A H A N D BO O K O F

F RE N C H P H O NETI CS

WI LLIA M A . N IT Z E
A ND

E R N E ST H . W I LK I N S
Uni v ersi t y of Chi cago

W IT H E X E R C I S E S BY

C LA R E N C E E . PAR M E N TE R
Uni vers i t y of C hi ca go

NE W YO R K
H EN R Y H O LT A N D C O MP AN Y
 P RE FA C E

T H IS littl e b o o k is int e nd e d as a manu al fo r el em e ntary

and advan ce d s tu de nt s o f t h e Fr e n c h la n gu ag e In ele .

m entary c o u r ses it may b e emplo ye d as a s ub s titu t e fo r t h e

pages d ev o t e d t o pr o n u n c iati o n in what eve r Grammar t he
t e a ch er is u s i n g I n su c h c o u r ses t h e mat erial pri nt e d in
.

s mall typ e s h o u ld b e o mitt e d In adva n c e d c o u rs es t he

.
,

b o o k may b e u s e d a s a ba si s fo r a r evi ew o f t he pro nu n c ia

ti o n a n d a s a r efere n c e b o o k
,
.

T h e a u th o r s hav e e nde av o r e d t o pr e s e n t t h e ess e ntial

fac t s o f Fr e n c h pr o n u n c iati o n b u t h av e p u rpo se ly ex c l u de d
,

t h e tr e atm e n t o f mi n o r var iati o n s i n s o u n d ( fo r ex ampl e ,

i n t erm e diat e v o we l q u aliti es) a n d t h e r e gi strati o n o f wo rds

whi c h a re distin c tly rare I n many c ases Fre n c hme n th em
.

se lv es vary i n t h e u tt era n ce o f a giv e n w o rd o r gr o u p o f

wo rds : in su c h c as es w e hav e ge n erally given o n ly t he

vari ety whi c h seem s appr o v e d by t h e b es t u sag e Fo r s u c h .

disp u t e d q u esti o n s and fo r all matt ers o f gre at er d etail

, ,

t h e r e ad e r is u rge d t o co n su lt t h e b o o ks lis t e d in t h e Bib li

o g r ap hy .

We have e nd e avo r e d t o pr ese n t t h e ess e ntial fac ts as

c l e arly a n d e ff e c tiv e ly a s p o ss ibl e M o st e arli e r p ubli c a
.

tio n s o n t h e s am e su bj e c t mingl e t h e tre atm ent o f t h e sev eral

s ou nds wi th t h e r u l e s fo r t h e pr o n u n c iati o n o f t h e sev e ral

letters T h e r e s u lt s o f s u c h a m e th o d s e e m t o u s u nfo rt u n at e
.

t h e s t u d e n t c o nfu ses h i s mat e rial and rar e ly c o n ce ntr at es

,

h is att enti o n o n t h e r e ally imp o rtant matt e r t h e ac t u al

le ar n ing o f t h e di ffi c ult Fr en c h s o u nds These da n gers w e
;

hav e trie d t o av o id by tr e ati n g fir st o ne by o ne t he several

, , ,

s o u nds ; th e n o ne by o ne t h e s ev eral l e tt e r s
, ,
.
iv PRE FAC E
Thus under t he he ading o f A nalys i s t he so u nds o f Fren ch
, ,

a re ex plain e d in s e c ti o n s E a c h s o u nd is r eprese nt e d
by a ph o neti c s ymb o l It s fo rmati o n is set fo rth i t s vari o us
.
,

s p e lling s are li s t e d and F r e n c h w o rd s co ntai n ing it are giv e n

,

a s ex ampl e s T h e s o u nds a re arra n g e d in th e ir m o s t l o gi c al

.

ph o ne ti c o rde r starti n g with t h e lip s o u n ds and m o ving

,
-

t o ward th o se mad e in t he ba c k o f t he m o u th T he lists o f .

t h e vari o u s s p e lling s o f t h e sev eral s o u nds a re o f littl e val ue

t o t h e b e gi n n e r and a re th er e fo r e print e d i n s mall typ e
, .

T o t h e advan c e d s t u d e nt th ey may b e v e ry u se fu l p art i c u ,

la rly in training fo r t h e id e ntifi c ati o n o f F r en ch wo rds as

s p o ke n .

T h e l ett ers are tr e at e d in alp h ab eti c al o rd e r in sec ti o n s

, ,
—
70 9 5 . In e a c h c ase r u les are given sh o wing what so u nd,

t h e l ett e r in q ue sti o n r epr ese nt s u n d e r e a c h o f it s varying

c o nditi o n s C are h a s b e e n tak e n t o c las s ify and int err elate
.

t h e r u l e s ; and t h e typ o graphi c al arra n g e m e nt is so d evi se d

a s t o r eenfo r c e t h e l o gi c al c lass ifi c ati o n It is h o p e d that .

t h e s t u d e nt w ill th u s b e e n abl e d t o s o lv e q u i c kly b y ref ,

e r e n c e t o th e s e se c ti o n s h is parti c u lar diffi c u lti es a s t o t h e

,

pro n u n c iatio n o f giv e n w o rd s .

P ro p er nam es an d fo r eign w o rd s h avi ng mark e d p e cu liari

ti es are r elegat e d t o se c ti o ns 9 6 a n d 97 In m o st e arli e r .

tre atises o n F r e n c h pro nu n c iatio n su c h wo rds are i n tro du c e d

am o n g t h e n o rmal Fr e n c h w o rds th u s c ausing b ewildering
,

and r elative ly u nimp o rtant additi o ns t o t h e fu ndam ental

set o f r u le s O ur tr e atm e nt pr e v e nt s thi s u n n e c e ss ary c o n
.

fu sio n O ur li s t o f th ese w o rd s i s o f c o ur se m ere ly s el ec tive

.

t h e att empt t o g iv e ev e n a m o d erat e ly c o mpl e t e li s t o f th em

wo u ld b e b eyo n d t he s c o p e o f t he present b o o k .

T h e sec o nd divi si o n o f t h e tr e ati se c all e d S ynth es i s de al s

, ,

with t he pro blem s o f a ctu a l s p e e c h that is c o nnecte d spee c h

, ,
.

H er e t h e s t u d e nt will find an explanati o n o f t h e c hi e f prin

c iple s o f syllab ifi c at i o n s tr ess quantity link ing and in
, , , ,
 PRE FAC E
t o natio n But it c anno t b e t o o o ft e n s aid that Fr en ch is a
.

living langu age a n d s h o uld b e le arne d as s u c h T h e j usti .

fi c a t io n fo r any pra c ti c al tr e ati s e o n P h o n e ti cs i s that it c an

b e use d a s a s c i e n tifi c e d u c ati o n al t o o l by a g o o d t e a c h e r ,

him se lf p o s sessi n g a fair pr o nu n c iati o n o f t h e la n gu age and

b e ing always re ady t o impart his k n o w le dg e thr o u gh t h e u s e
o f vi va v o ce m e th o d s . Fo r s u c h u se thi s b o o k i s i nt e nde d ;
and c o nsequ e ntly t h e sec o n d part in parti c u lar o ffer s su g
, ,

ges tio ns rath e r than d o gmati c r ul es Thi s appli es with

.

arti c u lar fo r c e t o t h e diffi c u lt s u bj ec t o f Int o nati o n whi c h

p ,

t h e a uth o r s are c o nvin c e d c an r e ally b e mas t er e d o n ly by

imitating th ose w ho sp e ak Fr e n c h w ell .

R ec o g n izi n g t h e fa c t that t h e n e e d s and t h e m e th o d s o f

in di vid u al t e ac h er s vary gr e atly w e hav e s o di strib u t e d t h e
,

s tat e m e nt s a n d t h e e x e r c i s es that t h e t e a c h e r may by s e l ec

ti o n a n d r e arrangem e n t c o nstru c t and as sign a s eri es o f

lesso n s pre c i s ely adapt e d t o hi s o wn p u rp o ses In e l em en
.

tary c o ur s es fo r example t h e t e a c h er may thi n k it b est

, , ,

parti c ularly if tim e i s limit ed t o ass ign firs t o n ly t h e m o st

,

imp o rtant o f t h e paragraph s i n large pri n t w ith t h e c o rre

,

s p o n ding ex e r c i se s a n d t o a ss ign t h e m o r e d e tail e d mat erial

,
’
lat e r and gradu ally a s t h e stu dent s vo c ab u lary and kno wl
,

e dg e o f grammar i n c r e a se . O r if in any co urse t h e te a c h e r

s h o u ld pr e fer t o vary t h e o rde r in whi c h t h e so u n ds a re pre
s e nt e d s h o u ld h e fo r ex ampl e pr e f e r i n t e a c hi n g t h e o ral
, ,

v o we ls t o b e gi n with t h e extre m e p o s iti o n s [i] [a] [u ] and

, , ,

th e n fill in with t h e i n t erm e diat e s o u n ds h e will fi n d no

tro uble i n maki n g h is a ss ig n m e n t s a c co rdi n gly .

T he ex er c i ses may b e expa n de d a d li bi tu m . Th e y may

s erv e as m o d e l s o n whi c h o th e r s may b e c o n s tr u c t e d by t h e

t e ac her o r t h e c lass .

T h e ph o n e ti c s ymb o l s u se d i n thi s b o o k are tho se o f t h e

A ss oci a ti on p honéti qu e i nterna ti o na le .
 C O NT E NT S

ANALYS I S
SO UN DS
T HE PR O DU CT I O N OF S P EE CH -
SO UN DS
T HE SO U N DS OF F REN CH

T HE R E L A TION OF FR E N C H S O UN DS To F R EN C H S P E LL I N G
DI P HT H O N G S

V O W E LS

Or al
a t
B ack
M i d (Ro nd d F ont)
xe u e r

N as al
SE MI C O N S O N A N T S
C ONS ON A NT S

Classifi c ation f Cons onants O

Cons onants Sim ila i F nch and E glish r n re n

E plo s iv
x e

F i c ativ
r e

N as al
T ill d
r e

Lat al er

T AB S U D U UA S P
LE O F O G N E XAMP
S, S L E LLI N S , A ND LE S

LE TTE R S A N D S I GNS
A P AB
L H ET

A C CE N T S
D I JE R E SI S
C A
E DI LL

LE TT E R S
D O UB LE C ONSON A L NT -
E TT E R S

F A C
IN L ON SON A —L
NT E T TE R S

T I D
HE N IV I D UA L L E TT E R S

F G W
O RE I N O R DS

P P N AM
RO ER ES
v ii i CO N TE N TS
Y T HE S I S
S N

S Y LL ABI C D IV I S I O N
I N S PE E C H
IN QSPE LLIN G AND WR IT I N G
T
S R E SS
AS G W
IN IN LE ORD

I C N SP
O NN E C T E D EECH

Wo d G o p s
r r u

Logi c al and E m otional S t ss re

VO WE L Q UAN TITY
LIAISON
AS S I M I LATI O N
E LISIO N

P IT CH
I N TO N ATIO N
BI BL I O G R A P HY

E X ER C I SE S

P HO NE TI C RE ADI NGS
FRE N CH SE LE CTION S F OR O R AL P R A C TI CE
I N DEX
A HA NDBOOK OF FRENCH PnoNETI OS
-

A N A LY S I S

S O UN DS

1 . T h e Pro duct i o n of S p e e ch S o u n d s
-
hi ef fa c t o r
. T he c

in a n y s p e ec h so u n d is br e ath A s t h e br eath pa sses u p ward

-
.

b etwee n t h e vo c al c h o rd s it may o r it may n o t b e tran s

fo rm e d i n t o a m usi c al so u nd c alle d voi ce It is tra n sfo rm e d
.

int o v o i ce if t he vo c al c h o rds a re str et c h e d and bro u ght

c l o se t o g eth er so that th e y vibrat e p e ri o di c ally a s t h e br e ath

pa ss es b etween th em It r emai n s s imply br e ath if t h e vo c al

.

c h o rd s r e mai n lax and apart If t he br e ath i s tra n sfo rm e d

.

int o v o i ce t h e sp eec h so u n d i s c alle d a voi ced s o u nd ; if t h e

,
-

br e ath r emains s imply br e ath t h e sp eec h so u nd is c all e d a

,
-

v o i celess s o u n d I n t h e E n gli s h wo rd fad fo r instanc e

“ ”
.
, ,

t h e f i s v o i c e l e ss and t h e a and d a re v o i ce d .

When t h e br e ath o r v o i c e i ssu es u p ward fr o m t h e v o c al

c h o rd s it e nt e r s a tripl e c avity c o n s i s ti n g o f t h e t o p O f

t h e thr o at ( pharyn x ) t h e m o u th a n d t h e na s al pa s s age

, ,

s e e D i a gr am A . T h e s p eec h s o u nd s are differ e n tiat e d fr o m

-

e a c h o th e r a c co rding t o t h e s hap e a s s u m e d by thi s c avity

and a c c o rding t o t h e O pe n ings and st o ppage s it prese n t s t o

t h e br e ath . T h e s hap e O f t h e c avity i s alt er e d c hi e fly by t h e
m o tio n o f t h e t o ngu e t h e r o u ndi n g o r u n r o u n di n g O f t h e
,

lip s t h e l o we ring o r rai sing o f t h e lo wer j aw and t h e l o wer

, ,

ing o r rai s i n g o f t h e s o ft palat e ( v el um ) at t h e ba c k e n tra n ce

o f t h e na s al pa s s age . T h e p o s s ibl e O p e nings fo r t h e es c ap e
o f t h e br e ath a r e t h e o ral O p e ni n g b e tw ee n t h e lip s and t h e
, ,

nas al o p e n i n g t h e n o s trils T h e o ral o p e ning may b e c l o se d

,
.

b y t h e lip s ; t h e w h o l e nas al pass age may b e sh u t O ff by t h e

rais ing O f t h e so ft palat e T h e t o n gue may effec t partial
.

s t o ppag e O f t h e br e ath at vari o u s p o int s in t h e m o u th .

2 A HA N DB O OK OF FRE N CH PHON E TI C S
,

If t he breath beco es v o i c e at m v o c al c ho rds and

t he
i ssu es thr o u gh t h e m o u th o r , thr o u gh t h e m o u th and n o se ,

with o u t e n o ugh st o ppage t o pr o du c e au dibl e fri c ti o n t he ,

s p e e c h s o u nd i s c all e d a vo wel
— 1
.

If t h e st o ppag e o f t h e br e ath i s su ffi c i e nt t o c au se a u dibl e

fri c ti o n o r n o i s e a n d t h e am o u nt O f n o i s e i s appr o xim at ely
, ,

e q u al t o t h e am o u n t o f v o i c e t h e s p e e c h s o u n d i s c all e d a
,
-

semi cons o na nt ( o r a s emi v ow el) I n E n gli sh t h e l ett ers w

.

and y u su ally r epr ese nt semi co n so na n t so u n ds .

If t h e n o i s e pr e d o mi n at es o v er t h e v o i c e o r if t h e b r eath ,

i s su e s fro m t h e v o c al c h o r ds w ith o u t b e c o mi n g v o i c e ( that

i s if it pr o du ces o n ly a u dibl e fri c ti o n ) t h e s p eec h so u n d i s
, ,
-

c all e d a co ns o n a n t A c co rdi ngly c o n so nant s a re e ith er

.
,

v o i c e d o r v o i c e l es s .

Thu s t h e bas i s O f a v o wel is v o ic e o r m u si c al so und that

, ,

of a c o n so nant i s n o i s e o r a u dibl e fri c ti o n a n d that o f a ,

s e mi c o n s o n a n t i s a n alm o s t e q u al am o u nt o f n o i s e and v o i c e .

2 Th e S o und s o f Fr e n c h T h e F r e n c h langu ag e ha s 3 7 dif

. .

ferent s o u n d s : 16 v o w el s 3 s em i co ns o n a nt s a n d 18 c o n s o na n t s
, , .

F o r e a c h O f th e s e s o u nd s w e u se a ph o ne ti c s ymb o l .

M o s t O f th e se sym b o ls are identi c al i n fo rm with o rdi n ary

le tt er s fo r ex ampl e : [a ] [f] [t ] O th er s a re l ett ers m o difi e d
, , ,
.

i n s o m e parti c u lar way : [a] [p ] O th er s a re s p e c ial s ig n s :

, ,

[S ], [ a] A ll l ett er s o r sig n s pri n t e d i n thi s b o o k i n s q u ar e

.

b ra c k e t s a re ph o n e ti c s ymb o l s .

T h e e ntir e s e ri e s o r alphab e t o f t he thirty sev e n ph o n e ti c

, ,
-

s ymb o l s r e q u i s it e fo r F r e n c h i s tab u lat e d in se c ti o n 6 3 .

3 T h e R e lati o n o f Fr e n ch S o u nd s t o Fr e n c h S p e lling
. .

Fren ch s p e lli n g like English s p elling i s n o t ph o n eti c A

,
'

, .

giv e n s o u n d m ay b e r epr ese nt e d i n a giv e n w o rd by o ne

lett e r o r c o mbi n ati o n O f l ett er s a n d in ano th er wo rd by a n ,

o th e r l e tt e r o r c o mbi n ati o n O f l e tt er s whi l e a giv e n l ett e r o r ,

1 Thi s d fini tion do s not h old good fo r whis p ed sp ch in whi ch

e e er ee
of c ou s e au di bl f i ction i s p s nt
,

r e r re e .
 S O UN DS o

DIAGRAM A

ost ils ; 2 N asal p a a ; 3 Li

N r ss ge ps ;
4 T t h ; 5 Palat 6 V l m
, ,

ee i d ( e; e u ra s e as

o lvwl) 7 Vl m l w d (
, , , ,

for ra o e s ; e u o e re as

a al v w l ) 8 Uv l ( t h t i
, ,

f
or n s o e s ; u a e p of

v l m) ; 9 To 10 P h a
,

th e e u ng u e ; ry n x ;
1 1 V c al h d ( l tt i ) T h adva
, ,

o c or s g o s e nced
st d t w i ll d w ll t co lt a
, .

u en o e o n su good
m d i al h a t f t h t h oat m
e c c r oth e r ou and
o
, ,

n se .

co mb inati o n o f l ett er s may repr esent no w o ne so und no w ah ,

o th er M any l ett ers m o reo ver in Fren c h a s in E n gli sh are

.
, , ,

in c ertain c ases sil e n t that is do no t r epr ese nt s o u n ds at all , ,

.

In E nglis h fo r i ns ta n c e t h e so u nd O f e i n m e is s o m e
,
“
,
”

tim es repr ese nt e d by e a s in t he wo rd m e so m etim es by

”
, ,

cc a s in
,
“
r ee d s o m etim es by ea a s in r e ad ( pr es e n t
,
“
,
”
4 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
t e ns e) ; while t h e ea in re ad ( prese nt t ense) represents a
s o u nd di ff er e nt fr o m that r e pr ese nt e d b y ea in r ead ( pas t
“ ”

t ense) In t h e w o rd knight t h e k g and h are sile nt So /

.
“ ”
, , .

in Fre n c h t h e w o rds es t and a i ent th o ugh sp ell e d very dif ,

ferent ly a re ide nti c al in so u nd and in e a c h t he c o n s o nant

, ,

l ett ers a re s ilent ( e a c h wo rd c o nsi s ts s imply o f t he s o und [e] :

’
s ee s e c ti o n 10 ) while in t he wo rd ai mai t he t wo ai s have
different s o und s ( [e] and [ e] : see se cti o n s 10 and
4 Diphtho ng s
. A tru e dip h th ong is a c om bina tion of tw o vo wel
.

s o u nd s u tt ed with t h s am
er M p u ls e of b eath and in t h e s am e s yl
e e r

lable In English diphthongs are f eq u nt Th ey e represented

.
,
r e . ar

s om tim s by two vowel l ett e s as in t h wo d voi c e s om tim es

e e -
r , e r
“
, e

by a singl e l tt as in t h e wo d s m y whi ch i s pronoun c ed

e er, r
“
,
”

and go whi ch i s really p ronoun c ed

“
,
”
T h e s ec ond el m nt O f e e

t h e diphth ong in su c h a w o d a s go i s often c all ed an fi glide “

,
r , o -
.

I n Fr nch ther are no t u e diphth ongs T h French c om b inations

e e r . e

whi ch m o s t nearly r s m bl di phthongs are th o se c onsis ting of a s em i

e e e

c ons onant and a vo wel s ound : ee s ec tions 2 8 38 — s .

A c om b ination of t w o l tt e s r p s nting a singl e s ound lik e t he

e r e re e .
,

read is c all ed a di gr ph
“ ”
ea in , a .

V O WELS
5 . Vo w e l s nds in whi c h t h e v o i c e i ssues thro ugh
a re s o u

t h e m o u th o r thr o u gh t h e m o u th a n d n o se w ith littl e o r no

, ,

s t o ppag e : see se c ti o n 1 .

T h e F re n c h lan g u ag e h a s 16 v o we l s O f whi c h 12 are o ral ,

v o wels and 4 are nas al v o we ls .

O RAL VO WE LS
6 A n o ral v o wel i s o ne s p o k en thr o ugh t he m o uth o nly
. .

In it s u tt eran ce t h e v el um is rai se d , thus sh utting O ff t he

nas al passage .

T h e F r e n c h o ral v o w el s are pr o n o u n c e d m o re di stin c tly

and m o re t en s ely than t h e E ngli s h v o wels In Engli sh t he .

vo c al o rgans O ft en r elax d uring t h e pro nun ciatio n o f a vo wel ,

“
s o that it e nds in a s o rt o f O ff glid e ; in tan
”
g o fo r s c e i s -

, ,
 V O W E LS 5

r e ally pro no u n ce d go s ee se c ti o n 4
u”
In Fre n c h t here is no
.

s u c h O ff glid e ; t h e v o c al o rgans r e tain t h e ir p o s iti o n u ntil t h e

-

pro nun c iati o n o f t he vo we l i s co mplet e T he st u de nt sh o uld

.

b e o n hi s g u ard agains t c arrying o v e r int o hi s pr o n u n c iati o n

o f Fre n c h hi s habit s O f E ngli s h v o we l pr o n unc iati o n .

DIA GRAM B

DIA GRAM C
no us

Diagram B sh o ws di fferent pla c es in t he m o uth at

t he
whi c h t he several o ral vo wels are fo rm e d and indi c ates t he
,

manner o f th eir fo rmatio n T he l eft end o f t h e h o riz o ntal

.

line re pr ese nt s t he p o sitio n o f t h e teeth ; t h e right end t h e ,

p o siti o n O f t h e uv u la T he n e arness O f t h e sym b o l t o t h e

'

h o riz o ntal line indi c at es t h e de gr ee t o whi c h t he t o ng ue is

raise d in t h e fo rmati o n o f t he vo we l in q u es ti o n T he fo u r .

v o wels wh o se symb o ls app e ar o n t h e straight slanting line

a re c all e d fro nt v owels T h e fo ur o n t he so lid c u rv e d lin e a re
.

c all e d back v owels . T he fo u r o n t h e d o tte d c u rv e d lin e are

c all e d mi xed v owels o r rou nded fro nt v owels
,
.

Diagram C giv es r e pre se ntative w o rds ( k ey wo rds ) c o n -

taining t he s everal vo wel so und s .

 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S

F R O N T V O W E LS
7 In t h e fo rmati o n o f all t h e F r e n c h fr o nt v o wel s th e re
.

o c c u r s a f o rw ard m o v e m e nt o r fr o n ti n g O f t h e t o ng u e T he .

lip s a re dr aw n c l o s er t o t he t eeth than in t h e fo rmati o n O f

t h e c o rr es p o nding E ngli s h v o w e l s .

8 i[ ] I n t h e fo rmati o n O f this sou nd t h e b lade O f t h e

. .

t o ngu e i s c l o se t o t h e fr o nt o f t h e hard palat e T h e tip o f .

t h e t o ngu e i s b ent d o w n s o a s t o t o u c h t h e l o w e r t ee th .

T h e m o u th i s v ery n e arly c l o se d T h e c o rn er s o f t h e lip s .

a re dra wn b a c k and t h e j aw s d o n o t m o v e ,
.

This s o u nd is s imilar t o t h e v o we l so u n d in Engli sh

b eet b ut it i s pr o n o u n c e d m o r e t e n sely T h e v o wel
”
,
.

s o u nd O f E n gli s h it d o es no t o c c u r in s tandard Fr en c h
“ ”
.

This s ound i s repres ent ed in sp elling E XAMP E S S Y M B O LS L 1

u s u ally by i o i ( that i s i with a c i c u m fini

r [fini ] r
a cc nt c all d i c i cum fl : t h
,
“ ”
fl ex e vi e [ i] r ex e ao e v
c ents wi ll b di sc ss d in s ec tion 6 5 )
,

e il u [ i l] e e z

in a f w wo ds aft t h e s ound s [a] r [o] naff

e r [naif ]
er o
‘
2

by i ( that 8 i with a di ae esi s :

, ,
“ ”
1 r see s ec
tion 66 )
,

iY 1/
n t he w o d y and in a few b ooki sh wo d s lyre
r ,
r ,

p s ntation of t h phon ti c
Fo r t he re re e e e
c o b inations [ij l and [j i ]
m s c tions 3 0 s ee e
and
,

31 .

In all F nch wo ds c ho s n a s gi ing am pl s of t h s v al

1
re r e v ex e e e er
s ou d s t h portion o f t h wo d p int d
n e bold—fac typ has t h e r r e in e e e
s o d in q s t on E a ch am pl p i s f ollow d b y a t f phon ti c
,

un ue i ex e e se O e
s ym bol s indi c ating t h ac t p on nciation o f t h wo d T h
.

e ex r u e r e
s onant l tt s s d as s ym bol s in s c tions 8 54 p s nt s o d s p
.

-
e er u e e
— re re e un a
im t ly q ival nt to t h o dina y s o d s of t h c o sponding
fi gli sh l tt s ; c pt that [ ] and [I] p s nt s o nd s som what
ro x a e e u e e r r un e rre
e er ex e r re re e u e
di ff nt f om E gli sh and I ( s c t ons 6 1 and
ere r n and that [j ]
r see e
.

i
re p s nts a s o nd q ival nt to t h o dina y so d of English y T h
re e u e u e e r r un e
phon ti c sym bol [g] p s nt s t h so nd of g ; t h s ym bol [ ]
.

“ ”
e g re re e e u in o e 8
re p s nts t h s o nd of t h voi c l ss f bas T h ign i t a
re e e u e e e s O
“
e
”
e S z a er
vow l sym bol indi c at s that t h vow l p s nt d by that sym bol i s
.

e -

e e e re re e e
long Vow l who s sym bols not follow d b y that sign sho t
e s e a re e ar e r
t h s o n d indi c at d by t h s ym bol [ a] s c tion 11
. .

F
2
or e u e e ,
s ee e .
 V OW E LS 7

9 .
[ ] e T h i s
. s o u nd i s c all e d c lo s e e .

T h e blad e O f t h e t o ng ue i s s lightly l o wer t h an fo r [ i] and ,

t h e m o u th i s wide r o p e n .

Thi s so u nd is S imilar t o t h e a in Engli sh fat e b ut it is ,

pr o n o u n c e d m o r e t e nsely and t he lip s a re drawn b ac k m o re ,

.

I t i s p s nt d in sp lling
re re e e e E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
s ally by e ( a c t
u u e,
“
e u e o r ai ; et
ne z
ét é
gai
in t h wo d bb y and in t h wo d p
e r a a e, e r a ys pays
and it s d ivativ s by ;er e ,
a

in a f w bookish wo d s as initial by
e r , , cc . oe dip e

10 .
[c ] . Thi s
nd i s c all e d o p en e so u .

T h e blad e O f t h e t o n g u e i s s lightly l o w e r than fo r [e ] and ,

t h e m o u th i s w id er o p e n T h e s id e s O f t h e t o ngu e c o m e into .

c o n ta c t w ith t h e u pp e r fr o n t m o lar s .

Thi s s o u nd is o p e ne r than that o f e i n E ngli sh b ed “

.

I t i s p s nt d in sp lling
re re e e e E XAM PLE S S YM B O LS
s ally b y e ( g av
u u e,
“
e r e é, ai , ai ai m et
o r ci ; p nne e
dé s [dc ]
bé t e [b e z t ]
f it
a lfs ]
f it
a
’

e [fe z t ]
p ine
e [ p e n]
in som wo d s b fo y by ;
e r , e re ,
a py a er [ p ej e ]
in t h wo d p y m t by y;
e r a e en ,
a p y m nt
a e e [p em ii ] 2

in t h wo d N é l by e
e r o ,
“

. N0 61 [noel ] 3

11 .
[ a] . In
fo rmati o n o f thi s s o u nd t h e t o ngu e re
t he
mai n s flat with it s tip s till pr es se d agai n s t t h e lo we r
,

i n c i so rs T h e m o u th a n d lip s are o p e n e d t o a n o rmally

.

w ide p o siti o n .

1
Th s wo d s s om tim s oth wi s p ono nc d
e e r ar e s c tion 70 e e er e r u e : s ee e
t h s o nd indi c at d b y t h sym bol [ a] s c tion 2 5
.

2
F or e u e e s ee e
t h s o nd indi c at d b y t h sy m b ol s c tion 14
.
,
3
F or e u e e s ee e .
8 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
In fo rmati o n a n d in a c o us ti c effe c t this s o u n d li es b etween
t h e a in E ngli s h pat a n d t h e a In E n gli s h fath e r
“ “ ” 1 ”
.

I t i s r p s nt d in sp elling
e re e e E XAMP LE S S YMB O LS

u su ally b y ; a patt [pat ] e

c av [k v ] e ax

in a few words wh n final b y a; ,

la e [la ] ,

i n c tain v rb ndi ngs O f t h e 1st c onin

er e i m am s
e [ m am ] a e e
by a;
g at i o n ,
in a f w wo ds b fo m
e by r f ,
e re o r n, e . em m e

F orth p s ntation f t h phon ti c

e re re e O e e
c om bination [w ] s ctio 3 5 a ,
see e n .

BAC K VO WE LS
12 I n t h e f mati o n O f all t h e ba c k v o w e l s t h e t o ng u e i s
. or

drawn ba c k and t h e lip s a r o u n d d

,
re e .

1 3 [a ] Thi s so u n d di ff r s di s ti n c tly fr o m [ a] T h e blad e

. . e .

O f t h e t o n g u e i s a s lo w a s p o s s ibl e i n t h e m o u th T h e tip .

d o es no t qui te t o u c h t h e l o wer t ee th T he lip s are slightly .

r o u n de d .

Thi s s o u n d is s o m ewhat d eep e r in t o n e than t h e n o rmal

pr o nu n c iati o n O f t h e a in E ngli sh fath er “
.
”

I t is p s nt d in sp lling
re re e e E XAMP LE S e S YMB O LS
u su ally b y a o r a; pa s [p a ]
ta ss e [ t uz s ]
am e [a rm ]
s om etim s b fo n in liai s on ( ee e en é t é
e e re [ anet ] s s c e
tions 104 by
,

e .

F t he
or p s ntation of t h p hon ti c
re re e e e
c om bination [w ] s c tion 3 7 a ,
see e .

14 [o] . This s o u n d is c all e d op en 0

. .

T he ba c k o f t h e t o n gu e i s s lightly high e r tha n fo r [ a ] a n d ,

t h e lip s a re m o r e r o u n d e d .

Thi s s o u n d li es b etwee n t h e u i n E n gli s h fu n a n d t he

a in law
“ ”
.

1
fath in t he phoneti c notation of W b st s N w I nt n ti n l
“
er,
’
e er e er a o a
Di cti o nary .
10 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
18 .
[y] fo rmati o n O f thi s s o u n d t h e t o n gu e a n d
. In t he
j aws have t h e S am e p o s iti o n a s fo r [i ] a n d t h e lip s are r o u nde d ,

as fo r [u] .

Thi s s o u n d h as no co u nt erpart i n ‘

E n glish It . is q u it e
u n lik e e ith e r E ngli s h u a s in m ut e o r E n gli s h as i n
“ ”
, ,
00,
“
m oot
”
.

I t i s r p s nt ed in sp llin g
e re e e E XAMPLE S S YM B O LS
u su ally by i t; u or un e
cu v e
dfi [dyl
in c tain fo m s of t h v b
er r e er a voi r , by eu eu s [y ]
o r ea . efit [y ]

19 . Thi s so u n d is c alle d clos e eu

[ a] . .

I n it s fo rmati o n t h e t o n gu e a n d j aw s hav e t h e sam e p o s i

ti o n a s fo r [ e ] a n d t h e lip s a re r o u n de d a s fo r
,

I t i s rep r sent ed in sp lling :

e E XAMP LE S S Y M B O LS
e

by eu , ea, o r am fe u [ fa ]
t
.

m eu e [m e z t ]
j e fi n er n
[ ge e ] 1

n cs u d [ na ]

20 .
[ ] Thias
s s o u n d i s
. c all e d o p en eu .

I n i t s fo rmati o n t h e t o n gu e a n d j aws hav e t h e sam e p o si

ti o n a s fo r [e] and t h e lip s a re r o u n de d a s fo r [o]
,
.

It i s n o t unlik e t h e u in E n glish b u r n wh e n t h e r i s n o t
“ ”

so u nd e d .

I t is p sent d in sp elling
re re e

u s all y by
u o u; eu r (P

in a f w wo d s b fo m di al i ll final
e r e re e or
i l by ;
,

,
cv

in t h f w wo d s in whi ch it stand s b
e e r e
tw n g and m dial i ll
ee final i l b y
c or e or ,

u e;

s om tim s b fo n in liai s on b y
e e , e re ,
u . u n am i [oen ami ]
F r t h s o nd indi c at ed by t h sym b ol
1
o e u e s ee s ec tion 5 5 .
 VOW E LS 11

21 [ ]
. Thi s s s o u nd
. i s c all e d m u t e e o r femi ni ne 6 .

It di ffers fr o m [ os] c hi efly i n that it is no t so t e nse It i s .

always v ery s h o rt a n d n ev er s tres se d ,

.

It is n o t u n lik e t h e u n str es se d e in E ngli sh t he man o r ,

t h e a in Lo u isa
“
.

I t i s p s nt d in sp lling
re re e e e

s ally by ;
u u e

in t h s t m sy llabl of c tain fo m s
e e -
e er r
d ivativ s of t h v b f i by i ;
er e e er a re, a

in t h w o d m
e i by
r ons eu r, on . m onsi eur [m e s j o ]

NAS AL VO WE LS

22 . A nas al vo we l i s pro n o u n ce d S i m ultaneo u sly o ne

thr o u gh t h e m o uth and t h e n o se T h e v el u m is dr o pp e d .

,

a n d t he br e ath pa ss es thr o u gh b o th t h e o ral a n d t h e nas al

pass ages T h e t o n g u e p o s iti o n fo r all n as al v o wels is lo w
.
, , .

Th ey are a s dis ti n c t a s t h e o ral v o wel s Th e y have n o th .

i n g o f t h e Am e ri c a n n as al twang C ar e m u s t b e tak e n .
”

no t t o c l o s e t h e m o u th u ntil t h e pr o n u n c iati o n o f t h e v o w e l

is c o mpl e t e d .

T h e s ign o v er a v o w e l s ymb o l indi c at es that t h e v o w e l-

is nas al .

23 In sp elli n g n asal v o wel s a re r epr esent e d by v o we l

.
,

lett ers fol l o we d by c h e c ke d m o r n : that i s m o r n fo ll o we d ,

by a c o n s o n a n t o th er than m o r n o r fi nal T h e c h e c ke d
1
,
.

m o r n i s it se lf s il e n t .

Thu s t h e m o r n i s c h e c k e d a n d t h e pr ec e di n g v o we l is ,

nas al in t h e wo rds ca mp [k fi ] c o m te
,
fai m [fé ] onz e , ,

[ fiz z ] sai nt [S B] u n [ de] ; wh er e a s t h e m o r n i s no t c h e c k e d
, , ,

1
T he t
s c h ck d m and ch ck d n
erm
“
e n we T h y m ay e e are e e
not at st c om m nd th m s lv s to phon ti c ians who a ccu st om ed
.

fir e e e e e are

to ch ck d to vow l s only ; b ut w b li v t h n ew te m s
“ ”

l
e e e e e e r

py
e e

j us tap
i fi b y th i e ss ntial a cc
e ra c y and t h e
em gr at nv m en e ur e co e c .
12 A HA N DB OO K OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
and t heprec e ding vo we l is o ral in t he wo rds a i ma [ em a] , ,

c o mme [ k om ] a m ni s ti e [ amni s ti ] i nu t i le [ i nyt il] d o nna [ d o na]

, , , .

In a ve y few wo d s a nas al vowel is r p s nt d by a vow l l tt

r r e re e e e -
e er

follow d by an m o n th at i s not c h cked ; and in a v y few c as s

e r e er e

vow l l tte s followed by ch cked m n do not pres nt nas al s ound s :

e -
e r e or re e

see t h e N otes in s c tions 8 3 and 8 4 e .

24 . Thi s s o u nd is t h e nas al e q u ivale nt

[B] . of a so u nd
i n term e diat e b e twee n o r al [e] a n d o ral [ a] .

I t i s r p s ented in sp elling
e re E XAMP LE S

u su ally by im i n ci m i n i m
a faim a e or
s ain t
, , , , ,

i n; e
R e im s
s e in
s inl p le

aft er t he s ound s [ e] or [ i] , by en ;

in c tain fo m s of t
er r eni r and v eni r, by
i n;
in a few b ooki sh wo d s b y r , em , en
i n, ym , o r yn .

Fo r t h e p s ntation re re e Of t he pho
n ti c c om bination [w e]
e , s ee s c tion
e
38 .

25 . n d is t he nasal e q u ivalent o f o ral [a]

Thi s so u .

I t is p s nt d in sp lling
re re e e XAMP e YM B E LE S S O LS

s ally b y m
u u m ; a c mp a n, e [k fi ] o r en a
dn
, ,

[d d ] a s
t mp [t a p e e z

d t [d o] en

in a f w m ono syllab i c no ns b y n p on
e [p 6 ] u ,
ao . a 1

26 . Thi s so u n d i s t h e na s al e q u ivale nt o f a s o u nd
int e rm e diat e b etwee n o ral [ o] a n d o ral
I t i p s nt d in sp lling
s re re e e XAMP e E LE S

by m c o r on .
 S E MI C O N S O NA N T S 13

27 . n d is t h e This so u e q u ivale nt o f o ral [os] .

I t i s p s nt d in sp lling
re re e e e E XAM P LE S S YMB O S L

by m u a n, o r eu n h m bl
u e [Oexb l]
'

pa f m
, .

[p arfoe]
‘

r u

[6 3 ]
[ 30 s ]
‘

S E M I C ON S ON A N T S

28 . Sem ic o ns o nant s n ds i n whi ch t h e vo i e a n d a re so u c

t he no ise o f t h e fri c ti o n r esu lti n g fr o m t h e sto ppag o f e

t he breath a re app o ximate ly e q u al i n str ength : s ee s e c

r

ti o n 1 .

T he Fren c h langu age ha s thr e e s em i c o ns o na nt s : j[ ] [q ]

, ,

and [w] .

29 . Thi s s o u n d c o rr esp o nds t o [i ] s p o ke n v e ry lightly

[j ] . .

It i s e q u ivale nt t o t h e y in E n gli sh yo u “
.

I t i s r p s nted in sp llin g
e re e E XAMP LE S
e S YM B O LS

wh n initial
e

u su ally by y y ux e

in a few booki sh words by i o ; ioni q r i ue

i am b e
,

wh n m dial
e e

afte a c ons onant b y i ;

r bi n ,
e

aft a vow l b y i y o i ll;

er e p ai n r e
pay
, , ,

er
bataillon
wh en nal in so nd b t
fi u u not in sp ll bataill e ~ e
ing b fo final ) b y i ll;
e re e ,

wh n final in s o nd and in sp lling

e u e

s ally by i l;
u u

in t h wo d li l by t e r nc eu ,
.

F or th p s ntation of t h pho
e re re e e
n ti c c om binations [ij ] [j i ] and
e

[w aj ] s c tions 3 0 3 1 and 3 6
, ,

, see e , ,
.

1
Thi s wo d i s om tim s oth wi s p ono nc d
r s e e er e r u e : s ec tion 82 .
14 A H AN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
30 Th e p hon ti c c om b ination
e is E XAMP LE S S YMB OLS
p s nt d p llm g
.

re re e e In s e

s ally b y m
u u , ii , or i ll;

in t he wo ds
r gr ési l and mil ( m il “

let by i t .

Fo r t he p s ntation re re e Of t he pho
n ti c c om bination [q i j ]
e , see s c tion
e
33 .

31 phon ti c c om bination [j i] i s
T he e
p s nt d in sp lling
.

re re e e e

s all y b y i lli
u u
’
,

in t h wo d bb y d in t h wo d
e r a a e, an e r

p y d t d ivativ s b y y
a s an l s er e ,
.

32 .
[q ] . This so u nd co rr esp o nds to y
[ ] s p o ken very
lightly .

I t i s rep es ented in sp elli ng

r E XAMPLE S
by it .

Fo r t he p s ntation of t h pho
re re e e
n ti c c om b ination [q i j ]
e s c tion , s ee e
33 .

‘
33 hon ti c c o bi ation [q j ] i s
Th e p e m n i
p s nt d n sp lling
.

re r e e e I e :

by y u .
lfq l l a fl l
'

3 4 [W] . This so und c o rresp o nds

. to [ u] s p o ken very
lightly .

It is s imilar t o t h e w in E ngli s h
“
w o n, b u t t he lip s a re

farth er fo rw ar d .

I t is ep esented in sp ellin g
r r S YMB OLS
by on .

Fo r t h e p s ntation f t h pho
re re e O e
ne ti c c om binations —lw ] [w ] d a a an
s c tions 3 5 3 8
, ,

[W E] , s ee e .

1
Th s wo de e s om tim oth wi p ono n c
r s are e es er se r u ed : see s ec tion 70 .
 C O N S O N A N TS 15

35 phon ti c c om bination
Th e e [w a ] is E XAM PLE S S YMB O LS
p s nt d in sp lling
.

re re e e e :

s ally by i
u u i; o or o

in t h wo d m ll and it s d ivativ s
e r oe e er e
by ;
,

oe

i t h w o d p el n d it s d ivativ s
‘
l e r o e a er e l
[p w a x ] 1

bdy é;
,

in a f w wo ds b y ; e r ,
oua

in c tain v b fo m s f t h fi s t c on
er er r O e r
j gation b y d ;
u ,
cu

in som booki sh wo ds aft 9 ge r er or

by
, ,

ua .

F th p s ntation f t h phon t
or e re re e O e e

i c om bination [ w aj ]
c s c tion 3 6 , s ee e .

3 6 T h phon ti c c om bination [ w aj ] i s
e e
p nt d i p lh g
.

re res e e n s e n

s ally b y y;
u u o

in a f w w o ds by i ll
e r , ou a .

3 7 T h phon ti c c o m bination
e e [w a ] is
p s nt d in sp lli g
.

r e re e e e n :

s ally by i
u u i; o or o

in t h wo d p él and its d ivativ s

e r o e er e
by c
,

c .

3 8 Th phon ti c c om bination [w e] i s
e e
p nt d i sp lling
.

re res e e n e :

s ally by i ;
u u s oin
o n [ sw é ]
in a f w wo d s by i e ba ago
r ,
ou n . r ui n [b ara gwe]

C O N S O N AN T S

39 . C l as s ifi c ati o n of C o ns o nants
nds . C o n s o na n t s a re s o u

in whi c h t h e n o i se o f fri cti o n fr o m st o ppage o f t h e bre ath

pre do minat es o v e r t h e s o u nd o f t h e v o i ce o r c o n s titu te s t h e ,

T h s wo ds a e s om tim es oth rwi se p ronounc ed : s c tion 3 7

1
e e r r e e s ee e
Th se wo ds a e so m t m es o t h erw1se pronoun ced : ee s c tion 3 5
.

2 e r r e I s e .
16 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S

e ntire so u nd in c a se t he br e ath d o es no t b eco m e vo i c e : see

se c ti o n 1 C o n so nant s in whi c h v o i c e i s pr ese nt are c all e d
.

voi ced co ns o na n t s; th o se in w hi c h t h e br e ath d o es no t b e c o m e

v o i c e are c alle d voi celess consonants .

T he F re n c h la n g u ag e has 18 co n so nant s Th ey are c lass i .

fi e d in t h e f o llo w i n g tabl e a c co rding t o t h e c h ara c t er and t h e

p o siti o n o f t h e sto ppage T he c hara c te r o f t h e sto ppage is
.

in di c at e d b y t h e t erm s at t h e l eft O f t he table t h e p o siti o n ,

o f t h e st o ppag e by t h e t e rm s at t h e t o p o f t h e tabl e .

Fo r t h e m e ani n g Of t erm s exp lo si ve fri ca ti ve na sa l

t he , , ,

t ri lled and la t era l se e s e c ti o n s 4 1 5 0 5 7 6 1 6 2

, , , , , ,
.

I n e a c h o f t h e pairs O f ex pl o s iv e and fri c ativ e co nso nant s

t h e fir s t i s v o i ce d t h e s e c o nd v o i c e l ess
, T h e nas al trille d
.
, ,

a n d lat eral c o n so n a n ts a re all v o i c e d .

T h e arti c u lati o n O f F r e n c h c o n s o n ant s i s c l e ar er and t e n se r

than that O f E n glis h c o n s o nants .

40 . C o ns o n ants S im il ar in French and Engli sh . T he

ex pl o s iv e s , and t h e s o u n d s [ v ] , [f] [ z ] [s] [In ] and [ n ]
, , , , , a re

appro ximat ely e qu ivale nt t o t he o rdi n ary s o u n ds o f t he

E ngli sh l e tt e r s c o rr es p o ndi n g t o t h e s ev eral sym b o l s ( thi s
m e ans in t h e c ase o f [g] t h e g O f go and in t he c ase of
, ,
“ ”
,

[ ]
s ,t h e v o i c el ess s O f
18 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
46 .
[g ] . T his so nd i s p s nt d
u re re e e E XAMPLE S
u us all y b y g or 99 ;

b fo
e re a o r 0 , in s om v b fo m s by
e er r ,

911 ;
b fo e i by y ;
re 6 o r , a

in t h wo d s e d rd t and s eco n a nec o e,

th i d ivativ s b y
,

e r er e , c .

F th
or p s ntation of t h phon ti c
e re re e e e
c om bination [g ] s c tion 47 z , s ee e .

47 T h phon ti c c om bination [g ]
e e z
p s nt d
.

re r e e e

by x . exil er [e g z ile ]

48 [ k ]
. T hi s s o nd is p s nt d
. u re re e e

s ally by
u u ; c o r cc

b foe re a o r 0 , oft n b y q
e u;

b foe re e o r i

wh n ini tial b y qu ;
e , q u ere ll e

wh en m dial b y qu o e , r cqu ;

in a f w wo d s as fi al b y q;
e r ,
n ,

in som bookish wo d s by h;
e r ,
c

in som booki sh wo ds b y k;e r ,

in s om booki sh wo d s b fo e r e re
s o nd [w] b y q;
,

u ,

i c tain w o d s wh n th y o cc
n er in s a g im p
r e e ur n ur [s fik é p y zr]
liaison by g
,

, .

F th p s ntation f t h phon ti c
or e re re e O e e
c om b ination [k s ] s c tion 49 , s ee e .

49 T h phoneti c c om b ination [k s] i s
e
p s nt d
.

re re e e

s ally b y ;
u u x

i s o m w o d s whi c h b gin w ith t h

n e r e e
p fi reby wx ex ; e or as

i s om wo ds b fo
n e i by r a c es, e re e o r ,
cc . c
 CON S O NAN TS 19

FRI CAT I VE C O N S O NAN T S

50 I n t he u tt era n ce o f t h e fri c ativ e

. co n so nant s t he
s t o ppag e i s par tial a n d c o n ti n u o u s .

51 .
[v]
This s o nd i s p s nt d
. u re re e e E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
s ally b y ;
u u v

in t h wo d f wh n it o cc s
e r n eu e ur
liaison by f
,

.
,

52 .
[f ] . Thi s s o nd i s p s nt d
u re re e e

u u s all y b y f or if;

in som booki sh wo ds by p h e r ,
.

53 [ z ]
. Thi s so nd is p s nt d
. u re re e e

s ally b y z;
u u

ft n as m di al b y ;
O e ,
e ,
s

i a f w n m al s by ;
n e u er ,
as

in c tain wo d s wh n th y o cc in
er r e e ur
liais on b y
,

,
s o r 113 .

F th or p s ntation f [ g ]
e re re e O z s e e sec
tion 47
,

5 4 [s ]
. Thi s so nd i p s nt d
. u s re re e e

s ally b y
u u ; s o r ss

Oft n b foe e re a or 0 , b y g: ( that is c facad e

with c di lla s c tion
, ,
”
e : s ee e

Oft n b f o
e ,
e re e, i, or y, by c o r so;

ft n b fo t h s o nd [j ] by t ;
O e ,
e re e u , nation
i t h wo d
n i t by e r s o x a n e, x . s oi ant
x e

F th ep s ntation of [k ]
or e r re e s s ee s ec
tio 49
,

n .
20 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
55 . Thi s so u nd i s a p prOXi E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
mat ely e qu ival e n t t o t h e z i n E n glis h
“
az ure b u t t h e lip s are pr o tru de d
,
”
.

C ar e m u s t b e tak e n n o t t o c o nfu se
thi s s o u nd with t he o rdinary so u nd o f
E n gli s h j : [ d 3 ] .

I t is rep s nt d re e e

b fo e re a , 0 , o r u , by j or ge;

b fo e re e, i, or y, by j or g .

56 [S ]
. Thi s s o
. u nd i s a pp r o x i
mat e ly e q u ivale n t t o t h e s h i n E n gli sh
Sho w b u t t h e lip s a re pr o tr u d e d
“ ”
.
,

I t i s p s nt d re re e e

usu ally b y h; c

in a f w booki sh wor d s b y s h
e ,
c .

NAS AL C O N S O N AN T S

57 In t he u ttera n c e O f n as al c o n s o n a n t s t h e bre ath

.

pas s es thr o u gh b o th t h e m o u th a n d t h e n o se I n t he m o u th .

t h e b r e ath i s fir s t c o mpl e t e ly s t o pp e d a n d th e n s u dd e n ly
.

r e lease d a s i n t h e expl o siv e c o ns o n an ts

, .

58 .
[m ] . Thi s s o nd i s p s nt d
u re re e e E XAMPLE S
by m or mm .

59 . Thi s s o u n d i s m o r e di s
[n] .

t in c t ly d e ntal than t h e E ngli s h n .

I t i s repr s nted : e e

by n o r nn
dn
.

[ o e ]

60 [p ]. Thi s s o u n d i s.f o rm e d by c o mbining t h e a rt i c u

lati o n O f [ n ] with that O f [j ] T h e tip o f t he t o n gu e r ests .

 C O N S O N A N TS 21

again st t he lo w er t eeth whil e t h e blade O f t he t o n gue is

,

ar c he d agai n st t h e hard palat e .

C are m u s t b e tak e n no t t o c o nfu se thi s s o u n d w ith t h e

ph o ne ti c c o mbinati o n [nj ] o cc u rring fo r i n stan c e in t he
, , ,

Fre n c h p a ni er [panj e] and t he E n glis h u nio n

“
.
”

T hi s s o nd i s p s nt d
u re re e XAMP e E LE S

s ally by g ;
u u n dign e

in t h wo d i gn n nd its d ivativ s ignon

e r O o a er e O
by i gn
,

TRILLE D C O N S O N AN T S

61 . Fr en c h nds [r] and [R] T he s o u nd [r]

h as t w o r so u ,
.

i s c all e d li ngu a l r a n d t he so u nd [R] u vu lar r

, .

In t he fo rmatio n O f t he s o u nd [r] t h e tip O f t h e t o ng ue is

trill e d by maki n g it vibrat e agains t t h e u pp e r t eeth .

In t he fo rmati o n o f t h e so u n d [ R ] t h e t o ngue is draw n

ba c k an d t h e u v u la is made t o vibrat e agai n st it
,
.

So m e F re n c hm e n empl o y o nly t h e so u n d [r ] s o m e o nly ,

t h e s o u nd [R] W e u se in thi s b o o k o n ly t h e symb ol [r] b ut

.
,

s u gges t that t h e t e a c h e r if h e s o pr e fe r s dir e c t hi s c las s t o

, ,

r egard t he symb o l [r] as re pr esenting t he uvu lar r .

T he r sound s ar e re p s nt d
re e e E XAM P LE S
u u s ally by r o r rr ;

in a f w b ook ish wo ds b y
e r rh o r rrh r hm
u e
c ata h
.
,

rr e

LAT E RAL C O N S O N AN T

62 . This so u nd is arti cu lat e d agains t t h e upp e r t eeth ,

t h e v o i c e e sc aping at t h e s id es o f t h e t o ng u e .

It differ s no tably fro m t h e E nglis h I I n t h e Fre n c h [ I] .

t h e tip o f t h e t o ngue r est s again st t h e u pp e r t ee th and t h e ,

22 A HA N DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
ba c k Of t o n g u e i s r e lativ e ly lo w ; i n t he E n gli sh S o u n d
t he
t h e tip r e s t s agai n s t t h e u pp er g u m s a n d t h e ba c k i s rai s e d,

t o w ar d t h e s o ft palat e In c e rtain E nglis h w o r ds a s

.

“
c all
”
i n whi c h t h e l i s fi n al t h e tip O f t h e t o n gu e dr o p s
,

ba c k d uri n g t h e u tt e ra n c e O f t h e I: thi s m u s t b e av o ided in

t h e u tt e r a n c e O f t h e F r e n c h s o u nd .

T hi s s o nd i s p s nt d
u re re e e

by l ll or .

63 . TAB LE O F S O UN DS , USUA L S P E LL IN G S , A N D

E XA MP L E S

U S UA L S P E L L I N G S E XA M P LE S

Vow l s e

Fr ont fi ni ,
il e
et , gai
ét é,
m t d é b et
e s, e,
fait f i t p in
,

, a e, e e

patt e

pas Am , e

fo t a i
r , u ra

nos t ot ,
b ,
a u x, e au

s ou ,gout
M ixed un e , dfi
fe u , j e fi n er , nce u d

p pl s m
eu e, ur

a im ,ain e im , e i n faim s int i s si a e, Re m e n,

m in
, , ,

1 , , en

a m an , ,
em , e n c am p da s t m p s d t
,
n ,
e ,
en

o m on ,
d m o
o ,
nz e

u m , u m, eu n
TAB LE OF S O UN DS US UA L S PE LL IN GS
, ,
E XAM PLE S 23
24 A HA N DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S

L ETT ER S A N D SIG N S
6 4 Alph ab e t T h e l e tt er s o f t h e F r e n c h alphab et are t h e
. .

s am e a s th o s e o f t h e E n gli s h alphab e t T h e l e tt e r to h o w
.
,

e v e r o c c u r s o nly in b o o ki s h o r f o r e ign w o rd s and t h e l e tt e r

, ,

w o c c ur s o nly in f o r eign w o rds : see se c ti o n s 9 6 and 9 7 .

T h e follo wing tabl e sho ws in t h e s e c ond and thi d c ol um n s t h e r

re gu lar nam e s of t h e FI n h l tt er s an d t h e p r onun c iation o f tho s e

°
e c e

nam es In sp lling sp cial id ntifying s ound s ar now u sed fo m o st

. e , e e e r

of t h c ons onant lett s inst ad f t h gu lar nam es These s ound s

e er , e O e re .

ar given in t h e fo urt h c ol um n of t h e tab l e

e .
26 A H AN DB OO K OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
It app e ars also in c ertain wo rds , ,
E XAMPLE S
o n t h e l e tt e r e It i s writt e n in t he
.

wo rd N Oct t o indi c ate that t he e i s

s e parat e in pr o n u n c iati o n fr o m t h e

pr e c e ding 0 It app e ars in c ertai n

.

wo rds o n a final e pre c e de d by gu ,

t o indi c at e that t h e pr e c e ding u

i s s o u nd e d ( u in thi s e n ding i s
ge nerally s il e nt : see s e c ti o n
It app e ars als o with varyi n g ,

fun c ti o n in c ertain pro p er nam es :

,

se e s e c ti o n 9 7

T he F re n c h nam e fo r t h e di aere
s i s i s t ré m a [ tr e ma] , .

67 . C e dill a . T h e c e dilla , J
ap

p ear s u nder t he lett er 0 wh en t h e

c d e s ignat es t h e s o u nd [ s ] b e fo re
a , 0 , or u .

T he Fren ch nam e fo r t he ce dilla

i s cédi lle , [ se di x j] .

L E TT ER S
68 . Do ub l e t Letters A do ub le co nso nant
C ons o nan -
.

le tt er is in m o s t c ase s pro no u n c e d as if it wer e a s ingle

, ,

c o n s o nant l e tt e r :
-
that i s it r epr ese nts a s i n gl e so und ,
.

Exce pti o ns t o thi s g e n eral stat em e n t w ill b e n o t e d fo r t he

individu al co nso nant lett ers -
.

In many s c i entifi c wo rds O f Greek o r Latin o rigin ho w ,

e v e r d o u bl e c o n s o nant l ett e r s are h eld in u tt e ra n ce t wi c e o r

,
-

ne arly twi c e a s lo ng as s m gle c o nso nant le tters ; and in -

fo rm al s p ee c h a d o ubl e c o n so n ant l etter that wo u ld u n de r -

o rdinary c o nditi o n s b e pr o n o u n c e d as a s ingl e c o n so nant

l ett er may b e h eld in u tt eran c e fo r tw i c e o r n early twi c e t he

n o rmal p eri o d .
 LE TTE RS : A 27

69 . Final C onso nan t

n so nant lett ers
-
Le tte rs . Mo st co -

whe n final are silent Final c f l and q are ho wever gen

,
.
, , ,

era lly pr o n o u n c e d Ex c e pti o n s t o th e se g en eral s tat em e nt s

.

will b e no te d fo r t he indi vidu al c o nso nant l etters -

.

T h e additi o n o f s t o a n o u n o r adj ec tive t o in di c at e th at ,

it is plu ral d o es n o t alter t he pr o n u n c iatio n o f t he wo rd In

, .

a wo rd whi c h e nds in t he si n gular fo rm with a s ile nt c o n

so nant l e tt e r that l e tt e r r emain s s il e nt b efo r e t h e pl ural s ;
-

and in a wo rd w hi c h e nds in t h e sing ular with a so u nde d

co n s o nant l e tt e r that l ett e r r e tain s t h e s am e so u n d b e f o r e
-

t h e pl u ral T he wo rd final a s u se d in s ec ti o ns 7 1 9 5
“ — ”
, ,

appli es t o co n so n ant le tter s imm e diat ely fo llo we d by pl ural

-

s as w ell a s t o c o n s o nant l e tt e r s w hi c h a re a c t u ally final

,
-
.

70 . A T he let t er a is
.
SO UNDS E XAM PLE S S YMB O LS
pro no u n c e d a s fo llo ws
‘

Wh e n ind e pe ndent ( t h at
is wh en no t i n c o mbi
“
,

nati o n a s sp e c ifi e d b e
”
,

lo w )
With o ut writte n ao

ce nt :

In general [a] bal

patte
tard
B efo re s, wh e n t he [a ] évas io n
s isb e fo r e a v o w e l p as
l e tte r o r is fi n al ;
,
ah
and in a few o th e r e s pa c e

wo rds : dam n er
In t he e ndi n g [ a] o r nati o n
-
a ti on a n d i n a few
, [11]
o th e r w o rds u s ag e ,

vari es
1 Th r
ere a e thr e wo d s whi ch c onstitu te exceptions to these s tat
e r e
n ts : bae f [b oef] l u al boe f pl al ”
me [ be ] ; f [ oef] e gg u oeu r
p
u r u s
and n pl al
, , ,
’
wufs [ a ] ; as [ as ] bo e, ur as [O ] .
28 A HAN DB OO K OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
SO UN DS
B efo re c h e c ke d m
or n ( that i s m o
,
r n
b e fo r e a c o nso n a n t
letter o th e r than
m o r n o r final : ,

see s e c ti o n s 8 3 and
84 . N o t e that t h e
c h e c ke d m o r n is
it self S il e nt)
With grav e a cce nt
With c ir c umflex a o
c ent

In ge n eral
In pa st ab so l ute
e n di n g s o f t h e fir s t
co nj u gati o n :

In c o mbinati o n
ai i s pr o n o u n ce d as
fo llo ws :
In general

Wh e n fi n al in verb
fo rm s ; in t h e wo rd
ga i and i t s d e riva
tiy es ; a n d i n t h e
wo rds gea i sai s , ,

s a i t , va i s

In firs t s ylla
t he
b le O f th o s e f o rm s
O f t he v erb fa i re
whi c h b eg In fa i s
in t h e c o rr es p o n d
ing fo rm s O f co m
po u nds O ffa i re; and
in t h e wo rds fai
s a ble and fa i seu r .
 LE T T E R s z —
A B 29

SO UN D S S YMB O LS
B efo r e c h ec ke d m
or n:

With a fo llo wi n g ll
o r final l :

at

ao b efo re ch e cke d n

ou ( fo r ea u see b el o w)
Wh en no t t he l as t
vo we l so u nd O f a
wo rd
In g en eral
In s o m e w o rd s au c u n
Wh e n t h e la st
vo we l s o u nd
In general :
B efo re r; an d in a
fe w o th e r wo rds :

In general
In t h e wo rd p a ye
ment :
In t h e wo rd a bba ye; [p ei] or [pe j 1]
a n d in t h e wo rd
p y
a s and i t s d eriva
t i v es

ea u

71 . B .

I n itial o r m e di al
In g eneral
30 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
SO UN D S EXAMPLE S
B e fo r e 3 or t [p] o b se rv e r
O bti e nt

s il e nt plo mb
rado ub
72 . C ( witho u t ce
dill a) .

S ingl e ( that i s , no t d o ub
le , and no t “
in c o mbi
natio n ) ”

Initial o r m e dial
B e fo r e a o u o r a , , ,

c o n s o nant l e tt e r -

In g eneral

In t he wo rds
s eco nd , a necd o te ,
a nd the ir d eriva
t iv e s :
In t he wo rds la cs
as

p ec t , ci rc o nsp ec t

( t h e las t res

p eet ,
di s t i n c t ,
i ns
t i nct , suc ci nct ( t h e
l as t )
c and in
t he verb fo rm

B efo r e 6 ,
i, or y

F inal
In g eneral
 LE TTE RS 1 B —
C

After n

Bu t final 0 is so me
tim es nde d i n
so u
t h e w o rd done ,

whe n s po ke n with
e mpha s i s .

In t h e wo rd s a ccro c , S ilent a c c ro c
bro c, c aou t c hou c ,

c lerc , cri c , croc , es

croc , es to ma c , ma re,
ta ba c

Final c is nd so u c ri c c ra c
ed, h o wever in ,

t he c o mbi n ati o ns
de bri c et de bra c
and cri c crac
Do ub l e
B e fo r e a, o, u, or a a c co rd
conso nant—le tt er
B ef o r e e o r i
In c o mbinati o n
c h ( fo r s ch s e e b el o w)

In ge neral

I n wo rds o f Greek
d erivati o n
B e fo r e a o u o r
, , ,

a co ns o nant —let
t er

B e fo r e e i o r y
, ,

In ge n eral
In a few wo rds :
32 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
so ( fo r b e l o w)
s ch s e e SO U N DS E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
B e fo r e a o u o r a
, , , s c andal e

c o n so nant l e tt e r -

B efo re e i o r y , , [ s]
s ch : [S]
73 .
C [s] fac ade
l ec o n
,

74 . D .

Initial o r m e dial
I n ge neral

B efo re final 3 in verb

fo rm s ; and i n t h e
wo rds fonds and p oi ds :
Final
I n gen eral

In t he wo rd sud
In liai so n ( see se cti o n
10 5 )

75 . E .

Inde p ende nt
With o u t writt en
c e n t o r di aer e s i s :

Initial
In g eneral

In wo rds b egin
ning efi es s a

es s o es su in t h e
wo rds eh and ci ;
and in so m e b o o k
ish w o rds :
34 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
In i n itial
t he SO U N DS E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
c o mbi n ati o n
dess —
z

In gen er al :
In t he
wo rds des
s ou s and
des s u s

In t he initial
c o m b Inat l o n
—
ress z

In g eneral : ressentir
In t he r e ssu i
wo rds res
su i , res

s u g er , res
s u s ci ter

B ef o r e mm ,
mn, in
o r nn
adverb s i n
e ment and
— m

a few o th er
wo rds :
B efo re final
d , ds , or 2 ; be
fo r e fi n al r o r
rs w h e n t h e r

i s s il e n t ( see
s e c ti o n
a n d in t h e
wo rd clef
B e fo re final s
In ge n eral :
In m o no
s yllabl es
 LE TTE RS 2 35

B efo re c h ecke d SO UNDS E XAM PLE S S YMB O LS

m:
In g en eral t empl e [t axpl]
Luxemb o u rg [ly k s fib u zr]
I n a few b o o k se mpit e r n e l [ sé p it ernel]
w
i sh o rd s :

B efo r e c h e c k e d

In ge n eral den t [ dd ]
e ss e nti e l [ es fisj el]
Afte r e, i , or

g:
In general

In t he
no u n and
a d j e c t iv e
e n d i n g s
—i ent and
—i ence

Wh e n de [ ]
e bi en aimée [ j
b enem e]
n a salized
b e fo re n i n
h a l so n

In a few b o o k ex am e n
i sh w o rds :

In t h e verb s ilent do nnent [ don]

e ndi n g —ent :

B etwee n g and s il e nt man ge a

a vo we l lett er ;
-
J e an
and i n t h e
nam es J ea n and
J ea nne :
36 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
At t he en d of a SO UN DS E XAMPLE S S YMB OLS
s yllable
In ge neral s ile nt

In t h e fo ll ow
ing c as e s t he e
i s no rm ally p ro
no u n ce d a s [a]

At t he be Le ve z la -

gin n ing Oi a C e c i es t b o n
phrase : Le c h eval
e st t o mbé

In an initial br eb i s
o r m e dial sy l u ne fe n etr e
lable wh e n
,
u ne p e tit e

pr ec e de d by fi lle
t wo c o n so i l vi e nt d e
nant s o u nds l ev e r
In an initial r eli e r [relj e]
or m e dial a t ell er [ a t elj e]
s yllabl e
’
be , d o nnerIO ns [ d onerj ci ]
fo re li o r ri
re presenti n g
t he so u n ds
or [ i]
t
 LE T T E R s : E 37

SO U N DS
In an i n i
tial o r m e
dial syllable ,

wh e n t h e
n ext s yllabl e
e nd s i n an
un ac c e n t e d e :

I n fu t u re o r
pa st futu re
e n di n g s aft e r
t h e s o u nd [j ]
In te at t he r gardez
e -
le [ re gardele]
en d of an
i mp e r a t i v e
phrase : 1

F u rth e rm o r e ,

an e whi c h is
n o rmally sile n t
may b e pro
no u nc e d as [a]
when fo r a ny
r e aso n ,
gram
m a t i c al o r st y
li sti e a wo rd is
,

u tt e r e d ex c ep
t i o n a lly S l o wly ;
a s fo r in s tan c e ,

wh e n t h e wo rd
it se lfis an O b j ec t
O f di s c u ss i o n :
2

1
An ewhi ch i s no m ally p onounc ed [ ] t nd s to b c om e [ ] o
r r 9 e e (E r
e v n [ ] if f
e a any or ason it i s u tte ed with sp cial s t ss : Donn z l j
re r e re e -
e, e
vou s dis ! [d n lm s u di ]
o e ov
In t h e fo m al r adin g Of po try an whi ch wo ld in pro s b sil nt i s
.

2
r e e e u e e e
p onoun c ed [ ] unl s it im m’ diat ly p c d s follows a vow l sound :
r a e s e e re e e or e
S om b es jou s ! l m pr u r v nait l nt m nt
r e e re r e e e e e

[ 5 b 3u x l lfip r r v n lfit e m fi j
.

s z r9 r e oe z ra e s
A t t h en d o f a lin t h
e i s s om tim s p ono nced even when it fol
e e e e e r u
lows a vow l s oun d : Fr anc ado é ! [f fi ad ]
e e r e r zs oree
In pop lar po t y ho w v r su ch an oft n em ains silent : Il é tait
.

u e r e e e e r
b ge
, ,

une er re , [il et e t ynb erse xre ] .

38 A H AN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
SO U N DS
Wh e n th er e i s
a s u c cess10 n o f
m o n o s yllabl e s
e ndi n g me t h e
,

sec o nd , as a rule ,
is pro n o u n c e d
as B ut ce

gu e is alm o st
al w ay s r
p o on m e le [Om eldon]
n o un c e d [ sk a] ; do nn e
and le a n d ne Si je ne t ele [ sige nt e l
sho w a t en di s p a s dip a ]
d en cy t o dr o p
t h e e wh e ne ve r
pr ec e de d by a
m o n o s yl l ab l e
e nding in e :

B efo r e y grasseyer
With a c u te a c cent
I n g eneral :
B ef o r e j e
—

With gr av e a c c ent
With c ir c umflex a o
c e nt

With diaer esi s

In t h e wo rd N oel
In t h e e ndi n g gu e:
—
°

In co mbinatio n
ea u : s ee sec ti o n 7 0 .

ct .

In general
B e fo re c hec ke d m
or n:

With a fo ll o wing
It o r final l :
 LE TTE RS ! E 39

cu ( fo r a m see b e l o w) ; SO UN DS E XAMPLE S S YM
B O LS

I n ge neral

B efo re s or x fo l
l o we d by a v o we l
le tter ; b efo re t; b e
fo re a vo we l le tt er ;
-

o r as t h e las t s o u nd
o f a w o rd :

B efo re c hec ke d m
or n:

In f o rm s o f t he ve rb
a voi r

In ge neral
In fo rms o f t h e verb
a voi r :

as ( fo r mu se e be
lo w )
B e fo re m edi al i ll o r

final i l
In t h e wo rd mo elle
and it s derivatives :
In a few b o o ki sh
wo rds as initial :
,

In ge neral
A S t h e las t so u nd
Of a w
o rd :

ue aft er 0 o r
b efo re m e dial
fi n al i t
40 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E T I C S
76 . F ,
SO U N DS E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
I n itial or m e dial
Fi n al
I n g n eral
e

In t h e wo rds cerf nerf , ,

s il e n t
c lef; i n t h e pl u rals
boeufs a n d ceufs ; i n
t h e c o m bi n ati o n chef
d oeu vre; a n d i n t h e
’

n u m eral n euf w h e n it
m o di fi e s g ra m m at i
c ally a f o ll o w i n g n o u n
b e gi nn i n g with a c o n
s o n a n t s o u nd :

In t he phra ses n euf n e u f h eu r es [noev oez r]

a n s a n d n euf heu res :

77 . G .

Si n gl e
I n itial o r m edi al
B e fo r e a 0 o r
, ,
u:

B efo re e ,
i ,
or y

B e fo r e a c o nso n a n t
le tter
I n g e n eral

I n t h e w o r ds doi gt
a n d vi t an d
th eir derivativ es :
Final
I n ge n eral
In liaiso n
42 A HAN DB OO K OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
In co mbinati o n SO UN DS E XAMPLE S S YM B O LS
c h : s ee s e c ti o n 72 .

ph [ f] philo so ph e [filoz of]

s ch: se e s e c ti o n 72 .

79 I. .

Indep e nde nt
Witho u t writt e n a c
c e n t with o r w ith o u t
,

di aer es i s
I n ge n eral

B e fo r e a v o we l
so u nd :
In g eneral

Afte r l or r p re
de d by a c o n
ce

so nant l e tt e r
-

Be fo re ch e c ke d m
or n:

With c ir c umfl ex a o
c en t

In general
B e fo r e c h e c k e d n
In c o mbinatio n
a i and a t : see se cti o n

70 .

ci : s ee sec tio n 75 .

i ll m e dial
Aft er v o wel [j ] bataillo n
s o u nd

Aft e r a sem ic o n [ j]
i cu iller
s o n a n t so u nd :
 LE T TE Rs : H —1
43

Aft er a, co nso nant SO UN DS E XAM PLE S S YMB O LS

so u nd
In general
In a few wo rds ,

in whi c h t he ll
re pr ese nt s a Lat
in ll
i l final
A ft er v o wel travail
so u nd

With a pr e c e di ng 0 :
Afte r a c o n so nant
s o u nd

In so m e wo rds

In so m e wo rd s ge ntil
so u r c il

In t he wo rds g é r [ Ij ] grés il
si t a n d mi l ( mil “

”
let )

In g en eral

A fte r a n d in a
r;

fe w o th e r wo rds :
B e fo re c h ec ke d m
or n:

I n t he wo rd Oi gnon
and it s de rivatives :

In ge neral b o i te [b w a xt ]
A ft e r r [w a ] 1
c ro i t re [k rw uxt r]
1
S om e Fr enc hm n use t h e so und c o m b ination [w
e -
a l in c ases in whi ch
44 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
SO UN DS E XAMPLE S
[ 3] ie
A nj o u
81 . K [ k] kilo m etr e

In t he wo rd gen t i l
homme :

I n t h e wo rd s cu l ,
s o ul, s ilent
fi ls , p o u ls

In t he wo rd li nceu l:

In initial i ll and
i n a few b o o ki sh
wo rds
In combi n ati o n
i ll m e dial a n d i t final
se e sec ti o n 7 9 .

83 . M .

S i n gle
B e f o r e a v o w el
l ett er
B efo re a co n so na n t s ile nt
l ett er o th er tha n n
 LE TTE R S : —
J N 45

B e fo r n e SO UND S E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS

I n ge n e ral

In t he wo rd s ile n t
to m ne; and in
wo rd da m n er
it s derivatives :
Do u bl e
In g e n eral [fam]
[ amn e]

In i n itial i mm [mm ] immine nt [immi n d ]

‘

vow l b fo a ch ck d m (that i s m b fo a c onsona t

N O TE .
“

T he e e re e e , e re n

l tt oth than m
e er fi nal ) i s na s al
er Initial i s als o nas al in
o r n, o r . e

84 . N .
SO UN D S E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
Si n gl e :
B ef e a vo we l l ett er
or -

B fo r a c o n so n an t
e e

l tt ; o fi n al
e er r

Do ubl e
I n ge n eral
I n i n itial i nn and in
a few b o o ki sh wo rd s
In co mbi n atio n
gn : s ee se c ti o n 77 .

N O TE vow l b fo a ch ck d ( that i s b fo a c onsonant

. T he e e re e e n ,
n e re

l tt oth than
e er final ) i s nas al
er n,c pt in final — t in v b s
or , ex e en er ,

in t h wo d m i and w h id
e r li d in liai s on
o ns eu r , s c tion 104
en en a s a z e : see e .

Initial i s als o nas al in t h wo d s m

e i g ei lli r n
r ena o u rer , en vrer , en or u e
,
e

n bli
o i d th i d ivati es
r , enn u ,
an e r er v .
46 A HANDB OO K OF FRE N CH PHON E TI C S
85 . 0 .
SO U N DS E XAM PLE S
Inde pe ndent
Witho u t writte n
ce nt

In ge ne ral

B e fo r e fo ll o we d
3

by a v o we l lett er ; -

b efo re t h e e ndi n g
ti o n ; a n d in a few
-

o th e r w o r ds :

A s t h e las t s o und
o f a w o rd :

B efo re c h ec ke d m
or n:

In general m on

Whe n denas al m on ami

i z e d b e fo r e n in
liaiso n
In t he wo rd mon m o ns ieu r [m os j p]

With c ir c umflex ac

cent

In general

In t he wo rds hOpi
and hotel:
ta l

I n c o mb inati o n :
a o ao u: s e e se c ti o n 7 0
,
.

w o é wu : see s e c ti o n
, ,

oi , oi : se e se c ti o n 79 .
 LE TTE RS 1 O -

P 47

Ot t SO U ND S E XA MPLE S S YMB O LS

B e fo r e a co nso n ant
so u nd ; o r as t h e
las t So u nd o f a
wo rd
B e fo r e a v o w e l
s o u nd :

In g e neral o ui
lo u ange
A ft e r l or r p re [ 11] c lo uer

ce de d by a c o n
s o nant l e tt e r
-

[ ]
U o il

[ 11] go ut
m o ye n

86 . P .

I nde p e nde nt
Initial o r m e dial
In ge neral

In t he wo rds
comp te , domp ter ,
exemp t , p romp t ( t h e
s e c o n d p ) , s cu lp ter,
sep t , a n d th e ir de
ri v at i v es ; in ba p
teme and r elat e d
wo rds ; i n t he wo rds
corp s and temp s ;
an d in t he v erb
fo rm s romps and
48 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E T I C S
Final SO UN D S E XAMPLE S S Y M B O LS
In ge neral s il e n t co up

In t h e wo rds ca p [p] c ap

In combi n ati o n
p h : s ee se c ti o n
87 .
o .

Indep e n de nt
In g eneral

In t h e n um eral ci nq ,

wh e n it m o difi es
gramm ati c ally a fo l
l o wi n g n o u n b e gi n
n i n g w ith a c o n so n a n t
s o und :

In c o mbi n atio n
c q : se e s e c ti o n 7 2 .

88 . R .

Si n gl e
In general

In fi n al in wo rd s
—er
O f m o r e than o ne s yl

lable
In ge neral
I n t h e wo rds a mer ,

cu i ller , f
en er , ether ,
hi ver :
In t he wo rds mo n
s i eu r, m essi eu rs , v o lon

ti ers :
50 A HAN DB OO K OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S

In t he verb fo rm es t;
a n d in t h e wo rds
les qu els , m esda m es ,
m es demoi selles
F inal
In g eneral

In t he w
o rd s a lo es ,
as , a t las , bi s , cas si s ,
ce ns , es , fi ts , hé las ,
i bi s , i ri s , j adi s , la p s ,
li s ( t h e n o u n) , ma t s ,
ma rs , mé ti s , moeurs ,
o as i s , as ( t h e s in

gu lar ) , ou rs , p a tho s ,
p lu s ( w h e n e m h
p at
ic , w h e n m ea ing n
“
plus , and in t h e
”

co mbin ati o ns en

p lu s a n d p lu s -

qu e

p a r f
ai t ) ,
rela p s , rhi

nocero s , s en s , ensu s ,
to u s ( wh e n em p h a t
wh e n a pro n o u n
ic , ,

and wh e n n o t im
m e diately prece d
ing a n o u n ) u s vi s , ,

( t h e n ou n )
Bu tfi n al 3 i s fleur d e lis
- -

[ floer de li ]
Silent in t he
c o m b i n at io n s

fl eu r d e l
-
i s a n
-
d
sens com mu n ;
a n d so m e tim es i n
t h e w o rd s mceu rs
and us .

I n liai so n m es ami s
 LE TTE R —
S 2 S T 51

In co mb inatio n SO UN D S E XAM PLE S S Y MB O LS

s e, s ch : see se c tio n 72 .

[t ] th eatre
tiare
t on
M e dial
In general

B efo re i fo llo wed by a

,

v o we l :
In ge neral [S] n ati o n [ naS i fil
balb u tie [ b a lbys im fi]
men t
démo c rati e [ d em ok r asi]
In t he e ndin —
gs ti e,
—ti en — ti
er, — ti
ers ,
,
—t
and in t h e
i eme;
e n di n g —ti e aft er a
c o n so nant

In ge n eral

In t he o r ds w '

ba lbu t i er , difi éren

ti er , i ni ti er , tra ns
su bs ta nt i er , i nep
ti e, i ner ti e :
Aft e r 8 o r it ; wh e n
t h e t i s t he las t
lett er
O f a v e rb s t e m ; a n d
i n t h e wo rds ga li
m a ti a s a n d é ti o ler :
In t h e wo rds a s thme
a n d i s thme; and in t he
v e rb fo rm s ba ts mets , ,

v ets :
52 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E T I C S
Fi n al SO UN DS E X A MP LE S S YMB O LS

I n g e n eral s ile n t

In t he wo rds
bru t ,
c hu t , do t , fa t , hu i t , lu t ,
’

m a t , net ; c o m p a ct , co n
t a c t , co rr ec t , di rec t , ex
a ct , i nfec t , i n t a c t , t a c t ,

s t ri c t ; s ep t , t ra ns ep t ; es t
o u es t , z es t ;

a n d in s oi t wh e n u s e d
as a n adv e rb :

Bu t final t may b e se pt livr es

s il e n t i n s ep t an d ,

i s alw ays s il e n t i n h u it livr e s

hu i t w h e n t h e s e
,

wo r ds m o dify gram
m at i c ally a f o ll o w
i n g n o u n b e gi nn i n g
with a c o n so n a n t
so u n d .

91 . U .

Ind ep e n den t
With o u t writt e n a o
c e nt

B e fo r e a c o n so n a n t
l ett er o r fi n al :
In ge n eral

B e fo r e c h e c k e d m
or n:

I n g e n eral : 1

1
M any Fr e nchm n p ono nc t h wo d as
e r u e e r an [ S] : nu jo ur , [ 55 11e
Th s p
i t
ro nu n c l a i o n Is c ond m n d by t h p i s ts
e e e ur .
 LE TTE R S 2 T —
U 53

SO UNDS XAM PLE S

E S YMB O LS
Wh e n dena s al [ os ] u n ami [ oenam i]
i z e d b e fo re n
1n 11a 1s o n :
1

B e fo re a s o unde d
v o we l l ett er
—

I n g e n eral
Aft e r g o r g
I n g e n eral s il e n t gu ide
qu an d
In fo rm s O f a r a rg u ai s
gu er; a n d i n a aigu ille
few o th er
wo r d s
I n so me b o o k
i sh w o rd s :
B efo re fi n al sile n t e
I n g e n eral
Aft e r 9 o r g
I n g en eral

In t he en di n g
—
°

gu e:
With c ir c u mfl ex ao
c e nt :

I n c o mbinati o n
au , a o u, ea u : see se c
ti o n 70 .

eu , eu, ceu : s ee s ec ti o n
75 .

1
any F nchm n p ono nc d nasali d as [ ]
M re e m i [ nam i ]
r u e e z e an en : u n a e
T his p on nciation i s c ond m d b y t h p ist s In pop la sp ch a
, .

r u e ne e ur u r ee
d asali d i s ft n p ono nc d a s [y ] m m i [y m i ] With
.

en z e un O e r u e n : u a na
ga d to thi s p on nciation M a t inon s ays ( C mm t p
.
,

re r r u l r o en on ro nonc e s

f g i
ra n a s ,p Il t p
. d fa t s pl s c ho q ant s
“
es eu e u e u u e .
”
54 A HAN DB OO K OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
c u , 0 12, 0 12 ; s e e s ec tio n SO UN DS E XAMPLE S S YMB O LS
85 .

a c : see sec ti o n 75 .

[ 1111 ] fu yard
appu ye r

92 . V

93 . X .

Initial xyl o ph o n e [k silofon]

M e di al
In ge n eral axi o m e
In t h e prefixes
hex s ex b e fo r e a
v o we l so u n d
In t he prefix ex b e ex c e ll e nt [ek s elti ]
fo r e cc ci o r s :
, ,

In t h e wo rds deux d euxi em e [ doz j em ]

i eme, si xi eme, di xi éme,
si xa i ne :

In t he wo rd s oi xa nte : [ ]
s so xi ant e [sw as d xt ]
Final
In g e n eral s il e n t v o ix
In t he wo rds si x and [ s]

Bu t t h e a: is Silent [s ili xv r]
wh en these wo rds
m o dify gram m a t i
c al l y a f o l l o w i n g
noun b e ginning with
a c o nso nant so und .
 LE T T E R S 2 —
U Z 55

In t he w
o rd s di ce—hu i t ,
di m hu i ti ém e, di m neuf,
- -

di sc neu vi eme
-

I n a few b o o ki s h i n d ex [ Sd e k s]
wo rds
I n liais o n s ix h o m m e s [ s i z om ]

94 . Y .

I n de p e n de nt
I n t h e wo rd y
B efo re a v o we l l e tt er -

I n g e n eral

B efo r e i
B efo r e a co nso nant
l ett er
In general

B e fo r e c h e c k e d m
or n:

In co mbi n ati o n
a y: see s e c ti o n 7 0 .

o y: s e e s e c ti o n 8 5 .

u y : se e s e c ti o n 9 1 .

95 . Z .

I n itial or m e dial [z ] z ele

d l z am e

s ile n t nez
ave z
56 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S

F O RE IGN WO R DS
9 6 M any fo ign w o d s ( a s id f om p o p
. nam s f whi ch
re r e r r er e , or s ee

se c tion 9 7) f q ntly s d in F nch S om of th wo d s

are re ue u e re . e es e r ar e

p ono nc d as in t h la g ag f om whi ch th y bo ow d ; som

r u e e n u e r e are rr e e a re

p ono n c d as if th y w F nch wo ds ; m o st of th m how a m

r u e e e re re r e S co

p omi s b tw n t h o iginal p on n ciation and a t F n ch p

r e e ee e r r u ru e re ro

i ti
nu n c a T h p on n c iation f s c h w o ds s ho ld in g n ral b
on . e r u O u r u e e e

s o ght in a di c tiona y : A f w s c h w o d s now q it nat aliz d in

u r e u r , u e ur e

F nch h av b n t at d in t h p c ding s c tions C tain addi tional

re , e ee re e e re e e . er

p incipl and c tain sp cial p c lia iti s m y b not d h

r es er e e u r e a e e ere .

Vow l l tt s follow d b y final m

e -
e er e or n
a rein m any c as s not nas al and t h e e
final m h a o nd d
,

i s c c s s
or n i ss n u e u e
l tt s c h c as s p
.

Th e e er e is in u e ro
n d [ ]
no u nd ce i s p ono nc d
e , a u r u e

Final y and y p ono c d as [ ]

a e are r un e 8

Fin al b final d fin l p fin l in — a a r er ,
final final t in t and fi nal
, , ,

8, -
s 2 a re
o nd d n m any wo ds
,

s u e I r .

S h is p ono nc d [S]r u e .

Um and n not final u , ,

ar e p ono nc d
r u e

W and wh a re ro n o u n c ed in s om e
w o ds as [v] an
r ,
In s om a s [ w ] e .

M any words pres ent sp ec ial p ecu li

ari t i es .
58 A HAN DB OO K OF FRE N CH PHON E TI C S

W is p ono nc d [v]
r u e .

X va io sly t at d in s om n m s
18 r u re e : e a e
it is p ono nc d a s [k s ] in s om as
r u e e
s om a s [ s ] s om as [k ] and
,

[g ]z 1n e In e
in s om wh final it is sil nt
, , ,

e, en ,
e .

F inal is va io sly p ono nc d i

2 r u r u e : n
s om nam s as [ ] in s om as [s ]
e e z e
Final t i s s ally p ono n c d as [t s]
.
,

e u u r u e
s om tim s a s
,

e e

M any nam s p e res e nt sp c ial p c li e e u

a ri t i es .
 S YN T H E S I S

SYLLAB I C D I VI S I O N

98 . In S p e e ch . A Frenc h EXAMP LE S S YMB OLS

wo rd h as in a c t u al p ee c h a s
s géant
ma n y syllable s as it ha s v o we l
so u nds .

I n t h e syllabi c divi sio n O f a

Fr en c h wo rd a s a c tu ally s po ken :
a s i ngl e c o n s o nant o r s emi amabilité [ ma
a - -
bi -
li -
t e]
c o n so n an t so un d b e tw e e n c o c h o n lk O Sfil-

t w o v o we l s g o e s w ith t h e fo l pa ss e r [
p a Se
-

]
l o w i n g v o we l ; paye r lp a 36 ]
-

travailler [ t r a —
va -

j e]
a gr o u p o f t w o s o u nds O f n ati o n [
H a 8 10]
-

whi c h t h e fi rst is a c o n so n a n t alo uette [a lw et ]

-

a n d t h e se c o n d a sem i c o n
s o n a n t g o es with t h e f o ll o w
i n g vo we l ;
a gro u p O f t w o c o ns o n a n t s ablo n
s o u n d s o f w hi c h t h e fir s t i s a pr es
/
a n ex plo s iv e o r a fri c ativ e m ettr o n s
a n d t he s e c o n d i s [1] o r [r]
g o es w ith t h e fo llo wi n g vo we l ;
a n y o th er gro u p o f t w o c o n admi s
s o n a n t s o u n d s 1s divid e d t h e rh yt h m i q u e
,

fir s t go i n g with t h e p re c e di n g ex am e n
v o w e l an d t h e s e co n d with a c h e t e r
,

f o llo wi n g v o we l ,
i n sta n t
a n y gr o u p o f thr ee c o n so n a n t malgré
s o u n d s i s divid e d t h e fir s t
,

s o u n d g o i n g with t h e p re c e d
i n g v o w e l t h e o ther t w o so unds
,

with t h e fo llo wi n g v o wel .

60 A H AN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
99 . In S p elli ng and Writ ing . T he ru les fo r t he divi si o n
Of a wo rd in s p elling , or at t he e nd O f a lin e I n w rl t i ng a re ,

as fo llo ws
E XAMPLE S
T he wo rd h as many syllables as it h as
as gé
-
ant
v o we l lette rs ; ex c e pt that
-

t h e co mbinati o n s o f v o we l l e tt er s li st e d -
M eu —s e
in se c ti o n s 70 75 79 85 and 9 1 may , , , ,

no t b e s e parat e d ;

i u and o u wh e n r e pr ese nting a s emi

, , ,
b i en -
v e nu -

c o n s o n a n t s o u nd may n o t b e se parat e d ,
re -
lu I -
re
fro m a fo llo wi n g vo wel lett er ; -
oua -
te

s i le nt e b e t we e n g o r j and a v o w e l le t -
man -

ge a
t er d o es no t co u nt and s il e nt u d o es no t ,
Jean -
no
c o unt ; lan gu e
-

a n ti q u e - -

a m ut e e aft er a v o we l le tte r may no t -

b e é p ee
-

se parat e d fr o m that l e tt e r . par t ie -

c i g ué
-

t that a m ut e e aft er a c o nso nant

No e re—
le v er -

le tter do es c o u nt .
po r t e
-

A s ingl e c o n so na n t l e t t e r o the r than 3: g o es a ma b i li té

- - - - -

with t he fo ll o wing vo wel letter -

.

X go es with t h e prec e ding v o we l l ett er -

.

T h e gr o u p s ch p h t h gn and all gr o u p s o f a ch e t er
, , , ,
- -

t w o c o n s o n ant l ett er s O f w hi c h t h e fir s t i s di g ne
- -

b c d f g p t o r v and t h e se co n d i s l o r sa b le
, , , , , , ,
-

r g o w ith t h e f o ll o w ing v o we l l e tt e r a pr es -
.
-

A ll o th er gr o up s o f t w o c o nso nant l ett ers a d m is - -

are divid e d . a b b es se - -

vil le -

au g -
m en t er -

A gro u p Of three
nso nant le tte rs co n ar c he co - -

taining o ne o f t h e c o mbinati o ns ch p h th ath le t e , , ,

- -

o r gn i s s o divid e d as no t t o se para t e t h e
ch, h
p , i h, or gn .
 S TRE S S 61

A gr o u p three c o nso nant l ett ers o f

Of -

whi c h t h e se co nd is b c d f g p t o r v , , , , , , ,

a n d t h e third i s l o r r i s divide d b etwe e n

t h e fir s t o f t h e thr ee l e tt er s a n d t h e s e co nd .

A ll o th er gr o u p s o f thr ee c o n so n a n t l ett er s -

a re divid e d b et we e n t h e se c o n d l e tt e r a n d
t h e third .

Pr efix es are h o wever u su ally set O ff with

o u t r e gard t o th ese r u l es .

S T R E SS

W O RD IN A S I N G LE

1 0 0 Wh e n a w o rd o f t w o o r m o r e s yllabl e s as a ma bi li té
.
,

o r premi ere i s pr o n o u n c e d se parat e ly all s yllabl es ex cept

, ,

t h e l as t a re s p o k e n e v e nly a n d a s far as p o s s ibl e w ith o u t ,

s tr e s s and t h e las t i s s tr e ss e d
,
E v e n s o t h e s tr ess e d s yll a .
,

b le i s we ak er in F re n c h than in E ngli s h .

T h e s t ss ed syllabl i s c al l ed t h
re t n g s yllab l e t h e oth ers a re
e e s ro ,

c al led w k syllabl s I t i s po ssibl how v to dis tin gui sh two d gree s

ea e . e e er e

of w ak syllabl s nam ly s c onda y and w ak ; and t h tendency

e e , e
“
e r
” “
e
”
e

in French i s towa d a su cc ssion f s c ondary w ak and strong syl

r e O e , e ,

l b les
a F . instanc in m bi li t t h fi st and thi d syllabl s have a
or e, a a
’
e e r r e

s ec ondary s t ss t h s ec ond and fourth

re ,
e w ak and t h las t is a re e , e

s t ong In t h grou p l z
r . e t he i s s c ondary t h l i s weak
v ou e -
v o us , vo u e , e ee ,

and t h u i s st ong : c om pa what is s aid in t h ne t s ection T he

e vo s r re e x .

Am ri c an s tu d nt shou ld b e wa ned agains t ove s tressing t he s ec on

e e r r -

da y syllables
r .

I N C O N N E C T E D S PE E C H

10 1 . Wo rd I n c o nnec t e d sp ee c h wo rds l o se th eir

G r o ups .

i n dividu ality and are pr o no u n c e d in gr o up s as in t h e En

, ,

gli s h phra se N o t at all T h e l e ngth o f t h e gr o u p is de t er

“
.
”

mine d by t h e s en se and by t h e am o u n t o f br e ath empl o ye d .

A gr o u p O f c l o se ly c o nne c t e d w o r ds b e co m es fo r t h e p ur ,

po se s O f pr o nu n c iati o n a s i n gl e l o n g wo rd ,
.
62 A HAN D B OOK OF FR E N C H PHO N E T I C S
In pr o n u n c iati o n o f s u c h a gr o u p o f wo rds all syll a
t he ,

bles ex c e pt t h e las t a re s p o ke n ev e n ly a n d w i t h littl e o r n o

s tr ess ( see t h e pr e c e di n g s e c ti o n ) w hil e t h e la s t s yllabl e O f ,

all is s tr e sse d Ex am pl e s .

N o s s om m s joy
u [ e eu x . n u s o m gw a o j ]
Il v t m don
eu cl e n er e a .
[i lv o m d on es la ]
L d es vo l tai nt
eu x eu rs e e c ru c i
fi és a ses c Ot és .

[le d a v oloe z r e t e k rys i fj e a s ek o t e ]

De t mps
e en t em p s
’
e ll e re e l vait la t et e .

[ d et fiz fit ci e lre lv e la t e xt ]
Le j n eu hom m e
e do u x e t s i m p le au x m a i ns m eu r r e et g o nflé es tis .

[le soenom d u es é zp l om é m oert ri e g fifle ]

Wh en gro u p e n d s with a w o rd O f t w o pr o n o u n c e d syl

t he
lable s t h e s tre ss O ft e n fall s u p o n t h e fir s t O f t h e t w o Thi s .

o cc u r s e s p e c ially i n w o rd s e n di n g i n
—
ou

’
C é t ai t la voi x de la tion !
na [s et ela v w a dla n a sj 5 ]

102 Logi c l d Em otio al S t ss Logic al and m otional st ss

. a an n re . e re

btain d by st ssing a syllabl not g la ly s t ss d as i t h

ar e O e re e re u r re e ,
n e

Engli sh ph a s S ins f m i ss ion and o f mm i ss ion

”
r e O o co

Il fa t d ém tt
u se m tt e re o u s e s o u e re .

[i lfo s d em e t r u ses u m e t r ]
D ’
u n pa t il a g
e r a g né , de la t
’
u re 11 ap d er u .

[ dyn p arila g ap e d e lo t rila p erd y]

Im po ssibl e! [Sp os ib l]
M i s erab le ! [m i z er ab l]
In g n al m otional st
e er ,
e re ss i s ad in Engli sh b y info cing t h
m e re r e

s t ss d syllabl a s in in
re e e,
“
cr e dibl e
”
idi lo s In F nch on
or
“
r cu u . re ,

t h oth hand t h st ss i s ft n di spla c d in yabl i di c l

“ ” “ ”
e er , e re O e e : cro e, r u e .

B t w h n in F n c h t h s t
u e re e re ss d w o d i s i a g o p f wo d s d b
e r n r u O r an e

gins w ith vow l s o nd t h

a e u ,
e e m otional s t ss i s pla c d on t h s c ond
re e e e

syllabl of t h wo d ; oth rwi

e e r e se it i s on t h fi t : mi e b l !
e rsc t
’ “
cc s ra e
” “
es

imp sibl !
os e
 V O W E L Q UAN T I TY 63

VO WE L Q UA N TIT Y

10 3 . F e n c h v o wels
r a re in E XAMP LE S S YMB O LS
g e n eral sh o rt .

Bu t s tr e s s e d v o w e l s a re
l o n g i n t h e c a se s e n u m erat e d
b el o w ( t h e ph o n eti c s ign i n di
c ati n g l e n gth i s I pla c e d aft e r
,

t h e l o n g v o we l )
A n y s tr esse d vo we l i s lo n g
wh e n fo llo we d by o ne o f
t he sbu n d S [j ] [ ] [ ]
, V ,
Z ,

or by t h e so u n d [r] w h e n
that s o u n d i s t h e las t
s o u n d O f t h e w o rd .

A s tr esse d vo we l writt e n
with a c irc u mfl ex a c c e n t
i s lo n g wh e n f o ll o we d by
a c o n s o n a n t s o u n d ; ex
c e pt i n et es an d in t he
,

e n di n g s O f t h e pa s t a b s o

lu t e a n d pa st s ubj u n c tive
t e n s es .

T h e o ral v o we l s [ a] [ a ] , ,

[ s ] [O ] a n d [ a] a re l o n g
, , ,

whe n s tr esse d i n man y ,

wo rds i n whi c h the y a re

fo llo we d by a c o n s o n a n t
so u n d .

A s tr e s s e d n a s al v o we l i s ta n te
always l o ng wh e n fo l
lo we d by a c o n s o n a n t
so u n d .
64 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S

LI A I S O N

104 . Whe n a wo rd e nding in a c o nso nant l ett er whi c h is -

o rdi n arily s il e nt i s fo ll o w e d imm e diat e ly by a c l o se ly r e lat e d

wo rd b e ginning with a v o we l l e tt e r with an h that i s no t -

preventive o r w ith a y t he final c o nso nant l etter O f t he firs t

, ,
-

wo rd is so m e time s so u nded as in p remi er a n , ,

vi ngt a rbres [v é t a rb r] ; a llez y [ al o zi ]

,
This s p ec ial so u nding
-

, .

O f a final c o n s o nant l e tt e r i s c all e d li a i s on o r li nki ng

’
-
.

In o rdinary s p ee c h it o c cu rs u su ally in t h e c o n diti o ns

li s te d in se c tio n 10 7 se ldo m o th erwi se In p o etry and de c
, .

lam a t io n it i s u s e d m o r e ext e n s ively .

10 5 . l e tt ers n p r t
T he , , , ,
E XAM PLE S S YMB O LS
a n d z have in liai so n th e ir no r
mal val ues [ p ] [ I ] [ t] a n d , , ,

D so u nds as [t] . grand un [cEgr fit om ]

‘

h o mm e
F: s o u nds as [v] in n euf a ns n e uf h e u r e s [ noevoe xr]
and neuf heu res; e l s ewh ere un vif i nt é ré t [oev ifé t ere]
‘

as [ f] .

G so u nd s as [k] .
[sak é py xr]
S and a: so u n d as [ z ] .

[ dez am i]
10 6 .Whe n n i s link e d t he ,

pre c e ding vo we l is partly o r

who lly de n as aliz e d .

A n e de nas aliz e d fr o m [ a] is en Italie [a ni t a li]

s o u nd e d [ a ] .

A n e d e n as aliz e d fr o m [ S] is b i e n aimée [b j s nem e]

so unde d [ e] .
66 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
108 . It n o te d that E XAMP LE S
is t o b e
fin al m i s n ev e r li n ke d ; that s ang e t e a u
t h e t O f et i s n e v e r li n k e d ; that u n v o l e t o u v e rt
t h e linki n g O f o th e r w o r d s e n d les h u it ami s
i n g i n et is rare ; a n d that li n k mai s o ui
—

ing d o e s n o t o c c u r b ef o r e hu i t
o r hu i t i ém e ( ex c e pt i n t h e co m

p o u nd w o rd s d i p hu i t di s
c hu i -

,
-

t iem e) o r b e fo r e o nz e o nz i em e
, , ,

ou a t e, o ui .

A SSI M IL ATI O N

XAMP LE S E

109 Wh n in t h c o u rs of rapid la d ssu s

. e e e -
e

sp e c h a c ons onant s o nd whi c h i s m é d m

e u ec

no m ally voi c d c om s dir c tly b igi gfifggm é

r
l i
e e e e
l [k u t p i e ]
[ lem 5t s iv i liz e ]
fo a voi c l ss s o nd t h voi c d m ons i ur
re e e u , e e
ro
e
s
j
[m e s o ] or
c onsonant c hang s to t h c o re e e r j
[m e e l o r
sp nd i n g voi c l ss c on s onant [13 8 10 ]
1
o e e .

S im il a l y wh n a c ons onant l s ec ond

r e e lle z g 5 ]
whi c h i s no m ally voi c l ss c om s av c J9
,

r e e e e 3 11 [ a v e gsfi]
di ec tly b fo e a voi c d c ons onant r h ue de
'
[arSe v e gd op ari ]
sa e g
q a e
r e r e

s o nd t h voi c l ss c ons onant

r
u ,
e e e

c hang s to t he c o sponding voi c d

e rr e e

c onsonant .
2

Wh n a c ons onant whi c h i s n

e or

m ally voi c l ss c om s in apid

e e e r

sp ch b tw n t w vow l s it
ee e ee o e ,

chang s to t h c o sponding voi c d

e e rr e e

c ons onant : s e s c tion 105 e e .

1 Com pa re t he p on nciation of b b fo
r u e re 3 o r t: e
se s cetion 7 1 .

2
Com pa re t he p on nciation of d t
r u a nec o e : see s ec t l o n 72 .
 E LI S I O N 67

E LI S I N O
E XAMPLE S
’
11 0 m o n o syllabl e s la cc de j e
. T he , , , , l am e
’
le me ne qu e se t e a n d c e rtai n c o m c es t
, , , , , , ’
d hie r
p o u nds O f qu e s u c h as j u s qu e lors qu e ’
, , ,
j ai
and qu elqu e dr o p t h e fi n al l ett er a n d a re ’
n’ ai p a s
,
je
writt e n with a n ap o stro ph e i n it s pla c e q u av ez
-
vo us ?
’
whe n th ey imm e diate ly pre c e d e a wo rd l yeu s e
b e gi nn i n g with a v o we l le tt er a n h that -

i s n o t pr ev e ntiv e o r y 1
,
.

Thi s e li si o n h o wever d o e s no t tak e , , es t c c u n -

h o mm e
pla c e wh en t h e m o n o syllabl e is c o nn e c t e d ai j e é t é ?
-

by a hyph e n with a pre c e di n g v erb .

do nn e z le a J e an -

E li s i o n d o es n o t tak e pla ce b e f o re p re le h er o
v e nt i v e h n o r b e f o r e t h e w o r d s o nz e o u i le o n z e m a i
, , ,
d u u hlan
u hla n It do e s n o t u s u ally tak e pla c e
.

b e fo r e o u a te .

S i i s e lide d b ef o r e i t o r i ls .

P IT C H
1 11 P it c h i s t h high
. low q ality ( ton ) f a m si c al so nd
e or u e O u u .

In sp ch pit ch d p nd s on t h n m b o f vib ations of t h vo c al

ee ,
e e e u er r e

cho d s withi a giv n p iod f tim

r n e er O e .

S inc a sho t bod y n c ss a il y ib f a st than a long h

e
r yr
e n t e e r v z s er o e, e

voi c s of child n g n ally hav /

e
h) A pit
re c h than tho se oferad lt s e a er e u ,

th i vo c al cho d s b ing sho t B ; S p ch s o nd s al so diff am ong

[

e r r e r er . . ee u er

th m s lv s a s to pit c h [i ] i s N yf t h [a] and [ a ] i s high than [ ]

d
1
e e e : g an er O .

In g n al F nch ha s f w low ot s than English and th fo t h

e er ,
re e : r n e , ere re e

s am voi c sp aking F nch d Engli sh will app a to hav a high

e e e re an e r e er

pit ch in F nch than in E ngli sh At t h s am tim m otion has a

re . e e e, e

m a k d ff c t on t h h m an voi c and t h s am s nt n c (
r e e e e pa t of
u e, e e e e e or r

it) will fl ct at in pit ch a cc o ding to t h m otional l m nt in it

u u e r e e e e e

s ee t h follo wing s c tion

e e .

1
Com pa t h m ting of at t h d o f a syllabl
re e s c tion 75
u e e en e : s ee e
P ass y l S 7t h cd
.

2
S ee d f c i , 15 0
es o ns u ra n a s , .
, .
68 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHON E TI C S

I N T ON ATI O N
1 12 Intonation t h m si c al l m nt of a lang ag d p nd on
.
, e u e e e u e, e e s

t h p op
e r of voi c and c an b l a n d ad q at ly only f om a
e r u se e, e e r e e u e r

nativ ealtho gh s t d nt s will d iv g at p ofi t f om t h int llig nt

u u e er e re r r e e e

us e of phonog aphi c c o d s r re r .

I t i s im po tant to m m b that t h p on nciation f F nch as

r re e er e r u O re

c om pa d with that f E ngli sh i s v n ha m onio s and g l a with

re O e e , r u re u r,

a c l a and d finit a ti c lation of vow l s and c onsonant s ( sp cially

e r e e r u e e e

t h vo w l s ) and a m o
e e l ss q al alt nation of a cc nt d ( yll bre o r e e u er e e s a e

or et ) n d na cc nt d ( yll b f i bl ) s yllabl s
a u e e s a e a e e .

In s o f how v a s intonation i s a is
ar , e a fall f voi c in pit ch
er , r e or O e

( ft n q it di s tin c t f o m t h i h nt pit c h of vo w l s and c ons onant s )

O e u e r e n ere e ,

th e following p incipl s m y b not d a s sp c ially appli c ab l to

r e a e e e e e

F nc h
re

1 I n B n h t h voi c
. is s falls in long int vals th n in
e c e e r e or er er a

Englis h T h ang m y b an nti o ctav

. e r e a e e re e .

2 T h las t s yllabl of a b ath g o p has a h igh

. e e a low re -
r u er or er

p it ch than t h oth s e er

Vn z A y c oming?
e e -
v ou s re ou

C
’
t t i t T hat i s s ad es r s e .

3 Th. is fall in pit c h c o spond s to t h c onn otation of t h

e r e or rr e e e

p h as ; that i s to t h m otion t h sp ak p t s into it S pris

r e ,
e e e e er u .
“
ur e
”

i s hi gh dis appointm nt low ; c lam ations

,
“
high n gations
e
”
ex
”
a re , e

or
“
f s al s low t
re u G n ally sp aking in F n ch a c omm a
”
, e c .
“
e er e , re , or

s m i c olon indi c at s a i s a not f int ogation

e e c lam ation indi
r e, e O e rr o r ex

c at s a m o m a k d i s A f ll stop indi c at s a fall t h nd of

e re r e r e . u e , e e a.

p a g aph a m o m a k d fall
ra r re r e .
” 1

’
Est -
ce q u il es t i ci

f
en a n ts H e has lo st
hom wif c hild n
e, e, re .

Il c am e al one ( s aid in surp ris e )

es t venu s eu l He .

I l es t nu eul vec am e alon ( said w ith regr t )

s He e . e .

4 . O ft n a ris i s p e c ed ed by a fall and vi c e v s a

e e r , er

P ou r qu i m e -
vou s donc Wh om do yo u tak e
m e fo r?
E nfi n qu e vo u le z
-
vous W ell , wh at do yo u ex p ct?
e

1 P assy , les S ons du fra nga i s , 7 t h ed .

, 13 9 .
 IN T O NATI O N 69

Th s w
u e m ay m a k by hi gh p it ch that whi ch i
r a er s m o st im po t ant in
r
a ph asr e

E lle es t s or ti e en Sh e went o u t Weepin g .

A to u t Fo v j a ma i s re er .

E a c tly ! x

O wing to thi s fa c t t h nd of a s nt n c
, is oft n whi p d in F nch
e e e e e e s ere re

Il y n e a Th m any ere are .

’
N yp n n l L t s think no m o of it
e so
’
s p us . e re .

5 I t s ho ld al s o b not d t h at not o nl y s in gl s yllab l s b t g o p

. u e e e e u r u s

of syllabl s ind d nti ph as s m y b p ono nc d on a high

e , ee e re r e , a e r u e er o r

a low pit ch acc o ding to t h m aning that i s d si d :

er
_
, r e e e re

rT
i n t w i th
e " 1
s,I d c la th y
e . ! e re, ere o u are

L
A ll n o C o m
s l t ’
s go e, e .
 B I B LI OG RA P H Y

( T his
is a lis t of t h book s that hav b n of m ost h lp to t h e e ee e e

a tho s T h
u r .of th s books i s h a tily c omm nd d to thos
e use e e e r re e e e

who wi sh to s t dy t h s b j c t in g at d tail )
u e u e re er e .

B DUM
. El m t fF
V ILLE , h P i ti d Di ti
e D tton
en s o ren c ro n u nc a on a n c o n, u ,

N w Y o k 19 14
e r , .

P MA
. C mm t
RT IN O N , p l f e i t i té
o mp l t d p en on r o no nce e ra n a s , ra co e e ro

n n i ti o p ti q
c a l m p p
on t l ram t ét g Lau e a vec es n o s ro r es e es o s ra n er s ,

o ss P a i s 19 13
r u e, r ,
.

G G N I C H O L S O N A P ra c ti ca l I n t ro du c tio n t o F renc h
. .
, P honeti cs M a c ,

m ,
illan London
19 0 9 , .

G NO. E A ML -
R F I E LD , Genera l P ho neti cs for M i s si o na ri es
, a nd S tudent s o f
La ng ua ge, H e ffer , m Ca b idg r e ( E ngland ) , 19 15 .

. t anslation by E Phili
K N YR O P , M a nuel p honé ti qu e du fr a n ga i s p a r lé ( r .

pot ) 3 d d Pi c a d P a is and Cop nhag n 19 14

,
r c .
, r ,
r e e ,
.

P PA Y l S
. SSd f g i
, 7 t h c d Didi
es P a i s 19 13
o ns a ra n a s , .
,
er , r , .

I M Th S d f th F h L g g ( t an lation b y D L S avo y
DE ,
e o un s o e ren c a n ua e r s . . r

and D J on s ) Cla ndon P ss O fo d 190 7

. e ,
re re ,
x r ,
.

K .
Q UIE H L ,
F ra n z Osi sche A u s s p ra che u nd S p ra c hferti ghei t, T eu b ner ,
L ip si c and B lin
e er ,
19 12 .

RO U S S E LO Tand L A C LO T TE , de prono nci a ti o n fra nga i s e Welt er , ,

P is 190 2
ar ,
.
 E X ER C I SE S

( e
T h nu mb ers of t he se v eral Exer c i ses co rres p o nd t o t he
nu mb ers of t he s e c ti o n s o n w hi c h th e y a re ba s e d ) .

a With t he palm s o f t h e hands pre ss e d tightly agains t

.

t h e e ar s pr o n o u n ce f o r c ibly s z s z s z s z N o te t he
“
, , , , , , , ,
.

b u zzi n g in t h e h e ad whi c h take s pla c e wh en t h e v o i c e d

s o u n d i s pr o n o u n c e d N o t e that fo r t h e s all t h e s o u n d
“ ”
.

c o m es fro m t h e fri c ti o n o f t h e air at t h e fr o nt O f t h e

m o uth .

b Stat e t h e ph o n eti c di ffe r e n c e b e twee n t h e t w o wo rds

.

O f e a c h o f t h e f o ll o wi n g pair s O f w o rd s : coa s t gho s t ; p a ce , ,

base; down , t own; ca s e , ga z e; dog , ta lk .

c With t h e aid o f a ha n d mirr o r l o c at e t h e vari o u s

.

o rgan s O f s p ee c h ; n o t e th e i r f o rm ; a n d e x amin e t h e m o ve

m e nt s o r c hanges in p o siti o n whi c h c ertain o nes may make .

a . Po i n t o ut i n t h e fo ll o wing wo rds c ase s o f t h e rep resen

t a t io n of t he s am e s o u nd by di ffer e n t l e tt er s o r c o mbi n ati o n s

of lett ers : he , m a chi ne, ea t , a t e, ei ght , set , m a ny, hea d , ra t ,

a sk, fa ther ,
a ll, a w l, c o t , go , t ho u ght , tho u gh, t hro u gh, enou gh,

bough, u se ,loo se, lose, kni ght , wri ti ng, p sycho logy, a t tenti o n ,

for , a s k ed , nep hew , ro se, dose, li es , i ce .

b . Po int o ut i n t h e s am e wo rds c a ses i n whi c h t h e

s am e lett ers o r co mbi n ati o n s O f l e tt er s r e pr ese nt di ffe r e nt

s o u nd s .

0 Po int o ut t he silent
. co nso nants in t he s am e wo rds .

71
72 A HANDB OO K OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
8

( T p h o neti c s ymb o l s u se d in
h e r i h av e t h e —
Exe c s es 8 5 4
s am e val u e as th o se u se d i n se c ti o n s 8 5 4 : s ee t h e f o o tn o t e
—

on p 6 In d o i n g Exe r c i ses 8 6 2 a n d t h e R evi ew Ex er c i se s

. .
—

advanc e d stu de nt s sh o u ld i n e a c h c ase id e n tify a n d sp ell t h e

Fre nc h wo rds re prese nt e d by t h e ph o neti c c o mbinatio ns ) .

a . A ssu me the correct vo ca l p o si ti o n for the p r o du c ti on of

t he s ou nd u si ng a ha nd mi rror; a nd t hen p rodu ce the sou nd
s evera l ti mes : [,
i I , 1, 1, 1, 1, i] .

b . P r o n ou n ce t he fo llowi ng p ho n eti c combi na ti o ns , ea ch o f

whi ch rep resent s a rea l F rench w ord : [midi , S i , si s , pip ni Vi
, , ,

Vi t , fi ni , ri li ]
,
.

a . Rep ea t the sou nd [ e] .

b . P ron ou nce : [ e, d e, ne , b eb e , se , ge, lo , t e , et e , e pe ] .

R ep ea t t he sou nd [ e] .

P ronou nce: [e ,
e , e , e, e, e, e, e, e ,

9 [s l, b el , r est ferm s et m e ls p e em e]
s ek , , , , , , ,
.

[ e s e d e e fe m e t e e s e g e t e ep e m el e se t e pr et e]
1

9 e t , , , , , , , , ,
.

a . Rep ea t t he s ou nd [ a] .

b P ro nou nce : [a la ta
.
, , , sa , ma dra papa , , ,
fra p a , madam ,

k a p abl lw a fw a] , , .

F I RS T R E VI E W : F R O N T V O W E LS
a . i
[, e , e, a ; li le ma ; si se se sa]
, ,
ls , la ; mi ,
m e, m e, , , , .

b [ide .
, imite et e
e d a i ni k i t e k a p a s i t e abi d es i z if d e fi
, , , , , , , ,

e nm i k a p t if a v i e de c v ek s e se atak e am n e kafe a b e
, , , , , , , , , ,

a sp e akademi a k s ep t e a p et i as i st e]
, , , ,
.
 4 '

A HAN DB OO K OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S

18

aRep ea t the pa i r
.
f
o s ou nds [,
i y] wi th vi gorou s li p a cti on,

mi rror i n ha nd .

b . P ronou nce
t hese p a i rs of words wi th vi gorous li p a cti on,
t a ki ng p a rti cu lar ca re t o k eep the tongu e tens ely i n t he sa me

p o si t i o n for bo t h v o wels : di d i li
[ , y ; g , gy ; , y ; ,
l mi my ; n i ,
ny;
S i, sy ; v i, vy ] .

c P ronou nce : (t r ,
k r l
y , p y, y ,
r ryd , nyl, b ryn , lyn, dyp ,
my xz , m y xr, sy xr, fyt y xr, k ylt y xr] .

19

a . Rep ea t the p ai r of s ou nds [e , o] .

b . P ro nou nce t hese p ai rs of words : [b e b e; de do;

, ,

e
s , ea; ne , 1 M] .

c . P ronounce: [f¢ , p a, V S, do, a, so, k ro, k roxz , foxt r,

20

Rep ea t the p a i r of sou nds [ e , as ] .

P ronou nce t hese p a i rs of words : [ ef , oef; sel, s oel ; nef.

m e xr , m oe xr ; le xr, lce xr ; p e xr , p oe xr] .

P ron ou nce : [h oef , goel , m oeb l, v oef, poepl, k oexr, soexr ,

flce xr] .

21

[ ,
lo m e ,
k e , se , d e su ,
lov e , ses i b r eb i
, ,
fe z e, m esj o rep o
, ,

v e nir , o p t e nir ] .

T H I RD R E VIE W : ORAL VO WE LS
[v u , p u xr , s er e , sel , p a , pr e s i , re p o z e , v e xr , a lo xr , v a loe z r ,

oero ,
fi lo z bf, fi lo z ofi k , rival , s e par e , s yk r , a k t oexr , n a iv t e,
ora t oex
r, m o del mikr osk op
v a loeroxz ,
m o xr, , ,
m a lo n e t , i n ata
k ab l imitatif gard gal op e pry dri ryral
, , , , , , syp erb , syrt u ,

syr p ri xz pa se p o gro ], , ,
.
 E XE RC I S E S 75

23

a . S ta te whi ch o f t he fo llowi ng words co nta i n na s a l

vo wels :tr o mp er bi e n c o nt er i nimitié h o mme

, , , , , e nvo ye r ,

iniq uité i nvite r m o n o t o n e ennem I aut o mne

, , , , .

b S ta te i n whi ch of t he sa me words t he In or n i s
. s ou nded.

24

a . R ep ea t the p a i r o f sou nds [ e ,

S] .

b . P ro nou nce : [ m e : n ,
m e; v e n
x , v 5; n, S S ;
se x p e xn , p d ; ple xn,
l
‘

l
p ;e t r e n
x ,
t r é ;g e n
x , g S ; e xn ,

c [ ,
b
. 5 d e ,
fS , V S S
, g ,
m 5 a
, p , t S, t é t,
x S S, t , S é xdr,
sS x fé ,
fé xdr, S é xp l] .

25
a . R ep ea t t he p a i r of s ou nds [ a , d ] .

b . P ro nou nce thes e p ai rs of words : [pa , b

p ; a, bd ; t a, t d ;
d
k a , k d ; g a , gd ; a, d ; ma, 1n d ] .

0 . P ronou nce : [sd ,

rd , Vd , 1d , g rd , dfd , t d , t d xt , t d z pl,
ld xp , d z pl, d xgl] .

26
a . Rep ea t t he p a i r of sou nds [ a ,
b . P ro nou nce these p ai rs of words : [ bon b 5 ; do n dd ;
, , son ,

S5 ; t on , t 5] .

c . P ronou nce : [b 5 ,
m d, 15 , p 5 , p 15 , fr5 , p 5 1p , r d1d ,
.
5 xkl,
k 5 1t , m dxt ] .

27
‘
a . R ep ea t t he p a i r o f s o u nds [ (B , OS ] .

b . P ronou nce “
.
[ Oe br oe k cie d efoe k omoe
‘

,
‘

, ,
‘

,
'

, o k cé
‘

, t riboé ,
‘

Ob l] .

F O URT H R E VI E W: N AS AL VO WE LS
a . R ep ea t t he seri es [5 ,
a, 5 , OS] .

b . P ronou nce [ dest5 . m 5 , m 5 t d , afa, d fé , m 5t 5 , t at s,

,

p d xdr , p e z dr , d p roe t , . d i 5 ed , p a rfoe , s il d : s , k 5 t d , t r5 p , e p ort oe ,

e
k elk oe, 15t d , a p s olym d , d efi nit iv m d , oeroz m d , yn iv erse lm d] .
76 A HA N DB O O K OF FR E N CH P H O N E TI C S

29

[i m j
do , fj e z r ,
e r
x Ii m i e m u nj es pie pi es
é 1 m , , , , , , , , ,

sj e l Sj o Sj é S j en Sj e k l t j é b at aj 5 m os j o
‘

, , v jé esej e
, , , , , , , ,

foexj kaj e k 5b j 5 k 5 se xj v j d xd po xj ]
'

, , , , , .

30

i
[ j, u
b : b a z r , b u s ,
fi xj ,
fi j e t ,
fi j oel ,
m s
gu , g j l o m
x ,
g uatin ,

k n] , m us , p l j e , p ij a xs, S ij 5 , t ij a xg, v a ni xj , sfit ij om ] .

[h a] 1, koej i xr, j
V ej l , p ep ] .

32

i t i l
[q , q , q , b i fo i ,
lq i , br ui , S i
u, fr i l
u, p q i , k q i zr ,
ek q el, t q e,
s a lq a , s q a xv , v e rt q o, d o p q i , nq a xg] .

33

[brune m ‘
k q ue xr, b rq fi , a mmo , a pq u
e, e i
gq j ,
x tu no ,

es q i e ,
j fq i j ti , ek q ij e] .

34

[w i , west ,
fw e , fw et e , alwet ,
lw e , lw aexr, dwe l , dw e xr,
m ws t ,
nw e , nw e , rw e , rw e , rW i , sw e , s we e , t v we, av w e,

resw i x
r ] .

35

[w a wa zz wa if, w az o b w a xt , b w a dwa dw an fw a xr
°

, ,
z , , , , ,

fw as , kw a kw af , ,
lw a xr, lw a xs, m w a m w a l mwa n mwano
, , , ,

s w as fi z t , v w as i] .

36

[ w aj 5 ,
m fw aj e , lw aj e , lw aj al, nw a e , j sw a j o, v w a a xs, j
dw a j é ]
‘

v wa j fi, v w a el , j .

37

[b w o , k rw o , t rw o , k rw o s f
i ,
k lw o t
x r , pw a , pw a l
x] .
 E XE RC I S E S 77

38
‘

[ fW 5 , p w é , p w é t
x , S W E, m w é , k w e, Iw é , lW é t é , p é gw é ,
p w é z d r ] .

F I FT H R E VI E w : S E M I C O N S O N A N T S

[ pj sS, v w a el , j v ul e ,
j i
p u , k w a z r , m w aj é , t yt w a j e , rq in ,
kw art o , es e e , j e s q ij e , oj o , gry j e xr , S W E, q i t , d o p q i , s q i x
v r , lj é ,

p w a S 5 ,
fq j
i a r
x ] .

42

[ bij e b e b e 5,
b e rb barb b o b lo b o
,
n oe z r b o p e x
r b u lv a x
r , , , , , ,

byr o b o b oef b o z w é b e b d di b 5t e br oe b le bra xv b w a xr

”

, , , , , , , , , , ,

tab ] deb ri k orb o b lo m ab l]

, , ,
.

43

(p ip , pepé , p e p s in , p a , mp r , p o pyle zr , p o p j e xr, p ul,

pyb lik , p o, oe
p p l p e ti , , p é s n p , pr epar e , p lyp a xr,
e , p fi se , p 5 x

fi xpl , k a p ri s , e k li p S , e s p ri , a p s olym fi , a p s t re ] .

44

[ di de d é dest é d ab o xr d a nab l d o fé do t Ei d ot
, , , , , , , ,
d ub l e ,

dyp i do py doezr de dd d 5 d 5 d 5 v erdoe dra p o ]

, , , , , ,
'

,
.

45

[titanik , t eo xt r , t et y , tatu t o t e b JS t O , .
, t ot a lit e , t ut a fe ,
e t é a t fi t a tat 5 s e t oe]
‘
t yt el, t ot o nik , t yt oexr, , , ,
.

46—47

[gi t a xr ge t e g e xr, g a xr , g a t o , g o t j e , g o tik , d e gu t e , d e gy s t e ,

, ,

b la goxz , b la g oe z r , gé , gd t le , g5 fi e , va xg , 15 xg , gro xg , eg z ekyt e ,

e g z ak t , e g z az p l] .

—
48 4 9

[kit e k e pi k eski k a k et k o k ok lik o k o k o ku k u k ylt y xr

, , , , , , , , ,

k o, k oe xr, k ere l ,
kéz e xn , k fi k éi , ki k 5k , k elk de, sek , ekri t yz r ,
’

ekw at oezr , p re t ek s t
] .
 A H A N DB O O K O F FRE N CH PHON E TI C S
51

[v i v ifi ,
v et y , v erty val e v a xz, , , v olk d , v ot r, v o x
t r, v u dre,
v y lg e x
r, n e rv o ’
, V,
v oe x v e lu x
r, v é di k a t iv , v fi dre d i , v iv 5 , v re

S fib la b l, li xv r, v jé] .

52

[fifr fek 5 fe xb l falsifj e fu z z fosfo xr fo k ol fula xr fyz i fo

, , , , , , , , , ,

foexj fam e] fé fd fa z r f5t e xn de foe fri k a se fi a nel efi oere

‘

, , , , , , , , ,

efre ne sw a f] ,
.

53

[ zigzag z er o , ,
z el , b iz ax
r, z od ak , j n,
z ox z yt , liz oxz , liz ce x
r,

é , fo z fi , m ez 5 , le z oe, ile , eg z am é ]
'

re z eg z .

54

[ S IS , seses j5 , s es as j5 ,
s as et e ,j j
sos et e , SOS iS , s mo , sus j oxz ,

sys p axs , S o, r,
s oe x so s i , S é se ri t e , S fis u s i , S5 8 5, S fé k , S k fi d a l,

S la w ,
s p eS a l, s t a t y ,
j fa s , es p o xs , frfise , e sk is ] .

55

[ Sim y , 59 , sal u , 3 0 1 3 , 3 0 m , su su , sy xs, Sff: seen , sal e ,

se z

sé d
x r , 3 5 v j 3
e ,
5 g loe x
r ,
a goe,
le sd xd ,
s a ss, b u 5 i ]
‘

56

S S
[SiS, e, e xz ,
Sarg S ass S ok ola S o se Su SySot e
, , , , , , p e Soe xr, k aS5 ,
v iSi s e xS So xz ]
, ,
.

58

[mimik ,
m em é t o , m e z m , mam a ,
m o , m om ii , m o , m ulé ,
m yn is ip a l, m on j e , m oeb l, m onq e , m 5 , m ake ,
m 5t e , p om ,
fift erim , m Je , I nw a] .

59

[ ni , ne , ne f, naif ,
n o n , no fra x
s, nu vo ,
nym ero , n¢ at el, noef, S
ne xf, nfi xt , n 5 a15 xs , S n
y , b on , b enev ol, na s onalit e
j ] .
 E XE RC I S E S .
79

60

[ p ,
d i it e é d ip e, ,
ap es
m ap a nim ,
m ip o n , ap o , s wap o , et e

p oe r
x , se mi , 0 11 5 , d ip , rep , k apap , b ulop ] .

61

[ri ,
ri x
r, re d q i x
r, r ek t oex
r, ra x
r, ro , r ok , k,
ro x ru , ry , oe ro,

oroe x
r, r o p o ré r5 r 5 , , , ,
i
p ,r
x m e r
x ,
a zr , fo xr, p u xr, p y xr, soe x
r,

bri kr ee dr ess frak o

, , , ,
m
g , pr op o , t ro , k r, s e xdr,
v re , 5 x k ofr ,

m e xgr pr o pr lit r i xv r]
, , ,
.

62

Hi , ls , 18 , la ,
la , lok , 10 , In, ly, loe xr, 15 , 15 , 15 , 15s , il,
‘
li t s l
e , ,

b al , p o ]
x ,
k o l, l,
ro x ful, my] , soel, b rfi xl, pli , b le , k le , flak glo , ,

sla x
v ,
tab ] , ek li p s , ( I flam e , e x
”

g l ] .

S I X T H R E VI E W ; C O N S O N AN T S

[inik it e , elev a s j ,
5 v es t ib y l, fa na t ik , e lo xs , m on o t o n ,
fo b u xr,
d uluro, lygyb r , lyk s fib u xr , fu go , oeroxz , p oe z r , d ev fi , d e s t é ,
‘

é presj 5 , k ti t i t e , 5t eli 5 am 5 , 5 di sp 5 s ab 1, t r5 p e , S5 t 5 loe,

‘

, ep u

V fit a b l, ( I p rcT j j j s o le x , foexj , v w asi , dwa n lq i , d o pq i ,

”

e, V e z , , sw é ,

nq a xg, v ert q o, fij oel baj i , ,

waz o , d w a j , p ,
é w a b e z w é , k q ij e xr ,

p re z 5 p sj 5 , a p solym fi , b a t e xm , t yt oe xr , t ot a lit e , dramati s t ,

a k u t ym e , grasj o , e fo x
r, bref , v olyp t e , s a s et e , j fi z j olosi S w a ,

z i s5 , re fy xg, 3y 3m ci , m yr m yre , an a im , k 5 pani , ri dik yl, t re ,

‘

n
rfi xdr , lib ert e , animal , p ret ek s t , eg z agere , rep rodq i xr , v resfi
b lfi z s , kom oe ‘

,
fry k t q o, k a lifj e , i
S y gj ,
r r é S v r , rokfo x
s d oex r, lj o,
lab o ] .

6 4—67

a . Reci te t he French a lp ha bet .

“
b . S p ell the fo llo wi ng words , u si ng t he identifyi ng sou nds
mal c o n te nt ai s ém e nt o rth o graph e p ati sse ri e glo ire habi
, , , , ,

t u de généro s ité nati o nal p o urs u ivre néc ess ité co nst ru c
, , , , ,

ti o n c h o se z o u ave imm en se tramw ay

, , , ,
.
80 A HAN DB OO K OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
70

( E ach veral Ex er c i s e s fro m 7 0 t o 9 5 i s divid ed

Of t he se

into t w o parts In t h e fir st part t h e wo rds are arrange d .

in t he o rd e r o f t h e ru l es In t he sec o nd part th ey are ar .

range d alphab eti c ally ) .

Wri te t he fo llowi ng w o rds i n p honeti c s cri p t , a nd p ronou nce

t hem : a v a lave salle madam e malad e P an ama base
, , , , , , , ,

bras c amp lamp s an s ang s a n s da n s an t a It ans p ats

, , , , , , , , , , ,

d a nsam s s ( verb) vrai fait paix aim s ai ss aimai s abai ss e , , , , , , , ,

dan s ai ( verb) s ai s fai s ai s (fo rm of fai rs ) bai n s ai n maint s

, , , , , ,

fai te fao n L ao n au fau t au b e au tre M au rs aura au rait

, , , , , , , , , ,

e au v e au
,
.

A dam a i dat s s ( verb) aid e ai m ai ( verb) allai s apai se

, , , , , ,

apr e au n s au rai s a ux balai bavard e b e a ux c ad e au

, , , , , , , ,

c ai sse C anada c anard c as c au se c av e faibl e fair s fai s ait

, , , , , , , ,

(form of fai r s ) fau s se fau t e fau v e fran c gran d gras , , , , , , ,

lai sse ma maint masse p ain palai s parlai part pau vr e

, , , , , , , , ,

plaindr e pla n plant s platr e ramp s rang rat s au t saut e

, , , , , , , , ,

ta tain tant tao n tau p e vain vain c v ase

, , , , , , , .

7 1 74 —

bas s ab i m s arab e table arbr e s ab b atiqu e ab s en ce O b

, , , , , , ,

te nir aplo mb c aban e é c o ls c u ré crim e o ra c le sec o ndaire

, , , , , , , ,

r esp ec t c en t Vi c e c ypres b ec c h o c fran c i n sti n c t br o c

, , , , , , , , ,

taba c a c c aparer a c c o mpli r a c c um ulatio n a c c e nt o c c id e n t

, , , , , ,

c h e val c harg e d é c hir e r c hr o n o l o gi e c hao s; c at ec h u m ens

, , , , ,

c himi s c h é r u bin ta c hygraph s

, a r c h é o lo gi s bra c hial a c q u i
, , , ,

s iti o u s c api n s c o rpi o n b o u s c u l er sc ru p u l e sc élérat s c i en ce

, , , , , , ,

s c h é matiq u e r egu d ese rt madam e t u v e nd s grand , , , , ,

.

abb esss ab so lu a c c abl e r a cc e pter a c co mmo d er ac qu i s s

, , , , ,

c s r arc h ev é q u e ar c hiépi sco pal

, as p e c t B acc hu s bébé b i
, , , , ,

c y c l e tt e blamabl e bl o c bri se c ad e t c é c ité c h im é re c h o s e

, , , , , , , ,

c hréti e n c h ro no m st rs ,c l er c c o c h er co l er e C o l o mb c ri c , , , , ,

c ra c dili g e nt é c art e r é c hi n e ec lip s e fé c uls j o n c m e n ac a

, , , , , , , ,
82 A H A N DB O O K OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
e ni vr er en nu yer e n v el o pp e ere es c lav e e s péra n ce e ss ayer
, , , , , , ,

e ss u i st étei n t exam en femm e fet e feu f eu ill e feu tre

, , , , , , , , ,

gr el o t idé e il arriv e de P ari s il v a d e P ari s ils se r evo i e nt

, , , , ,
’
impati en c e j efin er j eu s la c h emi n é e la p etite ls li eu
, , , , , ,

l en tem en t ls r ep o s les r epas l ettre mang e a m em e m eu bl e

, , , , , , ,

M eu n g M eu se m o m ent m o u vem ent N o el n o u s s um es

, , , , , ,

dip il ill t rg ill par il parlé —

j patri
''

oe e oe oe e,
o u e e u x p a I
,
e n e e , , , , ,

i
c e n p e,
u t pl u m e s p o é le pr e mi e r
,
pr e n e z —le pru d emm e n t , , , , ,

qu o ti en t r ed ema n d er rein s r e te n ir r ev e n e z Vit e ro u g eat rs

, , , , , ,
’ ’
S a s s ey a n t se c o nd s e in s e mbl er
,
sempit e r n e l S e n all er , , , , ,

s eu l s ev er e soeu r s o u v e nir t s s t o u t c s q u e j e ne di s p as
, , , , , ,
’
u ne p e tit e v eins veux vi eill e vosu vo i la os q u e c s st
, , , , , ,

vo l o nti ers .

7 6 78 —

facil e faible femm e r efu ser fifre effo rt c hef nef j uif
, , , , , , , , ,

c e rf c l e f oeu f s n eu f c ray o n s gala n t g o n fler gu e rr e g é n é

, , , , , , ,

ral giga nte s qu e gym n as tiq u e agil e mé n ag e gl o b e maigr e

, , , , , , ,

d o igti er vi n gtai ne ran g étang c o i n g l o n g s an g e t e au

, , , , , , ‘ ,

a g g lo m er a t i o n s u gg es ti o n dédaig n er Avig n o n S ig n s im
, , , , ,

p g
r e n a t i o n habitant harm o n i e h e u r e hi,
s t o ir e h o rl o g e , , , , ,

hu milité hyp e rb o le la hain e 1a h arp s trahi so n c ah o t

, , , , , ,

th ese thé o ri e rythm e ph o n o graph e ph o n étiqu e phil o so ph e

, , , , ,
.

a ffii g e r aggl u ti n ati o n ah u ri apathi e b oeu f s b o u rg c h e f

, , , , , ,

d oeu vr e c o mpag n o n dé signé diag n o stiqu e d o igt é bahi

’
, , , , , ,

e x ag é r e r fi é c h e fu tu r gagn e r gard e g erm s gil e t g o rg e

, , , , , , , ,

gri s gu ttu ral gym n ast s habil e har eng h erb s hi er h o n

, , , , , , ,
’
n eu r hu mai n hygi en e ls h avr e ls h é ro s l h é rO Ine m é fi s r
, , , , , , ,

n erf n eu f n euf livr es o rth o graph e p h o t o gr ap h s phrase

, , , , , ,

p o i n g rage s ang so if su ggé r er thé o l o gi e veuf Vinaigre

, , , , , , , ,

vi n gti em e .

79
i n iqu ité liv i d e hai r diabl e bi en pi ec e r eliu r e pai en
i ci , , , , , , , ,
'

bri o c h e lapi n évin c e r i n di en imp o li timbr e c o i nt é ressé

, , , , , , ,

N i mes v o u s d o rm i t e s n o u s t i nm es fo i s m o i fr o id m o i s ,
‘

, , , , , ,
 E XE RC I S E S 83

fo in , b eso i n b o i t e c l o i tr e gr e n o ui ll e c u eill e fill s q ui lls

, , , , , , ,

papill o n billi o n vill e m ills mail c o n se il exil fil pro fil

, , , , , , , , ,

g en til g entil sh o mm es c h e n il mil ( mill e t

,
“
, ,

abim e bail baril billard bO i S c h en ille c iv il c o m di c a

, , , , , , ,

ti o n c o n seill e cro i t re d o igt famill e feu ill e fin fu sil grés il

, , , , , , , , ,

h é rmq u e i amb e id é e i l immi n e n t impati e nt infi d ele la

“

, , , , , , ,

bial e lO i milli o n m o i n s n o u s vi m es O igno n o u til pareil

, , , , , , , ,

pri n c ipal p u blia rigid e rivi er e ro i si en simpl em ent so in

, , , , , , , ,

tranqu ill e Vil villag e vo u s Vi nt s s , , ,

.

—
80 84

j al o ux j eu di j O ie j u di c i eux d ej a d é j s u ner buo u képi

, , , , , , , ,

ki o sq u e m o ka bift ec k lab o u r er l e c tu r e lib erté l o c o m o tif

, , , , , , ,

lumi er e ly c é e é lev e r eli e f a n imal seu l fil tabl e g e n til

, , , , , , , ,

ho mm e s o ul il l egal illimitabl e s yllab e Villa fill s billi o n

, , , , , , , ,

billard travail fau teu il mac hin mé c a n i c i en m e n u mir o ir

, , , , , , ,

m u er an im er c am p s ept embr e sym b o ls imp u r faim

, , , , , , ,

R eim s parfu m c o mbl e o mni s c i e nt o m n ip o t e n ce gy m nas

, , , , ,

tiqu e au to m n al co n dam n er h o mm e c o mm e so mm et im
, , , , , ,

m en se imm o ral napp e n eig e n o c e n ymph s gé n éro s ité

, , , , , , ,

ans v e n t ri en m o ye n i ls v eu l e n t h o nn et e e nn emi ils

, , , , , , ,
‘
prenn en t i n no ver C inna Vigne r ec o g n iti o n enam o u rer
, , , , , ,

e n o rg u eilli r e nn ui ,
.

a c aj o u aj o urn er Allah an n é e au t o mne b e] c al c u l

, , , , , , ,

c al o m n i e c anal c arnaval,
c o ke c ul dam n er e ni v r er en
, , , , , ,

no b li r e s s aim ,
e x am e n famill e f é li c it é femm e flam b s au
, , , , , ,

ga n t g emm e hu mbl e ig n iti o n ill e ttré illo giq u e ils flanent

, , , , , , ,

ils Vi e nn e n t imm o bil e i n j u s t e in n é i nn o m brabl e j amai s

, , , , , ,

j e,
j o li j u i n kil
,
o m etr e k o ra n l a c l eg
,
u m e li n c e ul li ng e r i e , , , , , ,

l o i si r luxe lyn x mail malh eu r man g er m é ler mimiqu e

, , , , , , , ,

m o n si e ur mu raill e m y t h s nag e n é c es sité nid , n u an c e

, , , , , ,

nu l , o mi s s i o n o m n ip o t e nt o mnis cie n c e p e u ple r ec u eil

, , , , ,

r empart ro s sig n o l s impl e s o l e nn el so mm e s o m n amb u le

, , , , , ,

s ympat h i e t o m b s a u tranq ui ll e vill e

'

.
, , ,
84 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
85
co q , tt e m o n o p o l e pr o s e ro s eau no ti o n
fo rt , vo tre ,
so , , , , ,

ém o ti o n z o n e lo t tr o p pia n o so n s av o n c han t o n s o n c l e
, , , , , , , , ,

so mbr e n o m m o nt s o n e n fant c On e R h on e l s n otr e ro

, , , , , , ,

t i s seri e h 6pital ao ut il m o ell e p o é le oeu f oeu fs soeu r

, , , , , , , , ,

v osu t o i c rO ix b eso i n b o it e C h o u po u dr e b o u c h e c o urse

, , , , , , , , ,

c o u ard d o u a n e pr o u e s s e in o ni d eg o ut l o yal v o ye z
'

.
, , , , , ,

al o u e tt e blo n d b o is bro u ett e c h o se c h o u an c l o u er

'

, , , , , , ,

c o l o n el couds c o u rag e
, cy c l o ne d ego uts d o u c e en c o re
, , , , , ,

fo i s fo u s t fo ye r h Ot el j o n c ls Votr e m o n ami m o n si eur

, , , , , , , ,

no s n o n o u i dir e p o mm e p o n t p o s e po t p o ti o n pr o m o
, ,
-

, , , , , ,

ti o n r ai s o n r ep o s r o b e r61e r o mpr e r o s e r o u e so t so ye z
, , , , , , , , , ,

t o m b s tr 6n e ,
.

8 6 90 —

papill o n p erpétr er tapag e frapp er rapp o rt p syc h o l o gi e

, , , , , ,

c o mpt er exe mpt s c ul pt e u r bapti ser t emp s i l r o mpt c am p

, , , , , , ,

tro p galo p c ep ph o to graphi e qu atr e q u i Viv e c o q c inq

, , , , ,
-

, , ,

c i n q livr e s ls c inq j a n vi e r gr e c qu e rapidité r e n ai ss an c e

, , , , ,

fu r eu r c ar fi er marbr e a c h et er b o u c h er am er ; e n fe r
, , , , , , ,

h iv er m e ss i eu rs rhé t o riq u e int err o gati o n i rrégu li e r h o r

, , , , ,

ribl e c o u rai s c o urrai s s aint s ervan t t estam en t p enser

, , , , , , ,

vi s ag e p es an t d esig n er a n ti s o c ial c o n tr esen s

'
ass e m b les , , , , , ,

tran s ac ti o n trans itif tran s ir as b es t e pr esbyt er e l es q u ell es

, , , , , ,

m es d em o i s ell es s es s e c r ets v ers a s c ass i s fils , , , , , ,

ibi s j adi s li s ( nou n) mars m oeu rs O S ( si ngu la r) path o s

, , , , , , ,

plu s q u e—parfait rhin o c ero s e ns u s u s fl eu r d e lis ses h o m

-

, , , ,
- -

m e s ab so l u di s c ipl e es c lav e s c o las tiq u e s c hi sm e typ e u til e

, , , , , , , ,

th em e athlete c ité l ettr e fo rmati o n dipl o mati e p ro p h e

, , , , , ,

t i e fa c éti e ux amitié inimiti é hériti e r Gau ti e r h u i t i é m e

, , , , , , ,

m o de sti e i n epti e balbu ti er i niti er diges ti o n galimatias

, , , , , ,

éti o l er hui t c o rr e c t ex a c t i n ta c t stri c t es t

, ,
z es t , , , ,
.

al OSS a n ti se ptiqu e appétit ari s to c rati e bal s amiqu e

, , , , ,

b s a u c o u p , bi s b o u la n g e r c ap c apri c i eux c atarrh e c en s, , , , , ,

c hamp c h o se c oeu r
, c o n ta c t c o rp s c u ill e r d e s c riptiv e e n
, , , , , ,
 E XE RC I S E S 85

pl us e nti er é p it re est
,
été é t h s r étio l er fat hélas
, , , , , , ,

hi er hu it huit livr e s ls huit dé c embre in ertie infe c t in

, , , , , ,
’ ’
s i s ter iri s irrémédiabl e j a c q u é rais j ac q u errai s j e ro mp s
, , , , , ,

lap s les leS idé es livr es l o u p m ai s mass a c r e matiere

, , , , , , , ,

m esdam es méti s m o iti é m o n si eu r o as i s O b sc u re o pp o sé

, , , , , , ,

o u es t o urs ,
papi er pas teur pathétiqu e p ho sp h o rs pitié
, , , , , ,

p o ser p rero g a t iv e prétenti o n pro m en er p ro mptitu d e

, , , , ,

p syc hiqu e qu elqu efo i s qu inz e qu o iqu e ra co nt eu r rs do m p

, , , , ,

t er r egl e r elap s r o yal s ab o t s c a n dal e s cen e sen s sen s

, , , , , , , ,

co mm u n se pt se pt pl u m e s ls se pt j u ill e t s e pti em e s o c iété

, , , , , ,

so rti e s u b s ta n ti e l
,
s u gg es ti o n tac t ta n t e t erre t erreu r , , , , , ,

t é t e t o u S tran s alpi n tran se pt trans it tran ssu b s tanti e r

, , , , , ,

ve rs v is (nou n) vo lo nti ers vrai s emblan c e

, , ,
.

uni qu e pur eté , ,

b u , é c u ,
c h a c u n ,
dé fu nt ,
parfu m , u n h o mm e ,

nu ag e minuit , ,
fu ite , gui tar s , qu alité , bagu e , épiqu e , argu e z ,
n o u s argu o n s aigu ille , c o nt igui t é , lingu i st s , ao ut , mau dir e ,
'

po te au j o yeux haut eu r soeur o u vr ag e o u gu érir essuyant

, , , , , , , ,

r evu e har an g ue am b igué

, ,
.

a m b igui t é bat e au c oeu r co ntigu e dén u é e mpru nt e r e n

, , , , , ,

nu y er feu g o ut gu e rr e hu mbl e i ls a rgu erent lingu al

, , , , , , ,

mau vai s nu p eu r ph o nétiqu e qui tte r r ecu r emu er ru e

, , , , , , , ,

s o u t e ni r t aq ui n e r t uli p s u n arti c l e u ti l e v os u v o u s argu e z

, , , , , ,
.

92 95 —

v al et Viva cité friVOle levre xyl o graphi e expan sif

, , , , , ,

e xqui s fixer maxim e prétexte exam en exempl e exi ster

, , , , , , ,

e xu b er an c e h ex ag o n e sexagé n air e ex c e ntriqu e e xc itati o n

, , , , ,

e x s u d e r d ixi em e pri x c ru c ifi x v eux c h o u x c han c eu x d ix

, , , , , , , ,

ls S ix j u i n d ix hu i t i em e laryn x o n yx d ix ans n o ye r tuyau

,
-

, , , , , ,

m o yen asseyi o n s c ypres byzanti n s tyl e sympathi e syn

, , , , , ,

taxe zigzag z o u ave azur as s ez é c o u te z

, , , , ,
.
86 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S
all e z b azar c ro ye z deux dix hu it dix n euf dynamite
, , , ,
-

,
-

, ,

e mpl o yi e z ex a c t e x altati o n
, e x c éd er ex c i se r
, exhibiti o n , , , ,

e x pir e r e xs angu e e xt e n si o n fau v e flux f u ri eu x h exam et re

, , , , , , ,

inexo rabl e lynx lyriqu e paix p ré fix rayo nn er revs six

, , , , , , , ,

S ix ami s S ix c ray o n s
, s ixi em e so ix ant e
, s yn di c at t ext s
, , , , ,

thym ve nin v exer vrai xyl o phag e y y eux zéphyr z o ne

, , , , , , , ,
.

—
98 99
a . Di vi de these words i nt o sylla bles as i n sp eech, u si ng p ho
neti c s cri p t : b o u qu et gro s seu r i n
fi ni , , ,
iqu ité , faco nner, ma
c hi n e ,
gag n e r man g eo n s habill er bataillo n enfan tine
, , , , ,

fi gu i er Juli ett e giro u e tt e d e p ui s sec o u e r ép u i s é a p p o i n

, , , , , ,

t em en t s s o c iété n o bl e s s e s abr e
,
e mpl e tt e
,
hydro ph o bi e , , , ,

attra c ti o n g o nfler i slam R i c he lieu agri c u ltur e agr es

, , , , ,

s if mi c r o s c o p e
, m u rm urs ab s o l u q u e lqu efo i s ex c e ll e n c e
, , , , ,

arbri s seau m eu rtri er dext rem ent é l e c triqu e pays age tra
, , , , ,

vaill o n s bagu e s nt ré e a c h eter r ed eve nir exempl e philo

, , , , , ,

so phi e e n s e ign er
,
mépri s diph t ho ngu e m o nar chi qu e c o n
, , , ,

tra c ti o n o n c tu eux , .

a c tif amu ser app uyé apreté athlétiqu e atlantiqu e b a

, , , , , ,

tai ll e b o u c h eri e c ac h er c ahi er cli e nt c o lo ni ser c o n diti o n

, , , , , , ,

c o n d u ir e c o n s tit u ti n c o ntré s d ifii c ile di sc iplin e d o c il e

, o , , , , ,

do u c em ent é c rir e égli s e épargner épiqu e é t h s r exa c t

, , , , , , ,

fi d é li t é filtrati o n flé au gra ss ey er gu i c h e t héb r e u hygi en e

, , , , , , ,

i n c li n er i sraélit e j u ge r manqu er marbr eri e m u ni c ipalité

, , , , , ,

n etto yer n o bl e O bligé O ffrir o u vrag e p o urpré régn er

, , , , , , ,

s éd u i s ant s o ng er s o u li e r to u rt e r ell e s Vi llag e

, , , ,
.

b . Di vi de the sa me w o rds i nt o s ylla bles as in sp elli ng and

w ri ti ng .

—
100 10 1

S tress p rop erly t he fo llowi ng words a nd grou ps : ch at rat , ,

c hi e n ; tabl e , c h ai s e , livre ; b o nn et , c hap e au ,

c a s q u e tt e ;

a n im e r su bj u gu er dirig er ; ab su rdité i neffacab le a rt ifi c iel ;

, , , ,

uni fo rmité i n c apac ité i n égalité ; imp o ssibilité insupp o rt a

, , ,
 E XE R C IS E S 87

blem ent , dédain individu alis ati o n vrai

c o nst it u t io nellem ent , , ,

inv rai sem b lab lem ent int ell ig e n c e u s er indi c ibl e e xpa n s i o n ; , , , ,
’
d es livr es d es pl u m es d es c rayo n s ; q u i l dit q ui ls dit il
, , , ,
’
ls dit ; c e st a m o i r empla c ez le s all e z Vit e ; un s ignal e ,
-

,
’
m ent nu signs all emand ; il les apprit il les a pri s ; J e an m a
, ,

do nné c a il es t tro p habil e p ré t ez m o i d es plum es ; v o us

, ,
-

’ ’ ’
s av e z q u il e s t la c é t ai t ls p e tit tamb o u r l e nfant était , ,
’ ’
c o u c hé ; ls c apitain e s arré t a il me se t i nt p as s ati s fait c é t ai t , ,

fait d es ménag em e nt s .

103
T ell whet her t he s tres sed v ow el n ea ch o f these words i s
a .
i
long or s ho rt a nd why: été inimitié s e c él é m ent b e au , , , , , ,

ég alité c o ns e il fill s grave c h o se c hauffag e m o rt d erri er e

, , , , , , , ,

c ir e bé t e m em e ab i m e Sur tasse plain s n egre s aul s

, , , , , , , , ,

z o ne feutr e f ei n dre humbl e c hambr e so mbre blo nd s

, , , ,
“

, , ,

impo rtan c e p o nt ,
.

ai mabl e al o rs am e b i ent Ot c h anté chau m e c lasse

, , , , , , ,
’
c ro yan c e é lé v e épau l e fet e fini , g ant g r a n d s j e m p ru nt e, , , , , ,

m
,

j g
u s ma ni,
er e m e u t e o i , m o nd e m o r o se n e u tr e
, o n c l e , , , , ,

pere qui tt e r rble seuil s impl e te ndr e v e ill e v eins yeux

, , , , , , , , ,

z o u ave .

b . P ronou nce t he words , bri n gi ng ou t clea rly t he difi eren ce

'

between the long a nd s hor t vowels .

—
104 108

Rea d t hese p hras es , ma ki ng t he p rop er li a i sons : B i en

aimabl e , tro p aimé , d erni er avis , nuit e t j o ur , c h e z eux , pie d
a t e rr e , du boeuf 5 1a m o d e , u n l o n g hi v e r , de b o n s ami s , d eu x
-

e nfants il y e n a en avant ri en a fairs m o n e nfant un

, , , , ,

ho mm e vo u s av e z il s o nt le s égli s es d e gran d s edifi c es ces

, , , , ,

é lé v es un grand h o mm e d e pe ti t s O i se aux d e s langu es

, , ,

etra n gere s d es b ain s agréab l e s les bras éte nd u s d es ami s

, , ,

heu reux fau t il é c rivent—ils parl o ns eu all e z y tres é to nn é

,
-

, ,
-

,
-

, ,

plu s h eur eux mo ins at t ach e dans un livr e s an s ami s e n , , , ,

88 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PH O N E T I C S

Itali e devant e ll e so u s u n c i el bl eu s el o n e ll e d e t emp s e n

, , , ,

t emp s m o t a m o t p as a p as t o u t a c o u p d e plu s en plu s

, , , , ,
’
v i s a Vi s
- -
t o u t a l h eu re u n no m étrang er lui et ell e u n
, , , ,

O bj e t ev i d en t c eS hu it livr es d ix h u it ses o nz e e nfant s en

, ,
-

, ,

e n hau t les hér o s les h er o i n es le S au t eu r s les h au

’
e au , , , , ,

t eu rs m es hain es d e s habit s se S y eu x au x h o mm e s les

, , , , ,

h ari c o t s un i nu nid d es h arp es j e les hai s

, , , ,
.

109
P oi n t ou t i n thes e w ords t he ca ses o f a ssi mi la ti o n s w hi ch a re

regu la r o r m i ght ab s o lum ent ab s t eni r

oc cu r i n ra p i d s p eec h : , ,

O bt e n i r m é d e c i n to u t d e suite u ne tasse de thé ils ns

, , , ,

s av e nt p a s f e mm e d e C hambr e l a d e ss o u s
,
e n fa ce d e lu i ,
-

, ,

c o u p d e pi e d a c Ot é d e s a c hai se 1s s e c o n d u n e ma ss e de
, , ,

b aign eur s an ec d o t e O b scur b eau c o u p d e c h o ses

, , ,
.
90 A HAN DB OO K OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
— 137, lr, lr
sit
le m e xt r l l
p y, p y , m 1
.a p l ym .

36 l
py py
.
,
l m ,
18 » l
p ym .

ls m e xt r b5 m et n5 , 35 ,
. e . w la plym?
35 . la p lym 8 s ur

lo me xt r . me m 5 n am i !

5 5 . syr ! s yr 1a t a zb l .

ls m e xt r . m e wi l m 5tn5 rep et e : ,
1a plym e

t a zb l .

3 5 . la l
py m e syr 1a t a zb l .

mari . pard5 ,
m sj d . 5 so n .

ls m e xt r . e bjé ! la 1s5 e fi ni . O rv wa x
r me z

1a kluxs . O rv w a xr m esj o .

2 . a: n a drwa k alk ylat w u II

( E: po v
x re s av w aj a xr Ire gards a v ek 5 Vi 1a b u ti k d (B

b u15 3e II 1s p t i pé s tal e syr yn t a xb l I ek s it e S5 11 a pe t i , I

.

m e z il n a v e p(1 z Cs s u d 5 s a p o5 “
‘
.

“ ”
5 fé il 5 xt r e dm fi xd : II k 5b j é se p t i ps? I I d u z z p ur
5 5xz su , rep5 1 b u l5 5 e II “
d ! du xz p ur 5 xz Su ; I t re .

b j e ” 3 are d 5 i k 5 xz p e ti p é p ur di su , I di s p ur n¢ s u , I
.

noef p ur ui eu , Iq i t p u r se s u , Ise t p ur Si su , I si s p ur S8

su , I 8 5 1k pur k at r e su , Ik a t re p u r t rw a su , It rw a p ur d¢
I p
d I ( B p ur rj é ” e b j é , ms i¢ , Ios sos l
‘

¢ su,
'
su, u r e .

m sy fi ; | a v ek votre p erm i s j , 3
5 9 m 5 3re solq i si .
II f

m ersi ,
I|
”
m sj ¢ , I r!
s O rv w a x

3 . la pt i t fi xj e 1 k 5 dyk t oe xr II
yn p e tit fi j
x e t as i z z sce l Id 5 1 k w E d 5 3 v ag5 d e Sm d
?)

fe xr II ls k 5 dyk t oe xr p o z s p ur pr5 xdrs ls bij e ; I

.
I p
1a t i t
fi xj pre z 5 xt ( i s bij e d e dm i p las I I .

k el (1 x3 av e v u ? Ilui di 1 k 5 dyk t ce xr I I .
 PH ON E TI C RE ADIN GS 91

3 k
e Sé x 5 , m osj ¢ .
II
-

vu n av e pa l
py d k
sex
— n5 , mosj o; II 5 m
S é d fe xr 5 e S é xk 5, I a la m ez 5 3 5
n s se t .
“
-
u I e v u v w a ase j z es i S 5 31? ”
n5 , m os j o I , se t d am laba O milj e , dy v a g5 , 8 ma

e k el 0 x
5 v otre t 5 1t at 8 1? I
sl a v é t noev
el 11 a k v é t noev 5 ? I
w i m esh ”
,
.

k el 0 x3 av e t 8 1 l an s dernj e xr? “
s l av e v é t nosv
e k el av e t 81 l a ns a v 5 ? “
v é t noev 5 ; II a el t u gu xr v et n oev 5 .
I

4 . l urs e ls do Sasoe xr
de ! e s am
. e j 5 b oz w é d ar35 , I a 1e x
r
'

t ruv e
'

Cs m arS5 d
furyxr, I e m 5tan v w az i n Iil j a ( is n urs
lui di zr : II
“
d5 1a ,

e no rm d 5 nu z av 5 tru v e 1a p i st I I n u s o m se r t é d lo tq e I I . .

S i v u v u l e nu d o n e S5 fr5 Inu v u z a p ort r5 b j et o s a po

”
lI , .

lo m arS5 l o ar d ona ls S 5 fr5 I e ls d o Sas os xr p a rt i xr p ur

'

1a m 5 t ap I I a p e n
x j e t.e t il z ariv e I k o 1 ur s s av 5 s a v er

p 0 p t i t ro I 5 p u s 5 d e g ronm 5 z efrej 5 II
, ,
.

lorsk o ls Sas ce xr 1 a p ersy xr I il fyr s e z i d t errmxr Ie Ser ,

S e xr lo m w aj é d eSa p e O t erri b l anim a l ”1 d : d it grep a syr .

( i s n arb r Is 1 o z t ro S k u S
, a par t e x
r I ro t e S 5 su fl e fi 1m o z r I I ,
.

1 m s v 5 lo flere do t u 1s ko t e ; II m e v w aj 5 k il no b ugs
p a Ie k il no r es pir e pa I il lo kry m o xr I e S s lw ap a S 5
'

, ,

lq i fer do m al Ikar 1s z a s n em pd 1s k adu xv r “

, . .

k 5 l urs y dis p ary Ilo Sasmxr k i et s syr l a rbre des5 di I , ,

S a p roS a d S 5 k 5 p ap 5 e lq i dm 5 d a I p ur S m ak e do lui : I I ,
“
k e s k o l urs t a di t a l ore xj ? II ”
92 A HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHO N E TI C S
il m a di ,
”
I re p 5 d i l o i t r,
“
k il no‘

t o pd dro
v5x
-

1a
p o ( 1 l u rs av 5 d 1 av w a r t q e .
”
I

5 GE m arge I
‘

’
fe v ni x m et sé I
'

os w e] av a x
r r Cs p u r v wax
r sa fam t r s
m ala d .
II lo m et sé I ki kou s se S5 n om , d om 5 z d k 5 n a r5 x
3
d a b o zr se z on ore x
r .

“
s wa t Idi ,
”
1 av a x
r, I so vu d onre do S5 fr5 , Ik o vu

t
‘
t yj e ma fam u k v u la g eri sj e .
”
I
lo m e t s é ak se p t , I me malgr e se
‘
sw e , I la fam m am:
k elk o t 5z apre Iil v j é reklo m s S 5 n ars5 II ,
‘

“
k el a rs5 ? Idi 1 a v a xr I I
“
g r ma
”
a v e v u e i fam ? I .

“
n5 I Iso 11 l e p d g e,
r i II .

r v u l av e t q s ? I I
”
a lo x

t ue lll O I k el o rce xr ! v u s av e b j e k o n5 I .

e bjé pq isk o v u n l av e u i g e ri I u i t q e Ik o
, ,

dm 5 ds v u ? ”

6 . 1e ry e ls k afe II
1 as pe d la ry d5 ls vil fr5 se xz I a k elk oSo xz do parti
‘ '

k ylj e I I l
.s z abit 5 p a s b o k u d t 5 d o o r
x I e ls ry S 5 r5 d y
O sl a gre ab l k o poSi b LI I
‘

1»

d5 1s gr 5 d v i l I ls ry S 5 lar5 e pl5 t e d arb r ; IIse pr om

,

na d S ap e l b u lv a : r I I ls n 5b r o b u lv a z r Ik i trav e r s par i 5
S
.

t u S5 z s I k 5 t rib y a fexr do Set v il Ila ply b el kapita l dy

m 5 xd ; II ls z esp us z uv é xr I ki S nom pla s IS 5 r5 dy g e par ,

d e z arb r e de f5 t s zn II .

la parti d la ry rez erv e O pj et 5 I e kuv ert d asfalt u d

g r a v j I j
e il a
,
d e b 5 s u le z a rb r I u 1 5 p o s o r p o z e II 5 n .

a r oz fre k am 5 le ry 5 n e t e I p u r 5 p e S e la p q ex r d S ,

elv e I I
.

do u 5b r o kafe Id eb ord5 syr le t rot w a xr I : ev it so ki pu t s ,

94 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S

8 . 1a gramm a r l

n
se x p rom e r
x j .
“
36 , m i m a SY. Ipui b lfi S
x II
( 0 lv e dy rido , 3 5 r5 x
3 d la v ess l I dov 5 t ( is b yfe ki S

t ruv a n S , O p ro m e j p 15 .
I)
35 .
— l 5 nq i d 1a v e se l I 5t 5
k l a r5 3 e I S e k i t o la
II ( II)
‘

d er5 3 s . Cs s alad e j lui s ap S de m e e S k a xs .

m a Sy ( 5 t r5 ) .
p a f! II
35 . s ak r ob lol l lo s ala d e j dore lI
I
m aSy . t y t rav a xj b j é , It w a lII
3 5 . al Sl n e ko l v e t erine x
r! II vu m av e fe pou r .
”
m aSy .
— k e S ko va dir m sj o kab usa , I t 5 m e t
x r , I5

v wa j 5 se t fabrik do k as t ap et ? ”
35 ( ram a s 5 le m o r s o ) — i 11 la v e ra .
pa o

m or s o O f5 dy 3 a rdé .
II 3 e la yn p etit fo xs .

a b rik ot e
j IIS e m o m I e.
g a z o n e “ .

b l5 xS ( 5 t r5 par la drw a t I pr om i s p15 II ) —

3 I
5 ! ( ap e r , .

Sov 5 m aS y) a l b
l 3 5 a.z r m sj o m aS yI .

m a Sy ( s alq 5 ) m a dm w a z el II . .

b l5 xS ( a t y n a p a v y l s aladj e d ore ? I I
3 (
5 k a S5 ls m o r s o d 5 S 5 tabli e II
) n5 m a dm m i z s LII .
,

b l5 : S 3 o 1.
S I
e r S p u r y m e t d e fr o m ” .

3 5 .
— i dwat s t re s t s d 5 1 b yfe d la s al a m 5 3 e I .

b l5 : S .
—
3 v s v wax
r I S e t et on5 la k 5 t it e d v ess l

ki di spare
35 .n ka z s p urt5 e
— 5 I (b l5 xS So xr p ar la gO : S, I
pre m i e plfi ll) -

T his l ti n i s e ec o s an i ll t ation of fam ili a c onv s ation l styl

us r r er a e .
 PHO N E TI C RE ADIN GS 95

8 8 111 do II
36 , I m aSy, pq i kab u sa ll

m aSy . a I a
bj é ,d l apl 5 t w ty
a ! I ,

3 5 . d a m I s i 8 1 Sa
,
v e k S 5 s a la d j e e k as e Isa lq i frs .

( 1 la pe xn I a se t d o m w a z e l I
,
.

m aSy — a Sa l| 3 o v j e p u r la v aS
.
II .

3 5 . 0 1] S e t i n y t il II .

m aSy p.u r k w a ? II
35 . s l 8 m o rt II il par e k 8 1 a v e t aval e ( is p t i m or so

d k a r at I mal . 5 t e re II .

a ! Iv w ala ll t y n kr oxz p a z as e II
m aSy — . .

3 5 —. s e vr e I m e i f e .S i S pq
O.
d . i oe m w a !
m aSy a S a l] S e t O3urd q i l gr 5 3u x r ! It 5 m et dwa t
— .

s t d 5 t u se z e t a II .

35 .
p u rk w a ? “
m aSy . s 8 d5 doz cm Ik 5 v a eli r 1 prez 1d5 dy komis
agrik ol d arp a 35 .
lI
3 5 . k rw aj s vu k m os j o k ab usa sw a m om s ? “
m a Sy .
3n 5 dut pa ” 3 e de3 a by tre z v er ( 1 Vé l
— .

8 S 5 11
.
II
5t 5 sj 5 .

3 5 . v re ? II js b e s a n par e pa II ,
.

m aSy 3 o
. ka b a l p u r t 5 m e t
x r
“ 3yst I 3 e la pra
S e .
,

t ik ( 1 la m ez 5 I I .

3 5 —
. i1 a ( B k 5 k y r 5
”

I k j e t as m a l e I m sj o S a fi n e I ce , ,

n 5 s1e n av w e II d o p q i ( is m w a I.i n fe k k o z e a v e k
ls p ei z 5 II .

e m j o k Sa lI dim 5 x S dernj e , I il a et e a
— i f
m aSy . .

p ari , I e il 5 n e rv ony Iav ek yn S ek 5 te n do pt i b al5 ru x3

ki S 5 le xv t u S0 31 II e i ls z a di st ri b ue gra tis I 0 z 5f5 ( 1
la klas a g rik ol .
”
3 5 .
— a! I S e t re fo xr lI
m aSy wi , | m e 3
.
— e pare 1 kn ”3 s rep5 dy 1 b rq k
ls b a15 Iati re 1a gre xl .
IIe 5 1s z a t us k I
rov e I .
96
.
A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TICS

3 5 . dipl oma t k o S p er m aSyllI

k el
m a Sy — nu n v ul5 pa d S a fi ns II a ba S a fi ne lll ( is n
“

5 trig5 II ki f
. e Vni t d e t 5 xp I S 5 v e t e ri n e xr l ll
35 . a ll v w a la lll

ma y S k i nu t o s e m sj o k ab usa l oe n om Sob r
—
.
,

5 po di i r k S e t os sav 5 l so1q i
'

la lIl
35
—. k 5 t a Sa li r.es t d e z cm z 5 t j s xr d 5 S 5 k a

bine I av ek Cs liv a la m 5
,
‘

l l cm f ik s .
I la t e xt im o .

b il l k o
.m S i n k 5 p ro n e pa Il .

m aSy i rs fleSi Il
. .

3 5 —. i k ro x
z I ( a p er so v 5 k ab u sa ll) l o w a s i .
I
(m 5t r5 1s m orso dy saladj e “ ) 3 v s fe xr k o m lu I 3 vs
i
k roxz e .

9 . lo S ezu e l roz o I
lo Se zu I5 3 3ni r l dit O ro z o II
v u z av e b j e s y3e I d a k yz e 1a n at yx r ;ll

( i t rw a t o le Ip ur v u Ie t os po z 5 fardo ;ll
‘

lo m w Sxdro v 5 Iki d av 5 t yz r I
fe rid e la fas do l O ” ,

v u z o bli i 3 I a b es e 1a te xt ; I

se p 5 d 5 k o m 5 fr5 ll 0 k o k a xz p are : j ll
, ,

n 5 k 5 t 5 d ar e t e l 1s rej 5 dy s ole x j ll .
,

b ra xv 1 efo xr do la t 5 p e xt I .

t u v u z e t akil5 I I t u
,
m o s 5 xb lo r I
z efi x I .

5 k o xr I S i v u n es j e z a l abri dy fcs j a x3 l
d 5 39 k u xv ro lo v w a z ina x3 l ,

v u n o rj e p a t 5 t a s ufri x r ;ll

3 o v u d e f5 d 3 ll
r e do 1 o r a x z

m e v u n o s e Ilo ply s uv 5 l
s yr ls z ym i xd b az r I d e rw a j o zm dy v 5 I I
1a na t yxr I5 v e xt v u l mo s5 zb lo b j S n 5 3ys t II
“
v otre k 5pa sj 5 ll lui rep 5di 1 arbyst ll
”
,
98 HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
88 t w az o d o fla xm , I
se t astro dy 3u xr, l
se o t floe xr do 1 a xm , l
s apelo 1 amu xr I .

v ik t o x
r ygo .

l1 . l alb at ros Il
s uv 5 I p ur S a m y e
z ls z om o d eki pa x
3
p re no z albatr o s l v asto z waz o de
de , m e xr,
ki s q i xv o Ied 515 k 5 pan5 d o v wa j a x3 l
, ,

lo nav i xro gli s5 I syr 1s gufro z am e xr .

a p e n
x I
o i l d 1s
e p ozz e5s yr 1stp 15 S, I
x

k o s e rw a do 1 a z yxr, l m ala drw a I e 5 t o, l

le xso pit oxz om 5 Iloer gr5 xdo z elo b l5 xS
k om o de z avir 5 l tr en e r a ko t e d o .
ll

r ele
so v w a a3 oe x j I k om il e go xSe ll
v os x I
lui , n ag e x
r SI bo, k il 8 komi k e 18 1]
1 Ce n l b ry lo gos xl, l
‘

a g a so S5 b ek av ek Cs

l o xt ro mim 5 bwa t 5 I l Sfirm o ki v ole ! I

lo p oe xt e S 5 b la xb l O p ré xso de ny e xl
ki 5 xt o 1a t 5 p e xt Ie s o ri do 1 arSe ;I l
eg z i le syr lo S ol IO m i lj o d e y e x, l

se z e xo l do 3e5 l 5 pe xSo do m arSe .

Il
b o dle xr .
 F RE N C H SE LE C T I O N S F OR
O RA L P RA C T I C E

1 . A F A BL E IN VE RSE WIT H I NTER LI NEAR

,

P HO NE TI C S CR I PT
Une gr e n o u ill e vit un b oeu f
yngr onu xj o v it é b oef

Q ui lui se mbla de b e lle taille .

k ilq is5 b 1a d ob elt a xj

’
E lle q ui n é t ait p as gr o ss e en to ut c o mm e u n oeuf,
e lo ki ne t e p a gro xs k om Oem
'

5t u
’ ’
E nvi eu se , S é t e nd , s t S e nfle , et se travaille
5 v j o xz o ss t 5 fl
es5 x eso t rav a x j
’
Po u r égale r l a nim a l e n gro sseur ;
p ur eg a le lani m al 5 gros aaxr

Di s ant : R egarde z bi en ma , soeu r ,

re g ard eb j e m asoe xr
’
Es t -
cs a ss e z ? di t e s -
moi ; n y su s i j s po i n t e n co re ?
-

d it m w a ni s q i3p w et 5 k o xr
'

’ ’
N e nn i M y vo i c i d o n c ? Po i nt du to ut M y o a? v il
naB i m iv w as id 5 xk p w é dy t u m iv w ala
’
Vo u s n en appro c he z po int . La c hétive péc o re
Ia Se t i xv p ek o xr
’ ’
S e nfla S i bi e n q u elle c reva .

S5 fla S ib jé k elk rov a

Le m o n de e st plei n de ge n s q ui ne s o n t p as plu s sages

lo m 5 xd ep led o 35 k in os 5p a p lys a x3

T o ut b o u rge o i s veu t b atir co mm e les gra n ds se igneu rs ,

t ub ur 3w a v ob at i x
r k o m le gr 5 sep oe xr

T o u t p etit pri n c e a d eS ambass a deurs ;

t u p ot ip r é xs ad e z 5 b as ad oexr

T o u t marq u is v eut av o ir d es pages .

t um ar k i v o t a v w ar d ep a x3

LA F O NT A INE , la Greno u i lle qu i veu t se fa i re

a u s si gro s se qu e te boeuf .

99
 00 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHO N E TI C S

2 . N AR R A TIVE P R O SE
M me
Lo i sel co n nu t la v i e h o rribl e d e s né ces siteux Ell e .

’ ’
prit so n parti d ai lleu rs t o u t d un c o u p h é ro i q u em ent Il
, , , .

fallait payer c ette d ett e effro yabl e E lle paye rai t O n ren . .

vo ya la b o nn e ; o n c hange a de l o gem ent ; o n lo u a so u s les

to its une mans arde .

E ll e c o nn u t les gr o s travaux du ménag e le s O di euses b e ,

so gn e s d e la c u i s in e E ll e lava la vai sse ll e u s ant s e s o ngl es

.
,

ro ses su r les p o teri es grasses e t ls f o n d de s c ass er o l es E ll e .

’
s av o n n a ls li n g e sale les C h e mi s e s e t le s t o r c h o n s q u ell e
, ,

fai s ait S é c h e r su r u ne co rd s ; ell e d esc e n dit a la ru e C haqu e ,

’ ’
matin leS o rd ur e s et m o nta l e au S arré t ant a C haqu e étag e
, , ,

p o u r s o u tfler E t v é t u s c o mm e u ne femm e du p e u ple e ll e

.
, ,
’
alla c h e z ls fru iti er c h e z l é pi c i er c h e z le b o u ch er le pani er
, , ,

au bra s ,
mar c handa n t inj uri es d efend ant s o u a so u so n
, ,

m i s erab le arge n t .

II fallait C haqu e m o i s pay e r d eS bill e t s e n r e n o u ve l er ,

’
d a u t res O bt e n ir du t emp s
,
.

Le m a ri travaillait le S O i r a m ettr e au n e t le s c o mpte s

f

, ,
’
d u n c o m m erca nt e t la n ui t s o u v ent il f ai s ait d e la c o pi s
, , ,

a c inq s o u s la pag e .

E t c s t t s v i e d u ra dix an s .

A u b o u t d e dix a ns ils avai e nt t o u t r es titu é t o u t ave c ls

, , ,
’ ’
taux de l u su re s t l a c c u m ulat io n d eS i nt é ré t s sup erp O S é S
, .

M ad am e L o i sel sembl ait vi e ill e maint e n ant E ll e était , .

d evenu e la femm e fo rt e s t du re s t ru d e d eS m é nag es

’

, , ,

pau vr e s M al p eig n é e ave c le s j u p es de trav ers s t leS mai n s

.
,

ro u ges ell e parlait hau t lavait a grands eau les plan c h ers
, ,
.

’
M ai s parfo i s l o rs qu e so n mari était au bur eau ell e S a s
, ,

se yait a u p res d e la f e n etr e s t e ll e s o ng e ait a c e tt e So irée ,

-

’
d a u t refo i s 5 es bal O u ell e avait é t é Si b ell e e t S i f et es
,
. .

’
Q u e s erait il arrivé S i e ll e n av ai t p o int pe rdu c s t t s p a
-

ru re ? Q ui s ait ? q u i s ait ? C o mm e la v i e est s i n g uli ers ,

 A B A N DEéDdK wF R E N CH PH ON E TI C S
'
‘
102 o
F

P O IRI ER .
’
‘
A u ssi no y o us c o ns ult é
'

j e p ;
a s j e Vo u s m s ts au

cou rant vo il a t o u t
,
.

GA S T O N Ah ! vo u s u s m e c o nsult ez p as ?
.

PO I RI E R C e la Vo u s é to nn e ?
.

’
GAS T O N Un p eu ; mai s j e vo us l ai dit j e su is en b elle
.
,

hum eur .

P O IRIE R M a pr emi ere refo rm s m o n ch er garc o n

.
,

GAS T O N Vo u s vo ul e z di re m o n c h er Gas t o n j e p ens e ?

.
,

La langue vo us a fo ur c hé .

’
P O IRI E R C h er Gas t o n cher garco n ! c est to ut un l De
.
,

b e au per e a g e n dr e la famili arité es t p e rmi se

-

, .

GAS T O N E t de vo tre part m o n s i eu r Po iri er elle m e

.
, ,
’
fla t t e s t m ho no re Vo us dis i e z do n c q u e vo tre pr emi ere
.

refo rm s ?
’
P O I RI E R . t m o n si eu r q u e vo u s m e fass i e z ls plai sir de
C es , ,

ne pl us m e g o u aill e r Je su i s las d e v o u s s ervi r de plas tro n

. .

GAS T O N La la m o n s i eu r Po iri er ne vo u s fac h ez p as !

.
, , ,

P O IRIE R Je s ai s tres bi e n q u e vo u s m e t en ez po ur u n
.

tres p etit p er s o n n age et po u r u n tres p e tit esp rit mais

GAS T O N O u pre n e z vo u s c ela ?
.
-

’
P O I RI E R M ai s vo u s s au re z qu il y a plus de cervelle d ans
.

ma p ant o u fle q u e so u s vo tre c hape au .

GAS T O N Ah ! fi ! vo il a q ui e st trivial
. vo us parl e z
c o mm e nu h o mm e du c o mm u n .

P O IRI E R J e a s su i s p as nu marqui s m o i !
.
,

G A S T O N Ne ls dites p as Si h au t o n fi nirai t par ls c ro ire

.
,
.

AU G I E R ,
lo Gendre de M P oi ri er.
,
III ,
2 .

4
. C LAS S C I VERSE
’
DO N R O DRIGUE . So us m o i do n c c e tt e tro u pe S a v an c e

E t p o rt s s u r ls fro nt u n e m é le ass u ran c e .

N o u s p art i m es c i n q c e nt s ; mai s par u n pr o mpt r enfo rt , ,

N o us n o us vi m es tro i s m ills en arrivan t au po rt ,

 SE LE C TI O N S FOR ORA L PRACTI C E 103

Ta n t a no u s Vo ir mar c h er ave c u n t el vi s ag e
, ,

Le s plu s ép o u vanté s r epr e nai e nt de c o u rag e !

’ ’
J e u c a c h e le s d eux ti er s au s sit Ot q u arri Vé S
, ,

Dan s ls fo n d d e s vai ss e aux q ui l o rs furent tr o u vés ;

Le res t s d o n t le n o mbr e au gm entait a t o u t s h eu r e
, ,
’
B rulan t d im p at i en c e au to u r d e m o i d em eu re
, ,

S e c o u c h e c o ntr e t e rr e et s a n s fair s au c u n brui t

, ,
’
P asse u ne b o nn s part d u n e Si b ell e nuit .

P ar m o n co mman d em ent la gard e en fait de m em e

, ,

E t se t e n ant c a c h es aid e 5 m o n s t ra t e g em e ;
, ,
’
E t j e fe i n s hardim e n t d a v o ir r e c u d e v o u s
’ ’
L O rdre qu o n m e Vo it suivr e e t q u e j e d o nn e a t o u s .

C O R NE I LLE , le C i d, IV , 3 .

5 LYR I C VER SE
.

’
C t ls
es m o m en t c répu scu lair e .

’
J admire as si s so u s u m p o rtail
, ,
’
C e r es t s d e j o u r d o n t S é c l ai re
La d er n i er e h eu re du travail .

D ans les t e rr es d e nuit baigné es

J s co ntempl e é m u les haill o ns
, ,
’
D u n vi eillard q u i j e tt e a p o igné es
La m o iss o n fu tu r e au x S ill o n s .

Sa hau t e S ilho u ett e n o ire

Do mi n e les pr o fo nd s lab o u r s .

O n s ent a qu e l p o i n t il d o it c ro ir e
A la fu it e u til e d eS j o u rs .

II mar c h e dan s la plains imme n se ,

Va vi ent lan c e 1a grai ns a u l o i n

, , ,

R o u vr e s a mai n e t r eco mm en c e
, ,

E t j e médite O b s cur tém o in

,
.
104 HAN DB OOK OF FRE N CH PHON E TIC S
Pe ndant q u e , d épl o yant
vo il esses ,
’ ‘
L o mbr e o l i se m ele une ru m eu r
, ,
’
S embl e é largir j u s q u a ux ét o il e s
Le g s st e au gu s t e d u sem eu r .

V I C TO R HUG S aison d
O,
“
es sem a illes z

f om C h
r d a ns ons es ru es et des
10 6 A HAN DB OOK OF FR E N CH PHON E TI C S
Re lation f F nch S o nd s to O t ss 6 1
re u S re :

F nch Sp lli g 2
re e In a Singl Wo d 6 1
n : e r :

R o nd d F ont Vo w l s 9
u e r In Conn c t d Sp ch 6 1
e : e e ee :

Logi c al and E m otional 62 :

Se mi nco t 1 3
s o n an s : S yllabi c D ivi s ion 5 9 :

[i ] 13 ; [i W 1 14
: I n Sn, p c h 591 ee :

S igns L tt s d 24
e er In Sp lling and W iting 60
an : e r :

ynth i
,

S ingl W o d S t ss in a 61
e r S
,
re s s 5 9 : e :

So un d l sz T abl f S o nd s Us al Sp lling s e O u u e
of F nch 2
,

re and E am pl s 2 2
: x e :
P od c tion f Sp ch
r u T ill d Con onants 2 1
O ee r e s :
S d l o un sz

R lation of F n c h S o nd s
e
Vo w l s 4
re u
e :

Bac k 8
and F nch Sp lling 2 re e :
:

T ab l f S o nd s Us al Sp ll
e O u
[ ] 8; [
u
] 9
e
a, o : O, u :

ing s and E am pl s 2 2 F ont

x
,
6
e :
r :

Sp c h
ee :
[ i ] 6; [ a ] 7 : e , e, :

Mi d 9
S t ss in Con c t d Sp c h
xe :
re ne e ee

61 [ y ] 10 ; [ ] 1 1 , 9 , es : o :

N a s al 11
Sy llab i c Div i s ion in Sp ch
:
ee
[e 5, 12 ; [ Ge] : 13
59 ,

S p c h S o nd s P od c tion of 1
u
al u :
Or : 4
ee
o r
nd d F ont
-

,
9 R u
S p lling
e r :
:
e

R latione f F nc h S o ds O
Vo w l Q antity
re
63
un
e u :

to F nc h Sp lling 2 re Wo d e : r :

S yllab i c Divi s ion in S p lling F o ign Wo d s 56 e re r :

60 S t ss in a S ingl W o d 6 1 re e r :

T ab l f S o nd s Us l Sp ll
e O Wo d G o ps 6 1
u , ua e r r u :

i g s nd E am pl s 2 2
n a W iting S yllab i c Divi s ion in 60
x e : r , :
T H I S B O O K I S D UE O N T H E L A S T DA T E
P
S TA M E D B E L OW

A N INIT IA L F INE O F 2 5 C E N T S
W IL L B E A S S E S S E D FO R F A IL U R E T O R ET U R N
T H IS BO O K O N T H E DA T E D U E . T H E P EN A LT Y
W IL L I N C R EA S E T O 5 0 C EN T S O N T H E FO URT H
DA Y A ND TO O N THE S EV E N T H DA Y
O V ER D U E .

’
‘
5 F3 b5 2 0 l