s h a ll b e p a i d f o at t h e p r i c e b i d p e r cu b i c y ar d f o extra
e ee , r r

e art h excavat e d d b a ck fi l l d ; p r o v i d d suc h xtra d e p t h a v e rag e at l ast

an e e e e

t h r e i nc h e s t h wh o l l e ngt h f extra t A co rr e s p o n d i ng d ed uct i n will

e e e o cu . o

b e mad f a ll l engt h o f l e ss d ep th t h an t h at s p c i fi e d b t n att nt i o n w ill

e or e , u o e

b e p ai d t an av rag l s t h an th r ee i nc h e s f t h wh l l ngt h f such

o e e e s or e o e e o

tr nch T h e c ntract o r s h a ll a l s m ak a d d i t i o na l excavat i o n wh e n e v r

e . o o e e re

qu i r d f o t h e p ur p o s e f s cur i ng a g o d d sat i sf act r y f o und at i o n f o r

e r o e o an o ,

w hi c h w r k h e s h a ll b p a i d t h e p r i c b i d f o
o xtra excavat i on e e r e .
”

2 1 1 H
( ) E xtra M at e r
. i al a n d B o rr o w P it s —E xtra m at e rial
that cann o t b e o btain e d f r o m t h e l o cati o n o f t h e wo rk i s f r e q u e ntl y
n ee d e d f o r em bank m e nts an d fi lls In m o st wo rk t h e lan d f r o m w hich .

such m at e rial can b e o btain e d i s p r o vi de d but o ccasi o nally it m ay b e ,

d e si rabl e t o d e p e n d o n t h e c o ntract o r t o s e cu r e such e xt ra m at e rial

f r o m s o urc e s which h e shall p r o vi d e .

E x a m pl es :
a C o t c t t o F i h M t i l T h e c o ntract r s h a ll m ak a ll c
. n ra or u rn s a er a o e ne

e s ar y arrang m nts t s ec r e t h m at r i a l f o t h m b an k m nt d o m a
s e e o u e e r e e e , an n

t i l s h a ll b e ta k n f r m t h e p u b li c str ts o hi g h wa y s xc p t as r m o v d
er a e o ee r e e e e

i n t h n c ssar y gra d i ng
e e e .
”

b B o w P i t s P ovi d ed A l l n ece ssar y l an d f o b o rr o w p i ts wi ll b e

. or r r . r

p r v i d e d by t h p art y o f t h e first p art

”
o e .
 O p e ra t i o n s 7

2 1 2 . O pe rati o n s —U n d r th i s h a d in g shou l d
i nclu d e d all e e be
s p e ci fi cati o ns i n r e f e r e nc e t o t h e n e c e ssary o p e rati o ns by which
e ar t h wo rks a r e t o b e b e g un p r o s e cut e d an d c o m p l e t e d i nclu d in g , , ,

al s o all r e s tri ct i o n s a n d n e c e s sary p r e cau ti o n s w h ich a r e t o b e tak e n

i n o r d e r t o s e cu r e g o o d w o rk a n d p r o t e ct p ubli c li f e a n d p r o p e r ty
a n d t h e w o rk i t s e l f .

( A) t o ( E ) I nc lu s i v e : B e g i n n in g W o rk e t c , .

A
( ) D ed g e W k r B e g i i g W o r k —
or T h e w o r k s h a ll b
:
“
b eg n at th e nn n e u

o ut l e t b u t t h e c o ntr a c t o r m a y l a v
,
suc h t m p o rar y d am s as m y b e n e ce s e e e a

sar y t h l d b ac k t h wat r f o t h d r d g s p r ov i d ed suc h d a m s a r m v ed

o o e e r e e e , re e o

as s o n as t h p r o gr ss f t h e w r k p e r m i ts
o e e o o .

( )
B G d es a d L i
ra e a — T h e a p p r x i m at
n d p th o f t hn xcavat i n will “
o e e e e o

b eg i v n by t h n gi n r b e f r e t h e xcavat i o n i s b e gun G ra d
e e e ee d li n e will
o e . e an

b e g i ve n by t h ngi n e r v e r y 1 2 5 f e e t at t h e b o tt om f t h tr enc h on sta k es

e e e e 1
7 o e ,

t by t h c ntract o r ”
t be
o se e o .

( C ) Cl i g d Gr b bi g
ea r n a Fo L e v es
an Th gr un d t o b oc u
a n : . r e . e o e c

p i d eby t h l v m ust e first b

e c
eel ar d o f a ll tr e s st m p s l o gs b u s h w e ed s e e e e , u , , , ,

an d a ll p e r i s h a bl m att r o f ev e r y ki n d e A ll tr e e s a d stu m p s s h a ll b e
e . n

gru bbe d o t by t h r o ts d a ll w r k s h a ll b e d n t t h e f u ll s t i s f act i n

u e o ,
an o o e o a o

o f t h e ng i n r e ee .

b F o R s vo i
. r Th e nt i r e sur f ace o f t h e gr un d o whi c h t h e r es e r
er r . e e o n o

vo i r i s t o b c nstruct e d s h a ll b c l ar d d gru bb e d f a ll tr e s stu m p s

e o e e e an o e , ,

bu sh e s d r o ts A l l suc h m at r i a l s h a ll b r e m v d f r m t h e r se rv i o r
an o . e e o e o e

ar a A ll g d t i m be r s h a ll b
e . oo t a d c r d e d a d s h a ll b d r m ain t h e e cu n o , n e an e

p r o p e rt y f th c i ty A ll d b r i s s h a ll b b urn e d o r o t h e rwi s e re m ved f rom

o e . e e o

t h c i t y p r p e rt y
e o .

0 Fo .C l r Th c ntract o r w il l b r e qu i r d t r e m v a ll tr s
an a . e o e e o o e ee ,

stu m p s bu il d i ngs f nc s
, o t h r i ncu m b ra nc s w i t hi n 1 5 0f
, e e , t f t h c nt e r
or e e ee o e e

li ne o f t h ch ann l o t h at m y b e i n t h e w y o f an y c o ll at ra l
e e , r s b si d a a e or u

i a y wo r k h r i n s p e c i fi d
r e A ll su h m at e r i a l o f va l u e s h a ll b t h p r op e rt y
e e . c e e

of th co ntract r d a ll w rt hl ss m at r i a l s h a ll b d i s p se d f as d i r e ct d
e o , an o e e e o o e

by t h ng i n r T h co st f t hi s w r k s h a ll b e i nc l ud d i n t h e p r ic e s f
e e ee . e o o e or

e xcavat i n as h e r i na f t r s tat e d ( S p ec San D i st o f C hi cag o )

o e e .
”
. . . .

D
( ) B k i g S f
r eac e f o L e v ne — Th nt i r sur f ac w hi c h w ill b e us e d
ur a r e
“
e e e e

f o r t h e b as f th l v s h a ll b e th o r oug hl y b r o k n w i t h a s p ad e
e o e e ee p low e or

i n r d r t o f r m sat i s f act r y b n d w i t h t h e art h fi ll

o e o a o o e .
”

E
( ) C h g s i R o ad an a d e R a i l r o d n: R a i l w y c h g e — Th r oug h o ut
s n a s
“
a an s

such s ct i ns f t h e wo r k as m y r q i r a ch ang i n l cat i n f an y ra il

e o o a e u e e o o o

w y t h c ntract r s h a ll gra d
a , e o d u bl o track r a d b d w i t h m at r i a l f r om e a o e o -
e e

t h e excavat i o ns h r i n be f o r s p c i fi d sa i d r o a d b d t o b t hi rt y ( 3 0) f ee t
e e e e e ,
-
e e

wi d e t p wi th s id
on o sl p s f
, d n h al f t e o d c o n f r m i ng i n
o e o on e an o e- o n e, an o

h i g h t d l cat i n d i n o t h r p art i cu l ars t t h p l ans f t h e ng i n r

e an o o an e o e o e ee ,

as s h wn o p l an 2 on d th c st f an y suc h w r k s h a ll b e i nc lu d ed
‘
a,
’
an e o o o

i n t h e p r i c s f excavat i n h e r e i naf t e r stat e d ( S p e c San D i st o f C hi cago )

e or o . . . . .
 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r P r o c e s se s

2 1 3 .
( F ) C o n so l i da ti o n
Ta m p in g e t c , R o lli n g , , .

a F R es r v i r E m b k m e t T h e e m ban k m nt s h a ll b e b u il t by
‘

. or e o an n .
~
e

d u m p i ng t h m at r i a l i n un i f r m l a y rs a d t o t h e f u ll w i d t h t h e r e o f
e e Th o e n . e

m at r i al o d p o s i t d s h a ll b s p r a d
e s e t i n un i f o r m l a y e rs
e o t ov e r t w e l v
e e ou n e

i nc h e s i n t hi c k n ss a d t h o r o ug hly r ll d wi t h ro a d r o ll e r o f a p p r v ed
e n o e
’

a o

w e i gh t d d i m e ns i ns
an o .

b F or L ew es — T h e m o v m nt o f a ll wago ns carts o cra p rs us d on

.
“
e e ,
r s e e

t h e w o r k s h a ll b e s d i r e ct e d t h at a ll p arts o f t h o m b an k m nt s h a ll b e e e e

m d e q ua lly a d un i f o r m ly c o m p act
a e n .

c F o r P a ve m e t s — T h e s b grad e a f t e r b i ng p r o p e r ly p ud d l d a n d
. n .
“
u -
, e e

b r oug h t t o t h e pr p r s e ct i n s h a ll b e t h o r ughly c o m p act d by r o lli ng d

o e o , o e an

t m p i ng i n suc h m ann r n d t o suc h ext nt as t h e ng i n r m y d i r ct T h

a e a e e ee a e . e

r ll r s h a ll t b e l ss t h an t h r
o e no f ee t i n d iam et r o
e m r t h an i x ee e , r o e s

( 6 ) f e t w i d e o t h f ace a d s h a ll w i g h at l e as t e i g h t ( 8 ) t o ns a d i t
e n e , n e ,
n

s h a ll b so o p rate d as t o r o ll t h e nt i r e s b gra d b t we n t h str e t cur b s

e e e u -
e e e e e

A ll p l ac s t h at h av e t b n o cann o t b p r p e r ly r ll e d s h a ll b e ta m p e d
e no ee r e o o ,

wi t h s q uar e h an d ta m p e rs o f t m o r e t h an t w l v e ( 1 2 ) i nch s s q ar e f ac no e e u e,

an d o t l e ss t h an n i n e t y ( 9 0
n ) p un d s we i g h t Th r o lli ng a d ta m p i ng o f o . e n

th ef o un d at i n s h a ll a l wa y s b o k p t at a d i stanc o f t l ss t h an e h e e e no e on un

d red ( 1 0 0) f e e t a h e a d f t h p av m e nt o e e .

d F o P ve m t s — W h n t h e r a d b d h as b ee n b r o g h t t b gra d e
“
. r a en e o -
e u o su -

a n d be f o r e t h cur b s a e et an d a f te r t h e c i t y h as m a d e y n c e ssar y i m
e r s , an e

p ro v me t e t h e s b gr d
n s, s h a ll b t h r o ughly r ll d w i t h a st a m r a d
u -
a e e o o e e o

r o ll e r w i g hi ng t l ss t h an t e t ns A y s o f t d s p ng y p l ace s th at
, e no e n o . n an o

m y a p p ar d ur i ng t h r lli ng s h a ll b fi ll e d w i t h d y art h
a e e o l d m aca d a m , e r e or o

a d b
n r o ll ed unt il t h y
e fi m d s li d a d c o n f r m t o
e are b gra d e b e i ng r an o n o su -
,

s ixt n ( 1 6 ) i nch s b e l w t h fin i s h e d sur f ac

ee e o e e .

6 Ta m p i g T
. c h es — I r fi lli ng t h tr nch s t h art h fi ll i n t h
n r en
“
n e e e e , e e e

b o tt m o f t h tr e nch un d e r ar o n d a n d s i x i nch s
o e ve r t h e t p o f
, u , e o o

t h e p i pe s a d t h r cast i ngs s h a ll b car f u lly p ack d a d w ll ra m m d

n o e , e e e n e e

w i t h p r o pe r t o o l s f o t h e p ur p o s Car s h a ll b ta k n t g iv t h p i p e
r e . e e e o e e

a s o li d be ar i ng t h r o ugh out i ts nt i re l ngt h T h rt h fi lli ng a b ov t h e e e . e ea e

p i p s s h a ll a l s
e b e s ffic i nt ly p a k e d t
o p r v nt s r i o us a f t r s tt l m e nt
u e c o e e e e e e .

Th e c ntract o r w ill t b r q u i r e d t o ta m p t h ent i re r e fi lli g b t t h e

o no e e e n , u

str t s h a ll i m m e d i at ly a f te r r efi lli ng b e p u t i nto a p assabl c n d i t i o n d

ee e e o an

k p t s o f o t h li m i t o f guarant ; a cr wn b i ng l f t ove r t h e tr nch e s o f

e r e ee o e e e

n ot t exc e e d s i x i nc h e s
o i n t h e w i d t h o f t h e tr ench a d s o li d n o ug h , n e

t o p r e v nt a h rs e o w h ee l f r o m s i n ki ng i nt
e o i t t o a d ang r us ext e nt o f
r o e o ,

whi c h t h ng i n e r s h a ll b t h e j ud g e A f t e r ra i ns o at t h r t i m s wh e n
e e e e .
, r o e e

an y s tt l e m e nt o ccurs
e i th e r i n t h e sur f ace f t h e fi ll o r by t h f r m at i o n
, e o , e o

o f h o l s b e n eat h t h
e crust t h e tr nch s h a ll b e r fi ll e d an d r e d r ss e d n d a ll
e , e e e , a

k p t i n a sat i s f act r y a d p assa bl e c n d i t i n

e o n o o .

T h e b ac k fi lli ng s h a ll b e d o n e as s o o n s p o ss ibl e a f t e r t h e s e we r i s a

co m p l e t d a t an y p o i nt T h e art h s h a l l b e p l ac d car e f u lly i n l a y e rs o f

e . . e e

n ot ov r n i n i nc h e s i n t hi ck n e ss a d e ach l a y e r b f o re t h n ext i s p l ac e d
e e , n e e
, ,

s h a ll b t h o ro ug hly w t r ra m m e d as t h e ng i n e r m a y d i r ec t
e e o d th e e e , an

fi lli ng s h a ll b e p ac k d a d ram m ed n d e r n d ar o un d t h e s e we r wi t h p r o p e r
e n u a ,
330 S p e c i fi c a t io n s fo r P r o c e sse s

m ay b e l oc ate d i n sa i d str ee t n o t i ce s h a ll b g i v n t o t h c i t y a d t h e wo r k , e e e , n

s h a ll b e d n e i n acco r d ance wi t h t h e d i r ct i n o f sa i d c i t y o i ts r ep esen

o e o r r

t a t i ve A ll o b j ects r qu i r i ng i t s h all b e susta i n d i n p l ac e un t il t h wo r k

. e e e

i s c m p l t e d d an y d a m age caus e d s h a ll b e t h o r ug hly r e pa i r ed a n d al l

o e an o , ,

wo r k r q u i r i ng str e ngt h n i ng t o m e e t an y a dd i t i o na l stra i n cau s e d by suc h

e e

excavat i n s h a ll b e p r p r ly m a d
o by t h c ontract o r t o t h f ll sat i s f act i o n
o e e e e u

o f t h ci ty e .

A ll r p a i rs f i n j ur y t o p i p e s d ra i ns
“
e o th e r o b stac l e s nco unter ed i n , or o e

o r o t h e str e t s h a ll b e p r p e r ly m a d e b e f r
n e , fi lli ng o ve r an d ar oun d t h e o o e

sa m e .
”

b R ep l c i g i m p r o v d s u f a ce
. a n I n a ll cas t h c lass f p av m e n t e r s . es e o e

b e f r e x i st i ng s h a ll b ca r f u lly r ep l ace d o as t b e i n e ve r y wa y eq ua l t o
o e e e s o

t h e o r i g i na l sur f ac i n m at r i a l d wo r k m ans hi p as f as p ract i ca bl e I n

e e an ar .

i m p r v ed str ee ts a d t h r ug h t h b us i n ss p o rt i n o f t h e t wn t h e c o ntract o r
o n o e e o o ,

s h a l l t h r ug hly ta m p t h e m at e r i a l f r m t h e p i p e t o t h e sur f ace so t h at n o

o o o

a f t r s e tt l m nt s h a ll o ccur
e -
e e .
”

0 T h e c ntract r s h a ll d o w h at v r m y b e n c ssar y t
. o o k ee p i n p o s i e e a e e o

ti no , d t o p r t ct f r o m i n j ur y a ll w at e r gas p i p e s s rv i c
an o e p i p e s l am p , ,
e e ,

'
p o sts p o l s a d a ll o t h r fixtur s whi c h m y b
, e , n e nc o unt r e d i n carr yi ng
e n e a e e o

th ewo r k I n cas e an y f t h e s i d p i p s p o sts p l s o o t h e r fixtur e s b

. o a e , , o e , r e

d a m ag e d t h y s h a l l b e r e p a i r d by t h
, e p art i e s h av i ng c o ntr l o f t h e sa m e e o e,

a d th e
n xp ens o f suc h r p a i rs s h all b d d u t d f r o m t h a m ounts whi c h
e e e e e c e e

ma y b co m e d e t h e c o ntract o r ue .

2 1 6 ( K ) ( L ) ( M ) a n d ( N ) P u m p i n g Me th o d s e t c
.
, , , .

( K P m p i g a d d i i g u a T en c hn e s — D ur i ng t h tr nc hi ng
n ra n n d th e : . r
“
e e an

l ayi ng f t h e p i p t h c ntract r s h all p r pe r ly d i s po s e o f a ll d ra i nage o r

o e, e o o o

wat e r s ki ng t h tr enc h s by t h e m p l o y m ent o f su i ta bl d u m s f o o n

ee e e , e e e r c

d uct i ng t h e wat r f r o m t h e w o r k by d o i ng a ll n ec ssar y p u m p i ng a n d

e , or e

b ili ng He s h a ll p r ov i d f o a ll wat rw a y s d i tc h s o r s ew rs i nt e r ce p t ed
a . e r e ,
e e

d ur i ng t h e p r o gr e ss f th wo r k a n d r e p l ac t h m i n as g o d a d sa t i s f a c
o e , e e o n

t r y c o n d i t i o n as t h e y w r e b f o r e t h y we r e d i stur b d b f r e t h e wo r k
o e e e e , e o

w ill b acc p t ed e e .
”

b Sh f t a d T el s Dur i ng t h e c nstr t i o n d unt il t h e w r k i s

. a n unn . o uc an o

c m p l t d d acc p t e d t h e c ntract r s h a ll p r om p t ly d p r p e r ly d i sp o s e
o e e an e ,
o o an o

o f a ll d ra i nage w at r s e p i ng i nt o t h s h a f t tunn l s by d o i ng a ll n ec ssar y

e e e or e e

p u m p i ng d b a ili ng d h ans h a ll f urn i s h a ll n c ssar y m achi n r y a d a p

,
an e e e e n

p arat s t h e r f ru e o .

( L ) S y t m o f E xc v t i o a T ch e
s e A ll xcav t i o n s h a ll b d n
a a n : . r an s . e a e o e

by p e n t f r m t h sur f ac T r nch s f p i pe s e we rs s h a ll b e e i gh t ee n
o cu o e e . e e or ,

i nch e s w i d r t h a n t h e d i a m t r f t h e p i p e T h e bo tt om o f a ll tr e nc h e s
e e e o . ,

wh e t h r f p i p e o b r i c k s e we rs m ust b e as f a as p ract i ca bl e excava t e d t o

e or r ,
r

th e xact f o r m d s iz e f t h e l w e r h l f o f t h e p i p e o r s e w r t o b e l a i d
e an o o a , e ,

t h r i n Su i ta bl e h o l e s s h a ll b e t f or t h e p i pe be ll s a d f o t h e p r o p e r
e e .
cu , , n r

fitt i ng o f a ll j unct i ns wh e n n e d e d o e .

b T e ch i g — T h xcavat i n w ill i n a ll cas s b e c o nt i nu d f r o m t h e

. r n n .
“
e e o ,
e ,
e

sur f ace t t h e b tt o m li n e o f t h sam e un l e ss o t h rw i s e s p e c i a lly p e r m i t t ed i n

o o e ,
e

w r i t i ng by t h e c i t y T h e tr nc h s h a ll b e p r o p e r ly a d s m o o t hly b o tt o m e d
. e n
 O p e ra t i o n s 33 l

so t h at t h e p i p w i ll h ave a f u ll l ngt h su p p o rt I n xcava t i ng t h r oug h

e e . e

i m p r v d stree t s f ac s t h m t r i a l s h a ll b e car e f u lly r e m o v d a d k p t

o e ur e , e a e e n e

f r ee f ro m t h o t h e r m at r i a le xcavat d f ro m t h e tr nc h s e e e e e .

I n r d r t f ac ili t t tr ffic d i nt r f r w i t h t h
“
o e o f th
a e p bli c a an e e e e u se o e u

str ee ts as li tt l e as p ss ibl e a ll tr nch s h av i ng an av rag d ep t h o f i g h t o , e e e e e

f ee t m r s h a ll b e excavat ed by t h e
or o e o f an v r h a d co nv y o r s y st e m u se o e e e

wi t h w hi c h t h e m at e r i a l exca vat d o o e p rt i n o f t h e wo r k s h a ll b e n n o o e

d u m p d d i r t ly i nt o t h
e tr nc h i n whi c h t h s w r i s a l r a d y c m p l t d
ec e e e e e e o e e .

( M ) F i l l i g : Aq e d ct E m b a k m t s — T h m at r i a l i s t o b e d e p o s i t d
“
n u u n en e e e
an d s p r e a d i n h r i z o nta l l a y rs n t xc d i ng 3 i nch e s i n thi ck n e ss e ac h
o e o e ee ,

l a y r t b s ffi i e t l y wat e r e d d v e r y t h o r o ug hly r o ll e d wi t h a h av y
e o e u c n _ an e

gr v d r ll r Fr om t i m e t o t i m d r i ng t h c o ns tru ct i n o f t hi s p o rt i n
oo e o e . e u e o o

o f th e m b an k m e nts a d i f s o r q u i r e d t h r e t i m s a f t r i ts c o m p l e t i n
e ,
n e , e . e e o ,

t hi s p rt i o n s h a ll b s t h o r o ug hl y saturat d w i t h wat e r t h at i t will stan d

o e o e
'

u p n t h sur f ac
o e e .

T h e b u il d i ng o f t h e a q u e d uct p n suc h f un d at i n m b an k m e nt s s h a ll u o o o e

n ot b b gu n nt il t h ey h av e st o o d si x we k s a f t r c m p l t i n un l es s t h e r
e e u e e o e o , o

wi s d i r e t d
e ( M t Wat r
c e . S w rage B o ar d )
"
e . e e e .

( N ) Dr i l li g C h e l li g B l as t i g
n ,
d Q r y i g : a S h af t a d T
an n n , n an ua r n . n un

l — I f bl a t i ng i s n c ssar y i n t h e r m va l o f r c k f r o m sa i d s h a f t
“
ne s e e r e o o o

t nn e l s d e car s h a ll b e ta k n t p r o t c t a ll fin i s h d m as nr y o t h r
u , u e e o e e o r o e

w rko m at e r i a l i n sa i d s h a f t
or t nn l s f r m i n j u y d e t o t h e bla st i ng or u e o r u .

All bl ast i ng s h all b car f u lly c v r ed d a ll bl asts sh a ll b e fir d by m e an s

e e o e an e

o f e l ctr i c i gn i t e r
e d d e t o nat i ng ca p s a n d o t by f us e s
an , n .

b C a a l — T h e c ntrac t o r i s t o f urn i s h a ll xp l s i v c o m p un d s f o r
. n
“
o e o e o

bl ast i ng t h m at r i a l p ro v i d ed t o b excavat d un d r t hi s c ntract ; a d

e e e e e o n ,

w h r as t h e st o r i ng h an d li ng
e e , d o f s o l arg an a m ount f xp l s i ve
, , an u se e o e o

m at r i a l r q i r s t h ut m o st car
e e u n d d i s r i m i nat i n
e ei t i s th r f r nd r e a c o , e e o e u e

st d d agr d t h at t h s i d co ntract r s h a l l arrang f t h e st rag f

oo an ee e a o e or o e o

a ll exp l s i v m at e r i a l s at a d i stanc n ot l e ss t h an 6 00f t f r o m t h e wo rk

o e e ee ,

or fr m o y t h r m aga zi n
an o f r m an y d w lli ng
e c pi d a h bi t t i n
e, or o e oc u e as a a o ,

a d t h at
n t m r t h an
no p o un d s s h a ll b e k e p t i n
o e p l ac It is f on e e . ur

t h r un d e rst d d agr d t h at sa i d xp l s i v m at r i a l s h a ll i
e oo an o cas
ee e o e e n n e

b e b r o ug h t nt t h w r k xc p t wh n n d d f t h p ur p s f ch arg i ng
o o e o e e e ee e or e o e o

th e b l a t h ol s a d t h en n ly i n suc h q nt i t y as i s n d d f t h p t i c
e s, n o ua ee e or e ar u

l ar w r k i n h an d
o d t h at n n b t s kill d , d car f l m
an s h a ll b e m o e u e an e u en e

p l yed i n t h
o h an d li ng e f sa i d exp l s i v d t h at liqu i d xp l s i v
o r u se o o e, an no e o e

s h a ll b e us e d .

I t i s f rt h r n d rst d n d agr d t h at t h gr un d surr un d i ng a ll

u e u e oo a ee e o o

m aga zi n s sh l l be k p t f r ee f v g ta bl c m b st ibl m at r i a l f a ra d i s
p‘
e a e o e e e or o u e e or u

o f on e h n d r d f et u d t h at t h i r w a ll s s h a ll b
e e m a d e b u ll t p r f t
, an a e e e oo , o

h i gh t f
e fo t a b ov t h c ont i n d xp l s i v s a d t h at i n
on e oo e c s e s h a ll
e a e e o e ,
n no a

th e y b m ad e o f b r i ck t ne I t i s l d a d agr d t h at s c h
'

e d st or s o . a so un er oo n ee u

s i gna l s o f d ng e r as m y b e d i r ct d by t h ng i n r s h a ll b g i v n
a , a e e e e ee , e e or

d i s p l y d b f r t h e fir i ng
a e e o f an y bl e t a d t h at t h sa i d c o ntr ct o r s h a ll o as , n e a

c n f r m hi s acts t
o o d o b e y a ll ru l e s d r gu l at i ns r l at i v t
o an th h an d an e o e e o e

li ng o f xp l s iv e s d t h e fir i ng f bl asts f t h p ro t ct i n f li f e o p r op
e o an o , or e e o o r
 332 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s fo r P ro c e s se s

ert y, hi ch m y b e m a d by t h e e ng i n e e r f r o m t i m e t o t i m e ( S p ec San
w a e . . .

D i st o f C hi cago )
. .

2 1 7 ( O ) D i sp o s a l o f Ma t e r i a l a n d ( P ) O v e r h a u l
. .

( O ) D i sp o s l o f M t i l a S h a f t a d T l Th m at r i a l f r m t h e
a er a : . an unn e . e e o

s h a f t o tunn l s s h a ll b e d e p o s i t ed at t h e p i nt d i r ct e d by t h e e ng i n ee r t h
r e o e , e

d i sta nc e t o wh i c h s h a ll n o t xc e d t h r h un d r ed f e t f r o m t h e t p o f t h e e e ee e o

shaf t .
”

b S t r e t Wo k
. e A ll xcav t d m at e r i a l s h a ll b e d i s p o s e d f as f o l
r . e a e o

l o ws : Fi rst i t s h a l l b s ed t o m a k e an y fi ll s n c ssar y t o b r i ng t h e f o un
, e u e e

d at i o n o f t h e str t t o t h p r p r gra d e ; s c n d i t s h a ll b d p o s i t d
ee e an y o e e o , e e e on

str e t r a ll y o l t o p arc e l o f l an d w i t hi n o e t h san d f e e t f t h p l ac

e o e r o r n ou o e e

of xca vat i o n whi c h m y b s l ct d o d s i gnat d by t h e e ng i n r d t hi rd

e , a e e e e r e e ee , an ,

t h e ba l anc e o f sa i d m at r i a l s h a ll b e r e m o v e d f r o m sa i d str t by t h co
e ee e n

tract o r d at hi s o w xp ns
an d m ay b e so l d o o t h e r wi s e d i s p o s ed o f
n e e e, an r

as h e m ay l ect e .

T h e c i t y r s rv e s t h e r i g h t t a ll c bbl st o n s gutt r cr o ss i ngs d

“
e e o o e e , e an

cr o ss wa lk st n e i n go d co n d i t i n a f t r t h sam h ave b e n ta k en p by
o o o ,
e e e e u

t h e c o ntract o r wh o s h ll se d car i n h an d li ng t h sam e o as t t o ‘

,
a u ue e e s no

b r a k t h m a d s h a ll car f u lly p il t h s m e at suc h p i nts

e e , n i nt rs ec t i ng
e e e a o on e

str ts as t h e e ng i n e r m y d i r ec t
ee e a .

c T e ch e — T h m at r i a l f r om t h e tr nch s s h a ll b e so d ep o s i te d as
. r n s
“
e e e e

t o i nt r f r e as li tt l e as p o ss ibl w i t h p u bli c trav l o t h e c nv n i nc f

e e e e r o e e e o

th e r e s i d ents o t h th r ug h f ar e i n whi ch t h e excavat i on i s m a d

n e o o e .
”

(1 T . ch es — ( a ) T h xcavat ed m at e r i a l o o t h e r m a t e r i a l us ed
r en e e th e r on

w k s h a ll b
or l a i d c m p act lye th s i d s f t h tr nch a d k p t p il d
o on e e o e e , n e e or

tr i m m ed p s as t o b e f as li tt l i nco nv n i nc as p o ss ibl e t t h e trave li ng

u o o e e e e o

p u bli c a d a d j o i n i ng t e n a nts
n .

( b ) Sa i d m at e r i a l s h a ll n o t o b struct t h e gutt e r o f an y str e t a n d a ll e ,

p r o pe r m asur e s s h a ll b e ta k e n t o p r ov i d
e fo t h e f r ee p assag e f sur f ac e e r o

w at e r a l o ng t h e gutt e rs .

( ) C
e a a l — T h e c ntract o r e xc p t as h e r e i n b e f o r e s p e ci fi e d i s t o d i s
n o , e ,

p os e i a ll m at r i a l t
o b e exca vat d un d r t h e t e r m s o f t hi s c ntract at hi s
e o e e o

ow n expe ns e a d in th m o st c nv e n i nt m ann r i n wast

, n eba n k s th o e e , e on e

r i gh t o f w y ; p r ov i d d t h at t h e f o t f t h i n e r s l o pe o f sa i d b an k s s h a ll
a e , o o e n

n ot b ne ar r t t h d ge f t h e m a i n ch anne l t h an 5 0 f ee t m eas r d at
e e o e e o , u e

an e l evat i o n o f 1 0 f e t a bo v e d atu m a d t h at t h e f o t o f t h o ut r 1 0p e , n o e e s e

s h a ll n o t a p p r ach t h e m arg i n f t h r i gh t o f w y c l o s e r t h an 1 0 f e e t n or
o o e a ,

e ncr o ach o n t h c h ann l f t h D s p l a i n s r i ve r as fina lly e sta bli s h ed

e e o d e e e , an

s o a s t o m at e r i a lly i nt r f e r e w i t h t h fl w t h r f ; t h e s l p e s n xt t h e c h an
e e o e eo o e

n el a d sa i d m argi n o f r i v e r t
n be t l ss t h an o e d e h al f t o e nd o no e n an on -
on , a

sa i d w ast b n k s t o b e w i thi n t h e li m i ts f 45 0 f e e t f r o m t h e e d g o f t h e
e a o e

m a i n c h ann l d p r v i d e d t h at t hi s s h a ll
e , an o t b e c nstru e d t o p r v e nt an y
o n o e

o th r d i sp o si t i on o f t h m at e r i a l w i t h t h e c o ns e nt f t h e e ngi n e r ( S pec
”
e e o e . .

San D i st o f Chi cag o )

. . .

( P ) Ov h l erA ll m at r i a l s h all b e d li ve r e d at suc h p o i n t s wi t hi n

au . e e ,

fi f t e e n h un d r d f e t f t h wo r k as t h en g i n r m a y d i r ct On an y m
e e o e , e ee e . a
3 34 S p e c i fi c a t io n s f o r P r o c e s s e s

S tr ippi n g an d G r a bb i n g
Stri pp in g su r f ac e fo r r e s e rvo i r .

Stri p p in g sur f ac e fo r quarry o r o pe n m in e .

F i l ls an d E m b a n k m e n ts
F illin g ac r o ss a ravin e f o r hi g h way p ur p o s e s .

Co nstruc ti o n o f l e v e e by sc ra p e rs .

Co nstructi o n o f l e v e e by m achin e ry .

Co nstructi o n o f a rail w ay fi ll by scra p e rs .

Co nstr u cti o n o f a rail way fi ll by st e a m sh o v e ls a n d cars .

E xcavati o n f o r culv e rt un de r rail way in o p e rati o n .

Co nstru cti o n o f e arth e n r e s e rv o i r da m by scra pe rs .

Co nstructi o n o f e arth e n r e s e rv o i r da m by cars .

Co ns tr u cti o n o f e arth e n r e s e rv o i r da m by m achin e w o rk .

Co nstr u cti o n o f e arth e n r e s e rvo i r da m by h y dr au l ici n g .

D i t ch i n g and
‘
D r e dg i n g
Co nstructi o n an i rri g ati o n canal han d fi ni sh e d f o r linin g
of ,
.

Co nstructi o n o f d raina g e ( o r i rri g ati o n ) d itch by han d wo rk .

Co nstructi o n o f d raina g e ( o r i rri g ati o n ) d itch by scra p e rs .

Co nstructi o n o f d raina g e ( o r irri g ati o n ) d itch by m a ch i n e r v .

D r e dg in g a riv e r b e d f o r b o at chann e l .

D r e d g in g a riv e r o r lak e f o r a d o ck .

E xcavati o n w ithin c o ff e r d a m f o r d a m f o un d ati o ns .

E xcavati o n w ithin c o ff e r d a m f o r p i e r f o un d ati o n .

S h af t an d Tu n n e ls :
Co nstru cti o n tunn e l in e arth f o r rail way
of .

Con structi o n o f t u nn e l in e arth f o r aqu e duct .

E xcavatin g a d u g w e ll .

E xcavatin g a m in e sha f t .

Tr e n c h i n g .

Co nstructi o n tr e nch
of f o r p i p e s e we r .

Co nstructi o n o f tr e n ch f o r brick s e w e r .

Co nstructi o n o f tr e nch fo r c o ncr e t e s e w e r .

Co nstructi o n o f tr e nch f o r w at e r p i p e .

Co nstructi o n o f t r e nch f o r e l e ctric c o n du i ts .

Co nstr u cti o n o f tr e nch f o r e l e ctric cabl e .

Misce lla n eo u s
E xcavati o n f o r trans m issi o n t o we r bas e in har d g r o un d .

2 2 0. As s i g n m e n t s o f o th e r F u n d am e n ta l P r o c e s se s .

B a n k P r o t e ct i o n
F u rnishin g an d p lacin g h eavy ri p ra p .
 F u n da m e n t a l P r o c e s s e s 335

F urni shin g an d p lacin g

ri p ra p p avin g .

F urnishin g a n d p lacin g bl o ck st o n e p avin g .

F u rnishin g a n d p lacin g r o ck fi ll e d ti m b e r cribs .

B r i ck M as o n r y :
L ayin g c o m m o n brick in walls o f buil d in g .

L ayin g fi r e brick a n d c o m m o n brick in b o il e r s e ttin g .

L ayin g f ac e brick in buil d in g f r o nts o r e na m e l e d brick i n e n g in e

r o o m wall .

L ayin g har d brick in b o il e r r o o m fl o o r o r si de w alk .

L ayin g brick in s e w e rs chi m n eys o r p av e m e nts

, .

L ayi n g c o m m o n brick in bus bar c o m p art m e nts .

B r u sh M a t tr ess :
Makin g a n d p lacin g inclu d in g c o v e rin g
,
w i th ri p ra p an d sinkin g .

C ar pen t er Wo r k
Co nstructin g c onc r e t e f o r m s ( fi nish e d w o rk o r r o u g h w o rk ) .

F ra m in g ti m b e rs f o r crib da m s o r tr e stl e wo rk .

F ra m in g ti m b e rs f o r h e a d in g s a n d tunn e ls o r sha f ts .

C o ff e r D a m
C lay bank m e nt ( f o r shall o w w a t e r )
em

San d a n d clay e m bank m e nt w ith sh e e t p ilin g inn e r wall .

T w o r o w s o f sh e e t p ilin g fi ll e d w ith p u dd l e .

R o ck fill e d crib w ith o ut e r sh e e tin g o f w o o d

-
.

R o ck fil l e d crib w ith o ut e r sh ee tin g o f st e e l

-
.

C o n cr e t e W or k — P l a i n o r R ei n f o r ce d :
Makin g c o ncr e t e ( m ixtu r e ) a n d p lac in g f o un dati o n o f r o a d s
‘

7
or

m achin e ry .

Fo r r e tainin g w all o r p i e rs a n d ab u t m e nts .

Fo r si d e walk fl o o rs o r c u rb a n d g utt e rs
, .

Fo r a rch e d bri d g e o r culv e rts .

Fo r d itch o r tunn e l linin g .

C o n cr e t e Wa r k— R e i n for ced
Fo r f e nc e p o sts b e arin g p il e s o r trans m issi o n p o l e s
,
.

Fo r r e s e rv o i rs — w alls a n d b o tt o m o r linin g .

Fo r b e a m s slabs o r c o lu m ns
,
.

Fo r s e we r p i p e o r c u lv e rts .

Fe n ci n g
R ailr o a d ri g ht o f w a y o r hi g h w ays .

F ar m p r o p e rty f o r h o rs e s ca ttl e o r , po ultry .

7 M ixt r e t o
u be s e l ect ed or as i gn
s ed .
3 36 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r P r o c e s se s

H ig h w ay an d S t r e e t Co n s t r u c t i o n.

F o u n d ati o n s o f g rav e l cin de rs c o ncr e t e br o k e n st o n e o r T e l f o r d

, , , .

S u r f ac e o f g rav el o r c rush e d g ranit e .

Maca da m ( wat e r bo un d o il b o un d o r with bitu m in o us w earin g

,

sur f ac e ) .

C e d ar bl o ck Do u g las fi r bl o ck o r c r eo s o t e d w o o d bl o ck
, .

V itri fi e d brick o r st o n e bl o cks sh e e t o r bl o ck as pha l t

, .

Ma ch i n er y an d Appu rt en a n c es :
F u rnishin g st e e l castin g s f o r g e a rs .

F urnishin g st e e l f o r g in g f o r c o nn e ctin g r o d s o r sha f tin g .

F urnish in g ir o n castin g s f o r e n g in e cylin de rs an d m achin e f ra m e s .

F u rnishin g castin g s f o r lar g e g e ars ( uncut o r cut g e ars )

F u rnishin g brass castin g s f o r b earin g b o x e s .

Ma ch i n e Sh o p I/Vo r k
B o rin g n g in e cylin d e r
e .

F o r m in g an d fi nishi n g p ist o n r o d a n d c o nn e ctin g r o d .

Makin g a n d f urni shin g b o lts a n d nuts ( o r d inary o r fi nish e d wo rk ) .

R iv e t e d w o rk f o r lar g e p e nst o ck o r tu rbin e h o usin g .

R iv e t e d w o rk f o r o r d i nary r e turn tubular b o il e r .

R iv e t e d wo rk f o r b e st S c o tch m arin e b o il e r .

R iv e t e d w o rk f o r h o u s e tank o r stan dp i p e .

P ai n t in g :
S t e e l bri d g e o r st e e l p o l e s a n d t o we rs .

F ra m e buil d in g ( e xt e ri o r ) o r w in do w s an d do o r f ra m e s o f brick
p o we r h o u s e .

St ee l s tan dp i p e o r st ee l p e nst o ck .

Int e ri o r st e e l t russ e s o f p o we r h o u s e o r p last e r wal ls o f e n g in e

ro om .

F inishin g har d p in e fi o o r o r w ainsc o tin g o f e n g in e r o o m .

P ilin g "
.

D rivin g b earin g p il e s f o r f o un d ati o n o f p o w e r stati o n o r brick

chi mn ey .

D rivin g sh e e t p ilin g in a da m f o u n d ati o n o f w o o d o r o f st e e l .

D rivin g c o ncr e t e b e arin g p il e s o r castin g c o ncr e t e b e arin g p il e s in

p lac e .

S a w in g o ff r o un d p il e s un de r w at e r o r cuttin g o ff st e e l p il e s in
p lac e .

F u rni shin g an d layin g l e a d j o ints or flan g e j o ints .

 C HAP T E R XIX

SP E C I F I C AT I O N S FO R MAC H I N E R Y AND APP AR AT U S

2 2 1 . D i vi s i o n s —Sp e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r m achi n e ry an d a p p a ratu s

m ay b e d ivi d e d int o thr ee class e s .

F i r st G e n er a l spe ci fi ca t io n s a re u sually p r ep ar e d f o r o c ca si o ns
.

wh e n it is p r o p o s e d t o p u rchas e stan dar d d e si g ns o f m anu f actu r e d m a

c h i n e ry Su ch s p e ci fi ca ti o n s sh o ul d d e fi n i t e ly d e s i g nat e
.

A T h e ki n d a n d nu m b e r o f m ach in e s t o b e f u rn i sh e d
. .

B T h e p u r p o s e f o r which th e y a r e t o b e us e d
. .

C T h e c a p acity
. .

D Th e c o n d iti o n o f o p e rati o n
. .

E T h e c o n d iti o ns o f de liv e ry f o un d ati o ns a n d e r e cti o n

.
,
.

F T h e t o o ls an d a p p urt e nanc e s r e qui r e d

. .

G T h e ti m e o f d e liv e ry
. .

H T h e s p e ci fi cati o n m a y als o incl u de such o th e r s p e cial r e q u ir e

.

m e nts in r e g ar d t o ty p e o f m achin e d e sir e d as w ill c o n fi n e t h e bi dde rs

t o t h e m achin e m o r e n e arly fi tt e d f o r t h e r e qui r e m e nts o f t h e c o n d i
ti o ns.

1 Th e r e quir e m e nt o f f ull s p e ci fi cati o ns f r o m t h e bi dd e r as t o

.

t h e p articular charact e ristics o f t h e m ach in e h e p r o p o s e s t o f urni sh .

Se co n d D e t a i l ed spe cifi ca ti o n s a r e u s u ally p r e p ar e d f o r o cca

.

si o ns wh e n i t i s pr o po s e d t o p urchas e m achin e s w hich a r e d e si g n e d

‘

b y t h e m a n u f a c tu r e r bu t w hi ch a r e m a nu f a ctu r e d t o o r d e r a n d a r e
m o r e o r l e ss s p e cial i n acc o r da nc e w ith t h e d e m an d s o f t h e p urchas e r
,
.

S u ch s p e ci fi cati o n s n o t o nly a ccu rat e ly d e fi n e t h e r e qu i r e m e n t s

o utlin e d u n de r G e n e ral Spe ci fi cati o ns but als o d e scrib e at co n si d
“ ”

c rabl e l e n g th t h e r e qui r e m e nts f o r m at e rial w o rk m an sh i p fi ni sh a n d , ,

str e n g th o f all o r t h e p rinci p al p arts o f t h e m achin e t o b e f urnish e d .

Th i r d D es ig n specifi ca t i o n s a r e u sually acc o m p ani e d by co m

.

tail lan s n d d e s i g nat e d e fi ni t e l y a n d m i nu t e ly i n f u ll d e

'
p l e t e d e e d p a ,

tail e v e ry p ar t a n d p o rti o n o f t h e m a ch i n e t o b e p r o v i d e d d e scrib i n g ,

t h e m at e rial f r o m which it i s t o b e m a de its qu al iti e s an d st re n g t h , ,

t h e w o rk m an sh i p a n d fi n i sh a n d t h e w e i g h t s i z e a n d d i m e ns i o n s o f
, ,

all p ar t s .

T h e ab o v e d ivisi o ns a r e m o r e o r l e ss arbitrary a n d in p ractic e

s u ch s p e ci fi cati o n s o f t e n g ra d e i m p e rc e p t ib ly f r o m o n e t o t h e o th e r .
 G e n e ra l S p e c i fi c a t i o n s 3 39

2 2 2 . G e n e ral Sp ec i fi c a t i o n s —I g n ral s p c i fi cati n s f

n e e e o or ma
chin e ry a n d a p p urt e nanc e s all e ss e ntial r e quir e m e nts o f t h e m achin e
,

n ee de d a n d t h e w o rk t o b e do n e by it sh o ul d b e s p e ci fi e d Th e s e
, ,
.

sh o ul d b e g iv e n in su ffi ci e nt de tail so tha t m anu f actur e rs m ay u n de r

stan d what class o f m achin e ry i s de sir e d o r what class i s b e st a da p t e d
t o t h e w o rk I n such s p e ci fi cati o ns all g e n e ral r e qu ir e m e nts that a r e
.
,

fi x e d by t h e c o n d iti o ns sh o ul d so f a r as p o ssibl e b e s p e ci fi e d If t h e
, ,
.

m achin e m u st b e h o riz o ntal o r v e rtical i f its siz e m ust b e li m it e d o r , ,

if th e r e a r e any o th e r r e qui r e m e nts w hich a r e d efinit e a n d can b e

fi x e d th ey sh o ul d b e stat e d T h e c o n d iti o ns o f installati o n an d t h e
,
.

o th e r r e quir e m e nts f o r a p u m p w ill usually d e t e r m in e w h eth e r it

sh o ul d b e a st e a m p u m p o r a p o w e r p u m p a n d i f t h e la tt e r w h e th e r , ,

it sh o ul d b e r e ci p r o catin g o r c e ntri f u g al If a p o we r p u m p is r e .

quir e d t h e p ri m e m o v e r t o b e u s e d i s u sually kn o wn a n d wh eth e r it

, ,

w ill b e o p e rat e d by r o p e d riv e b e lt o r by d ir e ct c o nn e cti o n

,
.

T h e r e qui r e m e nts f o r a st e a m e n g in e w ill usually d e t e r m in e

wh e th e r it sh o ul d b e si m p l e o r c o m po un d c o n de nsin g o r n o n c o n de ns ,
-

in g an d p r o bably d e fi n e c e rtai n o th e r f e atur e s w hich sh o ul d b e sp e

,

c ifi e d .

U nl e ss t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns li m it t h e m o st c o m m o n de tails t h e bi d s ,

un de r th e m w ill o f t e n e m brac e an e xc e e d in g ly g r e at vari e ty o f m a

chin e ry which w ill di fi e r w i d e ly in t h e m ann e r in which it w ill f ul fi ll
t h e r e qui r e m e nts Such a m ultitu d e o f p r o p o sals f o r a g r e at vari e ty
.

o f m achin e s d i ff e rin g w i de ly in charact e r w ill b e d i ffi cult o f c o m

, ,

paris o n e v e n w h e n t h e e n g in e e r is th o r o u g hly f a m iliar w ith t h e ty p e o f

m achi n e ry in qu e sti o n a n d w ith t h e e ff e ct o f chan g e s i n d e si g n o n t h e
e c o n o m y o f o p e rati o n a n d w ill l e av e t h e n o vic e o r th o s e un f a m iliar
,

w ith t h e m achin e ry g r e atly p e r p l e x e d .

G e n e ral s pe ci fi cati o ns w h e r e f e w o r n o d e tails a r e inclu d e d a re

, ,

b e st a da p t e d t o o ccasi o ns o n w hich t h e c o m pe titi o n ca n b e li m it e d t o

m an u f actur e rs kn o w n t o b e r e s p o nsibl e a n d e x p e ri e nc e d a n d w h o s e ,

lin e o f g o o d s can b e tak e n lar g e ly o n its m e rit w ith littl e o r n o q ue s

ti o n in r e g ar d t o t h e charact e r o f m at e rial o r o f d e tails .

W h e r e as in t h e cas e o f p ublic l e ttin g s t h e c o m pe titi o n m ust b e

, ,

o p e n e d t o all an d t h e a w ar d m ust b e m a de t o t h e l o w e st r e s p o nsibl e

,

bi dde r such s p e ci fi cati o ns do n o t o ff e r a su ffi ci e nt p r o t e cti o n t o t he

,

p urchas e r a n d g r e at e r d e tail is e ss e ntial

,
Fo r such l e ttin g s it is n e c
.
,

e ssary t o p r o t e ct t h e p u rchas e r f r o m unsc ru p ul o u s bi dd e rs an d t h e ,

s p e ci fi cati o ns m ust b e d ra w n so c o m p l e t e as t o p r e v e nt t h e u se o f i m
p ro p e r m at e rial a n d co nstructi o n .
3 40 S p e c i fi c a t io n s fo r M a c h in e r y

L i m i t i n g D e t a i ls — It
i s u suall y un de si rabl e e xc e p t in s pe cial ,

cas e s t o li m it in g r e at d e tail t h e d i m e nsi o ns o f t h e p arts o f stan dar d

,

m achin e r y Th e stan d a r d m achin e s o f all fi rst class m anu f actu re rs

.

p o ss e ss charact e ri stics p e culia r t o that m ak e r charact e ristics o n w hich

,

m u ch o f t h e s u cc e s s o f t h e m ach i n e ry o f t e n d e p e n d s a n d o n w h i ch ,

t h e r e p u tati o n o f t h e m anu f actu r e r h a s b e e n e s tabli sh e d Sp e c i fi ca .

t i o n s r e qu i rin g ch an g e s i n such d e si g n s sh o u l d s e l d o m b e w ri tt e n a n d ,

th e n o nly w h e n t h e p e culiar l o cal c o n d iti o n s ab s o lu t e ly r e qu ir e such

chan g e s If t h e ty p e o f m ach in e ry m a de b y such a m anu f actur e r
.

c o m e s w ithin t h e r e qui r e m e nts o f t h e cas e i n han d t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns ,

sh o ul d b e d ra w n so br o a dly as t o a dm it t h e u se o f t h e valuabl e f e at u r e s
o f all fi rst class m ak e rs Fo r e xa m p l e in p u m p a n d e n g ine sp e c ifi c a
.
,

ti o ns i t i s u s u ally un d e si rabl e a n d un f ai r t o s p e ci f y c e rtain e xact cyl

,

i n de r siz e s an d d i m e nsi o ns f o r as a rul e n o a dvanta g e w ill r e sult a n d

, , ,

t h e m anu f actu re rs w h o s e stan d ar d s a r e d i ff e r e nt a re g r e atly a n d u n

j ustly han d ica pp e d th e r eby Si m ilar unn e c e ssary r e qui r e m e nts co n
.

c e rnin g t h e e xact d i m e nsi o ns o f o th e r po rti o ns o f an e n g in e o r o f o the r

m achin e s sh o ul d b e av o i d e d
Se l e c ti o n s —\
.

2 2 3 . V h e r e s p e ci fi c ati o n s a r e g e n e ral a n d n o t
.

s p e ci fi c t h e stan d in g a n d e x p e ri e nc e o f t h e m ak e r b e c o m e i m p o rtant
,

a n d an inv e sti g ati o n o f hi s g e n e ral r e p utati o n t h e l e n gth o f his e x p e r i

,

e nc e t h e f aciliti e s h e p o ss e ss e s f o r m anu f acturin g a n d t h e d e si g n a n d

, ,

w o rk m anshi p o f t h e m achin e ry o r d inarily m a d e by h im i s d e si rabl e ,

;

F r e qu e ntly e xt e nsiv e m anu f actu r e rs o f a c e rtai n class o f m achin e ry

,

m ak e a s p e cialty o f a c e rtain ty p e o r ca p acity an d in such cas e s m a y n o t

,

h av e t h e e x p e ri e nc e n e c e s sary f o r t h e s u cc e s s f ul m an u fa ctu r e o f m a
chi n e ry o f a d i ff e r e n t ty p e o r ca p a ci ty A m ach in e f u rn i sh e d a n d
.

m anu f actu r e d by such p arti e s o f t e n p o ss e ss e s t h e g e n e ral charact e rs

o f e x p e ri m e ntal wo rk a n d i s lik e ly t o b e o nly p artially succ e ss f ul
,
.

L e tt e rs a n d r e f e r e nc e s a r e o f littl e valu e in th is c o nn e cti o n unl e ss ,

ca r e f ully inv e sti g at e d a n d f o un d t o b e f r o m r e s po nsibl e d isint e r e st e d

p arti e s a n d bas e d o n a class o f m a ch i n e r v si m i l ar o r i d e ntical w ith t h e
,

class n e e de d f o r t h e p articular p u rp o s e s at han d .

2 2 4 D e tail e d Sp e c ifi ca t io n s —T h e p r e p arat i o n o f d e ta il e d
.

s p e ci fi cati o ns d e p arts f r o m t h e g e n e ral s p e ci fi cati o ns o nly in t h e e lab o ra

ti o n o f t h e s p e ci fi cati o n o f de tails .

D e tail e d s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r stan d ar d m ach in e ry can g e n e rally b e

d ra w n i n such a m ann e r as t o av o i d t h e n e c e ssity o f r e q u irin g s p e c ial
m achin e s . T h e g e n e ral d e tails a d o p t e d by fi r st class m anu f act u r e rs -

can b e s p e c i fi e d a n d w h e r e p racti c e d i ff e rs s p e ci fi cati o n s m a y b e s o

, , ,
 3 42 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s fo r M a c h i n e ry

2 2 6 P r e p a rat i o n o f Spe c i fi c a ti o n s f o r Ma c h i n e ry —In g e n e ral

. .
,

wh e n e v e r a s p e ci fi cati o ns i s p r e p ar e d f o r any p a rt icular m achin e i t ,

m u st c o ntain c e rtain in f o r m ati o n w hich w ill b e n e c e ssary as a basis

f o r any int e lli g e nt p r o p o sal f o r t h e sa m e E v e ry s p e ci fi cati o n m ust .

b e c o m p l e t e t o thi s e xt e nt e v e n th o u g h it b e i n t h e si m p l e st po ssi
,

b l e f o r m such a s a l e tt e r o f inqui ry f o r p ric e s o n t h e m achin e de si r e d

,
.

F r o m such a si m p l e f o r m t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns m a y b e e lab o rat e d t o

,

t h e e xt e nt that t h e e n g in e e r fi n d s it d e si rabl e t o b e m o r e e x p licit as t o

hi s r e quir e m e nts f o r c e rtain s pe ci fi c f e atu r e s a n d e v e n t o t h e e xt ent ,

o f inclu d in g f ull d etail e d s e ci fi cati o ns

p ( t o g e th e r w ith f ull de tail e d
p la n s ) f o r t h e s i z e d i m e ns i o n s m a t e rial a n d w o rk m an sh i p f o r e ach
, ,

a n d e v e ry p art o f t h e e ntir e m achin e .

In c o n si d e rin g t h e si m p l e st r e quir em e nts f o r m achin e ry sp e c ifi ca

ti o ns o n wh ich an int e lli g e nt b i d m a y b e m a de c e rtain d ata a r e f o un d ,

t o b e abs o lut e ly e ss e ntial a n d c e rtain o th e r d ata a r e d e si rabl e Th e s e .

m a y b e classi fi e d as :
A Sp e ci fi cati o ns w hich m u st al w ays b e inclu d e d a n d
.
,

B S p e ci fi cati o ns w hich sh o ul d b e inclu d e d w h e n p racticabl e

. .

I n t h e p r e pa rati o n o f s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r m achin e ry o r a pparatus ,

i t i s e s s e n tial e s p e ci ally f o r t h e y o u n g o r i n e x p e ri e n c e d e n g in e e r t o
, ,

p r e p ar e an o u tlin e f o r t h e g e n e ral r e qu i r e m e nts w h i ch sh o u l d b e e m

b o d i e d in t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r t h e m achin e o r a pp aratu s un d e r co n
s i d e rati o n T h e m ann e r i n w h i ch th i s m a y b e d o n e i s sh o wn i n t h e
.

f o ll o w in g o utlin e s w hich hav e b e e n u s e d f o r s o m e y e ars by t h e auth o r

in hi s o wn p r o f e ssi o nal p ractic e .

G en e r a l R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Spe c i fi c a ti o n s f o r St e a m B o i l e r s
,

2 2 7 . .

A S p e c i ficat i o ns f o st am b il rs m ust a l wa y s i nc l u d
. r e o e e

( a ) Nu m b e r o f b il rs r q u i r e d o e e .

St a m p r ssur w hi c h t h e b o il rs w ill b call e d u p n t o f urn i s h

e e e e e o .

( c ) B il r ca p ac i t y r q i r d
o e e u e

B o il r h o rs p o we r
e e .

Nu m b e r f p un d s f d y st a m at s p e c i fi d p r ssur h o rs e
o o o r e e e e

p w e r a d d scr i p t i o n o f m ac hi
o n r y f o wh i c h st am i s t b
e ne r e o e

f urn i s h d e .

( d ) Pur p s f w hi c h b il rs a
o e or d es i red o e re .

( 6 ) B il rs t b d e li v r d wh r e
o e o e e e e .

( f ) F o un d at i ns a d s tt i ngs t o b f u n i s h d by wh o m
o n e e r e .

( a ) B o il rs t o b e r ct e d by w h m
e e e o .

( h ) S p e c i f y t o o l s fitt i ngs a d e qu i p m e nt t o b f urn i s h e d w i t h b il e r

,
n e o ,

whi c h m y i nc l u d e s o m e o a ll o f t h e f o ll w i ng :
a r o

C o m p l t e b o il e r se tt i ngs
e .

G rat s p l a i n e ,
r c king or o .
 Ge n e ra l R e q u ire m e n t s 343

S m ke stack s a d gu y s
o n .

Furnac t o o l s e .

Sa f e t y va l ve .

St a m gauge wi t h s i p h o n
e , .

Wat e r gaug w i t h stan d p i p e e -

.

G aug e c o c k s .

B l o w o ff va l v e .

C h e ck va l v e .

St o p va l v e .

W hi st l e st am p i p i ng a d c ove r i ng
e n .

(i )
’

Ti m e f d li v r y
o e e .

(j ) T h e bi d d e r s h u l d b r e qu i r d t o s p e c i f y '
o e e

D i a m e t e r o f b o il e r .

L e ngth o f b o il e r .

N um b e r d i am e t e r d l engt h o f fi e
, wat r t b s an u s or e u e .

W i gh t o f b o il e r
e .

W i gh t o f fixtur e s
e .

Thi ck n ss o f s h ll
e e .

Thi ck n e ss o f h ea d .

( 10) B i dd e r sh o u l d b e r q u i r d t o f urn i s h s e tt i ng d i agr am s h o w i g

e e n

fl o r s p ac o ccu p i d a d p s i t i on f a ll p i p s a d co nn ec
o e e , n o o e n

t i ns o cata l o g cuts o r p ri nts s h o w i ng t h e t y pe o f bo il e r

o , r ue

o fi e r ed .

( 1) It is s i ra bl e t o r q i r e t h bi d d e r t o su b m i t d e ta il d sp ci fi a
de e u e e e c ~

t i ns d escr ibi ng t h e g ne ra l a d p art i cu l ar f eatur s i n t h

o e n e e

c o nstruct i o n o f t h e b o il e r w hi ch t h e p r o p o s i t i o n i s s u b on

m i t ted .

( m ) Av o i d so ss ibl e s p c i f yi ng xact d i m e ns i o ns o f f eatur s

far as po e e e

m e nt i n d n d r o
j ef a ll d e ta il d sp ec i ficat i o n s r e qu i r i ng
u e
“
,
”
or e

d p artur s f r o m t h e m a k e r s stan d ar d m an xtr f ten

’
e e nd , e e a a o

unn ec ssar y xp ense e e.

B . B o il e r s p e c i ficat i o ns s h o l d a l s o i nc l u d e u

( )
a P o s i t i o n — v rt i ca l h r iz o nta l
e or o .

( b ) Ty p e
P l a i n cyli n d e r .

R e turn tub u l ar .

L o c m t i ve
o o .

Sco tch m ar i ne or ,

Ot h e r i nte rna lly fir ed b o il r e .

Wat r tu b ee .

( 0) Ec o n o m y
E ffic i e ncy eco n m y r e qu i r e d
or o .

T sts t o b e exacte d
e .

( d ) G uarant i nsuranc a d f o r f e i tur e

ee, e n

G uarant ee d i nsuranc e fan o e y e ar aga i nst acc i d e nt d e t o or n u

p o o r wo r k m ans hi p o m at e r i a l r .

Fo r f e i tur f o r d l a y a d p r m i m f o ar ly c om p l e t i o n
e e n e u r e .

( 6 ) Pa y m nts e .
3 44 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

2 2 8 . G e n e r a l R e q u i r e m e nt s f o r Spe c i fi ca ti o n s f o r St e a m E n
g in es .

A S p e c i ficat i o ns f o st e a m e ng i n e s m ust a l wa y s i ncl u d e

.
r

( a ) Nu m b e r o f e ng i n e s r e q u i r e d .

( b ) St e a m p r e ssur un d r whi c h t h e ng i n e s w ill b e p rat d

e e e o e e .

( 0) H o rs e p o we r r q u i r d e e .

ct c nn e ct i o n t o d r i v e -
o

( d ) Eng i n e s t o b e us d f e t d riv or o e

m i ss i n t d r i v o o e

( e ) Eng i n s t o b e d e li v e r d wh r
e e e e .

( f ) F o un d at i o ns t o b b u il t by wh o m e .

( a ) Eng i n e s t o b e r e ct e d by wh m e o .

( it ) S p e c i f y t o o l s fitt i ngs d, q u i p m nt t o b e f urn i sh e d w i t h eng i n

an e e e,

whi c h m a y i nc l u d s o m e o a ll o f t h e f ll o w i ng e r o

S b b as e
u -
.

I n d i cat o r c o nne ct i o ns .

St ea m sep arat o r d tra p an .

Dr i v i ng p u ll e y c l utc h c ou p li ngs o o t h r c nn e ct i o ns
, r e o

G o v e rn o r s iz e—i f t h r o tt li ng
, .

St e a m p i p s an d cove r i ng e .

Dra i n o r d r i p p i p es .

Th r o tt l e val v e .

O ili ng d v i ce s e .

F o un d at i on b o l ts .

T o o l s a d w r e nch s n e .

( 12) Ti m e o f d e li v e r y .

( j ) T h e bi d d r s h o u l d b r e q u i r d t o stat e t h e d i m e ns i ns f t h e f l
e e e o o o

l o w i ng p a rts o f t h e m ac hi n e w hi c h h e bi d s on :

D i am e t r o f c yli n d r o cyli n d e rs
e e r .

Le ngt h o f str o ke .

D i am e t e r d l e ngt h o f m a i n b e ar i ngs
an .

D i m e t r a n d l ngt h o f cran k p i n
a e e .

D i a m t e r d l e ngt h o f cr ss h e a d p i
e an o n .

D i m ens i o ns cr o ss h a d be ar i ng sur f ac e e .

D i am e t e r o f fi y wh e e l -
.

W e i gh t o f ng i n e e .

( k ) B i d d e r s h ou l d b e re qu i r d t f urn i s h s tt i ng d i agra m s h o w i ng e o e

fl o o r s p ac e d p s i t i n o f p i p s cata l gu c ts o r p r i nts
an o o e , o e u

s h w i ng g n ra l t y p e f m ac hi n o ff r d
o e e o e e e .

( 1 ) I n g n ra l i t i s d s i ra bl
e e t r qu i r bi d d rs t o su b m i t d ta il d
e e o e e e e e

s p ec i ficat i ns d scr ibi ng t h e g n e ra l n d p art i cu l ar f e atur e s

o e e a

i n t h e c nstruct i o n o f t h m ac hi n e o n whi ch a p r p o s i t i o n i s
o e .
o

s b m i tt ed
u .

( m ) Avo i d as f r as p o ss ibl e s p e c i f yi ng xact d i m e ns i ns f c yli n d e rs

a e o o
j
,

o t h r f atur e s m e nt i o n d un d r f o a ll d t il e d s p c i
“ ”
or e e e e , r e a e

fi t i o s r e q i r i ng d p artur e s f r m t h m a k r s stan d ar d s
’
ca n u e o e e

m e an xtra d f t n unn c ssar y xp e ns

e an o e e e e e .
3 46 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

Pu m p i ng i nt o a r s e rvo i r e .

( 6 ) Pu m p s t b d e li v r d w h r e
o e e e e .

( f ) F o un d at i o ns t o b e b u il t by wh o m .

( 9 ) P m p s t o b e e r e ct e d by w h o m
u .

( h ) S p c i f y t o o l s fitt i ngs n d q u i p m e nt t o b e f urn i s h e d wi t h p m p s

e , a e u ,

w hi c h m a y i ncl u d e s o m e o a ll o f t h e f o ll o wi ng r

I n d i cat o r c o nn ct i ns f o b t h st ea m a d wat r n d e o r o n e e .

St ea m p i p e c o nn e ct i ons a d c ove r i ng n .

St ea m s p arat o r d tra p e an .

S iz e f d r i v i ng p u ll y
o e .

Dra i n o d r i p p i p s n d a i r co ck s
r e a .

Th ro tt l va lve e .

O ili ng d ev i ce s .

F un d at i o n b o l ts
o .

T o o l s d wr ench e s
an .

( i ) Ti m e o f d l i v r y e e .

( j ) B i d d r s h o l d b e r q u i r e d t o s p e c i f y d i a m e t r o f cyli n d e r o r cy l i
e u e e n r

d e rs .

L ngt h o f str o k
e e .

W e i g h t o f p u m p t g th r w i t h suc h o t h e r i n f r m at i o n as t h e
,
o e e o

p art i cu l ar t y p o f p u m p p urc h as d w ill m k e d s i ra bl e e a e e .

( k ) B i d d e r s h u l d b e r qu i r d t
o f urn i s h s tt i ng d i agr m s h o wi ng
e e o e a

fl o o r s p ace a d p s i t i n f p i p e s a n d c o nn e ct i ons cata l gu

n o o o , o e, .

cuts p r i nts s h o w i ng g e n e ra l t y p
or o f m ac hi n e r y o ff r e d e e .

( 1 ) I n g n ra l i t i s a l s d s i ra bl e t o r q u i r e bi d d e r s t o su b m i t d e t il e d
e e , o e e a

s p c i ficat i ns d scr ibi ng t h g n ra l a d p art i cu lar f e atur e s

e o e e e e n

i n t h e co nstruct i o n o f t h m achi n e wh i c h t h p r o p o s i t i o e on e n

i s sub m i tt e d .

B . Th e s e s p e c i ficat i o ns s h o u l d a l s o i nc l u d e
( )
a P o s i t i o n — v rt i ca l o h o r iz nta l
e r o .

( )b Ex p ans i n — s i m p l o r c m p oun d
o e o .

C yli n d e r rat i o .

Nu m b e r o f ex p ans i ns o r l as e p r ssur e o , r e e e .

( a ) C o n d ns i ng o
e o c n d ns i ng r n n- o e .

Typ e :
S i ng l e cyli n d r d o u bl act i ng e e .

Du p l ex cy li n d r d u bl act i ng e o e .

Cran k a d fl y wh l hi g h d uty
n -
ee .

( 6 ) S p ee d :
P i st o n s p e d e .

Nu m b e r f stro k e s o r evo l ut i o ns
o r .

( f ) Ec o n m y o

Dut y .

E ffic i ncy o e co n o m y r e qu i r d
e r e .

T st t o b exacte d
e e .

( g ) F i n i sh f
Lagg i ng .
 G e n e ra l R e q u i r e m e n t s 347

Pa i nt i ng .

P li s hi ng
o .

( h ) G a r ant e e s a d f o r f e i tur e s
u n .

G arant ee f o r o e y e ar aga i nst b r e a k ag d e t o p o o r wo r k o

u n e u r

m at e r i a l .

F o r f e i tur e f o d e l a y a d p re m i u m f o e ar ly c o m p l e t i o n
r ,
n r .

( i ) Pa y m e nts .

2 3 0 G e n e r al R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Spe c i fi cat i o n s f o r E l e c tr ic
‘
.

G e n e r a t o r o r Mo t o r
-
.

A S p e c i ficat i ns f o e l ctr i c g e n e rat rs

. o r e m o t o r s m ust a l wa y s i nc l u d e o or

( a ) Nu m b e r o f m ac hi n s r e qu i r d e e .

( b ) C l ass o f m ac hi n e r y
D i r e ct curr e nt v o l tag w i n d i ng ( s h nt c o m p o un d o s e r i e s )
, . e, u ,
r .

A l t rnat i ng curr nt
e e :

V l tag r g l at i n f r qu e ncy p h as
o e, e u d p o we r f act o r
o , e , e an un

d e w hi c h m ac hi n w ill
r p e rat e e o .

( 0) Ca p ac i t y r e q u i r d i n kil watt s o r H P o ve r l o a d r eq u i r m e nts

e o . . e .

( d ) G n e r a t o r o m o t o r t o b e us d
e r e

D i re ct co nn ect ed .

B l t c o nn e ct e d o
e , r

R p e c onn e ct e d t o wh at m achi ne
o .

( e ) Mac hi n s t o b e d li v r d wh r
e e e e e e .

( f ) F o un d at i o ns t o b e b u il t by w h o m .

( g ) Mac hi n s t o b e re t d by wh om e e c e .

( h ) S p e c i f y t o o l s fitt i ngs a d e q u i p m e nt t
, b e f urn i s h d wi t h m an o e

chi n s whi c h m y i nc l ud e s o m o l l o f t h f o ll w i ng
e , a e r a e o

S w i tc h b ard n d c nne ct i ons i nc l ud i ng v o l t m e t r am m e te r

-
o a o , e , ,

watt m e t r li g h tn i ng arr st rs s w i tc h e s li g h ts
e , e e , , .

P o rta bl e m e asur i ng ap p arat s i ncl u d i ng v o l t m t rs u ,

e e .

A m m t rs e e .

( i ) Ti m o f d e li v r y
e e .

( j ) T h bi d d e r s h u l d b e r q u i r d t s p c i f y t y p o f m ac hi n
e o e n whi c h e o e e e o

p r o po s i t i n i s m a d e o .

Num b e r o f r ev l ut i o ns o .

D i a m e t e r a d l n gt h o f m a i n b e ar i ngs
n e .

Ty p o f be ar i ng
e .

E ffi c i ncy at f u ll t h r e quart r s a n d h a l f l a d
e ,
e -
e o .

S iz o f p u lle y ( i f us d )
e e .

C l ass o f b l t o o t h e r c nn e ct i ng m e ch an i s m t o b f rn i s h e d
e ,
r o e u .

G u ra t e d li m i t t o h e at i ng un d r l o a d
n
e e e .

( k ) B i d d e r s h u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o f urn i s h s tt i ng d i agram s h wi ng t h e
o e o

fl o o r s p ac a n d p o s i t i n o f c nn ct i o ns cata l gu cuts o
e o o e , o e r

p r i nts s h o wi ng g e n e ra l t y p e o f m ac hi n ff r e d e o e .

( 1 ) I n g n e ra l i t i s d e s i ra bl e t o r q u i r bi d d rs t su b m i t d e ta il e d
e , e e e o

s p e c i ficat i n s d scr ibi ng t h g en e ra l n d p art i cu l ar f atur e s

o e e a e
3 48 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

i n t h c nstruct i n f t h m achi n e
e o w hi c h t h e p r p s i t i on
o o e on o o

i s su b m i tt e d .

( m ) Av o i d as f as p o ss ibl s p c i f yi ng xact d i m ens ns o t h r

ar e e e io r o e

f e atur e s m nt i o n d i n
j f e a ll d ta il e d s p e c i ficat i on s
e
“
,
”
or e re

qu i r i ng d p artur s f r m t h e m a k r s st n d ar d m e an xtra
e e o e
’
a e

a d n f t e n unn e c ssar y
o xp ens e e e .

B . S pe c i ficat i o ns f o t hi s t y p o f m ac hi n r y s h o u l d a l s o i ncl ud e
r e e :

( a ) G r e at e r d ta il c o nce rn i ng t y p o f m ac hi n d s i r d
e e e e e .

( b ) S p ed
e :

N e c ssar y s p ec i ficat i ons c ntr o lli ng s p d m o d i fi d by t h p

e o ee , e e ur

p s o f e Whi c h m ach i n i s t b us e d
or e o e .

( 0) R e gu l at i o n a d c n o m y n e o

R gu l at i n li m i t i ng var i at i ns f s p e d und r var i at i n i n l a d

e o o o e e o o .

E ffici ncy e c n m y r q u i re d un d r var i at i ns i n l ad

or e o o e
'
e o o .

T st t b xact d
e o e e e .

Fi ni sh .

( 6 ) G uarant e a d f r f e i tur e
e n o

G uarant f o y e ar aga i nst i n j ur y d e t p o r w r k o m a

ee or ne u o o o r

t e r i al .

F r f i tur f d l a y d p re m i um f o ar ly c m p l t i o n
o e e or e an r e o e .

( f ) Pa y m e nts .

2 31 . Ass i g n m e n t s f o r P r e p a ri n g O u t l in e o f G e n e ral R e q u i r e
m e n t s f o r Ma ch i n e r y a n d Ap p aratu s — T h e p r e c e d in g e xa m p l e s si m
l
p y o utlin e i n l o g ical o r d e r t h e g e n e ral r e qui r e m e nts f o r th o s e f e atur e s
which sh o u l d o r m ay b e inclu d e d i n t h e s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r c e rtain m a
chin e s o r a pp aratus .

T h e stu de nt sh o ul d s e l e ct o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o ll o w in g s u bj e cts ,

a n d sh o ul d

Fi r s t : F urnish an o utlin e o f t h e r e qui r e m e nts w hich sh o ul d o r m a y

b e incl u d e d in t h e g e n e ral s p e ci fi cati o ns .

Se co n d : O n t h e basis o f t h e o utlin e p r e p ar e d h e sh o ul d w rit e a l e t

t e r t o s o m e l e a d in g m anu f actur e r inclu d in g th e r e in all d ata n e c e ssa ry t o ,

s e cur e an int e lli g e nt p r o p o siti o n f o r t h e assi g n e d m achin e o r a pparatus .

T h ir d : H e sh o ul d m ak e a m o r e c o m p l e t e o utlin e f o r a g e n e ral o r
d e tail e d s p e ci fi cati o n arran g in g in l o g ical o r d e r t h e vari o u s f e atu r e s an d
,

s u b d ivisi o ns w hich sh o ul d b e inclu de d in t h e s p e ci fi ca ti o n f o r t h e subj e ct

assi g n ed si m ilar t o t h e e xa m p l e s g iv e n in s e cs 2 3 2 t o 2 3 8 inclusiv e . .

F o u r t h : He sh o ul d p r e p ar e a ge n e ral o r d e tail e d sp e ci fi cati o n f o r

t h e s e l e ct e d subj e ct i n g e n e ral acc o r d anc e w ith t h e e xa m p l e s g iv e n i n
,

s e cs 2 3 9 t o 2 4 2 inclusiv e
. .

2 32 . Subj e c t s f o r O u tl in e s an d Sp e c i fi cati o n s .

Ace t yl e n e B l o wp i p e f r We l d i ng o .

A i r C om p r e ss o r .
 350 S p ec i fi ca t io n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

w h ich t h e n g i n e e r d e c i d e s sh o u l d b e p r o p e rly i nc lu d e d T h e s e
e .

sh o u l d b e se t d o w n i n l o g ica l o r d e r a n d e a ch m ai n h e a d in g sh o ul d ,

b e s ub d ivi d e d i nt o e ach it e m w h i ch m u s t u l ti m at e ly b e d e s c rib e d .

I n g e n e ral su ch a n o ut l in e sh o ul d i n clu d e
,

F irs t : T h e e xt e nt o f t h e c o n trac t Thi s sh o u l d d e sc rib e b ri e fly .

a ll o f t h e it e m s w h i ch a r e t o b e f u rn i sh e d u n d e r t h e p r o p o s e d c o n
t ract .

Se c o n d : T h e n u m b e r ty p e ca p ac i t y s e rvi c e a n d r e qu i r e m e n t s , , ,

o f t h e m ach i n e s d e s ir e d .

T h i r d : T h e f o u n d a ti o n e r e ct i o n a n d fi n i sh i n g , .

F o u r t h : T h e a p p u rt e nan c e s t o o ls e t c t o b e f ur ni sh e d , , .
, .

F if th : T h e d e tai l s o f t h e m ach in e a s f a r a s th e y a r e t o b e s e t
f o rth .

S i x t h : T h e d ra w in g s a n d s p e c i fi cati o n t o b e su b m i tt e d w ith
t h e b i d a n d t o b e m a d e p a rt o f t h e c o n trac t .

Seven t h : T h e g u ara n t e e s a n d t e st s o n w h ich t h e p u rcha s e i s

t o b e m a de .

E ig h t h : T h e g e n e ral r e qu ir e m e nt s a s t o i n s p e cti o n sh i p m e n t , ,

p ay m e n t s e t c ,
.

T h e f o ll o w i n g o utli n e s u s e d b y t h e auth o r i n h i s p r o f e s s i o nal

p ract ic e w ill g iv e a n i d e a o f t h e a rran g e m e nt s u gg e st e d a n d t h e

“

e xt ra s t o b e i n clu d e d i n s u ch o u tli n e s :

2 34 O u t l in e o f Spe c i fi cat i o n s f o r a St e am B o il e r
. .

1 E xt e t of C o t a c t
°
. n n r

A B o il r
. e .

B Er e ct i n
. o .

C Va l v s
. e .

D Pr e ssur e ga g e ga g co ck s a n d w at r c l u m ns
. u , u e e o .

E F ee d a d bl o w ff p i p s n d c o nn ct i o ns
. n -
o e a e .

F To o l s
. .

G G rat b ars
. e .

‘
H B o il r acc ss r i s a d a p p urt nance s as s p c i fi d
. e e o e n e e e .

N Nu m b e r o f b il e rs
J

o .

O
C Rat i ng .

Q Ty p f b o il e r
e o .

I
U C ntract o rs s p e c i ficat i ons
o
’
.

Q D e ta il s .

A G e n ra l d i m ns i o ns
. e e .

B S h e ll
. .

0 Tub s . e .

D Mat e r i a l
. .

( 0) S h ll e .
 O u t l in e o f S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

T ub e s
(b) .

( 0) R i v ts e .

E W o r k m ans hi p
.
.

F B rac i ng—F l ange s d c o nn ct i o ns

.
an e .

G Dom e o d y p i p
. r r e .

H Man h o l e s a d h
’

. dh ol s n an e .

I Wa ll b rac k e ts
. o t h e r m ans o f su p p o rt
or e .

J B n d i ng b ars r ar arc h b ars anc h o rs

. e , e t , , e c .

K Furnac e
. d grat e san .

L St k r
. o e .

Furnac s e tt i ngs
e d c ve r i ngs an o .

B r ee c hi ng sm k e c o nn ct i ns stac k
, o d stac k p l at e
e o , an .

B o il e r f r nts a d fl
o r p l at s
n oo e .

B o i le r acc e ss r i e s o .

A Usua l fitt i ngs

.

( a ) Sa f t y va l v s e e .

( b ) St e am gaug e w i t h s i p h n o .

( 0) Wat e r ga g e w i t h stan d p i p u e .

G aug e c o c k s .

( e ) W hi st l d p ip e an e .

( f ) B l w c d va l v o -
e .

( g ) C h e c k va l v e .

( h ) St o p va l ve .

( ) G g s—st a m
1 au d r e c o r d i ng
e e an .

( 7 ) Furnac t oo l s e .

B P i p i ng
. .

( ) St a m p i p
a e e .

( b ) F e d p i pe e .

( 0) B l w ff p i p o -
o e .

( d ) P i p c v r i ng e o e .

0 Fe e d p m p
. u .

( a ) S iz e a d t y p e n .

( b ) D scr i p t i o n e .

D F ee d wat r h at r d p ur i fi e r exh aust h e a d d c o nne ct i o n

. e e e an , an .

I n j e ct o r d c nn ct i o ns
an o e .

F H o t wat e r m e t r a d co nn ect i ons

. e n .

G Dam p e r r g l at o r
. e u .

H C o a l cars— sca l e s an d trac k .

I M c h an i ca l d ra f t a p p aratus
. e .

Ere ct i o n .

I ns p e ct i n a d i nsurance
o n .

E ffi c i e ncy o f b o il e r .

T es t .

G uarantee .

Ti m e o f s hi p m nt d li ve r y co m p l e t i o n
e , e or .

Pa y m e nts .
352 S p e c i fi c a t io n s fo r M a c h i n e r y

2 35 . O u tl i n e Sp e c i fi c ati o n f o r St e am E n g i n e s .

1 . E xt en t of c r k t o b e d n e un d r thi s contract s h a ll i nc lu d e
C o n t r a t : T h e wo o e

A Th f urn i s hi ng o f
. e st a m ng i n s e e e .

B T o b e d e li v r d
. e e

( ) On f o n d at i o ns at
a u .

( b ) Fr e e n bo ar d car s at o

t o ) Fr e n b o ar d cars at f act o r y
e o .

C T h e f un d at i o ns f o sa i d ng i n s h a ll b e c o nstruct e d by
’
. o r e e

( a ) C o ntract o r f o r t h e e ng i n e .

( b ) T h p urch as r e e .

D T h e ng i n e s h a ll b e r ct d by
. e e e e

( ) T h c ntract o r f o t h e e ng i n
a e o r e .

( b ) T h e p urc h as e r .

E Th r e s h a ll a l s o b e i nc l u d e d a ll c o nn ect i o ns t o l s
. e qu i p m ent acce s , o , e ,

s r i s n d a p p urt nanc s as h e r e i na f t e r p r ov i d ed
c e a e e .

2 . C a p a ci t y Th : e ng i n e s s h a ll e ac h h av e a ca p ac i t y
e f at l e ast ( i nd i o

a t e d o r act a l ) h o rs e p o we r
c u .

S er vi c e : T h ng i n e s s h a ll d ev l op t h e h o rs p w r a b ve s p ec i fi e d un d e r
e e
‘
e e o e o

a b il e r p r ssur e o f o p un d s a d s h a ll b
e d e s i gnat e d t o o , n e

p e rat e un d e r b o il r p r ssur s rang i ng f r o m

o p un d s t o
e e e o

p o un d s . .

T h e ng i n e i s i nt n d d t o p rat e an ( e l e ctr i ca l g n e rat r p o we r

e e e o e e o ,

p um p m a i n sh af t whi c h h as a s p ee d o f
, revo l ut i ns
, o

p m i n te ( oer whi c h t h r will b p l ace d a d r i v i ng p u ll e y

u , n e e e

i nc h s i n d i a m e t r by i nch f a ) t o whi c h sa i d n
e e . . ce , e

g i n e i s t b e c nn e cte d b y ( r o p e b l t f r i ct i n cl utch o d i r ect

o o ,
e , o ,
r

co nn ect i n ) o .

4 . T y p e of E g i e Th
n e ng i n e s ha ll b
n : o f t h e ( s li d e va l v
e a t m t i c hi g h e e, u o a

sp d C o r li ss ) t y p
ee d s h a ll h v
or ( s i ng l e c o m p o un d o e, an a e ,
r

tr i p l e exp ans i o n ) cyli n d e rs a d will b s d ( co n d e ns i ng o , n e u e r

o c n d e ns i ng )
n n- o

D a wi n g s
r .

Sp e ci fi ca ti s on .

G en er a l D esi g n .

G en er a l D i m e n si o n s : T h e bi d d e r s h a ll f rn i s h wi t h h i s p r op sa l t h e f o l u o

l o wi ng d i m e ns i ns o f t h ng i n e s n whi ch h i s p r o p s i t i o n i s
o e e o o

b as e d
D i a m e t e r f hi g h p r e ssur e cyli n d e r
o .

D i a m t r o f i nt r m d i at e cyli n d e r
e e e e .

D i am e t e r o f l ow p r e ssur e cyl i n d e r .

L ngt h o f str o k e
e .

R evo l ut i o ns p m i n t e er u .

P i st o n s p e e d p e m i n t r u e .

S iz e o f st eam p i p e .

S iz e o f xh aust p i p e e .

D i a m t e r o f fly wh l
e ee .

W i gh t o f fl y wh e l
e e .
354 S p e c i fi c a t io n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

Hi Lu b r i cat o rs a d o ili ng d v i ce s n e .

I . T oo l s wr nc h e s e t, e , c .

J . C nd ens e r
o :

( )
a C l a ss — j t o sur f ace e r .

( b ) P i p i ng a d c o nn ct i o ns n e .

K . A i r a d vacuu m p u m p sn .

11 . Er e ct i o n .

12 . Ma r k s .

13 . T es t s .

14 . Gu a ra n t ee a d i s u r a ce n n n .

15 . Ti m e of D l i ve y e r .

16 . P a y m en t s .

2 36 O u tl in e o f Sp e c i fi c a t i o n f o r a P o w e r P u m p
. .

1 . E xt e t o f C o t a c t T h w r k t o b d o n e n d e r t hi s c ntract s h a ll i nc l u d e
n n r : e o e u o

A T h f urn i s hi ng f
. e p we r p u m p s o o .

B T o b e d li v e r e d
. e

( ) On f o un d at i o ns at a .

( b ) Fre e o n bo ar d cars at f act r y o .

( 0) Fr ee o b ar d cars at n o

C T h e f un d at i n s f o sa i d p u m p s s h a ll b e c o nstruct e d by
. o o r

( a ) T h c o ntract o r e .

( b ) T h e p urc h as r e .

D T h m ac hi n e s s h a ll b e r e ct d by
. e e e

( a ) T h c ntract r e o o .

( b ) T h e p urc h as e r .

E Th r e s h a ll a l s
. b e i nc l u d d a ll c o nn ct i o ns t o o l s
e qu i p m e nt
o e e , , e , se

e ie d a p p urt e nanc e s as h e r e i na f t e r p r o v i d d
c ss o r s an e .

2 . C a p a ci t y : T h p u m p s s h a ll a c h h av a c p ac i t y o f at l e a st
e ga l e e a

l ns p e r m i nut e ) o m illi o n ga ll o ns p e r d a y o f 2 4 h o urs ) ,

a t a p i st o n s p d of o t t o exc e e d f e t p e m i nut ee n e r e .

3 . Se vi c e : T h
r p u m p s s h a ll b e ca p a bl e o f p u m p i ng t h e q uant i t y o f w at e r
e

ab ove s p ec i fi d aga i nst an o r d i nar y ( p r e ssur f elb s p r e o . e

s q are i nch ) ( h a d o f uf e e t ) o aga i nst a ( fi p r e ssure

, e , r re

of lb s p s quar e i nch ) ( h a d o f f et f r fi
. er s rv , e e o re e

i ce .

4 . T y p e of Pu m p
A C yli n d e rs
.

( a ) S i ng l e .

( b ) Du p l ex .

( 6 ) T r i p l ex .

B Act i o n
.

( ) D u bl e act i ng a o .

( b ) S i ng l e act i ng .

5 . E ffi ci e n cy .

6 . D r awi g s n .

7 . Sp e ci fi ca t i o d d es cr i p t i on n an .
 O u t lin e o f Sp e c i fica t io n s 355

8 . G e n er a l d e s i g n .

9 . G e n er a l d i m e n si o n s .

1 0
; G en er a l d e t a i l s of c o n s tr uc t i on

A P m p f ram e
. u .

B Wat r e d
. e n :

( ) P l ung rs —s p e d ca p ac i t y
a e e , .

( b ) St ffing b x s u o e .

0 Wat r va l v e c nstruct i n
. e o o

( ) D s i gn a e .

( b ) Va l v e d i scs .

( 0) Suct i o n va l v s e .

( d ) F o rc va l v s e e .

( ) Va l v s p r i ngs
e e

( f ) Va lve s e ats .

D P o we r e d :
. n

( ) Pini n shaf t a o .

( b ) P i ni n d g ars o an e .

( 0) G ar guar d e .

S p d o f p rat i ng m o t o r
ee o e .

( e ) S iz f d r i v i ng p u ll y f r i ct i o n c l utc h
e o e ,

( f ) R vo l t i n e u o .

E C nn ct i ns
. o e o .

( ) C nn ct i ng r o d s
a o e .

( b ) Cr ss h a d a d cr o ss h a d gu i d e s
o e n e .

( 0) Ma i n cran k s h a f t .

Wat e r c nn e ct i ns o o .

( a ) Han d h l s o e .

( D) A i r c h a m b e r a d fitt i ngs n .

( 0) Vac u m h a m b rs u c e .

( d ) Dr i p c ck s o .

( 6 ) A i r coc k s .

( f ) A i r i n let .

( g ) Pr i mi ng p i p s e .

( h ) Suct i n ntranc e
l

o e .

G Lu b r i cat rs
. d o i l cu p so an .

H P i p s iz s
. e e :

( ) S ct i n a d d i sc h arg e p i p s
a u o n e .

( b ) S m a l l p i p i ng .

I F o n d at i o n b l ts
. u o .

J F o un d at i n
. o .

11 . Pa i n tin g an d fin i sh i n g .

12 . F u r n i s h i ng s :
A . O il rs d tra y
e an .

B . T ls
oo .

0 . Pr ss r ga g e
e u e u .

D . G aug b o ar d s
e .

E . R vo lut i o n c o nt r
e u e .
356 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

F . R li f va lve
e e .

G . G at e va l v e .

H . C h ec k va l v e .

1 . C o nn e ct i ns o .

Er e ct i on .

Ma r k s
’

Fa ct o r y t e st s
A Ofa i r ch am be r
. .

B Of p u m p . .

T s t s f o a cc ep t a c
e r n e .

A A t e st f r s m t h n e ss f w o r ki ng
. o oo o .

B T e st f o r m a c hi n e f r i ct i n
. o .

C T e st o f t i g h tn ss a d str e ngt h
. e n .

D T st o f s li p
. e .

E T e st f o m ax i m u m w r ki ng p r e ss r
. r o u e an d de li v r y
e .

G a a n t ee
u r d i su a c e an n r n .

Ti m e of c o m p l e t i n o .

P a y m en t s .

2 37 . O u tli n e f o r Sp e ci fi c ati o n s f o r D u p l e x St e a m P um p .

E xt e n t of c o t r a ct
n .

C l a ss of p u m p s .

D esc r i p t i on of p um ps .

D r a wi n gs .

G e n er a l d e si g n .

S e r vi ce .

Ma t e r i a l .

C o n st r u t i o n c f pumps o .

A . C o nstruct i n f wat r en d o o e

( a ) Va l ve d s i gn e .

( b ) Va l v d i sc e .

( 0) Suc t i o n va l v e s .

( d ) D i sc h arg e va l v e s .

( 6 ) Va l v e s p r i ngs .

( f ) Va l ve s e ats .

( g ) Han d h o l e s .

( h ) Suct i n e ntranc e o .

( i ) A i r c h a m b e rs .

( j ) Vacuu m c h am b e rs .

( to) Dr i p co c k s .

( 2) A i r c o ck s .

( m ) Pr i m i ng p i p es .

B . C nstruct i on o f st e am e n d s
o .

( a ) St e a m p o rts .

( b ) St e a m va l v s e .

( c ) Cus hi o n va l v e s .

( d ) C l arance i n c yli n d rs
e e .
358 Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

Fra m e w r k
B . o .

C G a ll e r i e s
. .

D St e a m c yli n d rs
. e .

E L ggi ng
. a .

F Th r o tt l e va l v
. e .

G St ea m s p arat o r
. e .

H C o n d ns r
. e e .

1 G o v e rn r
. o .

J Wat e r e n d
.

( a ) Wat e r w y a .

( b ) Va l ve s n d va l ve d i sc a .

( c ) P l ung e r a d p l ung r r o d n e .

K Ai r . d vacu m c h a m b e rs
an u .

L A i r c h a m b e r fitt i ngs
. .

M Dr i p co ck s
. :

N A i r cock
. .

0 Ai i n l t
. r e .

P Pr i m i ng p i p e s
. .

Q O il cu p s a n d l b r i cat rs
. u o .

R I n d i cat r a d c nn ct i ons
. o n o e

( ) I n d i cat rs a o .

( b ) R e d uc i ng m o t i o ns .

( c ) S p r i ngs .

( d ) Sca l s e .

( e ) P l an i m t e r e .

( f ) C nn ct i o n o e .

S F o un d at i n b l ts
. o o .

7 . F r i sh i g s
u n n

A O il e r a d tra y
. n .

B T o ol s
. .

C R e v l ut i n c o unt r
. o o e .

D Pr ss r gaug e s
. e u e :

( a ) Stan d ar d .

( b ) R c o r d i ng e

E G aug b ar d
. e o .

8 . G l w km
e n er a sh i p
or d m a t e ri l an an a

A F l ang s
. e .

B Nuts . .

0 P i p i ng
. .

D Pa i nt i ng a d fin i s hi ng
. n .

Fo un d a ti on .

E r e ct i o n .

Ma r k s .

Gua r an t ee an d i n su r a n ce .

T i m e of c o m p l e t i on .

Te s ts a n d ccep t ce
a an

A . I ns p ct i on d t i m a l lo we d
e an e f or t sts
e .
 G e n e r a l Sp e c i fi Ca t i o n s 3 59

B . T sts f s m o t h n ss f w r ki ngs
e or o e o o .

C . T sts f m axi m u m wo r ki ng p r ssur

e or e e an d de li v r y
e .

D . D ut y t e sts .

15 . P a y m en t s .

2 39 . T h e Sp e c ifi c a t i o n s —
Af t e r t h e p r e p arati o n o f t h e o u tli n e
p r e v i o u sly d e sc rib e d t h e e n g i n e e r sh o u l d p r e p ar e w ith g r e at c ar e
,

t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s f o r t h e m a ch in e o r a p p l ian c e d e s i r e d Al l that .

h a s p r e vi o u s ly b e e n d i scu s s e d i n r e g ar d t o t h e w rit i n g o f s p e c i fi c a
ti o n s sh o ul d b e k e p t f ully i n m i n d a n d e v e ry th in g sh o u l d b e d o n e
,

t o a s su r e that t h e s p e ci fi cati o n s shall b e f u ll a n d c o m p l e t e cl e a r ,

a n d e x p lic i t I f th e o u tl in e h a s b e e n p r e p ar e d w ith c ar e t h e att e n

.
,

ti o n o f t h e e n g i n e e r c an b e c o n fi n e d t o t h e p r e p arat i o n o f t h e s p e c
ifi c a t i o n i n car e f ully w o r d e d a n d e xact la n g ua g e w h i ch w ill a s s u r e
a cl e ar i nt e r p r e tati o n o f h i s r e qui r e m e n ts by t h e e li m i nati o n o f all
i n d e fi nit e i n d e t e r m i nat e a n d a m bi g u o u s lan g ua g e a n d i f all arb i
, ,

t r a r y u n f a ir a n d u n n e c e s sary r e qu i r e m e nt s a r e e li m i n at e d h e w i ll
, ,

b e r e as o nab ly as su r e d o f l o w a n d i nt e lli g e nt p r O p o sa l s T h e fo l .

l o w i n g stat e m e nt o f t h e r e qu i r e m e n t o f g e n e ra l s p e c i fi cat i o n s a n d
t h e e xa m p l e s g iv e n w i ll s ti ll f u rth e r illu strat e t h e m at t e r a n d ar

ra n g e m e nt su gg e s t e d .

2 4 0 G e n e ra l S e c i fi ca ti o n s f o r M ach in e r V Vh e n g e n e ral
p y
-
. .

S p e c i fi ca ti o n s f o r m a ch in e ry a r e t o b e i s su e d th e y sh o ul d i nclu d e
t h e f o ll o w i n g : ( Fo r e xa m p l e s u n d e r e ach h e a d i n g s e e s p e c i fi c a

ti o n s f o ll o w i n g f o r s t e a m e n g i n e s a n d b o il e r s ) .

I E x te n t o f Wo r k — In th i s s p e c i fi ca ti o n s h o u l d b e d e fi ne d in
.

g e n e ral t e r m s w ha t i s r e qu ir e d u n d e r t h e c o ntract i nclu d i n g : ,

A T h e f u rn i sh i n g o f t h e m ach i n e o r n u m b e r o f m ach in e s r e
.
,

qu i r e d ;
B T h e p o i n t o f d e liv e ry ;
.
,

C T h e p r e p arati o n o f f o u n d ati o n s a n d b y w h o m ;
.
,

D T h e e r e ct i o n a n d b y w h o m
.
,

E T h e v ari o u s f urni s h i n g s t o o ls fi tt in g s a n d e qu i p m e n t r e
.
, ,

q u i r e d w ith t h e m ach i n e .

2 .Ca pa ci t y —U n d e r th i s h e a d t h e c a p ac i ty o f t h e m ach i n e
,

sh o ul d b e s p e c i fi e d T h i s S p e ci fi cati o n sh o u l d d e fi n e t h e a m o un t
. ,

quan ti ty o r rat e o f w o rk w h i ch t h e m ach i n e w i l l b e r e qu i r e d t o do

o r ac c o m p li sh i n a s p e ci fi e d t i m e .

S e vi c e — U n d e r th i s h e a d sh o u l d b e i nc lu d e d t h e s p e c ifi c a
3 . r

ti o n s r e gar d i n g t h e p r e s su r e o r i nt e n sity u n d e r o r a g ai n s t w h ich t h e

m ach in e i s t o O p e rat e T hi s w o ul d in clu d e i n s t e a m d riv e n m a
.
,
 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

ch i n e ry t h e st e a m p r e s su r e t o b e f u rni sh e d t o o p e rat e t h e m ach i n e

, ,

an d i n pu m p s c o m p r e s s o rs o r e l e ctric al g e n e rat o rs t h e p r e s su re
, ,

a g a i n s t w h ich t h e m a ch in e ry i s t o O p e rat e .

4 T yp .e o f M a c h i n c r v — I n m any cla ss e s o f m a ch i n e ry s p e c i al ,

ty p e s o f m a ch i n e s a r e ca p abl e o f o p e rati n g w ith a g r e a t e r o r l e s s

d e g r e e o f e c o n o m y a n d w h e r e v e r p o s sibl e t h e s e l e cti o n o f t h e ty p e
,

o f m a ch i n e sh o ul d b e m a d e by t h e e n g in e e r p r e p arin g t h e s p e c i fi c a

ti o n s w i th o u t n e c e s sa ri ly e nt e ri n g i n t o t h e d e tails o f c o n s t ru c ti o n
, .

W h e n t h e ty p e i s g iv e n t h e variat i o n i n t h e b i d s r e c e i v e d i s lar g e l y
,

l i m i t e d a n d t h e s e l e c ti o n o f m a ch i n e ry b e c o m e s m o r e lar g e ly a
, .

q u e sti o n o f p ri c e th a n w h e r e a lar g e vari e ty o f ty p e s a r e c o n s i d

’

e re d .

F i h i — Th i s s e c i fi cati o n sh o ul d c o v e r a d e s cri ti o n o f
5 u r n
. s n g s p p
t h e a cc e s s o ri e s f u rn i sh i n g s a n d fi tt in g s w hi ch a r e t o b e su pp li e d
,

w ith t h e m ach i n e i n qu e st i o n ; i t sh o ul d i n clu d e an y auxi liary m a

ch i n e ry o r a pp a ratu s a n d a pp li an c e s w h i ch a r e d e s i r e d a n d w h i ch
a r e n o t n o r m ally a p art o f t h e m ach in e .

6 D esi g n — Th i s s p e c i fi cati o n sh o u l d c o v e r t h e d e tail s o f t h e

.

m ach i n e w h i ch a r e e ith e r d e fi n i t e l y s p e ci fi e d o r w h ich a r e t o b e l e f t

t o t h e m anu f a c tu r e r t o s e l e c t i n a c c o r d an c e w i th h i s o w n p ra cti c e .

T h e e l a b o ra t i o n o f t h e s p e ci fi ca ti o n s f o r ty p e a n d d e s i g n i s t h e e s
s e n t i a l f e atu r e i n w h i ch t h e d e tai l e d s p e c i fi cat io n vari e s f r o m t h e

g e n e ral s p e ci fi cati o ns .

I n g e n e ral t h e d e si g n o f a ny m ach i n e sh o ul d b e
,

suc h t h at a ll wo r ki ng p arts s h a ll b e r a d ily acce ss ibl e f i ns p ec t i n d

e or o an

r e p i r as ily d up li cat d a d r a d ily r e p l ac ed w i t h e ac h a d ev r y p art o f

a , e e , n e , n e

t h m ach i n e p r o p r ly d s i gn e d an d su i ta bl e f t h e us e s d s e rv i c r e q i r e d
”
e e e or an e u .

7 D r a w i d P l — Th i s S p e c i fi cati o n sh o u l d d e s c rib e t h e
. n g s a n a n s .

p lan s t o b e f u r ni sh e d by t h e b i dd e r T h e s e sh o ul d u sual ly i n clu d e

.

f o u n d a ti o n p lan s sh o w i n g t h e g e n e ral p la n o r o u tlin e o f t h e m a

,

ch i n e i n clu d i n g i t s g e n e ral d i m e n s i o n s w ith t h e l o cati o n o f all c o n

, ,

n e ct i o n s an d th is s p e ci fi cati o n sh o ul d als o r e qui r e t h e f urnishin g o f

,

ca t al o g u e s o r p h o t o g ra p hs sh o w in g t h e m achin e ry un de r c o nsi de ra
ti o n i n sati s f act o ry de tail .

A s p e c i fi cat i o n r e qu i ri n g t h e f u rn i sh i n g o f d e tail w o rk i n g p la n s
i s n o t u s ually a d vi sab l e Mo s t r e s p o ns ib l e m a nu f actu r e rs ri g h tly
.

r e f u s e t o p a rt w ith su ch d ra w in g s whi ch a re lar g e ly t h e wo rk o f

th e i r e xt e n s iv e e x p e ri e n c e a n d a r e o f t o o g r e a t valu e t o b e m a d e
p ublic p r o p e rty .
 362 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

p lans s p e ci fi cati o ns sub m itt e d by t h e c o ntracto r an d ac c ep t e d by t h e

an d

party o f t h e fi rst p art wh ich p lant shall inclu d e t h e f o ll o w in g it e m s

,

A T h e b o i l e r co m pl e te
. .

B T h e e r e c ti o n o f t h e sa m e i n clu d in g f u rn i shi n g al l m a t e rial

.
,

a n d lab o r f o r t h e f o u n d ati o n a n d s e tti n g o f t h e b o i l e r .

C Al l s t 0p a n d sa f e ty valv e s a n d c o n n e cti o n s
. .

D N i c ke l p lat e d e i g h t i nc h ( 8 di al g au g e a n d g au g e c o cks a n d
.
(
-

w a t e r c o lu m n .

E T h e s t e a m p i p e t o t h e e n g in e s su i tab ly c o v e r e d a n d p ro
.
,

t e ct e d .

F . Al l n e c e s sary fe e d an d bl o w -
o ff p i p e s , valv e s an d co n nec
t io n s .

G F i r e cl e an in g a n d o th e r t o o ls
.
,
.

H T rac k s cal e a n d h o t w at e r m e t e r
. .

I Shaki n g g rat e bars o f ac c e p tabl e p att e rn

. .

I S tac k c o nn e c ti o n s
. .

2 .N u m b er R eq u i r e d — Th e r e sh all b e o n e ( I ) o n e h u n d r e d a n d
fi f ty ( 1 50) h o rs e p o w e r b o il e r .

3 .R a t i n g
— T h e h o r s e p o w e r o f t h e sai d b o il e r shall b e rat e d o n
an e va p o rati o n o f th i r ty ( 3 0) p o u n d s o f w a t e r p e r h o r s e p o w e r p e r
h o u r u n d e r s e v e n ty ( 70) p o u n d s o f s t e a m p r e s su r e w i th f e e d w at e r ,

at a t e m p e ratur e o f o n e h u n d r e d d e g r e e s F ah r o r t h e e qui v .
,

a l e n t t o s u ch c o n d i ti o n s T h e b o i l e rs shall b e d e s i g n e d t o su sta i n a
.

w o rk in g p r e s s u r e o f o n e h u n d r e d a n d fi f ty ( 1 5 0) p o u n d s .

T yp f B i l — T h e b o il e r shall b e a n i n e rnally fi r e d r e tu rn
4 . e o o e r .

t
tu bu lar b o i l e r w at e r tub e b o i l e r o r r e tu rn tubu la r b o il e r
, , .

5 D
. es c r i pt i o n a n d D r a wi n g
— D e tail e d d e s cri p ti o n a n d d ra w
i n g s t raci n g s o r p ri nt s shall b e f u rn i sh e d d e s c rib i n g a n d sh o w in g
, ,

i n d e tail t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f all a n d e v e ry p art o f t h e b o il e r a n d t h e

a p p u rt e nan c e s th e r e o f Sa i d d e s cri p ti o n s a n d d ra w i n g s sh all sh o w
.

t h e s iz e a n d th ickn e s s o f all p lat e s a n d p i p e s t h e cha ract e r o f m a ,

t e r i a l f r o m w h ich all p o rti o n s o f t h e b o il e r a r e t o b e m a d e ; a n d s ai d

d e sc ri p t i o n a n d d ra w i n g s shall i n d i cat e cl e a rly t h e c o n stru cti o n ,

a n d m e t h o d o f o p e ra ti o n o f all t h e d e tail s Th e s e d ra w i n g s sha ll .

c o m p ly s tri ctly w i th t h e s p e c i fi cat i o n s a n d t h e b o il e r w h e n s e t a n d

,

r e a d y f o r u se m u s t c o n f o r m s tri c tly w ith t h e d ra w i n g s a s f u rn i sh e d

by t h e c o ntract o r a n d a cc e p t e d by t h e p arty o f t h e fi r s t p ar t .

6 F u r n a c e a n d S e t t i n g — T h e f u rnac e sh al l b e fi r st clas s i n e v e r y
.

p arti cu lar a n d o f su i tabl e d e s i g n T h e f u rnac e a n d all p art s e x

.

p o s e d t o t h e d i r e ct fl a m e s sh al l b e li n e d w ith t h e b e st quali ty o f fi r e
 S p e c i fi c a t io n s fo r B o i le r 3 63

b ri ck , se t by e i g h t i n ch f ac e t o t h e fi r e a n d sai d b ri ck sh all
w i th t w o ,

b e s e t i n t e m p e r e d fi r e c lay B o il e r m u s t b e s o d e s i g n e d a n d ar
.

ran g e d a s t o p r e v e n t all u n n e c e s sary ra d ia ti o n a n d i f n e c e s sa ry t h e , ,

b o il e r shall b e s e t i n a su i tabl e ai r ti g h t b ri ck s e t ti n g a n d al l e x -

p o s e d p arts shall b e c o v e r e d w ith m a g n e s ia s e ct i o nal c o v e rin g .

F t — B o il e r f r o n t shall b e o f a n e at a n d arti s ti c d e s i g n a p
7 .r o n

r o v e d by t h e e n gi n e e r A l l j o i nt s s e at s a n d f ac e s sh al l b e fi tt e d
p .
,

cl o s e l y a n d n e atly .

8 P ipe C o n n e c t i o n s — All p i p e c o n n e cti o n s n e c e s s ary f o r t h e

. .

O p e rat i o n o f t h e b o i l e r s hall b e m a d e by t h e c o n tract o r a n d sh all i n

e lu d e al l p i p e b e t w e e n t h e b o i l e r a n d t h e f e e d p u m p a n d b e t w e e n

t h e b o il e r a n d e n g i n e s : Sa i d p i p in g sh al l b e so arran g e d th at th i s
b o il e r m a y b e u s e d i n d e p e n d e n tly o r i n c o n n e cti o n w ith t h e b o i l e r s
alr e a d y in u s e a n d i n su ch man n e r that i t s u s e ca n b e d i s c o nt i nu e d
,

a t an y ti m e a n d t h e o th e r b o i l e rs u s e d t o o p e rat e a ny e n gi n e S a i d .

p i p i n g shall b e p lac e d o n p lan s a p p r o v e d by t h e e n g in e e r Al l s t e a m .

p i p e s sh all b e p r o p e rly a n d th o r o u g h ly c o v e r e d w i th m a g n e sia s e c

t i o n a l c o v e ri n g c o ntai nin g at l e a s t 80 p e r c e nt p u r e o xi d e O f m a g

n esia .

F n i s h i n g s — Th e r e sh all b e f u r ni sh e d a n d i n stall e d w i th
9 .u r .

th i s b o il e r all n e c e s sar y a pp u rt e nan c e s f o r i t s car e a n d m ana g e m e n t ,

i nclu d in g g au g e s valv e s e t c a n d all n e c e s s ary fi r e a n d cl e a ni n g

, , .
,

t o o ls Th e r e shall als o b e p ro vi de d o n e track scal e f o r we i g h in g t h e

.

c o al u s e d i n t h e b o i l e rs Th e r e shall al s o b e i ns tall e d o n t h e f e e d
.

w a t e r p i p e o n e h o t w a t e r m e t e r s o arran g e d a s t o m e asu r e t h e
,

a m o u n t O f w at e r f e d t o t h e b o i l e r a n d al s o arran g e d so th at i t m a y
b e r e a d ily t e s t e d at a ny ti m e .

1 0 I n s pe c t i o n an d I n s u r a n c e — T h e b o i l e r shall b e i n s p e c t e d a n d
.

in su r e d b y t h e H art f o r d S t e a m B o il e r I n s p e cti o n a n d I n su ran c e

C o m a ny o r s o m e o th e r fi r s t —
clas s i n su ranc e c o m p any s ati s f act o ry
p ,
-

t o t h e p a rty o f t h e fi r st p art f o r a p e ri o d O f o n e y e ar a n d a r e c e i p t e d
, ,

b ill f o r p ai d i n su ran c e a n d a c e rti fi cat e O f i n s p e cti o n sh all b e f u r

n i sh e d t h e p arty O f t h e fi rs t p ar t by t h e c o n tract o r .

1 1 E ffici e n cy o f B o i le r — T h e b o il e r sh all g iv e t h e e ffi c i e n cy g ua r
. .

ant e e d by t h e c o ntrac t o r i n h i s p r O p o sa l Sai d e ffi c i e ncy shall b e .

ba s e d o u t h e e va p o rat i o n O f w at e r i nt o d r y s t e a m p e r p o u n d O f c o m
-

b u s t i b l e f r o m a n d at 2 1 2 d e g F ah r t e m p e ra tu r e w h e n b u rni n g an
. .
,

av e ra g e quan tity o f c o al o f t h e quali ty c o m m o nly u s e d f o r b o il e r

p ur p o s e s at o r w h e n p r e f e rr e d w h e n burnin g any q u al
, ,

i ty o f su ch ki n d o f c o al a s m a y b e s p e ci fi e d a n d f u r ni sh e d by t h e
 64 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r M a c h i n e ry

c o n tract o r I n e ith er ca s e a c o n ti nu o u s t e st O f an y d urati o n u p t o

.

t w e n ty fo u r ( 2 4 ) h o u rs m ay b e m a d e a n d w h il e ru nni n g t h e m a
-
,

ch i n e ry o r o th e r w i s e a s t h e e n g i n e e r m a y e l e c t S a i d t e s t sh all b e
, .

m a d e i n c o n f o r m i ty w i th t h e r e vi s e d c o d e O f t h e Am e ri ca n So ci e ty
o f M e ch an i cal E n g i n e e rs .

1 2. G u ar a n t e e — T h e c o nt ra ct o r g ua ran t e e s t h e d e s i g n a n d w o rk
m an sh i p t o b e a s d e s c rib e d a n d S p e ci fi e d i n th e s e s p e ci fi cat i o n s a n d
i n t h e s p e c i fi ca ti o n s f u rn i sh e d b y h i m a n d a cc o m p any i n g h i s b i d
f o r t h e w o rk i n qu e s ti o n . H e f u rth e r g uara nt e e s al l w o rk a n d m a
t e r i a l i n sai d b o il e rs t o b e o f t h e b e s t qu al i ty a n d fi r s t cl as s i n e v e ry
-

p arti cu la r . H e f u rth e r a g r e e s t o r e p lac e any p o rt i o n o f sai d m a

ch i n e ry sh o w n d e fi c i e n t i n t e s t o r o th e r w i s e o r w h ich sh all w ith i n

,

s ix ( 6 ) m o nth s th e r e a f t e r g i v e o u t o n acc o u n t O f b e i n g d e f e c t i ve i n

w o rk m a nsh i p o r m a t e ri al .

1 3. T h e c o n tract o r f u rth e r ag r e e s t o h av e t h e p lan t c o m p l e t e

a n d e r e ct e d o n f o u n d ati o n s a n d r e a d y f o r u s e by t h e d ay O f
S ubj e ct t o t h e g e n e ral f o r m o f t h e c o n trac t .

1 4 P ay n i e n t s — O n e —
. . th i r d o f t h e c o n trac t p ri c e f o r sai d b o il e r
sh al l b e d u e a n d p ayabl e w h e n t h e b o il e r i s r e c e i v e d i n a p p ar e nt
g o o d o r d e r at O n e th i r d a d d iti o n al sh all b e d u e a n d p a y
-

abl e a f t e r t h e b o i l e r h a s b e e n su c c e s sf u l l v t e st e d i n acc o r d a nc e w i th
th o s e S p e ci fi ca ti o n s .

2 42 . Sp e c ifi c a t i o n s f o r F u r ni sh i n g a St e am E n gi n e .

1
. E x t en t o f C o n tr a c t — Th i s c o n tract i ncl u d e s t h e f u rn i sh in g
a n d e r e ct in g a st e a m e n g i n e a n d a pp u rt e nan c e s f o r fo r
u s e i n o e ra ti n g a t ri p l e x p o w e r p u m p al s o t h e vari o u s a pp u r t e
p ,

n anc e s a n d a cc e s s o ri e s d e s c ri b e d a n d s p e ci fi e d h e r e in all t o b e i n
,

ac c o r d an c e w i th th e s e g e n e ral s p e ci fi cati o n s a n d t h e d e tai l e d s p e c

i fi c a t i o n s a n d p lan s sub m i t t e d b y t h e c o n t ract o r a n d acc e p t e d b y t h e
“
p arty o f t h e fi rst p ar t a ttach e d h e r e t o m ark e d E xh ib i t D
”

,
an d

w h ich a r e h e r e by m a d e a p art h e r e o f .

2
. P la n t R e q u ir e d — Th e r e sh all b e f u rn i sh e d o n e ( I ) s t e a m e n
g i n e o f a ca p ac ity o f n i n e ty ( 90) ac tu al h o rs e p o w e r .

3
. S er v i c e — T h e e n g in e sh all b e ca p abl e o f f u rni sh i n g t h e actual
h o rs e p o w e r ab o v e s p e ci fi e d a n d sh all b e so ra t e d a t n i n e ty ( 90) lb s .

s t e a m p r e s su r e T h e e n g i n e sh al l b e d e si g n e d t o s tan d a w o rkin g
.

p r e s s u r e O f o n e h u n d r e d a n d t e n ( 1 1 0) lb s a n d S h all b e ca p abl e o f
.

O p e ra ti o n at f u ll S p e e d w ith o ut S h o ck o r j a r .

4
. S t e a m C o n s u m p t i o n — Th i s e n g i n e w ill O p e rat e fo r d o m e sti c
se rvic e at ab o ut f o rty ( 4 0) actual h o rs e p o we r a n d m u st b e de si g n e d
3 66 S p e c i fi ca t i o n s f o r M a c hi n e ry

w i th hal f i n ch a n g l e valv e n e a r e ach t a p a n d p i p e s t o l e a d t o a hal f

-

i nch sta n d ar d t h r e a d th r e e w a y c o c k a t ab o u t t h e c e nt e r O f t h e
-

cy li n d e r .

1 0 S e par a t o r — T h e e n g i n e S h all b e p r o v i d e d w ith a st e a m s e p

. .

a r a t o r o f sat i s f ac t o ry d e s i g n a n d o f su ffi c i e n t s i z e t o p r o t e c t t h e e n

g i n e f r o m w at e r i n t h e st e a m T h e d ri p o f sai d s e p arat o r sh all b e

.

c o n n e ct e d by o n e ha l f ( 1723 ) i nch b ras s p i p e w ith a st e a m t ra p O f a p

-

p r o v e d m ak e t o b e f u rni sh e d by t h e p arty o f t h e s e c o n d p a rt .

1 1 F i n ish i n g — Al l u n fi n i sh e d i r o n w o rk o n sai d e n g i n e sh all

.

b e w e l l a n d th o r o u g h ly p a int e d th r e e c o ats O f p ai nt o f ac c e p tab l e

c o l o r Al l la gg i n g sh all b e n e atly fi ni sh e d a n d all bra s s w o rk a n d
.

p o li sh e d w o rk S h al l b e fi nish e d i n a fi r s t cla s s a n d acc e p tabl e m a n

-

n er .

P i pes —A S t e a m P ipes — Al l s t e a m p i p e s a n d O p e ni n g s
1 2 . . .

shall b e o f a m p l e s i z e t o p r e v e n t u n d u e f ri cti o n a n d l o s s o f p r e ss u r e .

T h e st e a m p i p i n g w i thi n t h e e n g i n e r o o m S h all b e f u rn i sh e d a n d

p lac e d by t h e c o nt ract o r f o r t h e e n g i n e in a m an n e r sati s f ac t o ry t o

t h e e n g in e e r All li v e st e a m p i p e shal l b e c o v e r e d b y m a g n e s ia s e c
.

t i o n a l c o v e ri n g i n a s ati s f a ct o ry m a nn e r .

B D r ai n P i pe s — Al l d ra i n p i p e s sh all b e O f b ra s s p r o p e rly a n d
.
,

n e a tly fi tt e d a n d s o c o n n e ct e d a s t o c o n d u c t t h e d ri p i n t o t h e s e w e r .

1 3 F o u n da t i o n s — T h e c o n t rac t o r sh all f u rn i sh n e c e s sary blu e

. .

p rint o r d ra w i n g S h o w i n g t h e l o cat i o n O f all f o u n d a t i o n b o lt s a n d

t h e f o r m O f f o u n d ati o n r e qu i r e d f o r t h e e n g in e w h i ch f o u n d a ti o n

w ill b e f u rn i sh e d by t h e p a rty O f t h e fi rs t p a rt .

14 F u r n is h i n gs — A T h r o t t l e Va lve — A g a te th r o ttl e valv e with

. . .

'
fl an ge c o n n e c ti o n s a n d o f a p p r o v e d d e si g n a n d m anu f actu r e shall
b e f u rn i sh e d w ith t h e e n g in e a n d attach e d t o t h e st e a m su p p ly p i p e
t o t h e e n gi n e .

B O ili n g D e vi c es — Th e r e sha ll b e f u rni sh e d w i th t h e e n g n e a

. -

o n e p i n t s i g h t f e e d lub ri ca t o r w i th c o nn e cti o n s O f a pp r o v e d p a t
-

t e rn al s o all n e c e s sary O i l cu p s a n d arra n g e m e nt s f o r p r o p e r a n d

,

th o r o u g h lub ricati o n .

C T o o ls — Th e r e shall al s o b e f u rni sh e d w ith t h e e n g i n e all n e c

.

e ssa ry w r e n ch e s a n d t o o l s n e e d e d f o r t h e p r o p e r o p e rati o n i n sp e c ,

ti o n a n d o r d in ary r e p ai rs o f s ai d m ach i n e ry Al l t o o l s t o b e o f t h e
.

b e st w o rk m an sh i p a n d m a t e rial a n d sa ti s f a ct o ry t o t h e e n g in e e r .

D F o u n d a t i o n B o l t s — Th e r e S h all al s o b e f u rn i sh e d t h e n e c e s
.

sary f o u n d ati o n b o lt s t o b e o f a pp r o v e d nu m b e r s i z e a n d l e n g th
, , .
 S p e c i fic a t io n s fo r S t e a m En gin e 367

5 1 . E r e c ti o n —T h c ntract r shall r c t
e o o n g i n e
e on e t h e the e

fo u n da t i o n p r o vi d e d a n d S ha ll c o n n e ct t h e sa m e w ith all a pp u r
,

t e n an c e s th e r e t o i n clu d i n g all n e c e s sary s t e a m fi tti n g f r o m t h e e n

,

g in e t o t h e m a i n s t e a m p i p e a n d t h e e qui p m e n t o f sai d e n g i n e f o r
,

activ e s e rvi c e H e sh all al s o f u rn i sh a c o m p e t e nt m a n t o O p e rat e

.

sai d e n g i n e d u ri n g t h e t e st a n d t o g iv e instru c ti o n s t o t h e e n g i n e e r
o f t h e p a rty O f t h e fi rs t p art .

1 6 M a r k s — T h e e n g i n e S h all b e sui tab ly m ark e d w ith t h e m a k

. .

e r s n a m e a n d t h e p ri nci p al d i m e ns i o n o f t h e cy li n d e r a n d l e n g th o f
’

s tr o k e ; t h e p la t e s c o n tai n i n g s ai d d ata t o b e o f n e a t a n d a rt i st i c d e

si gn .

1 7 T es t s — T h e t e s t f o r e fli c i e n c y w i ll b e m a d e f o r a p e ri o d o f
. .

t e n ( 1 0) h o u rs I n t h e p e r f o r m an c e o f sa i d d u ty t h e s t e a m p r e s su r e
.

w ill n o t e xc e e d o n e h u n d r e d ( 1 00) lb s n o r b e l e s s t ha n n i n e ty ( 90)

.

l b s p e r s quar e i n ch
. NO d e d u cti o n s o f a ny kin d w hat e v e r o th e r
.
,

than h e r e i n s p e ci fi e d S h all b e all o w e d i n t h e e st i m at e f o r c a p ac i ty

,

o r e ffi ci e n c y T h e f ai lu r e O f t h e p lan t t o p e r f o r m i t s d uty d u ri n g
.

su ch t e st w il l cau s e t h e r e j e ct i o n o f t h e e n g i n e s u nl e s s t h e c o ntract o r
shal l m ak e su ch alt e rati o n s i n sai d m ach i n e ry a s shall b e n e c e s sa ry

in o r d e r th at i t shall acc o m p li sh t h e s pe c i fi e d d uty T h e e ffi c i e ncy .

a n d e c o n o m y sh all b e calcu lat e d o n t h e nu m b e r o f p o u n d s O f f e e d

w at e r u s e d a n d o n t h e ba si s o f d r y s t e a m T h e e xh au s t o f t h e
‘

lan t w il l b e d e l iv e r e d int o a f e e d w a t e r h e a t e r th r o u g h w hi ch t h e
p
f e e d w at e r w ill b e f o rc e d T h e f e e d w at e r w il l b e tak e n f r o m t h e
.

r e s e rv o i r T h e t e s t s sh all b e m a d e b y a n d u n d e r t h e d i r e ct i o n o f
.

t h e c o n sulti n g e n g i n e e r .

1 8 G u ar a n t e e
.
— T h e c o ntract o r g uarant e e s t h e d e si g n a n d w o rk
.

m an sh i p t o b e as d e sc rib e d a n d s p e c i fi e d i n th e s e S p e ci fi ca ti o n s a n d ,

in t h e s p e c i fi ca ti o n f u rn i sh e d by h i m a n d ac c e p t e d b y t h e p arty o f
t h e fi rs t p art f o r t h e w o rk i n qu e s ti o n H e f u rth e r g uara nt e e s all
.

w o rk a n d m at e rial i n s ai d m ach i n e ry t o b e O f t h e v e ry b e s t qual i ty

a n d fi rs t cla s s i n e v e ry
-

p arti cular He f u rth e r a g r e e s t o r e p la c e any

.

p o rti o n O f sai d m ach i n e ry sh o w n d e fi c i e nt i n t h e t e s t o r o th e r w i s e ,

o r w hich shall w ithin o n e

( 1 ) y e ar th e r e a f t e r g iv e o u t o n acc o unt
O f b e in g d e f e cti v e i n w o rk m an sh i
p o r m at e rial .

19 Ti m e — T h e c o nt ract o r f u r t h e r a g r e e s t o h av e t h e p lan t c o m
.
'

p l e t e a n d e r e ct e d o n f o u n d at i o n s by t h e da y o f
1 9 .
subj e ct t o t h e g e n e ral c o n d iti o n s i n r e g ar d t o ti m e a n d c o m
p l e t i o n s e t f o rth i n t h e g e n e ral f o r m o f c o ntract .
3 68 S p e c i fi c a t io n s f o r M a c h in e ry

2 P ay m e n ts — NO p ay m e nt s sh all b e m a d e u n ti l t h e p lant is
0
.

e r e c t e d t e s t e d a n d ac c e p t e d a n d i f t h e e n g i n e sh all n o t p r o v e i n t h e
, ,

S p e ci fi e d t e s t e qu al i n all p arti cu la rs t o t h e g u ara nt e e th e n a n d i n ,

th at ca s e t h e p a rty O f t h e fi r st p art shall h av e t h e ri g h t t o u s e su ch

,

p la nt f o r a p e ri o d o f ti m e s u ffi ci e n t t o all o w th e m t o p u rcha s e a n d
e r e ct a n o th e r p la n t o f s ati s f act o ry d e s i g n a n d t h e u s e o f su ch r e
,

j e c t e d p lant u n d e r t h e c o n d i ti o n s ab o v e n a m e d sh all b e w i th o u t e x
p e ns e t o sai d p arty o f t h e fi rst p a rt o th e r w i s e th a n t h e c o s t o f O p e r
at in g t h e sa m e .

T h e a g r e e d p ri c e w ill b e p ai d b y t h e p a rty o f t h e fi rst p a r t w h e n

t h e p la nt i s t e s t e d a n d a cc e p t e d .

2 43 Se l e c t i o n o f M ach i n e r y — In t h e s e l e c ti o n o f m ach i n e r y
.

o r a p p aratus it i s usually d e si rabl e s o f a r as p racticabl e t o ch o o s e th o s e

, ,

d e si g ns which hav e actually b e e n d e v e l o p e d a n d w hich hav e p r o v e d sat

i s f act o ry by actual u se un d e r w i d e ran g e o f c o n d iti o ns Th e u se o f t h e .

n e w d e si g ns w hich hav e r e c e ntly b e e n d e v e l o e d e v e n by th o s e w h o hav e

.

p ,

h a d e xt e nsiv e e x p e ri e nc e w ith si m i lar d e si g ns but o f a d i ff e r e nt kin d o r

ca p acity is att e n d e d w ith c o nsi d e rabl e risk O n e O f t h e e arly pe rs o nal
, .

e x p e ri e nc e s o f t h e w rit e r w ill p e rha p s s e rv e as a ty p ical illustrati o n o f

th e un f o rtunat e r e s u lts o f t h e f ailur e t o Obs e rv e this p r e cauti o n .

A f act o ry w a s built f o r t h e m anu f actur e o f c e rtain clay p r o d u cts

f r o m w hich a s o m e what unusually lar g e ca p acity w a s d e sir e d Ma .

chin e ry wa s availabl e f r o m t w o s o urc e s In o n e cas e t h e m anu f actur e r

.
,

h a d a lar g e nu m b e r o f m achin e s o f t h e ca p acity r e qui r e d in succ e ss f u l

o p e rati o n un d e r a w i d e ran g e o f c o n d iti o ns ; in t h e o th e r cas e t h e sec ,

o n d m anu f actur e r h a d m an si m ilar m ach in e s in l o cal an d succ e ss f ul

y
u s e but O f o nly o n e —
,
hal f t h e ca pacity r e qui r e d Th e s e c o n d m a n u f ac
.

tu r e r d e si r e d t o d e v e l o p a m achin e o f g r e a t e r ca p acity a n d p o int e d o u t

th e i r w i d e e x p e ri e nc e w ith t h e s m all e r m achin e s a n d th e e as e a n d sa f e ty
w ith w hich th e y c o ul d e nlar g e t h e ca p a city a n d d e v e l o p a m achin e w hich
sh o ul d b e pe r f e ctly succ e ss f ul This th ey a g r e e d t o d o at a p ric e o f l e ss
.

than o n e hal f t h e p ric e de m an de d by t h e fi rst m anu f act u r e r Th e d e

-
.

v e l o p m en t a pp e ar e d so si m p l e that t h e l o w e r b id w a s acc e p t e d a n d t h e ,

m achin e m anu f actur e d a n d install e d T h e r e sults w e r e a s e as o n s p e nt

.

i n a c o nstant r ep ai r o f br e aka g e an d c o ns e qu e nt sh u t d o wns o cca si o n e d

, ,

by i m p r o p e r d e si g n T h e o u t pu t o f t h e f act o ry wa s d e cr e as e d f o r t h e
.

s e as o n by at l e ast o n e hal f a n d alth o u g h t h e m anu f act u r e r fi nally d e

-

si gn e d a satis f act o ry m achin e an d f u rnish e d a n ew u nit t o t h e f act o ry

w ith o u t f u rth e r c o m p e nsati o n t h e d e lays a n d r ep ai rs e xc ee d e d t h e
,

o ri g inal c o st o f t h e m achin e m any ti m e s a n d e ntail e d a h e avy l o ss wh ich

 C H AP T E R XX

D E S I G N S AN D S P E C I F I CAT I O N S FO R E N G I N EER I N G AND

AR C H IT E C T U R AL W O R K

2 44 . Th e I nv t i g at i n —P
es o s r io r
‘

a ny p lant o r
t o t h e de sign of .

structur e a th o r o u g h i nv e sti g ati o n sh o ul d b e m a de o f t h e natur e o f t h e

m at e rial which m ust b e e xcavat e d o r m o v e d o f t h e f o un d ati o n o n w hich,

t h e st ructur e m ust r e st a n d o f t h e m at e rial int o o r thr o u g h w hich t u n

,

n e ls chann e ls f o un d ati o n p il e s caiss o n s o r o th e r struct u r e s m u st b e

, , ,

d riv e n . T h e charact e r t h e quantiti e s a n d t h e p hysical c o n d iti o ns o f

,

s uch m at e rials sh o u l d b e de t e rm in e d so f a r as p racticabl e It i s o f t e n .

t h e ca se that t h e d e ci si o n t o buil d o r t o carry o u t an i m p r o v e m e nt i s

f o ll o w e d i m m e d iat e ly by a de m an d f o r c o nstructi o n at such an e arly

"

dat e that a p r o p e r e xa m inati o n o f t h e c o n d iti o ns i s n o t p o ssibl e S uch .

hast e in c o nstructi o n i s un de sirabl e a n d al m o st invariably e ntails e xtra

e x p e ns e .

T h e f ailur e t o m ak e suitabl e inv e sti g ati o n o f th e s e c o n d iti o ns a n d

t o s e cur e t h e d e si rabl e in f o rm a ti o n b o th f o r t h e u s e o f t h e e n g in ee r in
,

d e si g nin g a n d e sti m a tin g t h e c o st o f t h e wo rk a nd f o r t h e u se o f t h e

bi dde r in t h e p r e p arati o n o f hi s p r o p o sal is o f t e n du e t o f als e e c o n o m y
,

o n t h e p art o f t h e o w n e r o r o f t h e m ana g em e nt o f t h e c o m p an y wh o

p r o p o s e s t o c o nstruct t h e w o rk T h e c o st Of th o r o u g h p r e li m
. i nary i n

ve st ig at i o n is o f t e n c o nsi d e rabl e a n d it i s s o m e ti m e s assu m e d that any

,

e xt e nsiv e p r e li m inary e xa mi nati o n

“

i s unn e c e s sary Wh e n t h e e n .

i n e e r yi e l d s t o n e c e ssity o r e rsuasi o n a n d f ai ls t o s e cure t h e p r o p e r

g p
in f o r m ati o n h e i s n e v e rth e l e ss bla m e d f o r any tr o ubl e a n d e x p e ns e
,

w hich m a y f o ll o w I f t h e bi d s r e c e iv e d bas e d o n insu ffi ci e nt in f o r m a

.
,

ti o n a r e un duly hi g h o r i f t h e quantiti e s e sti m at e d on t h e sa m e u n cer

,

tain basis a r e f o un d s e ri o usly i n e r ro r h e is bla m e d f o r tr o ubl e s w hich

,

h e has h a d n o m e ans o f p r e v e ntin g .

P r e li m inary i n f o r m ati o n w ill p e r m it p lans t o b e d ra w n t o fi t t h e

actual l o cal c o n d iti o ns i nst e a d o f assu m e d c o n d iti o n s w h ich d o n o t Ob
,
.

tain a n d w ill sav e n e ed l e ss e x pe ns e an d m u ch m o r e than e n o u g h t o p ay

t h e p r e li m inary c o sts t o say n o thin g o f t h e eff e ct o f such in f o r m ati on
,

in r e d ucin g t h e p rice s b i d f o r t h e wo rk T h e e n g in e e r th e r e f o r e.
, ,

sh o ul d plac e t h e n e c e ssity f o r such p r e li m inary i nv e sti g ati o ns an d t h e

a d vanta g e s which w ill accru e th e r e f r o m squar e ly b e f o r e his cli e nts ,

a n d insi st o n su ffi c i e nt ti m e a n d e x p e n d itur e t o s e cu r e t h e in f o r m ati o n

 U n sa t i s f a c t o ry P ra c t ic e 37 l

n e ce ssary fo r bo th p ur po s e s Th e l o w bi d s r e c e iv e d o n al m o st e v e ry
.

w hich a d quat in f r m ati o n i s f urni sh e d by t h e e n g in e e r t o

j o b o n e e o

p r o s p e ctiv e bi dd e rs i s p r o o f o f t h e savin g e ff e ct e d in t h e c o st o f t h e

wo rk a n d this i s in a d d iti o n t o t h e savin g acc o m p lish e d by t h e c o u s e

s

qu e n t p r o p e r d e si g n E v e rythin g that can b e do n e t o m ak e t h e co n

.

di t i o n s b e arin g u p o n t h e r e qui r e d w o rk cl e ar a n d c e r tain has an a d

vanta g e i n r e d ucin g t h e p ric e s w hich w ill b e b i d f o r t h e w o rk a n d t h e ,

c o nv e rs e i s als o tru e
U n sa t i s f ac t o ry P r ac ti ce —It i s u n f o rt u nat e ly c o m m o n
.

2 45 .

m istak e n p ractic e t o r e qui r e t h e c o nt ract o r t o assu m e all ri sk a n d r e

sp o n si b i l i t i e s c o nc e rnin g t h e charact e r a n d s o m e ti m e s e v e n c o nc e rnin g

t h e r e lativ e a m o unts o f t h e d i ff e r e nt kin d s o f m at e rial .

G oo d s e ns e s e e m s t o w arrant t h e c o nclu si o n that i n de alin g w ith ,

int e lli g e nt m e n so m e thin g cann o t b e s e cu r e d f o r n o thin g a n d e x pe ri ,

e nc e has d e m o nst rat e d that w h e n e v e r such an att e m p t i s m a de it

usually r e sults in unn e c e ssarily incr e as e d c o st .

An i nte lli g ent c o ntract o r i f h e bi d s at all o n p lans a n d sp e c ifi ca

,

ti o ns which a r e u nc e rtain o r m ani f e stly un f ai r w ill a dd a su fli cie n t ,

su m t o c o m p e nsat e h im f o r t h e u nc e rtainti e s a n d t h e un f ai r tr e at m e nt

h e m u st e x p e ct a n d t o b e sa f e w ill u sually a dd m o r e than e n o u g h t o

,

c o v e r t h e p r o babl e e x p e ns e Th e cli e nt thus p ays m o r e a n d u suall y

.
,

m u ch m o r e than h e w o ul d un d e r de fi nit e p lans a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns

, .

W h e n o nly inco m pl e t e inv e sti g ati o ns hav e b e e n m a de by t h e e n

g in e e r c o ntract o rs a r e u sually invit e d t o m ak e th e ir o w n inv e sti g ati o ns
,

in o r de r t o de t e rm in e t h e natur e o f t h e f o r m ati o n i n o r th ro u g h w hich

t h e w o rk is t o b e built It is e vi d e nt that such a p o licy i s a p o o r o n e
.
,

f o r i f carri e d o u t it inv o lve s c o nsi d e rabl e ex p e ns e p e rha p s f o r e ach o f

a lar g e nu m be r o f co ntract o rs all o f wh o m m u st inv e sti g at e t h e co n
,

d it i o n s t o th e i r o w n satis f acti o n I t i s e vi d e ntly de sirabl e in o r de r t o

.

avo i d e x p e ns e that o nly o n e such inve sti g ati o n sh o ul d b e m a d e that it ,

sh o ul d b e m a d e by t h e e n g in e e r o f t h e p arti e s l e ttin g t h e wo rk a n d that

it sh o ul d b e th o r o u g h a n d su ffi ci e nt f o r t h e u se o f all p arti e s int e r e st e d .

Thi s qu e sti o n is an i m po rtant o n e a n d o n e that has m any b e arin g s ,

all o f which sh o ul d b e c o nsi de r e d That such un f ai r a n d u n sa t i sf a c.

t o ry p ractic e i s quit e c o m m o n is e vi d e nt f r o m nu m e r o u s s p e ci fi cati o ns

O f which t h e f o ll o w in g f r o m a
p r o p o s e d c o ntract fo r g ra d in g a railr o a d
is an e xa m p l e : 1

C ntract rs bi d d i ng
o o th wo r k
on e i nv i t d at t h i r o w co st a d x
are e , e n n e

p ns
e e, t o p t d o wn t st h l s
u e o eb r i ngs t d t rm i n th natur f t h s o il
or o ,
o e e e e e o e

1 Se e Eng N e ws
. Su p .
, Vol . 50, p age 29 .
3 72 Sp e c i fic a t io n s fo r E n gin e e r i n g W o r k
and u n d r l y i ng f o r m at i n
e d v r y f ac ili t y w ill b g i ven by t h c m p an y
o , an e e e e o

t o t h e c o ntract o rs f o t h t p ur p o s e
”
r a .

“
I t m s t b p art i cu l ar ly n d rst o o d t h at t h bi dd i ng o t hi s wo r k will
u e u e e n

b e w i th t cl ass i ficati n f r excavat i o n n d gra d i ng a d t h at t h e c o ntract o r

ou o o a , n

m ust p e rs o n lly xa m i n t h a g e o l g i ca l f r m at i on ; an d n o c l a i m u p n t h
e e e o o o e

c m p an y m ay h e r ea f t e r b e m a d e
o acco unt f m i s i n f o r m at i n stat e d t
on o o o

h ave b e n g i ve n by an y e m p l o y e e o f t h e C o m p an y o B o ard
e r .
”

It i s e vi de nt that n o int e lli g e nt c o ntract o r will assu m e unc e rtain

ti e s such as a re inv o lv e d in t h e abo v e s p e ci fi cati o ns w ith o ut c o nsi de r
abl e inve sti g ati o n a n d w ith o ut e x p e ctin g ad e q u at e c o m pe nsati o n A .

c o ns e rvativ e c o ntract o r w ill p r o bably r e f us e t o un de rtak e such an i n

v e st i g a t i o n b e caus e t h e chanc e s o f his s e cu rin g t h e w o rk a r e r em o te
,
.

T h e nu m b e r o f fi r m s that w ill att e m p t t o m ak e such an inv e sti g ati o n

w ill th e r e f o r e b e s m all a n d t h e c o m p e titi o n w ill b e li m it e d Su ch .

fi r m s w rll b id hi g h e n o u g h t o c o v e r t h e c o st o f all p o ssibl e c o ntin g e nci e s ,

a n d t h e c o st o f t h e w o rk w ill b e u n n e c e ssarily incr e as e d .

2 46 D iffi c u l t i e s — T o m ak e a th o r o u g h i nv e sti g ati o n o f t h e

.

actual c o n d iti o ns o n a p r o j e ct t o d e t e r m in e t h e q u ality a n d quantity o f

,

t h e vari o us kin d s o f m at e rial t o b e e nc o unt e r e d a n d t o S h o w th e m by

p lans d ra w in g s a n d d e fi nit e s p e ci fi cati o ns inv o lv e s n o t o nly ti m e a n d

, ,

e x p e ns e but als o t h e r e s p o nsibility f o r any acci d e ntal m i sstat e m e nt o f

t h e e xact f acts U n de r g r o un d c o n d iti o ns a r e v e ry unc e rtain a n d ca n

.

n o t b e r e a d ily d e t e r m in e d e v e n by e l ab o rat e b o rin g s Variati o ns in t h e .

strata a r e liabl e t o o ccu r which w ill n o t b e de t e r m in e d e v e n th o u g h t h e

b o rin g s a re f ai rly cl o s e t o g e th e r an d it i s e vi de nt that such inv e sti g a
ti o ns m ust hav e a p racti ca l li m it An y d e p artur e f r o m t h e p o sitiv e in
.

f o r m ati o n g iv e n m a y r e sult i n d e m an d s f o r e xt f a c o m p e nsati o n a n d ,

e v e n sli g ht variati o ns w hich m i g ht n o t act u ally a ff e ct t h e c o st o f t h e

w o rk w ill g iv e an u n f ai r c o ntract o r an Op p o rtunity f o r e xc e ssiv e d e

m an d s f o r e xtra c o m p e nsati o n ; w h e r e as i f t h e c o ntract o r i s r e qui r e d t o
a ssu m e t h e r e s po nsibilit y f o r chan g e s n o such clai m s can b e m ain ,

t a in e d . It i s b e lie v e d that th is dan g e r is o n e o f t h e ch i e f r e as o ns wh y

so m uch r e s p o nsibility i s f r e qu e ntly f o rc e d o n t h e c o ntract o r even ,

wh e n it i s r e c o g niz e d that such r e s p o nsibilit y e ntails e xt ra e x p e ns e .

It is de sirabl e t o r em o v e hazar d t o as g re at a de g r e e as p racti cabl e ,

b o th in o r d e r t o s e cur e r e as o nabl e bi d s a n d f o r t h e sak e o f f ai rn e ss .

Th e o w n e r m ust e x p e ct t o p a y a f ai r p ric e f o r hi s c o nstructi o n u n de r

t h e c o n d i ti o ns that act u ally o btain a n d h e w ill c e rtainly b e c o m p e ll e d
,

t o do s o unl e ss s o m e m istak e i s m a de by t h e bi d de rs T h e t e chnical .

p ro bl e m inv o lv e d i s t o d e t e r m in e a n d s h o w by p lan s a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns

as n e arly as p o ssibl e t h e actual c o n d iti o ns that o btain in o r de r t o se
3 74 S p e c i fi c a t io n s f o r En g i n e e r in g W o r k

be asc e rtain e d th e s e strata a r e kn o w n t o vary t o a c o nsi de rabl e e xt e nt

,

in cha ract e r a n d thickn e ss f r o m p o int t o po int a n d n o m e ans o f a o

c u r a t e l y d e t e r m inin g th e i r e xact natu r e a n d e xt e nt a r e availabl e e x

c e p t by t h e c o nstru cti o n o f t h e we ll its e l f o r a s m all e r o n e in t h e im

m e d iat e vicinity which w o ul d inv o lv e an e x p e ns e v e ry g r e atly in e x
‘

c e ss o f t h e b e n e fi t d e riv e d I n such cas e s th e r e fo r e a stat e m e nt o f

.
, ,

t h e a pp r o xi m at e g e o l o g ical c o n d iti o ns s e e m s d e sirab l e a n d in g e n e ral , .

t h e c o ntract o r sh o ul d e x p e ct t o tak e t h e ri sk o f t h e unc e rtainti e s in t h e

charact e rs o f t h e stra ta a n d f o r which h e m u st de m an d p r o p e r co m
,

p e n s a t i o n P. r o visi o n sh o ul d b e m a d e f o r t h e p o ssibility o f e nc o unt e r

in g cavin g m at e rial , f o r wh ich c o ntin g ency e xtra e x p e ns e s m ay b e o c ~

c a si o n e d by t h e n e c e ssity f o r e nlar g in g t h e w e ll a n d e a si n
g o ff t h e
cavin g m at e rial in o r de r that g r e at e r depths m ay b e r e ach e d w ith t h e
d e sir e d w e ll s e cti o n It w ill us u ally p ro ve e c o n o m ical f o r t h e o wn e r
.

t o assu m e t h e r e s po nsibility f o r this e xtra e x p e ns e f o r i f h e d oe s n o t ,

h e w ill p r o bably p a y t h e e xtra c o st in hi g h e r p ric e s wh e th e r o r n o t ,

t h e e x p e ns e i s actually incurr e d .

2 48 I nv e s t i g at i o n s f o r Se w e r s — In i nv e st i g ati o n s f o r s e w e rs
.

t h e natur e o f t h e m at e rial w hich w ill p r o bably b e e nc o unt e r e d i s usu

ally d e t e r m in e d by b o rin g s o r s o un d i n g s Such m at e rials a r e o f t e n .

classi fi e d si m ilarly t o th o s e in r ailr o a d e xcavati o n a n d o n thi s basi s ,

p ay m e nts a r e o r d inarily m a d e This li m its t h e .chanc e s tak e n by the

c o ntract o r a n d t o a m uch g r e at e r e xt e nt than wh e r e h e is l e f t t o e s

ti m at e t h e vary in g a m o unts o f such m at e rials o n t h e basis o f t h e b o r
in g s w hich hav e b e e n m a d e Th e un e v e nn e ss o f t h e strata thr o u gh
.

o u t t h e e xt e nt o f t h e s e w e r syst e m is s o g r e at that it i s usually i n e x

p e d i e n t t o tak e su ffi ci e nt b o rin g s t o d e t e r m in e w ith accuracy t h e

a m o unt o f r o ck whi ch w ill b e e nc o unt e r e d T h e variati o ns in r o ck .

sh o ul d n o t b e at t h e ri sk o f t h e c o nt ract o r so f a r as a m o unts a r e co n ‘

c e rn e d a n d t h e e x p e ns e in cu rr e d in m akin g t h e n e c e ssary b o rin g s w ill

,

b e m o r e than r e turn e d by t h e l o we r c o st .

A claus e in w hich t h e bu r de n i s th r o w n u p o n t h e c o ntract o r is as

f o ll o w s
B r ug h d oe s o t warrant t h c rr ctn e ss o f t h s o un d i ngs as
“
Th e o o n e o e e

m ar k d e on th p r fil e T h e c ntract r m ust ass m e a ll ri s k s r su l t i ng f r o m

o e . o o u e

an y d i ff r nc e f r m t h s n d i ngs f n d t o xi st w h e n t h s w r i s b u il t
e e o e ou ou e e e e .
”

In s e w e r w o rk t h e g r eat e st it e m o f unc e rtainty usually ari se s n o t

,

thro u g h t h e q u e sti o n o f ro ck o r e arth but f r o m t h e variati o n in t h e ,

qualiti e s o f s o il a n d thr o u g h t h e p r e s e nc e o f w at e r Th e s e m at e rials .

4 Eng N . ew s Su p .
, Vol . 50, p . 305 .
 B a si s o f D e si gn s 375

m ay c o nsist o f : ( I ) e arth m o r e o r l e ss e asily cavin g ; ( 2 ) e arth o r

clay c o ns o li dat e d an d f r e e f ro m cavin g s ; ( 3 ) san d w ith o r w ith o ut
w at e r ( 4 ) fi n e san d o r quicksan d a n d w at e r .

It is usually in e x p e d i e nt f o r t h e e n g in e e r t o o ff e r t h e abo v e clas

s ifi c a t i o n
,
a n d t h e qu e sti o ns o f th e s e m at e rials a n d c o n d iti o ns w hil e ,

the y sh o ul d b e de t e r m in e d as cl e arly as p racti ca bl e a n d g iv e n t o t h e

c o ntract o r as data f o r u se i n p r e p arin g his b i d, m u st usually b e at t h e
c o ntract o r s ri sk
’

T h e B a s is o f D e s i g n s —In e v e r y t e ch ni cal e n d e av o r t h e
.

2 49 .

o bj e ct inv o lv e d i s t h e acc o m p lish m e nt o f c e rtain d e fi nit e r e sults at a

m ini m u m e x p e ns e e ith e r i m m e d iat e o r ulti m at e

,
I f a struc t u r e is t o
.

b e bui lt b o th utility a n d a c e rtain d e g r e e o f b e auty a r e usually inv o lv e d .

I f p e r m an e nt it sh o ul d n o t b e unsi g htly a n d its uti lity m a y d e m an d

, ,

any de g r e e o f artistic d e v e l o p m e nt f r o m a p lain but si ghtly structur e t o

th o s e structur e s w hich a r e cr e at e d o nly f o r th e i r art istic m e rit In e ach .

cas e h o w e v e r t h e o bj e ct is t o acc o m p lish t h e m axi m u m o f utility f o r

, ,

t h e m ini m u m o f e x p e ns e No unn e c e ssary e x p e ns e i s w a rrant e d

. Th e .

structur e m ust b e sa f e a n d t h e d eg r e e o f sa f e ty m ust b e m e asur e d by t h e

p o ssibl e d isastr o us r e sults o f f ai lur e F act o rs o f sa f e ty m ust b e intr o
.

d u c e d a n d a r e m a d e n e c e ssa ry by variati o n in str e n gt h o f m at e rial u n ,

c e rtainti e s o f m anu f acturin g p r o c e ss e s a n d unc e rta inti e s o f l o a d in g s

a n d c o ns e qu e nt strains t o w hich t he structur e m a y b e subj e ct e d a n d t o

vari o us c o ntin g e nci e s t o w hich it m ay b e e x p o s e d Th e li m itati o ns o f .

str e n g th a n d t h e e xt e nt t o w hich a r tistic c o nsi de rati o ns w ill p r e vail

,

w ill al ways b e a qu e sti o n o f e x p e ri e nc e a n d j u d g m e nt a n d whil e th e s e ,

’

sh o ul d b e fi x e d w ith int e lli g e nc e in m o st ca se s a d o ubt m a y r e m ain as

,

t o w h e th e r th e i r li m its a r e t o o s m all o r t o o g r e at Sa f e ty m ust b e bal

.

a n c e d a g ainst e x p e ns e a n d t h e e x p e ns e c o nsi d e r e d m ust al w ays inv o lv e

,

b o th fi rst c o st a n d u pk e e p .

In o p e ratin g p lants qu e sti o ns o f e ffi ci e ncy als o aris e ; fi rst c o st a n d

,

u pk e e p a r e i m p o rtant but t h e runnin g e x p e ns e m ust b e c o nsi de r e d a n d

, ,

g r e at e r e x p e ns e o f installati o n a n d m aint e nanc e m a y b e w arrant e d by

g r e at e r o r m o r e satis f act o ry o ut p ut In all cas e s a balanc e b e t we e n
.
,

e xpe ns e a n d r e sults m ust b e struck a n d t h e t e chnical m a n is r e s p o nsibl e

f o r e stablis h in g a p r o p e r e quilibriu m b e t w e e n th e s e va ri o us f act o rs .

2 5 0 D e si g n — T o p r o
. .
p e rly d e s i g n an y stru ctu r e o r p lan t t h e
d e si g n e r m ust b e f a m iliar w ith t h e m eth o d s w hich m u st b e us e d in
c o nstructi o n in o r de r that t h e c o nstructi o n shall b e p racticabl e a n d can .

b e e c o n o m ically p e r f o r m e d T h e d e si g n a n d t h e c o ns e qu e nt sp e c ifi
.

cati o n sh o ul d n o t inclu d e unn e c e ssary r e fi n e m ents o r unr e as o nabl e re

3 76 S p e c i fi c a t io n s f o r En g in e e r in g W o r k

q u ir e m e n t s that w ill a dd x p e ns e w ith o ut g ivin g c o rr e s po n d in g

t o th e e

b e n e fi ts . T he de si g n will hav e a lar g e e ff e ct o n t h e c o st o f c o nstru e

ti o n a n d this f act sh o ul d b e d uly c o nsi de r e d b e f o r e arbitra ry a n d u n
us u al d etails a re fi nally a do pt e d D e si gn s sh o ul d b e bas e d u p o n t h e
'

c o nsi d e rati o n o f fi rst c o st t h e c o st o f m aint e nanc e a n d in c e rtain

, ,

cas e s t h e c o st o f Op e rati o n as we ll L o w fi rst c o st sh o ul d n o t b e se

, .

cu r e d at t h e e x p e ns e o f hi g h m aint e nanc e o r hi g h o p e ratin g e x pe ns e

b u t tru e ulti m at e e c o n o m y sh o ul d b e c o nsi d e r e d w h e n e v e r p racticabl e .

In s o m e cas e s t e m po rary c o nstructi o n m a y b e n e c e ssary t o s e c u r e t h e

ulti m at e e n d s an d p e r m an e nt c o nstructi o n can o nly f o ll o w w ith t h e
,

d e v e l o p m e nt o f t h e p r o p e rty In p lants which a r e t o b e m aintain e d

.

a n d o p e rat e d th e r e i s a p e rs o nal e quati o n w hich m ust b e c o nsi d e r e d .

Wh o w ill o p e rat e a n d m ai ntain t h e p lant o r structur e ? T h e ca p acity

a n d ability o f th o s e o n wh o m d e p e n d e nc e m ust b e p lac e d f o r thi s p u r

p o s e n e e d s car e f ul c o nsi de rati o n

,
H i g h g ra de m achin e ry a n d d i th
.

c ult m aint e nanc e m ust n o t b e t r u st e d t o inc o m p et e nt m e n a n d wh e r e

i n e ffi ci e nt assistants m ust b e utiliz e d f o r such p u rp o s e s si m p licity o f ,

d e si g n i s hi g hly e ss e ntial In t h e arran g e m e nt o f an o p e ratin g plant

.

t h e sa m e f act o rs m ust b e c o nsi d e r e d If t h e p lant is so arran g e d that

.

t h e e asi e st thin g t o d o i s t h e ri g ht thin g t o d o it m a y c o n fi d e ntly b e ,

e x p e ct e d that it w ill b e d o n e but n o t o th e r w is e It 1 8 n o t e n o u g h that

.

a p lant b e we ll a n d e c o n o m icall y de si g n e d a n d car e f ully c o nstr u ct e d .

It m ust als o b e e asily m a intain e d a n d r e a d ily o p e rat e d by t h e class o f

m e n that can b e s e cur e d f o r such p u rp o s e s a n d th e s e f act o rs a r e e q u al
,

in i m po rtanc e t o t h e o th e r p hysical f act o rs in sha p in g t h e de si g n .

T h e stu dy f o r a de si g n r e qui r e s an e xt e nsiv e inv e sti g ati o n o f t h e

vari o u s ty pe s o f si m ila r de v el o p m e nt that a r e in p ractical u se a n d t h e
a da p tability o f such de si g ns t o t h e c o n d iti o ns o f t h e p articular l o cality
un de r c o nsi de rati o n It is s e l do m that p lans n o m att e r h o w succ e ss
.
,

f ully carri e d o u t in o n e p lac e can b e d u plicat e d t o a d vanta g e in a n

,

o th e r . E ach p lant sh o ul d b e built t o m e e t t h e p a rticular c o n d iti o ns

un de r which it i s t o b e i nstall e d m aintain e d a n d o p e rat e d a n d t h e b e st
, ,

i de as f ro m all s o u rc e s tha t w ill a pp ly t o t h e l o cal co n d iti o ns sh o ul d b e

c o rr e lat e d an d e m b o d i e d i n t h e p r o po s e d de si g n Ext e nsiv e e xp e r i .

e nc e , o bs e rva t i o n a n d stu dy a r e e ach d e si r a bl e a n d e ss e ntial f o r t h e

,

be st r e sults .

T h e struct ur e w h e n c o m p l e t e d sh o ul d b e s u itabl e i n e v e ry way

~

f o r its p u r p o s e but n o unn e c e ssary e x p e n s e sh o ul d b e incurr e d Th e .

b e st o f e v e ryt hin g i s n o t al w ays e ss e ntial o r de si rabl e .

3 78 S p e c i fi c a t i o n s fo r E n g i n e e r in g W o r k

not o nly i s t h e ri sk plac e d o n t h e c o ntract o r b u t t h e wo r d in g i s i n de fi

nit e a n d th e r e f o r e unsati s f act o ry T h e natu r e o f t h e fi llin g sh o ul d b e
.

stat e d w h e th e r clay r o ck o r c o ncr e t e It i s e asy f o r t h e e n g in e e r t o

, ,
.

h e r e s p e ci f y t h e charact e r o f t h e m at e rial that w ill b e r equi r e d a n d

“
l e av e o u t t h e do ubt f ul t e r m satis f acti o n .
”

It sh o ul d b e r e m e m b e r e d that wh il e thr o w in g t h e c o st o f thi s

,

e xtra fi ll o n t h e c o ntract o r m a y b e an a pp ar e nt savin g in t h e c o st o f

t h e w o rk in o r d e r t o k e e p do w n t h e a m o unt o f a d d iti o nal e xtra w o rk

, ,

e xtra c o st m a y b e i nv o lv e d E xtra c o st m a y b e caus e d

.

F i rs t : By d rillin g h o l e s .

S e c o n d : B y t h e c o st o f p o w d e r a n d lab o r r e qui r e d t o br e ak r o ck
t o s m all si z e f o r l o a d in g .

T h ir d : B y t h e c o st o f tri m m in g p r o j e cti o ns f r o m t h e si de o f sha f t

o r tunn e l .

What i s de si r e d i s t h e c o nstructi o n o f p r o p e r wo rk at t h e l east e x ‘

p e ns e t o all c o nc e rn e d a n d t h e c o st o f a r e as o nabl e a m o u nt o f br e ak
,

i n g b ey o n d t h e n e at lin e s m a y b e m o r e than sav e d in r e ducin g th e

e xtra c o st o f car e f ul e xcavati o n T h e ab o v e i s but a sin g l e e xa m pl e
.

o f h o w f als e e c o n o m y m a y s o m e ti m e s b e att e m p t e d in t h e p r e p arati o n

o f d e si g ns a n d s p e ci fi cati o ns .

2 52 . E s t im at e s —E s ti m ati n g t h e c o st o f s tru ctu r e s a n d m at e

rial i s a n i m p o rtant d uty o f t h e e n g in e e r Th e fi nancial succ e ss de .

p e n d s o n t h e actual c o st o f such w o rks a n d t h e w o rks m ust b e fi nanc e d

o n t h e basi s o f th e s e e sti m at e s I f t h e act u al c o st g r e atly e xc ee d s t h e
.

e sti m at e d c o st a p r o j e ct w hich m a
, y hav e s ee m e d fi nancially attractiv e

m a y p r o v e a fi nancia l f ailur e ; a n d e v e n i f f ailu r e do e s n o t r e sult t h e

n e c e ssary r e fi nancin g m a y p r o v e an e x p e nsiv e han d ica p .

P lans a r e rar e ly m a d e f o r lar g e a n d i m po rtant structu r e s that do

n o t r e quir e m o r e o r l e ss m o d i fi cati o n d urin g c o nstructi o n U nl e ss .

this f act i s d uly a pp r e ciat e d by t h e de si g n e r a n d lib e rally all o we d f o r

in t h e e sti m at e s o f c o st t h e e sti m at e s w ill al w ays b e f o un d m o r e o r
,

l e ss ina d e quat e t o c o m p l e t e t h e str u ctu r e T h e hazar d s o f c o nstru e

.

ti o n i ncr e as e w ith t h e di ffi culti e s o f c o nstructi o n I n t h e su p e r st ru c .

tu r e o f o n e o f t h e larg e buil d in g s o f Chica g o d e si g n ed b y o n e o f t h e ,

b e st archit e cts o f that city an d w hich w a s c o m p l e t e d w ith o ut any s e ri

,

o u s m isha p s t h e c o st o f e xtras incr e as e d t h e o ri g ina l c o ntract p ric e

,

a l mo st t w e nty fi ve p e r c e nt o r ab o ut
-
.
, on a e sti

m at e d c o st .

E n g in e e rin g structu r e s a r e s o m e ti m e s built in l o cati o ns wh e r e

th ey a re subj e ct t o c o n si de rabl e hazar d d u e t o c o n d iti o n s that cann o t
 E s t im a t e s 3 79

b e f ully p r e d e t e r m in e d a n d t o t h e c o ntin g e nci e s o f st o r m floo d

an d ,

w hich cann o t b e f o r e s e e n . I n such cas e s t h e ulti m at e c o st cann o t b e

accurat e ly d e t e r m in e d a n d is f r e qu e ntly g r e atly un d e r e sti m at e d .

T h e e n g in e e r d e si g nin g a structur e o r p lant i f un f a m iliar w ith

,

t h e c o ntin g e nci e s o f actual c o nstructi o n can scarc e l y c o nc e iv e t h e

,

un fo r e s e e n ci rcu m stanc e s wh ich m ay a n d f r e qu e ntly w ill occ u r w h en

his p lans a re b e in g carri e d o u t i n t h e fi e l d An e sti m at e in d e tail o f
.

t h e r e as o nabl e c o st o f e ach f e atu r e o f t h e w o rk can s e l d o m c ov e r all

t h e c o sts i nv o lv e d in t h e c o nstructi o n o f such st ructu r e a n d t h e c o st

m ust b e o v e r e sti m at e d o r a lar g e c o ntin g e nt e sti m at e m ust b e a dde d

-

i n o r de r t o c o v e r t h e act u al c o st An e n gi n e e rin g p r o j e ct w hich w ill

.

p a y o nly f ai r r e tu rns o n a cl o s e e sti m at e o f c o st i s s e l do m wo rthy o f

,

s e ri o us c o nsi de rati o n as un f o r e s e e n e x pe ns e s w ill o f t e n m ak e it a 105

m g i nv e st m e nt .

In a r e c e nt w at e r p o w e r d e v e l o p m e nt w hich wa s un d e r a d vi s e
m e nt f o r a nu m b e r o f y e ars a n d w hich w a s p e rha p s as th o r o u g hly
,

c o nsi de r e d a n d as car e f ully p lann e d b o th in de s i g n a n d i n m e th o d s o f

,

c o nstructi o n t o b e pu rs u e d as any o th e r de v e l o pm e nt o f lat e y e ars t h e

, ,

c o st o f t h e fi nish e d p r o j e ct e xc e e d e d t h e e sti m at e by thi rty — thr e e p e r

c e nt T h e e sti m at e o f c o st was ab o ut
. t h e actual c o st
abo ut In an o th e r cas e wh e r e e sti m at e s w e r e car el e ssl y
,

m a de t h e o ri g inal e sti m at e d c o st w a s
, a n d t h e actual c o st o f

t h e c o m p l e t e d e v e l o p m e nt ab o ut

It i s o f c ours e o bvi o u s that a p r o j e ct wh ich m a v b e ve r v attractiv e

o n a basis o f an inv e st m e nt o f i s l ik e ly t o b e a s e r i o us failur e
o n t h e basis o f an i nv e st m e nt o f a n d e v e n a p r o j e ct which

s e e m s attractiv e o n t h e basis o f a i nv e st m e nt m a y b e s e ri
o u sl y han d ica pp e d by an e x p e ns e o f unl e ss th e r e i s a p r o s
p e c t o f e xtr ao r d inary r e t u rns o n t h e basi s o f t h e o ri g inal e sti m at e d
c o st
.

'
T h e un e x p e ct e d e xtra c o sts o f such d e v e l o p m e nts d u e t o u n f o r e
,

s e e n de lays i n c o nstructi o n a r e o f t e n s e ri o u s T h e int e r e st o n bo n d s

, .

m ust b e m e t s e m i annually o r annua l ly f r o m t h e d at e o f th e i r i ssu e ;

-

h e nc e int e r e st durin g c o nstr u ct i o n is an i m p o rtant it e m in t h e buil d in g

o f any structur e o r i n t h e c o st o f d e v e l o m e nt o f any in d ustry a n d i s
p ,

an it e m wh ich i s p articularly unc e rtain i n ha z ar do us c o nstructi o n .

In a r e c e nt wat e r po w e r d e v e lo p m e nt a fl o o d t h e m o st e xtra o r d i n ary

,

that h a d o ccu rr e d o n t h e riv e r w ithin t h e kn o w n r e c o r d s n o t o nly ,

caus e d a l o ss o f a pp r o xi m at e ly t o t h e w o rk un d e r c o nstru e
ti o n but w a s f o ll o w e d b v c o nti nu o us a n d unu suall y hi g h w at e r f o r t h e
,
3 80 S p e c i fic a t i o n s f o r En g i n e e ri n g W o r k

y e ar f o ll o win g s o that n o t m o r e than nin e ty wo rkin g days we r e avail

,

abl e w ithin t h e y e ar In t h e sa m e p r o j e ct an i ce ja m in t h e s p rin g

.
,

carri e d o u t all t h e tr e stl e a n d f als e wo rks invo lvin g a l o ss o f p e rha p s ,

m o re Th e s e casualti e s cr e at e d a de lay o f m o r e than a y e ar

.

w ith an e xtra int e r e st c o st o f a pp r o xi m at e ly

F ro m t h e ab o v e it be c o m e s a pp ar e nt that a ll e sti m at e s sh o ul d b e
lib e rally m a de a n d that i f t h e fi nancial f e asibility de pe n d s o n a v e ry
,

li m it e d e x p e n d itu re t h e e sti m at e s m ust b e m a d e w ith t h e g r e at e st o f

,

car e .

O ffi c e e n g in e ers wh o hav e h a d littl e o r n o e x p e ri e nc e in t h e fi e l d

cann o t r e a d ily a pp r e c iat e t h e c o ntin g e nci e s o f actual c o nstructi o n .

F l o o d s st o rm s acci de nts u nav o i dabl e d e lays in t h e r e c e i p t o f m at e ri

, , ,

als scarcity o f lab o r strik e s e t c hav e c o m p arativ e ly littl e m e anin g in

, , , .
,

t h e o ffi c e but th e y a r e v e ry r e al i n t h e fi e l d an d w ill c o nstantly o cc u r

a n d a dd an u nantici p at e d c o st t o o ffi c e e sti m at e s Th e s e c o ntin g e nci e s .

a r e a r e al p art o f t h e c o st o f t h e wo rk a n d j u st as m u ch a p art as t h e

c o st o f m at e rial a n d lab o r an d c o ns e qu e ntly m u st b e tak e n int o acc o unt

i n t h e e sti m at e s .

P ublish e d c o st fig ur e s a re o ft e n unr e liabl e o r m i sl e a d in g In t h . e

fi rst p lac e t h e c o n d iti o ns a r e n o t su ffi ci e ntly de fi n e d t o assur e an u n

d e r st a n d in g o f w hat e sti m at e o f c o st t h e fig u r e s act u ally incl u de a n d ,

th e y f r e qu e ntly o m it g e n e ral su p e rvisi o n a n d g e n e ral an d o v e r h e ad

e xpen s e s In t h e s e c o n d p lac e such fig u r e s ar e s e l do m g iv e n unl e ss
.

th e y a r e c o m p arativ e ly l o w If wo rk has c o st an e xc e ssiv e a m o u nt

.

t h e c o st fig ur e s a r e n o t a m att e r f o r c o n g ratula ti o n a n d a re s e l d o m

p ublish e d S uch . fig u r e s w h e n u s e d m ust th e r e f o r e b e u s e d

, w ith d i s ,

c r e ti o n a n d m u st b e substantiat e d by in quiri e s m a de t o det e r m in e th e i r

a p p licability t o t h e cas e in han d .

B e si d e s t h e l o cal p hysical c o n d iti o ns w hich m ust b e c o nsi d e r e d i n

e sti m atin g t h e c o st o f c o nstructi o n th e r e a r e o th e r f act o rs
, p e culiar t o
e ach l o cality that sh o u fd b e c o nsi d e r e d In lar g e citi e s lab o r i s m o r e
.

p l e nti f ul but wa g e s a re a p t t o b e hi g h e r a n d lab o r tr o ubl e s m o r e nu

m e ro u s . T h e c o st o f m at e rials wh o l e sal e i s n o t g r e atly d i ff e r e nt in
, ,

t h e lar ge o r s m all c o m m unity O th e r d i ffi c u lti e s d u e t o m u nici p al r e

.

stricti o ns such as tra ffi c o bstru cti o n e t c a re m uch g r e at e r in t h e

, , .
,

la r g e t h an in t h e s m all city T h e c o ns e qu e nt c o st o f do in g w o rk i s
.

th e r e f o r e f r e qu e ntl y g r e at e r i n t h e lar g e city a n d thi s i s p articularly ,

so in r e g ar d t o subsur f ac e w o rk .

D istanc e f r o m t h e m a rk e t f o r lab o r a n d m at e rial w ill als o a ff e ct

t h e c o st It i s f r e qu ently d i ffi cult t o s e cur e an d h o l d labo r at p o ints
.

f a r r e m o t e f r o m citi e s a n d d e lays a n d e xtra e x p e ns e r e sults .

 S p e c i fic a t io n s fo r E n gin e e r i n g W o rk

g e n e ral a n d i n d e ta il T h e g e n e ral d e s cri p t i o n sh o u l d i n all cas e s

.
, ,

b e su ffi c i e n t t o a ff o r d a g e n e ral kn o w l e d g e o f t h e w o rk o r p o rti o n
o f t h e w o rk u n d e r d i scu s s i o n T h e d e ta il s p e ci fi cati o n s sh o u l d b e
.

c o n fi n e d t o i n d ivi d ual f e atu r e s a n d i n th e i r d e s c ri p ti o n sh o ul d b e

, ,

e xhau sti ve .

I n g e n e ral s u ch s p e c i fi c ati o n s a r e m a de u p o f s p e ci fi cat i o n s f o r

,

f u n d a m e n tal m at e rial s p r o c e s s e s a n d f o r m achi n e ry a n d all that

, , ,

h a s b e e n p r e v i o u sly s tat e d i n r e g ar d t o th o s e subj e c ts a p p l i e s t o t h e

c o m p l e t e st ru ctu r e s p lan ts o r w o rk s o f w h ich th ey c o n sti tu t e t h e
,
:

e l e m e nt s .

Su ch s p e ci fi cati o ns m a y incl u de b o th g e n e ral a n d de tail e d s p e c

i fi c a t i o n s a n d i n all ca s e s r e qu i r e a c o n si d e rabl e s p e c ial t e ch n i cal
,

e x p e ri e n c e a n d kn o w l e d g e i n th e i r
p r e p a rat i o n .

2 54 O u tli n e —P r e c e d i n g t h e p r e p ara ti o n o f s p e c i fi cati o n s f o r

. .

c o m p l e t e str uc t u r e s a n o u tl i n e sh o ul d b e p re p are d i n clu d i n g all

it e m s which sh o ul d b e c o v e r e d in t h e r e quir e d s p e ci fi cati o n As .

th e s e stru c tu r e s a r e e v e n m o r e c o m p li c at e d a n d c o n ta i n a g r e at e r
a m o u n t o f d e tai l than t h e su bj e c t s h e r e t o f o r e d i s cu ss e d su ch a n o u t ,

li n e b e c o m e s e v e n m o r e i m p o rtan t i n o r de r th at t h e s p e c i fi cati o n s
w h e n p r e p ar e d shall inclu d e all n e c e ssary r e qui r e m e nts Th e o utlin e s
.

sh o w n in Appe n d ix A w ill w ill g iv e t h e i de a o f such o utlin e s as d e v e l

o p e d by t h e auth o r in hi s p r o f e ssi o nal p ractic e .

2 55 As s i g nm e n t s f o r P re p a ri n g O u tli n e s a n d Sp e ci fi cati o n s
.

f o r E n gi n e e ri n g a n d A rch i t e c tu ral W o r k —Fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f g i v

in g m o r e p o int a n d int e r e st t o t h e w o rk o f p r e p arin g s p e ci fi cati o ns f o r
e n g in e e rin g o r archit e ctural w o rks it is d e si rabl e that assi g n m e nts b e
,

bas e d o n actual p lans f o r such w o rks Th e s e p lans sh o ul d b e in

i
.

s u ffi c i e n t d e t a il so th a t t h e r e qu i r e m e n t s ca n b e cl e arly d i s ti n
i h e d F o r s tu d e n t p racti c e t h e p lans s e l e ct e d sh o ul d b e fo r s i m
g u s .

p l e structu r es as b e in g m o r e n e arly w ithin t h e ca p acity o f t h e stu d e nt .

E v e n su ch s i m p l e s tru ctu r e s w ill b e d i ffi cu l t f o r t h e b e g in n e r a n d ,

t h e c o m p licat e d subj e cts o f t e n assi g n e d a r e so e ntir e ly b e y o n d th e i r

c o m p r e h e n s i o n a n d ability tha t th e y s i m p ly r e su lt i n t h e u n i n t e l l i
g e nt c o p y i n g o f o th e r s p e c i fi cati o n s a n d li ttl e c o n s e qu e nt b e n e fi t t o
t h e s tu d e n t .

Fo r p u r p o s e s o f a ssi g n m e n t a nu m b e r o f d ra w i n g s o f s i m p l e
,

structur e s a r e g iv e n i n t h e App e n d ix C A f e w o f th e s e d ra w in g s a r e
'

m o r e e lab o rat e a n d in v o lv e a n u m b e r o f p art s in t o w h i ch th e y m a y

b e sub d ivi de d I n this w a y t h e p r e p arati o n o f a m o r e e lab o rat e
.
,
.

s p e ci fi cati o n can b e u n d e rtak e n b y s e v e ral stu d e nt s a n d t h e i de a ,

 S u b je c t s f o r S p e c i fi ca t i o n s 383

c an b e m a de m ani f e st that all e lab o rat e sp e ci fi cati o ns c o nsist si m p ly o f a

n u m b e r o f m o r e o r l e s s s i m p l e p art s o r f e atu r e s j o i n e d t o g e th e r i n
a c o n s is t e nt a n d c o m p l e t e w h o l e .

B e s i d e s t h e d ra w in g s o f s i m p l e w o rk s g iv e n i n t h e Ap p e n d ix ,

th e r e a r e o cca s i o nal p lan s o f si m p l e st ru ct u r e s p ub li sh e d i n t h e t e ch

n ic a l p r e s s i n f o r m su ff i ci e n tly c o m p l e t e t o a ff o r d a f ai rly s a t i s f a c

t o ry ba s i s f o r t h e w ri ti n g o f s p e ci fi cati o ns .

T h e f o ll o w in g list c o ntains a f e w r e f e r e nc e s t o such d ra w in g s .

2 56 P l an s f r o m w h ic h Sp e c i fi cati o n s m ay b e P r e p a r e d
. .

Pag e

A Su p r struc t r e f a T urn T a bl
e u or Eng R V l 71
e 2 90 . ec .
, o .
,

B u l kh e a d t o Pr t e ct P i nts o N e w J e rs y So Sh or on 71 5 47
e ea e ,

Le a d s f o Dr illi ng Out fi t
r . . 71 72 5 ,

Stan d ar d G at H us f o 3 6 Va lv o St l P i p
e o e r e n ee e

Ra il r o a d Car B u m p e r
F i f t ee n T o n G u y ed D e rr i c k
S m a ll R e i n f o rc e d Arc h B r i d g e
R i v r Wa ll at Dav np o rt I wa
e e , o

R i n f o rc d C o ncr t G arag
e e e e e

Dra i nage Pum p i ng Stat i n o

Was hi n gt n Pa rk S wag P m p i ng Stat i n

o e e u o

Aut m at i c R e ve rs i ng H i st
o o

C o ncr e t e P i r C l v l an d O hi o
e , e e ,

M o no li t hi c C ncr t S we r a d T r st l e
o e e e n e Eng N ew s
Ove r h ang i ng P il e Dr i ve r
T i m b e r B u lkh a d t Re ta i n Fill
e o

Pu m p H us f o G r p f W e ll s
o e r ou o

S no w S h d e

P lat e G i r d r Ra il r o a d B r i d ge
e

H o ll w C ncr t D m
o o e e a

C o ncr e t e La m p P o st
St on e F ill Ti m b r Cr ib B u lkh a d e e
 A PP E N D I X A

1 . O u tli n e of Spe c i fi cat i o n s f o r t h e C o n s t ru c t i o n of a B u i l d in g .

I . E xt en t c o t a ct :
of n r

G e n e ra l d e scr i p t i o n of wo rk an d m at r i a l
e to b e f urn i s h ed u nd e r
t h e c o ntract .

II . E st i m a t e o f q u a n t i t i es
Ap p r ox i m at o exact quant i t i s a d ki nd s
e r e n of wo rk an d m at e r i a l .

III . P l a s d D r wi g s
n an a n .

IV . E g i e r i g wo k l i es g a d e s e t c
n n e n r -
n ,
r ,
.

V . Sp e ci l wo rk a .

VI . Ma t r i l e a s:

A Furn i s h d by t h
. wn r d e li v r d w h e r e
e e o e e e .

B If f urn i s h e d by t h e c o ntract o r :
.

1 ( a ) C m nt . e e .

( b ) San d .

( 0) G r av l e .

Wat e r .

2 St e e l r i n f o rc i ng
. . e .

3 St e l structura l . e ,
.

4 B r i ck .

( a ) C o mm o n .

( b ) Fac ext e r i o r e .

( 0) Fac e i nt r i o r e .

G l a z e d o d e c o rat i o n r .

5 Ru bbl e st o n e . .

6 C t st o n . u e

Dr ss ed e .

P o li s h e d .

7 Til e : .

( ) Wa ll a .

( b ) Ro of .

( 0) F l o r o .

( d ) C o p i ng .

( 6 ) D c o rat i v e e .

8 Lu m b e r : .

R ough .

( b ) D i m ns i on e .

( 0) F i n i s hi ng .

9 P ili ng .

( a ) B e ar i ng .

S h ee t .

1 0 P l a st e r . .
3 86 A p p e n di x A
I . Gro u t i ng .

J . M as o n w r k o .

K . Pr o t ct i o n o f exi s t i ng p r o p e rt y
e
'

1 R e s p o ns i b ili t y f o
. i n j ur y t o r .

L . B a ck fi l l i n g
T a m p i ng
1 . .

2 Pu d d li ng . .

I X Fl oo s a d cei li gs
. r n n .

A C o ncr e te
.

1 P la i n . .

2 R i n f o rc e d
. e .

B Til e . .

0 Structura l ste e l wo r k
D Lu m b e r—car p e nt e r wo r k
.
.

.
.

E O p n i ngs
. e .

F C o l um ns
. :

1 Co v e r i ng . .

G G i r d e rs
.

1 C o ve r i ng . .

H F i n i s hi ng :
.

1 C o ncr e t e sur f ac
. e .

2 F i n i s hi ng n d p a i nt i ng
. a .

3 G ran i t o i d . .

Til e .

P o li s h e d st o n e .

Wo o d a n d fin i s h .

7 Ot h e r sur f ac s
. e .

I P l ast e r i ng
. nd e r s i d e o o t h r fin i s h
u r e .

J S u s p e n d e d c ili ngs — p l ast r i ng e t c

. e e , .

X Wa l ls
.

A Outs i d e wa ll s
.

1 C o ncr e t e . .

2 B r i c k wo r k.

a C om m o n b r i c k .

a S l e ct d b r i c k b e ar i ng b r i c k e t c
l
e e , , .

a B o nd i ng .

a J o i nt i ng 3
.

a M o rtar 4
.

b Face b r i ck
b B o n d i ng
l
St rai gh t wa ll .

Ar oun d o p n i ngs e .

T r i m m i ngs a d b e l t co urs s n e .

b Jo i nt i ng 2
.

b M o rtar 3
.
 O u t li n e S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r a B u i ldi n g 3 87

3 Stucco— uts i d e p la st e r i ng
. o .

4 Struct u ra l s t e e l
. .

5 T e rra c tt
. d t ston e o a an cu .

6 Lu m b e r
. .

7 O p e n i ngs
.

( 0) W i n d o w .

( b ) Door .

( c ) S p eci al .

8 Cutt i ng a d p atc hi ng
. n .

9 C l an i ng a n d p a i nt i ng
. e .

1 0 Lat hi ng f rr i ng a n d p l a s t e r i ng
t. , u .

Part i t i o n an d i nt r i r wa ll s e o :

1 Til e
. .

2 M ta l l at h a d p l a st e r
. e n .

3 Co ncr e t e
. .

4 W o o d l at h an d p l ast r
. e .

5 B r i ck
. .

6 Fac e b ri c k — I nt e r i o r d e c o rat i n b r i c k
. o .

7 St o n e
. .

8 Com p os i t i n
. o .

Wi n d o ws
A . Sas h .

B . Fra m e .

0 . T rim .

D . G l a zi ng .

E, O p rat i ng s e rv i ce s
e .

F . Har d ware
1 Lo c k s
. .

2 H i ng e s
. .

3 W e i g h ts a d r o ll e rs
. n .

G . Si l l s .

H . L i nt e l s .

D o or s
A Doo r
. .

B Fr am e
. .

0 Trim
. .

D G l a zi ng
. .

E Har d w ar e
.

1 L o ck s . .

2 H i nge s. .

3 . B oi l e rs .

T rack
4 . .

5 C h ec k s
. .

F Th r esh o l d
. .
3 88 A p p e n d ix
X III . R o of
A C o ncr e te
. .

B Til e . .

0 C m p os i t i on
. o .

D S hi ng l e
. .

E Ti n o i r o n
. r .

F Structura l st e l
.
e .

G Ti m b e r
. .

H S kyli g h ts
.
.

I V nt il at o rs
. e .

J A i r s h a f ts
. .

K Dra i ns .

1 G utt rs . e .

2 D wns p outs . o .

L F l as hi ng
. :

1 O p e n i ngs . .

2 C hi m n e y .
.

3 V nt il at o r . e .

4 P i p e o ut l e ts
.

XIV . S t a i r wa y s
A . I r o n o st e l r e .

B . C o ncr t e e .

0 . St o n e .

D . W d oo .

R a i l i n gs
A . I r on .

B . Wo o d .

P l a tf o r m s
A . I r on .

B . C o ncr e t e .

Woo d .

XV I I . F i n i sh i n g
A . Carp nte r w r k
e o .

B . P l ast r i ng e .

0 . Outs i d e p a i nt i ng
1 Mi x i ng p a i nts
. .

2 St o p p i ng fi lli ng a n d p utt yi ng
.
, .

3 Sta i n i ng
. .

D . I nt e r i o r fin i s hi ng
1 Pa i nt i ng
.

( ) M ix i ng p a i nt s
a .

( b ) F illi ng st o p p i ng p utt yi ng
5

, , .

( c ) Sta i n i ng .

( d ) Varn i s hi ng .

( e ) D c rat i ng e o .
390 A p p e n dix
I . P l ac i ng co ncr e t e .

J . Stack .

K . Machi n e r y f oun d at i ons :

L . Pl ast e r i ng .

6 . Roof
A Ge n ra l
. e .

B B il r r o m
. o e o .

0 Engi n e r o o m
. .

D La yi ng t il e
. .

E Til e . .

F G tt r a n d d o wn s p o ut s
. u e .

G e n ra l w o r k
e .

Car p e nt r w o r k
e .

A F l o r o f t h e ng i n e r o o m
. o e .

( a ) J o i sts .

( b ) Fl or o .

( 0) Sta i r wa y .

B C ili ng o f e ng i n e r o o m
. e .

( a ) C ili ng j o i sts e .

( b ) C e ili ng .

0 Ro f . o .

( ) T russ s a e .

( b ) Ra f t rs e .

( c ) R o o fing .

G utt e r s .

D I ns i d wo r k
. e .

( a ) D o o rs .

( b ) W i n d ows .

( 0) T r i m m i ngs .

( d ) Wa i nsco tt i ng .

( 6 ) F i n i s hi ng .

( f ) Lu m b e r .

( g ) B r i d g i ng .

9 . Pa i nt i ng .

A Pa i nt . .

C l an i ng b u il d i ng
e .

Pa y m e nts .

3 O u t l i n e Spe c i fi c a t i o n s f o r B r i d g e Su b s tru c tu r e
. .

D e scr i p t i o n o f w o r k o ext e nt f c ntract , r o o .

P l ans a n d d ra wi ngs .

G ra d i ng em b an k m nts
, d r oa d way s e an .

F un d at i o ns
o .

A Excavat i n— D p t h a d s iz e
. o e n .

B S h e t p ili ng c ff e r d m o ca i ss o n
. e , o a r .

C P m p i ng a d d ra i n i ng
. u n .
 O u t li n e S p e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r S t r u c t u ra l W
or k 39 l

D . Mas o nr y f o o t i ngs .

C o ncr t e e .

E . P il s e .

( a ) S iz e .

( b ) Dr i v i ng .

( 0) Sawi ng .

F . G r ill ag e .

( a ) Mat e r i a l .

( b ) Dr i f t P i n s .

G . R i p ra p .

5 . Mat e r i a l s .

St ne o grav l
A . o r e .

B C em nt . e .

0 San d . .

D M o rtar . .

E C o ncr e t . e .

6 Mas o nr y
. .

s C lass .

F oo t i ng st n
e
c o e .

n Str e tc h e rs .

e H a d rs e e .

s B ac ki ng .

s B n d i ng o .

e La yi ng .

( a ) J o i nts .

( b ) B e d d i ng .

( c ) I n f r e zi ng w a t h e r
’

e e .

H Cutt i ng . .

( a ) Fac e.

( b ) J o i nts .

( c ) D ra f t b tt r li n e a d c o rn e rs , a e n .

I C o p i ng . .

J P d e sta l s. e .

K C t wat e r . u .

L B r i d g e s e at s
. .

M P o i nt i ng . .

7 C o nstruct i n p l ant
. o .

4 O ut l i ne o f Sp e c i fi cati o n B r i d ge s St ru c tu ral
'

W o rk .

( On ly g e n ra l p l ans f rn i s h e d ) e u

1 G en e ra l d scr i p t i n
. e o .

G n ra l d ata e e .

C l ass i ficat i n o .

D e scr i p t i o n .

Mat e r i a l .

He a d r o m o .
39 2 A p p e n di x A
R o a d wa y .

F o o t wa lk s .

Han d ra il s .

Str ess i n t i m b e rs .

St e l b ea m s
e .

Fl o o r g i r d e r .

Str i nge rs .

B rac k e t p l at e s .

B r a c i ng .

Le n g t h o f s p an
L o ad—d ead an d li v an d wi n d
.

2 . e .

3 . Pro p o rt i o n o f p lat e .

4 . D e ta il s o f c o nstruct i o n a d wo r k m ans hi p n .

5 . Qual i t i e s o f m at e r i a l .

6 . I nsp ect i o n .

7 . Pai nt i ng .

8 . Er e ct i on .

9 . Acce p t ance .

5 O u t li n e o f Sp e c i fi ca t i o n f o r B r id g e o r
. Roo f T r u ss .

( D e t a il ed p l an f urn i s h ed ) .

1 . Descr ip t i o n o f wo r k .

2 . P l ans .

3 . Qua li t y o f m at e r i a l .

Cl ass .

Wr o ug h t i r o n .

Stee l .

Cast i r o n .

P h o sp h o r b ro nz e .

Purp o s e .

R i vets .

P i ns .

Punc hi ng .

P l ate s .

S h ap e s .

E y e b ars .

W o r k m an shi p .

D e t a il s o f c onstruct i o n .

E y e b ar s .

T e ns i o n m em b e rs .

P i n h ol e s .
~

Ti e s a d c ount e r s
n .

T urn b uckl es .

P i ns .

W eb p l at e s .

R i ve ts .

S p li ce p l at es .

F l o r i ng a d wh e l guar d
o n e .
394 A p p e n di x A

A p p urt enance s
A R i s i ng p i p e
. .

B Exp ans i o n j o i nt
. .

0 Fr o st p i p e
. .

D B as e. .

E Aut m at i c va l v e
. o .

F Ov e r fl w p i p e
. o .

G L a d d e r o sta i r wa y
. r .

H C o rn i c e
. .

1 R oo f
. .

J T ra p d o o r
. .

K F i n i s hi ng
.

( a ) C l e an i ng .

( b ) R i ve t e d d i nacce ss ibl e wo r k an .

( 0) S h o p co at .

F i na l wo r k .

( 6 ) Pa i nt .

( f ) I ns p e ct i o n .

( 9 ) A p p li cat i o n .

L T e st i ng
. .

1 1 Pa y m e nts
. .

7 O u tli n e o f Sp e c i fi cat i o n s f o r la yi n g C as t I r o n W a t e r P i p e
.
,

I n c l u d i n g Se t t i n g o f Sp ec i a l C a s ti n g s H y d r a n t s V a lv e s e t c , , , .

1 D e scr i p t i n f w o r k a d m at r i a l t o b
. o o f urn i s h d un d e r t h e co ntract
n e e e .

ts A p p r o x i m at e q uant i t i e s d ki n d s o f wo r k t o b e d o n e un d e r t h c o ntract
an e .

n P l an s p r o fi l s a n d d ra w i ngs
, e .

e En g i n e r i ng w r k li n e s gra d e s e t c
e o , , , .

c
s S p c i a l wo r k
e .

a Mat e r i a l s : Furn i s h d by wh o m e

A W h r d e li v e r d t o c ntract o r
. e e e o .

B D i str ib ut i o n
. .

0 D el a y s i n r e ce i p t o f
. .

D B r a k ag e
. e d i ns p e ct i o n an .

E R e p o rt
. f nu m b r s iz e o d b r e a k ag e e , an .

F R s p ns ibili t y
. e o .

7 Excavat i n a d tr nc hi ng
. o n e

A L i ne
. .

B S iz
. o f tr nc h
e e

Dep th .

( b ) Wi dth .

0 G ra d
. e .

D D i s po sa l o f m at r i a l
. e .

E R e m v i ng i m p r v d str e e t sur f ac s
. o o e e .

F Mat r i a l
. e

( ) Eart h a .

( b ) R o ck .
 O u t l i n e Sp e c i fi c a t io n s f o r W a t e r Ma in s 39 5

G Extra xca vat i n d f n d at i o n

. e o an ou .

H B ll h l s
. e o e .

I B r c i ng
. d s h r i ng
a an o .

J Pr o t e ct i n f b u il d i ngs
. o o .

K D ra i n i ng b a ili ng a n d p m p i ng
. ,
u .

L O b struct i n s
. o .

M L i m i t s f a m unt o f w r k o p e n e d
. o o o .

N B r i d g i ng tr e nc h f o str t
. d s i d e wa lk trav e l r ee an .

8
. B c k fi lli ng
a

A T a m p i ng p u d d li ng
. t , , e c .

B R p l ac i ng i m p r v d s tr ee t sur f ac s
. e o e e .

0 R m o v i ng s h r i ng e t
. e o , c .

D R p a i r i ng i n j ur i s t o p i p e s d ra i ns
. e tc e , ,
e .

E R m o va l o f sur p lus m at e r i a l ru bbi s h e t c

. e , , .

F R p l ac i ng i m p r p r m at r i a l ( i n r o c k xcavat i o n )
. e o e e e .

P i p e l ayi ng
A Or d r o f l a yi ng st rag e o f p i p e e t
. e , o , c .

B F un d at i o n
. o .

0 L we r i ng p i p i nt tr nc h
. o e o e .

D C l e an i ng a d p r t ct i ng p i p e
. n o e .

E L ngt h
. f p i c s a d m i tt e d
e o e e .

F Cutt i ng p i p
. e.

G A d j st i ng s p i g o t s un i f o r m ly
. u .

H W e t b ll h o l s
. e e .

I Ma ki ng j o i nts
.

( ) Thi ck n ss o f j i nt
a e o .

( b ) D p t h o f l a d i n j i nts e e o .

( 0) G as k e t .

Le a d .

( 6 ) Runn i ng j o i nt .

( 1 ) Ca lki ng j i nt o .

J Stra p s
. d b rac i ng f n d s, an d b nd s o e ,
an e .

S e tt i ng s p ec i a l s a d a p p urt nanc s n e e :

A S pe c i a l s
. .

B H y d rants
.

( a ) H yd rant wa ll s .

( b ) Dra i nag e .

( 0) S e tt i ng d b rac i ng an .

C Va l v s
. e .

D P l ugs
. .

E Dr i n ki ng f unta i ns
. o .

F D i sc o nn ct i ng d r c nn e ct i ng ol d s rv i c s
. e an e o e e .

Man h o l s hy d rant w ll s va lve b oxe s e t c

e , e , , .

C o nn e ct i n o f n w wo r k t o l d
o e o .

Om i ss i ns
o .

D f ct i v e w r k
e e d m at r i a l
o an e .
396 A p p e n di x A
15 M ai nt e nance guarante a d i nsuranc , e n e.

1 6 T e sts
. .

1 7 M e a sur m e nts
. e .

1 8 R e m va l
. o f old p ip o tc e, e .

1 9 Pa y m e nts
. .

8 O u tl in e Spe c i fi c a t i o n s f o r C o n s t ru c ti o n o f Se w e r s
. .

Ext e nt f c o ntract D e scr i p t i n o f wo r k a d m at r i al t o b e fu rn i s h ed

o . o n e

n d e r t h e co ntract
u .

App r oxi m ate o exact quant i t i e s d ki n d s o f wo r k ( Quant i t i s g i ve n

r an . e

as b as i s f o c om p ar i s o n ) r .

w P l ans p r o fi l s a d d raw i ngs

,
e n .

b
h Eng i n e e r i ng wo rk li n e s gra d s e t , , e ,
c.
fl
i S p e c i a l wo r k .

)
O Mat e r i a l s— f urn i s h d by wh o m e

A I f f rn i s h e d by c i t y :
. u

W h e r e d e li ve r d t o c ntract o r e o .

( b ) D i str ib ut i n o .

( 0) De l a y s i n r e c i p t o f e .

( d ) B r a k age n d i ns pe ct i o n e a .

( 6 ) R p o rt o f nu m b e r s iz e a d b r a k ag e
e , n e .

( f ) R e s p o ns ibili t y .

B If f urn i s h e d by c o ntract o r
.

( a) Pipe d s p ec i al s an .

( b ) Til e .

( 0) B r i c k .

Sto ne .

( e ) C e m e nt mo r t ar d c o ncr e t e , an .

( 7) I r o n cast i ng s .

( g ) Lu m b e r .

( h ) P ili ng .

7 Excavat i o n an d tr e nc hi ng
.

Line .

Pr e s e rvat i n o f li n e n d gra d e m ar k s
o a .

D ep t h .

W i d th .

G ra d e .

Ch aracte r o f m at e r i a l .

D i s p o s a l o f m at r i a l e .

R em ov i ng i m p r ove d str t sur f ace s ee .

Ea r t h .

R oc k .

Pr ot e ct i o n d ur i ng bl ast i ng .

T unn eli ng .

Extra excavat i o n .

B e ll h o l e s .
39 8 A p p e n di x A
A .F lus h tan k s
( ) S y p h o n a d fixtur s
a n e .

C o nn e ct i ng wi t h wat e r p i pe .

B Man h o l e s
.

( a ) La d d e rs a d st p s n e .

( b ) F u n d at i o n o .

0 Catc h b as i ns
. .

D Out l e ts
. .

E B ranc h s e w rs a n d c o nn e ct i ns
. e o .

F Ti le d ra i ns
. .

G I ron p i p
. e .

H Sp c i a l co nstruct i o n w i t h s p e c i ficat i o ns f
. e or m at e r i al
I ns p e ct i n
o

A D f e ct i ve m a t e i a l
. e r .

B R e m o va l
. d r e b u il d i ng
an .

Extra w r k o .

O m i ss i o ns .

C o nd e m n e d i n f r i r d f e ct i ve wo r k
, e o or e .

Ma i nte nance an d guarant e e .

T e sts an d r e qu i r em e nt s .

M e asurem nts o f quant i t i s

e e .

Acc p ta nc
e e .
 S a m p le Co n t r a c t an d S p e c i fi ca t i o n s 399

A PP E N D I X B

SAM P LE C O N T R AC T A ND SP E C I F I C ATI O N S FO R

A CO M P LE T E ST R U C T U R E

C O N T R AC T AND SP E C I F I C ATI O N S
FO R T H E C O N ST R U C TI O N O F

WEL L
A CO N C R E T E R E S E R V O I R AND SU C TI O N
FO R T H E C IT Y O F MAD I SO N W I SC O N SI N.

C ON S U L TI N G E N G I N EE R S
MA DI S O N W I S C ON S I N
,
400 A p p e n di x

CON T RAC T SPEC I F I CA TI ONS FOR T HE CONS T RUC TI ON OF A CON

CRE T E RESERVO I R AN D SUC TI ON WELL FOR
T HE C I T Y OF MA D I SON W I SCONS I N , .

E XH I B IT A

NO TI C E T O CO N T RA C T ORS
S a l e d bi d s f f urn i s hi ng a ll l a b r d m t e r i a l f o t h e co nstruct i o n f
e or o an a r o

a r e i nf o rc d c ncr e t r e s e rvo i r d a r e i n f rced c o ncr e t e suct i o n we ll f or t h

e o e an o e

i m p r v m nt o f t h wat e r w o r k s s y st m f t h e c i t y f Ma d i s o n W i sco ns i n
o e e e e o o , ,

w ill b r ec e i v e d at t h e o ffic e f t h c i t y c l r k i n t h c i t y h a ll unt il t w

e o e e e o

o c l c k p m W e d n s d a y Ju ly 1 2 1 9 1 6 at whi c h t i m e t h e bi d s will b e
’
o . .
,
e , , ,

o p en e d n d p u bli c ly r a d
a af t r whi c h t h e bi d s w ill b e c o ns i d e r ed a d t h
e , e n e

a war d m a d e as ear ly as p ract i ca bl e .

A c e rt i fi e d h e ck r e p uta bl e Nat i na l o r S tat B an k r a ba nk d ra f t

c on a o e o

f o r fi ve h n d r e d d ll ars
u m a d e p a y a bl e w i t h o t r s e rv e t o t h
o treas u e e

u rer of t h e ci ty f Ma d i s n W i sc ns i n m ust acc o m p an y e ac h b i d

o o , o , .

I nstruct i ns t o bi d d e rs a d bl an k f r m s o f p r o p o sa l s m ay b e o b t a i n d
o n o e

d p l ans d s p c i ficat i o ns m y b e s ee n at t h o fii e o f t h e su p e r i nt e n d e nt
‘
an an e a e c

o f t h e wat r w r k s Ma d i s o n W i sc ns i n
e o , at t h e ffic e of , o , or o

Stat e Str t Ma d i s o n W i sc o ns i n
ee , , .

Ci t y Cl e r k .
402 A p p e n di x B

Exhibi t D—Sp i fi c t i ec a on s

Ext nt f C ntract
e o o

Est i m at e d Quant i t i e s
D scr i p t i o n
e

Excavat i n o

C ncr e t W o r k
o e

Wate r p r o o fing
St l R i n f o rc i ng R o d s
ee e

Man h l s o e

Ca t I r o n P i p
s e

S h et i ng d Pum p i ng
e an

Pr o t ct i n o f Pr e s e nt R s e rv i r
e o e o

Ti m b r F l o o r
e

Pr i c d M asur e m nt
e an e e

R m o va l o f Unus d Mat r i a l
e e e
 Sa m ple Co n t ra c t an d S p e c i fi c a t io n s 403

E XH I B IT B

ENERAL CON D ITI ONS AN D I NS TRUC T I ONS T O B I D D ER S

G
1 S l d bi d s f f urn i s hi ng a ll l a b r d a ll m at e r i a l s f t h e
. ea e or t o an or co n s r u c

t i n o f r i n f rc d c ncr t r s rv i r d a r i n f rc d c ncr t uct i n w e ll

o a e o e o e e e e o an e o e o e e s o

f o t h e c i t y f Ma d i s o n W i sc ns i n
r n d rs d w i t h t h nam e f t h bi d d r a n d
o , o , e o e e o e e

wi t h t h t i t l e f t h e w r k u p n w hi c h t h e b i d i s m a d w ill b r e c i ve d at t h
e o o o e e e e

ffi c f t h e c i t y c l r k i n t h e c i t y h ll nt il t w o c l k p m W d n s d y ’
o e o e a u o oc . .
, e e a ,

J ly 1 2 1 9 1 6 at whi c h t i m e t h e bi d s w ill b Op n ed d p bli c ly r a d f t

u , ,
e e an u e , a er

w hi c h t h bi d s W ill b c ns i d e r d
e d t h a w ar d m a d e as ar ly as p ract i c a bl
e o e an e e e .

2 Th w r k w ill i nc l u d a p p r x i m at ly t h f ll w i ng i t m s
. e o e o e e o o e :

A R i f rc d C c e t R es e v i . e n o e on r e r o r

Excavat i o n
C ncr t e o e

R e in f o rc i ng R d s o

1 5 V i tr i fi d G utt e r P i p
"
e e

8 V i tr i fi d S w r Pi p e e e e

D ra i n C nn e ct i ns o o .

V nt il a t i ng Man h l s i n R f
e o e oo

2 C ats C m nt Was h o e e

3 0 C l ass B C I Wat r Pi p
”
. . . e e

2 0 C l ass B C 1 Wat e r P i p
”
. . . e

2 0 C I 9 0 E lb w
” °
. . o

B R i f c d C c t S cti We l l . e n or e on re e u on

Excavat i n o 3 60 yd cu . s .

C ncr t o e e 95 yd cu . s .

R i n f rc i ng R d s
e o o p un d s o

St ee l Man h l e Fra m e C v r o 1 o e

3 0 C l ass B C I Wat r Pi p ( 1 l ngt h ) t

"
. 4 f
. e e e ee

24 C l ass B C I Wat r P i p —3 l ngt h s ch t

”
. . 4 f e e e , ea ee

3 N p o p s l can b w i t h d ra w n a f t r t h
. O r t i m f o r c i v i ng bi d s h as x
o a e e e e r e e e

p i r ed .

4 r i c m ust b w r i tt n i n t h b i d d a l s stat d i n figur es I n y

. Th e p e e e e an o e . an

v nt t h p r i c s m st b e d i st i nctly xp r e d t h at t h r ca b e d o u b t as
.

e e , e e u so e e ss e e n no

to th m an i ng f t h sa m
e e I ll g ibl figur s w ill i nva li d at t h b i d
o e e . e e e e e .

5 B i d d e rs m ust s e cur t h e i r i n f r m at i n as t o l
. a l co n d i t i ns f tra d e o o oc o o e,

c h aract e r f s il p r b bl m o nt f wat r r c k e t f r m p rs na l i q i r y
o o , o a e a u o e , o , c .
, o e o n u

o n t h e gr o un d .

6 W r k m st b
. b g n p r m p t ly a f t e r t h a w r d f t h c ntract d
o u e e u o e a o e o an

w i t hi n s c h t i m as stat d by t h succ ss f u l bi d d r a d b c m p l t d by t h
u e e e e e ,
n e o e e e

t i m na m d b y sa i d bi d d r
e e e .

7 Th r i g h t i s r s rv d t r j ct y
. e a ll bi d s t w a i v y i f r
e e e o e e an or , o e an n o =

m l i t y i n an y b i d r c e i ve d t o acc p t an y b i d c ns i d e r d a d vantag us t t h e
a e , e o e eo o

C i t y f Ma d i s o n d a l s o t d i sr g r d an y f a ili ng o i rre s po ns ibl bi d d e r

o , an o e a r e or

c ntracto r k n o wn as suc h
o , .
404 A p p e n di x B
Eac h b i d f
8 . ac h i t e m m st i nc l d t h p e r f r m nc e o f l l wo r k an d
or e u u e e o a a

a ll t h m at r i a l i n acc rd anc e w i t h t h e ge n ra l c ntr ct d s p i ficat i ns f

e e o e o a an ec o or

th w r k a d m at r i a l i nc l d e d un d r t h i t e m s o wh i c h a b i d i s su b m i tt d
e o n e u e e n e .

9 B i dd rs a e n t i fi d t h at t h e p r i c e b i d m ust i nc l u d e e v e r y t hi ng as d
. e r o e e

scr ib ed i t h e s p c i ficat i ns un d e r ac h i t e m N o e xtras o f an y ki n d w ill b

n e o e . e

a ll o w d un l ss r d e r d i n wr i t i ng by t h c o ns l t i ng ng i n e rs d e nd rs e d
e e o e e u e e an o

by t h e s p r i nt n d nt f t h e wat r w r k s
u e e e o e o .

1 0 A b n d sat i s f act r y t o t h
. o c m m n c unc il f t h c i ty f Ma d i s o n i n
o e o o o o e o

th e m f fi f ty p
su c nt o f th c o ntract p r i c e w ill b r q u i r d wi t h
er e . o e e e e

e ac h c ntr a ct o .

1 1 Th bi d d r m st i f d s i r d sat i s f y t h e m a y o r o f hi s p ract i ca l d
. e e u , e e , an

financ i a l a bili t y t p r f r m t h e w r k f whi c h h e bi d s o e o o or .

1 2 A c rt i fi d c h c k o r p t bl Nat i na l o Stat e B an k o b an k
Q

. e e e , n a e u a e o r r a

d ra f t m a d e p a y a bl e w i t h t r e s rv t t h c i t y tr asur r f Ma d i s n W i sc on
ou e e o e e e o o ,

s i n f o fi ve h un d r d d ll ars
, r m ust acc m p an y ac h b i d
e o Suc h ce rt i o e .

fi e d c h e c k s h a ll b e d p s i t d as a gu rant e t h at t h e bi d d e r i f succ e ss f u l w ill

e o e a e , ,

e nt r i nt t h c ntract d f urn i s h a sat i s f acto r y b n d f o t h e c nstruct i n

e o e o an o r o o

o f t h e wo r k d th f urn i s hi ng f t h
, an m at r i a l i n acc r d anc e w i t h t h p l ans
e o e e o e ,

s p c i ficat i ns a d hi s p r p s l w i t hi n f rt n ( 1 4 ) d y s a f t r n t i c e t t h
e o n o o a , ou ee a e o o e

a war d o f sa i d c ntr ct t h i m d if h f a il s
o r f se s t d
a o i tl c h c k ,
an e or e u so o o . sa e

s h a ll b f r f i t d t t h e c i t y f Ma d i s o n as liq i d at d d a m g s f suc h f il
e o e e o o u e a e or a

ur e T h e c h e c k f t h e succ e ss f u l bi d d e r w ill b e r turn d t

. o h i m up n h i e e o o s eu

t r i ng i nt a c ntract f urn i s hi ng sat i s f ct r y b n d d wh n h s h a ll h av

e o o , a a o o , an e e e

act a lly p r f r m ed at l ast fi ve h un d r e d d o ll ars w rt h o f w r k und e r t hi s

u e o e o o

c ntract C h eck s o f uns cc e ss f l bi d d rs w ill b r e t rn d w h n t h c ntract

o . u u e e u e e e o

i s s i gn d wh n t h bi d e or r j ct d e e s are e e e .

1 3 A ll bi d s m ust b
. s l f xp l anat r y N p p rtun i t y w ill b o ff r e d f
e e -
e o . o o o e e or

o ra l xp l anat i n xc e p t as t h e p art y f t h first p art d e s i r e s m o r e f u ll xp l

e o e o e e a

nat i n o f p art i cu l ar o p c li ar d v i c s
o r e u e e .

1 4 Pa y m e nt f . t hi s w r k w ill b e m a d i n cas h d i n acc rd anc wi t h

or o e , an o e

t h e c ntract o d s p c i fic t i ns an e a o .

1 5 P l ans s p c i ficat i ns f o r m
.
, f c ntr ct e d p r p sa l m y b e s e e n at
o , o o a ,
an o o a

th ffi c
e o f th su p r i nt en d ent f t h wat r w r k s Ma d i s o n W i sc ns i n
e o e e at o e e o , , o , or

th ffi c e f t h
e o un d rs i gn d
o Stat Str e t Ma d i s n W i sc ns i n
e e e , e e , o , o .

B i d d rs i nvi t e d t o b e p r s e nt at t h p n i ng o f bi d s
e are e e o e .

C nsu l t i ng Eng i n rs o ee .
406 A p p e n di x B
1 0
. a ll xtra w r k r d r d by t h c o nsu l t i ng ng i n rs d t l
Fo r e o o e e e e ee an no n

c l u d e d n d r an y o f t h a b ve h a d s co st p l us
u e e o pe ec nt ,
r e .

f urt h e r agr e t o s i gn t h e c ntract f rn i s h a sat i s f act r y b n d

e o f ,
u o o o

th e a m unt r e qu i r ed
o d b gi n t h ,w r k w i t hi n
an e d y s a f t r r c i v i ng
e o a e e e

n t i c o f t h e a war d t o
o e d t c m p l e t e sa i d w r k wi t hi n
an o o m o nt h o s

a f t r r c e i v i ng n t i c o f t h e a war d
e e o e .

e nc l o s h r w i t h a c rt i fi d c h ck ( b an k d ra f t ) f fi ve h
e e e e e e or or un

d r e d d ll ars o m d p a y a bl e w i t h
a t r s rv t t h c i t y tr sur e r f
e ou e e e o e ea o

Ma d i s o n W i sc ns i n w hi c h
, o ,agr e t o f r f e i t i f t h c o ntract i s a w rd e d
e . o e a

to d an f a il t nt e r i nt t h e sa m e i n acc r d anc wi t h t h e p o
o e o o e r

p s d f rm
o e of c ntr ct o d w i t hi n f o rt n ( 1 4 ) d y s a f t r n t i c e
o a , an f th
u ee a e o o e

a war d t o

R s p e ct f u lly su b m i tt e d e ,

C ntracto r
o .

A d d r ss e
 Sa m p le Co n t ra c t an d Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s

G E N E R A L CO N T R AC T

RE I NFORCE D CONCRE T E R E S E R V OI R AND SUC TI ON WELL

CON T RAC T E X E C U T E D I N T R I PL I C AT E
T h i s Ag r e e m en t m d e a an c nc lu d ed t hi s
d o d ay of A . D .,

by d b tw n an e ee of p art y c unt y f
f th o stat e o o e

first p art n d , af th o d s t at
e ci t y f
f c unt y f
o o o an e o

p art y f th s c n d p art
o e e o .

Wi t t h : Th at f
n ess e d i n c ns i d e rat i n f th p a y m nts
or and agr ee o o o e e an

m e nts h r i n f t r m nt i n d t o b e m a d
e e a e d p r f r m d b y s i d p art y o f th
e o e e an e o e a e

first p art d un d r t h p na l t y xp r e ss ed i n a b o n d bea r i ng v n d a t e h e r e

, an e e e e e e

w i t h t h e sa i d p art y (
, p art i e s ) f t h s c n d p art agr ee w i t h t h e
or i d p art y o e e o s sa

o f th first p art at hi s ( t h i r ) w c st d xp ns t d o a ll t h e w r k
e , or e o n o an e e e, o o

an d f urn i s h a ll m at e r i a l c ll e d f by t hi s agr m nt i n t h m ann r n d a or ee e , e e a

un d r t h e c nd i t i ns h e r i na f t e r s p ec i fi d
e o o e e .

I t p n t ti er f P h as
re a e — W h n v r t h w rd c i ty
on o t h e xp r e ss i n
r s . e e e e o or e o

p art y f t h first p rt fi rst p art y e us ed i n t hi s c o ntr ct i t s h ll b e

” “ ”
o e a , or , ar a a

un d rst o d as r f rr i ng t t h c i t y f Ma d i n Wi
e o e e W h n v e r t h wo r d
o e o so , s . e e e
“
c ontract r th o xp r e s i n p arty f t h s n d p art
, or e e s c n d p art y
s o o e ec o , or
“
e o
”

a re us d i t s h a ll b und rst d t m an t h p rso n p rs ns o p rtn rs hi p

e e e oo o e e e , e o , c -
a e or

c o r p rat i o n wh o h as agr d t p rf r m t h e w r k m b rac e d i n t hi s c o ntract o

o ee o e o o e r

to hi s t h i r l ga l r p r e s ntat i ve s
or e e e e .

W h n e v r t h w r d ng i n ee r i s us ed i n t hi s c ntract i t s h a ll b e n d r
e e e o e
”
o u e

st d r f rr i ng t t h e c nsu l t i ng e ng i n r f t h p art y f t h first p art

oo as e e o o ee o e o e , or

s c h t h e r ng i n r s p r i nt n d nt i ns p t r as m y b aut h r iz ed by i d
u o e ee , u e e e or ec o a e o sa

first p art y t act i n y p rt i cu l ar W h e n ev r t h e w o r d s d i r t ed

o an a e . e
“
ec ,
” “
r

q uir d p r m i tt d d s i gnat d c ns i d e re d n e c ss ary p r scri be d

” “ ” “ ” “ ” “
e , e e , e or e , o e , e ,

w r d s f li k i m p r t
o o us e d i t s h a ll b un d rst od t h at t h d i r ct i o n e
e o are , e e o e e , r

q i u rem e t p r m i ss i o n
n , r d e r d s i gn t i n
e p re ri p t i n et
, o f th ,ng i e a o or sc o , c .
, o e e

n e r i s i nt nd ed ; d s i m il ar ly t h e w r d s a p p r va l acc p ta bl at i sf act o r y
e e an , o o , e e, s ,

o r w r d s f li k i m p rt s h a ll m an a p p r v d by
o o e oacc p ta bl at i s f cto r y e o e or e e or s a

t o t h e e ng i n e e r .

W h e n ev r i n t h s p ec i ficat i ns d raw i ngs acc m p an yi ng t hi agr m e nt

e e o or o s ee ,

t h e t rm s d e scr i p t i o ns f var i o us qua li t i e s r l at i v e t o fin i s h wo r k m a n

“ ” “
e or o e ,

s hi p o o t h r qua li t i s f s i m il ar ki n d w hi c h c nn t f r o m t h i r natu r b
, r e e o a o e e e

s p c i fica lly d c l ear ly d scr ib d d s p i fi e d b t e n ssar il y d scr ib d

e an e e an ec u ar ec e e e

i n g n r l t r m s t b e sat i s f act r y first c l ass w r k m n lik e o i n o th e r

e e a e o
“
o ,
” “
,
” “
o a , r

t rm s t h f l fi ll m ent f whi c h m ust d p d

e e u i n d i v i d ua l j u d gm e nt t h e n i n
o e en on , ,

a l l s c h c s s an y qu st i n
u a e f th
,
f u l fi ll m nt f sa i d s p e i ficat i o ns s h a ll b e
o o e e o ec

d ec i d d b y t h
e c ns l t i ng ng i n r d sa i d w r k s h a ll b d o n i n acc r d anc
e o u e ee , an o .
e e o e

w i t h hi s i nt r p r tat i ns f t h m e n i ng f t h e W r d s t r m s o c l au e s d efi
e o o e ea o o ,
e r s n

i ng t h ch aract e r f t h e w r k
e o o .
408 A p p e n di x B

Q ua n t i t ie s and Me a s u re m e n t s — No xtr a o custo m ar y m easur m nts e r e e

of ki nd w ill b e
an y a ll we d b t t h a t a l l gt h t h r a t h s li d o
o , u e c u en , e a e ,
e o c n

te nts t h e nu m b r a
, e n d we i g h t o n ly s h a ll b c ns i d r d n l ss th r w i s p e o e e ,
u e o e e s e

cifi l l y p ro vi d d
ca e .

Su p e r i n t en d e nc e an art y o f t h se c o n d
d I n sp e t i on c —I t i s agr e ed by th e p e

p rt t h a t t h
a p art y f th efirst p art s h a ll b o d h r by i s aut h r iz e d t o p
e e , an e e o a

p o i nt f r m t i m e t t i m e suc h ng i n
o r sup r i nt n d nt i ns p ec t r t h s a i d
o e ee , e e e or o as e

first p rt y m ay d m p r o p r t i ns p ct t h m at r i a l t b f rn i s h ed d t h e
a ee e , o e e e o e u an

w r k t b e d n u d r t hi s agr m nt
o o o e d in a
n e r d nc w i t h t h p c i fi ca ee e an cc o a e e s e

t i ons t h e r f o r T h e c ntract r s h a ll f urn i s h a ll r as n bl i d d i ta nc

e . o o e o a e a an ass s e

r q u i r e d by t h e ng i n r sup r i nte n d nt
e e i ns p ct o r f t h p r o p e r i p
ee , e e or e or e ns ec

t i n d exa m i n a t i o n o f t h w o r k d a ll p ar t s f t h sa m T h e c nt ract r
o an e an o e e . o o

s h a ll r gar d d b y t h d i r ct i o ns d i nstruct i ns f y ng i n r su p r
e an o e e e an o o an e ee , e

int d
en t o i ns p t r s o ap p i nt d w h n t h e sa m e
en r ec o co ns i st nt w i t h t h e
o e e ar e e

o bli gat i o n f t hi s agr m e nt a d f t h

s o s p c i ficat i n at t c h d h r t
ee sa i d n o e e o a e e e o, or

c ntract r s h a ll i m m d i at e ly a p p l t t h c o nsu l t i ng ngi n r f hi s d

o o e ea o e e ee or e

i i
c s on , an d s h a ll r e s p t suc h d ec i s i n wh n r n d r ed ec o e so e e .

R i g h t o f E t y —T h e p rt y o f t h n r first p art r es rv s t h r i g h t t nt r a e e e e o e e

t h e p r o p e rt y o l oc at i o n o w hi c h t h
r w r k s h r i n c ntract d f n t b e o e e o e or a re o e

c nstructe d
o i nst ll ed by suc h ag nt ag nt
or a i t m y l ct f t h p e or e s as.
a e e or e ur

p os e of c n truct i ng o i ns t a lli ng suc h c ll a t ra l w r k s as sa i d first p art y m y

o s r o e o a

d sir
e Suc h c ll at ra l w rk s w ill b c nstruct e d
e . o e i nsta ll ed w i t h as li tt l
o e o or e

hi n d ranc o i nt r f e re nc e as p o ss ibl e w i t h t h p art y f t h sec n d p art T h

e r e e o e o . e

p art y o f t h e s c n d p art h r b y agr e s t t i nt r f r w i t h o r p r v nt t h

o e e ee no o e e e e e e

p r f r m anc
e o f suc h c ll at e ra l wo r k by t h e ag e nt
e o o ag nts f t h e p art y f t h or e o o e

first p rt o t c l a i m y xtr c o m p n sat i n o d a m ag s by d l y

a , r o an e hi n a e o r e e a s or

d ranc e s w hi c h m y b e ca s d b y t h c nstruct i o n i ns t a ll at i n f s c h l
a u e e o or o o u co

l at ra l wo r k
e .

Ch g es A l
ant a t i o n s a d
,
E x t W oer
r k — Th s i d p art y f t h se c on d p ar t
n ra e a o e

f ur t h e r a gr ee s t h at t h s i d first p art y m y m a k suc h a l t rat i ns as sa i d

e a a e e o

p art y ma y s e e fit i n t h e li n gr ad f o r m d i m ns i o p l an o m at r i a l f t he, e, , e ns, r e o e

wo r k h e r e i c o nt m p l at e d o r an y p art t h r f e i t h r b f r
n e ,
aft r t h b e eo ,
e e o e or e e e

g i nn i ng f t h e c o nstruct i o n
o .

If suc h al t e rat i ns d i m i n i s h t h qu nt i t y o f t h e w r k t o b d o e t h e y ’

o e a o e n ,

s h a ll o t co nst i t t a c l a i m f d m ag
n u e ant i c i p at e d p r fits th w rk or a es or o on e o

t h at m y b d i s p e ns d w i t h I f t h e y i ncr as t h a m nt f w r k s c h i
a e e . e e e ou o o ,
u n

cr as sh a ll b e p i d f o cco r d i ng t t h e q uant i ty —actua lly d o n

e e a r a d at t h o e, an e

p r i c s s t a bli s h ed f or s uc h w o r k un d r t hi s c o ntract ; p r o v i d d h w v r t h a t
e e e e , o e e ,

i f sa i d first p art y s h a ll m a k suc h c h ng s a l t rat i ns s h a ll m a k us l s s

e a e or e o as e e e

an y w r k al r a d y d n
o m at r i l a l r e a d y f urn i s h e d o
e o e or s d i n sa i d w r k e a r u e o ,

t h at sa i d first p art y h a ll r e c m p ns sa i d p art y o f t h e s ec o n d p rt f or an y

s o e e a

m at e r i a l o l b o r us d d f an y a t ua l l ss c a s i o n d b y s c h ch ang
r a so e an or c o o c e u e

d ue t actua l exp ns s i ncurr d i n p r p arat i o n f o t h w r k as r i g i na lly

o e e e e r e o o

p l ann d e .

N o w o r k s h a ll b e r e g r d e d as xtra wo r k un l e ss i t i s r d e r d i n w r i t i n g
a e o e

by t h e ng i n e r d e nd o rs e d by sup r i nte n d nt f wat r w r k s d w i t h t h

e e an e e o e o ,
an e

a gr ee d p r i c f t h sam s p c i fi d i n sa i d r d r p r v i d ed a i d p r i c i s t
e or e e e e o e , o s e no
 A p p e n di x B

e v r n c ssar y w r k s h a ll b e sus p n d d t p r m i t f t hi s w o rk b t su c h
e e e , o e e o e o , u su s

p ns i
e w ill b e as b r i f as p ract i c bl
on d th c n tract r s h ll b e a ll we d o
e a e an e o o a o n

e xtra c om p nsat i n t h e r f r T h e con t ract r s h a ll g i v t h e ngi n ee r am p l e

e o e o . o e e

n o ti c o f t h t i m e d p l ac e w h r li n es a d g ra d s w ill b n d ed Al l
e e an e e n e e ee .

sta k s m ar k s e t s h a ll b e car e f u lly p r s rv d by t h e c ntract r d i n ca s e

e , ,
c .
,
e e e o o an

o f t h i r d struct i o n
e r m ova l by h i m hi s m p l o y e suc h sta k s m ark s
e or e or e e s, e , ,

e c t s h a ll b car f u lly p r s rv d by t h e c o ntract o r a d i n cas f t h i r d e str o

.
,
e e e e e n e o e u

t i n o r e m va l b y h i m hi s e m p l y s s ch sta k s m ar k s t s h a ll b e
o r o or o ee u e , , e c .
, e r

p l ac d by t h e ng i n e r at t h
e c ntrac t r s exp ns
e e e o o e e .

E m rg i e — Wh n v r i n t h
e n c es p i ni n f th ng i n e r t h c ntr ct
e e e e o o o e e e e o a or

h as t ta k n su ffic i nt p r
no e ut i n f t h sa f ty f t h p u bli c o t h p r t e o
e ec a o or e e o e r e o

t i n f t h w r k t b c nstruct d un d r t hi s c ntr ct o f a d j ac nt stru

o o e o o e o e e o a , r o e e

tur s e p r p rt y w hi c h m y b e i n j r d by p r
or o e sses o f c o nstruct i o n o a u e oc e n ac

c nt o f suc h n g l ct d w h n v r i n t h e p i n i n f sa i d ng i n r an e m r
ou e e , an e e e o o o e ee e

g n y s h a ll ar i s
e e d i m m d i at ct i o n s h a ll b e c ns i d r d n ec ss r y i n or d
e an e e a o e e e a er

t p r t ct p u bli c o p r i vat
o o e p rs na l p r p rt y i nt r sts a d t h e c ntract r
r e, e o or o e e e , n o o

s h a ll f a il t o i m m d i at l y p r o vi d t h e n ec ssar y p r o t ect i n a f t e r n t i c by
e e e e o o e

sa i d ng i n r w i t h t suc h n t i c wh n t h m rg ncy m a k s suc h a c o urs

e ee or ou o e e e e e e e e

n c ssar y t h s i d ng i n r m y p r v i d su i ta bl p r o t ct i o n t sa i d i nte r sts

e e ,
e a e ee a o e e e o e

by ca s i ng suc h w r k t b d n
u d m t rial t o bo f urn i s h d o d p l ac e d as
e o e an a e e e an

s h a ll f urn i s h suc h p r t t i n as sa i d ng i n r m y c ns i d r n c ssar y a d o ec o e ee a o e e e n

a d q ua t e
e .

Th c st d xp ns f s c h w r k d m at r i a l
e o an e f urn i s h d s h a ll b
e e o u o an e so e e

bo rn by sa i d c o ntract o r d i f t h sa m s h a ll t b p a i d
e p r s e ntat i n
, an f e e no e on e o o

th e bill s t h r f r t h n sa i d c sts s h a ll b d d uct e d f r o m an y acc unts d

e e o ,
e o e e o ue or

w hi c h m y be c o m e d a sa i d c ntract r ue o o .

Th f a il ure f th ng i n r t r d r t h p r f o r m anc f sa i d m rg nc y
e o e e ee o o e e e e o e e e

w r k s h a ll i n
o w y r li v t h c ntract r f r m
no a y d m g e s t h at m y
e e e e o o o an a a a re

su l t b y t h m i ss i n f sa i d m rg nc y wo r k p r t ct i n
e o o o e e e or o e o .

P e li m i a r y Ap p v l — N o ng i n r s u p r i nt e n d nt o i nsp cto r s h a l l
‘

r n ro a . e ee , e e r e

h av an y p w r t w a i v t h o bli gat i n f t hi s c o ntr act f t h f rn i s hi ng b y

e o e o e e o s o or e u

th e c ntract o r o f g d m at r i a l a d o f hi s p r f r m i ng g ood w r k as h r i n d
o oo e n e o o e e e

scr ib e d d i n f u ll ac r d anc w i t h t h p l ans d s p c i ficat i ns No f a il ur

, an co e e an e o . e

or o m i ss i n o f an y ng i n r su p r i nt n d nt o i ns p ec t o r t c n d m n an y d
o e ee , e e e r o o e e

fec t i v w r k o m at e r i a l s h a ll r l as
e o r th c ntract r f r o m t h o bli gat i o ns t e e e e o o e o

at nc t ar o t r m v e d p r p r ly r p l ac t h sa m t an y t i m u p n t h
o e e u ,
e o an o e e e e e a e o e

d i sc v r y o f s a i d d f ct i v w r k
e o m at r i a l e e e o or e .

R i g h t of E g i er t M d i f y Me t h d
n d E q i p m e t — If at n y t i m t h
ne o o o s an u n a e e

m th o d s o
e q u i p m nt s d by t h c ntract r
r e e f o nd t bu nsa f
e l e o o are u o e u e or n

a d q uat f o s cur i ng t h sa f ty f t h w r k m n o t h e r p e rs ns w h o m y
e e r e e e o e o e r o o a

b e e n d ang r d t h r by e t
e s c r t h q ua li t y o f w r k
e e , th rat e f p r g
or o e u e e o or e o o

r e ss r qu i r d un d e r t hi s c ntract t h ng i n e r m y o r d r t h e c o ntract o r t
e e o , e e e a e o

i ncr as th e i r sa f t y o i m p r v t h e i r c h ract r a d ffic i ncy a n d t h e co n

e e e r o e a e n e e ,

tract r s h a ll c m p ly w i t h suc h o r d e r
o o .

If at an y t i m th w r k i ng f rc f th e c ntract o r i s i na d q at f
e o o e o e o e u e or se

cur i ng t h p r gr ss h r i n s p c i fi e d t h c o ntra t r h a ll i f s o r d e r d i
e o e e e e e c o s , o e , n

cr as e hi s f rc o qu i p m nt
e o e b t h t suc h an ext e nt as t g i v e r as na bl
r e e , or o , o o e o e

ass ranc e o f c m p li anc w i t h t h e sc h d u l

u o o f p r o gr ss e e e e .
 Sa m p le C o n t ra c t an d S p e c i fi ca t i o n s 4”

a il ur o f t h e ng i ne r t o m ak e suc h d em an d s h a ll t r e li v t h
Th e f e e e s no e e e

c ntra t r f hi s bli gat i ns t

o c o o r t h s f t y f hi s m
o th o qua li t y f o s ec u e e a e o en , e o

th w rk
e d th
o rat f p r gr ss r q i r d by hi s c ntract
, an e e o o e e u e o .

R i g h t t o R t i I m p r f ec t W o k — I f e a n y p art p rt i n f t h
e w rk d n r an or o o o e o o e

o r m at r i a l f rn i s h d
e n d r t hi s c ntra t s h a ll p r v d f t i v
u e u d eot i o c o e e ec e an n n

acc o r d anc w i t h t h p l ans d s p i ficat i ns d i f t h i m p r f ct i ns i n t h

e e an ec o ,
an e e e o e

sam h ll o t b o f su ffic i nt m agn i tu d

e s a n e i m p rta nc t w arrant r e m va l e e or o e o o ,

or i f t h r e m ova l o f suc h wo r k w ill cr t c n d i t i ns whi c h

e d ang r us ea e o o are e o or

un d i r bl t h ng i n r s h a ll h av t h r i g h t d aut h r i t y t r ta i n suc h
es a e, e e ee e e an o o e

wo r k b t s h a ll m a k suc h d d ct i ns i n t h fina l p a y m nt t h r f r as m y
,
u e e u o e e e e o a

b j st
e u d r as o na bl
an e e .

A b i t ti o — T h
r ng i n r s h a ll w i t hi n r as na bl t i m d c i d l l
ra n e e ee , a e o e e, e e a

qu st i ns c l a i ms f i t h r p art y t t hi s c ntract d a ll m att rs r l at i ng

e o or o e e o o an e e

t o th x cut i n d p r gr ss f t h w r k t h i nt r p r tat i n f t h p l ans

e e e o an o e o e o or e e e o o e ,

s p i ficat i ns d c ntract
ec o an o .

I t i s f urt h r agr d t h at i n cas t h ng i n r r n d rs an y d c i s i n g i v

e ee e e e ee e e e o or es

an y d i r e ct i ns w hi c h i n t h p i n i n f i t h r p arty h r t i s t i n ac c r d
o e o o o e e e e o no o

anc w i t h t h m an i ng d i nt nt f t hi s c ntract i t h r p art y m y fi l w i t h

e e e an e o o ,
e e a e

sa i d ng i n r hi s w r i tt n bj ct i n t t h d i s i n o d i r ec t i n s s r n d r d
e ee e o e o o e ec o r o o e e e

an d b y s c h ac t i n m y r v rs t h
u r i g h t t s bm i t t h q st i n ra i s d t o
o a e e e e o u e ue o so e

ar bi trat i n h r i na f t r p r ov i d d Th r s h all n v rt h l ss b e
o as e e e d lay i n e . e e e e e e no e

th e x c ti o n f t h w r k d t h d ci s i n
e e u o e d i r t i ns f th
o ng i n r
, an e e o or ec o o e e ee so

r nd r d s h a ll b p r o m p t ly carr i d t
e e e e d an y c l a i m s ar i s i ng t h r f r m e ou ,
an e e o

s h ll b e t h r ea f t r a d j st d by ar bi trat i n
a e e u e o .

I t i s f rt h e r agr d by b t h p art i s h r t
u t h at l l qu st i ns su bj ct t
ee o e e e o a e o e o

ar bi tr t i n a d j ust m ent s h a ll b ra i s e d d fi l d w i t h t h ng i n r p r i r t
a o or e an e e e ee o o

th x ut i n f t h d i r ct i ns f t h ng i n r d t h at a ll q st i n f d i ff e r
e e ec o o e e o o e e ee an ue o s o

e nc m ust b ra i s d p r i r t t h fina l p a y m nt
e e e t h e c ntracto d t h at bo t h
o e e on o , an

p art i s s h a ll l s a ll r i g h t t ra is f urt h r bj ct i n t ng i n r s d c i s i o ns ’ ‘

e o e th o e e o e o o e e ee e

a f t r t h fina l p a y m nt h b n m a d
e e e as ee e .

Th g n ra l p r d r s h a ll c n f r m t t h l aw s f t h st t i f n c ssar y
e e e oc e u e o o o e o e a e e e ,

an d t h d c i s i n f t h ar bi t r m a y b fi l d i n c urt t car r y i t i nt
e e o o e ff ct e e e o o o e e .

If t h ngi n r f a il t m a k a d c i s i n w i t hi n a r as na bl t i m an p
e e ee s o e e o e o e e, a

p ea l t a r bi trat i m y b ta k n as i f hi s d i s i n h d be n r n d r d ag i nst
o on a e e ,
ec o a e e e e a

th p art y a p p
e li ng I s c h cas s d i n cas f an ap p a l f r m t h ng i
ea . n u e an e o e o e e

d ci i n t h d m an d f ar bi trat i n s ha ll b e fi l d w i t h h i m i n w r i t i ng
’
n eer s e s o , e e or o e

w i t hi n t ( 1 0) d a y s t h r f t r ;
en d in cas l at r t h an t h t i m f fina l
e ea e an no e e e e o

p y m nt
a e .

Th p art i s m y agr
e up o n e ar bi t r t h r w i s t h r s h a ll b t h r ;
a ee on e e , o e e e e e ee

on e na m d i n wr i t i ng by c h p art y d t h t hi r d c h s n b y t h t w ar bi t rs
e ea , an e o e e o e

so s l ct d ; o i f t h ar bi t rs f a il t o l ct a t hi r d w i t hi n t
e e e r e d ay s h es h a ll e e en , e

b e c h s n b y t h p r s i d i ng ffic i a l f t h B As s c i at i n f D an e c nt y
o e e e o o e ar o o o ou .

S h l d t h p art y d man d i ng r bi trat i n f a il t na m an ar bi t r wi t hi n t

ou e e a o o e e en

d ay s f t h o d m an d h i r i g h t t ar bi tr t
e e s h a ll l a p s
, d th
s d ci si n f t h o a e e, a n e e o o e

e ngin r s h a ll b e fina l d bi n d i ng
ee h im S h u l d t h t h r p rt y f a il t
an on . o e o e a o

c h s an ar bi t r wi t hi n t d a y s t h ng i n r s h a ll a p p i nt such ar bi t r
oo e e en , e e ee o e .

S h l d i t h r p art y r f s
ou e e n g l ct t s p p ly t h ar bi t r w i t h an y p p r
e u e or e e o u e e a e s
 I2 A p p e n di x B

or i n f r m at i o n d m an d d i n w r i t i ng t h ar bi t r e m p w r d by b t h p
o e e , e e s ar e o e e o ar

t i s t tak e x p art p r c d i ngs

e o e e o ee .

Th ar bi t rs s h a ll t w i t h p r m p tn e ss T h d i s i n f an y t w s h a ll
e e ac o . e ec o o o

b bi n d i ng
e b t h p art i e s t t h c ntract T h d c i s i n f t h ar bi t rs u p n
on o o e o . e e o o e e o

an y qu t i n su bj ct t ar bi trat i n n d r t hi s c o ntract s h a ll b a c n d i t i n
es o e o o u e e o o

p r ec d e nt t e an y r i g h t f l e ga l act i o n
o o .

T h e ar bi t e r i f th y d m t h cas d m an d s i t a
s, aut h o r iz d t o a war d
e ee e e e , re e

t h e p art y w h s c nt e nt i n i s susta i n d suc h su m s as t h y d

o e o m p rop r f
o e , e ee e or

th e tim e xp n , d tr u bl
e i nc i d nt t t h ap p a l d i f t h ap p a l w
e se an o e e o e e an e e as

tak e n w i t h ut r as na bl e caus d a m ag s f o an y d l a y ccas i n d T h e ar

o e o e, e r e o o e .

bi t rs s h a ll fi xt h i r w c m p ns t i n un l ss o t h e r w i s p r ov i d d by agr ee
e e o n o e a o , e e e

m nt e d s h a ll ass ss t h c st a d c h arg
, an of th ar bi trat i n p o n i t h r
e e o n es e o u e e or

b t h p art i s T h a war d o f t h ar bi t rs m ust b m a d e i n wr i t i ng d i f i n

o e . e e e e , an

w r i t i ng s h a ll t b p n t o o b j ct i n no acc unt f t h f r m f t h p r oc d
e o e e o on o o e o o e ee

i ngs o awar d r .

P i ce s r d P ym t E st i m a t s
an d P a y m e t s —I
a ord r t
en s . na bl e t h e an n n e o e e

c o ntract r t o p r s ec ut e t h w r k t a d vantag an st i m at i n w r i t i ng w ill

o o e o o e, e e

b e m a d e by t h e ng i n e r o nc e a m nt h o f t h e a m unt o f w r k d o n
e e d m o o o e an a

t eri a l f urn i s h d ( d m t e r i a l d li v r d o
e th gr o und d t b e s ed i n t h e
an a e e e n e an o u

c o m p l t d wo r k )
e e d f t h e va l u t h r f acc o r d i ng t
, an t h e t rm s
o f th o e e eo o e o e c n

tract T h e first st i m at s h a ll b o f t h am o unt

. e quant i t y i n va l u o f t h
e e e or e e

w r k d o n e s i nce t h p art y o f t h s ec o n d p art c o m m nc d t h p r f o r m anc e f

o e e e e e e o

t h i s c ntract d v r y s b s q u nt st i m at exc p t t h fina l

o , an e e s h a ll b t h
u e e e e e e on e e e

a m unt o q uant i t y d va l u f w rk d n s i nce t h e l ast p r ec d i ng st i m at

o r an e o o o e e e e

w as m ade N o s c h st i m at e f a m unt o q uant i t y s h a ll b r e q u i r ed t o b

. u e o o r e e

m a d by tr i ct m as r m nt
e s w i t h xact i ns b t m y b e a p p r xi m at
e u e e n ly or e o u a o e o .

Up o n t h a p p r va l o f sa i d st i m at by t h c ns l t i ng ng i n r t h p art y
e o e e e o u e ee , e

of th first p art w ill p y t o t h p art y o f t h s c n d p art 85 p c nt o f such

e a e e e o er e .

e st i m at e d va l u d w h n ev r sa i d c ntrac t s h a ll b
e, an d u ly c m p l e t d i n
e e o e o e ,
ac

c o d r w i t h t h t r m s h r i n c nta i n d a d w h e n sa i d w o r k n d m at e r i a l
a n ce e e e e o e , n a

s h a ll b e acc p t d b y t h c nsu l t i ng ng i n r f sa i d p art y f t h e first p art

e e e o e ee , or o ,

a car e f u l d d ta il d st i m at s h a ll b m ad o f t h va l u f a ll w r k a d m a
an e e e e e e e e o o n

ter a i l f rn i s h d un d r a i d c o ntract
u e d th a m nt d e sa i d w o r k s h a ll
s , an e ou u e on

b p a i d t sa i d p art y f t h
e o s c n d p art p r v i d d h o w v r t h at i t i s o t o
o e e o , o e e e n c n

s id d n c ssar y by s i d first p art y t

er e e e r ta i n a c r t a i n p r o p rt i n f sa m s
a o e e o o o e a

e l s w h r p r v i d d f p r t ct i n aga i nst c l a i m s f l a b r d m at r i a l f
e e e o e or o e o or o an e , or

d am g s f a r ya l t i s
e , th rwi s
or d xc p t i ng a l s an y a m
o e or nt r ta i n d
o e e, an e e o ou e e

as g arant u f th m a i nt nanc
ee f thor w rk m at r i a l f rn i s h d un d r
e e e o e . o or e u e e

t hi s c ntrac t o f f r f i t r
o r or o e u e .

D l y d P y m t — I cas an y p a y m nt t t h c ntract r
e a e a en n y e st i e e o e o o on an ~

m at e i s d l a y d by t h e p art y o f t h e first p art b y n d t h t i m p r ov i d ed

e e e o e e

h r i n sa i d firs t p art y s h a ll p y t h c ntract r i nt r es t t h a m nt d at

e e , a e o o e on e ou ue

t h e rat of fi v (5) p
e c nt p ann m f t h p r i d f suc h d l a y T h
e er e . er u or e e o o e . e

te rm f o whi c h sa i d i nt r st s h a ll b p a i d s h ll i n t h c
r f p r g r ss st i
e e e a , e as e o o e e

m at d t fr m th
es, a e l0 t h d ay a f t r t ho d at f sa i d est i m at t t h d t o f e e e o e e, o e a e

p a y m nt o f et h st i m at — d i n cas e f the fina l st i m at f r m t hi rt y d a y s

e, an e o e e e o

a f t r t h e fi li ng f t h e c rt i ficat o f c m p l e t i n d acc p t anc e t t h d at f

e o e e o o an e o e e o

fina l p ay m nt f t h fina l st i m at e o e e e .
4]4 A p p e n di x B
C o n t r ac t o r
'

s
—Th e
c ntract r d ur i ng hi s a b s nc f r m t h w o r k
Ag en t o o e e o e

s h a ll k p a c m p t nt u p r i nt n d nt o f r m an u p n t h w r k f u lly
ee o e e s e e e r o e o e o , au

th i ed t
or z act f h i m i n hi s a b s nc
o or d t r c i v s c h rd rs as m y b e e, an o e e e u o e a e

g ive n f t h p r p e r c nt i n anc o f t h e w rk N t i ce o f any i m p e r f e ct i o ns i n

or e o o u e o . o

th wo r k
e m at r i a l f urn i s h d t an y f r e m an
or e ag nt i n c h arg e o f an y p o
e o o or e r

t i n f t h sa m i n t h a b s nc f t h c ntract r h a ll b c o ns i d r d as
o o e e, e e e o e o o , s e e e no

t i c t t h c o ntract r
e o e o .

Ob s va c of L a w s a d O d i
er n e s — Th p art y f th s c n d p art s h a ll
n r n a n ce e o e e o

b e su bj t t o a ll l a ws d r d i nanc s f t h c i t y f Ma d i s n f D an c unt y
ec an o e o e o o o e o ,

W i sc ons i n wi t hi n whi c h t hi s agr m n t i s t b f u l fi ll d d a i d c o ntract r

, ee e o e e , an s o

s h a ll b e nt i t l d t e xe m p t i o n t h e r f r m
e o no e acc nt f t hi s c o ntract e o on ou o .

P t t i o Ag i t N g l i g e d D m a g e —S h l d an y w r k b d n
ro ec n a ns e e nc an a s .
~
ou o e o e

or m at r i a l f rn i s h d
e p l ac d o p u bli c str e ts
u e wa y s
or i n y th r p l ace n e or or an o e e

w h r p r o t ct i n i s n c ssar y t h c ntract r s h a ll t a ll t i m s
e e e o e e d es p c i a lly
, e o o a e an e

d r i ng t h e n i g h t p t
u p d m a i nta i n suc h b rr i rs
,
u u d d li gh ts
an d ta k a e an re an e

suc h t h r n e d f u l p r caut i o ns as m y b e n c e ssar y t eff ctua lly p r v nt t h e

o e e e a e o e e e

o ccurr nc f an y acc i d nt
e e o i n c ns q u nc f t h w r k b i ng d n e s m o e e e o e o e o e or a

t eri l b e i ng d p s i t d i n suc h p l ac s
s e o d th e c ntract r h a ll b li a bl f e , an e o o s e e or

a ll d a m ag es o cc a s i n d i n t hi s w y by r as n f hi s act n g l ct t h at f
o e a e o o or e e or o

an y s b c ntract ru -
o an y ag nt m p l y o or w r k m an ; d th sa i d c e , e o ee or o an e on

tract r s h a ll sav
o d k e p h ar m l s t h sa i d first p art y f r om a ll su i t s d
e an e es e or e

m an ds f d a m ag e s a ll g d t o h av o ccurr d t p e rs ns
or e p r p rt y by r e as n
e e e o o or o e o

o f sa i d w o r k o o f p l ac i ng sa i d m at e r i a l o r f r o m sa i d act o n e g li g e nc e
r so r .

Th sa i d p rt y f t h s c n d p art f urt h r agr d r i ng t h p r f r m nc

e a o e e o e e es u e e o a e

o f th w r k t o ta k a ll n c ssar y p r caut i ns
e o e d t p l ac p r p r guar d s f o
e e e o an o e o e r

th p r ev nt i o n o f acc i d nts
e e d p t p at n i g h t su i t bl e d s fii i t li g h t
an u u a e an u c en ,

an d w ill i n d e m n i f y d sav h ar m l ss t h sa i d p art i san f th first p art f r o m

e e e e o e

a ll d a m ag s d c sts t whi c h t h y m y b p t by r as n f i nj r y t p rs ns
e an o o e a e u e o o u o e o

or p r p rt y r su l t i ng f r o m n g li g e nc
o e , e o car l ssn ss i n t h p r f r m ance o f e e r e e e e e o

th w r k o i n guar d i ng t h sa m e
e o r r f r m an y i m p r p r m at r i a l es d i n i ts , o o o e e u e

c ns truct i o n o by o
o cc o un t o f act
r m i ss i n of t h e sa i d p art y f t h
r on a or o o o e

s ec nd p art hi s age nts o m p l y ; d t h sa i d p art y o f t h e s c n d p art

o or r e o e es an e e o

h r by f urt h e r agr s t h at t h w h l
e e m uc h f t h m o n e y d
ee nd r o
e o e o r so o e ue u e r

by v i rtu o f t h agr m nt as s h a ll b e c ns i d r d n c ssar y by t h c nsu l t i ng

e e ee e o e e e e e o

e ng i n ee r s h a ll r m y b t i d b y th
o p art y o f t h
a first p art nt il a ll su i ts
e re a n e
'

e e u

o r cl ai m s f o d a m ag s as a f rr i d h av e b n s tt l d d sat i s f ct o r y vi
e , o e sa , ee e e an a e

d nc e t t h at ff ct f urn i s h d t h
e o e sa i d c ns lt i ng ng i n e r
e e e o u e e .

Th s i d c ntract rs s h a ll tak e p r p e r m ans t p r o t ct t h a d j ac nt o

e a o o o e o e e e r

a d j i n i ng p r p rt y p r op rt i s i n an y w y nc nt r d o w h i c h m i g h t b e
o o e or e e a e ou e e r

i n j r e d by y p r c ss o f c o nstruct i o n t o b n d rtak n un d r t hi s agr

u an o e , e u e e e ee

m nt e d h
, s h a ll b li a bl e f r an y o a ll c l a i m s f o d a m ag s
an e e acc ount f
o r r e on o

h i f a il ur e t
s f u lly p r o t e ct a ll p r o p rt y i n j ur d d ur i ng
o acc unt f s c h e e or on o o u

c nstruct i n
o o .

P t e c t i on Ag a i s t C l a i m s f
ro L bo a d M te ia l — Th
n sa i d p art y f t h e or a r n a r e o

s co nd p art agr s t h at h w ill i nd e m n i f y d s v h r m l t h p art y o f t h e

e ee e an a e
'

a e ss e

first p art f r om a ll c l a i m s aga i nst s a i d first p art y f m ate r i a l f urn i s h d o or e r

w r k d o n e un d r t hi s c o ntract
o d i t i s f urt h r agr d by t h
e p art y f th e , an e ee e o
 Sa m p l e C o n t ra c t an d S p e c i fi ca t io n s 415

se o c nd rt t h at sa i d s c nd p art y s h a ll i f
pa
’

d s i r d f urn i s h t h
e o sa i d first so e e e

art y sat i s f act o r y e v i d nc e t h at l l p rs ns w h h av

e e d n w rk f urn i s h e d
a e o o o e o or
p
m at r i a l un d r t his agr e m nt h ave b n d u ly p a i d f
e e e suc h w r k
e m ee or o or a

t i l
er a d i n cas
, an suc h ev i d e nc i s d m an d d by d o t f urn i s h d t t h
e e e e an n e o e

a f r sa i d fir t p art y suc h a m unt as m y i n t h

o e s , p i ni n f t h sa i d first p art y
o a e o o o e

b e n ar y t m e t t h c l a i m s f t h p rs ns a f r m e nt i n d m y b
ec e ss o e e o e e o o e o e , a e re

f ain d f r m t h
e m on y d
o s i d p art y f t h s c n d p art un d r t hi s agr m nt
e e ue a o e e o e ee e ,

unt il sat is f act r y v i d nc i s f urn i s h d t h at a ll li a bili t i s h av b n f u ll y d i ?

o e e e e e e ee s

c h arg d e .

P o t e t ioc Ag i t R l t i o P
a ns t t d I v t i s —
o Th c ntract r
a es r a en e n en on e o o
r y
n

s h a ll p r t ct d sav h ar m l ss t h p art y f t h first p r t f r m l l d v r y

o e an e e e o e a o a an e e

d m an d f
e d a m ag s r y a l t i s
or f s e , y p at nt d i nv nt i n us d by h i m
o e or ee on an e e e o e

i n c nn ct i n w i t h t h w r k d n
o e o m at r i a l f rn i s h e d un d r t hi s c ntract
e o o e or e u e o

un l ss t h art i c l
e e i nve nt i n i s c l ar ly d sp c i fica lly r qu i r d b y t hi s
e or o e an e e e co n

tract ; d i t s h a ll b t h d t y o f t h
an n t ract r i f
e d m an d d by t h
e u e co o , so e e e

p art y f th first p art t f rn i s h sa i d first p art y w i t h a p r p r l ga l r l as

o e , o u o e e e e e

or i n d m n i ty f r m d aga i n t a ll suc h c l a i m s d an y a ll p a y m nts m y

e o an s , an or e a

b w i t hh l d f r m sa i d c ntract r nt il s i d r e l as i f urn i s h d i f t h p art y f

e e o o o u a e e s e e o

th first p art s o l cts

e e e .

If y p at n t d m at r i a l m ac hi n r y a p p li anc
an e e i nv nt i n i s c l ar l
e , e , e or e o e y

s pe c i fi d i n t hi e ntract t h n d i n t h at v nt t h c o st f p r oc ur i ng t h
s co ,
e an e e e o e

r i gh ts o f e d t h e l ga l r l asus an i n d m n i t y s h a ll b b rn a d p a i d by t h
e e e e or e e o e n e

p art y f t h e fir t p ar t
o s .

A si g m s t n d S b l t t i g —T h
n en a sa i d c ntract r f urt h r agr s t h at h
u e n e o o e ee e

will g i ve hi s p e rs o na l att nt i n t t h f u l fi ll m nt f t h agr m n t e o d t h at o e e o e ee e an

h e will o t su bl t t h e a f o r sa i d w r k o
n e t h e f urn i s hi ng f th ea f r sa i d m o r o e o e a

t e i a l b t will k
r u p th sa m und r hi s p rs na l c nt r l d t h at h w ill t
ee e e e e o o o ,
an e no

a ss i gn by p o w r f att rn y e t h r w i se an y p rt i n o f sa i d c ntract un l ss
o o e or o e o o o e

by d w i t h t h p r v i us c ns nt f t h
an e first p art y
e o o e o e .

Ab do m an t — I cas t h c ntract r s h a ll a b an d n t h w r k
n en n e d f a il
e o o o e o an or

r f u t c m m nc i t aga i n w i t hi n t ( 1 0) d a y s a f t r n t i ficat i n f r m t h
e se o o e e en e o o o e

first p art y o i f h e s h a ll f a il t c m p ly w i t h t h r d rs f t h ng i n r w i t h
, r o o e o e o e e ee or

t hi s agr m e nt eew ith t h s p c i ficat i ns h r t o attac h d t h n d i n t h t

or e e o e e e , e an a

c ase t h sur t i s o t h b o n d sh a ll b n t i fi d d d i r ct d t c m p le t t h
e e e n e e o e an e e o o e e

sam eI n cas t h s r t i s f a il t c m p ly w i t h t h e n t i c e t h firs t p art y m y

. e e u e e o o o , e a ,

w i t hi n t n ( 1 0) d a y s a f t r s rv i ng suc h n t i ce carr y n t h wo r k at t h
‘

e e e x o , o e e e

p e ns f th
e o c ntract r d t h sur t i e s
e o o an e e .

Tim d O d e an f C o m p l e ti r It i s t h
er o m an i ng d i nt nt f t hi s on .
-
e e an e o co n

tract n l ss t h r wi s h r a f t r s p c i fica ll y p r v i d d t h at t h c ntract r

, u e o e e e e e e o e , e o o

s h a ll b a ll w d t p r s c t h i w r k t suc h t i m s d s as s i n s c h
e o e o o e u e s o a e an e on , u or

d er o f p r c d nc e d i n suc h m ann r as s h a ll b m st c n d uc i v t
e e e, an c n my e e o o e o e o o

o f c nstr uct i n p r v i d d h w v r t h at t h
o o , o r d r d t h e t i m f p r s cut i n
e , o e e , e o e an e o o e o

s h a ll b suc h t h at t h w r k s h a ll b c m p l t d as a w h l
e e o d i n p art i n f u ll e o e e o e an

acco r d a c w i t h t h s p c i fic t i o ns d w i t hi n t h t i m f c m p l t i n h r
n e e e a an e e o o e o e e

a f t r d es i gnat e d ; p r v i d d a l s t h at w h n t h first p art y i s hav i ng t h r w r k

e o e o e e o e o

d n i t h r b y c o nt ract by i ts o w f rc t h ng i n r m y d i t t h t i m
'

o e, e e or n o e, e e ee a rec e e

an d m an n r f c o n truct i ng t h e w o r k d n un d r t hi s c ntract
e o s t h at o e e o , so co n
4 I6 A p p e n dix B

fi i ct w ill b e av i d d d t h var i us w r k s b i ng d o ne f t h e p art y f t h

o e an e o o e or o e

first p art s h a ll b h ar m n iz d T h ng i n r will arrang f a ll suc h w o r k

e o e . e e ee e, or ,

s o as t v i d f as p ract i ca bl l l nn ec ssar y i nc nve n i nc e d exp ns e

o a o so ar e a u e o e an e

t o a ll p art i s c nc rn d e o e e .

Th p art y
e f th s c n d p art f urt h r agr s t h at h w ill c m m nc t h
o e e o e ee e o e e e

w r k w i t hi n
o d ay s a f t r t h x cut i on f t hi s c o nt ract a d w ill p r gr ss
e e e e o n o e

t h r w i t h s t h at by t h e
e e o d y f 19 t h e wo r k s h a ll b om a o . e c

p l t e d i n acc r d anc e w i t h t hi s agr e m e nt

e o e .

C d u c t f t h e Wo r k
on oK e p i g o f P l a s a d Sp i fi c a t i . s Acc si b l e
e n n n ec on es

T h e c ntract o r s h a ll b
o f urn i s h d w i t h t w o c o p i s o f a ll p l ans p r fi l s a d
e e e , o e n

s p ec i ficat i ns d s h a ll k p o c op y o f t h sa m e c nstant ly acc s ibl e o t h e

o an ee ne e o e s n

w rko .

Ch tear acf W o k m r
— Tho s i d p art y f t h c n d p art agr e s t m
r en e a o
‘

e se o e o e

p l y n ly r d r l y c m p t nt
o o o e d s kill f u l m
, o t d t h e w rk ;
e e d t h at wh e n
an en o o o an

e v r t h ng i n r s h a ll i n f r m h i m i wr i t i ng t h at an y m
e e e ee o m th n an or en on e

wo r k i n hi s
are p i n i o n i nc m p t nt un f a i t h f l o r d i s r d r ly suc h m n o
o o e e ,
u o e , a r

m en s h a ll b d i sc h arg d f r m t h w r k d s h a ll t aga i n b m p l y d
e e o e o an no e e o e on

th esa m w i t h t t h e ng i n r s w r i tt n c o ns e nt
e ou e ee
’
e .

L o ss a d D m
es g s —
n A ll l ss d a m ag e ar i s i ng o t f t h natur f t h
a a e o or u o e e o e

w rk t o b e d on
o f r m t h e act i n f t h e e l m nts o f r o m an y un f o r s
e or o n cir o o e e r e ee

c m st
u c es i n t h e p r s cut i o n o f t h e sa m
an o of r o m unusua l o bs truct i ns
e e, r o or

d i fficu l t i e s whi c h m y b e nc unt r d i n t h a p r os cut i o n o f t h e w o r k s h a ll b

e o e e e e e

susta i n d d b rn by t h e c nt r ct r at hi s wn c st d xp ns e
e an o e o a o o o an e e .

P o t ec t i o
r of F i i h e d o n P t i l ly Fi i h d W
n s k — Th c ntract o r s h a ll
r ar a n s e or . e o

ta k e a ll n c ssar y p r e caut i ns t o p r t ct a ll w r k d o n
e e m at r i a l f rn i s h d
o o e o e or e u e

und r t hi s agr m e nt f r m i nj r y by act i o n o f t h e l e m n t s o by t h p r c ss

e ee o
[
u e e r e o e

o f c o nstruct i n ; h s h a ll a l s ta k p r op r m ans t o p r o t ct a d j ac nt a d j o i n
o e o e e e e e or

i ng p r op e rt y i n an y w y e nc unt r e d o w hi c h m i gh t b i nj ur d by t h p r c ss
a o e r e e e o e

o f c nstr ct i o n t
o ub e ta k n n d e r t hi agr e m e nt
o e u s e .

T h e c ntract o r s h a ll p r p r ly guar d
o d p r t ct a ll fin i s h d o p art i a lly
e an o e e or

fin i s h e d w r k d s h a ll b r s p ns ibl e f o t h e sa m unt il t h ent i r c ntrac t

o , an e e o r e e e o

i s c o m p l t e d d acc p t d by t h ng i n e rs Est i m at e f p a rt i a l p a y m nt o
e an e e e e e . o e n

w r k s c m p l t d s h a ll o t r l s t h sa i d c o ntract o r f r m suc h r s p o ns i
o o o e e n e ea e e o e

b i l i t y b t h e s h a ll t rn o v e r t h
u nt i r w r k i n f u ll acc o r d anc e w i t h t hi s co
u e e e o n

tract b e f o r fina l p a y m ent s h a ll b e m a d

e e .

Hi d a c n a d D l ys
r n —No c h arg s h a ll b e m a d by t h c ntract r f r
es n e a e e e o o o

hi n d ranc e s o r d l y s f r m an y caus ( xc p t wh r e t h w r k i s st o p p d by
e a o e e e e e o e

or d r f t h e p art y f t h first p art ) d ur i ng t h p r gr ss o f an y p rt i n f t h e

e o o e e o e o o o

w r k e m b rac d i n t hi s c ntract ; b t s c h d l a y s m y nt i t l e h i m t an e x
o e o u u e a e o

t ns i n f t i m all o w d f c o m p l t i ng t h wo r k suffic i nt t c m p nsat e f

e o o e, e or e e ,
e o o e or

t h e d e t nt i n t h e a m unt f t h
e o , d t nt i n t b e d t r m i n d by t h
o o e ng i n re e e o o e e e e ee ,

p r ov i d d t h e c ntr ct r h a ll g i v t h ng i n r i m m d i at n t i c i n w r i t i ng
e o a o s e e e ee e e o e

o f t h ca s o f s c h d t nt i n
e u e I n c s sa i d w r k s h a ll b st p p d b y t h e act
u e e o . a e o e o e

o f t h e p ar t y o f t h firs t p art t h e n suc h xp ns e as i n t h j d gm nt f t h e en

e , e e e u e o

gi n eer i s caus d by suc h st p p i ng o f sa i d w o r k t h r t h an t h act a l c o st o f

e o , o e e u

carr yi ng th c ntr act s h a ll b p a i d by t h p art y o f t h e first p art t o t h

on e o ,
e e e

p art y f th o s c o n d p arte e .
4l8 A p p e n di x B

EX H I B I T D
SP E C I FIC AT I ON S FOR

T HE CONS T RUC TI ON OF A CONCRE T E RE SERVO I R AN D SUC TI ON

WELL FOR T HE C IT Y OF MA D I SON W I SCONS I N ,

1 . s p c i ficat i ns i nc l u d e t h f rn i hi ng f a ll
E xt e n t of C on t r ac t — Th e s e e o e u s o

l b o r d m at r i a l xc p t wh r o t h r wi s s p c i fic lly stat d nec ssar y t o

a an e ,
e e e e e e e a e , e

c o nstruct d c o m p l t t h r e i n f rc d c ncr t e r s rv i r d re i n f rc d c
an e e e o e o e e e o an o e on

cr t suct i n w ll a ll t t h f r m s d d i m ns i ns s h w n o t h e p l ans f r
e e o e , o e o an e o o n o

sa i d w r k acc o m p an yi ng t h s e s p ec i fic a t i o ns a d nu m b r d A— 2 2 7 3 A— 2 2 7 4
o e n e e , ,

A— 2 2 82 d A— 2 2 7 5 whi c h p l ans a
an h e r by m a d a p art h r f Thi s w r k
, re e e e eo . o

s h a ll i nc l u d e

Tha f urn i s hi ng o f a ll l a b r t o
. e l s d m at r i a l n c ssar y t xcavat e o , o an e e e o e

an d p r p r ly p r p ar e t h
o e f un d at i ns f r t h e structur s p r p r ly b k fi l l i g
e o o o e e , o e ac n

ar o un d t h str ct ur s d d i s p s i ng f exc ss xcavat d m at r i a l i n acc r d

e u e an o o e e e e o

anc e w i t h t h e p l ans d s p c i ficat i s an e on .

b Th . f urn i s hi ng o f a ll l a b r m at r i a l
e d qu i p m nt f m ixi ng d o ,
e an e e or an

p l ac i ng a ll c ncr t i n t h e fl oo r wa ll s c l u m ns
o e e d r f h r i na f t r s p c i , , o an oo as e e e e

fi ed .

c . urn i s hi ng d p l ac i ng f a ll st e l b ars f r i n f rc i ng t h
Th e f an o e or e o e co n

cr t as s h o wn t h e p l an
e e d i n acc r d anc w i t h t h s s p c i ficat i ns
on s an o e e e e o .

d Th f urn i s hi ng e d p l ac i ng f m an h o l s d c o v rs as s h w n
an th o e an e o on e

p l ans .

6 Th . f urn i s hi g e d p l ac i ng f v i t r i fi e d gutt r n d c nn ct i n
an f sa m o e an o e o o e

w i t h t h e st r m wat r s w r as s h o wn o th p l ans e e e on e .

7 T h f rn i s hi ng f a ll l a b r t l s a d c nstruct i n q u i p m nt n c ssar y
. e u o o , oo n o o e e e e

to d o a ll t h wo r k i nc l u d d i n t h s s p c i fic t i ns
e e e e e a o .

g Th . c i t y f Ma d i s n w ill f urn i s h a ll wat r r qu i re d f r m ixi ng d

e o o e e o an

p l ac i ng t h c ncr e t d a ll w t r
e o q i e d i n an y o e an a ll b o il rs s d by t h e a e re u r O
r e u e

c ntract o r i n p r s cut i ng t h w r k i nc l d d un d r t h e s s p c i ficat i n at a

o o e e o u e e e e o s

p ric e of s i x c nts ( 6 ) p h n d r d cu bi c f t t o t h c ntract r at a c i ty b y

e c er u e ee e o o

d ra t o n c i t y t p n ar st t t h l at i n l e ct d by t h c o ntract o r f hi s
r a e e o e oc o se e e or

m i xi ng p l ant Th w at r w ill b t h at f t h
. c i t y wat r s y st m d w ill b
e e e o e e e an e

su p p li d at t h p r ss r r d i nar il y p r va ili ng at t hi s h y d rant

e e e u e ot p nd r e or a u e

th e u s a l o p rat i ng c o n d i t i ns T h c i t y w ill f rn i s h f r
u e f c st t oth . e u ee o o o e co n

tract r t m r e t h an t w ( 2 ) m t e rs f o m as r i ng t h wat r d t h e o
o no o o e r e u e e an c n

tra ct o r s h a ll b h l d r s p ns ibl f any d am ag s t h at m y cc r t sa i d

e e e o e or e a o u o

m t rs whil us d o t hi s w r k
e e e e n o .

Th c ntracto r s h a ll at hi s w c st d xp ns f urn i s h t h n c ssar y

e o o n o an e e e e e e

r d uc rs va lv s d p i p s r qu i r d t r gu l at
e e , e an d c o nve y t h e wat r f r m e e o e e an e e o

t h hy d rant o t p t o t h p o i nt w h r t h
e r a w t r w ill b us d e A ll p i p s us d s e e e a e e e . e e

i n c nv yi ng wat r f r o m t h hy d rant s h a ll b
o e e p l ac d as t t i nt r f r
e e so e no o e e e

w i t h tra ffic o p u bli c t h o r ug h f ar s acr ss whi c h sa i d p i p m y b e carr i e d

n o e o e a .
 S a m p le Co n t ra c t an d S p e c i fic a t io n s 4 19

Th e c ntract r s h a ll b e h l d r p ns ibl f an y d a m ag t o t h hy d rant

o o e es o e or e e

or t p caus d by hi s l a b r rs
a e r a g nts d ur i ng t h t i m sa i d c nn ect i n i s o e o e e e o o

m a d w i t h t h hy d rant
e ta p T h m t h d o f c o nn ct i ng t t h
e hy d rant s h a ll
or . e e o e o e

be su bj ec t t t h a p p r va l o f t h su p r i nt nd nt o f t h w at r wo r k f t h
o e o e e e e e e s o e

c i t y o f Ma d i s n d i n suc h m ann r as t t i nt e r f r w i t h t h c nn ct i n o f
o ,
an e no o e e e o e o

a fi h s t t l ast
re o e n zzl f s a i d hy d rant
o a e on e o e o .

Th c ntr ct r s h a ll p r v i d a su i ta bl st rag r o m wh r e i n t h us a
e o a o o e e o e o e o o e

suffic i e nt q ant i t y o f c m nt t o p r s cut t h c nstr ct i n i n a g d d

u e e o e e e o u o oo an

wo r k m an li k m ann r Sa i d st rag r oo m s h a ll b e c nstruct d o t h at t h

e e . o e o e s e

c m nt w ill b k p t d y a d f r f r m d ang e r f i n j ur y i n an y w y
e e e e r n ee o o a .

2 E st m ted Q
. t i t s —T h
i a f ll o w i ng th st i m at d quant i t i s f
u an ie e o are e e e e o

w rk
o d m at r i a l i nc l u d d i n t hi s c ntract
an e e o

RESERVO I R
Exc vat i n a o

C ncr t — r i n f rc d
o e e e o e

St l R i n f rc i ng B ars d La d d r
ee e o an e

Man h l s 2 4 i n C 1
o e . .

Wa ll F l ang 3 0 i n P i p e . e

Wa ll F l ng 2 0 i n P i p a e . e

30 in Pip . e

2 0 in Pip . e

2 0i n P i p E lb w
. e o

V i tr i fi d P i p G tt r e e u e

V i tr i fi d P ip ( 8 i n C nn ct i n t S w r )
e e . o e o o e e

2 C o ats C m nt Was h i ns i d e e e

SUC TI ON WELL
Excavat i n o

C o n cr e t e fi

r e i n f o r ced

St l R i n f rc i ng B ars
ee e o

24 i n P i p — F l ang e d— 4 f t l ngt h s
. e . e .

3 0i n P i p — 4 f t l ngt h fl ang d
. e . e , e on on e en d ,
b lle on

on e en d

Man h l Str ct ra l St l bu il t p
o e, u u 1 ee u .

3 D c i p ti o —( ) R
. es r e v i r —Thi s structurn . i s t b us d f t h
a es r o . e o e e .
or e

st rag r s rvo i r f t h wat r sup p ly o f t h c i t y of Ma d i s n W i sc n i n d

o e e e or e e e o ,
o s , an

i s t o b e l cat d a d j ac nt t t h p r s nt r s rv i r
o e East Da yt n str t b
e o e e e e e o on o ee e

t w n B l a i r d B l nt str e ts f ac i ng East D a y t n str t c ov r i ng p o rt i ns

ee an ou e , o ee , e o

o f l o ts 1 2 1 3 d 1 4 f bl c k 1 2 0 acc r d i ng t o t h pl at f t hi s l ca li t y
, an o o ,
o e o o .

( )b S c t i W l l — Thi s str ctur i t b

u on d f e t h suct i n f w d u e s
‘

o e u se or e o o ne an

a d d i t i a l hi g h s rv i c p m p i ng m ac hi n r y d i s t b l cat d o t h bl c k
on e e u e an o e o e n e o

no w cc p i d by t h wat e r w r k s p m p i ng tat i n b t w n t h stat i n b il d

o u e e o u s o e ee e o u

i ng d G r h a m str t
an o ee .

4 E xc a va t i o
.
— Th xc vat i n f a ll str ct r s d f o n d at i ns s h a ll
n . e e a o or u u e an u o

b e carr i d t t h e gra d s i n d i cat d p l ans li n s o t m r t h an

'

e o th d t e e on e an o e n o e

tw o ( 2 ) f t f r m t h n at xt r i r li n s f t h str ctur
ee o e e e e o e o e u e .

A ll m at r i a l xcavat d xc p t s c h i s n d d f b k fi l l i g s h a ll
e e e , e e u as ee e or ac n , re

m a i t h p r o p e rt y f t h c i t y a d s h a ll b h au l d
n e d d p si t d at suc h p i nts
o e n e e an e o e o

as m y b d s i gnat d by t h
a e e g i n e rs at t h e p r i c nam d i n t h p r o p sa l
e e en e e e e o .
 A p p e n di x B
C c e t W or k — ( ) T h c o ncr
5 . on r e s h a ll c o ns i s t f e ( 1 ) p art f
. a e et e o on o

P rt l an d c m nt t w ( 2 ) p arts o f fi aggr gat e d f ur ( 4 ) p arts f c ars

o e e , o ne e ,
an o o o e

aggr e gat e T h p r o p o rt i ns f t h e aggr gat s h a ll b bas e d t h v l m tr i c

. e o o e e e on e o u e

m e a ur e m nts i n t h
s f o ll o w i ng m ann e r
e O ( 1 ) b ag f c e m t
e pp xi . ne o en , a ro

m at ly n i n t y fi v ( 9 5 ) p un d s s h a ll b c ns i d r d
e e -
e c nst i tut i ng o (1 ) e o e e as o on e

cu bi c f t f c m nt T h v l u m e of c ars
oo o e e d fi , ggr gat s h a ll b e o o e an ne a e e e

m asur d b y s h ov li ng i nt a b o x
e e bi n w i t h o u t ra m m i ng c o m p act i ng
e o or or .

b
( ) C m e t — A ll c m nt us d i n t h w r k h r t f r d scr ib d s h a ll b e
e n e e e e o e e o o e e e

of th b e st q u li t y f A m r i can P o rt l an d c m nt I t s h a ll b fin e l y gr und
e a o e e e . e o ,

t h r o ghly burn d d s ffi c i nt ly s l w s tt i ng t p r m i t f w r k i ng i nt
o u e an u e o e o e o o o

m o rt ar a d us i ng t h e w o r k b f r s tt i ng s h a ll b g i n
n on e o e e e .

S t or a g e — A ll c m e nt s h a ll b f rn i s h d i n w ll m a d b ags
e b arr l s b r e u e e e or e ea

i ng t h nam b ran d e stam p of t h m anu f act r r

e, , d s h a ll b
or st r d i n a e u e , an e o e

st rag e r m war h s t b p r v i d d by t h c o ntract o r d w hi c h will

o oo or e ou e o e o e e ,
an

f u lly p r t e ct t h c m nt f r m t h e w at h r
o e Sa i d war h us s h all b p r v i d d
e e o e e . e o e e o e

w i t h a fl o r s o t h at t h c e m nt w ill b k p t f r m c ntact wi t h t h e gr n d
o e e e e o o ou .

D e l i ve y — A ll c m e nt us d i n t h
r w r k s h a ll b e d li v r d at t h
e st o r e e o e e e e e

h us a t l ast v n ( 7 ) d a y s b f r i t s h a ll b s d s t h at s ffi c i nt t i m
o e e se e e o e e u e o u e e

w ill b ava il a bl f o i ts xa m i nat i n an d t st i ng

e e r e o e .

C m e nt w hi ch b c om s i nj r e d i n st rag
e d a ll r j c t d c em e nt m ust
e e u o e an e e e .

b e r e m v d w i t hi n t h r ee ( 3 ) d a y s a f t r n t i c t o t h e c ntract r
o e f i ts j e o e o o o re ec

t i on .

T es t s — A ll c m nt s d i n t h w r k s h a ll b s bj ct t t h l at t stan d ar d
e e u e e o e u e o e es

o f t e sts as p r scr ib d d a d p t d by t h e A m r i can S o c i t y f C i v il Eng i n e e rs

e e an o e e e o .

An y c m nt f a ili ng t p ass an y o f t h r qu i r m nt s a b ve s p c i fi e d m y b
e e o e e e e o e a e

r ej ct e d
e .

( )
0 A gg ge a t e — B f r d li v r y at t h e w r k t h e c ntract o r s h a ll
r s. e o be e e o , o su

mit t th o ngi n rs a fi f ty p n d ( 5 0lb ) a m p l o f e ac h ki n d o f aggr gat

e e ee
"

ou . s e e e

p r o p o s d t o b e us d
e Th s sam p l s w ill b t st e d d i f f oun d t o p ass t h
e . e e e e e an e

r e qu i r m ents o f t h s p c i ficat i ns s h a ll b c o ns i d e re d as acc p ta bl e f t h

e e e o e e or e

wo r k .

F i n e Ag g eg t e — F i n e aggr e gat s h a ll c ns i st o f natura l an d o scr n

r a e o s ,
r ee

i ngs f r o m h ar d t ug h d ra bl cr s h d r oc k grav l c ns i st i ng f q art z i t

, o u e u e or e ,
o o u e

gra i ns o r o t h e r q a lly h ar d m at r i a l gra d d f r o m fi e t o c ars w i t h t h

,
e u e e n o e e

c ars p art i c l e s p r d o m i nat i ng F i n aggr gat w h e n d y s h a ll p ass a

o e e . e e e, r ,

scr n h av i ng f r ( 4 ) m s h s p li n ar i nc h ; o t m o r e t h n t w nt y fi v ( 2 5 )
ee ou e e er e n a e -
e

p er c nt s h a ll p a ss s i ve h av i ng fi f t y ( 5 0) m s h s p li n ar i nc h d t
e . a e e e er e , an no

m o r t h an fi v
e (5) p c nt s h a ll p ass
e i v h av i ng o er h un d r d ( 1 00)
e . a se e ne e

m s h s p e r li n ar i nc h
e e F i n e aggr gat s h a ll n t c nta i n v g t a bl
e . ot h r e e o o e e e or e

d l t r i o s m att r
e e e o m r t h an t h r e ( 3 ) p
u e , c nt f c l a y l a m
n r o e e er e . o or o .

F i ne g g g a t h l l b f s c h qua li ty t h at m rtar c m p s d f o e ( 1 )
a re e s a e o u o o o e o n

p art o f P rt l an d c e m nt o d th r p arts fi aggr gat by w i g h t wh n

e , an ee ne e e, e , e

m a d i nt o b r iq u e tt s s h a ll s h w a t ns il str ngt h at s v n 7 )
e e , d t we nt y o e e e e e an

e i gh t ( 2 8 ) d ay s at l as t q a l t ot h str ngt h f b r iqu tte s co m p o s d o f o ( 1 )

e e u e e o e e ne

p art o f t h sa m e c m nt d t h r e ( 3 ) p arts Stan d ar d Otta wa an d b y w i gh t

e e e an e s e .

T h e p rc ntag e o f wat r us d i e m k i g t h e b r iq u tt s f c m nt d fi
'

e e e g n a n e e o e e an ne a

g r e ga t e s h a ll b suc h as t p r d uc a m o rta r f t h sa m c o ns i st nc y as t h at
e o o e o e e e
42 2 A p p e n di x B
An y c m nt m o r t ar c ncr t wh lly o r p art i a lly t b f r b i ng
e e , or o e e, o se e o e e

p l ac d s h a ll b
e r m v d d s h a ll o t b e s d i n an y p o rt i n of t h wo r k
, e e o e an n u e o e .

No c ncr t s h a ll b p l ac d i n f r zi ng w e at h e r o d ur i ng suc h t i m s wh e n
o e e e e ee r e

t h e t m p ratur e w ill r e ac h as l w as 3 2 F d ur i ng t h n i g h t un l ss s p c i fica lly

°
e e o . e ,
e e

p e r m i tt d by t h ng i n rs I n ca p r m i ss i n i g i v n t p l ac c o ncr t ‘

e e e ee . se e o s e o e e e

d ur i ng t h c l d w at h e r p r caut i o ns m ust b ta k n t o h ous

e o e d p r o t ct t h e e e e an e e

c ncr t b i ng p l ac d f r m f r zi ng F i r s o st e a m h at i ng s h a ll b us d
o e e e e o ee . e r e e e

i n t h at cas t k p t h n wly p l ac d c ncr t f r m b i ng aff ct d b y t h f r st

e o ee e e e o e e o e e e e o .

T h aggr gat
e d wat r s h a ll b h e t d su ffic i nt ly
e e an t h at wh n t h e c ncr t
e e a e e so e o e e

i s p our d i nt t h e f r ms d p s i t d i n p l ac e i t s h a ll b at a t m p ratur n t
e o o or e o e e e e e o

l w r t h an 4 0 F a ll c ncr t w r k p r m i tt d d r i ng f r zi ng w a t h r s h a ll
o e
°
.
, o e e o e e u ee e e

b e i n acc r d anc wi th t h d i r ct i ns
o d t th e f u ll sat i s f act i n f th e e e o an o e o o e u

gi n ee r s .

(f) F orm s .
— A ll
n c ssar y f r m s d f a l w r k r q i r d s h a ll b p e e o an se o e u e e ro

vi d d e d r ant d by t h c ntract r at hi s w c st d xp ns
e ec e e d s h a ll b
o o o n o an e e e, a n e

o f su i t a bl d s i gn a d str ngt h t o s h a p t h e w a ll s be a m s
e e n d t h e r p arts o f
e e , an o

th w rk in t h
e o m ann r s h w n i n t h e d ra w i ngs A ll f r m s s h a ll b w ll
e o e . o e e

b rac d d str e ngt h n d d s h a ll b e car f u ll y m atc h d

e an e sur f ac d i n o r d r
e an e e or e e

to p r v nt l a k ag
e e f m rtar e I t i s p art i c l ar ly i m p rta nt t h at t h f r m s b
e o o . u o e o e

a b s l ut ly t i g ht t p r ev nt t h l e k ag f m rtar as t h l ss f m rtar w ill

o e o e e a e o o e o o o

d cr as t h
e e w at r t i g h tn ss f t h w r k
e e e e o e o .

A ll f o r m s s h a ll b bu il t t ru t li n d gra d d s h a ll b
e s ffic i nt ly e o e an e an e u e

b r c d t p r s rv sa i d li n
a e o e d gra d w hil t h
e e c ncr t i s b i ng p l ac d d e an e e e o e e e e an

unt il suc h t i m as t h c ncr t h as c m p l t ly t I n cas an y f r m s h l d

e e o e e o e e se . e o ou

g i v w y d p r d c i rr gu l ar s h a p s
e a an o l ak d p r d c f u l t y str ctur
u e e e , or e an o u e a a u e,

sa i d w r k s h a ll b r m d i d by t h r m va l f t h e i rr gu l ar f a l t y p rt i n
o e e e e e e o o e or u o o .

Th ef r m s s h a ll b
o b il t f r m l m b r s m t hly d r es s d e u th s i d n xt t ho u e oo e on e e e e

c ncr t a d s h a ll b e c nstruct d t h at t h r s l t i ng str ct r s h all p r s nt

o e e, n o e so e e u u u e e e

a s m o t h v n d w r k m an li k ap p aranc
o ,
e e an o e e e .

A ll f r m s s h a ll b e l f t i n p l ac unt il t h c ncr t h as atta i n d s ffi c i nt

o e e e o e e e u e

str ngt h t o r s i t acc i d nta l i n j ur y d p r m an nt str ss s t h a t m y c o m e

e e s e an e e e e a

u p n it
o .

F r m s s h a ll b car e f ll y d t h r ghly c l an d b f r b i ng us d aga i n

o e u an o ou e e e o e e e ,

an d s h all t b us d aga i n w h n w ar p d
no e i n j ur d w i t h t sat i s f act r y
e e e or e , ou o re

p a i rs .

g
( ) T p Fi i s h o f C
a c e t e — Th t p
n f th r f d t h fl rs s h a ll b on r e o o e oo an e oo e

b r ug h t t t h li n s d gra d s i n d i cat d
o o e the p l ansan d d car m ust b e e on e an ue e e

ta k n w i t h t h r f t t p r m i t y h ll w s l w s p ts i n whi c h t h w at r
‘

e e oo no o e an o o or o o e e

m y c ll c t
a o d stan d
e Th e r an f s h a ll s l p ni f rm ly f r m t h c t r t o t h
. oo o e u o o e en e e

s i d s as s h wn t h d ra w i ngs
e o on e :

Th s r f ace o f t h r f s d t h fl rs s h a ll b b r g h t t t h p r o p r e l
e u e oo an e oo e ou o e e e

vat i n d t h e n car f lly r d d d d scr e d d ff t a un i f r m s r f ac a f t r

o an e u o e an e e o o o u e, e

whi c h t h sur f ac s h a ll b e s m t h d d w n w i t h a fl t T h fin i s h d m
e e oo e o oa . e e co

cr t s h a ll b s m t h d h av an v n s r f ac It i s t i n t n d d t o a dd a
'

e e e oo an e e e u e . no e e

l a y r f m rtar b t i t i s i nt n d d t fl at t h c ncr t m ixt r s ffic i n tly t

e o o ,
u e e o o e o e e u e u e o

b r i ng t h e m rtar t t h s r f ac o o e u e .
 Sa m p le Co n t r a c t an d S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

(h) P r o t e ct i o n of r oo f s s h a ll
Fi n i s h e d C o n c r e t e —A ll c o ncr et e fl o o rs an d

b e p r o t ct d f reo m cc ied e nt a l i n j ur y A ll f r s
a hly p o ur d c o ncr e t e s h a ll b e . e e

p r o t cte d f r o m t h e h at
e f th by t h us e f canvas p ap r
e o san d e d su n e o ,
e or , an

s h a ll b e t h r o ug hly wét d o w v r y t w l v ( 1 2 ) h rs f at l ast f o rt y i gh t

o
‘

n e e e e ou or e e
-

( 4 8 ) h rs a f t r t h c o ncr t h as be n p o ur d
ou e e e e e e .

A ll c ncr t w r k s h a ll b co m suffi c i nt ly h ar d t p r v nt i n j r y by
o e e o e e e o e e u

w r k m n b f r wa l k i ng
o e e o p ass i ng o v r i t i s p e r m i tt d
e or e e .

6 W e t
. P o ofi g
a
— I t i s i nt n d d t o w at r p r oo f t h
r r n s i d wa ll s o f th e e e e e e

r s e rvo i r f r m t h fl o r p t l vat i n
e o e c i t y d atu m d t h s i d e wa lls o f
o u o e e o , an e

th suct i n we ll f r m l vat i n 8 t l vat i n

e o o c i t y d atu m w i t h hy d rate d
e e o o e e o ,

li m T h hy d rat d li m s h a ll b e a d d d t t h e c e m e nt at t h t i m t h c m n t
e . e e e e o e e e e e

i s p l ace d i n t h m ix r T h h y d rat d li m s h a ll b o f an a p p r v d b ran d d

e e . e e e e o e an

s h a ll p a s t h Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i o ns f o H y d rat d L i m o f t h A m r i can So

s e e r e e e e

i ty f
c e T st i ng Mat r i a l s
or e e .

Th hy d rat d li m s h a ll b a d d d i n t h p r p rt i ns f
e e e ( 1 ) p rt o f e e e o o o o on e a

hy d rat d li m t t ( 1 0) p arts f P o rt l an d c m nt T h p r p o rt i o ns a b o ve
e e o en o e e . e o

g i v n s h a ll b b y v l u m tr i c m asur m nt m a d b y s h o v li ng i nt a s i t bl
e e o e e e e e e o u a e

b x w i t h o ut p ac k i ng
o d car s h all b ta k n t an t h at t h a b v m nt i o n d
e e e o se e e o e e e

p r p rt i ns
o o us d i n v r y b atc h
o are e e e .

A f t r t h f r m s h v b e n r m ov d t h i ns i d f ac o f t h r s rv i r wa ll s
e e o a e e e e e e e e e e o

an d th i ns i d f ac f t h s ct i n w ll w ll s s h a ll b e g i v n t w ( 2 ) c ats f
e e e o e u o e a e o o o

n at c e m nt was h T h c m nt h a ll b m ix d w it h n ly s ffi c i e nt w t r t
e e . e e e s e e o u a e o

m a k a m i xtur t h at can b a p p li d w i t h a b rus h

e e T h e c m nt was h h a ll b
e e . e e s e

e v n ly d t h r g hly a p p li d
e an o t
ou fi ll t h p r e s f t h e c ncr t a d i e so as o e o o o e e n h

cr t h wat r t i g h tn
e as e e f t h wa ll s
e Th s c n d c at s h a ll b a p p li d af t r
e ss o e . e e o o e e e

th first c o at h as t h r ug hly d r i d
e o o e .

7 St el R i f
. ci g R d a — Th r s h a ll b b il t i nt t h c ncr t at t h
e e n or n o e e e u o e o e e e

p i nts s h wn
o th od ra w i ngs on d as d i r c t d by t h
e ng i n rs r un d ste l , an e e e e ee , o e

r d s f t h d i m ns i ns i n d i cat d T h st l f t h s r d h a ll h ave an l
o o e e o e . e ee or e e o s s u

t i m at str n g t h f f r m
e e t o p un d s p e r s q uar e i nc h
o d s h ll b e o o an a

o f th q ali t y k n wn as m d i u m st l T h r d s s h a ll b e c m m rc i a l r o un d
e u o e ee . e o o e

st l r d s f r f r m i l d i rt
ee o , ee lo r st d h a ll b e e qua l t t h b st o f
o o , or os e u ,
an s o e e

t h i r c l ass i n t h m ar k t A ll r d s s h a ll b h l d t t h i r p r p r p s i t i n b y
e e e . o e e o e o e o o

c li p s d w i r s f ast n d t t h f r m s T h n g i n r m y i ncr as
,

an e e e o d cr as e
e o . e e ee a e e or e e

th a m nt f st l r in f rc m nt as i n hi s j ud gm nt s ee m s n ec e ssar y A d d i
e ou o ee e o e e e .

t i ns
o d d ct i o ns i n t h
or e p r i c p a i d s h ll b
u m ad f such a d d i t i o ns
e d e a e e or or e

d ct i
u i n t h a m unt f r i n f rc m nt i n acc r d nc w i t h t h p r i c e s stat d
on s e o o e o e e o a e e e

t h r f r i n t h p r p sa l
e e o e o o .

Th c ntract r m y i f h d s i r s s b m i t a b i d p t w i st d o t h r d
e o o a ,
e e e , u
'

u on e or e e

f r m d b ars
o e f m d i m q a li t y o f st l d f qu i va l n t cr s s t i o n D
e u u o ee an o e e os ec . ue

c o ns i d rat i n w ill b g i v n sa i d b i d i n li
e o f the p lai n r nd r d s a h re t
e eu o e ou o s e o

f r sp ci fi d
o e e e .

W h n c nt i n s li n f r i n f rc m nt i s d s i r d t h r d s s h a ll b
e a o uou e o e o e e e e e o e

l a p p d o t l ss t h an f rt y fi v ( 4 5 ) d i a m t rs f p l a i n r o d s d t hi rt y fi ve
e n e o -
e e e or an -

( 3 5 ) d i a m t rs f d f o r m d b ars
e e d h a ll b
or s cur ly w i r d o o t h rw i se
e e , an s e e e e r e

f ast n d t g t h r i n a m an
e e o e r ap p r v d by t h ng i n rs
e ne o e e e ee .
4 24 A p p e n di x B
8 .
S v n ( 7 ) stan d ar d cast i r o n m an h o l s d c o ve r s s h a ll
Ma n h o l e s .
-
e e e an

b f urn i s h e d a d p l ac d b y t h c o ntract r at t h p i nts i n d i cat d

e n e e t h e d ra w o e o e on

i ngs , as d i r ct d by t h e e ng i n r T h m an h l e s s h a ll ac h h av an p n
or e e ee . e o e e o e

i ng a p p r oxi m at ly t w nt y f o ur i nc h s e e i n d i am e t r d t h c ve rs s h a ll
-
e e , an e o

b e p r f o rat e d f
e th a d m i ss i o n o f a i r f v nt il at i ng p ur p o s s T h c v r
or e or e e .
-
e o e

s h a ll b e fii i t l y str ng t s sta i n a c nc e ntrat d l a d f 3 00p o nd s at t h

su c en o o u o e o o u e

c nt r
e e .

Th c ntract r s h a ll f urn i s h d p l ac t h m n h l f ra m
e o o d c ov r f r an e e a o e e an e o

th e suct i o n we ll as i n d i cat d th d ra w i ngs e on e

9 G tt r —
.

. A gutt e r c nstruct d f fi f t n ( 1 5 ) i nc h v i tr i fi d gutt r p i p e

u e . o e o ee e e

s h a ll b e c o nstruct d a l o ng s i d f t h r s rv i r d f p art o f t h l engt h

e on e e o e e e o an or e

o f th e t h r s i d e as i n d i cat d o t h e d ra wi ngs
o e e n .

T h e gutt e r s h a ll b l a i d t o t h li n d gra d t b e g i v n by t h e ng i n
e ers e an e o e e ee .

T h e j i nts s h a ll b
o l a i d w i t h m rtar m ix d i n t h p r p rt i o ns f e ( 1 ) p art
e o e e o o o on

P o rt l an d c m e nt t t w ( 2 ) p arts f san d o f t h qua li t y h r e i nb f r m

e o o o e e e o e en

t io ne d A s m a ll str i p f c o ncr e t s h a ll b p l ac d o b t h s i d e s o f t h e gut t r s

. o e e e n o e a

i n d i cat d t h e p l ans
e on d sa i d c ncr t s h a ll b e m i x d i n t h
, an p r o p rt i o n o f o e e e e o

on e ( 1 ) p rt f P o rt l an d c e m nt t
a o tw d h al f ( 2 54 ) p arts f s n d t
e o o an on e -
2 o a o

fi ve ( 5 ) p arts f st o n o grav l o e r e .

T h gutt rs s h a ll b e c nn ct d t th st r m w at r s w r by i g h t i nc h ( 8
e e o e e o e o e e e e

v i tr i fi d s we r p i p s i n d i cat d
e e th
e, p l ans
a A su i ta bl e cast i r n c nn c e on e . o o e

t i n s h a ll b p r v i d d t c nne ct t h e gut t r t t h e e i gh t i nc h
o e o e -
o o s w r p ip e e o e e

an d sa i d c o nn ct i o ns s h a ll b p r o v i d d w i t h s i ta bl grat i ng w i t h a
e e t w at r e u e ne e

wa y q ua l t s i xt y ( 6 0) s q uar i nc h s
e o e e .

1 0 C as t I . P i p e —T h e c ntract r s h a ll f rn i s h n d p l ac
r on ( 1 ) t w lv
o o u a e on e e e

foo t l ngt h o f C l ass B t hi rt y i nc h

e cast i r n wat r p i p Sa i d p i p s h a ll
-
o e e . e

b su p p li e d w i t h a su i ta bl e c ll ar o fl ang
e t l ast t w l v i nc h s o l arge r r e a e e e e

i n d i am t e r t h an t h o u t s i d e d i a m t e r f t h p i p Sa i d c o ll ar s h a ll b i t h r
e e e o e e . e e e

cast as a p art f t h e p i p e o r s h a ll b so c nstruct d t h at a l a d j i nt m y b

o e o e e o a e

p o ur e d a d ca lk ed b t w n t h uts i d o f t h p i p i ns i d f ace f t h
'

n e ee d th e o e e e an e e o e

c o ll ar .

Th l e ngt h o f p i p h a ll b e car f u lly a li gn e d d p l ac d t o t h e p r p r

e e s e an e o e

gra d e d w h n o p l ac d s h a ll b e h l d r i g i d ly i n p l ac d r i ng t h e t i m t h e
an e s e e e u e

c o ncr t e i s b e i ng p r d
e ou e .

Th c nt ract r s h a ll f urn i s h d p l ac s v e n ( 7 ) l ngt h s o f C l ass B

e o o an e e e

t we nt y i nc h cast i r n w at r p i p O 1 ) l ngt h s h a ll b
o f urn i s h e d
e e . ne e e

w i t h a s u i ta bl e c ll ar o f t h t y p a b o v m nt i n d
o T h p i p e s h a ll b e l a i d o n
e e e e o e . e

t p
o f th
o r s rv o i r fl o o r a d at t h
e e e d i t s h a ll h av e a n i n t y d g re
n e en e e e

b n d p l ac d w i t h t h e ut l e t t rn d p A ll j i nt
e , e o t b fi ll d w i t h l ad
u e u . o s are o e e e

a d t h r o ug hly ca l k d s
n o as t o p r d uc a t i gh t j i nt
e o o e o .

Th e p ip a f te r b i ng p r op e r ly a li gn d d p l ac d s h a ll b anc h r ed t o
e, e e an e , e o

t h e fl oo r f t h e r e s e rv i r by m ans
o f th r ( 3 ) c ncr et e bl c k s i g h t n
o e o ee o o e ee

i nc h e s w i d e f o ur f e t l o ng d fi f t n
, hi g h
e an ee .

Th c ntract r s h a ll a l s f urni s h d p l ac
e o o ( 1 ) l ngt h f C l ass B
o an e on e e o

t hi rt y i nc h -
cast i r n w t r p i p f ur f t l ng wi t h a stan d ar d
o a e e o ee o

fl ang f ac d d d r ill d A S M E
e e an e e n d wi t h a stan d r d h l l o
e . . . h b o . on on a e r u n

t h e th ro d e en .
42 6 A p p e n dix B
fl r s h a ll c o ns i st f
Th e oo ( 1 ) t hi ck n f o i nc h ( 1 h e m l oc k
o on e e ss o ne

m atc h d l u m be r s cur ly na il d t o h m l c k str i ng rs t w o i nc h e s ( 2

e e e by f our
e e o e

i nc h s e d S p ac d t m r
an t h an f ur f t e ap art T h e h e m l ck
no o e o ee . o

l u m b e r s h a ll b e o f suc h natur t h at a t i g h t fl r w ill r su l t e oo e .

Th str i ng rs
e t be m b d d d i n t h e e art h a d t h e gr o un d l e ve l ed
e a re o e e e n

o ff t tho t op f sa i d str i ng rs
e Th
o t op s f a i d str i ng rs a t b e p l ace de . e o s e re o

one i nc h b l o w t h e b o tt m f t h e c o n cr t fl oo r Car m ust b e ta k n t

e o o e e . e e o

s e t h at t h gr un d i s car f u lly gra d d o ff t o t h e t p f t h e s tr i nge rs so t h a t

e e o e e o o

th et i m b r fl r w ill h av a un i f r m b ar i ng
e oo e o e .

S e c n d h an d l u m b r m y b us d i n t h c n truct i n f sa i d fi o p
o e a e e e o s o o o r ro

v i d ed t h l u m b r i s f suc h q ua li t y as w ill m a k a t i g h t fl r
e e o e oo .

1 4 P i ce a d M as r em
. r t a
( )n R v i —e Th l um p s m p r ice b i d
u en . eser o r . e u

f or th c ns truct i n o f t h c ncr t r s rvo i r s h a ll i nc l u d t h c o st f a l l

e o o e o e e e e e e o

l b r d m at r i a l s t p r o p e r l y xcavat t h s i t t o t h li n s d gra d s h o wn
a o an e o e e e e e e an e s

o n t h e d ra w i ngs ; sa i d x a va t i w k s h a ll c ns i st f l o a d i ng t h e m at r i a l
e c on v
or o o e

i nt o wag n s t h r m ans o f c nv y anc b t s h a ll o t i nc l u d t h e c os t f

o or o e e o e e u n e o

h an d li ng d d p s i t i n g sa m T h l u m p m b i d s h a ll i nc l u d a ll l a bo r
an e o e . e su e ,

t o l s d m at r i a l s n c ar y t s h t ar un d t h s i t o f suc h p rt i ns as m y
o an e e e ss o ee o e e o o a

r q u i r s h t i ng d s h a ll i nc l u d e t h e c os t f a ll p u m p s p um p i ng m ac hi n e r y
e e ee , an o , ,

l a b r d m at r i a l s r q u i r d t p r p r ly un wat r d k p t h s i t f r e f r m
o an e e e o o e e an ee e e e o

w at r e .

Sa i d l m p m h a ll i nc l u d t h c st f al l l a b r t l s p l ant m ac hi n r y
u su s e e o o o , oo ,
e ,

f rm s
o d a ll m t r i a l s n c e ssar y t
an a em ak d d p s i t i n p l ac t h
e c o ncr t o e an e o e e e e

s p c i fi d d t f urn i s h d d d t h wat r p r fing m t r i a l s d s h a ll i

e e an o an a e e oo a e an h

c ul d th e c
e t o f l a b r d m at r i a l s r qu i r d t d d t h e was h co at o f n eat
os o an e e e o a

c me nt
e .

Sa i d l m p m s h a ll a l s i nc l u d t h c st o f a ll l ab o r d m at e r i a l s n e
u su o e e o an c

e ssar y t o f urn i s h d p l ac a ll r i n f rc i ng r d s t h e i r o n l a d d r t h e cast i r o n

an e e o o , e ,

m an h l s t h cast i r o n wat r p i p
o e ,
e t h e v i tr i fi d gu t t r p i p e a d t h s ewe r p i p
e e, e e n e e

an d c nn ct i ns t
o th
e st r m wat r s w r
o o e o e e e .

Sa i d l u m p m s h a ll a l s i nc l d a ll n c ssar y b rac i ng f ev r y ki n d e
su o u e e e o e n c

e ssar y t p r p r ly r i n f rc t h n rt h a t wa ll f t h xi st i ng r s rvo i r d r
o o e e o e e o e s o e e e e u

i ng suc h t i m as t h e w r s rvo i r i s b i ng b u ilt

e e n e e e .

I t i s i nt n d ed t h at t h e l m p m b i d s h a ll c v r t h nt i r c st f t h
e u su o e e e e o o e

c m p l t d struct r xc p t f t h e i t m f h au li ng d d p o s i t i ng t h m
o e e u e e e or e o an e e a

ter a i l s xcavated e d th c st f t h t i m b r fl ran e o o e e oo .

( )b S c t i o W l tu— Th l u m p m b i d b y t h c ntract o r f o t h suct i o n

n e e su e o r e

w ll s h a ll i nc l d t h c st f a ll l a b r t l s p l ant m ac hi n r y
e u e e o od m at e r i a l s o , oo , ,
e an

n c ss ar y t p r p r l y s h t ar un d t h p r p s d p i t ; xcavat t h m at r i a l
e e o o e ee o e o o e e e e e

an d l d sa m
oa a wag n t h r m ans f c nv y anc un wat r d k p t h e
e on o or o e e o o e e, e an ee

s i t f r f wat r m ak
e ee o d d p s i t a ll t h
e , c ncr e t d r i n f o rc i ng st e l a d
e an e o e o e an e e , n

p r vi do d dd t h
e an w at r p o fi g m at r i a l
a e d a p p ly t h e c m nt was h c a t s
e r o n e an e e o
-
.

Sa i d l m p m s h a ll a l s i nc l u d t h c st o f f urn i s hi ng d p l ac i ng t h
u su o e e o an e

cast i r n p i p o d c ll ars h r i n b e f r
e an m nt i o n d
o d t h e st e l m a n h l
e e o e e e an e o e

f ra m d c v r
e an d t h e n c ssar y l a d d r a ll as s h o wn
o e an th acc m p an yi ng
e e e , on e o

d ra w i gs n .
 Sa m p le C o n t ra c t an d Sp e c i fic a t io n s 42 7

It i nt nd e d t h at t h l um p s m b i d s h a ll i nc lu d t h c st f t h
is e e m u e e o o e co

p l t d s ct i n w e ll i n acc r d anc w i t h t h
e e u o p l ans d s p c i ficat i ns w i t h t h
o e e an e o , e

e xc p t i n f h a li ng t h m at r i a l xcavat d d c nstruct i ng t h e t i m b r fl r
e o o u e e e e an o e oo .

( 0) H a u l i g a d D p i i
t g nE x c a v t d
n M t ia l — eA ll m at r i a l xcavat e d
os n a e a er e e

an d n o t r qu i r d f e b ac k fi lli ng s h a ll b
e or d r m ain t h p r o p rt y f th c i ty e an e e e o e

an d s h a ll b e h au l ed d d p s i t d at t h sit ans i t s se l ct d by t h e c i ty d
e o e e e or e e e an

as s p c i fi d by t h ng i n e r A ll m at r i a l h au l d s h a ll b e at t h p r i c nam d
e e e e e . e e e e e

by t h c ntract r d suc h p r i c s h a ll c v r t h nt i r c o st f h a li ng d d
e o o an e o e e e e o u an e

p ositi gi h n m at r i al at sa i d s i t e
e esit s or e .

Ti m b F l or — T h p r i c b i d b y t h c ntract r f t h t i m b r fl o r
er o . e e e o o or e e o s

s h a ll i nc l u d t h c st f a ll l a b r d m at r i a l s n c e ss r y t c nstruct t h
e e o o o an e e a o o e

t i m b e r fl rs i n c t h yoo r d e r d c nstr ct ed by t h e n g i n r
as e e are o e o u e ee .

( )
e E x t W o k — A ll w r k r d r d by t h ng i n rs d t i nc l u d d
ra r . o o e e e e ee an no e

un d e r y o f t h p r v i s h a d i ngs un d r t h p r i c s b i d b y t h c o ntract o r
an e e ou e or e e e e ,

an d w hi c h l gi ca lly c m e s un d r t hi c ntra t s h a ll b
o o paid f th b as i s
e s o c , e or on e

o f c o st p l us t h p rc nta g b i d by t h
e c ntra t r T h e c st f t hi s xtra
e e e e o c o . o o e

w r k s h a ll b e ca l cu l at d o t h b as i s f t h p r i c p a i d a ll l a b o r rs
o e n d f r m n
e o e e e an o e e

actua lly ngag d o t h i s p art i cu l ar w r k a p art f t h c st f t h e p i

e e n o , o e o o su er n

t n d nt d t i me k p r ; sa i d p art t b ch arg d as xtra w o r k s h a ll b t h

e e an ee e o e e e e e

p r p rt i na l p art
o o o f th e nt i r a m o unt p a i d sa i d su p r i nt n d nt d t i m
o e e e e e an e

k p r t h at t h fi l d p y r ll f t h xtra w r k b ars t t h e nt i r fi l d p y
ee e e e a o o e e o e o e e e a

r ll f o t h d y t h at sa i d xtra w r k i s b i ng p r f r m e d T h e c st s h a ll
o r e a s e o e e o . o

a l s o i nc l d t h p r i c f y sm a ll t l s s ch as p i k h v l
u e e e o an d h a m m rs oo , u c s, s
‘

o e s an e

t h at m y b w rn t l st b y t h m actua lly ngage d o sa i d xtra w r k

a e o ou or o e en e n e o

d ur i ng suc h t i m th y ngag d e as sa i d xtra w r ke are e e on e o .

Sa i d xtra c st s h a ll i nc l u d t h c st f an y l u m b r h ar d war c m nt
e o e e o o e , e, e e ,

gr ve l o an y t h r m at r i a l us d d i nc r p rat d i n a i d xtra w r k T h
a r o e e e an o o e s e o . e

co st s h a ll i nc l d a ll li a bili t y i nsuranc ac t a lly p a i d

u e th l a b o r e rs d e u on e an

f r m n ngag d
o e e e s i d xtra w r k e on a e o .

Sa i d c st f xtra w r k s h a ll o t i nc l ud an y v r h a d carr yi ng g n ra l
o o e o n e o e e , ,
e e

or g n ra l fli xp ns
e e o ce e e e .

Th p rc nt ge dd d t th
e e c s t s h a ll c v r a ll r nta l f an y p l ant m
a e a e o e o o e e or , a

c hi n r y e l arg t l s f urn i s h d by t h c ntract r d us d b y h i m

or e oo e sa i d e o o an e on

e xtra w r k N a d d i t i na l c h arg s f r nta l s w ill b a ll w d b t sa i d xtra

o . o o e or e e o e u e

c t s h a ll i nc l d t h xp ns s f a ll r d i nar y r n wa l s
os u e e e r p a i rs m a d t
e e o o e e or e e o

th em ac hi n r y o q i p m nt d caus d b y t h
e r e u f th em ac hi n r y an d e e u se o e e an

e qu i p m nt whil e ct a lly us d
e sa i d xtra w r k
a u e on e o .

1 5 R e m o v l of U
. d M t e i l R b b i h e t — A ll unus d m at r i a l
a n u se a d r a , u s ,
c . . e e , an

a ll ru bbi s h o f an y ki nd m ust b e r m v d d d p s i t d i n a p l ac sat i s f ac t r y

, e o e an e o e e o

t o th sup r i nt n d n t o f t h wat r w r k s
e e e e d i n acc o r d anc wi t h t h
e ci ty e o , an e e

o r d i nanc s T h r es rv i r d suct i n w ll s h a ll b e t h or ghly c l an d d

e . e e o an o e ou e e an

l f t i n c n d i t i n t i s f ct o r y t r c i v w at r A ll w r k s h a ll b l f t i n
e a o o sa a o e e e e . o e e a

n at c l an d r d r ly c n d i t i n
e , e an o e o o .
4 28 A p p e n di x C

A PP E N D I X C

D R AW I N G S A S A B A SI S FO R SPE C I F I CATI O N W R I TI N G

T h e f o ll o w in g d ra w in g s a re f u rnish e d as a bas is f o r t h e writin g

o f s pe ci fi cati o ns in o r d e r that t h e st u de nt m a y hav e a de fi nit e a n d di s

tinc t c o nc e pti o n o f t h e subj e ct on which h e is r e quir e d t o w rit e T h e.

stu de nt sh o ul d b e assi g n e d o n e o r m o r e o f th e s e subj e cts an d b e r e

qui r e d t o w rit e c o m pl et e s p e c i fi cati o ns o f all o r o f such part o f t h e sa m e
as m ay s eem de si rabl e .
A p p e n di x C
D ra w in gs f o r Sp e c i fi ca t i o n W r it i n g 43 |
A p p e n di x C
434 A p p e n di x C
D ra w in gs fo r S p e c i fi ca t io n W ri t i n g 435
436 A p p e n di x C
A p p e n di x C
D ra w i n g s f o r Sp e c i fi c a t i o n W r i t i n g 4 39
440 A p p e n di x C
442 A p p e n dix C
D r a w i n g s f o r Sp e c i fi c a t i o n W r i t i n g 44 3
44 4 A p p e n di x C
A p p e n di x C
 D ra w in g s fo r S p e c i fi ca t i o n W r it i n g 44 7

PU M P I N G ST A TI O N
T h e f o ll o win g F i g ur e s 1 9 t o 2 4 inclusiv e a r e d ra w in g s f o r a wat e r
wo rks p u m p in g stati o n Sp e ci fi cati o ns m a y b e d ra w n f o r wo rk a n d
.

m at e ri al f o r e ith e r t h e p lant as a wh o l e o r f o r t h e vari o u s p arts a c ,

c o r d in g t o t h e f o ll o w in g sch e du l e
B u il din g.

E xcavati o n .

F o un dati o ns .

Co ncr e t e fl o o rs a n d walls .

Wo o de n fl o o rs .

B rick walls .

C u t st o n e .

R o o f t russ e s .

Ro o f .

Machin e fo un dati o ns .

Stair w ays .

R ailin g s .

Do o rs .

Win do w s .

Wainsc o tin g .

Tri m .

G utt e rs a n d do w ns po uts .

C hi m n e y.

Machin e ry .

S t e a m p i p in g .

Wat e r p i p in g .

S e w e r p i pin g .

B r e e ch i n g a n d s m o k e c o nn e cti o n .

B o il e r— 1 2 5 H P r e tu rn tub u lar
. . .

H e at e r
.

E n g in e— 5 0 H P si m p l e Co rliss
. . .

Tri p l ex p o we r p u m p 500 g all o ns p e r m inute 2 00 f t h e a d

, , . .
A p p e n di x C
450 Ap p e n dix
D ra w i n g s f o r Sp e c i fi c a t i o n W r i t in g
-
45 ]
45 2 A p p e n di x
45 4 A p p e n di x C

W A T ER PO W ER P L A NT
T h e f o ll o w in g F i g ur e s 2 5 t o 2 8 inclusiv e sh o w f o ur v i e w s o f a
v e rtical tu rbin e s ettin g w i th p lat e st e e l bulkh e a d ti m b e r pe n st o ck
,

g at e s trash racks e t c Sp e ci fi cati o ns m a y b e d ra w n f o r e ith e r t h e co m

, ,
.

p l e t e struct u r e o r its vari o us p a rt s as g iv e n in t h e f o ll o win g sch e d u l e :

R o ck a n d e a rth e xcavati o n .

Co ncr e t e
.

P lat e st e e l bulkh e a d a n d o th e r Wr o u g ht ir o n wo rk .

Trash racks a n d su p p o rts .

C ast i ro n .

Ti m b e r g at e s a n d o th e r ti m b e r wo rk .

H arn e ss o r p o we r t rans m issi o n m achin e ry .

G at e li f tin g d e vic e s
.
 D ra w i n g s f o r S p e c i fi c a t i o n W r i t i n g 55

Fi g . 25 .
— Ve rt i ca l Tur bi n S tt i ng— S ct i na l E l evat i o n Th r g h W h ee l p i t
e e e o ou -

d B u lkh e a d
an .
4 56 A p p e n di x C
45 8 A p p e n di x C
D ra w in g s fo r Sp e c i fi c a t i o n W r i t in g
A6 0 Ap p e n di x C

”
/5 C l fl an ge d p /p e

Zr 2 b exa qo f w /

Fi g . 3 0—
. P l at e St e l A i r C h am b r
e e .
462 A p p e n di x C
Dr a w in g s f o r S p e c i fi c a t i o n W r it i n g 63
464 A p p e n di x C

Fi g . 34 . St l T rans m i ss i n L i n e P l —Excavat i n W o r k
— Str u ctura l ee o o e o ,
an d

Mate r i a l f S tt i ng C ncr t e B as s d Anch rs W o r k a d Mat e r i a l

or e o e e an o , n f or
C o nstruct i o n a d Er ct i n o f St e l P o l e
n e o e .
46 6 A p p e n di x C

Fi g . 3 6 —S wi tc h
. Bo ar d f o r T wo 5 00K .W D i r e ct Curr nt
. e Ge e o —
n rat rs Fu r
n i sh ing an d Er e ct i ng
.
 D ra w i n g s f o r S p e c i fi c a t i o n W r i t i n g 46 7

” 2 # Z Al a /o r ” 2

Fi g . 37 .
— S wi tch Bo ar d f o r T wo 5 00K W A l t rnat i ng Curr ent
. . e Ge ne rat rs
o

Furn i s hi ng a d Er e ct i ng
n .
46 8 A p p e n dix D

A PP E N D I X D

B I B L I OG R A P HY O F SP E C I F I C AT I O N S

I n c o m p i li n g thi s bi bli og ra p hy th e f o l l o wi n g r ef e r e nc e s we r e con

su l t e d
A bb r e v i at i o n
Eng i n e e r i ng N w s e Eng N w . e s

Eng i n e r i ng R c o r d
e e Eng R . . ec .

Eng i n e e r i ng C nt ract i ng o Eng C o t . n ,

T ransact i ns A m e r i can S c i e t y f C i v il Eng i n rs

o o A S C E o ee . . . .

T ransact i ns A m r i can S o c i t y o f M e c h an i ca l Eng i n e rs

o e e A S M E e . . . .

T ransact i o ns A m e r i can I nst i tut o f E l e ctr i ca l Eng i n e rs A I E T

e e . . .

G n ra l Se ss i ns Nat i o na l E l e ctr i c L i g h t Ass o c i at i o n

e e o N E L A . . . .

Pro c e d i ngs A m r i can S c i t y f o T e st i ng Mat e r i a l s Am S c T st Mat

e e o e r . . . o . e . .

Pro c e d i ngs A m r i can Wat r W r k s

e e Am XV W k
e Ass n
o . . . s .
’

Pr o c e e d i ngs A m e r i can Ra il wa y Eng i n e r i ng d Ma i nt e nanc f Wa y e an e o

Ass c i at i n o o . A R E M W Ass n . . . . . .
’

Pr c e d i ngs N w Eng l an d Wat r W r k s Ass c i at i n N E W W k s Ass n

o e e e o o o . . . . . .
’

A Manua l o f Eng i n ee r i ng S p c i ficat i o ns a d C ntracts by L wi s M e n o , e .

Hau p t Pu bli s h d by J M St o d d ar d C o P hi l a d l p hi a
e . . .
,
e

Hau p t
Eng i n r i ng C ntrac t
ee d S p c i ficat i ns by J B J h ns o n Mc G
o s an w H ill B o o k
e o ,
. . o , ra -

C oN w Y rk
.
, e o J h ns n . . o o

Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i ns by J o h n C O stru p Pu bli s h d b y M G w H ill

e o , . . e c ra -

B o o k Co Ne w Y o r k .
, Ostru p f

R e f e r e nc e s t o s e v e ral o th e r p u bl icati o ns a r e g iv e n a m o n g wh ich ,

m ay b e n o t ed
T ransact i ns f t h e S c i e t y f Aut m bil e Eng i n rs
o o o o o o ee

Pr o c e e d i ngs Mast r Car B u il d rs Ass c i at i n e e

’
o o

Pr o f e ss i o na l Pa p e rs C r p s o f Eng i n e rs Un i t e d Stat s Ar m y
, o e ,
e

Pr c d i ngs o f Nat i o a l Ass c i at i n f C m nt Us rs

o ee n o o o e e e

Pr c d i ngs f A m r i can Ra il w y B r i d g e a d B u il d i ng Ass c i at i n

o ee o e a n o o

R e f e r e nc e t o T h e E n g i n e e ri n g N e ws a n d E n g i n e e ri n g R e c o r d a r e
u sua l l y g iv e n a s f o ll o w s : 1 9 1 3 —1 1 —6 7 2 — t h e fi rst n u m b e r r e f e rri n g

t o t h e y e ar , t h e s e c o n d i n d ica t i n g t h e v o l u m e o f that y e ar a n d t h e
last ivi n g t h e p a g e o n which t h e m att e r i s f o u n d I t sh o u l d b e
g .

n o t ed t hat r e f e r e nc e s i n p e r i o d i cals g iv e n as t ak e n f r o m t h e p r o c e ed

i n g s o f t h e Am e ri ca n So ci e t y f o r T e sti n g Ma t er i al s o r gi v e n i n a n y
v o l u m e o f t h e p u bl icati on s of that s o ci e ty m ay b e f ou n d i n t h e i r l at e s t
f o r m i n t h e lat e st Y e ar B o o k o f t h e So ci e ty .
470 A p p e n di x D
E le ct r c a i l
T rans A I E E 1 9 1 1
R u l es . . . . . .
, .

Mo t T rans A I E E 1 9 07
o rs . . . . . .
. .

I s l t o rs
n T rans A I E E 1 9 1 4
u a . . . . . . .

L i gh ts Eng R c 1 9 1 3 T rans So c Aut En g 1 9 1 1

. . e .
, . . . o .
’
r s, .

T r a sf o m e s n E l ctr i ca l Machi n e D s i gn by G ra y See El tr i ca l

r r .
“
e e ,
”
. ec ,

T rans m i ss i o n Li n s
“
e .

E xc v t i
a a on

S ea tt l Eng C nt Ju ly 5 1 9 1 1 Se Excavat i n M e asur e m nt

e . . o .
, . e o ,
” “
e .
”

F c s
en e

A R E M W Ass n 1 9 1 1 ’
. . . . . . .

Fi reP t ti ro ec on

Nat i o na l F i r e Pr t ect i n Ass n 87 M i lk Str e t Bo st o n N t l Bo r d o o

’
e , . a
’
a

F i r e Un d r wr i t e rs " 1 3 5 W illi a m Str ee t Ne w Y r ke , , o .

B il di n g
u

Fi ep o of Co s t ru c t i o R e q i em e t Nat i na l F i r Pr te ct i n A s c
”

r r n n u r n s . o e o o s o .

Nat l B o ar d F i r Un d e r wr i t rs
’
e e .

B i l d i g C o de
u C c et e Co n t ct i o Nat l B ar d F i r Und r w r i t rs
.
on r n s ru n .
’
o e e e .

R ec o m m e d a t i o s p t i i g to Sl w B n i g o Mi l l C t ct i o n er a n n o urn n r on s r u n .

Nat l B ar d f F i r Un d rwr i t rs
’
o o e e e .

P um ps
c R ot y d S t m F i e P u m p Nat l B ar d o f Fi r e
Cen t r i f u g a l , E l ect r i , ar an ea r s .
’
o

Un d r wr i t rs N t s o n H y d rau li cs by I J O w n P b by T h I
e e , o e . . e .
~
u . e n su r

ance Pr ss N ew Y r k Cr s by F i s k Han d b k f F i r Pr o t ct i o n
e , o , o -
e oo o e e .

P b by I ns ranc F i e l d C
u . L u i sv ill K y u e o .
, o e,

Sp i kl
r n ers

Ru l s a d R q i r m nts f Aut m at i c S p r i n kl e r S y st e m s Nat l B ar d

e n e u e e or o .
’
o

F i r e Un d r wr i t rs e e .

T k
an s

P e s su r e
r d G a vi t y / Nat l B ar d o f F i re Un d e r wr i t rs
an r .
’
o e .

Wi i g r n

I u l a t io
ns Nat l B d F i r Un d r wr i t rs n .
’
. e e e .

H yd ts r an

J ur N E W Wk A ss n 1 9 1 2 Eng N ws A g 7 1 9 1 3 Jun 1 9 1 3
o . . . . s .
'
. . e , u .
, , e, .

S e H y d rants V l ve s “ ” “
e , a .

Iro n d Ste l
an e

Axl es P r c Am So . T st Mat 1 9 05 1 9 1 1 1 9 1 3
o . . c . e . .
, , , .

B oi l e P l t i ve t s t e e l
r T rans A S M E 1 9 02 1 9 03 1 9 04 1 9 1 4 Pr c
a e, r . . . . . .
, , , . o .

Am S c T e st Ma t 1 9 0 . 9 1 91 3 o . . .
, , .

B l om s o d B i l l et Am S T st Mat 1 9 1 3
an s . . oc . e . .
, .

Cas t i gs Pr oc Am S n T st Mat 1 9 04 1 905 T rans S

. A to . . oc . e .
, . . oc . u .

1 91 0
’
En g r s, .

Ma l l e a b l e Ir on . T rans . So c Aut E . o n g r s,
’
1 91 0 .

P i g I r on . Pr o c . Am . So c . T e st M t . a .
, 1 909 .

C p i e s o f p u bli cat i ns o f t h a b v ass o c i a t i o ns

o o e o e m ay b e s ec ur ed f r o m
th e s cre tar i e s at t h e a d d r e ss e s gi ve n
e .
 B ib li o gr a p h y o f S p e c i fi ca t i o n s

I ro n an d St ee
—
l Co n t i n u e d .

R ai ls Carn g i e St l C Pa m p hl t Pr o c Am So c T es t Mat 1 9 06
. e ee o . e . . . . . .
, ,

1 90 7 1 90 9 1 91 5
,
Ste l Ra il s by Se l l ew ,
. e
”
.

R i f o ci g B a s
e n A R E M W Ass n 1 9 1 0 Tran s A S C E 1 91 0
r n r . . . . . .
’
,
. . . . . .
, .

Pr o c Am Soc T st Mat 1 9 1 1 1 9 1 2 1 9 1 3
. . . e . .
, , , .

c r
Sp l i e B a s d S y
t B o l t s — Pr o c Am So T e st Mat 1 9 07 1 9 09 1 9 1 3
an a . . c . . .
, , , .

Carn e g i e Ste e l C Han d b o k o . o .

Spr i g S t ee l
n Pr c Am S T t Mat 1 9 07 . o . . oc . es . .
, .

St ru c t l : Pr oc Am S c T st Mat 1 9 09 Os tru p T ra n s Soc Aut o

ura . . o . e . .
, . . . .

En g 1 91 0 S
’
I r n d St ee l Cast i ngs Ra il wa y s
r s, . ee
“
o an ,
” “
,
” “
.

S t on e Pr c A R E
. o . . . . M W . . Ass
’
n . Vo l . 9 an d Y e ar Boo k 1 91 1 . Se e
“
Mas nry o .
”

Co n c r ete . Nat l Ass n ’ ’

. C em e nt Us rs e . Eng N e ws . , V ol . 67 . Se e M e as
u r em en t .

C oa l T a r Cr e oso t e A R E M W Ass n 1 9 1 0 . . . . . .
’
, .

L i n seed . Pr o c Am So T e st Mat 1 9 1 3
. . c . . .
, .

L u br i ca ti n g . T rans Soc Aut o E gr s 1 9 1 0 Se . . n

’

, . e O il s .

Pain t
P r e s e r va t i ve Co a t i n g s . Pr oc . Am . So c . T st Mat e . .
,
1 91 3 . T r ns a . So c .

A to u En g
’
r s, 1 91 1 . S ee
“
Pa i nt .
”

P a ve m en ts
Str ee t Ra il wa y Pav m nts Nat l Pavi ng B r i c k Mf g As n 1 9 1 1 As e e .
’
rs . s
’
, .

so c fo. Stan d ar d izi ng P vi ng S p ec i ficat i o ns Annu l R e p o rts Ch i

r a . a .

c a go Eng C nt Mar 9—1 6 1 9 1 0 M i e En g Co nt S e p t 1 6 1 9 1 4

. . o . .
, . a n . . . .
, .

P i t t s b g En g C o nt A g 2 1 1 9 1 2 S a t t l e E n g C On t A g 9 1 9 1 1
ur . . . u .
, . e . . . u .
, .

Asp h l t a N e w J e se y. Eng R ec 1 9 1 2 N e w Yo k Ci t y H i g h w y Eu r . . .
, . r a

gi n e r i ng by M o rr i s n A m e r i can S M n i c i p a l Im p 1 9 1 1 P u b
e ,
"
o . oc . u .
, . .

by Mun i c i p a l J o urn a l C hi cag Eng C nt Ma 2 3 1 9 1 0 , o . . o . r .

, .

B r i ck C h i ca g
. Eng N w s 1 9 1 0 N t l P v B r i c k M i gr A ss n W P
o . . e , . a
’
a . e .
’
. . .

B la i r S c y Pr o c Am So c M I m p vt
’
C l ev l
, d ,
Oh i e . 1 91 1 e an , o . . . . un . r .
, .

P u b by Mun i c i p a l J ur
. Y e ar bo k Am S T e st Ma t 1 91 3 o . o . oc . . .

C on c t e Nat l Ass n C m nt Us e rs Eng C o nt J an 2 0 1 9 09

re .
’ ’
e e . . . . , .

Ma c a d m C h i cag o
a Eng N ews 1 9 1 0 N e w J e sey H i g h wa y Eng i n e er
. . .
, . r
“

i ng by M rr i s o n See Pav e m ent a d Ro a d Co nstr ct i o n B r i ck

”
o .
“
n u ,
” “
,
”

Et c .

P l aste r i g n

Stan d a r d S p ec i ficat i ns f o or Ext r i o r P l st e r i ng ( stucc o ) As so c Me ta l

e a . .

Lat h Mf gr Pam p hl e t s . . A gust 1 9 1 3 81 2 W i c k B l d g Y oungst o wn

u , . .
, ,

O hi o .

Pi pe
C as t I r o nPr o c Am W W k As s n 1 9 08 1 9 1 2 Pr o c
. . . . s .
’
, ,
. . Am . So c . T st
e .

Ma t 1 9 04 S att l e Eng C o nt A g 2 1 9 1 1
.
, . e . . . u . , .

C onc e t Pr c Nat A s n C em nt Us e rs 1 9 1 1
r e . o . . s
’
e , .

Vi t i fi d
r Am S T e st Mat 1 91 4 Eng C o nt A g
e . . oc . . .
, .
‘
. . u . 1 9, 1 9 1 4 . I owa
St t D ra i n Ass n Eng N e w s 1 9 1 3
a e .
’
,
‘
. , .
4 72 A p p e n di x D
P i p e—C o n ti n ued .

Wo od S t a ve . Pr c o . Am . Ry . B r i d ge B d l g Ass n .
’
. 32d Ann R p t . e . Se e
“
Pi p e .

R a i l wa y s

Pr c A R E M W As s n 1 9 02 1 9 05 1 9 1 0
B a l la s t . o . . . . . .
’

, , , .

Ca Wh e e l
r Pr o c Am So T st Mat 1 9 05 1 9 1 3
s . . . c . e . .
, , .

Ca s Pr o c Mast e r Ca r B l d Ass n 1 9 1 1
r . . rs .
’

, .

F e c s A R E M W Ass n 1 9 1 1
n e . . . . . .
’

, .

F o g s a d S wi t c h es A R E M W Ass n 1 9 09 1 9 1 0
r n . . . . .
’

, , .

Se e I r o n a d S tee l
“
R a i ls . n .

R o l li g Sto k n Pr c Am So c T st Mat 1 9 04 c . o . . . e . . .

Si g a l nA R E M W Ass n 1 9 05—6—7
s . . . . . .
’
, .

Ti Pro c Am So T e st Mat 1 9 09
r es . . . c . . .
, .

T c k Co st c t i o
ra Eng N e w s 1 9 00 I I p 43 0 Se
n ru n . .
,
-
, . . e Ra il wa y s .

I ro a d S te l
“ " “
Ca s
”
r E tc
, n n e , .

R ef to y M t
r ac r i l a er a

S ili ca B r i c k Etc Can Engr V l 2 3 p 3 3 1 , . . . o .

, . .

Se we r s
Am eric n S a oc . Mu n . Im p v t . Mun i c . En g n g .
, 1 91 2 .

Si d e w lk
a C rbs s, t u an d G u t er s
Nat l Ass n C
’
m e nt Us e rs Eng N e w s 1 9 09 Eng C nt Jan 2 0 1 9 09
’
e . .
, . . o . . .
,

1 91 0 C i v il En g P o c k t B o k by Fr y e Eng i n r i ng “ “
F b 23e .
-
, . . e o , . ee

W r k i n T w ns d C i t i s b y M C l l g h S
o S w rs Nat l
o an e , c u ou . ee e e .
” ’

Ass n C m nt Us rs E g C nt Jan 2 0 1 9 1 1 C i v il E g
’
e e P ck t e .
l n : o . .
, . n rs . o e

B ok Fr y Eng i n r i ng wo r k i n T w ns
o , d Ci ti s eM C l l gh
. ee o an e . c u ou .

S S i d wa lk
ee
“
e .

Si g n l a s

A R E. M W Ass n 1 9 05 —6—7 S Ra il wa y s
. . . .
’

, . ee .

Ti m b er

S t uc t r al Pr c Am So c T st Mat 1 9 07 1 9 1 0 1 9 1 3 S att l e Eng

ur . o . . . e . .
, , , . e . .

C o nt A g 3 0 1 9 1 1 T rans A R E M W Ass n 1 9 08—9—1 3 Y ar

. u .
, . . . . . . .
’
, . e

Bo k A R E M W Ass n 1 9 1 1 Ostru p Y ll w P i n Mf g Ass n ’ ’

o . . . . .
, . . e o e rs . .

Manua l f Stan d r d C n str ct i n 1 9 1 1 o a o u o , .

Ti e Eng N w s 1 9 1 1 —I I p 4 3 0 A R E
s . M W Ass n 1 9 06 S
. e , . . . . . . .
’

, . ee

Ti m b r
“
e .

T rans mi i Li ss o n ne

Ov h e d W i s— S att l Eng N ws V l 6 7 Nat l E l c Lt Ass n 1 9 1 3 ’ ’

er a re e e . . e , o . e . . , .

See T rans m i ss i n L i n W i r e Cabl

“ ” “ ” “
o e, e

V l ves —Se
, .

a H y d rants e
“
.
”

Wire
Co p p cr T e st M t 1 9 09
H a r d d r a wn . Pr c o . Am . Soc . . a .
, .

Al m i u m Y ar Bo k A m Soc T st Mat 1 9 1 0
nu . e o . . . e . .
, .

I s la t e d
n u Pr c A I E E 1 9 1 1 Pr R y S i gna l Ass n V l 8
. o . . . . .
, . oc . .
’
, o . .

B on d i g C p p r C l a d Pr oc R y S i gna l A n V l 9 See W i r
n . o e . . . ss
’

, o . .
“
e .

Wi r i g Se F i r e Pr o t ec t i o n
n . e
“
.

Zi P nn R R So Aut E g
nc . e V l 6 Pr c Am S T es t Mat
. . . c . o n rs . o . . o . . oc . . .
,

1 91 1 .
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As p h l t — se e
a i tu m e n B

Axl —se e
.

es I ro n a n d St e e l “
.

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as , a

Sp ifi t io
ec R p rt A R Eca ns . e o . . . M W Ass n . .
’
. Eng N e ws .
,
1 9 03 1 —
2 85 .

Stan d ar d s in Un i t ed St t s Cana d a
a e ,
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1 42 .

R o a d b e d b a ll ast R p rt o f c o m m i tt e e m at r i a l s d f o r m f cr ss
. e o ,
e an o o

s e ct i n Pr o c A R E o M W Ass n 1 9 02 V 01 3 p 1 2 8
. . . . . . .
’
, , .
.
, . .

B a ll ast i ng R e p rt f c m m i tt e s p e c i ficat i o ns f
. m at r i a l s do o o e or e an

cr ss s ct i n f st o n e gr a v l c i n d e rs b urnt c l a y s h e ll s Pr o c
o -
e o or ,
e , , , .
’

A R E . M W Ass n 1 9 05 V l 6 p 7 3 4 ; 1 9 06 V o l 7 p 8 3
. . . .
’
, ,
o . , .
, . , . .

R v i s d — f o b a ll ast s p e c i ficat i o ns Pr c A R E
e e r M W Ass n . o . . . . . .
’
,

1 91 0 Vo l
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Ba ll oo n

U S S i gna l C r p s S p c i ficat i ns f a d i r i g ibl e b a ll n T rans

. . o . e o or oo . .

A S M E 1 9 08 V o l 3 0 p 6 8 9
. . . .
, , .
, . .

B ar g se

Sp ifi ecti fo cast l b arg s f o M i ss i ss i p p i R i v r i m p r o v m e nt

on s r ee e r e e

w rk Eng C o nt Ap r 2 4 1 9 1 2 p 4 5 7
o . . . , . , , . .

B ea r i g s —se e I r o n d St e e l ; A ll o y s
n
“
an
” “
.
”

Be l ts
L e at h e r d r i v i ng b l ts Wat r p w e r l ctr i c p l ant at Aust i n T xa s e . e o e e , e .

J o h ns o n p 2 4 5 , . .

i
B tum en

C n f us i o n f T r m s As p h a l t
o d P i tc h i n S p e c i fic t i o s by C G
o e an
“
a n , . .

At w at r Eng N e ws 1 9 08—1 —6 3 9
e . .
, .

As p h a l t i c p av m e nts d s h t as p h a l t at Vanc uv e r B C Eng

e an ee o , . . .

N e w s 1 9 1 2 —1 1 ,

M e t h o d s o f ana ly s i s f o tars d sugg st e d s p c i ficat i o ns f o t h ei r u se r an e e r .

U S O ffic o f Pu bli c R o a d s Eng C o nt Oct 1 4 1 9 08 p 2 4 0

. . e . . .
, , . .

S p c i ficat i ns f o r bi tu m i n us r a d bi n d rs Pa p r b e f r e F i rst C o
e o o o e . e o n

gr e ss o f R o a d B u il d rs by A B F l tc h e r Eng C nt S p t 1 e , . . e . . o e .
,

1 9 09 , p . 1 85 .

S p e c i ficat i ns o o f Ne w Y r k Stat e H i g h wa y D e p rt m nt
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Maca d a m an d B i tu m i n o us Mat e r i a l s Eng C nt . . o Dec . 8, 1 9 09 ,

p . 490 .
‘

A sp h a l t s p e c i ficat i ns f P nns y l van i a H i g h wa y D e p art m e nt Eng o o e . .

C nt A g 1 9 1 9 1 4 p 1 9 3
o .
, u .
, , .

S e al so Pav m e nts O il s ” “
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T o r o nt As p h a l t S p c i ficat i o n s by G C P owe ll Can Eng V o l 2 5 p 83 7

o e . . . . . .
, . .

B it m i n
u C c te Pl t
ou s on re an

Eng li s h S p c i ficat i ns f B i tu m i n s C o ncr t M i xi g P l ant a n d De

e o or ou e e n

scr i p t i o n o f Acc e p tanc e T e st by W H G r i e ve s Eng C o nt Se p t 3 0 , . . . . .

, .
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1 9 1 4, p . 3 25 .
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i
B o l ers
Un i t ed St t s g v rn m nt nava l s p c i ficat i ns
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S p c i ficat i ns
e at r t b b il rs f St Lo u i s M Eng N ws
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, o . . e ,

1 8 9 4— 1— 1 5 1 ; 1 8 9 6—II —2 8 0 3 1 5 330 , , .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i s R p rt t t h A m r i can B il r M f t

e on . e o o e e o e an u ac u r

e rs Ass c i at i n Eng N e w s 1 8 9 8—1 1 —2 5 1

’
o o . . , .

Un i f r m i t y i n p e c i ficat i ns f o m ar i n e b o il rs R p rt t o t h Am
o s o r e . e o e .

B il r Manu f actur rs Ass c i at i n E g N w s 1 9 04 —II —3 7 3

’
o e e o o . n . e , .

Sp c i ficat i ns f
e h r iz nta l tu b u l ar d b il r q u i p m nt D u m m y
o or o o an o e e e .

f rm
o Us f ul i n m a k i ng p s p c i ficat i ns f tu b u l ar b il rs t
. e u e o or o e o

g e t h r w i t h s tt i ngs P w r D
e 1 9 05 p p 728 729 e . o e ,
ec .
, , . , .

S p e c i ficat i ns f b il rs Fa i r ly c m p l t car f u lly d ra w n p i n

o or o e . o e e, e u

bl an k f r m c o nv n i nt f o g n ra l e T h Eng i n r Ju ly 1 5
o ,
e e r e e us . e ee , ,

1 9 02 , p p . 5 1 4, 5 1 5 .

Un i f r m s p c i ficat i ns f b il rs R c m m e n d at i ns f t h e A m r
o e o or o e . e o o o e .

B o il e r Ma k e rs Ass n C m m C nta i ns s m e o f t h e i m p o rta t f’ ’

o . o o n ea

tur e s o f r e p o rt V e r y p ract i ca l M o d r n m ac hi n e r y 1 9 00—1 9 01 e ,

—
. .
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pp 2 3 3. 236 .

S p e c i ficat i n s f o b o il r Stan d ar d r e q u i r m nts f t h A m r B il r

o r e s . e e o e e . o e

Manu f actur rs Ass n O f p ract i ca l i nt e r st e d va l u I nc l u d s

’ ’
. e an e . e

i t e m s o f gr e at st va l u e t t h o s e w h e ngag d i n p rat i ng
e o o a re e o e

p l ants b t h s n t hi ng t , d w i t h m anu f actur i ng o f b o il r

u a St a m o o o e s . e

Eng i n e e r i ng Jun 1 9 00 p p , e, , .

B il rs
o e N w O r l ans La
. J h ns n D 4 09
e e , . o o , . .

Wat r tu b u l ar b o il rs a n d s tt i ngs St L o u i s Mo J o h ns n p 2 9 6
e e e . . , . o , . .

Se e a l s St e a m P l ant o
“
.
”

Br i k
c

Sp ec ifi ti s fca b r i c k R p rt t t h A m So T st Mat Eng

on or . e o o e . c . e . . .

N w s 1 9 09 —1 1 —5 6
e , .

S p c i ficat i ns f C m m n d V i tr i fi d B r i c k d La yi ng Sa m i n
e o or o o an e an e

St L u i s M by W W H rn r Eng C nt S p t 1 3 1 9 1 1 p 2 8 6
. o , o .
, . . o e . . o .
,
e .
, , . .

Pr p s e d stan d ar d s p ec i ficat i ns f b u il d i ng d p av i ng b r i c k Pr c
o o o or an . o .

Am S T e st Mat V l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 2 8 6
. oc . . . o . , , . .

S ee a l s Pav m nt o
“
e e .

Br idg eh G l d D ta il
en er a an e s

Sp ifi
ec ti f
ca th D s i gn f B rid g s
on s d Su b w a y s b y H B S
or e e o e an , . . ea

m n a C v e rs l a d i ng str e ss e s d ta il s f un d at i ns t
. o , Trans o , , e , o o ,
e c . .

A S C E V l 75 1 91 2 p 31 3
. . . .
, o .
, , . .

Sta d ar d S p c i ficat i o ns f o B r i d g s by Ostru p ( M G w H ill B k

n e r e , . c ra -
oo

C m p an y ) H i g h w a y B r i d g s p p 1 3 —2 5 ; Ra il r a d B r i d g s p p 2 6
o . e , . o e , .

3 6 ; P l at G i r d rs p p 3 7 —4 2 N t
e A d a p t d f r m G n ra l Sp i fi
e , . . o e : e o e e ec

ca t i o ns f St l Ra il r a d B r i d g s 1 9 1 0 f A R E
or ee M W A ss n o e ,
'

, o . . . . .
’
.

Mat r i a l se d W r k m ans hi p Mat r i l s f

an Structura l d R iv t o . e a or an e

St l by Ostru p Pag s 4 3 —5 3
ee , . e .

I ns p e ct i n Pa i nt i ng o d Er ct i n , Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i ns f by an e o , e o o r,

Ostru p Pag e s 5 4 5 7 .
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.
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Br i d g —G n e ra l a d D ta il s C t i d
e e n e on n ue .

S p c i ficat i ns a d ta bl s f st l f ra m d str u ctur s Pu bli c t i o n by

e o n e or ee e e . a

A m r i can B r i d g C
e f N w Y rk G n ra l d iti n 1 9 1 3 e o o e o e e e o

—
. . , .

B id g
r e H ighw y e a ~

R l at i n f B r i d g S p c i ficat i ns t o H i g h wa y I m p r v m nt Pa p r
e o o e e o o e e . e

b e f r I d Eng S c by Pr f A S m i t h Eng R
o e n . 1 91 1—.1—83 o . , o . . . . ec .
, .

H i g h w a y b r i d g e s p c i ficat i ns o ut li n d by U S ffic f p u bli c r a d s e o e . . o e o o .

Eng R .1 9 1 3 —I I 2 3 0 U S D p t Agr i cu l tur

ec .
, O ffic f Pu bli c R a d s -
. . . e . e e o o

C i rcu l ar 1 00 1 9 1 3 , .

St e e l hi g h wa y b r i d g e S p e c i ficat i ns f t h e ffic o f p u bli c r a d s . o o o e o .

E d i t o r i a l Eng R e c 1 9 1 3 —I I—2 5 5 . .
, .

St e l hi g h wa y b r i d g s
e d v i a d ucts A m e r i can B r i d g e C m p an y e an . o .

J h ns n p 4 3 3
o o , . .

B ri d g s S p c i ficat i ns f o t h e su p rstructur e f t h B l ac k we ll s ’
e . e o r e o e

I s l an d b r i d g L ngt hy a b stract car f u lly d ra w n p C nta i n p

e . e e u . o s e

ci l f a tur s Eng R ea V l 4 8 A g 2 2 1 9 03 p p 2 2 2 —
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, o .
, u .
, , . .

B ri d g s p c i ficat i ns f a sus p ns i n Fu ll s p e c i ficat i ns d r w n p

e, e o or e o . o a u

by Mr C o p r f sus p e ns i o n b r i d g o ve r Hu d s n R i v r at Ne w
. o e or e o e

Y r k C i t y Eng N w s V l 3 3 Mar 7 1 8 9 5 p p 1 5 9 1 6 0
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, .
, , .
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S p e c i ficat i o ns f c ncr t fl r by Un i t d Stat e s O ffic f Pu bli c or o e e oo e e o

R o a d s Eng R e c .
—1 1 —3 05 . . .
,

S p c i ficat i o ns f R p l ac i ng W o d F l r w i t h R i n f rc d C ncr t f
e or e o oo e o e o e e or

H i g h w a y B r i d g s b y L C S m i t h Eng C o nt F b 1 4 1 9 1 2 p 1 7 9 e , . . . . .
,
e . , , . .

G n e ra l s p c i ficat i ns f
e c ncr t e a d st e e l b r i d g e wo r k o f t h 1 1 1
e o or o e n e .

Stat H i g h wa y C m m i ss i n Eng C nt Oct 2 1 1 9 1 4 p 3 9 1

e o o . . o .
, .
, , . .

D s i gn f e atur s f W illi a m s r e i n f rc e d c ncr t e hi g h w a y b r i d g C

e e o
’
o o e e, o

l u m b us O hi S p c i ficat i ns f w r k a d m t i l Eng C nt
, o . e o or o n a er a s . . o

Jun 3 1 9 1 4 p p 3 09 6 4 3
e ,
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, .

S ee a l s o C ncr t e o e .

B id g
r es, M ta l R il w y e , a a

B ri d g s p e c i ficat i ns f t h B a l t i m r
e d O hi o R R Eng N w s
o o e o e an . . . e ,

1 89 4 I—4 08 ; 1 8 9 5 —I I —3 6 5 ; 1 8 9 6—
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I—3 9 2 .

B rid g s p c i ficat i o ns o f t h e B st o n Ma i n R y Eng N ws 1 8 9 7 —1

e e o e . . e ,

1 75 .

Sp e c i ficat i ns f C h i cag D ra i nag Cana l ra il wa y b r i d g e s Eng

o or o e . .

N w s 1 89 7 —I I—3 6 3
e , .

S p c i ficat i ns f st l f ra il w a y b r i d g s D ra w n p by G
e o or H ee or e . u eo . .

Th m p s n f r m r l y b r i d g ng i n r f N w Y r k C e ntra l R R
o o , o e e e ee o e o . .
,

c v r d i fii l t i i n t h w y f b ta i n i ng su i ta bl m at r i a l s t e
o e cu es e a o o e e a r a

s o na bl co st Eng N w s Ma y 3 1 1 8 9 4 p 4 4 6
e . . e , , , . .

S p c i ficat i o ns f b r i d g e v r t h M i ss i ss i p p i r i v r at R c k I s l an d
e or o e e e o ,

I ll Eng N w s 1 8 9 6—I—4 07
. . e , .

S p c i ficat i ns f sus p ns i n b r i d g e v r N rt h r i v r N w Y o r k Eng

e o or e o o e o e , e . .

N e w s 1 89 5 I—1 4 5 1 5 9 1 7 6
,
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, , .

S p c i ficat i ns f o st l b r i d g e s d v i a d ucts f t h e Atc hi s o n T o p k a

e o r ee an o , e

Sant F e R y Eng N w s 1 9 03 —I—4 8 5

a . . e , .

S p e c i ficat i ns f B l ac k w ll s I s l an d b r i d g N w Y rk Eng N ws ’
o or e e, e o . . e ,

1 90 3 —II —1 1 3 2 02 4 4 2 , , .
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B r i d g Ti m b e r—C o t i d
e, n n ue .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o r m e ta lli c d ta il s us d i n wo o d n b r i d g e s a
o e e e n d tr e t l es s .

C m m i tt R p o rt A R E
o ee M W Ass n 1 9 06 V o l e . . . . . .
’

, , . 7, p . 692 ;
1 91 0 , Vol . 1 1 , p . 1 78 .

B r i d g e d T r st l W r k Hau p t p 1 7 3
an e e o .
, . .

Se e a l s o Ti m b e r “
.

Bron z
e
— s e A ll
e oys
“
.

Bu il d i g n

Arc hi t e cts a d b u il d rs un i f r m c ntract ( A d o p t d

’
n d cm e
’
o o . e an re o

m ended f g e n ra l se by A m r i can I nst f Arc h i t e cts ; a l s t h

or e u e . o o e

Nat i na l A s i t i
o f B u il d rs ) R f r nc : E l ctr i c L i g h t i ng
s oc a on
‘

o e . e e e e e

S p ec i ficat i ns by M e rr ill ; 2 d e d i t i n p p 2 04—2 1 3

o , o , . .

B u il d i ng c d f th C i t y o f Ne w Y o r k t h at rs a d o p er a h u s es
o e o e e e n o :

( Pr p s d by J i nt C m m f A I f Arc h i t cts Nat l B ar d

’
o o e o f o . o . . o e , o o

F i r e Un d e r w r i t e rs e t ) R e f e e c : I nsuranc Eng i n r i ng V o l
i

,
c . r n e e ee , .

21 pp 2,
9 8 — 3 07 N o t e : F o r var i o us ru l s r gu l at i ns d e m
. . e , e o an r co

f Nat l B o ar d o f F i r Un d e r wr i t rs Nat l Fi r e P ' ’

m en d at i o n s o e e , ro

te tio c Ass n e l at v l u m e s o f F i r e I nsuranc

n
’

, se e o e .

S p c i ficat i o ns f
e i l h us e s ( A d o p t d by I n d p n d nc e I ns p ct i o n
or o o . e e e e e

B ur e u o f P hil a d e l p hi a )
a R e f r nc : I nsuranc Eng i n e r i ng V l . e e e e e ,
o .

21 , p . 444 .

Mun i c i p a l b u il d i ng l a ws i n t h e Un i t e d Stat e s C m p ar d by R . o e .

F l m i ng D s i gn i ng Eng i n e r o f A m e r i can B r i d g C m p an y Eng

e , e e e o . .

N e w s 1 9 1 3 —I I—9 , .

Var i us ru l e o d r q u i r m e nts o f t h e Nat i na l B o ar d

s an f Fi r U e e o o e n

d w it s f
er difi
r e t f o rm s
er f b u il d i ng c nstruct i o n a d fi
or p er n o o n re ro

t ti n
ec pum ps
o a p p li a c s t
, R f e r nc Han d b k f F i r
,
n e , e c . e e e : oo o e

Pr o t ct i o n f I m p r o v d R i s k s b y Cr s by F i s k Pr ss f Stan d
e or e , o e . e o

ard P u b Co B st o n Mass . .
, o , .

B u il d i ng r d i nanc e o f t h C i t y f C hi cag
o ( Pass d by t h c i t y c un e o o . e e o

c il D e 5 ,
R f r e nc : Han d b k f Arc hi t e cts d B u i l d
c . , e e e oo or an

e rs, p u bli s h d un d e r aus p i c s f C hi cag o Arc h i t cts B us i n ss Ass o

e e o e e

ci a t io n . Vol . 1 6, 1 9 1 3, p . 67 .

C om l t s p c i ficat i ns f a f ra m e d w lli ng
p e e e I nt rnat i na l L ib rar y o or e . e o

f T ch no l g y V l 3 3 s ct 2 3 p 1
”
o e o , o .
, e . , . .

R p rt
e o Un i f r m S p c i ficat i ns f Bu il d i ngs by W m B B a m f r d
on o e o or , . . o .

D i scuss s t h e g n ra l c o ns i d rat i ns a ff ct i ng c ntract p e c i fi ca

e e e e o e o s

t i ns J urn l Am So c o f Eng C nt Marc h 1 9 1 1

o . o a . . . o .
, , .

S p c i ficat i ns f o r O ffic e B u il d i ngs by Fr e d W W i t b m S g g e

e o , . n er u . u s~

t i o ns h e l p f u l i n w r i t i ng a g d s p c i ficat i n B r i c k B u il d r De oo e o . e ,
c .

1 9 09 , V o l . 1 8, p p . 257 —2 5 9
H i g h s rv i c p u m p i ng stat i o n N 3 St L u i s Mo J o h n s n p 2 6 7
e e o . , . o ,
. o , . .

Eng i n h o us St L o u i s Wat r W r k s J o h ns o n p 3 04
e e, . e o .
, . .

Pa s e ng e r d p t B a l t i m o re
s P o t m ac R R W s hi ngt o n Hau p t
e o . o . .
, a , ,

p . 1 24 .

C nstruct i o n
o o f mo l l e ge b u il d i ng . P e nns yl van i a Hau p t , , p . 1 1 0 .
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B u il d i ng—C o t i d n n ue .

C hi cag o s p e c i ficat i o ns for stan d ar d h o ll w t il fi e p r fing o e r oo . Ref

e r e nc e : H an d b o o k for Arc h i te ct d B u il d rs V l 1 6 s an e ,
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, 1 91 3,

p . 1 83 .

G rav l r fi g s p e c i ficat i ns ( A d p t d by C hi cag Mast r C m p

e oo n o . o e o e o o

si t i R f rs Ass n ) R f r nc
on oo Han d b k f Arc hi t cts d
e
’ ’
. e e e e : oo or e an

B u il d e rs V o l 1 6 1 9 1 3 p 3 02 , .
, , . .

M o d e rn p l u m bi ng s p c i fic t i ns us d w rk d n n d r t h su p e r e a o e on o o e u e e

v i s i ng arc h i t e ct o f t h e tr asur y d p art m nt Was hi ngt n D C -

e e e , o , . .

B u il d i ng M c h an i cs R e a d y R e f r nc e b y R i c h y ( P l u m b e rs
’
Th e e e e , e ,

St e a m F i tt e rs d Ti nn e rs E d i t i n ) pp 428 45 0
’
an
’
o , .
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.

S p c i ficat i o ns f o t h e p l u m bi ng i nst ll at i n i n t h H t l Sant i ag o

e r a o e o e ,

Havana Cu b a P l u m bi ng P l ans a d S p c i ficat i ns b y J J C

, . n e o , . . os

gr v p p 6 5 —8 4
o e, . .

W r l d s Fa i r ( C hi cag ) f m at r i a l s d w r k m ans hi p Eng N w s

o
’
o or e an o . . e ,

1 89 2 1 ——2 9 1 .

C l e v l an d O r gu l at i ns d s p c i ficat i ns f
e , .
,
e o an e o or r i n f o rc
e ed c ncr t
o e e .

Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 —1 —9 9 3 05
. e , , .

S p ec i ficat i ons f structura l w r k f b u il d i ngs or o o . T rans A S C . . . . E .

,

1 9 05 , V o l . 51 , p . 371 .

S p c i fi cat i ns f G ra d A O ffic B il d i ng R q u i re m nts o f Nat l F i r

e o or e . e u . e e
’
e

Pr fing Ass n Eng R V l 7 3 p 83 1

oo
’
. . ec . o . . .

A l so se e Lat hi ng ; R o fing ; Mas o nr y t ” “

o .
”
e c .

Ca bl e, S p si us en on

Sp c i fi ca t i
e f sus p e ns i n ca bl e D r w n p by M r L L B uc k f o
on s or o . a u . . . r

e w East R i v e r b r i d g e
n Extract s c v r m anu f actur d r ti n . o e e an e ec o

o f wi r w r k p ro p r
.
Eng R
e V l 40 N v 1 8 1 89 9 pp 5 7 3
o e . . ec .
, o .
, o . , . ,
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574 .

Se e a l s o T rans m i s i n L i n s o e.

Ca i sso n s

S p c i ficat i n f ca i ss n f p i r f C i nc i nnat i hi g h w a y b r i d g T rans

e o or o or e o e . .

A S C E 1 89 2 V l 2 7 p 2 1 8
. . .
, o .
, . .

C ana l L ck o s

C t st o n e m as nr y at Sau l t St
u Mar i Eng N ws 1 8 9 5 —1 1 —1 9 4—2 3 8
o e . e . . e , .

Als s o Mas nr y ; eeC o ncr t “

o
” “
e e .

Pr opo s e d S p c i ficat i ns e o fo r car c u p l rs o e Eng N ew s 1 89 2—1—43 6

—
. .
,

1 8 9 9 —I 3 9 3 —3 9 6 .

C o u p l e rs f o i nt rur b an cars w h r i nt e rc h ang o f q u i p m nt i s i

r e e e e e e n

v l ve d Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 —I I—8 6 1
o . . e , .

S p c i ficat i ns a d guarant e f C I wh l s R p t M C B Ass n

e o n e or . . ee . e .
’

Eng N ws 1 8 9 7 —1 —3 6 0 3 6 7
. . . .

. e , , .

C a t i r n wh l s f o s ixt y i g h t y d
s o h un d r e d t h usan d p un d
ee r , e an on e o o
cars Eng Ne ws 1 9 04—I 6 1 4 ; 1 9 04—1 1 —9
. .
,
-
.

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o C I wh e l a d p t d b y Mast r C B u il d rs
r . . e s o e e ar e
’

As s n Eng N e ws 1 9 09 —1 1 —1 1 2
’
. . , .

S p ec i ficat i o ns a d p t d by Am So Te st Mat Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 —1 o e . c . . . . e ,

65 9 .
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C rs —C o t i d
a n n ue .

S tan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f C I wh l s Pr c A m S c T st
e o or . . ca r ee . o . . o . e .

Mat V o l 5 1 9 05 p 6 5
.
, . , , . .

Pr o p o s d stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f f rg d
e d r ll d f o rg d o e o or o e an o e , e , r

r o ll d s li d ste e l wh e l s f o ng i n truc k t n d e r a n d p a se ng r
e o e r e e , e s e

su b wa y d e l e vat d R y s rv i c e P r c Am S T st Mat V l
an e . e . o . . oc . e . .
, o .

1 1 ,
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Sa m e f o f r i g h t s rv i c Sa m p 5 9
r e e e . e, . .

G n d l a cars
o o E m p i r e T rans p rtat i n C m p an y Hau p t p 2 01
. o o o , , . .

B utt r d e gg cars E m p i r T rans p o rtat i n C m p an y Hau p t

an e . e o o , ,

p . 1 98 .

St c k cars E m p i r e T rans p rtat i o n C o m p an y Hau p t p 1 9 7

o . o , , . .

Rac k cars E m p i r e T rans p o rtat i o n C m p an y Hau p t p 1 9 4

. o , , . .

B x cars
o E m p i r T rans p rtat i n C m p an y Hau p t p 1 9 2
. e o o o , , . .

B o il e r tan k cars E m p i r T rans p rtat i n C m p an y Hau p t p 1 8 8 . e o o o , , . .

Car m at r i a l s Stan d ar d s d r c m m e n d d p ract i c o f t h e Mast r

e . an e o e e e

Car B u il d rs Ass o c i at i o n P r c e d i ngs Mast e r Car B u il d rs

e
’
. o e e
’

Ass n V o l 4 5 1 9 1 1 p p 5 2 1 —7 8 8 I nc l u d e s var i us s p c i ficat i n

’

, . , , . . o e o s

f car m at e r i a l a d q u i p m nt Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns r m

or n e e . e o , e co

m e n d e d p ract i c e .

C ti n g s
as

Sp c i fi c t i
e s f m a ll e a bl
a cast i ngs ( C L Su lli van ) Eng N ws
on or e . . . . e ,

1 89 7 —1 —2 4 7 .

S p c i ficat i ns f
e f un d r y cast i ngs
o (J I C s Eng N e w s
or o _ . . a e .
,

1 8 9 8—II —2 2 0 .

S p c i ficat i o ns f o P i g I r o n d I o n Cast i ngs f P hil a d e l p hi a R e a d

e r an r or

i ng R y C b y R b rt J b Eng N e w s 1 9 04—1 —2 5 3
. o .
,
o e o . .
, .

S p c i ficat i n f cast i r n d fin i s h e d cast i ngs Eng N ws 1 9 04

e o s or o an . . e ,

I—5 8 4 .

S p c i ficat i o ns
e fo r p ig ir n o an d cast i ngs sa m p li ng c l aus , e . Eng N . ew s ,

1 9 04 —I 559 -
.

S p c i ficat i o ns f f un d r y su p p li
e (J 1 Cas e Eng N ws
or o es . . . e ,

1 9 02 — II —1 8 4 .

St a n d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f gra y i r o n cast i ngs Pr c ee d i ngs Am So

e o or . o . c .

T st M at V l 5 1 9 05 p 7 1
e . .
, o .
, , . .

S p c i ficat i ns f
e a l u m i nu m cast i ngs Pr o c Am S
o T e st Ma t
or . . . oc . .

Y ar B k 1 9 1 0
e oo , .

Pr p s d stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f gra y i r n cast i ngs ( A d p t e d

o o e e o or o . o

i n a m n d d f o r m by l e tt r b a ll o t o f t h e A m r S f o T st i ng Ma
e e e e . oc . r e

t i ls S p t
er a R f r nc s D i g st— “C i vil Eng i n rs P oc k e t
e . e e e e : e ee

B ok o by Fr y p 4 9 8 P r o c Am S f T e st i ng Mat e r i a l s V o l
, e, . . . . oc . or , .

5 pp 7 1 —
, 7 4 ; al s . 1 9 1 3 Y ar B o k p p 1 9 1 1 9 4 o e o , .
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G ra y I r o n Cast i ngs by H nr y So ut h r C h m Stan d ar d s C m m f o r , e e , . o .

So f Aut m bil
c . o Eng i n e rs 1 9 1 0 R f e r nc : T rans o f t h e
o o e e , . e e e .

S oc f Aut m bil
. o Eng i n rs V l 5 p p 1 6 8—1 7 5 N o t : F o r
o o e ee , o .
, . . e

n t s d i nstruct i ns r e f rr i ng t o a b v e sa m V o l p p 1 7 6
o e an o e o e, s e e .
, .

2 02 .
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C em e —
nt C o n t i n u ed .

t i o ns o f Eng i n e e rs R e f r e nc e s : Pract i ca l C m e nt T e st i ng b y . e e ,

T a yl o r p 3 08 , . .

Un i te d S t at e s Ar m y stan d r d s p e c i ficat i o ns f o ( R c a b o ut 1 9 02 by a r. e .

B o ar d o f Eng i n e rs O ffic rs T e st i ng H y d rau li c C e m nts f o u se

e e on e , r

i n t h Eng i n e e r D e p t U S Ar m y ) R e f e r e nc e s : Pr f e ss i na l P
e . . . . o o a

p e rs N o 2 8 C o r p s o f Eng i n e e rs U
. S Ar m y ; Pract i ca l C e m nt
, . . e

T st i ng by T a yl o r p 3 03
e , , . .

Stan d ar d m e t h o d o f t e st i ng a d s p ec i ficat i o ns f o P rt l an d ( R co m n r o . e

m e n d e d by C m m Cana d i an S c C E ) R f r nc : T rans Cana

o . o . . . e e e e .

d i an So c C E V o l 2 3 p p 5 6—
. 71 . . , . .

C e m e nt li m e a d c l a y p r o d ucts S tan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns a d o p t d by

, n . e e

th A m e r i can S c i e t y f T e st i ng Mat e r i a l s Th r S p c i ficat i o ns

e o or . ee e ,

1 9 1 3 Y e ar B o o k pp 2 5 4 —2 86 N o t e : A b o ve b o k c nta i ns a ll , . . o o

stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns f t h e s o c i e t y s ixt y t h r o r s i xt y f in o o ,

-
ee _ our

nu m b e r .

T st i ng o f hy d rau li c c e m nts A d o p t e d by a B o ar d o f U S Eng i n e r

e e . . . e

O fii s in 1 9 0
ce r 1 a n d us e d by t h e Eng i n r D e p t f t h e U S Ar m y
, ee . o . . .

J o h ns o n p 5 1 5 , . .

S tan d ar d c m nt as us e d by t h e U e S R e c l a m at i o n S e rv i c e E g
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N e ws 1 9 1 3 —I—5 6 2, .

R e c o m m e n d e d c h ang s i n P o rt l an d c e m e nt s p c i ficat i ns B y B ur au e e o . e

o f Sc i e nc e o f t h e P h ili p p i n e I s l an d s Eng N e w s 1 9 1 3 —1 —2 9 8 . . , .

P o rt l an d s p e c i ficat i o ns f o r Lac k a wanna ra il r o a d Eng N ws 1 9 1 3 —1 . . e ,

298 .

P o rt l a n d c m e nt S p e c i ficat i o ns f l e a d i ng art i c l es f sa m
e . P or o e . re

p ar d by H e Vo Sc h n f b t h q u i c k s e tt i ng d s l o w s tt i ng n o or o an e
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.

c e m e nt Eng R V o l 3 9 Mar 1 1
. 1 89 9 p 3 3 2 . ec .
, .
, .
, , . .

P o rt l an d c e m nt B r i t i s h stan d ar d s p ec i ficat i ns f o
e ( A d o p t d by
. o r . e

Eng i n r i ng Stan d ar d s C m m i tt e e f G r at B r i ta i n
ee N v 23 o o e on o .
,

Eng N e w s V o l 5 3 Mar 2 1 9 05 p p 2 2 7 —2 2 8 .
, .
, . , , . .

M d e l s p e c i ficat i o ns n d t e sts f
o ( A d o p t d by t h e B ur au f Eng i a or. e e o

n e r i ng f t h e c i t y f P i tts b urg B tt e r f g n ra l c ncr t e wor k

e o o . e or e e o e

t h an f o w e ar i ng sur f ac e d c e m nt s i d e wa lk s Mun i c i p a l Eng i

r an e .

n e r i ng V o l 1 9 Ju ly 1 9 00 p p 1 8—2 0
e , .
, , , . .

H y d rau li c c e m nts T e st i ng f sa m e R p rt C r p s f Eng i n e e rs

e . o . e o o o ,

U S A S p c i ficat i ns c l ass i fi d un d e r p urc h as e t e sts a d acc e p t

. . . e o e n

anc e t e sts rat h e r c o m p l e t e E ng R e c V l 4 4 Se p t 2 1 1 9 01

, . . o .
, . , ,

pp . 2 7 4—2 7 7 .

P o rt l n d c m nt S m c o m p ar i s o ns o f stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns f
a e e . o e or

t e st i ng by Dur y e e C h m i st Ca li f rn i a P o rt l an d C m nt C o C o n
, ,
e o e e .

s i d e rs Russ i an s p e c i ficat i ns exc ll nt f r q u i r e m nts o f c h e m i ca l o e e or e e

c o m p o s i t i o n a d c o m p ar e s sa m e w i t h s p ec i ficat i o ns o f o t h e r c un
n o

tr i e s Eng N e ws V o l 4 7 Jan 9 1 9 02 p p 2 3 2 4
. .
, .
, .
, , . , .

Nat i o na l B o ar d F i r e Un d e r w r i t e rs Eng N e ws 1 9 06—1 —5 8 8 . .

,
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Un i t e d Stat e s g o ve rn m e nt stan d ar d Eng N s w 1 9 1 1 — I I 3 01 . . e ,

-
.

l
De w ea ar Lac k a w anna
,
W e s t rn R R Eng N w s 1 9 1 3 —I —1 85 e . . . e , .

Bo nus s y st e m f p urc h as o f c e m e nt Eng N e w s

or 1 9 1 3 —II —2 81 e . . , .
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C em e nt — Co n t i d nue .

B r i t i s h a d A m e r i can stan d ar d s c o m p ar e d
n . R W L s l y Eng N
. . e e , ew s ,

—
.

1 905 1 1 —5 2 3 .

Ne w G e m r an S tan d ar d S p c i ficat i ns e o fo r C eme nt by H , . B u r ch a r t z .

Eng R c 1 9 1 0—1 —8 1 9. e .

Ch i s
a n

Wr ug h t i r n c h a i ns P nns yl van i a ra il r a d c
o o . e o om p an y . J h ns o n
o ,

p . 234 .

Ch i l
em ca s

M is c e ll an e ous S o ap s d C h em i ca l s by R H s e Ab stract f P e nn
, an , . o . o

s yl van i a R R s p c i ficat i ns f o m at er i a l s ( I n p ract i ca l s f o

. . e o r . u e r

s v ra l y rs R ep r i nt R by S o c f Aut m bil e Eng i n e e rs Stan d

e e ea . ec . . o o o
’

d C o m m i tt e
ar R f e r e nc : T rans f t h So c o f Aut m bil
e , e e . o e . o o e

Eng i n rs V l 6 p p 4 00—4 4 5 ee . o .
, . .

C l d C k
oa an o e

Sp e ci fi c t i s a d P r 0p a 1 fo onS hi p p i ng C a l by J E W o o d w l l
n o sa r o , . . e .

Pr o c Am S c T st Mat V o l 7 1 9 07 p 5 5 4
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, .
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T h e Purc h as e o f C o a l by D T Ran d a ll Sa m p li ng s l ct i n d , . . . e e o an

n o te s s p e c i ficat i o ns T rans A S M E 1 9 1 1 p 3 1 3
on . . . . .
, . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o r c i t y f C h i cag Eng N ws 1 9 1 0—I I—5 6 3 o o . . e , .

Purc h as e s by Thi r d Av nu R R Eng R 1 9 09 —I I —33 e e . . . ec . .

Un i f r m a l s p c i ficat i ns C hi cag B ar d o f P b W k
o co e Eng R o ,
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1 91 0—1 1 —4 7 5 .

C k sp c i fi t i n s d t st i ng Eng N e w s 1 9 1 2 —1 —6 5 7
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C c t
on re e

R p rt f j i nt c m m i tt e e
e o c ncr e t e d r i n f o rc e d c ncr e t
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t r t a l ) Eng N e ws V o l 6 9 p 2 7 3
o . . . . , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f c ncr t w r k St L o u i s Eng N e w s V o l 6 7 or o e e o . . . .

, . ,

p . 228 .

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o o ,

p . 328 .

C o ncr e t S p c i ficat i ns f o B r i d g e Structur e s by Un i t d Stat s O ffi c

e e o r . e e e

o f Pu bli c R a d s Eng R c V o l 6 8 p 3 05 o . . e .
, .
, . .

Pr p s d stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns f
o o e arc hi t ctura l c ncr t st n e or e o e e o .

( Su b m i tt d by C m m f Nat Ass n C m nt Us rs i n
’
e Ref o . o . e e e

e re n ce s :Eng i n r i ng W o r k i n T w n d C i t i e s by M C l l g h ee o an , c u ou ,

2 d e d i tio n p f 2 3 9 , .

C o ncr e te d m Extracts f r m s p ec i ficat i ns f c nstruct i o n f E l

a . o o or o o e

p h ant B utt D a m R i o G ran d e Pr o j ct o f U S R S

-
e Eng N e w s , e . . . . . ,

Vol . 69 , 1 9 1 3, pp . 1 20—1 2 2 .

Ge n ra l S p e c i ficat i ns f C
e o or o ncr t B r i d g s by W J Wats n C rr
e e e , . . o , o

su i t i ng Eng i n e r 8 2 p ag e . e s 5 00 A d d r ss M A V i ns n Caxt o n
, . e . . o ,

B ld g C l v l an d 0
.
,
e e , .

G e n ra l S p e c i ficat i o ns f
e C or o ncr t e e an d R i n f rc e d C ncr t e I nc l u d
e o o e ,

i ng F i n i s hi ng a d Wat r p r n e oo fing by J e r m e C o c h ran P b o . u .

b y D Van N stran d C o
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C ncr t — C o t i d
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Stan d ar d S p e c i ficat i ns f c m nt h ll o w bl c k s ( A d p t d Jan o or e e o o . o e

1 9 08 by t h Nat l Ass n o f C m nt Us rs P hil a d l p hi a Pa ) R f ’ ’

, e e e e , e , . e

eren : Eng i n e r i ng W o r k i n T wns a d C i t i e s by M C l l g h

ce s e o n ,
c u ou ,

2 d e d i ti o n p 2 4 7 Pr o c o f t h e Nat l Ass n o f C e m e nt Us rs V l 4 ’ ’
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,

pp . 1 85 —1 93 .

Stan d a rd S p c i ficat i o ns f R i n f rc d C ncr t by Ostru p ( M G w

e or e o e o e e, c ra

H ill B o k C m p an y ) p p 7 5 —9 3 o o , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f p l a i n d r i n f o rc d c ncr t

e d st l o or an e e o e e, an ee

r i n f rc m nt ( A d p t i n r c m m e n d d by C m m
e o e e . Mas nr y o f o o e o e o . on o

A R E . M W Ass n
. . R f r nc e s : Wa ll s B i ns G ra i n
. .
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, e e e ,

E l e vato rs by K e tc h u m 2 d d i t i n p p 5 2 0—5 2 5 ; Pr o c A R E , e o , . . . . .

M V Ass n V o l 1 1 p art 2 p p 9 6 2 —9 6 7 ; 1 9 1 1 Y ar B o o k p p 1 8 8
. .
, .
, , . e , .

1 9 4 ; Manua l f r e c m m e n d d p ract i c e f th sa m e Ass n ; R co m ’

o o e o e e

m n d e d Pract i c e f o r D s i gn i ng R e i n f o rc d C ncr t
e Structur s e e o e e e

( a d p t i n r e c m m e n d e d by c m m i tt f A R E M W Ass n ’
o o o o ee o . . . . . ,

Pr c o f Ass n V o l 1 1 p art 2 p p 9 6 8—9 6 9 Se a l s Man

o .
’
, .
, , . . e o

u l a f R e c m m n d e d Pract i c
o f t h e ab o v
o ass c i at i n e e o e o o ,

S p e c i ficat i o ns a d D e s i gn Stan d ar d s f R i n f rc d C ncr e t e St c

n or e o e o ru ~

tur s by E rn e st Mc C u l o g
e ,
l h Eng N s 1 9w 1 3 —I— 2 82 u . . e ,
.

S p c i ficat i ns f c ncr t e a d r e i n f o rc d c ncr e t J i nt c m m i tt e e

e o or o e n e o e . o o

A S C E Am S T e st Mat A R E
. . . .
,
M W Ass n a d A . oc . . .
, . . . . .
’

,
n .

A P o rt l an d C e m e nt M f g s Eng N ws 1 9 1 3 —1 —2 5 8
. r . . e , .

R i n f o rc d c ncr t r gu l at i ns f N w Y r k c i t y n d f C l v l an d
e e o e e e o or e o a or e e ,

Ohi Eng N e ws 1 9 1 2 —1 —9 8 t se q
o . . , e .

S p c i ficat i ns f o fl rs Eng N w s 1 8 9 5 —1 —1 8 9
e o r oo . . e ,
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G r m an s p c i ficat i ns f
e d s i gn c nstru t i ng
e d t st i ng f o or e , o c an e o co n

cr t e structur s L L M i i ff Eng N e w s 1 9 05 —1 1 —4 7 8
e e . . . o s se . .
, .

B l ck s
o S p c i fic t i ns f
,
Nat l Ass n C m e nt Us e rs Eng N ws
e a o or .
’ ’
e . . e ,

1 9 08— 1 —7 0 Nat l Ass n Mc hy M f g Eng N w s 1 9 06 1 ’ ’

rs e -
. . .
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Manu f ctur e f f o r h ll w w a ll s F W H g l k E g N e w s 1 9 05
a o , o o , . . a oc . n .
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I—4 4 0 .

C o ncr t s l a b s s p e c i ficat i ns f
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C o ncr t f n w s hi p l c k at Sau l t St Mar i

e e or e o e . e . Eng N e w s .
, 1 91 1 -
II
2 76 .

S p e c i ficat i ns d m t h d s f t st Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 —1 —5 5 7
o an e o o e . . e ,
.

C o ncr e t e s p c i ficat i ns f o b r i d g su b struct u r U S O ffic e o f Pu bli c

e o r e e . . .

R o a d s En g R c 1 9 1 3 —II —3 05
. . e .
,
.

At l ant i c Av e nu e su b wa y B ro o kly n Eng N w s 1 9 02 —1 —4 2 0 , . . e , .

Aur ra E l g i n C hi cag Ra il w a y M e asur m nt f C m nt a d C

o , o e e o e e n on

s i st nc y f c ncr t Eng N w s 1 9 02 —I I 2 8 5
e o o e e . . e -
.

Hu d s o n R i ve r tunn l wo r k Eng N w s 1 9 1 3 —I I—3 3 7 e . . e , .

Illi n i s C e ntra l Ra il r o a d b r i d g s
o d cu l v rts Eng N e w s 1 9 01 e an e . . ,

I I—4 4 .

R p rt A R E
e o M W Ass c i at i o n E g N w s 1 9 02 —I 2 4 6 ;
. . . . . o . n . e ,
-

1 903—1 —2 7 4 , 2 8 4 .

R s e rv i r li n i ng Aur ra 1 1 1 Eng N w s
e o , o , . . e , 1 9 02 —1 —4 2 3 .

Pr p rt i n i ng c ncr t U S Nav y D p t
o o o o e e . . . e . Eng N . ew s , 1 9 1 2— I I—2 01 .
4 86 A p p e n di x D
C ur b —S ee Sid ew a l k Cur b , an d Gu tt r e .

D am s
Wac h us tt e d am , de ta il s o A D F li nn Eng N w s 1 9 00—1 1 —1 7 7
f . . . . . e ,
.

T h e N e w K e n s i co D a m ( m as nr y d m ) by A D F li nn
o Eng R a , . . . . ec .
,

1 9 1 2 —I 7 7 2 — .

E l e p h ant B utt e d m Extracts f r m s p c i ficat i ns U S R c l a m at i a . o e o , . . e on

S e rv i c e Eng R c 1 9 1 3 —1 —1 2 0 . . e .
, .

Ne w r e gu l at i ns g v rn i ng t h e d e s i gn d c o nstruct i n
o f d am s N w o e an o o . e

Y r k Stat C o ns e rvat i n C o m m Eng R e c 1 9 1 2 —1 —7 4

o e o . . .

A b tract o f S p c i ficat i ns f Eart h n D m f M Al st

s O k l a by
e o or e a or c e er , . ,

J W H l m an Eng C nt No v 1 3 1 9 1 2 p 5 4 7
. . o . . o .
, .
, , .

S p c i ficat i ns f o t i m b e r d a m at H y m e l i Cr vass e La Eng C nt

e o r a e , . . o .
,

Sep t 1 8 1 9 1 2 p 3 2 8
. , , . .

Eart h e n d a m f st o rag r s e rv i r f i rr i gat i o n p ur p s s J o h ns n or e e o or o e . o ,

p . 1 30 .

Mas nr y o . K m a as h a R i v e r . Wm . P . C rai gh i l l , Ma j . o f Eng i n e rs e .

Hau p t , p . 71 .

C ntract
o . No . 5 So u g h b o r o u g h ,
o f th e Bo st n Wat r wo r k s
o e . J hno

so n , p . 358 .

S p c i fic t i ns f t h Arr w R c k d m U S R c l a m at i n S rv i c e
e a o or e o o a . . e o e .

Eng N e ws 1 9 1 3 —I—1 1 8
.
, .

S e als C ncr e t “
e o o e

D i g —
.

Excavat i n “

Ti l —e
ra n a e se e o .

D ira n Pipe
e s e
“
.
”

E t hw
ar k — e Excavat i n
or se
“
o

l —G
.

El tr i
ec ca l en er a

Eng i e e r i ng S p c i ficat i ns b y Fran k F F w l b e f o r Ar m o ur I nst

n e o , .
°
o e e .

o f T ch B ranc h o f A I E E
e D i scuss s t h e r e l at i n o f p e c i fi
.
, . . . . e o s ca

t i ns t c ntracts a d m att rs r l at d g iv i ng t h r
o o o xa m p l s f n e e e , ee e e o

s p c i ficat i o ns Pr o c A I E E Se p t 1 9 1 1 V l 3 0 N 9
e . . . . . .
, .
, ,
o .
, o . ,

pp . 2 02 9 —2 04 7 .

Stan d ar d iz at i o n ru l s o f t h A I E E ( As a p p r v d Jun e 2 7 e e . . . . o e ,

R f e r e nc e s T rans o f t h e A I E B V o l 3 0 Part 3 p 2 5 3 9
e : . . . . , . , , . .

N t : Pr li m i nar y d ra f t f r v i s e d ru l s p r i nt e d i n N v 1 9 1 3
o e e o e e o .
, .

A d d r ss 3 3 W 3 9 t h St N Y
e , . . .

Ru l e s f t h Nat i na l E l ctr i c L i g h t Ass n ( A d o p t e d 1 8 9 1

o e d o e
’
. an

am end d F b R f r nc s : E l e ctr i c L i g h t i ng Sp i fi
e e . , e e e e ec ca

t i ns b y M e rr ill 1 s t e d p 1 1 8
o , . . .

Ru l e s o f t h Nat i na l B ar d f F i r Un d e r w r i t rs ( E d i t i n f Jan
e o o o e e . o o .

1 ,
R e f r e nc e E l ctr i c L i g h t i ng Sp e i fi t i d by Me i l l e : e c ca n s, rr .

2d ed .
, p . 1 54 .

E l e ctr i ca l I ns p e ct i n S e ct i n o f r e v i e w o f C i t y o f C hi cag G o ve rn o . o o,

i ng E l e ctr i ca l I ns p ct i ns ( A d p t e d Marc h 1 3 R e f r e nc e e o . o , e :

Han d b k f o Arc hi t e cts a d B u il d rs V o l 1 6 1 9 1 3 p 1 6 5

oo r n e , . , , .
_
.

E l ctr i ca l i ns p e ct i n R gu l at i ns g v e rn i ng C o m m n we a l t h E d i s o n
e o . e o o o

C m p an y s s y st e m R f r nc : Han d b o o k f Arc h i t ects d B u il d

o
’
. e e e e or an

e r s, Vol . 1 6, 1 9 1 3 , p . 1 73 .
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E l ctr i ca l— G e n e ra l— C o t i d
e n nue .

Pr o t e ct i n f e l ctr i c s rv i c e m p l y e s ru l e s f o B e i ng an o r d r
o o e e e o e , r . e

o f t h e N w Y o r k Pu bli c S e rv i c e C m m i ss i o n e F i rst D i str i ct Eng o . . .

N ws 1 9 1 3—1 —1 1 3 1
e ,
.

Se e a l s T rans m i ss i n L i n e s “
o o .

El t ic G
ec r t d M t
en er as ors an o or

Sp e ci fi a t i o f P r f r m anc e a d Rat i ngs o f G n rat o rs d M t o rs

c ns or e o n e e an o ,

by W L Wat rs N t e s n d p i nts o p e rat i ng r e q u i r e m e nts N

. . e . o a o n o . .

E L A Thi rt y s c n d c nv nt i o n , V o l 1 1 1 9 09 p 4 4 3
. . .
-
e o o e . , , . .

E l e ctr i c g n e rat rs St C h ar l e s S t Ra il r o a d C N w Or l ans La

e o . . . o .
,
e e , .

J o h ns n p 4 1 4 o , . .

A C G n r a t r Ty p i ca l S p c i ficat i n f o an A l t rnat i n g Curr e nt

. e e o e o r e

E l ctr i ca l Mac h i n D e s i gn by G ra y p p 3 1 2 —
. .

G n rat r
”
e e o ,
31 4 e e , , .
4 .

D C G e n rat r T y p i ca l S p e c i ficat i n f a D i r ct Curr nt G n rat o r

. . e o . o or e e e e ,

E l ctr i ca l Mac hi n D e s i g
“
e by G ra y p p 1 5 3 —1 5 5 e n,
”
, . .

I n d uct i o n M t rs Ty p i ca l S p e c i ficat i o ns f a Larg e I n d uct i n Mo

o o . or o

tor E l e ctr i ca l Mac hi n D s i gn by G ra y p p 4 2 2 —4 2 4

,
“
e e ,
”
, . .

Stan d ar d iz at i n ru l s A I E E P e r f r m anc s p c i ficat i ns a n d o e . . . . o e e o

t sts A I E E V l 2 4 1 9 07 Part I I p 1 7 9 9
e . . . . o . , , , . .

Para ll l p rat i n f a l t e rnat i ng curr e nt g n e rat rs Eng i n e r q u i r e

e o e o o e o . e

m nts S p c i ficat i ns f W st i ng h us E l
e . Mf g Co e E M Ti ng o o e o e . . . . .

l ey d H E L o ng w e ll
an Eng N w s 1 9 02 —1 —4 9 8 . . . . e , .

E l ct i I
e r c l t n su a ors

T e st i ng f a d p r p s d stan d ar d p c i ficat i ns C E S ki nn r Eng

o n o o e s e o . . . e . .

N e ws 1 9 08 II—4 4 ,
~
.

S p c i ficat i o ns c v r i ng i ns p t i o n d t sts f hi g h t ns i o n li n i nsu

e o e ec an e o e e

l at rs f p rc e l a i n f
o v r o v l ts C o m m i tt e e r e p rt Pr c
o or o e o . o . o .

A I E E Oct 1 9 1 4
. . . .
, . .

S p ec i ficat i n d Ana ly t i ca l Pr c e d ur f o 3 0p c nt H v a Ru bb e r I
o an o e r er e . e e n

l t i g C o m p un d
su a R p rt f J i nt Ru bbe r I nsu l at i n C om m i t t e e
n o . e o
'

o o o ,

1 91 3 R p r i nt e d by S i m p l x W i r e a d Ca bl e C o B sto n Mas s
. e e n .
, o ,
.

E l ct i c L i g h t i n g
e r

R q u i s i t s o f m o d e rn li g h t i ng g n rat r s ts H G R i st Eng
e e e e o e , . . e . .

N w s 1 9 00—II—4 2 3
e , .

E l e ctr i c L i g h t i ng Ru l e s d r q u i r m nts o f t h e N w En g l an d I n . an e e e e

suranc Exc h ang e f e l ctr i c li g h t i ng ( A d p t e d S e p t 2 7 1 89 0

e
-

or e . o .
, .

R vi s d i n c n j unct i n w i t h C m m f r m N w Eng l an d E l e ctr i c E x

e e o o o . o e

c h ang ) R f e r nc s E l ctr i c L i g h t i ng S p c i ficat i o ns by M e rr ill

'

e . e e e : e e , ,

l st ed .
, p . 1 54 .

E l ctr i c str t li g h t i ng p l ant S p e c i ficat i o ns f

e s y st m d ra w n u p
ee . or are e

f C i t y f T r nt Ont by t h c i t y ng i n e r L rg P l ant F w
or o o o o , .
, e e e . a e . e

s p c i fic t i ns f w r k f t hi s k i n d p u bli s h e d Eng N e w s V o l 3 2
e a o or o o . .
, .
,

Au g 2 3, 1 89 4 , p p 1 4 8, 1 49
’

. . .

Str e t li g h ts stan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns f o E d i t o r i a l Eng R e c 1 9 1 3

e e r . . . .
,

II 5 95 -
.

Str t L i g h t i ng by
ee l am p s s p c i ficat i o ns f r Us e d f o str ee t are , e o . r arc

li g h ts i n Os w g N Y O f s m e p ract i ca l i nt e r e st Eng N e ws e o, - . . o . . ,

V l 3 3 A p r il 1 1
o . 1 89 5 p 2 3 4 , , , . .
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E l ctr i c L i g h t i ng— Co t i e d
e n n n .

E l e ctr i c l a m p s A b stract f P e nns yl van i a R R s p c i ficat i n f

. o . . e o s or
m at r i a l s ( I n p ract i ca l s f
e s v ra l y ars R p r i nt d r c r d by
. u e or e e e . e e e o ,

S c o f Aut o m o bil
. Eng i n e rs Stan d ar d C m m i tt
o R ef e e o ee,

r nc
e T rans f t h So f Aut m bil Eng V o l 6 p p 4 00—4 4 5
e e : . o e c . o o o e .
, . , . .

I nsta ll at i o n f an l e ctr i c li g h t i ng stat i o n i n a s m a ll c i t y J h ns n

o e . o o .

p . 254 .

E l ct i c R il w y d Mi c ll
e r a s a an s e an eou

Mac hi n r y a d trac k c nstruct i o n o f an e l e ctr i c ra il w a y St C h ar l s

e n o . . e

St Ra il r o a d C
. J o h ns o n p 4 04 o .
, . .

T rac k a d o v r h a d c o nstruct i n f an l ctr c ra il wa y i n a c untr y

n e e o or e e i o

t w n A m r i can S o c i e t y f C i v il Eng i n e rs J h ns o n p 4 2 9
o . e o e . o , . .

T rans f r m e rs Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i n f o O il I m m e rs e d S l f C l e d

o . e o r ,
e -
oo

T rans f o r m e rs E l e ctr i ca l Mac hi n D e s i gn by G ra y p p 4 9 4—4 9 6

, e ,
”

, . .

Ra il wa y S i gna l Ass c i at i o n stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i n f s w i tc h b o ar d s o o or .

Pr c R y S i gna l Ass n 1 9 1 1 V o l 8 p 3 1 9
o . .
’
, , .
, . .

E l e ctr i ca l s i gn a l s e rv i c e Var i us c m m r p rts d d i scuss i ns . o o . e o an o on

sa m e R e c o m m e n d d s p e c i ficat i ns r q u i s i t s d ru l s f t h Ra il
. e o , e e an e o e

w y S i gna l Ass n J urna l f t h e R il w y S i gna l Ass n V l 9 ’ “ ’ ”

a . o o a a , o .
,

1 91 2 .

a l so T rans m i ss i o n L i n s
Se e e

E g in e —
.

n se e
s St e a m Eng i n “
e .
”

E xca v t i a on

G e n ra l s p c i ficat i n f
e c nstruct i o n f p n d ra i nag d i tc h s O ffic
e o or o o o e e e . e

E xp Stat i o n U S D p t Agr i c Eng C nt Ju ly 5 1 9 1 1 p 2 1 ’

. , . . e . . o .
, , ,
. .

Pr e p arat i n d En f rc e m nt f Dra i nag e S p c i ficat i ns

o an by J L o e o e o , . .

Pars ns Eng C nt D e 2 7 1 9 1 1 p 6 9 2
o . . o .
, c. , , . .

S p ec i ficat i o ns f o tunn l xcavat i n A R E M W Ass n 1 9 05r e e o . . . . . .

’

,
.

Vo l . 6, p . 1 25 .

N te s
o on S p e c i ficat i ns f Eart h w r k i n Ra i l wa y C nstruct i n o or o o o . Pa

per b e f o re Am S Eng C nt by J H Bac n Eng C nt . oc . . o .

, . . o . . o .
, Fe b .

0
'

23, 1 91 , p . 1 75 .

G ra d i ng . Ra il r a d gra d i ng us o ed by t h P nns yl van i a Ra il r a d

e e o . J hno

so n , p . 1 23 .

Gra d i ng Fa ll s Dr i v P hil a d l p hi a H u p t
. e, e . a , p . 1 47 .

Excavat i ns un d e r wat er Us e d by C l 0 M
o . o . . . P o e, U S Ar m y
. . . J hno

so n , p . 1 26 .

S p e c i fic a t i o ns for e xcavat i ns I n b y U S R c l a m at i n S rv i c
o . u se . . e o e e .

Pr i nc i p l e s of I rr i gat i n Eng i n r i ng b y N w ll o d Mur p hy ee , e e an ,

pp . 5 0—5 2 .

Stan d ar d P l ans d S p c i ficat i an e o ns f G ra d i ng i n S tt l Was h by

or ea e,

R H Th o m s o n Eng C nt
. . . . o Ju l y 5 1 9 1 1 p 7 , , . .

P l o w i ng as a t st f c l ass i ficat i e o o n Eng R . 1 9 09 —I—3 66 . ec .

, ,

P l o w t e st f c l ass i ficat i n J or o . . A Fu l t o n E n g N w s 1 9 04—I—1 7 9

. . . e , .

C l ass i ficat i n f xcavat i o n o o e an d m b an k m e nt

e Eng R 1 9 07 —I4 . . ec

31 6 , 323 .

C l ass i ficat i o n of e xcav a t e d m at e r i a l . Eng . R ec 1 9 03 —1 —274 , 3 47 .

49 0 A p p e n di x D
G a l van izi ng—C o n t i n u ed .

an d p o we r li n e s p ro c e e d i ngs o f t e c h n i ca l s o c i e t i e s C hi c a g o Jun
, , e,

1 91 3 ( 3 6 t h annua l c o nv e nt i o n ) R e f r e nc e : Nat E l e c L i g h t . e . .

Ass n ’

, pp . 5 81 -
5 83 .

G ar b ag e R ed u ct i on

Sp e c i fi c a t i o n fo r f urnac e at navy y ar d L agu e I s l an d Pa ,

e , . Eng .

N e w s 1 9 02 —I—5 , .

S p e c i ficat i n f gar b ag d i s p o sa l Ne w Y o r k c i t y Eng N e ws 1 9 1 3

o or e , . . ,

I I—2 6 7 .

G a so li n e

Sp e i fi ti
c fo gas o li n e f r i nt rna l c o m b ust i o n m t o rs Pa p r
ca on r o e o . e

b e f r e Am So c T e st Mat by Dr A S o m m e r Eng R e c 1 9 1 0
‘

o . . . .
, . . . . .
,

II —1 6 6 a n d Pr c Am So c T e st Mat V o l 1 0 1 9 1 0 p 4 6 0
, o . . . . .
, . , , . .

Gra de C i gs
r o ss n

B ufi l N w Y o r k s p c i ficat i ns f
a o, cr ss i ngs Eng N e w s 1 89 5
e , e o or o . . ,

I 1 95
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G ra d cr ss i ngs i n p av e d str ts R p rt Am R y E
e o M W Ass n ee . e o . . . . .
’
.

Eng N ws 1 9 09 —I—3 08 . e , .

Gra v l e

Sp e i fi ti n s f
c b a ll ast R e p rt Am R y
ca o M W Ass n or . o . . . .
’
.

N e w s 1 9 03 —1 —2 8 5 , .

Stan d ar d s i n Un i t d Stat s Cana d a d M exi c E g N w 1 9 00 e e , an o . n . e s,

II —1 4 2 .

F il t e r grav l d san d A lb an y Wat e r F il trat i n P l ant J h ns o n

e an . o . o ,

p . 2 94 .

Se e al so B a ll ast .

Gut t er

Se e S i d e w a lk Cur b d G utt r
“
, an e .

H b ar ord R iv an Im p v m t er ro e en

Har b o r d r i v r i m p r ve m nts C d ar K y s F l a A N Da m r ll
an e o e . e e , . . . e ,

Ca p t U S E g Hau p t p 5 5
. . . n rs .
, . .

St n e b r e a k w at e r B l c k I s l an d R h d I s l an d G K Warr n U
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S Engr Hau p t p 5 7
. .
, . .

B r a k w at r o f cr ib w o r k
e C l v l an d b r a k w at r C E B l unt L i ut
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. e e e e . . .
,
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C o l o f Eng i n e rs . Hau p t p 5 9 e .
, . .

I r o n l an d i ng p i r L we s D l a w ar Hau p t p 6 1 e . e e e . , . .

R m v i ng snags t
e o M nn s ta r i v r F U Far q u h ar Ma j o f , e c . i e o e . . . , .

Eng i n e rs Hau p t p 6 3 e .
, . .

R m o v i ng r c k East r i v r n d H e ll G at e N Y J o h n N w t n
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L i e ut C l Eng i e rs Hau p t p 5 8. o . ne .
, . .

Cana l l o c k s T nn ss e r i v e r W R K i ng Ca p t f Eng i n e e rs
. e e e . . .
, . o .

H au p t p 6 4 , . .

L i g h t h us e Ne w Have n C nn Hau p t p 7 7
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, o .
, .

A l s o s e E m b an k m nts a d R e ve t m nts
e
“
e n e .

H igh w y a

S Pav m nt d R o a d C nstruct i n
ee
“
e e an o o .
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M ill hy d rant s p c i ficat i o n e . Nat l F i r e Pr o t Ass n

’
.
’
. Eng N e w s .
,
1 9 01
I—45 5 .

Pr o p o s e d stan d ar d S p c i ficat i o ns f p st hy d rants C o m m i tt e e or o . ee r

p rt t o N E W W Ass n
o Eng C nt Ma y 8 1 9 1 2 p 5 3 0
. . . .
’
. . o .
, , . .

Stan d ar d S p e c i ficat i o ns f o r wat e r w o r k s hy d rants a d va l ve s n .

A d p t e d by Am W W Ass n Eng N e w s A g 7 1 9 1 3 p 2 6 5
o . . .
’
. . , u . , , . .

Pr p o s d stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f o p st h y d rants ( F i na l R p rt

o e e o r o . e o

of C m m Pr e s e nt d at Jan 1 9 1 2 m t i ng f ass c i at i n ) R f
o . e ,
ee o o o . e

e r nc J urna l N w Eng l an d W W Ass n V l 2 6 N 1 1 9 1 2

e e : o e . .
’

, o . , o . , ,

p . 77 .

W at e r wo r k s hy d rant d va l v s ; stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f o d ite d an e e o r, e

by A m r i can Wat r W r k s Ass c i at i n Jun 1 9 1 3 Eng N ws

e e o o o ,
e, . . e ,

Vol . 70 p , . 2 65 .

I ll um i in at on

D s i ra bili t y
e o f stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns e o fo r str e e t li g h t i ng . Eng . R ec
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Se e a l s E l ctr i c L i g h t i ng
o
“
e .

Ir o n d Ste e l
an

Ir no d st e l c l ass i ficat i n f C l ass i ficat i n

an e d d fin i t i ns
, f o o . o an e o o

a b v m at e r i a l s as g i v n by W m K nt i n 1 8 8 3 i n exp rt t st i
o e e . e e e

m o ny G o o d c l ass i ficat i n
] d c l ar d e fin i t i n o f t e c h n i ca l m an o an e o e

i ng o f c o m m e rc i a l f o r m s Ra il r a d a d Eng i n e r i ng J o urna l V l . o n e , o .

61 A p r il 1 8 8 7 p p 1 5 5 —1 5 8
, , , . .

A b stract o f P e nns ylvan i a R R s p c i ficat i ns f m at e r i a l s ( In . . e o or .

p ract i ca l s f s ve ra l y ars R p r i nt
u e by S orf A tomo e e . e rec . oc . o u

bil e Stan d ar d s C m m i tt R f r nc T rans f t h S o ee, e e e e: . o e oc .

o f Aut o m bil e Eng i n rs V l 6 p p 4 00—4 4 5

o ee , o .
, . .

Axl e s
L oc m t i ve axl s d f rg i ngs Eng N ws 1 9 03 —II —2 0
o o e an o . . e , .

St e e l Axl s — Manu f actur e d S p c i ficat i ns

e by J L Rep l gl an e o , . . o e .

Eng N w s 1 9 04—I—4 7 1 . e , .

Stan d ar d sp c i ficat i ns f r st e l axl s Pr c A m S e T st Mat o o e e . o . . oc . e . .

,

Vo l . 5 , 1 9 05 , p . 56 .

Stan d ar s c i ficat i o ns f o h at tr at e d car b n st l axl s s h a f ts

d pe r e -
e o ee e , an d
s i m il ar p arts ( A d p t d Pr c Am So T e st Mat V . o e o . . c . . .
, ol .

1 1 , 1 91 1 , p . 63 .

Stan d ar d S pec i ficat i o ns f o c l d r ll d st l axl s r o -

o e ee e . Am . So c . T st e .

Mat V o l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 1 5 6 .
, , . .

B i g B ll d R ll s e ar n a s an o er

S p c i ficat i o ns f b a ll b ar i ngs f l arg s l u i c gat e s

e or e or e e an d gat va l v s e e .

C o ffin V l v C Eng N w s 1 9 02 —I—3 9 0

a e o . . . e , .

R o ll e r st e l f ra il w a y b r i d g e s R p o rt o f A R E
e or . e . . . M W Ass n . .
’
..

Eng N w s 1 9 02 —1 —2 8 2 . e , .
49 2 A p p e n di x D
il P l t d R i v t St l Bo er a e an e ee

C m p ar i s n f var i us ra i l w a y stan d ar d s Eng N ws 1 8 9 7 —I—4 4

o o o o . . e , .

S p c i ficat i ns f b o il r p l at r i v t st l st l cast i ngs

e o d st e l or e e, e ee , ee an e

f o rg i ngs R p rt f c m m i tt e w i t h d i scuss i n T rans A S M

. e o o o e ,
o . . . . .

E V l 2 3 1 9 02 p 6 3 2 ; r v i s i n V o l 2 4 1 9 03 p 9 2 1 n d V l
o .
, , . e e .
, , .
, a o .

2 5 , 1 9 04 , p . 321 .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f o p n h art h b il r p l at e o or e e , o e e an d r i v t st l e ee .

Pr c Am S T e st Mat V o l 9 1 9 09 p 6 2
o . . oc . . .
, . , , . .

St n d ar d s p c i ficat i ns r i v t st l f s hi p s Am
a e o e ee or . . So c . T st Mat e .

Vol . . 1 3, 1 91 3, p . 1 48 .

S p c i ficat i ns f b il r p l at st e l ( s i m il ar t o Am So T s t
e o or o e e e . c . e .

Am S c M E . V l 3 6 1 9 1 4 p 9 85
o . . .
, o .
, , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f b il r p l at e r i v e t st e l st e l cast i ngs

e o or o e , e ,
e

and st e l f rg i ngs ( Su b m i tt d by t h
e c m m i tt e at A m r S
o . e e o e e . oc .

f M e c h an i ca l Eng i
o rs 1 9 03 S T rans A S M E n ee , or ee . . . .

'

Vol . 25, p . 322 .

Structura l an d b o il r st l s p c i ficat i ns f A m r i can st l

e ee e o o e ee m anu
f act u r e r s . R e c nt r e v i s i n o f stan d ar d s us e d I r o n A g A
e o . e, u g . 2 2

1 91 2, Vol . 90 pp , . 4 09 —4 1 1 .

Fi r e St l— Fa il r e s d S p c i ficat i ns A b stract f p a p r b f o r e Am
B ox ee u an e o . o e e .

S T es t Mat by M H W i k h o s t Eng N e ws V l 5 6 p 7 6
oc . . .
,
. . c r . .
, o .
, . .

C st i g s d F gi n g a n an or s

S p e c i ficat i ns f b il r p l t r i v t st l st e l cast i ngs d f rg i ngs

o or o e a e e ee , e an o .

R p o rt o f c m m i tt
e T ra s A S M E V l 2 3 1 9 02 p 6 3 2 ; o ee . n . . . . .
, o .
, , .

Vol . 2 4, 1 9 03, p . 92 1 ; V o l . 2 5, 1 904, p . 321 .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f st l cast i ngs n d f o rg i ngs Pr o c Am S

e o or ee a . . . oc .

T e st Mat V l 5 1 9 05 p p 5 3 5 9
. .
,
o . , , . , .

Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns f o r m a ll e a bl e cast i ngs Pro c Am S T st . . . oc . e .

Mat V l 4 1 9 04 p 9 5.
, o .
, , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns f o bl o o m s bill e ts a rid s l a b s f o r car b n st l

e r , o ee

f rg i ngs
o Pr c Am S c T e st M t V o l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 1 6 6
. o . . o . . a .
, . , , . .

R v i w f var i us s p e c i ficat i o ns f C I a d st e l cast i ng C m

e e o o or . . n e . o

m i t t e r p rt ta b u l at d su m m ar y A R E M W Ass n 1 9 05 ’

e e o e . . . . . . ,

6—32 .

S p c i ficat i ns f St l Cast i gs by H nr y S ut h r C h m Stan d ar d s

e o or ee n ,
e o e , .

C mm f S f Aut m bil Eng i n e rs 1 9 1 0 R f r nc T rans

‘

o or oc o o o e e , e e e e: .

Aut o m o bil e Eng i n e e rs V o l 5 p p 1 6 8—1 7 5 N t e F

. . .

o f So c . , .
, . . o : or

n t s d i nstruct i ns r f rr i ng t a b v
o e an sa m V l p p 1 7 6 o e e o o e, se e e o .
, .

2 02 .

Se e a l s o Cast i ngs
C ld St l
.

o D r a wn ee

T ntat i ve s p c i ficat i n s f
e ld d w st l ; B ss m r ed pe n o or co ~ ra n ee e e e an o

h art h aut o m at i c scr e w sto c k P r c Am S T e st Mat V o l 1 3

e . o . . oc . . .
.

1 9 1 3 p 1 9 1 ; al s V l 1 4 1 91 4 p 1 74
, . o o . , , . .

M ll bl I n a ea e ro

S p c i ficat i o ns f Ma ll a bl e I r n b y H nr y S ut h r C h m Stan d
e or e o ,
e o e , .

ar d s C m m f r S c i e t y o f Aut o m o bil E ng i n e rs 1 9 1 0 R f
o . o o
'

e e , . e
494 A p p e n di x D
I ron an d Stee l — C o n t i n u ed .

M i n i ng E g p r o p s d stan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns W
'

Am e r i c a n l n s t . n rs . o e e . .

R W e b st e r Eng N ws 1 9 01 —1 —3 5 2
. . . e , .

Ra il s ct i o ns — B r i t i s h stan d ar d d a c m p ar i s o n f A m r i can a d
e an o o e n

B r i t i s h s ct i o ns E g Ne w s 1 9 05 —I I—8 4
‘
e . n .
, .

Cana d i an Pac i fic R y S p e c i ficat i ns f 8 5 p o un d ra il F P G t e l i s . o or -

. . . u u .

Eng Ne w s 1 9 09 —1 —2 7 2
.
, .

S p e c i ficat i ns r p o rt e d by A R Eo M W Ass n Eng N e w s

e . . . . .
’
. . ,

1 91 0—I—3 7 5 ,
3 84 .

A m e r i can Ra il w a y Ass n s p e c i ficat i ns f B ss m r d p n h art h ’

o or e e e an O e -
e

st e l ra i l s Eng N w s 1 9 08—L 5 3 1
e . . e , .

A m e r i can Ra il wa y E M W Ass n W e ar i ng q ua li t y d f r e d m . . .
’
. an e o

f r m b r a k ag e
o E g N e ws 1 9 05 —
e 1 —3 3 7 . n .
, .

A m r i can S o c i t y C E r c m m n d at i o n s f B ss m e r st l r il s
e e . . e o e or e e ee a .

Eng N e w s 1 9 08 I—1 05
.
,
-
.

A m e r i can S c i t y f T e st Mat p r o p o s d stan d r d s p e c i ficat i ns

o e or . . e a o .

Eng N e w s 1 9 06 I—7 2 6 ; 1 9 07 —I I—8 ; 1 9 07 —I I—1 8 ; 1 9 08—1 1 —2 2

. ,
- ~
.

P e nns yl van i a Ra il r a d s p c i ficat i ns Eng N w s 1 9 08 I—4 2 6 ; 1 9 09 o e o . . e ,

- ~

I—5 0 .

S p c i ficat i o ns
e an d ra il b r e a k ag e . H M H . . o we . Eng N e ws . ,
1 91 2
I—6 6 0 .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns e for st e l ra il s e . Am . So c . T st Mate . . Eng .

R ec .
, 1 9 07 1 —7 7 4 — .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns e o for st l ra il s

ee . Pr c o . Am . So c . T st Mate . .
,

Vo l . 7 , 1 9 07 , p . 44 ; Vol 8 , 1 9 08 , p
. . 44 .

Stan d ar s c i ficat i ns d pe ss r st e l ra il s Pr c Am o for B e em e e . o . . So c .

T st Mat V l 9 1 9 09 p 6 2
e . . o . , , . .

Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns f p n h e art h st l ra il s Pr c A m o or o e -

ee . o . . So c .

T st Mat V l 9 p 66 a d Y ar B o o k 1 9 1 5
e . .
, o . .
, n e .

S e a l so Ra il s “
e .

R il w y R l li g St k a a o n oc

Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i ns f l c m t i v c yli n d rs P r c Am

e o or o o o e e . o . . So c .

T e st Mat V o l 4 1 9 04 p 6 9
. .
, . , , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f st e e l t i r e s Pr o c Am S c T e st
e o or . . . o . .

Vol . 9 , 1 9 09 , p . 58 .

Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns w r ug h t d s li d car b n st l w h l s f r l c o o an o o ee ee o e e

tr i c ra il w a y s rv i c Pr c Am S c T e st Mat p 1 6 0 V l 1 3 1 9 1 3
e e . o . . o . . .
, . , o .
, .

See a l s C ars ; L c o m t i ve t
o
“ ” “
o o ,
”
e c .

R i nf i g B s e orc n ar

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f o st l b ars Eng N e w s 1 9 1 0—1 —7 04

e o r ee . . , .

R i n f o rc i ng b ars p r o p o s d stan d ar d T L C o n d r o n Eng N w s

e ,
e . . . . . e ,

1 91 1 — II—7 3 8 7 1 5 0 , , .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f r i n f rc i ng b ars f Ass n of A m r i can

e o or e o o
’
e

St e l Mf g
e Eng C nt Jun 1 1 9 1 0 p 4 9 2
rs . . o .
, e , , . .

A b stract m b o d yi ng p rt i ns a p p li ca bl e t o c o ncr e t r e i n f rc m nt
e o o e o e e
'
f r o m t h e stan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns f o structura l st e l A d p t d by e r e . o e

A R E . M W Ass n T rans A S C E V l 6 6 1 9 1 0 p 4 5 9
. . . .
’
. . . . . o . , , . .
 B ib li o gr a p h y o f S p e c i fi ca t i o n s 49 5

I ron an d St ee l—Con ti n ued .

Sp e c i ficat i o ns f o r m e ta l r i n f rc m nt Pr gr ss r p rt s p c i a l m e o e e . o e e o e co

mitt e c o ncr e t e T rans A S C E V l 7 1 9 1 4 p 4 3 0

e on . . . . . .
, o . 4 , ,
. .

D e fi n i ti n s— Exp r es s Execut o r y C o ntract— R e q u i r e m nts o f a Va li d C o n

o e

Stan d ar d s p ec i ficat i ns f o m ta l r i n f o rc e m e nt ( A d p t d Mar 1 6 o r e e . o e . ,

1 9 1 0 by A m r i can R E A s n ) R f r e nc s R i n f rc d C o ’

, e . . s . e e e : e o e n

cr t e C nstruct i n by H l V l 2 p 6 5 2 1 9 1 1 Y ar B o o k o f
e o o , oo ,
o . , .
, . e

A R E Ass n p p 1 8 8—1 9 0
. . .
’
, . .

Stan d ar d p e i fi a t i f st l r i n f rc i ng b ars ( A d p t d by A m r
s c on s or ee e o . o e e

i can S f T e st Mat Jun 1 oc . R f e r e nc s : Han d b o o k

or . .
, e ,
e e

f o r Arc hi t e cts d B u il d r s p u bli s h d un d e r aus p i c s C hi cag an e , e e o

Arc h i t e cts B u i n ss Ass o c i at i n V l 1 6 1 9 1 3 p 1 9 7 Pr c Am

’
s e o ,
o .
, ,
. . o . .

Soc f T st Mat V l 1 1 1 9 1 1 p 66 ; V l 1 2 1 9 1 2 p 1 6 1 —1 6 9 N o t e :
. or e . .
, o .
, , . o .
, , . .

R ev i s i n Au g 2 3 1 9 1 3 ; Pr o c V l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 1 5 3 ; a l s o 1 9 1 3 Y ar b o k
o .
, . o .
, , . e o ,

pp .
—83
80 .

S p li c B d Sta y B l ts e a rs an o

Stan d ar d S p e c i ficat i ns f o st e e l s p li c e b ars Pr o c

Am S c T st o r . . . o . e .

Mat V l .
, p 5 6 a d Vo l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 1 3 1
o . .
,
n . , , . .

P r o p o s e d stan d ar d S p e c i ficat i o ns f sta yb l t i r n Pr c Am S or o o . o . . oc .

T e st Mat V o l 7 1 9 07 ,p 1 5 7 a d V l 1 0 1 9 1 0 p 9 3
. .
, . . .
, n o .
, , . _ .

Manu f actur e rs stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns f t l s p li c e b ars ( A d o p t d o or s ee . e

Jan 1 . R f e r nc s : Carn e g i St e e l C s Han d b o k 1 9 03

,
e e e e o .
’
o , ,

p .

Sp i r n g Ste l e

S p e c i ficat i o ns f or s p r i ng st l ee . Pr o c . Am . So c . T st Mate . .
,
Vo l . 7 ,

1 9 07 , p . 1 98 .

ct l St l St r u ura ee

Stan d ar d A m e r i can s p e c i ficat i o ns Eng N ws 1 9 00—I—3 2 2 . . e , .

T a bl e f gra d e s t l f b r i d g e s a n d b u il d i ngs i n s o m c untr i s

o s ee or e o e

t h at h av e a d p t d stan d ar d s Eng N w s 1 9 02 —I —5 1 6 o e . . e , .

T a bl e o f t e ns i l e str ngt h d l ngat i n f st l us e d n o ta bl e an e o o o ee on e

b r i d g s Eng N e w s 1 9 OZ I—5 1 6
e . .
)
~
.

Mat e r i a l wo r k m ans hi p f o r st e e l structur e s Am R E M W Ass n . . . . .

’
.

Eng N e ws 1 9 1 3 —L 2 7 4 2 83
‘

.
, , .

D e s i ra bili t y f stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns f r b r i d g e d s hi p st e e l Eng

o o o an . .

N e ws 1 9 07 1 1 6 2 2 .
-
.

S p e c i ficat i o ns f r d t sts o f st l Eng N e ws 1 9 1 2 I—6 5 8 o an e ee . .

,
-
.

A m e r i can B r i d g e C Ra d i ca l i nn vat i o ns i n st e l wo r k p ec i fi a o . o e s c

t i o ns Eng N w s 1 9 1 3 —I—3 6 4
. . e , .

Stan d ar d f o r b r i d g e s s hi p s f rg i ngs
, d ra il s f Am So c T e st , , o an o

Mat Eng N e w s 1 9 01 —I I —1 1 1 2 5 6 ; 1 9 02 —I—3 5 5

. . .

. .
, , , .

Sp e c i ficat i ns f o st e e l str t b r i d g i ng a d stat i n b il d i ng P e nn '

o r ee n o u ,

s yl van i a R R T r m i na l N w Y r k T rans A S C E V l 6 9. . e , e o . . . . . .
, o . ,

p . 21 4 ,
1 91 0 .

Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns f o structura l st e e l r for b ri d g e s P r o . c . A m So c . .

T st Mat V o l 9 1 9 09 p 3 7
e . .
, , .
49 6 Ap p e n di x D
I r n d St l—C o t i e d
o an ee n nn .

Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i o ns f structura l st l f b u il d i ngs Pr c Am

e or ee or . o . .

So T st Mat V l 9 1 9 09 p
c . e . .
, o .
, , .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f structura l st l f s hi p s Pr c Am T st

e o or ee or . o . . e .

Mat V l 9 1 9 09 p 4 2
.
, d V l 1 3 1 91 3 p 1 43
o .
, , .
, an o .
, , . .

St e l f ra m e w r k o f b u il d i ngs Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns B y Ostru p

e o . e o .
‘

( M G w H ill B o o k C o m p an y ) p p 1 1 2
c ra -
, .
-
.

S p c i ficat i ns f o m at r i a l
e d w r k m ans hi p f o
o st e e l structur s r e an o r e .

( A d p t d by A m r i c n Ra il w a y Ma i nt e nanc e f W y Ass n ) ’
o e e a o a .

R e f e r nc e : Wa ll s B i ns d G ra i n E l e vat o rs by K tc h u m p 5 3 6
e , an ,
”
e , . .

S p c i ficat i ns f
e st l str ctur e s d s i gn d ta il s o f c nstruct i o n
o or ee u ,
e , e o

a d w o r k m ans hi p
n ( A d o p t e d by t h A m r i can B r i d g C m p an y ) . e e e o .

R e f r nc ePa m p hl t— Sp i fi t i s a d T a bl s f St l Fra m d
e e : e ec ca on n e or ee e

Structur e s A m B r i d g e C o f N w Y r k C hi cag e d i t i n 1 9 1 3
, . . o e o , o o , .

N w s p c i ficat i ns f
e structura l st l w o r k I ssu d b y t h A m r
e o or ee . e e e

i can B r i d g C m p an y Eng R V l 67 p 2 64 e o . . ec .
, o .
, . .

N e w s p c i ficat i ns f st l w r k f b u il d i ngs E d i t r i a l Eng R

e o or ee o o . o , . ec

Vo l . 67, p . 254 .

S p c i ficat i ns
e St l s by H nr y S ut h r C h m Stan d ar d s C m m
o for ee ,
e o e , . o .

f S
or f Aut m bil e Eng i n e e rs
oc . F
o n t s d i t c o o ,
or o e an n s ru

t i ns r f rr i ng t a b o v e s e V o l 5 p p 1 7 6 —2 02
o e e o ,
e .
, . .

A b stract f P nns yl van i a Ra il r o a d s p c i ficat i o ns f m at r i a l s ( I n

o e e or e .

p ract i ca l s fo s ev ra l y e ars R p r i nt c by So
u f Au t o m o
e r e . e re . c . o

bil e Eng i n rs Stan d ar d C m m i tt e Se S A E Vol 6

ee
’
o e, e . . . ,

pp . 4 00—4 4 5 .

Th r e e ra d i ca l i nn o vat i ns i n o n ew st l s p c i ficat i ns
ee e o . Eng N e ws . ,

Vo l . 6 9, p . 364 .

Wr o ug h t i r o n— sp i fi a t i o n s d t sts f r Eng N e ws 1 9 1 2 —I—6 5 7 ec c an e o . . , .

Stan d a d s p e c i ficat i o ns f r w r ug h t i r n Pr o c Am So T s t or o o . . . c . e .

Mat 1 9 01 V o l 1 p 2 3 1 ; V l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 1 8 5
.
, , . , ; o .
, , .
-

K er os en e

N e c e ssar y r e f o r m s i n s p e c i ficat i ns f k e r s n e ill u m i nat i ng i l o or o e o .

Pa p e r b e f r e Am So T st Mat by Dr A So m m e r Eng R o . c . e . .
, . . . . ec .
,

1 91 0 —1 1 —1 6 6 ; Pr o c Am S T st Mat V l 1 0 1 9 1 0 p 4 6 3 . . oc . e . .
, o . , , . .

L th i g
a n

Ne w Y r k B ur au f B u il d i ngs Ru l s f l at hi n g d p l ast r i ng
‘

o e o . e or an e .

Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 I I 2 6 8 . e , .

S e als B u il d i ngs
“
e o .

L im e

Pr p o s e d s p c i ficat i ns f r li m e b t h hy d rat e d d q u i c k li m
o e Am o o ,
o an e . .

So c T e st Mat . V l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 3 1 5 ; V l 1 4 1 91 4 p 2 1 4
. .
,
o .
, , . o . , , . .

H y d rat e d li m t sts a d s p e c i ficat i ns R K M a d e Eng N w s e, e n o . . . e . . e ,

1 91 1 —1 —5 5 7 .

Lim e for w at r p ur i ficat i n

e o . W F M n f rt. . o o . Eng N e ws .
, 1 9 l 2— II
88 9 .

R c m m n d d c l aus e s f o p urc h as e f li m f wat r p ur i ficat i o n

e o e e r o e or e .

Pa p e r b f r C ntra l Stat s W W k Ass n by W F M n f rt

e o e e e . s .
’

,
. . o o .

Eng C nt N v 1 3 1 9 1 2 p 5 4 7
. o . , o . , , . .
49 8 A p p e n dix D
Mas o nr y—C o t i e d n nu .

S p e c i ficat i o ns u s e d by th e P nns yl van i a Ra il r a d C o m p an y

e o . J oh n
so n , p . 1 48 .

St o n e b r i d g e m as o nr y us e d by t h C hi cag M i l w au k St Pau l e o , ee .

Ra il wa y J o h ns o n p 1 4 5 . , . .

G e n e ra l s p c i ficat i o ns f r K e n s i c D m f B ar de f W t r Su p p ly o f o o a o o o a e

Ne w Y r k C i t y Eng N e ws V l 6 7 1 9 1 2 p p 7 7 6 7 7 9
o . . , o .
, , .
-
.

Larg e st o n d m Ne w Cr o t n d a m N w Y r k C i t y J h ns o n
e a . o , e o . o ,

p . 1 51 .

Se e als o C o ncr e t e ; ” “
Cana l L o c k s ; ” “
Ro ck .

Mea s u r e m e n t s
Pr o p s ot h d f o t h m e asur m nt f c ncr t c nstruct i n C m
ed me o r e e e o o e e o o . o

m i t t e e R e p o rt Nat l As s n o f C e m e nt U se rs Eng N e w s V o l 6 7 ’ ’
. .
, .
,

p 577 . Eng R V o l 6 5 p 3 87
. . ec . .
, . .

M e asur e m e nt ru l s C hi cag ru l s f m asur i ng xcavat i n ed . o e or e e o an

c o ncr e t e wo r k ( A d o p t e d 1 9 1 0 by W S o f E C hi cago Arc hi t cts . . . .

,
e
’

B us i n ss Ass n d Mas ns d C o ntract rs Ass n ) C A B 1 91 3

’ ’ ’ ’
e an o an o . . .
,

—
.

pp 1 8 7 1 9.1 Eng N e w s 1-
9 1 0—I I 4 9 2 ; C o m m e nts sa m e V o l p 5 4 0
. . , , . . .

Eart h m asur e m nt c l aus A l a w su i t i nv l v i ng sa m

e W h at first
e e . o e .

a p p e rs t o h av e a a m bi gu i t y i s s h w n t h av e d i ff e r nt i t p e no , o o e n er r

t at i o s Eng N ws V o l 5 1 Mar 1 0 1 9 04 p 2 2 7
n . . e , .
, .
, ,
. .

M e asur i ng q uant i t y excavat d un d r w at e r Un i t e d S tat s Eng i n r e e . e ee

C r p s J h ns n p 1 2 8
o . o o , . .

A l s o se e Excavat i o n “
.

Oi ls B i t m i
,
u d Cr te n ou s an e o so

S p c i fi c a t i o s f o r C o a l T ar Cr e o s t e f
e n W d B l c k Pav m nts f o or oo o e e o

C hi cag by J o h n E r i cs o n Eng C nt Jan 1 7 1 9 1 2 p 7 2

o , . . o .
, . , , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns d Ana ly s i s o f Cr e s o t e O il by S R C h urc h D i s an o , . . .

u ss
c i o o f f o t i m b r n p r e s rvat i v ,
Eng R e c 1 9 1r2 —I—80 e e e . . .
,
.

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o c o a l tar cr e o s t A R E M W Ass n Eng

r o e . . . . . .
’
. .

C nt S e p t 3 0 1 9 08 p 2 04
o .
,
. , , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o r r o a d i l San J o a q u i n Co Ca l W B H o gan o ,

.
, . . . .

Eng C o nt Au g 5 1 9 1 4 p 1 2 9
. .
, .
, , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f r s i d uu m i l f o r a d tr at m e nt f St L u i s Mo or e o r o e o . o , .

E g C o nt i Ma 2 3 1 9 1 0 p 26 8
‘

n . ,
r .
, , . .

S p e c i fic t i ns f o ana ly s i s f c a l tar cr s t C o m m i tt R e p rt
a o r o o eo o e . ee o .

A R E .
M W Ass n V o l 9 1 9 08 p 7 08 ; V l 1 2 1 9 1 1 p 7 4 3
. . . .
’
, .
, , . o . , . ,
-
.

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f r c l tar cr s t C m m i tt e R p o rte o o oa eo o e . o e e .

A R E .
M W Ass n V o l 1 1 1 9 1 0 p 7 3 7
. . . .
’
, . , , . .

S e al s Pav m nts “ ”
e o e e .

Oi l , F u e l
i n s i gna l l a m p s Eng N s
Sp ec i fi c a t i o n s f o r , . . ew ,
1 9 06 — —
II 4 3 1 .

F u e l S p c i ficat i o ns f
. p urc h as U S B ur au f M i n e s Eng
e or e . . . e o . .

N e w s 1 9 1 1 I I —2 05 ,
-
.

Fu l O il S p e c i ficat i o ns a d C o rr ct i o ns f r m Fu e l Ec n o m y T sts at
e n e o o e

a Larg e O i l B urn i ng E l e ctr i c P o w r P l ant by C R W y m o ut h e , . . e .

A d i scuss i o n f r q u i r m e nts a n d r e su l ts T rans A S M E V o l o e e . . . . . .

,
.

3 0 1 9 08 , , p . 775 .
 B ib l i o g r a p h y o f S p e c i fi c a t io n s

O il Fu l— C o t i n e d
, e n u .

Fu l S p ec i fic t i ns d C ntracts D i sc uss s d s i ra bili t y f s p c i ficat i o ns

e a o an o . e e o e

by Wm D Enn i s Eng R V l 5 7 p 5 5 4 . . . . ec . o .
, . .

S p e c i fica t i ns f F l f o H avy i l Eng i n s A b tr ct f b u ll t i n o f

o or ue r e -
o e . s a o e

U S B ur au f M i n s by I C A ll n Can Eng V l 2 5 p 2 89
. . e o e . . e . . . o . , . .

o n Li, ed
n se

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f p ur i t y f w li ns e d i l f r m N rt h e o or o ra e o o o

A m e r i can s e d Pr c Am S T e st Mat V l 1 3 1 9 1 3 p 3 9 9 e . o . . oc . . .
, o .
, , . .

Oi l L b i c t i g ;
, u r a n

N c e ssar y r f o r m i n s p c i ficat i o ns f l b r i cat i ng il s Pa p r b f o r

e e e or u o . e e e

T st Mat by D A S m m e r Eng R e 1 9 1 0—II —1 6 7

'

Am So . c. e . r . . o . . c .
, .

R e q u i r m nts f l u b r i cat i ng i l i n c m b ust i n ng i n e s D A S m

e e or o o o e . r . . o

m Pr c A m S T st Mat V l 1 0 1 9 1 0 4 6 6
er . o . . oc . e . .
,
o .
, , .

O il s A b stract f P e nns yl van i ra il r a d s p c i ficat i ns f m at e r i a l s

. o a o e o or .

( I n p ract i ca l u f s e v ra l y e ars R p r i nt e by So f Aut se or e . e r c . c . o o

m o bi l e Eng i n e rs Stan d ar d C m m i tt R f r nc T rans e o ee, e e e e : .

f t h e So c o f Aut o m o bil e Eng i n e e rs V o l 6 p p 4 00

o .
—4 4 5 , .
, . .

S p c i ficat i ns f Aut o Eng i n e Lu b r i cat i ng O il by H e nr y S ut h r

e o or ,
o e ,

C h m Stan d ar d s C o m m . f S o f Aut o m bil Eng 1 9 1 0 R f . or o c. o e .

, . e

e r e nc e : T rans f t h So c o f Aut m bil Eng i n e rs V o l 5 p p 1 6 8 . o e . o o e e , .

, .

1 75 N t e : F n o t e s a d i nstruct i o ns r f rr i ng t a b v
. o ee or n e e o o e, s

sa m e V o l p p 1 7 6—2 02 .
, . .

P i t
a n

S p ec i ficat i n p r p s d b y A m e r i can S c i e ty f T st i ng M a t r i a l s
o o o e o or e e .

T e sts o f Eng N e w s 1 9 1 1 —I I—3 5 6 4 . .

, , .

S p c i ficat i o ns f p a i nt f st l t r m i na l structur e s P nns yl van i a

e or or ee e , e

ra il r a d N w Y o r k T rans A S C B V l 6 9 p 2 1 3
o , e . . . . .
, o .
, .

Pr es rvat i v c at i ngs Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns a d p t d b y A m r i c n

e e o . e o o e e a

So ci ty f T st i ng Mat e r i a l s O n e sp c i fi cat i n i n 1 9 1 3 Y ar
e or e . e o e

B o o k p p 2 8 7 —2 8 9 No t
, A b ve Y ar B o k c nta i ns a ll stan d ar d
. . e : o e o o

S p e c i ficat i ns f t h s c i t y a b ut s ixt y t h r e o s ixt y f o ur i no e o e , o -

e or -

nu m b e r l at e st r v i s i o n A l s c l ass i fi d li st g i v i ng d at s f a d p
, e . o e e o o

t io n a d s b s q t r evi s i n n
’

u e u en o .

Pa i nts A b stract o f P nns yl van i a ra i l r a d s p c i ficat i ns f m at r i a l s

. e o e o or e .

( I n p ract i ca l s f s ve ra l y e ars R e p r i nt c by S o f Aut u e or e . re . ec . o

m bil e Eng i n e rs Stan d r d C m m i tt

o R f r nc T rans
e a o ee, e e e e : .

of th e S c f Aut o m o bil e Eng i n rs V l 6 p p 4 00—4 4 5

o . o ee , o . , . .

Pa p er
Ne w s p c i ficat i o n s
e o f Go ve rn m nt p r i nt i ng e o fii ce Eng N ew s 1 91 2
—
. .
,

I 49 0 .

P v
a e m en ts C st ct i an G l
d R o ad on ru on , en era

Gen ra l s p e c i ficat i o ns f M i c hi gan Sta t r w ar d r a d s Thi r d bi n

e or e e o . e

n i l r e p rt f t h Stat H i g h wa y C m m i ss i n ( De 1 1 9 08 t
a o o e e o o c . , , o

Jun e 3 0 C l ass A C l a y gr v l ro a d s p p 6 8—7 1 ; C l ass B

'

, . a e , . .

G rav l r a d s p p e 7 1 —7 4 ; C l ass C St o n
o grav l r a d s p p 7 4 —7 6 ;
, . . e e o , .

C l ass D G ra ve l st o n e r a d s p p 7 7 —7 9 ; C l ass E St n r d s
. o , . . o e oa .

pp . 7 9—83 .
500 A p p e n di x D
Pav em e nts d R a d C o nstruct i n G n ra l Co t i ed
an o o , e e -_
n nu .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns a d p t d by t h A m r i can S c i t y f o T st i ng

e o o e e e o e r e

Mat r i a l s S e v n s p c i ficat i ns i n 1 9 1 3 Y ar B k p p 2 9 0—2 9 9

e . e e o e oo , . .

N o t e A b o v Y e ar B o o k c o nta i ns a ll stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f o

: e e o r

th e s c i t y a b o ut s ixt y t h r e
o e , s ixty f o ur -
e or -
.

Pav i ng Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f ratt l r

. d ratt l r t st e (Re o or e an e e . c

mm d d by t h e Nat l Pav i ng B r i c k M f g r s As s n W ill P ’ ’

o en e . , .

B l a i r s cr tar y C l v l an d 0
,
e e Mun i c i p a l Eng V o l 4 0 p p 9 3 —9 5
, e e , . .
, .
, . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o Str e e t Ra il wa y Pav m nts by W h i n e r y ( M G w

r e e , c ra

H ill B o k C o m p an y ) G e n ra l p p 1 3 —2 2 ; f n d at i ns p p 2 4—3 1 ;
o . e , . ou o , .

s h t as p h a l t p av e m nt p p 3 3 —4 5 ; as p h a l t bl o c k p av m nt p p 4 ?
ee e , . e e , .

4 8 ; gra i t bl o c k p av m nt p p 5 0—5 5 ; b r i c k p av m e nts p p 5 6—6 0

n e e e , . e , . .

( D i ff rs n ly i n m i n r d ta il s f r o m t h s o f Ass n f Stan d ar d izi ng ’

e o o e o e or

Pav i ng a d Nat l Pav i ng B r i c k Mf g A s s n )

n
’
.
’
.

Ma i nt nanc e S i m p l e c l aus
e . a b sur d r q u i r m nts d i scuss i n o f e, no e e e , o

g d a n d b d p i nts o f sa m e Eng N e w s S p t 3 1 9 03
oo a o . . , e .
,
.

Mate r i a l s f r o a d c nstruct i o n d stan d ar d s f t h i r t st a d e

or o an or e e n us .

Pr o c A S C E A p 1 9 1 5
. . . . .
, r. .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns o f t h Ass c i at i n f r Stan d ar d izi ng Pav i ng

e o e o o o

S p ec i ficat i ns ( R e p o rts f var i s c o m m i tt s a d o p t e d )

o . o ou ee .

( 1 ) S p e c i ficat i ns f c o ncr t e s i d ewa lk s s eco n d annua l r ep o rt o f

o or e

ass c i at i o n p p 3 5 —3 7
,

o , . .

( 2 ) S p e c i ficat i ns f c ncr e t e cur b d c m bi n e d cur b a d gutt e r

o or o an o n ,

s e c n d annua l r p rt ass c i at i o n p p 3 7 —4 0
o e o o , . .

( 3 ) S p c i ficat i ns f
e c ncr t e f p av m e nt f o un d at i ns s c n d
o or o e or e o , e o

annua l r p o rt f ass c i at i n p p 4 0—4 2 e o o o , . .

( 4 ) S p c i ficat i ns f
e c ncr e t p av m nts s e c n d annua l r e p rt o f
o or o e e e , o o

ass c i at i o n p p 4 2 —4 5
o , . .

( 5 ) S p e c i ficat i ns f m aca d a m s e c n d annua l r p o rt

o f ass c i
or , o e o o a

t i o n p p 5 0—5 2 , . .

( 6 ) S p e c i ficat i ns f cr s o t d wo d bl c k s r p rt f ass c i at i n
o or eo e o o e o o o o ,

pp . 5 4 —5 6 .

(7) S p c i ficat i ns f ana ly s i s f c a l tar cr s t e

e o or o o eo o ( a p p en d i x t o
S p c i ficat i o ns N o
e s e c o n d annua l r p rt . e o o f ass c i at i n o o ,

pp . 5 7—59 .

( 8 ) B rie f S p e c i ficat i o ns f o r b r i c k a n d gran i t e bl o c k first annua l ,

r e p o rt o f ass o c i at i o n p p 6 3 —6 6 , . .

( 9 ) S p e c i ficat i o ns o r s h e t as p h a l t p av e m e nt first annua l r e p o rt e ,

o f ass o c i at i o n p p 7 3 —78 , . .

( 1 0) S p e c i ficat i o ns f o r bi tu m i n o us c o ncr e t e p av e m e nt first a nua l , n

r e p o rt o f ass o c i at i o n p p 7 8—8 2 , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o Str e e t Ra il wa y Pav e m e nts b y W hi n e r y ( Mc G r a w

r ,

H ill B o o k W o o d bl o c k p av e m e nt p p 6 2 —6 8 ; bi tu m i n o us co n , .

cr e t e p av e m e nts p p 6 9 —7 3 ; hy d rau li c c o ncr e t e p av e m e nt p p 7 3 —7 7 ;

, . , .

exp e r i m e nt a l o r untr i e d p av e m e nt pp 7 8—8 0; c o ncr e t e cur b a d , . n

gutt e r p p 8 0 8 4 ; c o ncr e t e s i d e wa lk s p p 8 4—8 8

, .
-
, . .

Pav e m e nt s p e c i ficat i o ns i n u se i n d i ff e r e nt c i t i e s a d stat e s R e f n .

c r e ne e s : C hi cag o s p c i ficat i o ns i n u se d ur i ng 1 9 05 Se e Eng i e .

502 A p p e n di x D
Pa v em en ts B i t m i , u n ou s

A s p h a l t i c c ncr t bi tu m i n o us m aca d a m b r i c k t
o of P sy l e e, , , e c en n

van i a hi g h w y d e p art m nt Eng C o nt Au g 1 9 1 9 1 4 p 1 8 9 a e . . .

, .
, , . .

As p h a l t d bi tu m i n o us c o ncr t e p av m e nts i n Was hi ngto n D C Sp e

an e e , . .

cifi ti f
ca a ll Mat r i a l s a d W r k by Ca p t Mar k B r o k e
ons or e n o , . o .

Eng C nt Jan 1 0 1 9 1 4 p 6 7 9
. o .
, .
, , . .

As p h al t bl ck p av m nt at Was hi ngt on D C Eng C nt D e 2 1

o e e , . . o .
, c. ,

1 91 0 , p . 554 .

B i tu m i n us c ncr e t s p c i ficat i ns A d p t e d b y C hi cag c nv nt i n

o o e e o . o o o e o .

Eng N ws 1 9 1 0—1 —3 09
. e ,

S p e c i ficat i o ns f bi tu m i n us sur f ac c ncr t p av m nt i n L An or o e o e e e e os

g l s C Ca l Eng C o nt N v 6 1 9 1 2 p 5 1 3
e e o .
, . . .
,
o .
, , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns o f Ne w Y r k stat hi g h w a y d p art m nt f bi tu m i n o us o e e e or

m aca d a m an d bi tu m i n us m at e r i a l s Eng C nt D 8 1 9 09 p 4 9 0 o . . o .
, ec .
, , . .

N w J rs y stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns f
e e e as p h a l t i c c ncr t Eng R o or o e e . . ec .
,

1 9 1 2—1 1 —3 4 0 .

Cr i t i c i s m f Massac h us tts S p e c i ficat i ns C o n f us i n as t As p h a l t i c

o e o ,
o o ,

by H Ti p p e r Eng N ws 1 9 09 —1 1 —3 7 5 ; sa m by H W C l ar k
. . . e , e, . . .

Eng N e w s 1 9 09 —I I—5 2 1
. , .

As p h a l t p av i ng ( R p o rt o f c m m i ss i o n r f acc unts f t h e c i t y o f
. e o e o o o

N w Y rk
e Feb 3 o S p e c i ficat i ns
,
d t h i r d i scuss i n .
, o an e o ,

pp 1
.
— 6 2 ; Pract i c l s e a d va l u f s p c i ficat i ns pp 6 7 —70 a u n e o e o , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f s h e t as p h a l t p av m nts c i t y f N w

e o or e ,
e e , o e

Y r k R f r nc
o . H i g h wa y Eng i n r i ng by M rr i s n p p 2 3 3
e e e e : ee , o o , .

2 74 .

As p h a l t i c c ncr t d Sh t as p h a l t p av m nts — p i fi t i
o f e e an ee e e s ec ca on s o r,

at Vanc uv e r B C Eng N e w s V l 6 8 p 7 7 0
o , . . . , o .
, . .

As p h a l t p av m nt— w Har l e m b r i d g e at O Hun d r e d F i f t y fi f t h

e e ne ne -

St Ne w Y r k
.
,
J o h ns n p 1 7 1 o . o , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f o s h e t as p h a l t ( A d p t e d by t h A m e r
e o r e . o e .

S oc of Mun i c i p a l I m p r v m e nts S p t 2 7
. R f r e nc e s : o e ,
e .
, e e

Pr o c f t h e Annua l C nv nt i n f t h A m r S
. o of Mun i c i p a l o e o o e e . oc .

I m p r v m nts ( I n p a m p hl t f o r m by Mun i c i p a l J urna l 5 0 Un i n

o e e . e o , o

S q uar N w Y r k ) e, e o .

As p h a l tu m p av m e nt J h ns n p 1 6 6 e . o o , . .

Vanc uv e r B C s p e c i ficat i ns f s h e t as p h a l t d as p h a l t i c
o , . .
, o or e an co n

cr t Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 —I I—7 7 0
e e . . e , .

Eng li s h Sugg st i n f Stan d ar d S p ec i ficat i ns f B i tu m i n us B un d

e o or o or o o

R o a d Sur f ac e b y J S B r d i Eng C nt Oct 2 1 9 1 2 p 3 7 6 , . . o e . . o .

, . , , . .

T ar C ncr t e Pav m nts i n Ontar i by W A M Le

o e Eng C nt Jan e e o, . . c an . . o .
, .

2 , 1 91 2 , p . 14 .

S p c i ficat i ns f
e o i l c m nt c o ncr to p av m e nts N w Y r k C i ty or -
e e -
e e e , e o .

Eng C nt Ju ly 2 4 1 9 1 2 p 9 7
. o .
, , , . .

M a i nt i n i ng C ncr t R a d s w i t h B i tu m i n us W ar i ng Sur f ac s by
a o e e o o e e ,

H C P r
. ( S p e c i ficat i ns f
. a p p l y i ng bi tu m i n us sur f ac e )
oo e . o or o .

Eng C nt Jan 7 1 9 1 4 p 1 7
. o . , .
, . .

B i n d r C urs e i n B tu m i n us Pav m nts b y F N B i ng h a m Eng

o e i o e e , . . . .

N ws 1 9 1 3 —1 1 07 9
e ,
-
.
 B ib li o g ra p h y o f Sp e c i fi c a t io n s 503

Pavem nts e B itu m in b s

u —
C o t i n u ed n .
,

O il G rave l e d Str e e ts ; S p c i ficat i o ns L Ang e l s Ca l by N E ll e r y e ,

os e , . .

Eng N w s 1 9 07 3 6 6
.
—1 — e , .

S p e c i ficat i ns o f t h e N w Y r k stat e hi g h wa y d p art m e nt f r b i t u m i

o e o e o n

s m aca d a m
ou 1 9 09 Eng i n r i ng d C o ntract i ng V l 3 2 1 9 09
, . ee an , o .
, ,

pp . 490, 49 1 .

S p c i ficat i o ns f o tar m aca d a m p av m

e r e e nt S p e c i fic t i n s f o m aca d a m
. a o r

r a d w a y s as c nstruct d i n var i us
o o e o c i t i s f Ontar i Cana d a A l s o
e o o, .

s m d i scuss i n f m at r i a l s a d
o e o o e n c o sts Mun i c i p a l Eng i n r i ng
. ee .

V lo 2 0 Jun
. 1 9 01 pp
, 3 7 0—372 e, , . .

Su gg e st d stan d a r d S p e c i ficat i ns f o
e o r as p h a l t an d av e
b it u m in ou s p
m e nts B y c nv e nt i n o f C hi cag c i t y o fil c i Eng C nt Mar
‘

. o o o als . . o .
,
.

23, 1 91 0 , p . 270 .

O tta wa Ontar i S p e c i ficat i ns f T ar Maca d a m b y N J K

, o, E g o or , . . er . n .

N ws 1 9 06 —1 1 —2 1 3
e ,
.

San M n i ca C li f rn i a O il d D i rt R a d s ; As p h a l t i c O il
o ,
d Fitz
a o , e o an

g ra l d T a m p r R ll r by E H W il c x Eng N w s 1 9 07 —I—3 6 6
e e o e , . . o . . e , ,

an d 1 9 07 —L 5 43 .

B i tu m i n us m aca d a m s p c i ficat i ns m y b o b ta i n d f r m I n d i a
o e o a e e o :

na p li s I d ; Man k at M i nn ; K n xv ill T e nn ; M li n e
o ,
n . War o, . o e, . o ,

re n Br s C B o st o n
o 5 9 T mpl
. St ; T h
o . I n d i an R e fin i ng C o
, ,
e e . e .
,

N w Y r k 1 1 5 B r o a d wa y
e o d ,
t h r c m p an i e s , an o e o .

I n d i ana p li s s p c i ficat i ns f bi tu m i n us m aca d a m p av m nt M

o e o or o e e . u

n i c i p a l Eng i n r i ng V l 3 7 1 9 09 p p 2 6 1 2 6 2 ee , o .
, , .
, .

Pa v m t B i k d B lo k
e en ,
r c an c

B r i c k p av i ng c nstruct i n I nstruct i ns i ssu d by Nat Pav i ng B r i c k

o o . o e .

Mf g s Ass n W J B l a i r Eng N e ws 1 9 06 I I —2 3 1 2 3 4
r .
’
. . . . .
,
-
, .

B r i c k a d gran i t e bl c k Sp
n i ficat i o ns a d o p t e d b y C hi cag o ve o ec o c n n

t i n Eng N w s 1 9 1 0—L 2 9 1
o . . e , .

S p c i ficat i o ns f S l ag F un d at i ns f B r i c k Pave m nt N il s O hi
e or o o or e , e ,
o,

by W m V A l f o r d Eng N w s Ma y 7 1 9 1 4 p 1 01 4
. . . . e , , , . .

St n d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f b r i c k p av m nts ( A d p t d at t h e 1 6 t h
a e o or e e . o e

annua l c o nve nt i o n f t h Nat i na l Pav i ng B r i c k Manu f actur e rs o e o

’

Ass c i at i n ) R e f e r nc es : Eng i n e r i ng W r k i n T w n n d C i t
o o . e e o o s a

ie s, by M C l l u g h p 6 4 N t c C p i s f sa m e can b e s c r d
u o , . . o e : o e o e u e

t h r ug h W ill P B l a i r S cy C l v l an d 0
o . , e .
,
e e , .

Pav i ng b r i c k t sts b y A m r i can B r i c k Manu f actur e rs Ass c i at i o n

e e
“
’
o .

J h ns o n p 1 6 1
o , . .

Stan d ar d S p c i fic t i ns f b r i c k p av m nts ( A d p t d b y A m e r S
e a o or e e . o e . oc .

Mun i c i p a l I m p r ve m nts S p t 2 7 R f r nc s Pr o c f
o e , e .
, e e e e : . o

th e Annua l C nv nt i n o f t h A m e r S f Mun i c i p a l I m p r v
o e o e . oc . o o e

m nt s e I ssu e d i n p a m p hl t f r m by t h Mun i c i p a l J urna l 5 0

. e o e o ,

Un i n S q uar e N Y
o , . .

B r i c k p av i ng c i t y f St L ou i s J h ns n p 1 6 3
, o . . o o , . .

G ran i t p av m nt c i t y
e f M il w au k e
e J h ns n p 1 7 3
e , o e . o o , . .

M th o d
e d s p c i fic t i o ns
an f c o nstr ct i ng w o d bl c k p av m nt at
e a o u o o e e

G ran d F o r k s N D Pa p r b e f r e 1 1 1 So c o f Eng , Surv by J J

. . e o . . . .
, . .

S m i t h Eng C nt Oct 2 7 1 9 09 p 3 5 3
. . o .
, . , , . .
504 A p p e n di x D
Pav em e nt B r i c k a d B l o c k—C on ti u d
, n n e .

Eng li s h S p c i ficat i o ns f o C o nstruct i n o f W d B l c k Pav e m e nt by

e r o oo o ,

C li ff r d R i c h a r d s o n Eng C o nt Ma y 2 9 1 9 1 2 p 6 08
o . . .
, , , . .

Vanc uve r B C wo o d bl o c k p av m nt Eng N ws 1 9 1 1 —I I —4 7 5

o e e e

W o o d bl o c k —s p i fi t i o s a d o p t d by C h i cag c o nv nt i n Cr o
, . .
, . . ,

e ec ca n e o e o . e

sot e d bl o c k Eng N ws 1 9 1 0—I—2 9 0 . . e , .

Pav i ng A c m p ar i s n f t h s p c i ficat i ns f cr o s o t d w d p a v
. o o o e e o or e e oo

i ng bl c k s o f f urt e n A m e r i can c i t i e s Pu bli s h d p a p e r by C

o o e . e .

Mars h a l l T a yl o r C h e m i st f t h I nt rnat i na l Cr s o t i ng Co , o e e o eo n

struct i n C o o f G a l v st n T x A l s se d i scuss i n d t bl e E
o . e o , e . o e o an a ,
n

gi i g C o ntract i ng 1 9 1 0 V o l 3 3 p 5 5 2
n eer n -
, , .
, . .

N w S p c i ficat i ns f
e Cr s t W d B l o c k Pav m nt by B d f L ca l Im
e o or eo o e -
oo e e . o o

p r v e m e nt C hi cag o 1 1 1
o Can Engr V o l 2 3 p 2 5 0 ,
. . . .
, . .

Pa v m
e t C
en t , o n cr e e

C o ncr t e R a d s i n M il w au k e C
e W i s by A J K l l i g Eng
o e o . . ue n . .

C o nt Ma y 1 3 1 9 1 4 p 5 5 1
.
, , , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f c ncr e t p av m nts f R S B l m C C hi cag o

or o e e e o . . o e o .
, .

Eng C nt D e 1 6 1 9 08 p 4 1 5
. o .
, c .
, , . .

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f P rt l an d c m nt r o a d s d P rt l an d
e o or o e e an o re

m e nt s i d w a l k s Nat Ass n f C m e nt Us rs Eng C nt Jan 2 0 ’

e . . o e e . . o .
, . ,

1 9 09 , p . 53 .

C ncr t e S p c i ficat i ns a d o p t d by C h i c g o c nve nt i n f s i d w a l k s

o e e o e a o o or e ,

cur b s d p av e m e nts Eng N w s 1 9 1 0—1 3 08

an . . e ,
-
.

C o ncr e t e p av m nts F o un d at i ns ; p av i ng p ract i c G C Warr n

e e . o e . . . e .

Eng N e ws 1 9 09 —I I—6 1 1
.
, .

Pa v m
e t M
en d m , d E th R d a ca a an ar oa s

Sp ec i fi ca t i a d n t s m aca d a m r a d c nstruct i n
on Pa p e r b
n o e , on o o o . e

f re W S E
o by A N J h ns n Eng C o nt Oct 2 8 1 9 08 p 2 7 6
. . . . o o . . .
, .
, , . .

D ta il s a d s p e c i ficat i ns f Ca li f rn i a hi g h wa y c m m i ss i n — m aca d a m
e n o o o o o .

Eng C nt Ju ly 3 1 9 1 2 p 1 5
. o .
, , , . .

M a ca d a m s p c i ficat i ns a d p t d by C hi cag c nv e nt i n Eng N w s

e o o e o o o . . e ,

1 91 0—I—2 9 0 .

S p e c i ficat i ns f S h ll R o a d s by Ma j W W Cr o s by f stat e r o a d
o or e , . . . o

c m m i ss i n M d Eng C o nt Jan 3 1 9 1 2 p 1 1
o o , . . .
, .
, , . .

Eart h r a d s san d c l a y grav l c h rt d b r i d g s cu l v rts e t c A l a

o , , , e , e an e ,
e , .

b a m a stat e hi g h w a y c m m i ss i n Eng C o nt N v 2 5 1 9 1 1 p 5 04 o o . . .
,
o . , , . .

S p c i ficat i n f trun k li n hi g h w a y i n M i c hi gan ( sta ff art i c l e ) Eng

e o or e . .

C nt F b 2 4 1 9 1 5 p 1 6 2
o .
, e . , , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f Maca d a m R a d s by H P G ill e tt A I Fr y Eng

o or o , . . e, . . e . .

N e w s 1 9 01 —I I—3 5 1 , .

S p e c i ficat i ns f Maca d a m R a d s by E Mc C l l o g h Eng N ws

o or o , . u u . . e ,

1 9 03 — I—1 8 9 ; 1 9 04 I I —2 4 1 -
.

Stan d a r d stat a i d s p c i ficat i ns f st n e r o a d s— N w J ers e y R f

e e o or o e . e

e en e
r
‘
H i g h wa y Eng i n e r i ng by M rr i s o n p p 1 2 6 —1 4 2
e : e , o , .

Maca d a m izi ng Fa i r m o unt Par k P hil Hau p t p 1 4 9 . , .

, . .

P il e s
Sp c i fi
e ti A R E ca M W Ass n Eng N w s 1 9 04 —I—2 6 4
on s . . . . .
’
. . e , .
 506 A p p e n di x D
P i p Cast I r n—Co ti n u ed
e, o n .

Cast i ro n wat e r p i p e Wat r W o r k s S y st . e em o f C i nc i nnat i . J o h ns n o ,

D . 221 .

Manu f actur a d d li ve r y o f ca s t i r n wat e r p i p e C i t y o f R c h e st e r

e n e -
o . o ,

N Y J o h ns o n p 1 9 0
. .
, . .

Pi p e, C n te o cr e

S p c i ficat i o ns f C ncr t S w r P i p e at B lli ng h a m Was h by H

e or o e e e e e , .
, .

A W hi tn y Eng C nt F b 8 1 9 1 1 p 1 5 7
. e . . o . , e .
, , . .

C o ncr et e S w e r P i p T sts i n K ansas C i t y by E S Wa ll ac Eng

e e e , . . e . .

N w s V l 6 9 p 5 68 1 9 1 3
e , o .
, .
,
.

S p c i ficat i ns f r i n f rc m e nt f c ncr t cu l v e rt p i p Illi n o i s C e n

e o or e o e o o e e e,

tra l Ra il r a d Pr o c o f t h e 2 2 d Annua l C nv nt i o n f t h A m e r
o . . n o e o e “

Ry B ri d g B u i l d i ng Ass n p p 1 03 —1 07
. e
’

, . .

Pr p e d stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f c ncr t d ra i n p i p

o os d t il e o or o e e e an e .

( Su b m i tt d by C m m f t h e Nat Ass n f C m nt Us rs i n
’
e o . o . o e e e

R f r e nc e Pr c f t h Nat A s s n f C m e nt Us e rs V l 7 p p 7 6 1
e e : o . o e .
’
o e ,
o .
,
.

7 65 .

Pr o p s o ed stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f p l a i n c o ncr e t e d ra i n t il e o or e . Co m

m ittee
“

r p rt d t o Nat Ass n C e m e nt Us e rs Eng C nt F

e o e .
’
. . o .
,
eb . 2 3,
1 91 0 , p 1 67
Se e a l s C o ncr t o e e .

Pi p e, Ste l e

L e a d L i n e d St e l T bi ng Un i t d Stat s Navy by R D G at w o o d e u ,
e e , . . e .

D scr i p t i n a d n t s Eng N e w s 1 9 1 2 —1 —8 9 6
e o n o e . . , .

P rt l an d Or g n R i v t d St e l P i p by J C St v ns Eng N w s
o ,
e o , e e e e, . . e e . . e ,

1 9 1 1 —I I —1 1 2 .

R i v e t e d st l w at r p i p Wat r su p p ly f Ca m b r i d g Mass J h n
ee e e . e o e, . o

so n , p . 225 .

Pi p e, V i tr i fi e d
S e we r p i p e —
I o w a Stat e Dra i nag Ass n e
’
. Ad pt o ed Fe b .
, 1 91 3 . Eng .

R ec .
, 1 91 3—I—2 3 5 .

S p e c i ficat i ns f S e w r P i p o or e e, V i tr i fi d P i p a d P i p La y i ng i n St e e n e .

L u i s by W W H rn r
o , . . o e . E n g C o nt Sep t 1 3 1 9 1 1 p 2 8 6
. .
, .
, , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o d ra i n t il o r e an d s we r p i p R p rt f C m m i tt ee o f
e e . e o o o

I o wa Stat D ra i nag Ass n e e

’
. A d p t d F b 1 9 1 3 Eng R c 1 9 1 3
o e e . . e .
,

I—2 3 5 .

Pr p s d stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns d r m m e n d d p ract i c f d ra i n

o o e e o an ec o e e or

t il e d t il d ra i n c nstruct i n
an R p rt c o m m i tt t o Am So
e o o . e o ee . c .

T st Mat Eng C nt A g 1 9 1 9 1 4 p 1 8 1
e . . . o .
, u .
, ,
. .

Dra i n t il Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns I w a Stat Dra i nag Ass n E xp

e . e o o e e
’
. .

Sta I w Stat C ll g A m e s I a Eng Ne w s 1 9 1 3 —I—4 8 4

. o a e o e e, , . . , .

T ntat i ve stan d ar d s p c i fic a t i ns f r d ra i n t il s we r p i p e a d f o
e e o o e, e n r

p i p e l a yi ng 1 91 3 Pr i nt d f o D i str ib ut i o n by Eng i n e r i ng E xp
.
, e r e .

Sta I w a Stat C o ll e g e Wr i t e D i r e ct o r A Marst o n A m e s I a

.
, o e .
, .
, ,
.

Eng R c V l 6 7 p p 2 3 5 2 3 6
. e .
, o .
, .
, .

Dra i n t il an d s we r p i p S p c i ficat i o ns f o r — c m m i tt e e r e p rt f
e e e . e o o o

I wa Stat e D ra i Ass n Eng R e c V o l 6 7 p 2 3 5

o n .
’
. . .
, .
, . .

S e we r p i p e J h ns o n p 1 8 3 . o , . .
 B i b li o g r a p h y o f Sp e c i fi ca t io n s 507

P ipe , Wo od St v a e

Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r w o o d stav e p pe i , At l ant i c C i t y N J , . . Eng C nt . o

Oct 3 0 1 9 1 2 p 4 8 8 . , , . .
r
D e s i gn d s p c i ficat i o ns f Sacra m nt
an w at r su p p l y w
e d p i p e li n o e o e oo e,

E l Pas . S W R y C o Eng C nt Ju ly 1 7 1 9 1 2 p 7 0
o . . . . . o .
, , , . .

W o d stav e p i p e Un i t e d St a t e s R c l a m at i n Se rv i c e b y E A M r i t z
o . e o ,
. . o .

Eng N w s 1 9 1 2 —1 —5 7 1 7 9 9
. e , , .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o W o o d Stav e P i p b y A S w i c k ar d Eng C nt

o r e, . . . o

Jan 6 1 9 1 5 p 1 4 . , , . .

S p c i ficat i n f a stan d ar d w o d p i p li n e d s i gn d f a p r ssur

e o or o e e e or e e

o f 8 0 p o un d s — Pr c f th 3 2 d annua l c o nv nt i n f th Am r o . o e n e o o e e .

Ry B ri d g . B u i l d i ng Ass n p p 1 2 6 —1 2 9 e
’

, . .

W d n stave p i p us e d i n Ca li f rn i a J o h ns n p 2 3 2
oo e
’

e o o , . .

Pl n
a s

Ru l s f s w e rag
e d w at r su p p ly p l ans su b m i tt d t
or e N J Stat e an e , e o . . e

B d H al t h .Eng N w s 1 9 1 3 —I I —5 4 8
e . . e , .

Se e a l s o Ma p s .

P l st i n g
a er

Stan d r d s p ec i ficat i o n s f Ext r i r P l t r i ng ( Stucc o ) Pa m p hl t A g

a or e o as e . e u ,

1 9 1 3 o f A ss c i t e d M ta l Lat h Manu f act r r s Y o ungst o wn O hi o

, o a e u e , , .

P l m b i g — se e
u n B u il d i ng .

P m p i g M h in
u n y ac er

S e l ct i o n a d S p e c i ficat i o ns f o Wat r W k s Pu m p i ng Mac hi n e r y by

e n r e . ,

N J H ill Eng R e c 1 9 05 —1 1 —3 9
. . . . .

S p e c i ficat i ons f o V rt i ca l T r i p l e Exp ans i n Pu m p i ng Eng i n M il r e o e,

Wau k e W i s by C T M y e rs e Pr o c A m W W k As n 1 9 09
, , . . . . . . s . s
’

, ,

p . 77 .

S p c i ficat i ns f I rr i gat i o n Pu m p i ng P l ant Pa y tt I d a h by G T

e o or , e e, o , . .

I ng rs o ll Eng C o nt Oct 2 1 9 1 2 p 3 8 5
e . . .
, . , , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o r s wag e p u m p i ng p l ant n ar Du l ut h M i nn Eng

o e e , . .

C nt A p r il 7 1 9 1 5 p 3 09
o .
, , , . .

Pu m p s t b e p rat e d by w at r p w r Aust i n T xas J h ns n

o o e e o e .
, e . o o ,

p . 247:
Larg e p u m p i ng e ng i n s C i t y f St L u i s J h ns n p 2 6 6 e . o . o . o o , . .

Wat r w r k s W il m i ngt o n De l a w ar e M C C n w ll C nsu l t i ng

e o .
, . . . o e ,
o

Eng i n r Hau p t p 1 04 ee .
, . .

R i l s— e
a I r n d St l— Ra il s
se o an ee .

R i lw ys
a a

Sp e i fi at i s fo
c ra il r a d w r k t h at
c s p c i fic
on d f ai r Eng r o o are e an . .

N w s 1 9 05 —I—2 5 8
e ,
.

R o a d w a y s p c i ficat i o ns f c l ar i ng gru bbi ng gra d i ng t A R E

e or e , , , e c . . . .

M W Ass n 1 9 03 V o l 4 p 1 9 . .
’
, , .
,
. .

T nn e l xcavat i n A R E
u M W Ass n 1 9 05 V l 6 p 1 2 5
e o . . . . . .
’

, , o .
, . .

G n ra l s p e c i ficat i ns f
e e m d rn st a m s h v l r a d wa y c nstr ct i n o or o e e o e o o u o .

C m m i tt e e r p o rt A R E
o M W Ass n 1 9 07 V l 8 p 2 9 8 e . . . . . .
’

, , o .
, . .
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R il wa y s— C o t i e d
a n nu .

Pr o p s d a m e n d m nts o f r e c o m m e n d e d stan d ar d d e fin i t i ns ( P
o e e o . ro

p s d by C o m m o f A m e r R y Eng Ma i nt nanc o f Wa y Ass n ’

o e . . . . e e .

R e f e r nc : Pr c f Ass n V o l 1 1 Part 1 p 1 7 8 e e o . o
’
, .
, , . .

Su p rstructur e a d trac k l a yi ng Hau p t p 1 5 5

e n .
, . .

G ra d i ng a d m as o nr y f a s i ng l e trac k ra il r o a d — P hil a d l p hi a
n o e

R e a d i ng ra il r o a d Hau p t p 1 5 0 .
, . .

Ra il wa y r o a d b e d A m r So c f C i v il Eng i n e rs J h ns o n p 3 4 5
-
. e . . o e . o , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o f r m at i n f r a d b e d Eng N e w s 1 9 03 —1 —2 5 9
o r o o o o -
. .
, ,

2 8 0; 1 9 01 —1 —2 1 4 .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o gra d i ng R e p t Am R y Eng

o M W Ass n Eng
r . . . . . . .
’
. .

N e ws 1 9 01 —I—1 9 9 , .

S p c i ficat i ns f o stan d ar d s f trac k c o nstruct i o n i n Un i t d Stat s

e o r o e e

Eng N ws 1 9 00—II —1 4 2 1 4 8 2 1 5 4 3 0
,

Cana d a d M xi c an e o. . e , , , , .

S p c i fic a t i o ns f o trac k tan k s f o su p p lyi ng wat r t o t e n d e rs Sp

e r r e . e

ci fi a t i cs o f Am R y Eng Ass n Eng N e w s 1 9 1 1 I—4 1 0

on . .
’
. .
, .

Se e a l s o B a ll ast ; Cars ; Excavat i o n ; Fr gs ; L o c o m t i ve ;

“ ” “ ” “
o o
“
St e e l Ra il s ; Ti m b r Ti e s ; Ti r s ” “
e
” “
e .
”

R f
e rac to y M t r i l a er a

Stan d ar d S p c i ficat i n f R f ract o r y Mate r i a l C v rs s ili ca b r i c k bl c k

e o or e . o e ,
o

d t il
an d p t d b y I nst G E g
e a f G t B r i ta i n
o Can Engr V o l
e . as . n rs . o . . . .

23, p 3 3 1 . .

R e se r v i o rs

Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s f o r a s p h a l t li n i ng for r s e rv i rs
e o . Eng N . ew s ,
1 89 6—1
1 64 .

S p c i ficat i ns f R i n f rc e d C ncr t S tt li ng B as i ns
e o or e o o e e e , by A l x P tt r
e . o e .

P r c Am W W k s Ass n 1 9 1 2 p 1 1 3
o . . . .
’
, , . .

C ncr e t e r s e rv i r li n i ng at Aur ra Ill Eng N ws

o e o o , . . e , 1 9 02 —1 —4 2 3 .

Re ta i i g W l l
n n a s

Sp i fi ca t i o
ec f r e ta i n i ng w a ll s T rans A S C E
ns or . . . . . .
, Vol . 4 8, p . 4 86

R iv er Im p r o v m nt— e Har b o r d R i ve r I m p r v
e e s e an o em e nts .

R d s—s
oa ee
“
Pav m nt a d R a d C nstr t i
e
"
e n o o uc on .

R cko

De fi n i t i o n r o m s p c i ficat i ns f C hi cag b ar d f l o ca l i m p r v
f e o o o o o o e

m nt s e Eng N e w s 1 9 1 1 —I 6 8 3
. .
,
-
.

S p c i ficat i o ns f t sts f r a d b u il d i ng r c k Am So f T st Mat

e or e o o o . . c . or e . .

Eng C nt A g 5 1 9 08 p 8 7
. o .
, u .
, , . .

Extracts f r m s p c i fic t i ns f c ncr t st o n e f Cats k i ll a q u d u ct

o e a o or o e e or e

b u il d i ngs Pa p r b f r e Am C nc I nst by H L R g rs Eng

. e e o . o . .
, . . o e , .

C o nt A p r il 1 4 1 9 1 5 p 3 4 0
.
, , ,
'

. .

S p e c i ficat i s f o st n C M St P R y J h ns n p 1 4 3
on r o e, . . . . o o , . .

R oo f
G a l van iz ed i ro n fo r tr o p i ca l c li m a te . R M . . B ea u fi e l d . Eng C o nt .

No v . 2 0 1 91 2 , p . 5 86 .

Se e a l so B u il d i ng .
5 l0 A p p e n di x D
S e we rs C o ncr t —Co t i e d
,
e e n nu .

P l ans a d s p e c i ficat i o ns f o s w r catc h b as i ns c o ncr e t e a d b r i c k

n r e e , n

s w e rs a d a p p urt e nanc s P i tts b urg Pa Eng C o nt Ju ly 1 7 1 9 1 2

e n e , , . .
, ,

p . 72 .

P l ans n d S p c i ficat i o ns f
a e or C ncr t e S w r Man h l e s at Ha m i l t o n
o e e e o .

I ll by L P W l ff Eng . . o . . C o nt Ma y 1 5 1 9 1 2 p 5 5 9
.
, , , . .

Br k ly n S p c i ficat i o ns f
oo e or r i n f rc d c ncr e t tr i p l ut l t s w r
e o e o e, e o e e e ,

w h ar f c nstruct i n Eng o o . . N w s 1 9 03 —I—8

e , .

S e we r s, Vitrifi ed
t il e h o us e d ra i ns C hi cag p l u m bi ng r d i nanc e Eng N ws
V it ri fi ed . o o . . e ,

1 9 05 —II 4 5 8 ; 1 9 06 — I—3 8 7 -
.

Stan d ar d P l ans a d S p e c i ficat i ns f r S w rs S e att l e Was h by R n o o e e , ,

.
, .

H Th m s n Eng C o nt Ju ly 2 6 1 9 1 1 p 9 9
. o o . . .
, , , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f r d ra i n t il d s w r p ipe
o d l a yi ng t w a Stat
o e an e e an . o e

D ra i nag e Ass n Eng R 1 9 1 3 —I—2 3 5

’
. . ec .

Se a l s o P i p V i tr i fi e d
e
“
e, .

Sid w l k C b
e a d G tt r
s, ur an u e

Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns Nat Ass n f C m nt Us rs Eng N e ws 1 9 09 o .

’
o e e e . .
,

1 —3 4 4 ; Eng C nt Jan 2 0 1 9 09 p 5 2 . o .
, . , , . .

P r p s d tan d ar d s p e c i ficat i ns f P rt l an d c m e nt cur b n d g t

o o e s o or o e a u

te R p o rt t o Nat l A ss n C e m e nt Us e rs Eng C o nt F b 2 3 1 9 1 0
r . e
’ ’
. . .
, e . , ,

p . 1 77 .

Stan d ar d P l ans d S p c i ficat i ns f S i d e w a lk s S e att l e Was h by

an e o or , , .
,

R H Th o m s n Eng C nt Ju ly 1 2 1 9 1 1 p 3 6
.

. . o . . o , , . .
,

St n d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f
a P rt l an d c e m nt s i d e wa lk s ( A d p t e d
e o or o e . o

Jan 1 9 08 by Nat Ass n f C m e nt Us e rs P hil a Pa ) R e f r

, .
’
o e , . e

e c s:
n C i v il Eng i n e r i ng P c k t B o o k by Fr y e p 1 1 1 7 ; Eng i r
e e o e , , . n ee

i ng W r k i n T o wns a n d C i t i e s by Mc C l l g h p 3 5
o , u ou , . .

F or s p c i ficat i o ns f c e m nt s i d wa l k cur b
e d gutt r s e e Han d or e e ,
an e ,

k f C m nt Us rs Mun i c i p a l Eng 2 8 S M e r i d i an
.

B oo or e e e .
, .

St I n d i ana p li s I d
.
, o , n .

S p i ficat i o n s f c ncr e t gra i t

ec d bl u e st o n
or cur b s C i t y f o e, n e an e ,
~
o

D o v e r D l Mun i c i p a l Eng i n e e r i ng V l 3 7 1 9 09 p p 1 8 6 1 8 7
,
e . , o . , , . , .

G ran i t i d s i d e w a lk s St L u i s
o J h ns o n p 1 7 4 , . o . o ,
. .

S p c i ficat i ns f o P rt l an d c ment s i d wa lk s P r scr ib e d f o D p t o f

e o r o e e . e r e .

Pu bli c W r k s P i tts b urg Pa Mun i c i p a l Eng i n e r i ng V o l 1 9 Ju ly

'

o , , . e , .
, ,

1 9 00, p p . 1 6

Si v e e

C em ent S i ve S p c i ficat i o ns by R Y F rn r
e e , . . e e . Wo rk o f B ur au e o f

Stan d ar d s Eng R 1 9 1 2 —II —7 2 8

. . ec .
,
.

Sig l na s

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i ns f m c h an i ca l i nt e r l c ki ng d m at r i a l s f
e o or e o an e or

c o nstruct i o n wo r k C o ve rs a ll d e ta il s o f m e c h an i ca l s i gna l s .
.

( A d o p t d by R y S i gna l Ass n ) A R e E M W Ass n 1 9 0 5 —6 .

’
. . . . . .
’
,

51 9; 1 9 06 —7 —4 9 1 ; 1 9 07 —8—73 .

a l so W i re
Se e

S p —se e C h e m i ca l s
.

“
oa .
 B ib l i o g r a p h y o f S p e c i fi c a t io n s 5] l

Sp e l t e i b Z i nc
—
se e .

St a n dpip e se e
“
T an k s an d Stan d p i p s e .
”

St ea m E n gin es

W e s t i ng h o u e E l e ct Mf g C R q u i r m e nts f Para ll l O p e rat i n

s . . o . e e or e o

o f A l t e rnat o r s by E M Ti ng l e y Eng N e ws 1 9 02 —L 4 9 8 , . . . .
, .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f i nsta ll at i n Eng i n B l d Ass n Eng N e w s 1 9 01

or o , e rs .
’
. .
,

I 45 7
-
.

S p e c i ficat i ns st a m ng i n es E d i t r i a l c o m m e nt Ess e nt i a l
o fo r e e . o . re

q i em u t r o t i n gr e at d ta il
en Eng i n rs s m e t i m s un f a i r
s, n e . ee o e , etc .

Eng R e c Vo l 3 9 A p r il 1 1 8 9 9 p p 3 9 3 3 9 4
. .
, .
, , , . , .

Eng i n e s Ne w Or l e ans La J h ns n p 4 04
, , . o o , . .

See a l s St e a m P l ant “
o .

S p c i ficat i ns f r p o we r p l ants ( Arrang e d i n f o urt e n s e ct i ns )

e o o . e o .

Eng i n e e r i ng Maga zi n C R f r nc e : Eng i n e r i ng Cata l o gu s e o . e e e e e

d S p c i ficat i o ns ( P o w e r P l ant E d i t i n )
an e 1 91 3 S p ec i ficat i n o , , o

D i g st e .

( 1 ) G e n e ra l C l au s s p 1 9 e , . .

( 2 ) B o il rs Stac k s p 2 1
e , . .

( 3 ) G s Pr d uc e rs p 2 7
a o , . .

( 4 ) St e a m F i tt i ng p 2 9 , . .

( 5 ) T ur bi n s p 4 0 e , . .

( 6 ) St e a m Eng i n p 45 e, . .

( 7 ) I nt rna l C m b ust i n Eng i n e s p 4 9

e o o , . .

( 8 ) D y na m s p 5 2 o , . .

( 9 ) E l ctr i c w i r i g p 5 4
e n , . .

( 1 0) S w i tc hb ar d s p 6 0 o , . .

( 1 1 ) St rag e B att r y p 6 1o e , . .

( 1 2 ) R f r i g rat i n p 6 3
e e o , . .

( 1 3 ) Fu l p 6 6 e , . .

( 1 4 ) Lu b r i cants Lu b r i cat i n p 6 7 o , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f r t h o w w at rs i d p w r h us o f t h e N w Yo rk e ne e e o e o e o e

E d i s o n C o m p an y B o k p u bli s h d by t h e N w Y r k E d i s n C . o e e o o c .
,

1 9 07 I nc l u d s s p e c i ficat i ns f t h e f ll wi ng
.
\
e o or o o

( a ) B u lkh e a d a d c o n d e ns i ng Wat e r T unn l s p p 5 —1 1 n e , . .

( b ) F o un d at i o ns p p 1 1 —2 1 , . .

( 0) Structura l St e l I r o n W o r k p p 2 2 —4 5 e , . .

( d ) Su p rstructur e p p 4 6 —1 5 3
e , . .

( e ) C o a l a n d As h Han d li ng Mac hi n r y p p 1 5 4 1 6 8 e , .
-
.

( f ) Cran e s p p 1 6 9 1 8 4 , .
-
.

( g ) B o il rs a d Su p r h at rs p p 1 8 5 —1 9 5
e n e e e , . .

( h ) B il e r Fr nts p p 1 9 6 1 9 9
o o , .
-
.

( i ) G rat e s p p 2 00—2 03
. , . .

( j ) Ec n m iz e rs p p 2 1 7 —2 2 0
o o , . .

( k ) F o rc d Dra f t A p p aratus p p 2 04 —2 1 9
e , . .

( 1 ) F e d Pu m ps p p 2 2 1 —2 3 6
e , . .

( m ) T ur b o G n e rat o r s p p 2 3 7 2 5 4 e , .
-
.
5 I2 A p p e n di x D
St a m P l ant— Co t e d
e n in u .

( n ) C o n d ns rs p p 2 5 4 —3 00 e e , . .

( 0) P i p i ng p p 3 01 —3 4 7 , . .

( p ) St rag B tt r y P l ant p p 3 4 8—3 5 4

o e a e , . .

( q ) E l e ctr i ca l A p p aratus p p 3 5 5 —4 02 , . .

St e a m p l ant o f a s m a ll l ctr i c li g h t stat i n ng i n d attac h m e nts e e o , e e an .

J o h ns o n p 2 4 0 , . .

St m P l t A xi li i s
ea an u ar e

Ec n m iz e rs N w O r l ans La J o h ns n p 4 1 3
o o ,
e e , . o , . .

C o n d ns rs a d p u m p s N w Or l e ans La J h ns n p 4 1 1
e e n , e , . o o , . .

Se a l s St a m P l ant
“ ”
e o e .

S t l—
ee I r o n d St l
se e an ee .
”

St —se R c k
on e e
“
o .

Sur v ys
e

Sp c i fi
e ti ca f surv y s at Swa t h m o e Pa Eng N e ws 1 8 9 4 —II —1 8
on s or e r ,
. .
, .

Swi t hb o
c d— e
ar E l e ctr i c Ra il wa y
se .

Tan k s d Sta n d p i p s
an e

Sugg st d s p e c i ficat i ns f o r i n f rc d c ncr e t w at r tan k s f ra i l

e e o r e o e o e e or

w a y w at r su p p ly Eng C nt Ap 1 2 1 9 1 1 p 4 1 6
e . . o .
, r .
, , . .

T h e Ne d o f M r e Car e i n t h e D e s i gn d C nstruct i o n o f E l vat d

o e an o e e

T an k s by W O T e agu e A b stract o f s p c i ficat i ns f w d a d

, . . . e o or oo n

st e e l e l e vat e d tan k s T rans A S M B V o l 3 5 1 9 1 3 p 9 2 0 . . . . . , . , , . .

S p c i ficat i o ns f o w at r tan k s ( Su b m i tt d
e d r c o m m n d d as
r e . e an e e e

g d p ract i c by a c o m m i tt e f t h A R E
oo e M W Ass n e o e . . . . .
’
,

R e f r nc e e Pr c f Ass n V o l 1 1 p art 2 p p 1 1 4 4—1 1 5 4

e: o . o
’

, .
, , . .

Mat e r i a l a n d W o r k m ans hi p o f a Ste e l Stan d p i p e by W m D P nc e , . . e .

J o h ns n p 2 3 5 o , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f o r Stan d p i p e s by W m L P e nce Out li n o f t e n d e n , . . . e

c i s f stan d p i p s p c i ficat i ns R e v i w f q ua li t i e s f m at r i a l s
e o e e o . e o o e

a d w r k m ans hi p
n o Eng N w s V l 3 3 F b 2 8 1 8 9 5 p p 1 3 0—1 3 4 . . e , o .
, e . , , . .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f a r e i n f rc d c o ncr t tan k at Dan d n o ng V i ct r i an

or o e e e e , o

ra il wa y s N w S o ut h Wa l s Austra li a Pr o c d i ngs f t h e 2 2 d
,
e e , . ee o u

annua l c nv nt i n f t h e A m r R y B r i d g
o e B u il d i ng Ass n
o o e . . e
’

pp . 7 8—8 2 .

D i scuss i ns f Stan d p i p S p e c i ficat i ns by W C Par m l e y Eng

o o e o , . . . .

N ws 1 8 9 4—
e 1—3 9 2 431
, , .

D i scuss i ns f Stan d p i p
o S p e c i ficat i ns by W D P nc Eng N w s
o e o , . . e e . . e ,

1 89 5 —I 1 3 0 1 3 6, - -
2 89 —3 5 4 .

S p e c i ficat i ns o for stan d p i p e at P o r i a 1 1 1 Eng N e w s 1 8 9 4 —1 —2 8 6 e . . , .

S p e c i ficat i ns o for stan d p i p at Sc h e n e cta d y N Y E ng N w s 1 8 9 5

e , . . . e ,

I—3 5 4 .

Ge n e ra l d s i gn d s p c i ficat i ns f
e l e vat d structura l st e e l to w r
an e o or e e e

d tan k f r Ha m il t n Ill L P W l ff Eng C o nt Jun 1 9 1 9 1 2 '

an o o ,
.
, . . o . . e , ,

p 7 02

—
. .

Tel ep h on e L in e se e T rans m i ss i o n L i n e ; ” “
Wi r e .
”
 5 l4 A p p e n di x D
Ti m b e r Structura l— C o t i ed
,
-
n -
nn .

D e fin i t i o ns r l at i ng t o structura l t i m b e r ( R e c o m m n d e d f r a d o p
e . e o

t i o n by c o m m i tt ee f A R E M W Ass n R e f e r e nc : o . . . . .
’
, e

Pr o c f Ass n V o l 1 1 p art 1 p 1 8 4 C o rr e s p o n d s t s p e c i ficat i o ns

. o
’

, .
, , . . o

o f Am So c f o r T e st Mat
. . . .

Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns a d p t d by t h e A m r i can S c i t y f o T st i ng o e e o e r e

Mat e r i a l s t wo s p e c i ficat i o ns 1 9 1 3 Y e ar B o k p p 3 00 3 06 No t e
, . o , .
-
. :

A b v Y ar B o o k c nta i ns a ll stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns o f t h s o c i t y

o e e o e e ,

a b o ut s ixt y t h r e e o r sixt y f o ur i n nu m b e r - -
.

C l a ss i f yi ng Lu m b e r So ut h e rn Lu m b e r Manu f actur e rs Ass o c i at i o n ,

’
.

J h ns n p 2 04
o o , . .

G ra d i ng F i n i s h i ng Lu m b r So ut h e rn Lu m b e r Manu f actur r s Ass o ’

e , e

e l at i o n J o h ns n p 2 07 . o , . .

So ut h e rn Lu m b e r Manu f actur rs A so t i o
'

St a n d a d D i m e si
’
r s n on ,
e s ca n .

J o h ns o n p 2 1 1 , . .

G ra d i ng C o m m n B o ar d s a d R o ug h Lu m b e r S ut h e rn Lu m b e r Man o n , o

u f actur e rs Ass c i at i o n J h ns n p 2 09 ’
o . o o , . .

Ru l s g ve rn i ng t h e i ns p e ct i o n d m e asur m nt o f l u m b e r i n t h e
e o an e e

St Lo u i s m ar k e t J h ns o n p 2 1 2
. . o , . .

Th o r o ug hly s e as o n e d l u m b e r J o h ns o n p 2 1 8 .
, . .

P il e an d tr st l e b r i d g i ng Un i o n Pac i fic R y C J o h ns n p 2 3 8
e , . o . o , . .

Cr i t i c i s m f s o m e s p e c i ficat i o ns E d i t o r i a l C m m e nt Lac k f d e fi
o . o . o n

i t e n ss Too
e li tt l e r gar d f o c m m e rc i a l c l ass i ficat i o ns E g
. e r o . n .

N ws V o l 5 3 F e b 2 3 1 9 05 p p 2 03 —2 05
e , . , . , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f r l u m b e r ( A d p t e d i n 1 9 1 0 as r e c m m n d d p ra e
o o . o o e e

t i c e by A m e r Ry Maste r M e c h an i cs Ass n Mast r Car B u il d rs . .

’ ’
, e e
’

Ass n Ra il w a y St o r e k e p e rs Ass n
’

,
d var i us l u m b e r m f e
’ ’
, an o an u ac

tur e rs ass c i at i o ns ) Pr o c M C B Ass n V l 4 5 p p 7 4 0—7 8 8

’
o . . . . .
’
, o . , . .

Ti m b er , Ti s e

R e p o rt Am R y Eng M W Ass n s p e c i ficati ns f o r t i s Eng

. . . . .
’
o e . .

N e w s 1 9 04 —I—2 8 5
, .

Stan d ar d t i e s i n Un i t d Stat s Cana d a d M exi c o Eng N w s 1 9 00 e e , an . . e ,

I I—1 4 2 1 4 9 2 1 5 4 3 0
, , , .

Oa k t i e s s p e c i ficat i ns f
, Eng N e w s 1 9 07 —I—4 6 3 o or . .
, .

S p e c i ficat i ns f o r t i e s C o m m i tt e r e p o rt A R E
o
'
M W Ass n . e . . . . . .
’
,

1 9 05 , V O 1 . 6, p . 7 64 .

S p c i ficat i ns f t i s t i tr e at m nt e t
e o C o m m i tt r p o rt A R
or e , e e ,
c . ee e : . .

E . M W Ass n 1 9 06 V o l 7 ; p 3 4
. .
’
, , . . .

Tim b er Ti M k rs e ar e

Sp ec i fi ca t i o s f o r d at i ng na il f o m ar k i ng t i s
n R e p o rt o f c m m i tt e e r e . o .

A R E. . M W . V l 6 p 7 6 7 ; 1 9 1 0 V l 1 1 p 86 3
.
.
o . , . , o .
, . .

Se e a l s o Ti m b e r T r e at m e nt o f
“
.
,

Ti m b er, T tm t o f
r ea en

T r e at i ng Ti s w i t h Z i nc C hl o r i d e a d T ar O il by O C h nut Eng
e n , . a e . .

N e w s 1 9 00 II —8 0
,
-
.

Atchi s n T o p k a o ,Santa Fe R y S p e c i ficat i o ns f o tr e at i ng Pac i fic

e . r

c o ast p ili ng d t i m b r Eng N w s 1 9 08 I—3 6 6 an e . . e ,

-
.
 B ib l i o g r a p h y o f S p e c i fi ca t io n s 5l5

Ti m b e r T r ea t m e nt o f— Co t i u e d
,
n n .

W o d — Pr s rvat i v T r at m e nt by Sa m u e l Wh i n e r y
o e e e e ,
. Eng N e w s . ,

1 91 1 —I—5 01 .

S p e c i ficat i ns f t i tr e at m e nt C o m m i tt e r e p rt Z i nc c hl o r i d e
o or e . e o . ,

zi nc tann i n cr e o s o t i ng zi nc cr s t e A R E , M W Ass n 1 9 06 , eo o . . . . . .
’

, ,

V l 7 p 3 4 ; 1 9 07 V l 8 p 4 7 6 ; r e v i s d 1 9 1 0 V l 1 1 p 7 3 7
'

o . , . , o .
, . e , o .
, . .

P r s rvat i n o f Ra il r o a d Cr o ss Ti s by O C h anut Pr s A m r S c
e e o -
e , . e, e . e . o .

f C i v il Eng i n
o rs J o h ns n p 4 8 5 ee . o , . .

T st i ng c h l o r i d f zi nc d tar i l Us d f p r s e rv i ng t i m b e r
e e o an o . e or e .

J h ns o n p 4 9 1
o , . .

I m p r gnat i ng p i n e ra il r a d cr ss —
e t i s wi t h a c h l r i d f zi nc s l ut i n o o e o e o o o

w i t h an a d d i t i n f c a l tar c nta i n i ng car b li c ac i d I m p r i a l ra il

o o o o o . e

w a y s a t Strass b urg J o h ns n p 4 87 . o . .

I m p r gnat i ng b c h d k ra l r a d cr ss t i s w i t h h t c a l tar i l
e ee an oa i o o -
e , o o o

c o nta i n i n g car b o li c ac i d J o h ns o n p 4 8 7 .
, . .

Se e a l s o O il B i tu m i ns “
,
o .

Ti r e s
Stan d ar d s p e c i ficat i o ns f t l t i re s f l c m t i v s t Pr c Am or s ee or o o o e , e c . o . .

T e st Mat V o l 9 1 9 09 p 5 8
. .
, .
, , . .

Se e I ro n a n d St e e l ; Ra il wa y R o lli ng St c k ” “
o .

T ran smi i Liss o n n es

A S p e c i ficat i o n f o L i n C o nstruct i n o P l s J i nt ly Us d by E l c
r e o n o e o e e

tr i c L i g h t a d T l p h o n e C m p a e by Pau l S p e nc r N E L A
n e e o n s, e . . . . . ,

3 l t C nv s V o l I 1 9 08 p 5 3 7
o .
, .
, , . .

R q u i r m nts d S p e c i ficat i ns f o Extra H i g h P t nt i a l T rans m i s

e e e an o r o e

s i n L i n s by A S I v s C o v rs p l s d a p p urt e nanc s i nsu l a

o e , . . e . e o e an e ,

t i o n w i r e c o p p e r a d a l u m i nu m a d c o nstruct i o n f e atur s N E
, , n n e . . .

L A 3 2 n d C nv V o l II 1 9 09 p 3 8 9
. o .
, , . .

G e n e ra l S p c i ficat i ns f Un d rgr un d E l ctr i c C n d u i t by R E

e o or e o e o , . .

F i t ti
r o seEng C nt Jan 1 0 1 9 1 2 p 4 6
. . o .
, . , , . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f W i r ca bl s f o l ctr i c p w r trans m i ss i o n Pr c

o or e e r e e o e . o .

Am S T st Mat Y e ar B k 1 9 1 0
. oc . e . oo .

Ove r h ad wi r cr ss i ngs i n Illi n i s N w l a w s g v rn d by t h Illi

e e o o . e o e e e

n i s ra il r a d c o m m i ss i n E l c W r l d V o l 6 2 p 3 9
o o o . e . o , .
, . .

T l e p h n e a r i a l li n s E l ctr i c W r l d A p r il 2 5 1 9 03
e o e e . e o , , .

S p e c i ficat i ns f r f urn i s hi ng a d r ct i ng t e l p h n e p l s d p p r
o o n e e e o o e an a u

te a at var i o us l o ca li t i e s a l ng li n f Cats kill a q u d ct

n n ces C n o e o e u .
“
o

tract N 8 3 o f t h e B o ar d o f W W o f t h e c i t y f N e w Y o r k
o .
”
. . o .

( Pa m p hl t ) e .

S p e c i ficat i ns f st l cr o ss a m p i ns ( B r ug h t b f r t h Ra il wa y
o or ee -
r . o e o e e

S i gna l Ass n Stat M t i ng Marc h 1 9 1 2 Th e s ’

p ract i ca lly t h e
e ee , . e are

s p c i ficat i ns f t h e W st e rn Un i n C o ) Pr c f R y S i g Ass n
e o o e o . o . o . .
’
,

Vol 9, p A 7 —A1 3
“

. . .

S p e c i ficat i ns f r Ove r h a d W i r s a d p t d by t h e C i t y f S e att l

o o e e , o e o e,

Was h by H L E st p Eng N w s V o l 6 7 p 5 2 3 . . e . . e , .
, . .

W i r i ng O f an o ffic e b u il d i ng S p c i ficat i ns f
. B u il d i ng f m d e rn ,
e o or . o o

t y p e sa y t we nt y st or i e s hi g h W i r e d f o r li g h ts t e l e p h o n e e l e ctr i c
,
. , ,
5 6 A p p e n di x D
T rans m i ss i n L i n — C t i d o es on nue .

c l c k c o nn ct i o n m ss ng e r ca ll s a d t h e r s rv i c Eng R
o e Vol ,
e e n o e e . . ec

3 2 S p t 7 1 89 5 p p 2 6 1 2 6 2
,
e .
, , .
, .

E l e ctr i ca l d i str ib ut i n i rcu i ts f o li g h t d p w r Aust i n T xas o c r an o e , ,

e .

J o h ns n p 2 5 9 o , . .

S p c i ficat i ns f o ve r h a d cr ss i ngs f l ctr i c li g h t d p o w r li n e s

e o or e o o e e an e .

( R e c o m m n d d by c m m i tt e f Nat E l e c L i g h t Ass n i n
’
e e o e o . .

R f r nc Pa p rs r p rts d d i scuss i ns f t h 3 6 t h annua l c n

'

e e e e: e , e o an o o e o

v ti o f th
en Nat E l e c L i g h t Ass n T ec h n i ca l S ss i ns p p 5 6 0
on e . .
’
e o , .

5 80 No t e : Cr e at i n f nat i na l j i nt c o m m i tt e e n ve r h a d li n
. o o o o o o e e

c o nstruct i n r e c m m e n d d o o e .

S p e c i ficat i o ns f H i g h T ns i n L i n C o nstruct i n f r t h On i d a Ra il
or e o e o o e e

w y C o N e w Y r k Stat e
a H y d r E l ctr i c D v l o p m nts a d Eng i
. o ,
“
o e e e e n

n r i ng by K o st r p p
ee , e e , .

A l so s Wir ee
“
e .

Tunn e ls
T unn e l s H e nr y S Dr i n k r Hau p t p 1 6 1. . e .
, . .

Se e a l s Ra il wa y s ; d Excavat i o n “ ”
o an .

T urbi \V t “ h l
n e a er f ee s

T ur bi n e w at e r w h e l s Wat r p o w r s y st m o f Au st i n T xas J h n e . e e e , e . o

so n , p . 252 .

Tu rpen t i ne

T e ntat i v e s p c i ficat i ns e o for tur p nt i n e e . Pr c o . Am . So c . T e st Mat . .

,

Vo l . 1 3, 1 91 3, p . 3 65 .

Pr opo s e d s p e c i ficat i o n for tur p nt i n e e . Pr c o . Am . So c . T st Mat e . .

, Vo l .

1 4 , 1 9 1 4, p . 342 .

Va lv s e

Stan d ar d s p c i ficat i o ns f w at e r w r k s hy d r nts a d va l ve s ( Am W

e or o a n . .

W k s Ass n ) Eng N w s 1 9 1 3 —I I—2 6 5

.
’
. . e .

St p va l v e s St L u i s wat e r d p art m nt J h ns n p 2 00
o . o e e . o o , . .

Se e a l s H y d rants o .

V i d ct
a u

K i g h i g h w y — R i n f rc e d C o ncr t
n s St L i s Mo by M ont S h y
a e o e e, . ou , .
, . c u

le Eng N e w s 1 9 1 2 —I—1 2 2 8
r . . .

S e als B rid g
‘ “
e o e .

W t M te
’
a er e rs

Sp e i fi t io c f B al ti m re Md
ca Eng N w s 1 9 02 —II 3 5 6
ns o o , . . e ,
-
.

S p e c i ficat i o ns g o ve rn i ng p urc h as e o f wat e r m e t e rs o f t h e d i sc t y p e .

San D i g Ca l ( m at r i a l s d d e ta il s ) Eng C o nt S p t 2 3 1 9 1 4
e o, . e an . . .
, e . ,

p . 2 91 .

Ge n e ra l s p c i ficat i ns un d e r w hi c h 3 4 a d 6
e o ,
”
n me t e rs o f v l c i t y e o

an d d i sc t y p s a p urc h as e d by St L u i s Wat r e re . o e De pt Eng C nt

. . o

Feb . 2 5 , 1 9 1 4, p . 2 43 .

W a t er Pr oofin g
S p e c i ficat i o ns f o wat e r p r o o fing e ng i n ee r i ng structur s w i t h b i t m i
0

r e u n

o s m m b ran s
u Pa p r b f r W S E by W H F i n l e y Eng
e e . e e o e . . . . . .

C o nt Ju ly 1 0 1 9 1 2 p 3 9 , , . .
5 8 A p p e n di x D
—
W i r in g se e T rans m i ss i o n L i n e .

—
W o o d P r e s e r va t i v e s se e O il ;
“ ” “
Ti m b e r T r at m e nt :
e

Zi n c
Zi nc A b stract o f P e nns yl van i a R R sp e c1 fi ca t i s f o m at e r i a l s I n
. . . on r .

p ract i ca l u se f s e ve ra l y e ars R p r i nt r e c m m n d e d by S c o f
or . e o e o .

Aut o m bil e Eng i n rs stan d ar d c m m i tt e

o ee R e f r nc e
o e ,
e e

T rans o f t h e So c f Aut o m o bil e Eng i n e rs V o l 6 p p 4 00—4 4 5

. . o e , .
, . .

Stan d ar d S p e c i ficat i o ns f r s p e l t e r A d o p t d 1 9 1 1 Pro c Am S c

o . e . . . o .

T e st Mat V o l 1 1 1 9 1 1 p 1 4 6
. .
, . , , . .

Se e a l s G a l van izi ng
“
o .
 l NDEX

A b an d n m n t a d f o r f e i t r c l aus e i n A m e r i can I ns t i tut f C h em i ca l Eng i

o e n u e, e o

c o ntract 2 44 e t hi c s 62 n ee rs, , .
,

A bili t y va l u o f 1 7
, e A m e r i can I nst i tut f C o nsu l t i ng E n
, .
e o

Accep tanc i n c ntractua l r l at i o ns

e, gi n s e t hi cs 5 9 o e , eer , , .

1 42 .
Am e r i can I nst i tute o f E l e ctr i ca l Eng i
Acce ss r i g h t o f c l au s i n c o ntract 2 2 0
,
e e r s e t hi cs 6 0
, e , . n , , .

A d v rt i s em nt
e e A m e r i can P u bli c W o r k s A ssoc i at i o n
, ,

ana l y s i o f 1 88 s 1 76 , . .

natur o f 1 87 e A m r i can S oc i t y o f C i v il Eng i ne rs

, . e e e ,

o ut li n e f 1 88 o t hi cs 6 4
,
. e , .

p ur p o f 1 86 o se A m r i can S c i t y o f Eng i n e r i ng C o
, . e o e e n

w o r k s h u l d b aut h r iz d 1 87 o tract o rs 1 7 4 e o e ,
.
, .

t i m a ll we d 1 89 e o A m r i can S oc i t y o f T st i ng M at e r i a l s
, . e e e ,

A d v rt i s i ng d l e t t i g c o ntract 1 86
e an act i v i t i e s o f 2 89
'

n , ,
.
, .

Ad ve rt i s i ng , Ana ly s i s f s p c i ficat i o n w r i t i ng 2 7 7 or e , .

f o p o s it i o n 3 6
r A p p ra i l , . sa ,

p r i vat w r k 1 86 e o bi as i n 2 5 ,
.
, .

p u bli c w r k 1 86 o p u bli c ut ili t i s 1 3 2

, . e , .

Ag nt
e ,
stat c m m i ss i o ns 1 3 3 e o , .

auth o r i t y f 1 2 0 Ap p ra i s r 6
o , . e , .

cap ac i t y t o c ntract 1 41 A p p r p r i at i ns m un i c i p a l f o r s rv i c
o ,
. o o , e e,

d ut i s o f 1 2 0 e ,
118 . .

eng i n r as 1 2 0 ee Ap p r o va l p r li m i nar y c l a u se i n co n
, .
, e ,

c l aus i n c o nt ract 2 41
e tract 2 3 0 , .
, .

Agr m nt
ee e , A q e d uct C o m m i ss i n o f Ne w Yo r k u o ,

d i sc uss i n o f art i c l s 2 1 1 o p r gr ss r e qu i r m nts 2 4 9 e , . o e e e , .

g n ra l c l a s e s 2 1 1
e e Ar bi t e r 6 u , .
, .

( a l s o C ntract
see ng i ne r “
1 21 o e e as , .

Agr e m nts d c o ntract a l r e l at i ons Ar bi trat i o n

e e an u , ,

1 36 . c l aus e i n c ntract 1 81 2 3 2 o , , .

Agr m nts o t li n e f r 2 1 1
ee e ,
u f d i s p ut es 1 8 1 o , . o , .

A ll o y unsat i s f acto r y p r od uct 2 9 1

, i n Eng l an d 1 8 1 ,
.
, .

A l t rat i o n d i sc h arg e o f c o ntract by

e , li t ratur e 1 84 , e , .

1 49 .
p r gr e ss o f 1 83 o , .

A l u m i nu m , Ar bi trar y s p c i ficat i on 2 6 7 e s, .

exa m p l f i nve st i gat i o n 3 03e o Arc hi t ects ,

.
,

sp c i ficat i ns f o w i r e 3 06
e o A m r i can I nst i tute 48 5 8 r ,
. e , ,
.

A m bi g s s p c i ficat i o ns 2 6 6
u ou e ( , . se e

A m r i can I nst i tut e o f Arc hi t cts 1 7 6 Arrang m nt s p c i ficat i o n 3 81

e e , , e e , e s, .

1 83 . Ass i gne t r m m i tt d f r m c o ntrac t e, e o e o ,

ad v i c o f 4 9 e ,
21 3 . .

ar bi trat i n r c om m e n d t i n 2 3 2 Ass i gn m nt 3 3 4 3 48
o , e a o ,
. e , , .

e t hi cs 5 8 , . su bj ects f s p ec i ficat i o ns 3 82 or , .
5 20 I n de x

Ass i gn m nt— C o e n . rid g t li n s p c i ficat i o ns 3 9 1

B e, o u e e , .

o f c ntract c l aus e i n c o ntract 2 44

o ,
B ridg su b stru tur ut li n p i fi
, . e c e, o e s ec ca

un f a i r r q u i r m ents 2 69 e e ,
t i ns 3 9 0
. o ,
.

Ass i stants d i ns p ct rs c l aus e i n an e o ,

B ro n z unsat i s f act r y p r o d uct 2 9 1e, o , .

c o ntract 2 2 6 , .
B u il d i ng ut li n e s p c i ficat i o ns 3 84 , o e , .

As s c i at i o n bi as o f 2 5 B u il d i ngs c ntract o r s c l aus in c ’

o , o , e on
, , .

Aut h o r i t y ,
tract 2 5 6 , .

f ag nts 1 2 0
o e ,
.
B s i ne s u s,

f ng i n e r 1 2 1 2 2 4
o e e , , .
att ent i n t o 2 8 o , .

e ng i n r i n 47 ee , .

B an k ru p tc y , d i sc h arg e of c ntract by
o l t t rs 9 0 ,
e e , .

1 49 .
transact i ns 2 04 o , .

B i as 2 2 , .

a p p ra i sa l 1 3 3 , .
Ca l or i fi c p rt i s 2 9 4 r op e e , .

d i sp ut s f r m 1 84 e o , . Ca p ac i t y t c o ntract 1 3 9 o , .

xp rt 1 3 1
e e ,
. Car l ssn ss i n s p e c i ficat i o ns 2 6 4 2 7 9
e e e , , .

j u d ge s 1 3 1 , . Casua l t i e s ff ct on w r k 1 5 4 , e e o , .

B ibli gra p hy o f s p c i ficat i ns 4 6 8 o e o ,

.
Cats kill a qu d u t s p c i ficat i o ns f o e c , e r

B i d d rs e , br nze 2 9 1
o , .

I nstruct i o ns sam p l 403 ,

e, . C rt i fi d c h c k (
e e S cur i t y e see e

i nstruct i ns t o ( e I nstruct i o ns o se C h ang s d a l t rat i o ns c l aus i n co

e an e , e n

to t ract 2 2 1 , .

qu li ficat i o ns o f 2 00
a ,
. C h arac t r 1 6 e , .

B i d d i ng ,
C h m i ca l Eng i n e rs A m r i ca n I nst i
e e , e

c o m p et i t i o n 1 7 1 , . tut e e thi cs 6 2 , , .

c m p t i t i v w st i n 1 6 1
o e e, a e , . C hi c g Archi t cts B us i n ss Ass oc i a
a o e e

li t ratur 1 6 6 2 02
e e, , . t i n 1 83
o , .

B id s ,
C hi cago Dra i nag Cana l s p c i ficat i ns e ,
e o

o p n i ng 2 0 e 1 ,
. f xcavat i n 3 1 4
or e o , .

r ec e i v i ng d o p en i ng 2 00 an , . C i t iz n ng i n r as 4 7
e , e ee , .

r ej ct i o n o f 1 9 7
e , . C i v il Eng i n e rs Am e r i can S o c i t y e t h e , e ,

s cur i ng l w 1 7 3 2 7 0 3 7 0
e o , , , . i cs , 64 .

s cur i t y w i t h 1 9 7
e , . C i v iliz at i o n o r i g i n o f 1 03 , , .

h u l d b e s a l d 2 01
s o e e ,
. C i v il l a w 1 05 , .

B l ast i ng 3 3 1 ,
. C la i m s ,

B ock C A v i ws o f 93 l a b r p t t i o g a i ns t 2 43
‘

, . .
,
e , . f or o , ro ec n a , .

B il r ( St a m B il e r m at r i a l p r t ct i o n aga i nst
“
o e se e e o f or e , o e ,

B ndo ,
2 43 .

c l aus e i n c o ntract 2 3 7 , . C l aus e s ,

f o rm o f 2 3 8 , . g n e ra l f o agr em nt 2 1 1
e r e e , .

p r ov i s i o n f o r 2 1 6 , . i n c ntract sam p l e c ntract 4 07

o , o , .

s p arat i nstru m nt 2 1 1
e e e , . i n c ntract ( s e C ntract o e
“
o

B o nus c l a s e i n c ntract 2 5 0
, u o , .

B o rr o w p i ts 3 1 7 3 2 6 , , . C l arn ss i n s p c i ficat i ons

e e e ,
2 6 0 2 61 , ,

B os t o n c o ntra c t c st p l us p r e m i u m
, o , 2 65 .

1 66 . C li nts d ut y t o 4 5
e , , .

B r v i t y i n s p c i ficat i o ns
e e , 2 62 . C d e f t hi cs 5 8
o o e , .
522 I n de x

C o ntract— C on .C ntrac t — C o o n .

g ne ra l sa m p l 407
e , v i d a bl e 1 3 8 e, . o , .

h ne st y i n li t ratur e 1 84
o , w ast e i n c o m p e t i t i ve bi d d i ng 1 6 1
e , .
, .

i nc o ns i st nc y i n 1 47 e wr i tt n 1 3 7 , . e , .

i n f e rr d 1 3 7 e ,
w r i tt e n agr m e nts n e c e ss i t y f o
. ee ,
r,

i ns p ct i n d su p rv i s i n 2 1 9
e o an 20 1 e o , . .

i nstruct i ns t o bi d d e rs 1 9 3 2 09
o wr i tt n exe c t o r y 2 0 7 , , . e u , .

i nt r p r e tat i n o f 1 4 6 2 1 9 2 2 5
e C o ntract C l aus s
o , , , .
, e ,

i ntr o d uc t i o n 2 1 1 a b an d n m nt d f o r f i tur 2 4 4
, . o e an e e, .

j o i nt 1 3 7 , . ar bi t rat i n 2 3 2 o , .

l a w o f li t e ratur ,
1 50 ass i gnm nt d su bl tt i ng 2 4 4
e, . e an e ,
.

l w un d r w hi c h i nt r p r t d 2 1 2
a e ass i stants d i ns p cto rs 2 2 6 e e e , . an e , .

l e ga li t y o f bj ct 1 44 o b o n d s e c r i t i s d p c i a l gu r
e , .
, u e an s e a

l e tt i ng 2 01 , . t es 2 3 7 an e , .

l e tt e r 2 05 , . b o nus 2 5 0 , .

l tt r acc p tanc f 2 06
e e ,
e c h ang s a l t rat i ns an d extra
e o , . e ,
e o

li m i t i ng t i m 1 89 e, w rk 2 2 1 . o , .

liqu i d at d d a m ag s 2 1 5 e ch aract r o f w r k m n 2 5 2 e , . e o e , .

l u m p m 1 60 su ,
c nstruct i o n p l ant 2 5 5
. o , .

n g t i a bl 1 43
e o e, c ntract o r s a d d r e ss 2 4 1
. o
’

, .

n go t i at i ns f o c nstruct i o n 1 7 1
e o c o n t ract o r s ag e nt 2 4 1
r o , .
’

, .

o ff r e d cc p tanc e 1 4 2
an a c o ntract r s b u il d i ngs 2 5 6
e , o
’

, .

o ra l 1 3 8 . d f cts d th i r r m ed i s 2 5 4 e e an e e e , .

o ut l n e 2 1 0 2 1 7
i , ,
d fin t rm s . d xp l a i n p l ans e e e an e ,

p ar o l 1 3 9 , . 229 .

p art i s t o d at h
e i nc o m p e t nc y
, d i scr p nc i s
e d m i ss i ns 2 2 2
or e , e a e an o o , .

21 3 . m e rg nc i s 2 3 0 e e e , .

p art i t o d s i gnat i n o f 2 1 2
es ,
est i m at e s d p a y m nts 2 3 3 o , . e an e .

p a y m e nts 2 1 5 ,
xtra w r k 2 3 4
. e o , .

p e rs o na l s kill 2 1 3 f o r f e i tur
, 2 47 . e, .

p r p arat i o n o f 2 0
e 8 hi n d ranc s d d l a y 2 5 3
, . e an e s, .

p u bli c w o r k 1 68 , i ns p ct i n a d s p e rv i s i n 2 1 7
. e o n u o , .

quas i 1 3 7 , . i ns p ct rs 2 2 7 e o , .

r ec e i v i ng a d o p n i ng bi d s 2 01 n i nt r p r ta t i n f p h ras s 2 1 7
e ,
. e e o o e , .

r qu i r m nts f va li d 1 3 9 2 07
e e e i nt xi cants 2 5 6
o , , . o ,
.

r a li t y o f c ns ent 1 45
e o li n s d gra d e s 2 2 8 ,
. e an , .

sa m p l f 3 99 e o , liqu i d a t ed d a m ag s 2 5 0
. e , .

s cur i ng l w b i d 1 7 3
e o l ss s d d a m age s 2 5 2, . o e an , .

s c r i ty wi th 1 9 9
e u o b s rvanc e o f l a w s 2 4 1
, . e , .

s eve ra l 1 3 7 , p a y m e nts 2 33 , .

s i gnatur s t o 2 1 6 e p a y m ents d e l a y d 2 3 4
, .
, e , .

s p c i ficat i o ns
e p e r so na l atte nt i o n o f c o ntract r
, o

t i m e o f co m p l t i o n 2 1 4 2 41 e , . .

un d r s a l 1 3 8
e e , p rs o ns i nt r st e d 2 4 0
. e e e , .

un i l at ra l 1 3 6
-
e , p l ans acc es s ibl e o n wo r k 2 5 2
.
, .

un i t p r i c s 1 60 e , p o li c e r gu l at i o n s 2 5 5
.
e , .

un j t p r ov i s i o ns 1 7 8
us p r e li m i nar y a p p r va l 2 3 0
, .
o , .
 I n de x

C ntract C l au se s—C o n
o ,
.

p ri c f e wo r k 2 3 6
or c ns i d e r t i o n i n d s i gn 3 7 6
, . o a e ,
.

p r gr ss rat e f 2 47
o e ,
st i m at s 3 7 8
o , . e e , .

p r p rt y
o e t f urn i s h d by first
, e c p l us fix d s m c o ntract 1 6 5
.
, e e u , .

p art y 2 2 4 , .p l us p e rc ntag e c ntract 1 6 3 e o , .

p r t ct i n aga i nst c l a i m s f or l a b o r
o e o p l us var i a bl p r m i u m c o ntract e e ,

and m a t e r i a l 2 43 1 65 , . .

p r o t ct i o n ag i nst n e g li g e nc
e a d p u bli s h e d v l u
a f 3 80 e n , a e o , .

d a m ag 2 42 e, unc rta i nt i s 3 7 9
. e e , .

p r o t ct i o n aga i nst r y a l t i
e 2 43 wo rk nc rta i nt i s i n 1 5 2 o e s, . , u e e , .

p r o t e ct i n o f wo r k 2 5 3
o C ourt ( ee , . s s

quant i t i s a d m asur m nt 2 2 8
e n e e e , .

r ta i n d p rc ntag 2 3 7
e e e D a m ag s e e, . e ,

r i gh t f acc ss 2 2 0
o e C l aus e i n c ntra ct 2 5 2
, . o , .

r i g h t t m o d i f y m t h d s d qu i p
o liqu i d at d 1 9 8 2 1 5 e o an e e , , .

m nt 2 3 0
e , . p r t e ct i o n aga i nst c l au se i n co o , n

r i g h t t o r ta i n i m p r f ect w r k 2 3 1
e tract 2 42 e o , . , .

san i tat i o n 2 5 5 , Data c st ( e C st . , o se o

su p rv i s i o n o f wo r k 2 2 6
e Data s i n r p rt 1 02 , . , u e e o , .

sur t i s 2 3 7
e e , D y lab o r
. a ,

t i m e d o r d e r o f c o m p l t i o n 2 46
an a d vantag s o f 1 5 1 e , . e , .

C ontract i ng k n o wl d g r e qu i r ed 4
,
d c o n t ract s y st m s ( s e
e e F o rc , .
an e e e

C ntract s y st e m s li t e ratur e 1 66
o ,
1 51 , . .

C ntract r a d d r ss c l aus i n c o ntr ac c D ay s W o r k d fin e d 2 4 7

o o , e ,
e ,
’

,
e , .

2 41. D c i s i ns j ud i c i a l ( s Law e o , ee

C ntract o r ag nt c l aus i n c o ntract D e f cts d t h i r r e m d i s c l aus i n

o
’
s e , e ,
e an e e e , e

2 41. c ntract 2 5 4 o ,
.

C ntract r s b u il d i ngs c l au se i n co D fin i t i ns f c ntract s 1 3 6

o o
’

, n e o o o , .

tract 2 5 6 , . D l ay s e ,

Co ntr ct o rs c h aract r i s t i cs f 1 7 9
a ,
d p na l t i s li t ratur
e 258 o , . an e e , e e, .

C o ntract r c om bi nat i o ns eff ct

o s, c l aus i n c ntract 2 5 3 , e on e o , .

D s i gn 3 7 5
.

c st o f wo r k 1 5 6
o , . e , .

C o ntracto r f a i rn e ss t war d 1 7 6
, b as i s o f 3 7 5 o , .
, .

C ntract r s n t i c sam p l e 4 00
o o
’

o f ls c n m y in 377
e, , . a e e o o , .

C o ntract o r p rs na l att nt i n c l aus e

, e k n wl d g r q u i r d 3
o e o , o e e e e , .

i n c ntract 2 4 1
o w n rs hi p o f 1 2 2
, . o e , .

r s p ns ibili t y o f 2 40 2 6 8 2 83 2 93
e o p c i ficat i ns 3 4 1 , , , , . s e o , .

r i gh ts o f 1 7 8 1 87 ,
D e ta il d s p c i ficat i ns 2 8 1 (
, . ls e e o , see a o

r i s k assu m d 3 7 1 3 7 3 3 7 4 3 7 7 e S p c i ficat i o n Mac hi n er y

, , , , .
“
e s,

v i wp o i nt o f 1 7 3
e D v l p m nt f s p ec i ficat i ons 2 86
, . e e o e o , .

v i e wp i nt c h ang i n 1 7 9
o , D i agra m s s i n r p rt 1 02
e , .
,
u e e o , .

C o ntracts 2 04 , . D i sc h arg f c ntr t( C ntract e o o ac se e

“
o

b r i ef 2 04, . D i scr panc i s d m i ss i n cl a s i e e an o o s, u e n

C o ntractua l r l a t i ns ( e C o ntract e c ntr act 2 2 2

o se o , .

C r p rat i o ns au t h o r i t y t o c o ntract D i s h n e st y
o o , , o ,

118 . i n c m p t i t i v l tti ng 1 7 1 o e e e , .

C r p rat i ns ca p ac i t y t c ntract 1 41
o o o ,
i n s p c i ficat i ns 2 6 4 o o , . e o , .
5 24 I n de x

D i s p ute s ar bi trat i o n ,
o f , 1 81 . E m p l o y m nt—C e on .

D ra i n i ng 3 2 9 , . p r f ss i na l 1 1 8
o e o , .

D ra w i ngs ,
r f r nc s f 9 2
e e e e or, .

b a s i s f o s p c i fica t i ns 4 2 8 r e o , . s cur i ng 3 5
e ,

r e f r nc t i n c ntract 2 1 0
e e e o o , . s l ec t i ng 3 9
e , .

Dr illi ng 3 3 1 , . te r m i nat i o n o f 1 1 8 , .

Drunk n p e rs ns ca p ac i t y t o c o ntract
e o , , va l u s f var i o us 4 1
e o , .

1 40 . Eng i n ( se St ea m Eng i n
e e e

Du d l y Dr c nc l s i o ns f 3 01
e , .
, o u o , . Eng i n r ee ,

D ur ss gr un d f o
e av i d i ng c o ntract
, o r o , ag nt 1 2 0
e , .

1 45 . a p p ra i sa l o f p u bli c ut ili t i es 1 3 2 ,
.

Duty t o cli nts 4 5 e , . ap p ra i se r 6 , .

D ut i s e ,
ar bi te r 6 2 1 1 80 , , , .

t p r o f ss i n 4 7
o e o , . ar bi trar y c o ntr o l 2 6 7 , .

to s i t y 47 oc e , . attr ib ut e s o f 1 5 3 , .

t o su bo r d i nat e s , 44 . aut h r i t y o f 1 2 1 2 2 4
o , , .

b us i n ss 4 7 e , .

Eart h wo r k , c i t iz n 4 7 e , .

c l ass i fic t i o n 3 1 7 3 1 8 3 2 0 a , , , . c li e nt s caus 1 7 8 ’
e, .

s pec i ficat i o ns 3 1 2 3 1 6 , , . c m m rc i a l 4 3
o e , .

Edd y H P 1 5 8
, . . . d i s i nt r st d p art y 1 80
e e e , .

E d ucat i o n , d ut i s f 3 1 3 4
e o , , .

ngi n r i ng 1 6
e ee , , . e d ucat i o n o f 1 , .

ng i n r i ng li t ratur 1 4
e ee ,
e e, . e ff ct o c o st o f w o r k 1 5 3
e n , .

e ng i n r i ng g n ra l 42 ee , e e , . e xp r t w i tn e ss 5 1 2 7
e , , .

ng i n r i ng p r p s a d r su l ts
e ee , u o se n e fi l d 42
e , .

‘
o f, 33 . f unct i ns f 1 o o , .

ng i n r i ng s p c i a lizi ng 7
e ee ,
e , . i nt r p r tat i o n o f c o ntract 2 2 5
e e , .

E l ctr i ca l Eng i n r Am e r i can I nst i

e ee i nt rp r tat i n o f s p ec i fi at i o ns 2 6 2
e e o c , ,

tut e t hi cs 6 0
e, 2 67
, . .

E l ctr i ca l p r p rt i s 2 9 5
e k n w l d ge n ece ar y f r f rc
o e e , . o e ss o o e ao

E l ctr i c g n rat r g n ra l r qu i r e
e e co unt wo r k 1 5 9
e o , e e e , .

m nt s 3 47
e , l ga l p r c e d i ngs 1 2 3
. e o e , .

E l m nts o f r e p rts 1 00
e e li bili ty o f 1 2 1
o , . a , .

Em rg nc i s c l aus i n c ntract 2 3 0
e e e ffic, 42 e o , . o e, .

E m p l y r s v i w p o i nt 9 3
o e
’
p w rs f 1 2 1 1 81
e , . o e o , , .

E m p l o y m nt 1 1 7 e p r f ss i o na l m p l y m nt 1 1 9
, . o e e o e , .

ch ang f 4 0 e o r p rt 5 , . e o , .

c nsu l tat i n 1 2 3
o r s p o ns ibili t y f 3 7 0
o ,
. e o , .

c ntr a cts f 1 1 7
o To th sat i s f act i n o f 2 88
or, .
“
e o , .

ff ct f a bili t y t w r i t e 9 7
e e o unc rta i nt i s i n c st d t o 1 5 3 o , . e e o ue ,
.

ng i n e r i ng 3 5
e e v i e w p i nt c h ang i n 1 80
, . o , e , .

xa m p l
e f l tt rs f 95 wo rk o f 3 3
es o e e or, .
, . .

first j b 3 7 o Eng i n r i ng
, . ee ,

l tt rs f a p p li cat i o n 9 1 9 3
e e o bus i n ss 4 7 , , . e , .

li t ratur 5 2 e d ucat i n 6
e, . e o , .

n c ss i t y f o xp rt 1 2 3
e e e d ucat i n li t e ratur
r e 14 e , . o , e, .
 I n de x

Ge n ra l r e q u i r
e nts f o s p e c i fica t i ns I ns p ct r
eme r o , e o ,

3 4 2 3 44 3 4 5 3 4 7
, , , a t h r i t y f 2 62 2 6 7
. u o o , , .

G v rn m nt e m p l o y m nt 4 3
o e e c l aus e i n c ntract 2 2 6 2 2 7 e , . o , ,
.

G r a d uat s va l u e f 34 ,
d t i es o f 2 2 7
e o ,
. u , .

G ra m m ar 7 5 , . I nstruct i o ns ,

G uarant e 288 e, t. bi d d rs 1 93 o e ,
.

g e n e ra l f m ac hi n r y 3 6 1 ,
or t o bi dd e rs d e ta il s o f 1 9 4 e , . , , .

li t rat r 2 5 7
e u e, ut li n f 1 9 4 . o e or, .

r s p o ns ibili t y i n 2 83
e I nst i tut i o n f Mun i c i p a l d C unt y
, . o an o

s p c i a l c l aus e i n c ntract 2 3 7
e Eng i n e rs 1 81 o , . e , .

s p c i ficat i o n by 2 9 7
e I ntoxi cants c l aus i n c ntract 2 5 6, .
, e o , .

st a m bo il e r 3 6 4
e I nve nt i ns o wn rs hi p o f 1 2 2
, . o , e , .

t i m e o f 3 97 , I nv st i g t i n
. e a o ,

va l u o f 2 9 7 e ,
c nsu l tat i n 1 2 4
. o o , .

Ha zar d s co nstruct i n 3 7 8
, d p w e ll 373 o , . ee s, .

H a l t h va l u o f 1 7
e , e d s i ra bili t y f
, 2 69 . e or , .

H ar e r ca p ac i t y o f 7 2
e , d i fficu l t i s 3 7 2 , . e , .

H e rsch e l C l m ens 1 3 0 , e x m p l f s p c i ficat i n 3 03

, . e a e or e o ,
.

H i n d ranc s d d l a y s cl aus i n o
e an n ec ss i t y f 3 7 0e , e c n e or, .

tract 2 5 3 , . s e w rs 3 7 4 e , .

H n st y n c ss i t y f 4 6
o e ,
e e s p c i ficat i ns f p r o c ss s 3 1 1 or, . e o or e e , .

H n st y va l u e o f 5 6
o e ,
r e p rt 9 8 9 9 ,
. o , , .

H m an l a w s ( see Laws
u
“

I gn o ranc i n s p c i ficat i o ns 2 6 4
e J e a l us y 3 0
e , . o , .

I gn ranc i n sp c i ficat i o n w r i t i ng 2 7 9 Ju d gm nt va l u f 2 0
o e e , . e ,
e o , .

I m p e r f ct w o r k r i gh t t r ta i n c l aus e J d i i l d c i s i n (
e ,
L w o e ,
u c a e o se e a

i n c ntract 2 3 1
o ,
Jur i d i ct i n f c rt (
. L w s o o ou se e
“
a

I nc o ns i st e nc y i n c ntract 1 47 Just i n i an c d 1 05 o , . o e, .

I nd fin i t e s p c i ficat i o ns 2 6 3
e e , .

I n d e t r m i nat s p ec i ficat i o ns 2 6 5
e e K n o wl d g , . e e,

I n fl u e nc aff ct i ng l tt i ng f co ntract
e e bi as f 2 2 e o ,
o , .

20 1 . of s lf 2 1 e , .

I n fl u nc un d u gr und f r av o i d i ng
e e, p ract i ca l 3 3
e, o o , .

c ntr ct 1 4 6
o a ,
r q i r d f o s p c i ficat i ns
. e u e r e o ,

I n fl u nc va l u e f 3 6
e e, r qu i r d f w r i t i ng 7 4
o , . e e or , .

I n f r m at i n c nc rn i ng wo r k wh e r
o o r su l t s o f l ac k o f 2 9 2
o e , e e , .

o b ta i n d 1 9 6 e , .

I nsp ct i on 2 2 7
e , L b r ff ct c st f w o r k 1 5 5
. a o , e e on o o , .

I ns p ct i n
e o , Languag e ( e s e

b y r m va l o f w o r k 2 7 0
e o L w , . a ,

c l aus e i n co ntract 2 1 9 cas p re p arat i n f 1 2 4 , . e, o o , .

xp r i e nc e f r 2 96
e e c i v il 1 05 1 1 2
o , .
, ,
.

li t ratur 2 5 7
e e, cl ass i ficat i o n ge n e ra l 1 1 0
.
, , .

m t r ials 2 95
a e , co m m o n 1 05 1 06 1 1 2
.
, , .

qua li t i s d e t r m i ne d 2 97 e co nsu l tat i o n c as s at 1 2 4

e , . in e , .

s p c i ficat i o n by 2 9 5
e c o ntract s i nt r p r e tat i n f 2 1 2
, . , e o o ,
.
 I n de x 527

L aw—C on . L a w— C o n .

c o n t racts l w f 1 3 6 , a s i t i v c l ass i ficat i on 1 1 4

o , .
po e, , .

c o ntracts li t r a t r e 1 5 0 , p r c e d nt 1 0
e 7 u , . e e , .

c ntract p u bli c wo r k 1 6 8
o , p u bli c w r k o ntracts 1 68 ,
. o c , .

c ourt ap p e a l Un i t e d Stat e s
,
115 r as n f 5 4
, ,
. e o or, .

c urt c i rc i t 1 07 1 1 5
o , u r f r m d s i ra bl 1 3 2
, , . e o , e e, .

c urts c om m on 1 07 1 1 5
o ,
r m d i a l 1 08 1 1 1 1 1 5
, , . e e , , , .

c ur ts e qu i t y 1 09 1 1 5
o , r v i s i o n o f 1 07
, , . e , .

c urts j ust i c e 1 07 1 1 5
o ,
r i gh t s p r i m ar y 1 1
, ,
. , ,

c o urt sup r m e 1 07
,
e s p c i a l 1 09, . e ,
.

c urt su p r em e stat 1 1 5
o ,
s b d i v i s i o n f c m m o n 1 08
,
e, . u o o , ,

c urt su p r e m e Un i t d S tat
o , 108 su b stant i v 1 08 1 1 1
, e e s, , e, , .

115 . unw r i tt n 1 1 2 e , .

c urt Un i t d Stat e s 1 1 5
o , e va l u f k n wl e d g e 1 1 0 , . e o o , .

c ust m ar y usag 1 06
o w i tn ss es s l e ct i o n o f 1 2 5
e, . e , e , .

d e fin i t i o ns 1 1 0 ,
w r i tt n 1 1 1 . e , .

d es i ra bl r e f o r m 1 3 2 e w r i tt n d un w r i tt e n 1 0
,
5 . e an , .

d e v l p m nt o f 1 0
e o 6 e w r ngs 1 1 , .
o ,

d i vi ne 1 0 4 111 114
, , L ga li t y o f o bj ct f c ntract 1 44
, . e ,
e o o , .

e cc l e s i a st i ca l 1 1 1 1 1 5 L ga l p r oc d i ngs ng i n r i n 1 2 3
, , .
e ee . e ee , .

e n f o rc em e n t o f 1 1 4 L e ga l r l at i ns 1 1 1 1 7
, . e o , , .

e v l ut i o n f 1 03
o o ,
l i t e ratur e 1 3 5 . , .

e xa m i n t i f a t c h n ica l
on L e ga l r i g h ts 1 08 o e , .

n ss s 1 2 6
e e ,
L ga l w r ngs 1 08
. e o , .

e xp rt wi tn ss 5
e e L e ga l ( , L w ) . s ee
“
a
”

f un d a m nta l 1 0 9 e L e tt rs 9 0
, . e , .

g ne ra l c l ass i ficat i n 1 1 0
e ap p li cat i n 9 1 o , . o , .

h u m an 1 04 1 1 1 , , a p p li cat i n xa m p l s 9 5
. o ,
e e , .

h u m an d v l p m nt f 1 04, e e o bus i n ss 9 0 e o , . e , .

i nt rnat i na l 1 1 1 1 1 5
e o c o ntract by 2 05
, , .
, .

i nt rp r tat i n f c ntr ct 2 1 2
e e o co ntract by acc p tanc 2 06
o o a , . e e, .

j ur i d i ct i on f c urt 1 07
s o i m p rtanc e f 9 0 o , . o o ,
.

k n o wl d g va l u f 1 2 1 1 0
e e, r c m m n d at i n 3 5 e o , , . e o e o , .

li m i tat i o ns o f 5 4 L e tt i ng c ntract 1 86 2 01
, .
o , , .

li te ratur l a w 1 1 6 e, d i s h n st y i n 1 7 1
, .
o e , .

li te ratur e c o ntracts 1 5 0 , f r m a li t i s i n 1 89 , . o e , .

m o ra l 1 04 1 1 1 1 1 5
, , i n fl nc 2 01 , .
ue e s, .

m un i c i p a l 1 05 1 1 1 1 1 5 , r str i ct d 1 7 2
, , . e e , .

d fin i t i o ns 1 1 2
e t i m e a ll o w e d 1 89
, .
, .

so urc s f 1 1 1e o , L i a bili ty .
,

natura l 1 04 1 1 1 1 1 4 , , f ng i n r 1 21 , . o e ee , .

o b s rvanc c l aus i n c o ntract

e of e p r f ss i na l 1 1 9
, e , o e o , .

2 41 .
L i m hy d rat e d sa m p l s p e c i ficat i n e, , e o ,

o r i g i n o f 1 06 , 423 .
.

o r i g i n natur e d d ve l o p m nt o f
, L i m i tat i o ns o f s p e c i ficat i ns 2 86
an e e o , .

10 3 .
L i m i t i ng d p r o t ect i ng w r k 3 2 9 an o .
,

p o s i t i ve 1 1 1 , L i m i t i ng ti m e 1 89
.
, .
5 28 I n de x

Lin s e angra d s c l aus i n c o ntract Mann C R r p o r t b y 1 8

d e , e , , . .
, e , ,

228 Manu f act r rs r p t t i n f 3 4 0 3 6 8 u e , e u a o o , , .

L iqu i d ate d d a m ag s 1 9 8 21 5 2 5 0 Mat r i a l s e , , , . e ,

c l aus i n c ntract 2 5 0
e o bibli gr p hy o f 3 1 0 , .
o a , .

li t e ratur e 2 5 8 , Mat r i a l .
e ,

L i t ratur e
e , c l ass i ficat i n 3 2 2 o ,
.

a d v rt i s i ng
e d l e tt i ng c o ntract c ontr o l by p c i ficat i n 2 9 4
an , s e o , .

20 2 .
d f ct i v 2 5 4 293 e e e, , .

bibli o gra p hy f s p c i ficat i ons 46 8 ff ct oc o st f w r k 1 5 5 e , .

e e on o o ,
.

g n ral c n d i t i ns f c o ntract
e e , of un d a m e nta l 2 86 o o ,
, .

2 56 .
i nfl u nc f s p c i ficat i ns 2 82 e e o e o ,
.

d y lab r
a d c o ntract s y st e m s
o i nv st i gat i n o f 2 9 9
an , e o , .

1 65 .
p r o p rt i s 2 9 4 e e , .

d l ay s
e d p na l t i s 2 5 8
an qua li t i s 3 2 3
e e ,
.
e , .

d ucat i n
e t hi cs 1 4 o , qua li t i s t o s p c i f y 3 00
e , .
e e , .

ng i n e r at w o r k 5 2
e e s h r i n k ag 3 2 4 , . e, .

t hi cs 69
e , .
(S S p c i ficat i o ns f ee
“
e or

xtra w r k 2 5 8
e o
Mc c u ll oug h Ern st sugg e st i o n o f 2 2 7
, .

, e , .

gua rant s 2 5 7
,

ee
M asur m nt
, .
e e e
i ns p ct i n 2 5 7
,

e o ,
c l aus e i n co ntract 2 2 8
.

, .

l w 116a , .

cust m ar y 2 2 8 o
l a w o f c ntracts 1 5 0
.
,

o
xcavat i n 3 2 4 , .

e o
l ga l r l at i o ns 1 3 5
.
,

e e
sa m p l s p c i ficat i n 42 6
, .

e e o
l e tt e rs a d r p o rts 1 02
.
,

n
M rg r d i sc h arg f c o ntract by 1 49
e , .

e e e o
liqu i d at d d a m ag s 2 5 8
.
, ,

e e

m at e r i a l s 3 1 0
M t h d s r i g h t t m d i f y c l aus i n o
, .

e o , o o , e c n
,
tract 2 3 0 .

p r p arat i n f s p c i ficat i o ns 2 7 4
, .

e o o e

s p c i ficat i ns t ch n i ca l 2 85
e o
M i a m i C ns rvanc y D i s t r i ct a b an d n
e
, .

o e , o

m nt d f r f i t r e 2 44
, , .

e an o e u
succ ss 3 2 e
, .

M i a m i C ns rvanc y D i str i ct f r m o f
.
,

f Eng li s h 8 7
o e , o
use o
b n
.
,

d 238
w r k s c nstr ct e d un d r c ntract
o ,
.

o o u e o
M i n rs ca ac i t y c ntract
,

p t 1 39 o o o
1 84
.
, ,
.

w o r k f e ng i n e r 5 2 o
M i r p r s ntat i n gr ound f av i d i ng
e , .
s e e e o ,
or o

L ss e s a d d am ag s c l aus i n c o ntract
o n
c ntract 1
e
45
e
o ,
.

i k av i d i ng c ntract
,

M sta gr n
,

d f e, ou or o o
252 .
,

Lu m p s m c ntract 1 6 0
u o
1 45
, .
.

L y nn Mas p r gr ss r qu i r m nts M r y R i c h r d 1 7 3
, s . o e e e e ,
o e , a , .

2 49 .
M rgan A E r p rt o f 2 3 8 o , . .
,
e o , .

M nici p l u a ,

Ma d i s n W i s sa m p l c ntract 3 9 9
o , ,
ap p r p r i t i ons f o s rv i c 1 1 8
e o , .
o a r e e, .

Mac hi n e r y ,
l w ( a see

d v e l o p m nt f 2 87
e e M n i c i p a li t y fii i l f 1 1 8
o , .
u , o c a s o ,
.

s l e ct i o n o f 3 6 8
e , .

s p c i ficat i ns (
e S p c i ficat i o ns Na m as s p c i fica t i n 2 89
o se e e e, e o , .

f or Nat i na l F d rat i n o f B u il d i ng o e e o

Ma i nt nanc 3 3 3e e, T ra d s E m p l y e rs f G r e at B r i ta i n
. e o o ,

Man s p c i ficat i ns f 5 7
,
e 1 81 o or, . .
 5 30 I n de x

Pr i vat wo r k 1 68
e , . P ump —C on .

c o nt racts f o 1 7 0 r, . e ng i ne , o ut li ne of s p ec i ficat i o ns ,

Pr ocesse s s p e c i fica t i o ns f o ( s
,
Sp e r ee 357 .

c i ficat i o ns Pr oc es s s ) , e
”
g en ra l r qu i re m e nts 3 45
e e ,
.

pow r o ut li n
e of s p c i ficat i o ns e e
Pr od uct ,
, ,

354
c o ntr o l by s p c i ficat i o n 2 88 e
.

P i ng
.
,
ump 3 73
d v e l p m e nt o f 2 87
.
’
,
e o
ra i n i ng 3 3 0
.
,

an d d
Pr o f e ss i o n
.
,

sa m p l s p ec i fic t i n 4 2 5
,
e a o
d fin i t i o n Of 1 4
.
,

e , .

Punctua li t y 2 7
d t es t o 4 7
u i ,
°

Punctuat i o n ( se Wr i t i ng e
Pr o f e ss i o na l ,

co nsu l t t i o n 1 2 3 a ,
.
Quant i t i e s an d me asur em e nt c l aus i n
,
e

d ut y 1 3 4 , .
c ntract
o , 228 .

m p l o y m nt 1 1 8
e e , .

Quarr yi ng , 33 1 ,

i m p r o v m e nt 3 0 e , .

p ract i c c o nd uct o f 4 8 e, , .
R a d e r o f art i c l e s 7 2
e , , .

p r e p arat i o n o f cas e at l w 1 2 4 a , .
R c e i v i ng bi d s 2 00
e , .

r e sp o ns ibili t y 1 1 8 , .
R ec o m m n d at i o n l tt rs o f 3 5
e ,
e e , .

Pr o gr e ss ,
R e f e re nce s ,

c os t o f hi g h rat e 2 48 , . f p o s i ti on 3 6
or , .

m e as ur e m nt o f 2 47 e , . i n l e tte rs 9 2 , .

rate o f cl aus i n c o ntract 2 4 7

, e , . R e gu l at i o ns p o li ce d san i tar y c l au e
, an ,
s

Pr op rt i e s o f m at e r i a l
e , i n c o ntract 2 5 5 , .

ca l o r i fic 2 9 4 , . R e i n f o rc i ng b ars sam p l e s p e c i ficat i o n , ,

e l e ctr i ca l 2 9 5 , . 42 3 .

p hy i ca l 2 9 4
s ,
R e l at i o ns . ,

Pr op e rt y t f urn i s h d by first p art y

,
e c .
,
c o ntractu a l 1 3 6 e , , .

224 . e ng i n ee r i ng 2 , .

Pr op o sa l ,
e t hi ca l 1 2 , .

e xam p l e 1 9 1 ,
l e ga l 1 1 1 1 7
. , , .

f o r m o f 1 9 0 40 5 , p e r so n a l 1 2
,
. , .

Pr o te ct i o n , p e rs o na l a d t hi ca l 5 4 n e , .

aga i nst c l a i m s f o r l ab o r 2 43 R l axat i o n 2 9 , . e , .

aga i nst c l a i m s f o m ate r i a l 2 43 R ep t i t i o n i n sp ec i ficat i o ns 2 60

r , . e , , .

aga i nst d am g c l a s e i n co ntract R ep o rt a e, u , ,

2 42 . arrang m e nt (i f d ata 1 02 e , .

aga i nst n g li g nc c l aus i n e l e m e nt o f 1 00e e, e co n e s , .

tract 2 42 , e ng i n e e r i ng
. 5 , .

aga i ns t r o y a l t i 2 43 i m p o rtance o f 9 7 es, .

, .

Pr o tect i ng wo r k 3 2 9 2 5 3 i nve st i gat i n s a d st i m at s 9 9

, , . o n e e , .

P u bli c ut ili t i e s ap p ra i sa l o f 1 3 2 , k n owl d g e n c ess ar y 9 8 , . e e , .

Pu bli c wo r k 1 68 , li t ratur e 1 02
. e , .

P u bli s h e d s p ec i ficat i o ns s o f 2 7 8 p r e li m i nar y c ns i d rat i n 98 , u e , . o e o , .

Pum p , p r e p arat i o n f 1 1 o , .

d up l x ou t li n e
e of , s p e c i ficat i o ns p ur p o s o f 9 7 , e ,
.

356 . t e h n i ca l 9 7 c , .
 I n de x 53

R ep ort—Co n S p ec i ficat i o ns
.
,

t e n d enc y f p c i a li st 9 8 a l u m i nu m w i r 3 06
o s e ,
.
e, .

f d i agra m s 1 0
u se o 2 a m bi gu ou s 2 6 6 ,
. , .

R ep utat i o n 3 9 ,
ar bi trar y 2 6 7 . ,

R q u i r m nts d e fin i t ; 2 83
e e e bibli ogra p hy o f 4 6 8
,
e . , .

m o d i ficat i o n i n s p c i ficat i ns 2 8 1 br vi ty i n 2 62 e o ,
e ,
.

R e s e rvo i r sa m p l e s p ec i ficat i o ns 4 1 8
,
c l arn ss 2 60 2 6 1 , . e e , , .

R s p o ns ibili t y
e cr i t i c i s m 2 7 1 , .

c o ntract o r s 2 40 2 83 d e fin i t 1 73
, , .
e, .

p r o f e ss i o na l 1 1 8 d i s h n st y i n 2,
6 3 .
o e , .

R e ta i n d p e rce nt g c l us i n co
e Eng li s h f 259 a e, a e n ,
u se o , .

tract 2 3 7 , .
f or a m a 57 n ,
.

R h eto r i c 7 5 , .
f unct i o n o f 2 6 1 , .

R i g h ts l g l 1 1 7
,
e a h ast e i n p r p ar i ng 2 66
,
e , .

R oc k w r k ( o Eart h w r k ill e ga l r e qu i r m nts 2 6 4

se e o e e ,
.

R lli ng d ta m p i ng 3 2 8
o an i m p o rta nc e o f 2 5 9 , .
, .

R o o f trus s o ut li n e sp c i ficat i o ns 3 9 2
,
i n d fin i t 2 6 3 e ,
. e e, .

R o y a l I nst i tut o f B r i t i s h Arc hi t ec t s i n d fin i t eff ct o c s t

e , e e, e n o of wo k r
1 76 .
1 54 .

i n d t e r m i nat 2 6 5
e e, .

Sa l ar y 40 , . i nt e r p r e tat i o n by e ng i n ee r , 2 62
Sa m p l e c ntract d s p ec i ficat i ons 3 9 9
o an , . 2 67 .

S n i tar y D i str i ct o f C hi cag o p r o gr ss

a , e i nte r p r e tat i n by i n o s p ec o t r , 2 62
r q i r m en ts 2 48
e u e , . 267 .

San i tat i o n c l a s e i n c o ntract 2 5 5

,
u , . m anu f actur r s d ta il 2 80 e
’
e , .

Sc h o l s ( e E d ucat i o n )
o se
“ ”
m at e r i a l q ua li t y f 2 7 1
, o , .

Sc i nt i fic p r p arat i o n 6
e e
, . o b scur i t y i n 2 6 2 , .

S ecur i t y ,
o ut li n e b r i d g e 3 9 1
, , .

li t ratur 2 02
e e, . o ut li n b r i d g su b s t ructure 3 9 0
e, e , .

w i t h b i d 1 68 1 9 7 , ,
. o ut li n b il d i ng 3 84
e, u , .

w i t h c o ntract 1 9 9 , . o ut li n r o f truss 3 9 2
e, o , .

S e l ect i o n o f m ac hi n er y 3 40 , . o ut li n s we r s 3 9 5
e, e , .

S l f k n o wl ed g va l ue o f 2 1
e -
e, , . out li n sta n d t we r 3 9 2
e, o , .

S ewe rs out li ne sp c i ficat i o ns 3 9 5

, e , . out li n w at r p i p hy d rant t c
e, e e, s, e .

S h r i nk age ,
394 .

c om p utat i o n f 84 o , . o ut li n s ( s e a l s
e e o

art h w r k 3 1 7 3 2 4
e o , , .
p r p arat i o n d ra w i ngs 42 8
e , , .

S h t i ng a d p um p i ng sa m p l e sp eci fi
ee n , p r ep arat i o n f 1 1 2 5 9 2 66 o , , , .

cat i o n 42 5 , .
p r p arat i o n li t ratur
e 274 , e e, .

S i gnat r es u , q a li t y f m at r i a l 2 66
u o e , .

l ga l r q i r em nts 2 1 6
e e u e , . r a na bl r qu i r m e nts 26 7
e so e e e , .

t o c o ntract 2 1 6 , . r ep t i t i n i n 2 60
e o , .

S i m p l s p i ficat i ns 2 80
e ec o , . r qu i r m e nts i m p o ss ibl 2 7 1
e e , e, .

Sh na bl E R sugge s t i o ns o f 2 49
e, . .
, , . r qu i r m nts p p r e s i ve 2 68
e e e , o s , .

S c i t i s t h n i ca l va l u e o f 3 0
o e e , ec , , . r s p ns ibili t i s un d e r 2 68
e o e ,
.

S d d i ng d s d i ng 33 3
o an ee , . sa m p l 41 8e, .

S p ci a liz at i n 7
e o ,
. stan d ar d 2 84 , .
532 I n de x

Sp e c i fi c a t i o n s —C o n . S p e c i ficat i ns Mac hi n r y— C
o , e on .

un f a i r 2 6 8 , . o ut li n p u m p i ng ng i n 3 5 7
e, e e, .

un nec sar y s v e r i ty 2 7 1
es e , . o ut li n p ump p w r 3 5 4
e, , o e , .

wr i t i ng d raw i ngs f r 4 2 8 ,
o , . o ut li n st a m b il r 3 5 0
e, e o e , .

S p c i ficat i o ns Eng i n e r i ng w r k
e , e o ,
o ut li ne st a m ng i n e 3 5 2
, e e , .

arrang m nt 3 81 e e , . p r p rat i o n o f 3 4 2 3 49 3 5 9
e a , , , .

ass i gn m nt f s bj cts 3 82 e o u e , . s l ct i o ns 3 40
e e , .

bas i s f d s i gns 3 7 5
o e , . s l ct i o n f m ac hi n r y 3 6 8
e e o e , .

c o st co ns i d rat i o n o f 3 7 6
,
e , . S p c i a l 3 41
e , .

d e p w e ll s 3 7 3
e , . st am e ng i n 3 6 4
e e, .

d i gn 3 7 5 3 7 7
es , , . t y p e o f m a chi ne r y 3 6 0 , .

d i ffi cu l t i e s 3 7 2 , .
S p e c i ficat i o ns Mat r i a l , e ,

e st i m at s ( s e als Est i m ate s

e e o , ass i gnm nts 3 06 e , .

3 78 .
b as i s o f c o rr ct 2 9 4 2 9 5 e , , .

xtra w o r k 3 7 3
e ,
.
bibli o grap hy f m te r i a l s 3 1 0 or a , .

f a l s e c o n m y i n d s i gn 3 7 7
e o e ,
.
bronz 2 91 e, .

h a z ar d s 3 7 2 , .
by na m o n ly 2 89 e , .

i nv st i gat i n 3 7 0
e o , . Cats kill a qu d uct 2 9 1 e ,
.

i t m s i nc l u d e d 3 81
e , .
c m p os i ti on 2 9 5
o , .

p u m p i ng 3 7 3 , .
c o nc l us i o ns f Dr Du d l y 3 01 o . e , .

sam p l e 3 9 9 , . c o ntract r s r e s p ns ibili t y 2 93

o
’
o ,
.

s e w rs 3 7 4e ,
.
c o ntr l f p r d uct 2 88
o o o , .

unce rta i nt i e s i n 3 7 1 , . c p yi ng 2 9 9
o , .

un f a i r r e qu i r m e n t s 3 7 7 e .
f un d a m nta l d e v l o p m nt o f 2 86
e ,
e e , .

unsat i s f act r y p rac t c 3 7 1 o i e, .

guarant e s 2 9 7 e , .

S p ec i ficat i o ns Mac hi n e r y , , i na d quate 2 89

e , .

ass i gn m nts f t li n 3 4 8
e or ou e, .
i n p ec t i o n 2 9 5 2 9 6
s , , .

bi d s c m p ar i s n f 3 3 9
, o o o , . i nv st i gat i o n xam p l e f 3 03
e , e o , .

b o il r 3 6 1e , . i nv st i gat i o n o f m at r i a l 2 9 9
e e ,
.

cap ac i t y a d s e rv i c 3 5 9 n e, . k n wl d g e l ack o f 2 9 2
o e , , .

d at a a y f 3 42 li m i tat i ns o f
'

c ne ess r or, .
o ,

d s i gn s p ec i ficat i ns 3 3 8 3 4 1
e o , , , 3 60 .
m at ri a l
e n d su p p li s 2 86
s a e , .

d e ta il d s p c i ficat i o ns
e 338 e , ,
3 40, ou t li n f a l u m i nu m w i r e 3 05
e or , .

3 61 .
p h y s i ca l p r p rt i es 2 9 4 o e , .

d r w i ngs d p l ans
a an , 3 60 .
p r p arat i o n
e k n o w l d g r qu i red , e e e ,

l ctr i c g n rat r o
e e e e o r mo t r o , 3 47 . 2 86 .

e xt nt e f wo r k 3 5 9 o , .
p r d uct c ntr o l by 2 9 4
o , o , .

f urn i s hi ngs 3 6 0 ,
.
p r p rt i s ca l r i fic 2 9 4
o e e , o , .

g n ra l g arant
e e u ee an d i nsuranc e, qua li t i s f m at e r i a l 3 00
e o ,
.

3 61 . q a li t i e s t o i nc l u d 3 00
u e, .

gen e ra l i n f r m at i o n 3 6 1 o , . s l ec t i o n f r m cata l g 2 9 8
e o o , .

g n ra l r e qu i r m nts 3 4 2
e e e e , , 3 44 , 3 45 , s t an d ar d s 2 9 8 ,
.

3 47 . succ ss f u l e f m at r i a l 2 9 8 u se o e ,
.

g n ra l s p c i ficat i ns 3 3 8 3 3 9
e e e o , , 359 . t ts 2 9 5 2 9 6
es , ,
.

li m i t i ng d e ta il s 3 4 0 , .
“
sat i s f act r y 2 88 o , .

o ut li n ass i gn m nts f o r 3 48
e, e ,
unc rta i nt i s i n 2 89
e e , .

o ut li n p u m p d up l x 3 5 6
e, , e , . unsat i s f act r y d ta il d 2 9 0 o e e ,
.
 34 I n de x

Su bl e tt i ng , Un wr i tt e n l a w 1 05 , .

c l aus i n c o ntract 2 44 e , . Us succ ss f u l sp ec i ficat i o n by

e, e , 2 98 .

un f a i r r e qu i r e m nts 2 69 e , . U se l ss S p c i ficat i on s 2 80
e e , .

Su b o r d i nat s d t i t 4 4 e , u es o, .

Succe ss ,
Va li d c ontract ( se e

e l m e nts o f 9
e , . Va l ua bl co ns i d e rat i o n 1 42
e ,
.

f act o rs o f 1 8 , . Vana d i um st e e l i na d quat , e e s p ec i fi c a

li t e ratur 3 2 e, . t i n 2 90
o , .

p e rs o na l 1 6 , . Van Al st y Th o s J 5 7 n , . .

qua li ficat i o ns n e c ssar y 1 8 e , . Voca bu l ar y 86 , .

Succes s f u l s p c i ficat i o n by 2 98
u se , e ,
.

Sup rv i s i o n a d d i r e ct i on c l aus e
e n , Warrant y ( see G uarant e e “

c o ntract 2 2 6 , . Wat r p i p e o t li n s p ec i fica t i o n f o r

e , u e

Su p rv i s i o n c l a s i n c o n t ract 2 1 9
e , u e , . l a yi ng 3 9 4 , .

Sup rv i s i o n ff ct On c st o f wo r k 1 5 5
e ,
e e o , . Wat r p r o o fing sa m p l s p e c i ficat i o n
e , e ,

Sup p li f n d a m nta l
es, s p ec i ficat i o ns
u e ,
42 3 .

f o r , 2 86 . W ll s i nv st i gat i n f 3 7 3
e , e o or, .

Sur t i s c l a s i n c ntract
e e , u e o , 237 . W st rn S oc i t y f Eng i n rs 1 83
e e e o ee , .

W i tn ss e ,

T a m p i ng 3 2 8 , . xp rt bi a f 1 3 1
e e ,
s o , .

T ch n i ca l
e , xp rt d ut i e s f 1 2 5 1 3 4
e e , o , , .

p r e p ar a t i o n 6 ,
. exp e rt exa m i nat i n o f te ch n i ca l
, o ,

s oc i e t i e s val u e o f , , 30 . 1 26 .

s p c i ficat i ns ( s
e o ee
“
S p ec i ficat i ons , xp e rt li t ra t ur 1 3 5
e ,
e e, .

xp e rt s l ec t i n f 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 3 2
e , e o o , , ,
.

T rm s
e ,
de fin i t i n o of, c l aus i n c ntract e o , W rd s
o ,

229 . arrange m nt f 85 e o , .

T e st i m o n ( s e E v i d enc e
y e
“
Lat i n o r i g i n 82 , .
0

T e sts ,
m a n i ng o f 1 47 2 6 0
e , , .

m at r i a l s 2 9 5e , .
p r ec i s s e 83 e u ,
.

qua li t i s d t r m i n d 2 9 7e e e e , . Saxo n r i g i n 83 o , .

r sp ns ibili ty i n 2 83
e o , . v c b l ar y 86
o a u , .

s p c i ficat i o n by 2 9 6
e , . ( Wr i t i ng
se e
“

Ti m e , W rk
o ,

b g i nn i ng d c om p l e t i ng 1 9 7
e an , .
aut h r i t y f 1 87 o or, .

o f c m p l e t i n c l aus e i n c ntract
o o , o ,
c nstr ct d un d r c ntract 1 6 8
o u e e o , .

2 1 4 , 2 46 .
c st o f nc rta i nt i s i n 1 5 2
o u e e
li mi t i ng 1 89
, , .

, .
d f ct i v
e e 2 54 e, .

T rans p rtat i o n eff ct

o ,
e on c o st of wo rk , e ng i n e r i ng ( se e e

1 55 .
xtra p u bli c c o ntrac t 1 69
e , , .

xtr a ( s e Extra W o r k
e e
“

Unf ai r S p c i ficat i ns 2 6 8 e o , . f au l t y 2 7 0 , .

Un i t p r i ce c o ntract 1 60 , . f o rc acc nt 1 5 7
e ou , .

Unn ssar y s ev r i ty i n s p ec i ficat i o ns

ec e e , l tt i ng o f 2 01
e , .

271 .
p art i e s i nt r e st e d i n 1 7 9 e , .

Uns o un d m i n d ca p ac i t y , to c ontract , p r i vat e c o ntract s f o r 1 7 0 , .

1 40 .
p u bli c c o n t racts f o 1 69 r, .
 I n de x 535

W rk Co
o
— n .
Wr i t i ng — Co n .

r m o va l o f 2 7 0
e , .
l e tt rs ap p li cat i n 9 1 e , o .

r s e rvat i o n t o a l te r 1 9 6
e l e tte rs b us i n ss 9 0
, . , e , .

r ec i s e w r d 83
W r km ans hi p sp ec i fica t i o n f or 2 9 5
o p , .
o s, .

p r r eq u i s i t s o f 7 4
,

e e
W r k m e n c h a ract r o f cl a us e i n o
o e c n
, .

p unctuat i o n 85
, ,

trac t 2 5 2 , .

r p rts 9 7 1 00 ( al s e o
, .

Re
se e o
Wr i t i ng
, ,

p rt
,
o s

arrang m nt of m att r 7 7
e e st yl e 7 8 e , .
, .

arrang m e nt f w r d s 85
e o of Lat i n w o r d s 82
, .
u se o , .

c h o i ce o f wo r d s 80 , .
f Sax n w r d s 83 u se o o o , .

e ngi n e r i ng 7 2
e , .
va l u e o f 3 0 7 2 , , .

h ar e r r r e ad e r 7 2
e o va l u e o f ut li n e 7 7
, .
o , .

i m p o rta nce o f l e tt e rs 9 0 voca bu l ary 86 , .

,
.

l e tte rs 9 0 , .
Wr i tt n agr ee m n t s n ecess i t i s e e , e

l e tt e rs a d r ep o rts li t ratur e 1 02
n 20 4 , e , .
.