BY

PR O F E SSO R H . G R A E TZ

V OL . VI

C O N TA I N I N G ME MO I R O F T H E AU T H OR BY D R PH I L I PP
A . BL O C H
A C H RO N O L O G I C AL TA BLE O F J E W I S H H I ST OR Y
A N I N D E X T O T H E W H O L E W OR K
AN D

F O U R MAPS

PH I LAD EL PH I A
 PR EF A C E T O T H E IN D EX V O LU ME .

W I TH the I n de x V ol u m e the yewis/z Pa é/z m fz on

' ’

Society of A mw z ca b ring s to a cl o s e the Ame rican

'

“
e d it io n o f t he H is to ry o f th e J ew s b y Pro fe s s o r
H G rae t z
. . A gl a n ce at the t itl e p age a nd the
-

t ab l e of co n te n t s w il l s how th a t the cel eb ra te d

,

h is tor ia n c a n n ot b e hel d d ire ctly re s po n s ibl e fo r

a n yth ing th is v ol u m e co n t ain s . T he H is to ry p rop e r ,

as ab r id ge d u n d e r the d ire ct io n o f the a u tho r a n d

tr a n s l at e d in to E ngl i s h fro m th e el e v e n vol u m e

G e rm an e d it io n is co mpl e te in fiv e v ol u m e s I n
, .

co mp il in g th is a dd it io nal vol u m e the P u b l ic at io n

,

C o m m itte e w as p rom p te d b y the d e s ire to re n d e r

the wo rk re a d il y a v ail abl e fo r p e d agog ic a l p u rp o s e s .

T o b e o f v al u e t o the ge n e r a l re a d e r a s wel l a s to
the s chol a r a wo rk co n t a in ing u pw a r ds o f th re e
,

tho u s a n d p age s n e e ds t o b e e qu ip p e d w ith in d exe s ,

t abl e s a n d hel p s o f v a r io u s k in ds
, .

T he imp o rt a n ce o f ind exe s ca n h a r d ly b e ov e r

e s t im a te d T h e E ngl ish juris t a n d w r ite r who co n
.

“
s ide re d the m s o e s s e n t ial th a t he p ropo s e d to
br ing a B il l in to P a rl iame n t to d ep r iv e a n a u tho r
who p u b l is he s a b oo k w itho u t a n I n d ex o f the
p r iv il ege o f copyr ight w a s no t to o e mph at ic I n .

b ook s o f fa ct s s u ch as h is to r ie s in d exe s a re in
, ,

d is p e n s abl e T h is has be e n fu l l y re cog niz e d in

.

28 9 8 21
vi P R E F AC E .

“
t he S oc ie t y s e d it io n o f G ra e t z s H is tory o f the
' '

J ew s . E a ch of the five vol u me s a s it a ppe a re d , ,

w a s fu r nis he d w it h a n ad e qu a te in d ex Ye t the re .

a re two re a s o n s j u s t ify in g a n d eve n re q uir ing the

comp il a t io n o f a ge n e ra l ind ex to the whol e wo rk .

T he fi r s t is the re a d e r s co nve n ie n ce Al l who u s e

'

book s to a ny exte n t k n ow t he a n n oy a n ce of t a k ing

vol u me a ft e r vol u m e from t he s hel f to fi nd the
d e s ire d in form at io n o nly in the l a s t I n fa ct the .
,

s e p a ra te ind exe s we re com p ile d o nly be c a us e

c irc u m s t a n ce s compell e d the p ubl ic a t io n o f the
s ingl e vol um e s a t r a the r l o ng inte rv a l s T he .

o t he r co ns id e ra t io n is th a t Profe s s o r G ra e t z is the
h is to r io g r a phe r p a r ex cel l en ce of the J ew s His .

wo rk a t p re s e n t the a utho r ity upo n t h e s ubj e ct

,

o f J ew is h h is to ry b id s fa ir to hol d it s p re e m ine nt
,
-

po s it io n fo r s o me t im e pe rh a p s d e c ad e s A com
, .

p rehe n s ive ind ex to his wo rk is the re fo re a t the , ,

s a m e t im e a n ind ex t o the fa c t s o f J e w is h his

t o ry a pp rox im a t e ly a s a cc e p t e d by co nte m po ra ry
s chol a r s — a s uffi c ie n t re a s o n fo r it s ex is t e nce .

T o m a ke it a wo rthy g uid e t o J e w is h h is to ry in
g e ne r al t he ind ex n ece s s a r il y ha d to be m o re
,

t h a n a me re com p il a t io n o f t h e five s e p a r a te
ind exe s . I n t he m a t t e r o f the n a me s o f p e r s o n s
a nd pl a ce s , a cc o r d ing ly t he g e n e r a l in d e x excel s
,

the o t he r s in t he full n e s s a nd com pl e t e n e s s o f the

re fe re n ce s. l ut it s ch ie f t it l e t o s up e r io r ity ove r
t h e m l ie s in it s ch a r a c t e r a s a n I n de x o f S u bj ect s ,

il l us tra te d by s uch c a p t io ns a s l l oo o A reuso l zo zz ; ’

'
’
i

Co n versions f E ma n cipa tio n f

’
, o ree o ; Co in s o l /ze
 P RE FA C E . vfi

~ 7
’
ews ; Ba l l s Pap al,
Ap ostasy a nd Ap osl a l es , Ms e

sz a
’

k a nd M i
ess a n c ; i Bel l e u n d e r the he a d ing s La w ,

Tesl a men l Pen l a l en en Semp l n res Sep l nag z n l

'

’
'

Ol a , , , ,

Transl a tion s and V a lg a l e ; E el n ea l z on

’

,
u n d e r the
Col l eg es R a ooz n iea l a nd Ta l mn a z eal L aw
'

’
’

he ad in g s , , ,

Se/z ool s Tal mna ,

’
,
T h e s e s um
a nd Ta l mn a Tora /z ’
.

m arie s w il l b e s u gge s t ive it is hop e d to the te a che r , ,

of J ew is h h is to ry a nd to the s t u d e n t w ith s u ffi c ie n t
d evot io n to the s u bj e ct to p u r s u e it top ic all y a nd
p r agm a t ic ally a s well a s in it s ch ro n ol og ic s e qu e n ce .

A s a n ill us t ra t io n o f wh a t u s e may b e m a d e o f it ,

the com p il e r ha s p refixe d to the in d ex a g u id e to

the s t ud y o f J ew is h h is tory by m e a n s o f the b iog
rap hie s o f it s gre a t me n a n a po s tol ic a l s u cce s s io n , ,

as it we re U n d e r the cl a s s na m e s the re g iv e n
.
-

th e na m e s o f all p e r s o n s o f e a ch cl a s s w il l b e fo u n d
gro u p e d in the ind ex Ag ain if it is d e s irab l e to .
,

t ra ce o u t a top ic a s for in s t a n ce th e d ev elop m e n t

, , ,

of H e b re w gra m m a r o r the c u l t iv a t io n o f m e d ic in e ,

a mo n g J ew s etc th e in d ex is hel p fu l b y m e a n s of
, .
,

it s l is t s o f na m e s o f gr a m m a r ia n s p hy s ic ia n s a s tro n , ,

om e r s h is to r ia n s p oet s e tc un d e r the s e a nd s im
, , , .
,

il ar he a ds .

T o fa c il it a te it s u s e the s t u d e n t is u rge d to re a d ,

the d ire ct io n s p re ce d in g the in d ex G re a t diffi cul .

t ie s a tt a ch to the s y s te m a t ic a r ra nge m e n t o f the

n a m e s of p e r s o n s co nn e cte d w ith a n c ie n t a n d
m e d iaev a l h is to ry o f al l k inds I n J ew is h h is tory .
,

ev e n d ow n to re ce n t t im e s the s e d iffi c u l t ie s a re ,

l argely in cre a s e d b y th e co mp a r a t iv ely l a te in tro

du ct io n a mo ng J ew s o f fa m ily na m e s in th e a ccep te d
vu
i P R E F AC E .

mo d e r n s e n s e a nd by the ir in t ro d uc t io n a mo ng
,

Sp a nis h J e w s e a rl ie r th a n a mo n g the o t he r s T he .

s che m e a d opte d b y Z e dn e r in h is B r it is h M us e u m
.

c a t al o gu e ha s b e e n fol l owe d a s fa r a s the p e c u l ia r i

,

t ie s o f o u r a utho r a n d his s ubj ect a n d it s p re s e n t a ,

fi o n in a rn o de rn l a ng u age p e n n h i e d it The
'

,
.

a rr a nge me n t is n o t id e a l b u t e ve ry e ffo rt h a s be e n
,

m ad e to m in im iz e t he d iffi c ul t ie s .

I n th is p re fa ce p re ce d e n ce ha s b e e n g ive n to the
,

ind ex bec a u s e in s p ite o f the co n s e n s us o f op in io n s

, ,

a mo ng co nn o is s e u r s the im po rt a n ce o f in d exe s a n d
.

the ir u s e fu l n e s s a re in s om e q ua rte r s s t ill hel d to

s t a n d in n ee d o f v in d ic a t io n I n the b ook howeve r
.
, ,

the fi r s t pl a ce is occ u p ie d by a co ntr ib u t io n who s e

v al ue w il l be d is p u te d by n o n e na mely the M em o ir , ,

o f the a u tho r the gre a te s t h is to r ia n o f the J ew s T he

, .

C om m itte e b el ieve s no t o nl y th a t the p ubl ic has a

,

t as te fo r b iogra ph ic a l s t ud ie s b u t th a t in th is in ,

s t a nce n: \vfl l b e cfl ufi c e o f b k)
g ra phe r D r I hil ip p B l och ra bb i o f Po s e n a dis
, .
’
, ,

c i l e o f G r a e t z a n d fo r m o re th a n a q u r t e r O f a
p a

ce nt ury his in t im a t e fr ie nd Al t ho ug h no t q uite

.

s eve n ye a r s h ave e l a p s e d s ince G ra e t z p a s s e d a way ,

a n d m a n y th a t we re cl o s el y a s s oc ia te d w it h h im a re

s t il l a mo ng the l iv ing it w a s n o t e a s y to fi nd t he
,

ma n q u al ifie d fo r the t a s k o f wr it ing his b iogr a phy .

G ra e t z w a s no t incl ine d to b e com m un ic a t ive a bo ut

his e a rl y l ife o r his e mot io na l ex pe r ie n ce s He .

ha d m e t w it h d is a ppo in t m e n t s th a t e m ph a s iz e d t he
re fi c e n c e o f l us n a t ur e f he ve n e ra b h3 \vne o f t he
'

. t

d ec e a s e d h is t o r ia n w as k ind e no u g h t o p u t a l l he r
 P R E F AC E . ix

h u s b a n d s l ite ra ry re m ain s a t the d is po s a l o f the b iog

’

rap he r who h e rew ith a ck n owl e d ge s his d e ep obl ig a

,

t io n to he r fo r the hel p th u s a ffo r d e d his wo rk T he .

gre ate r p a rt of m a te r ia l o f th is k in d e s p e c ially ,

in the form o f l ette r s G ra e t z b u r n t b e fore his l a s t

,

ch ange o f re s id e n ce B u t his in te re s t ing d ia ry w as

.

s p a re d I t w a s k e p t w ith m o re o r l e s s reg u l a r ity

.

fro m 1 8 3 2 t o 1 8 5 4 tho u gh fo r th e l atte r p a rt o f th is

,

p e r io d it is h a r d ly m o re th a n a b a l d s u m m a ry o f
ev e n t s a nd th e d is a p p e a ra n ce o f l oo s e l e av e s c u r
,

t ail s the in form a t io n th a t m ight h av e b ee n g a the re d

’
from it T he b iogr a phe r s th a n k s a re d u e al s o to
.

the B o a r d o f C u r a to r s o f the F ran kel B e qu e s t s

fo r k in d l y p u tt in g at his s e rv ice the d o c u m e n t s in
’
the ir a rch iv e s b e a r ing o n G rae t z s Co n n e ct io n w ith
the B re s l a u J ew is h T heol og ic a l Sem ina ry th u s ,

e nab l ing him to v e r ify fa ct s l o ng in his po s s e s s io n .

D r B l och fu rthe rmo re a v a il e d h im s el f o f D r B

. . .

“
Ripp n e r s in te re s t in g b roch u re Z u m s ie b z ig s te n
’

"
G eb u rt s t age d e s P rofe s s o r s D r H e in r ich G r a et z
.
,

an d o f P ro fe s s o r D r D a v id K a u fm a n n s elo qu e n t ’

“
e u l ogy o f his te a che r H G r a et z d e r H is to r io
.
,

graph d e s J ude n t hums T h e C o m m itte e b el iev e s

.
,

th at in s e c u r ing t he co op e r a t io n o f D r B loch it
- -

has b ee n t he in s tr u m e n t o f el ic it ing a n im p ort a n t

or ig inal co n tr ib u t io n to J ew is h b iogr a ph ic a l l ite r a
t u re .

T he C hro n ol og ic a l T abl e is a n othe r fe at u re of

the vol u m e t o wh ich a tte n t io n m u s t b e c al l e d I n .

the e ighth vol u m e o f the G e rm a n e d it io n o f the

“
H is tory P rofe s s o r G rae t z in tro du ce d a s im il a r
,
X PR E FACE .

t abl e re c it ing t he s ucce s s io n o f e ve n t s fro m the

.

Maccab ze a n s t r u gg l e t o the E xp u l s io n o f the J e w s

fro m Sp a in a n d P o r t ug al T he p re s e n t a naly s is
.

in cl ud e s the whol e o f J ew is h h is to ry u p to the ye a r

1 8 7 3 o f t h is e ra . I t as s um e s to b e n oth ing m ore
“ ”
th a n a s um m a ry o f the H is to ry o f the J ew s by
G r a et z A s n o a t t e m p t ha s be e n m ad e t o ind ic a te
.

whe t he r h is co ncl us io ns a re e nd o r s e d by the s chol a r s

o f o ur day it be com e s a d uty to re fe r to the
,

vexe d q ue s t io n o f B ibl ic a l ch ro n ol ogy S in ce the

—
.

t im e o f A rchb s hop U s s he r ( 5 0
i 1 8 1 6 5 )
6 — n o t to
m e n t io n the T a l m ud ic Seder Ol a /n R a oéa —it
ha s bee n t he s ubj ec t o f d is p ute wh ich is com pl i ,

ca t e d by t he v a r io us e r a s the S e l e ucidae a n the

, ,

Rom a n a nd the E ra o f the \Vo rl d in u s e a mo ng

, ,

the J e w s a t d iffe re n t t ime s E ve n no w the m o s t

.

d ive r s ifie d op in io n s a re hel d by s chol a r s a nd no ,

s y s te m ha s m e t w ith ge ne r al a cce pt a n ce G r a e t z .

d is c u s s e s the m a tte r exh a us t ivel y in N ote 1 9 o f Vol .

“
I O f the G e rm a n o r ig ina l o f his H is to ry H is .

re s e a rche s l e d him to O p p o s e th e re su l t s o f the his

t o ria n s N ieb uh r , E w a l d a nd M ove r s a n d o f the
, ,

A s s yr iol o g is t s B ra nd e s S mit h a n d Schra d e r H e

, , .

incl ine s to the v ie w s o f O p p e rt who a p pl ie d the ,

in fo rm a t io n d e r iv e d fro m t he A s s yr ia n in s c r ip t io n s to
t he v ind ic a t io n o f the B ibl ic a l ch ro n ol o g y n e a rl y as

d e t e rm ine d by U s s he r S in ce G ra et z wrote his n ote

.

a l mo s t a m o u nt ing to a t re a t is e ev id e n ce fo r ,

t he o ne o r th e o t he r o p in io n ha s b e e n s t re ngthe ne d
o r inv a l id a t e d by t he m o re m in ute a nd exte nd e d
s t ud y o f the m o nu me nt s ins c r ip t io n s a nd othe r
, ,
 P R E FAC E . xi

re cor ds o f E gyp t B ab yl o nia a nd A s s y r ia T he

, , .

re a d e r in te re s te d in the s ubj e ct is re fe rre d t o the

wo rk s o f s u ch s chol a r s a s D u n cke r O p p e rt K a mp , ,

h au s e n a nd E du a r d M ey e r
,
.

F in ally it is hop e d th a t th e fo ur m a p s a e com

, ,

p a n y in g the I n d e x V ol u m e w il l m e e t w ith fa vo r a n d
fre qu e n t u s e T he y h av e b ee n in s e rte d in a p ocke t
.

an d n ot b o u n d w ith the b oo k s o th a t they m ay b e ,

re m ove d re a d ily fo r re fe re n ce in co n n e ct io n w ith

a ny v ol u m e the s t u d e n t may b e re a d in g T he two .

m a p s o f P al e s t in e a n d th a t o f th e S e m it ic W o rl d
are rep ro du ce d w ith m o d ific a t io n s fro m P ro fe ss o r
, ,

G eorge A d a m S m ith s fo rthco m ing B ibl e A tl a s’

.

T h e o n e o f th e J ew is h M aho m et a n W o rl d wa s m a d e
-

fo r the Soc ie t y by M r J G B a rthol om e w o f the . . .

E d in b u rgh G e ogr a ph ic al I n s t it u te th e c a rtogr aphe r ,

who d rew th e o the r th re e m ap s T he m ap s o f th e .

J ew is h —M aho m et a n W o rl d a n d the Sem it ic W o rl d

are ge n e r al re fe re n c e m a p s ; the two o f P a l e s t in e

rep re s e n t th e p ol it ic al d iv is io n s o f the l a n d the o n e ,

at the t im e o f the J ud g e s the o the r a t th e t im e o f ,

H e ro d th e G re a t .

T h e C om m itte e exp re s s e s the hop e th at th is

s ixth v ol u m e a n e pito m e o f J ew is h h is to r y may
, ,

“ ” “
m a n ife s t it s t re a s u re s fa c il it a t e th e k n owl e d ge
,

o f tho s e who s ee k it and in v it e the m t o m ak e ,

”
appl ic a t io n the re of .

Ma ren , 1 89 8 .
 C O N T E N TS .

ME MO I R OF H E I N R I C H G R AE T z
f ABL E S J
OF E W I S H H I S T O R Y .

C h ro n o l o g ical Tab l e
Tab l e o f t h e K in gs o f J udah a nd I srae l
Tab l e o f t h e H igh Pr ie sts ( fr o m t h e C ap t iv ity to

th e D isp e rsio n )

Ge n e al o gical Tab l e o f th e H asm o n x an D ynast y

Ge n e al o gical Tab l e o f t h e H e ro dian D yn ast y

I N D EX .

I nde x t o th e who l e wo rk
I nde x t o t he Map s

MAPS ( in t h e p o ck e t) .

I . Se mit ic W o rl d .

2 . Pa l e stine at t h e Time of t he J udge s .

3 . Pal e st ine at t he Time o f H e ro d .

4 .
J e wish -
Mah o metan W o rl d .
M E M O I R O F H E I N R I C H G R A ETZ .
HISTO RY O F THE J EWS .

M E M O I R O F H E I N R I C H G R A ETZ .

I .

YO U T H .

TH E d is r u pt io n a n d fi na l p a rt it io n o f the P ol is h
k ing d o m by it s thre e n e ighbor ing s t a te s occ u rre d
in 1 7 9 5 . W ith it s d is s ol u t io n a n ew e ra b eg a n in
the h is to ry o f the n u m e ro u s J ew is h co m m u nit ie s in
th at p a rt o f the Pol is h t e rr ito ry wh ich p a ss e d u n d e r
Pr u s s ia n a nd A u s t r ia n s ov e re ig n ty T he eve n t
.

th at th u s u s he re d the m in to the wo rl d o f W e s te r n
c iv il iz a t io n may j u s tly b e co n s id e r e d a s m a rk ing fo r
the m the t r a n s it io n fro m th e m idd l e age s to m o d e r n
t ime s P r us s ia a l lowe d n o in te rv a l t o el a p s e b e
.

twee n th e a ct o f t a k ing p o s s e s s io n o f he r n ewly

a c qu ire d d o m a in a n d it s o rg a n iz a t io n I t wa s in co r
.

o ra t e d in to the s t a te a s the p rov in ce s o f S o u th

p
Pr u s s ia a n d N e w E a s t P r u s s ia B u t a fte r 1 8 1 5
.

the P r us s ia n c row n rem ain e d in p o s s e s s io n o nly o f

the G r a n d D u chy o r the P rov in ce o f Po s e n the
, , ,

d is tr ict th a t had co n s t it u te d th e ke r n el of G re a t
Pol a n d T h is p ie ce o f l a n d wa s o f extre m e impo rt
.

a n ce to the J ew s be ing th e ho m e o f the m o s t

,

n u me ro u s ,the ol d e s t a nd the m o s t re s p e ct a bl e
,

co ngreg at io n s .I t was s it u a te d a t o n ly a S ho rt
d is t a n ce from the P r u s s ia n c a p it al t o wh ich it a p
,

e a re d t o h a v e bee n b ro u ght s t il l n e a re r b y the

p
o rg a n ic co n n ect io n e s t abl is he d w ith th e ol d e r p a rt s
of the s t a te I t wa s na t u ra l to exp e ct th a t in co n
.
,

s e qu e n c e o f th e p ol it ic a l u nio n th e e co n o m ic rel a
,
2 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J E \V S .

t io n s w ith B e rl in a l w ay s cl o s e wo ul d b ecom e m ore

, ,

in t im ate a n d m o re n u m e ro us a n d wo u l d d evelop ,

n e w b u s in e s s a d v a n t ag e s O n the othe r h a n d the

.
,

c a p it a l wa s v iewe d w ith d is tr u s t a s the hom e o f the

mov e m e n t r ad ia t ing fro m M e nd el s s oh n a nd his
s chool wh ich a im e d a t s om eth ing b eyo n d the o ne
,

s id e d T a l m u d s t u d y t he n p rev a l e n t a nd s t rov e to ,

b r ing m o d e r n m e tho ds o f e du c a t io n a n d m o d e r n
s c ie n ce w ith in re a ch o f th e yo u ng e r ge n e ra t io n .

T he r ig o ro u s s y s te m o f o rg a n iz a t io n by wh ich
the Pol is h d is tr ict s we re pl a ce d u p o n a P r u s s ia n
b as is ind uce d s o r a d ic a l a tr a n s fo rm a t io n o f al l the
rel a t io n s o f l ife th a t the J e w s exp e r ie n ce d gre a t dif
fi cul t y in a dj us t ing the m s elv e s to the n e w o r d e r o f
th ing s O ppo s it io n to the s t a t e au thor it ie s a nd the
.

eco nom ic co nd it io n s w a s fu t il e the re wa s n oth ing

fo r it b u t to t ry t o ad ap t o n e s el f w itho u t a do B y .

w ay o f com pe n s a t io n the e ffo rt s to ke ep rel ig io u s

,

p ra ct ice s a nd t rad it io na l c us tom s p u re un to u che d ,

by a l ie n a nd su s p ic io u s infl u e n ce s in the g roove s ,

wor n by a n c ie n t h ab it we re al l the m o re s t re n u o u s
, .

T al m ud ic l ite ra t u re w a s to co n t inu e t o b e the ce n te r

a nd a im o f a ll s t ud y a n d s c ie n ce a nd rel ig io u s ,

fo rm s o r h ab it s re g a r d e d a s rel ig io u s fo rm s we re
, ,

n o t to l o s e a t iot a o f the ir r ig id ity a nd p re do mi

,

na n ce . T he u r g e n t ch a r g e o f th e Pr u s s ia n gove r n
m e n t to p rov id e p rop e rl y e qu ip p e d s chool s t o
in s t r u ct a n d e d u c a te the yo u ng in a m a nn e r in
ke e p ing w ith the S p ir it o f the t im e s w a s ev a d e d ,

n o w by su bte rfug e s n o w by p rom is e s

, B u t in the .

l o ng run the in fl ue n ce s o f the ag e co u l d n o t fa il t o

m ake them s el ve s fel t Sp a rk s fro m the he a rth o f
.

the e m a n c ip a t io n m ove m e n t we re c a rr ie d in to the

P rov ince a nd b ur s t in to fl a m e in o n e o f th e g re a t
,

co ng re g a t io n s th a t o f the c ity o f Po s e n p a rt ic u l a rly

, ,

p ro ud a nd j e a l o u s o f the T a l m u d ic re n ow n a nd
t he ho a ry p ie t y o f it s G he tto .

T he po s it io n o f r a bb i in P o s e n ha d b ecom e
v a c a n t a n d in 1 8 0 2 it w a s p ropo s e d to fil l it with
,
4 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

o f s o me wh a t a d v a nce d s t a n d ing w a s s u cce s s fu lly

e s t abl is he d in Po s e n N ow a n d a g a in me n o f in d e
.

p e nd e n t fort u n e m us te re d u p co ur a g e to s e n d the ir
ch il d re n to the Gy mna sin nz o r to the h ighe r C hr is
t ia n s chool s o f wh ich to b e s u re n o t a l a rge n um
, , ,

be r ex is te d a t the t ime I n 1 8 2 4 the s t a t e in te r .

fe re d a n d o r d e re d the e s t a bl is hm e n t o f G e rm a n
,

el eme n t a ry s chool s in a l l the J ew is h co m m u nit ie s

of the Prov in ce g iv ing ev id e n ce of v it al ity T he .

s it u a t io n n o w a s s um e d a p ec u l ia r a s pe ct G e n e ra l .

c u l t u re a c q ua in t a n ce w ith the cl a s s ic l ite ra t u re o f

,

G e rm a ny F r a n ce a n d E ngl a nd c a m e to b e e s
, , ,

t ee m e d a n a ccom pl is hm e n t a n d a p e r s o n a l ch a rm ;
ye t beyo n d the thre e R s the r is ing ge n e r a t io n wa s ’

n o t g ive n the O p po rt u n ity o f a c qu ir in g a ge n e r a l

e du c a t io n O n t he co n t ra ry the d e s ire wa s to
.
,

l im it s t ud y to th a t o f ra bb inic a nd H eb re w
wr it ing s I II t he l a rg e r com m un it ie s l ike Po s e n
.
,

a n d L iss a the ce n te r s o f T a l m u d s t u d y a co n s c io u s
, ,

effo rt wa s m ad e to fr ig hte n O ff yo u ng p eopl e ,

e s p ec ial ly T al m u d d is c ipl e s from the a c qu is it io n o f ,

s ec ul a r c u l t ure I t S ho u l d b e m e n t io n e d howeve r
.
, ,

t h a t in m a ny o f the s m all e r com m u nit ie s the lo n g

ing fo r e du c a t io n w a s e n co u rage d a s m u ch a s
po s s ibl e So it c a m e a bo u t th a t the h ighly e n
.

d o w e d a mb it io us S p ir it s o f th a t ge n e r a t io n in the
,

Prov in ce ha d to s tr u gg l e mo s t b itte rly a n d p a in fu l ly

t o m ak e he ad w ay B u t the ir h a r ds h ip s we re co u n
.

t e rb a l a n ce d by the a d v a n t age s the y d e r iv e d fro m

the co nfl ict T he ir in tell e ct u al e n e r g y a n d s el f

.

re l ia nce c a m e fo rth fro m the co n te s t s te el e d I m .

p g n a t e d a s a l mo s t a l l o f the m we re w ith the

re

S p ir it o f the T a l m ud they ha d p ie rce d t o it s e s

,

s e nce a nd fill e d w ith e n th u s ia s m fo r the r a bb in ic al

, ,

h e ro e s they had b re a the d in d evot io n to the id e a l s

,

o f J ud a is m .

T h is w a s t he s o il u po n wh ich H e in r ich G ra e t z
g re w U p a n d s uch we re the co nd it io n s a nd a ge n c ie s
,

m o u l d ing the d e velop m e n t o f a ma n d e s t in e d to

 ME MO I R .

cre ate a n h is to r ic a l wo rk a t o n ce m o n u me n t a l a nd ,

pop u l a r ; e mb r a c ing tho u s a n d s o f ye a r s the m o s t ,

w id ely s ep a ra te d reg io n s a n d the m o s t d ive r s ifie d ,

fiel ds o f h um a n a ct iv ity ; ret r a c ing w ith a l l the

re s o u rce s of l e a r n ing a n d in ge n u it y the m ag ic ,

fad e d il l eg ibl e ch a r a cte r s o f th e evol u t io n o f J u d a

,

is m a n d il l u m in a t ing the m w ith col or s o f fa iry l ike -

br ill ia n ce — a n h is to r ic a l work w h ich b y re a s o n of

,

, ,

the w a rm th o f it s n a rr a t iv e s tyl e has com e t o b e a ,

book o f e difi cat io n in the b e s t s e n s e o f the wo r d

, ,
’

u n to the a u tho r s b re thre n in fa ith - -

H e in r ich H ir s ch G r a et z w a s b or n O ctobe r 3 1
n X io n s p ro n o un ce d K s h o n s
( C h e s hw a n 2 I I 81
7 i ( ,
) ,

a wretche d l ittl e v ill age o f 7 7 5 in h a b it a n t s in the

e a s te r n p a rt o f th e P rov in c e o f Po s e n I n a fa m ily .

of two b rothe r s a nd o n e s is te r he w a s th e fi rs t
bor n H is fa the r J a cob G r a e t z w as a ma n o f t a l l
.
, ,

s t a t u re who d y ing in 1 8 7 6 re a che d a n ag e o f ove r

, , ,

n in e ty ye a r s H is m othe r V ogel o f the fa m il y o f

.
, ,

H ir s ch o f W oll s te in w a s o f a v e r age he ight a n d ,

ro b us t p hy s iq ue w ith l u s t ro u s gr ay eye s She d ie d

, .

in 1 8 4 8 o n ly fifty o d d ye a r s o l d T o he r th e so n .

S howe d m o s t re s e mbl a n ce both s p ir it u al ly a nd ,

phy s ic al ly A l ittl e b u tche r s hop y iel d e d the m a n

.
-

ho n e s t b u t p al try l iv el iho o d I n the hop e o f imp rov .

ing the ir m a te r ia l co nd it io n th e fa m ily rem ov e d to ,

’

Z e rkow a fe w m il e s o ff s om e ye a r s a fte r H e in r ich s

, ,

b irth A t the t im e the v il l age co n t ain e d n o t m o re

.

th a n 8 00 in h ab it a nt s a m o ng the m a S ingl e p e r s o n
,

a bl e t o re a d a re a l e s t a t e ow n e r t o who m a l l l e t
, ,

te r s we re c a rr ie d t o b e d e c iphe re d o n th e o p e n
s t ree t in s ol e m n p ubl ic a s s e mbly But th e J ew is h .
1

co ngreg at io n co ns is te d o f o n e h u nd re d m e mbe r s ,

an d a re m a rk a bl e I n cre a s e in th e p op u l a t io n o f the

l ittl e tow n s ee m e d to g iv e fair p rom is e o f a p ro s

p e r o u s fu t u re I t is wo rthy
. o f m e n t io n b e s id e s , ,

th at the s ce n e ry o f Z e rkow w re a the d ro u n d w it h ,

1
W ut t k e , S tadtebn ch des Landes Posen , p .
4 34 .
6 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

h il l s t re a m fo re s t a nd m e a d ow is n o t s o fl at
a nd , ,

a n d u n a t t r a ct ive a s th a t o f m o s t p a rt s o f the Pro

v in ce .

H e re the boy re ce ive d his fi r s t im p re s s io n s a n d ,

he re he e nj oye d his fi r s t in s t r uct io n in a s chool dis

t ing uis ha b l e fro m a g e nuin e C/z ea e r o n ly in a s m u ch
’

a s it be g a n in a m e a s ure t o a ccom mo d a te it s el f to

t he mo d e s t d e m a nd s m ad e by th e g ove r n m e n t u po n
a J ew is h p r im a ry s chool H e w a s t au ght re ad ing
.
,

wr it ing c iphe r ing a n d the t r a n s l a t io n o f the B ibl e

, , .

G re a t l ov e o f s t ud y a n d m a rke d t a l e n t be c a m e ap
p a re n t in him ; he w a s the re fo re in tro du ce d t o a
k nowl e d g e o f H eb re w a nd the T al m ud W he n he .

w a s co n firme d a t th irtee n the ag e a t wh ich the ,

boy s o f th a t p e r io d we re in the h a b it o f d e c id ing

d efi n itel y O II the ir c a re e r s h is p a re n t s did n o t fo r a
,

mo me n t qu e s t io n the p rop r ie ty o f co n t in uing the ir

s o n s intell ect u a l t ra in ing
'

I t wo ul d h a v e b ee n .

mo s t n at u r al t o s e n d him t o Po s e n whe re a p op u l a r ,

T al m u d s chool w a s fl o ur is h ing u nd e r the d ire ct io n

of the h ig hly e s tee me d C h ie f R abb i A k ib a E g e r .

B u t his p a re nt s m e a n s we re too s le n d e r to s u ffi ce
’

fo r his m a in te na n ce a nd S hy ne s s a n d p r id e p re
,

v e nte d yo u ng G r a e t z fro m m a k in g his w a y a fte r

th e fa s h io n o f be gg a r s t ud e n t s T he re was b ut o n e .

co ur s e t o s e n d him t o \Voll s te in whe re his m othe r

, ,

ha d s is te r s a n d othe r rel a t ive s T ho u gh by n o .

m e a n s p o s s e ss e d o f g re a t we al th th ey we re w ill ing ,

t o g ive h im a s s is t a n ce T he W ol l s te in s oj o u r n
.

p rove d e m in e n tly favo rab l e to his d evel op m e n t .

T he tow n s it u a te d in the we s te r n p a rt o f the P ro

,

v ince w a s n o t d e s t it u te o f na t u ra l ch a rm s to wh ich
, ,
’

t he boy s im p re s s io nabl e m in d e age rl y re s po nd e d .

T he pop u l a t io n ch ie fl y G e rm a n n u mbe re d 2 2 5 8
, ,

pe r s o n s a m o ng the m 8 4 1 J ew s b y n o m e a n s a n
, ,
1

inco ns id e r a bl e co ng re g a t io n B e s id e s it wa s in .
,

fa irl y com fo rt abl e c irc um s t a nce s I t ha d a l w ay s .

'
S ta al sa rchiv Po se n , W oll st e in C . 13 .
 ME MO I R .
7

ak e n p r id e in m a in t ain in g a T al m u d s chool wh ich , ,

at th e t im e o f G ra e t z s a d ve n t w a s d is t in g u is he d
’

fo r th e l ibe r al e n l ighte ne d s p ir it p e rv ad ing it a n d

,

the a ct iv e e n co u rage me n t a cco r d e d it s s t ud e n t s in

the ir d e s ire fo r c u l t u re R u mo r had it th a t the .

r ab b i Sa m u el Samw e l M u n k who had b ee n c a l l e d

, ,

fro m B oj a n owo t o W oll s te in a t the b eg innin g o f

the ce n t u ry k n ew how t o re a d a nd w r ite G e rm an
, ,

a n d w a s in the h a b it o f re a d in g G e rm a n b ook s a n d

ev e n j o u r nal s in the ho u r s th a t a re n e ithe r day

”
n or n ight A t al l eve n t s h e did n o t p u t ob s t a cl e s
.
,

in the ir w ay whe n his d is c ipl e s s p u rr ing e a ch o the r

, ,

o n in th e imp e t uo us r iv al ry o f yo u th fo r p re e mi -

h e n ce s o u ght to s l a ke the ir th ir s t fo r s e c u l a r k n owl

,

e d ge .

G r a e t z a rr iv e d in W ol l s te in a t the e n d o f the
s u m m e r o f 1 8 31 fo u rte e n ye a r s ol d , A t th a t .

yo u thfu l ag e the Ba e/z m ha d v e n t u re d t o u n d e r

,
e

t a ke in a H e b re w fa r fro m p e rfe ct it m u s t b e co n
, ,

“
fe s s e d a wo r k o n th e c a l e n d a r e n t itl e d 13 mm pawn
, , ,
1 ”
J ew is h a nd G e rm a n C hro n ol ogy H e w a s a z e al .
’

ou S a tte n d a n t u p o n the r a bb i s T a l m ud ic l e ct u re s
’

a n d d e r ive d gre a t p rofit from the m H is te a che r .

co n ce iv e d a l ively a n d k in d in te re s t in him a s wel l ,

a s a h igh op in io n o f his a b il ity tho u gh he did n o t ,

s us p e ct his fut ure e m in e n ce R a bb inic s t u d ie s did .

n o t occ u py his m in d t o the excl u s io n o f othe r p u r

su it s I n ext ing u is h abl e th ir s t fo r k n owl e d ge had

.

t ake n po s s e s s io n o f him a n d al l book s th a t fel l I n ,

his w ay we re re a d w ith a v id ity M o s t o f the av ail .

abl e l ite r a t u re co n s is te d o f rom a n ce s o f ch iv a l ry ,

of the k in d in v og u e a t th a t t im e A m o ng the m .

”
R a s p o of F e l s e n e ck n o w com pl etely fo r g otte n , ,

m ad e a p a rt ic u l a rl y d eep im p re s s io n u po n him .

R ep rov e d by o n e o f his p a tro n s a n d p rov id e d w ith ,

1
book l t cop i d ut in f ir n t h an d wa fo u d mo n g
Th e e , e o a a , ea , s n a
th uthor p p r ft r h i d th H t at th t h b g n it in
’
e a s a e s a e s ea . . e s es a e e a

Z rkow
e W d d y E ll ul 7 ( S pt mb r
,
on e 83 0 an d fi n i h d
nes a ,
2 e e e 1 ,
s e

it in W o l l t in t bo ut t h
s e g of fi ft
a a e a e een .
8 H I ST O R v O F TH E J EW S .

mo re s uit a bl e book s by him h e re a d w ith kee n ,

e nj oyme n t C a mp e s na rra t ive a nd mo ra l wr it ing s

'

A t the s a m e t im e h is t o r ic a l book s beg a n t o a ttr a ct

him s t ro ngly . T ho u gh h e had t o co n fe s s to h im s el f ,

s om ewh a t c re s tfa l l e n th a t h e did no t und e r s t a n d

,

the g re a te r p a r t o f wh a t h e re a d in the m h e s t ud ie d ,

Bre do w s s ho rt comp e n d iu m o f un ive r s a l h is tory

'

B e cke r s l a rg e wo rk o n the s a m e s u bj e ct a nd a
'

b io g ra phy o f N ap ole o n H e s oo n re al iz e d th e
.

n e ce s s it y o f a c qu ir ing L a t in a n d F re n ch W itho u t .

te a che r w itho ut g u id a n ce w itho ut co u n s e l othe r th a n

, ,

t h a t a ffo r d e d by l ike m in d e d com p a n io n s h e d evote d

-

h im s e l f to Me iding e r s F re n ch g ra mm a r a nd l a te r t o
,
’

BrOde r S L a t in gr a m m a r u n t il he ha d gotte n al l
’

be twee n the ir cove r s by he a rt H e w a s o ve rj oye d .

.

whe n h e co ul d b eg in to re a d the cl a s s ic wr ite r s o f

fo re ig n co un tr ie s in the ir o w n l a ng u age s I n his .

z e al he p e rm itte d hims e l f t o be g ov e r n e d by ch a n ce
, .

\V ha t e ve r fo rt u n e p l a ye d in to h is h a n ds h e gra s p e d ,

at w ith ins t a n t a n eo us a r d o r a n d p u r s u e d w ith ,

S po r a d ic in d u s t ry H e p ick s u p a t ra n s l a t io n o f
.

Eu cl id fo r in s t a n ce A t o n ce he d evote s h im s el f to
, .

it he a rt a n d s o ul d iffi c ul t tho ug h h e fi n d s it t o g a in
,

a cl e a r n ot io n o f g eom e tr ic co n ce p t s a n d m etho d s .

A n it in e r a n t r abb i fro m Pol a nd o ffe r ing his ow n ,

com me nt a ry upo n the B ook o f J ob fo r s a l e com e s ,

to \\I o l l s t e in , a nd m e e t s w ith a pp re c ia t io n a n d
re s p ect R e a s o n e no ug h fo r th e e nth u s ia s t ic a n d
.

a mb it io u s T a l m ud d is c ipl e to t a ke in te re s t in n o th

ing b u t B ibl e exe g e s is a n d H eb re w gr a m m a r fo r

mo nth s the re a ft e r K ee n d is cr im ina t ing lov e o f
.
,

n a t u re, to who s e a tt r a ct io n s h e re m a in e d s us ce p
t ibl e u nt il his l a s t d ay s d evelop s in him He, .

s p a re s n o e ffo rt t o a c q ua in t h im s el f w ith the fl o r a o f

his n a t ive p rov ince a nd w ith the m y s te r ie s o f the
s t a rry he ave ns S ucce s s wa s a fo re g o n e co n cl us io n
.

w it h o ne who s e e q uip m e n t co n s is te d o f m ira c u lo us ly

q uick com p rehe ns io n a re te n t ive m e mo ry a nd in, ,

dus t ry o bl iv io us o f a l l b u t it s obj e ct ; co u pl e d w ith

 ME MO I R .
9

an iro n co n s t it u t io n a nd in d e s t r u ct ibl e wo rk ing

p owe r s no t in the l e a s t im p aire d by l a ck of foo d a nd
,

s l eep .

D e s p ite his m o d e s t d em a n ds he co n s t a n tl y had ,

to b a ttl e ag a in s t w a n t a n d d is tre s s H is n a t u re .

was p ro ud s el f rel ia n t a nd it m u s t b e a d m itte d

,
-

, , ,

u n p ra ct ic al An ex agge r a te d s e n s e o f ho no r for
.

b ad e his s e ek ing hel p e ve n whe n a p e t it io n wo u l d

h ave b ee n j us t ifie d H e p re fe rre d t o co n ce a l his
.

t ro u bl e s F o r ex a mpl e he a t e d ry b re a d o n m a n y
. ,

a Sa bb a th a da y o n wh ich it w a s co n s id e re d a p r iv i
,

l e g e t o e n te rt a in T a l m ud d is c ipl e s R e g a r d l e s s of .

w in d a nd we a the r h e wo u l d s l ip off in to th e co u n try

, ,

a book in his p ocke t in o r d e r n o t to reve a l his hel p

,

l e s s co nd it io n F inal ly in s p ite o f his s e cre t iv e n e s s

.
, ,

s om e fr ie n d o r o the r d iscove re d his pl ight a nd ,

fo u n d w ay s a nd m e a n s o f re l ie ving h is d is t re s s O f .

s a ng u in e t e mp e r a m e n t h e S o u ght a nd fo un d co n s o,
~

l a t io n in b ook s G r a et z m a n ag e d t o re a d a n d s t u d y
.

a n a m a z in g q ua n t ity in th e fo ur ye a r s a n d a h al f o f

his W oll s te in s oj o u r n H is m o s t d e te rm in e d effort s

.

we re a p pl ie d t o th e a c q uis it io n o f th e F re n ch l a n
g u age a n d l ite r a t ure his fa vo r it e s t ud ie s at th a t
, ,

t im e r a n k in g h igh in the s c al e o f a cco mp l is hm e n t s .

T he m o re im po rt a n t wo rk s o f F en elo n Vol t aire , ,

Ro u s s e a u a n d othe r s a nd th e d ra m a s of R a c in e a n d
, ,

V icto r H u go he k n ew tho ro ug hly H e ha d re ad

L e s s ing M
.

1 e n d el s s oh n
,
S ch ill e r a nd othe r cl a s s ic
, ,

wr ite r s o f G e rma ny a n d w a s a ttr a cte d p a rt ic u l a rly to

,

W iel a n d t o who s e wo rk s h e d evote d e a r n e s t a tte n

,

t io n I t is c ur io u s th a t the dia ry wh ich he the n k ep t

.

d oe s n o t co n t a in a S ingl e re fe re n ce t o G oethe a s if b y ,

ch an ce o r fo r s o m e re a s o n h e ha d rem a in e d in ig no
r an ce o f th e gre a t p oet s wo rk s O n th e o the r ’
.

h a nd he be c am e a c qu a in te d tow a r d s the e n d o f the

,

W ol l s te in p e r io d w ith th e wr it ing s o f B or n e H e in e , ,

a nd Sa ph ir wh ich vivifi e d the p ro n e n e s s t o iro n y a n d

,

s a t ire d o rm a n t in him T h e L a t in a u thor s g av e him

.

m o s t tro u bl e Ye t h e m a s te re d C o r n el iu s N epo s
.
,
IO I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J E \V S .

C ur t ius s eve ral book s o f O v id s Me t a mo r

’

, a nd

o s e s a n d o f V ir g il s E n e id T h a t he a cco m
’

p h f .

l is he d exte n s ive re a d ing o f r a bb in ic l ite r a t u re a t

p
t he s a m e t im e a n d did n o t n e g l e ct his T a l m ud ic,

s t ud ie s is a tte s te d by the d is t in ct io n w ith w h ich

,

R abb i M unk ho n o re d G ra e t z m u ch t o his s u rp r is e ,

.

A t N e w Ye a r 5 5 9 5 ( O ctobe r h e w a s inve s te d ,

w ith t he t it l e Cl ea oer a d e g re e co n fe rre d o nly U po n /

,

m o s t w or t hy a n d m o s t r a rel y e n d owe d T a l m u d
d is c ipl e s o f his yo u thful ag e .

B u t no w fe rm e n t a t io n s e t in a n d wh ite fl ak e s ,

be g a n to r is e t o the s urfa ce o f the yo u ng w in e .

\V ho l l y s el f t a u g ht he ha d d evote d h im s el f t o re a d
-

ing w it ho ut pl a n o r m e t ho d fol l ow ing bl in d ch a n ce ,

o r h umor ing h is wh im s I n th is w a y he ha d l a id u p .

a s t o re o f k n o wl e d g e p rom is c u o u s a s wel l a s r ich , .

A ch aot ic m ixt u re o f irre co nc il abl e d is p a r a te id e a s ,

a n d op in io n s s u rge d thro ugh h is he a d a n d e xc ite d ,

t u m u l t uo u s com mot io n in h is wo rl d o f tho u ght a n d

feel ing I n N ov e mbe r 1 8 3 5 the fol l ow ing e n t ry

.
, ,

w a s wr itte n in his d ia ry
By t h v r io u co tr dictory id
e a th at p rp l x d my br ain
s n a e as e e e

h th J w i h d Chr i t i Ep ic ur n K bb l i t ic M im idian
ea e n,

d Pl to ic —
e s ,
an s an , ea , a a s ,
a on ,

an amy f ith w n m d in c ur th t wh a n ot io n as a e so se e a ,
en a

co c r i g G d t r ity t im or t h l ik
n e n n o , il d m
e e I wi h d
n , e, e e . a ssa e e, s e
m y lf i to t h by of t h th r worl d
se n e a ss e ne e .

Al tho ug h his h u mo r a nd his O p inio n s w e re s o m e

wh a t u n s e t tl e d h e b y n o m e a n s had d r ifte d fro m,

his m oo r ing s T he ex is te n ce o f G o d a nd th e im
.

mort al ity o f the s o u l we re the fixe d p ol e s o f his

e mo t io na l wo rl d to wh ich h e cl u ng A n othe r e n t ry .

a l ittl e furthe r 0 11 in h is d ia ry S a y s °

L ik fur i euch tho ught t ugg d t my h rt tr in g wh n

es s s e a ea -
s s, e , as
oft h pp d th y ro
en a ugg t d b y my pov rty
e ne , w ll by
e a se , s es e e as e as
c rt i cl
e a n of book O l y t h cl r t r t udd d k y upo n
a sse s s . n e ea , s a -

s e s ,

wh ich my y w r w o t to r t w ith d l ig ht S t ur d y v n ing

e es e e n es e on a a e e s
aft r u do w r w d t h bl d comfort ing co c io u
e s n n, e ne i m e e e sse ns sn e ss n e
Y th r
e s, G d b y o d th
e e Is a t rry c opy ! o e n e s a an

O the o t he r h a nd he b e ga n t o ch a fe ag ain s t the

n ,

d a il y rel ig io u s p ra ct ice s o f J ud ais m wh ich he had ,

 12 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J E VV S .

in cre a s ing a tt r a c t io n u po n the yo u nge r ge n e r a t io n ,

a nd we re g row in g bol d e r a n d m o re imp e t uo us in

t he ir p rop ag a nd a fo r th e obl ite r a t io n a s fa r a s po s ,

s ibl e o f rel ig io us p ec ul ia r it ie s Be 11 t u p o n th e p re
,
.

s e rv a t io n of ol d fa it h a n d c us to m un im p a ire d the ir ,

op po n e nt s ha d a t fi r s t re fus e d to m a ke a ny co n ce s
s io n wh a t s oev e r t o t he m o d e r n d e m a nd s a n d ha d ,

eve n fa ile d to p rov id e t he m s elve s w ith n e w we a po n s

o f d e fe n s e ’
he n the move m e n t a s s um e d th re a t
.
-

c u ing d im e n s io ns the co ns e rv a t iv e s fa ce d it un p re ,

p a re d a n d im pote n t B ew il d e re d s t r a nge r s in the .

g re a t wo rl d h ab it u a t e d to the s oc ia l fo rm s o f the
,

G he tto e n me s he d in th e web o f T a l m u d ic id e a s
, ,

they we re wholly u nabl e to p u t up a n e ffi c ie n t

l e a d e r o r re g e n e r a to r Sudd e nly th a t wh ich had .

l o ng be e n p a in ful ly l a ck ing s ee m e d to in co rp o r a te
it s el f in a yo ung theolo g ia n I n the a bov e me n .
-

t io n e d a n o nymo us wo rk N in ete e n L ette r s Sa m , ,

so n R a ph a el H ir s ch r abb i a t O l d e n b urg ch a m , ,

p io ne d the und im inis he d v a l u e o f a l l rel ig io u s u s age s

w it h s k ill elo q ue n ce a n d in trep id ity H is m a n n e r
, , .

h e l d o ut the hop e th a t he wo ul d b re a the a n e w

s p ir it into the ol d fo rm s The bol d n e s s o f th e .

wo rk in fra nkl y p re s e n t ing th is p o in t o f v ie w w ith

a l l the co n s e q ue n ce s s p r ing ing the re fro m p ro du ce d

t h e e ffe ct o f a s e n s a t io na l occ urre n ce u po n the

J e w is h p ubl ic I n to the m in d o f G ra et z c a s t ing.

,

a bo u t fo r a n a nchor fo r h is d is t u rbe d fe el ing s it fel l

,

l ike a fl a s h o f l ig ht ning reve a l ing the p a th to b e ,

fol lowe d in the s e a rch fo r his id e al s H e repo rt s .

ft I pok of it [r l ig io u do ubt ] to B B t h o nly

O en s e to e s . .
, e o ne
whom I co ul d t ll my tho ug ht uch ub j ct e Th n h wo ul d s on s s e s . e e
all g t h ur g t c it y for r form i v i w of t h gr du l d c y
e e e en n e e ss e s n e e a a e a
of r l igio But I r l iz d th t r form th t i t h om i io of
e n .
ea e , a e , a s, e ss n a
num b r of l w
e g m l l y i t rwov
a w ith t h r t wo ul d brog t
s o r a ca n e en e es a a e
.

th ewhol L w l l o w d l ig ht d I th r for w w ith

e a .
w bo ok e e e e e as a ne ,
‘

p g y rmj x N i t L tt r. J ud i m nym u
ne e e n i wh ich e e s on a s ,
a no o s,
’
n
a v i w of J ud i m I h d v r b for h r d or u p ct d w d
e a s a ne e e e ea s s e e as e
f d d w ith co v i c i g rg um t J ud i m w r pr t d
en e n n n a en s . a s as e e se n e as
th eb st r l igio
e d e i di p bl to t h lv t io of m nk ind
n an as n s e n sa e e sa a n a
W th v idity l d vo ur d v r y w or d D i lo y l tho ugh I h d b n
.

i a e e e e s a
.
a ee
 ME MO I R . 13

to T lm ud th i book r co nc il d m w ith it I r t ur d to it
the a , s e e e . e ne as
to m i tr d m d f ithl
a s e ss d prov d tr u
ee d d t rm i d to
e a e ss a n e e, an e e ne
u m y utmo t ffort to p i rc to it d pth
se s e c q ur ph ilo oph ic l e e s e s, a i e a s a
k owl dg th r of d
n e e m y wo ul d h v m b l i v th t I
e e ,
an ,
as an a e e e e e a
m ight b com c ll d r bb i doctor of th olog y ( tudi t r
e e a so -
a e
‘
a -

e
’
s r e

R bbin r ) p ubl icly d mo n tr t it tr uth an d ut il ity

a e , I te bo ut s a e s . se a
my t k t o c b g i i g w ith t h fir t fol io 11 13 1 2 d t h fi r t
as a n e, e nn n e s an e s

Book of M I dw lt upo n v ry po i t w it h pl
o se s . ur tr t i g e e e n e as e, ea n

th m t a r m n nt of t iq uity b ut book co t in in g div i

e no s e a s an , as s n a ne

h lp for m k i d My d vor w m t r i ll y dv c d b y t h
e an n . en ea as a e a a an e e

k owl dg I h d c q uir d h r mo g oth r th i g of th olog y

n e e a a e e e, a n e n s e ,

wh ich o ly w I l r d to t m
n no br ch of c i n c ; of ea ne as a an s e e

g om try—I h d t udi d arl y t h whol of t h fi r t thr book

e s ee

e e a s e ne e e e s ee s

of Euc l id; and of h i tory s .

”

A fte r th a t he co u l d no t co n te n t h im s el f w ith l ife

in W ol l s te in ; th e p l a ce ha d n oth in g m o re t o offe r
him T he re s ol ut io n t o qu it th e tow n wh ich ha d
.
,

grow n in to his he a rt a s his s e co n d hom e w a s fa c il i ,

t a t e d by th e re m ov a l o f a n u n cl e d ep r iv ing him o f ,

his s tro nge s t s u p po rt ; by the u s u a l d is a p po in tm e n t

a n d rev ul s io n o f feel in g fol l ow ing th e u s u a l e xt ra va

g a n ce o f a yo u thfu l fa n t a s t ic l ov e a ffa ir ; a nd by ,
-

co nfl ict s w ith com p a nio n s a n d p a t ro n s c a u s e d to ,

s om e exte n t d o u b tl e s s by the d is h a rm o nio u s s t a te

of his m in d a n d aggr av a te d by t ittl e t a ttl e B u t -

wh ithe r w as h e to t u r n to s a t is fy the ye a r n ing s o f

his s o ul ? H e d e c id e d o n Pr ag u e the M e cc a o f ,

“
the yo u n g J ew is h theol og ia n s o f th e day a c ity ,

mo s t fa mo u s for l e a r n ing ho s p it a l ity a n d othe r , ,

v irt u e s .

II .

THE A PP R E N T I C E .

G R A E Tz l e ft W ol l s te in in A p r il 1 8 3 6 a nd we n t to , ,

Z e rkow t o a c qu a in t his p a re n t s w ith his in te n t io n s

a n d co n s u l t w ith the m L ette r s o f re co mme nda .

t io n to fa m il ie s in Pr ag u e we re obt a ine d a n d his ,

p a re n t s a nd o the r rel a t ive s m a d e u p a s m a l l p u r s e

fo r him G r a et z s e c u re d a p a s s port p a cke d his
.
,

mo d e s t belo ng ing s in a h a nd b ag a n d s e t o ut o n ,

his j o u r n ey in h igh s p ir it s P a rtly a foot p a rtly by .

,

s t ag e whe n th e fa re w a s n o t forb idd ing h e m ad e ,

 I 4 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

his w a y to B re s l a u a nd the n ce thro u g h the Sil e s ia n

,

m o un t a in s to the A us t r ia n bo u nd a ry wh ich h e ,

re a che d n o t fa r fro m R e in e r z H e re tho ugh h e .

,

w a s fo r t ifie d w it h a p a s s po rt the fro n t ie r in s p ecto r , ,

l ike a che r ub wit h a fl a m ing s wo r d opp o s e d his ,

e n t ra nc e in to A us t r ia H e w a s u na bl e t o p ro du ce
.

t e n fl o r in s c a s h the po s s e s s io n o f w h ich had

,

t o b e d e mo n s t ra te d by the t r a vel e r wh o wo u l d g a in
a d m is s io n t o the l a n d o f th e d o u bl e e agl e u nl e s s ,

he c a m e a s a p a ss e ng e r in the m a il co a ch D is -

m aye d o ur yo ung w a nd e re r re s o rte d t o p a rl ey ing ,

a n d a ppe a l e d t o h is l e tte r s o f re com m e n d a t io n In .

v a in ; the o ffi c ia l wo ul d he a r o f n o com p rom is e .

T o o p ro ud a nd in fl ex ibl e to h av e re co u r s e to
e n t re a ty o r t r icke ry G ra e t z gr iml y fa ce d a bo u t
, .

a n d m uch d is he a r t e n e d j o ur n eye d a s h e ha d co m e ,

o ve r the s a m e ro a d b a ck to Z e rkow H is p a re n t s
, .

we re n o t a l ittl e a s to n is he d a t his ret u r n a nd ,

e q uall y rej o ice d to h av e the ir s o n w ith the m fo r

s om e t im e l o n g e r T he a d ve n t ure may b e t a ke n
.

a s typ ic a l o f the c ur io u s m is h a p s th a t be fel l him in

p r a ct ic a l l ife p a r t ic ul a rl y a t the be g in n in g o f his

,

c a re e r T hey o ft e n c ut him t o the qu ick b u t n eve r

.
,

s hook h is bel ie f in his l u cky s t a r H is o r ig ina t ive .

a nd im p re s s io n a bl e n a t u re c a rr ie d w ith it the p owe r

o f d is ce r n ing im po rt a n t po in t s o f v ie w a nd v al id
a im s b ut he s ee m s to h a ve bee n too fa r S ighte d a n d
,
-

im pe t uo us t o l ay due s tre s s u po n th e m e a n s a n d
l eve r s n e ce s s a ry fo r the a tt a in me n t o f e n ds .

F o r the m om e n t he s o ug h t t o d row n re m e m
b ra n ce o f his abo rt ive j o u r ney in s t ud y H e be c a m e .

a b s o rbe d in L a t in wo rk s
; h e re a d L ivy C ice ro s
’

,
’
a e n a /n ra ( l eo z n nz wh ich com p el l e d his reve re n t ia l
'

a d m ir a t io n V irg il s / E n e id a nd the co me d ie s o f
’

, ,

T e re nce l e s ide s h e b us ie d h im s el f w ith S ch rOk h S

’
.
,

u niv e r s a l h is to ry a nd w ith his \V ie l a n d who s e Sym ,

“ “
p a t h ie s G o l d e n M irro r a nd o the r wo rk s d e
, ,
”

l ig hte d re fre s he d a nd fa s c ina te d h im in exp re s s

, ,
”
ib l y .
T he T a l m ud a nd H eb re w s t u d ie s cl a ime d no
 ME MO I R . 15

l e s s a tte n t io n he w a s e s p e c ia l ly z e al o u s a bo u t the
exege s is o f the E a rl ie r P rophet s D ow n c a s t by .

re a s o n o f the u n ce rt a in ty o f his fu t u re a nd his ,

S cor n p iq u e d by the p e tt in e s s a nd n a rrow m in d e d -

n e S S o f his p rov in c ia l su rro un d ing s h e fo u n d a n ,

o u tl e t fo r his re s tl e s s n e s s in al l s o rt s o f wa nto n
p r a n k s s u ch a s h igh s p ir ite d yo uth s a re a p t t o p e r
,
-

“
e t ra t e in the ir s to rm a n d s tre s s p e r io d H e
p .

r id ic u l e d the r a bb i pl aye d t r ick s o n the d ire ctor s

,

of the co ngrega t io n a n n oye d th e b u rgo m a s te r

, ,

a l w a y s e s c a p in g u n p u n is he d a n d ev e n horr ifie d his

,

p a re nt s by a cce s s e s o f l a t it u d ina r ia n is m su ch a s the ,

foll ow ing O n th e day b e fore the e v e o f th e A to n e

.

m e n t D ay it is a wel l k now n c u s to m fo r me n to
,
-

s w ing a l iv in g roo s te r a n d fo r wo m e n t o s w in g a
l iv in g he n s ev e r a l t im e s abo u t the ir h e ads A t t he .

s a m e t im e a S hort p r aye r is rec ite d p l e a d ing th a t ,

th e p u nis hm e n t due fo r the S in s com m itte d b y the

p et it io ne r b e t ra n s fe rre d to the d evote d fowl A t .

the a p p ro a ch of the holy s e a s o n G r a et z a nno u n ce d ,

th a t h e wo u l d c e rt ain ly n o t com pl y w ith th e K ap ores

c u s tom b u t his w or ds we re t ak e n t o b e id l e b o a s t
,

fu l n e s s T he fa tefu l e ve n ing c a m e a n d th e s e r io
. ,

co m ic cel eb r a t io n w a s l o ng d el aye d by the n o n

a p p e a r a n ce o f th e el d e s t s o n T he fa the r s w r a th
.
’

w a s k in d l e d a nd h e thre a te n e d to b u r n a ll b ook s
,

othe r th a n H eb rew fo un d in the p o s s e s s io n o f his

he re t ic offs p r ing T he m othe r s e t o u t t o s e a rch
.

eve rywhe re fo r he r e rr ing s o n W he n s he fi na l ly .

fo u n d him he we n t hom e w ith he r in a ffe ct io na te

,

ob e d ie n ce b u t n oth ing co u l d in du ce him to ma n ip u

,

l a te the roo s te r in the c us tom a ry w ay U n s w u ng .

a n d u n c u r s e d the b ir d ha d to b e c a rr ie d to the
b u t che r a n d o n ly o n th e follow in g day a to u ch ing
,

reco n c il ia t io n w a s e ffecte d .

A fte r the F a s t a book d e a l e r a t W oll s te in a

, ,

fr ie n d o f his who u s u all y ke p t him in fo rm e d a bo u t

,

n e w book s o n J e w is h s u bj e ct s s e n t G r a et z the ,

“ ”
N in e tee n L e tte r s by B e n U s ie l wh ich h e ha d ,
 16 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E ws .

l o ng e d to po s s e s s T he b ook ag a in el e ct r ifie d him .

,

a n d he co n ce ive d the id e a o f o ffe r in g h im s el f a s a

d is c ip l e to it s a utho r who s e id e n t ity ha d m e a n t im e ,

be e n reve a l e d Sam s o n R a ph a e l H ir s ch a p p e a re d .

to him to be th e id e a l o f a J e wis h theol og ia n o f the

t im e a nd o f th e co n fide nc e in s p ir ing t e a che r fo r -

who m he had ye a r n e d t o obt a in fro m him g u id a n ce ,

a n d if po s s ibl e a s ol ut io n o f the m a n ifol d p robl e m s

, ,

occ upy ing his m in d A ccor d ing ly G r a e t z wrote to .

,

the D is t r ict R a bb i ( La ndesra aaz n er) o f O l d e n b urg

’

H e did n o t co n ce a l h is v iew s b u t cl e a rly a n d fr a n kly ,

l a id b a re the s t a te o f his fe e l ing s an d the co u r s e

o f h is in tel l e c t ua l d ev el op m e n t H e w a s s ucce s s fu l . .

A ft e r a s ho r t t ime H ir s ch a dd re s s e d the fol low ing ,

l e t te r to h im
My d r y o u g F ri nd —W ith pl ur I m r dy to ful fi ll
ea n e t e as e a ea , as
f ar a s i m h t h w i h xpr
n e d in yo ur l tt r to m
e s, e Y u k ow s e e sse e e e . o n

th e t c of ur g p 3n5 mmman p36 mm53mm wnv d

se n e n e o sa e s. ~
.
‘
an
if , I ho ul d gl dl y i f r from yo ur l tt r t h v i w th r i
as s a xpr d
n e e e , e e s e e n e e sse
a re mor th v e c t mo o d; if it i y o ur r ol ut d t rmi
an an e an e s en s es e e e
na t io to t udy T r h for it w
n S k y u r mo t cor di lly
o a s o n sa e, o a e s a
w lcom d I h ll xp ct to y u ft r S
e e, an
fij n
S a But l h ve e se e o a e a e
o ne r q u t to m k I t h rdor of yo ur f l ing y u h v
e es a e . n e a ee s, o a e co n
ce iv d eid l p ict ur of t h
an uthor of t h
ea L tt r b y f r xc d
e e a e e e s a e ee
i g th
n r l m i iz R duc t h p ict ur by h lf b y thr
e ea an n s e . e e e e a , ee
fo urth i d d d k y o ur lf wh th r y u r t ill ttr ct d b y
s, n ee , an as se e e o a e s a a e
it . D t xp ct to fi d
o no ccompl i h d m t r b ut
e e t ud t n an a s e as e , a s en
occ up i d w ith r rch I f yo ur h rt t ill y y th n com I
e e se a .
ea s sa s es , e e .

s ho ul d l k to b i form d I e oo po ibl wh th r I m y
e n e as s n as ss e, e e a
e
xp ct y u ft r P
e o h I h ll h v to mo dify
a e oth r r l t io
ess a c , as S a a e an e e a n
a ccor d gl y B k i d o ug h too if y u h v
in . e ob j ct io n to l t
n en , , o a e no e e
m k o w how y u xp ct to upport yo ur lf h r
,

e n o I tr u t th t y u
e e s se e e . s a o
w dl ith r t k umbr g
ne e t th i q u t io
a er m i co tr u it I t a e a s es n no s ns e .

w as p ut o l y b c u I w n t d to xpr m y w ill i g
e a se to i t an e e e ss n n e ss a ss s
y u o
m uc h Ias dur i g y o ur t y h r
as
if it ho ul d b n
ca n n s a e e, s e ece s
sa
r y Th r for I b g y u to b
. e e fr k d u r rv d in yo ur
e . e o e as an an n e se e
a w I v t ur d to b i m y q u t io n W ith k i d t r g r d
e r as

p
s en e e n es n es e a s,
e c .
.

O LD B D c mb r 6 3 6
EN U RG, e e e 2
’
, .

T o th is l ette r G ra e t z repl ie d th a t h e did s a

y ,

ye s fro m the botto m o f his he a rt ; th a t it w a s

Passe r/um
1

pum ns n ma pr a rum5mm“ More

‘
m an am
a
H ?
)
th an t he c lf a w nl l su ck
t h e c o w de ire s su e
.
c
to ckl ”

xt h pp y
.
2
Ne a Pessa ch .
 ME MO I R . I 7

his d e a re s t a m b it io n t o d evote h im s el f to ge n u in e
J ud a is m a nd it s d octr in e s ; th a t h e e s p e c ia l ly d e s ire d
to l e a r n th e m e tho d s o f T a l m ud s t ud y p a rt ic u l a rly ,

o f th e H al o n/ea p u r s u e d b y a ma n who m h e a d m ire d ,

p rofo u n d ly ; th a t a s fo r his l ive l ihoo d the s a t is fa c ,

t io n o f the m o s t el e m e n t a ry n ee d s s u ffi ce d fo r him
a nd th a t his p a re n t s wo ul d g iv e him a s m a l l a l low

a n ce .

I n a n s we r the re to the fo rm a l in v it a t io n t o com e ,

to O l d e nb u rg w a s exte n d e d by H ir s ch o n F eb r ua ry
I ,1 83 7 H e offe re d G r a e t z bo a r d a n d l o d g ing in
.

his o w n ho us e w ith the u n d e r s t a n d in g th a t his ,

p a re n t s wo ul d p rov id e fo r o the r n e e d s a nd he ex ,

p e ct e d his d is c ip l e a fte r P a s s ove r

( in M a
y) W is h .

ing t o v is it re l a t ive s o n th e w ay a n d s e e th e
S ight s o f B e rl in a nd L e ip s ic G r a e t z s e t o u t a s e a rly ,

as the b eg inn in g o f A p r il I n B e rl in the m u s e u m .

a n d the p ict ure g a l l e ry m ad e a d eep im p re s s io n -

u p o n him T h a t he wa s a re m a rk a bly S h a rp o b
.

s e rve r is s how n in the fol l ow ing a cc u ra te ch a r a cte r

iz a t io n o f the p re a che r Solom o n Ple s s n e r w ith ,

who m h e b e c a m e a c qu ain te d in B e rl in
Th i f mo u m n I l o v i it d
s a d I fo u d ttr ct iv f t ur
s a a s s e , an n a a e ea es

i dic t iv
n a of c ut eb ut gl ct d xt r ior d c r l
a e n e s s,nu a ne e e e e an a e e ss ,

gr mm t ic l p ch n t g uiltl
a a a of th J w i h i g o g ( m u
S ee ,
o e ss e e s S n -
s n a

h l n)
sc e Th i urpr i m for h i l g u g i h i rmo n i p ur
. s s se s e, s an a e n s se s s e

an d cho ic H i b tw n fortye . d fift y y re ld w r s b rd e ee an ea s o ,

ea s a ea ,

an d m to b ho n tl y d g nuin ly r l ig io u But h i m
se e s e res an e e e s . s an n e

i
s e xc it d; h p ak w ith r p id utt r c l l t h wh il ru i g to
e e S e s a e an e, a e e nn n

an d fro d rr n g i g h i book b nt m i d dly ”

an a a n s s a se -
n e .

I n L e ip s ic h e v is ite d his co u n trym an F ur s t co n ,

ce r ning who m he rep ort s

A l ittl m who f c w f m il i r to m from my ch il dhoo d
e an se a e as a a e

d y c m tow r d m
a s a I h d d h im t h l tt r g iv
e a m by h i
s e . an e e e e en e s

moth r H e id i diff r ntly I

. h ll wr it i
e sa f w d y But
n e e : s a e n a e a s

wh I tol d him t h go l d p urpo of my j o ur y d how d

en e a an se ne ,
an s e

h im t h l tt r [from H ir ch ] h i tt itud ch g d d h t lk d
_

e e e s s ,
s a e an e ,
an e a e

with m i v r y fr i dl y w y F i ll y wh h r cog iz d th t
e n a e en a . na ,
en e e n e a

I w t ig or m u h co fi d d
as n o an v r l m tt r to m tol d m
n a s, e n e se e a a e s e, e

abo ut h i c t ifi c dv r r i s d bo t d th t h
s ie n h d t ught a e sa e s, an as e a e a a

G iu th t h
e se n h d b com
s, r co cil d w ith Ew l d th t t h
a e a e e e n e a ,
a e

gr t t cho l r corr po d d w ith h im t

ea e s s a s O ur co v r t io n es n e ,
e c .
n e sa
18 H S OR I T Y OF TH E j E ws .

gr mor
ew d mor co fi d t i l e and fi lly w p rt d fr i d e n en a ,
an na e a e as en s .

H i v it d m to v i it h m g i
e n e If I ch g d m y m i d d t i d
e s i a a n, an e n an s a

ov r nage I c I did t r m i I h d to prom i

II th t I
a se no e a n, a se a

wo ul d t r i to corr po d c W th him
en e n I w p rt c ul rl yes n en e i . as a i a

pl d to fi d th t F ur t h
e a se i t t ion of cc pt i g b pt i m
, a s as no n en n a e n a s ,

an d th t h m to promot th c u of J ud i m
a e e an s T work e e a se a s . o

for J ud i m h y i t h pr im obl ig tio of v r y J w th t

a s , e sa s . s e e a n e e e a

d vot
e h im lf to t udy b y wh ich h m
es se tr ictly c i t ifi c p
s . e e an s s s en ,
os

sib l y l o ph ilolog ic t udy

a s s .

o r d e r n o t t o fr itte r a w ay al l his t im e wh il e
In
t r a vel ing G r a et z be g a n t o s t ud y G ree k a nd the
, ,

G re e k co nj ug at io n s s e rve d t o be g uil e d re a ry ho u r s .

b a n is h ing re me m b ra n ce o f th e m is h ap s th a t co u l d
n o t fa il to be fa l l o n e w ith s t r a ite n e d m e a n s o n s o

lo ng a j o u r n ey a n d co u n te r a ct ing th e d e s po nd e n cy
,

wh ich in co n s e q ue n c e o fte n s e iz e d u p o n him I n a .

m is e r abl e v ill age in wh ich h e w a s fo rce d t o s p e n d ,

a whol e day o n a cco un t o f the S a bb a th h e fo un d a ,

Copy o f the N e w T e s t a m e n t a n d re a d it for the fi r s t ,

t im e H e d e s cr ibe s the im p re s s io n m a d e u po n him

.

by th is fi r s t re a d ing in the fol l ow ing wor ds

D p it t h m es y b urdit ie d i co i t
e c i t h m il d
an a s es an n ns s en e s, e n e ss
o f t h ch r ct r of J u
e ttr ct d m ; t t h
a a e m t im I w es s a a e e a e sa e e as

r p ll d th t I w ltog th r co fu d
e e e , so a as a e e n se .
”

O n M y 8 fi n lly h e a rr ive d
a , a , in O l d e nb u rg whe re ,

a ne wo rl d O pe ne d be fo re h im
w .

I n Sa m s o n R a ph a el H ir s ch h e m e t a ma n who s e
s p ir it ua l el e v at io n a n d n obl e ch a ra cte r com pe ll e d
his p ro fo un d reve re n ce a nd who ful ly re a l iz e d al l ,

the expe ct a t io n s th a t h e ha d h a r b o re d co n ce r n in g
him H ir s ch w a s a m a n o f m o d e r n c u l t ure a nd
.
,

h is m a n n e r w a s d is t ing uis he d e v e n a r is toc r a t ic , ,

a l t ho u g h h e ke p t a l oo f fro m a l l s o c ia l in te rco u r s e .

H e w a s s hort o f s t a t ure y e t tho s e who c a m e in ,

co n t a c t w ith him we re s t ro ng ly im p re s s e d by his

ex t e r nal a p pe a ra n c e o n a cco un t o f his grave dig ni , ,

fie d d e m e a no r fo rb idd ing fa m il ia r ity W ith gre a t

, .

in t ell e ct u a l g ift s a nd r a re q ua l it ie s o f the he a rt he ,

comb ine d v a r ie d the o l o g ic al a tt a in m e n t s a nd a n

excel l e n t cl a s s ic a l e d uc a t io n C o m p re he n s iv e or .
20 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E VV S .

in s pe ct io n th e te d ium o f the ir j o u r n ey s be in g re
,

l ie ve d w ith d is c u s s io n s o n T a l m ud ic a n d B ibl ic a l
s u bj e ct s H e rev is e d w ith H ir s ch the l a s t p a rt o f
.

the l a tte r s H o re b help e d him re a d the p roof o f

” ’

th e l a s t s hee t s o f the book wh ich d el ighte d a n d ,

th r il l e d the yo u ng ma n a n d a s s is te d him in v a r io u s ,

S im il a r w ay s H ow fl a tte r in g a n o p in io n the p u n e
.

t il io us r a bb i m u s t h a v e hel d o f his a s s is t a n t is
p rove d by the fa ct th a t whe n h e had to go to a ,

re s o r t fo r the re s t o r a t io n o f his u n d e rm in e d he a l th ,

he a uthor iz e d him t o re n d e r d e c is io n s o n qu e s t io n s
o f rel ig io us l a w ( nb xv) d ur in g his a b s e n ce T he .

a s s is t a n t ful fill e d h is d u t ie s S O co n s c ie n t io u s l y th a t
the re s p o n s ib il it y o pp re s s e d him H e co n fe s s e d .

th a t he had im ag in e d the re n d e r ing o f co rre ct d e

c is io n s m u ch e a s ie r H is e n t h u s ia s m b u r s t into .

fl a m e whe n h e re ce ive d the fol low ing a ffe ct io na te

l e tte r fro m I l irs ch
My de a r cordial th nk for yo ur k i d
G ra e t z z —I still o we y o u a s n
li ne s I m d l ight d to h r th t y u r i du tr io u
. a e d th t y u
e ea a o a e n s s, a n a o

k p t my t im ch dul
ee o w ll C o t i u to t udy for I
e s -
e e so e . n n e s , , on
m y p rt h ll o o h v forgott how to t udy d l t r lly h all
a ,
S a s n a e en s , an i e a s
h v to b g i to l r l l ov r ag i B for my d p rtur I
a e e n ea n a e a n . e e e a e,
w t d to c ll y o ur tt t io to om th i g d I d
an e a w wh t I a en n s e n ,
an o no a
th forgot I h v fr q u tly
en .

y ur d t h work of B yl
a e e en se e n o ea e s a e .

Th y r e tr ur y of l r i g
a e a d m uch i form t io
e as b ea n n ,
an n a n c an e
d r v d from th m b ut t h m n t k
e i e p c ul i r pl ur in l y i g
e , e a a es e a e as e a n
s tr upo mmv fi nj th i g f th t k i d a NDU d NDDD P
e ss n n s o a n re an
2
a ss
l ightl y ov r uch p g ; th y r unpro fi tabl
e s d h armful ;
assa d es e a e e an r
ea
o ly wh t p ur ly c i t ifi c F ollow my dv ic t
n a is e t s en . a e, e c .
, e c .

Su ch fr ie nd l y a n d t a ctful a d mo nit io n s p e rm itt ing ,

the p up i l to fol l o w o ut his o w n be n t we re a lw ay s ,

em pl oye d by H ir s ch a n d they b u t s e rv e d to e n ,

k i nd l e G ra e t z s e n t h us ia s m a ne w I n s p ite o f th e
’

'

yo u ng m a n s c r it ic a l p rop e n s it ie s co m b in e d w ith a
s a ng uin e te m pe r a m e n t his d evote d a tt a chm e n t to ,

hi s m a s te r by n o m e a n s w a n e d u n d e r the s t ra in o f
d a il y in t im a t e in t e rco ur s e n o t e v e n whe n he co ul d ,

lo ng e r d o u bt his id e a l s l a c k o f h is to r ic d ep th
’
no

1
E rot c m tt ri a e s .
3
Un cl e an a n d co tam n t ng
n i a i .
 ME MO I R . 2 1

a nd s c ie n t ific o r r athe r p h ilo s oph ic in s ight G ra e t z s

, .
’

na t u re s t ro ngly imp el l e d him t o fo rm fr ie n ds h ip s ,

a nd his a tt a chme n t s we re fe rv e n t H e a lw ay s fel t .

a l ively in te re s t in wh a t we n t o n a bo ut h im a n d ,

eve n a t th a t e a rly t im e h e w a s fo n d o f t a k ing a n o

a ct ive p a rt in S h a p in g the o cc u rre n ce s o f the d a y ,

whe n eve r h e tho ught th a t b y a ss um ing the rOl e o f ,

Prov id e n ce h e m ig ht b e u s e fu l to his fr ie nd s in t he
o r d e r ing o f the ir a ffa ir s —a d is po s it io n th a t re
do un de d l a te r t o th e be n e fit o f m a ny o f his p u p il s .

I n J a nu a ry 1 8 3 7 fo r in s t a n ce th e b el a te d n ew s
, , ,

re a che d him fro m his ho m e w ith wh ich h e k e p t u p ,

a s te a d y co rre s po n d e n ce th a t th e C h ie f R abb i ,

A k ib a E ge r ha d d ie d in Po s e n W itho u t be ing .

com m is s io n e d t o d o s o he w rote t o the d ire c tor s ,

of the Po s e n co ngreg a t io n a n d b ro ugh t H ir s ch , ,

who s e ye a r n ing fo r a w id e S phe re o f a ct iv ity he

k n e w t o the ir n ot ice W he n th e d ire cto r s e n te re d
, .

in to n egot ia t io n s w ith H ir s ch he b ro k e o ut in to
j u b il a t io n I n fa ct a p a rty favo r in g the p rete n s io n s
.
,

of the O l d e nb urg D is tr ict R a bb i fo rm e d in Po s e n ,

b u t n oth ing m o re re s u l te d T he p ro ce du re w a s re .

e at e d whe n the W oll s te in r a bb in a te fel l v a c a n t in

p
1 8 4 0 e xcep t th a t H ir s ch t o h is d is c ipl e s gre a t dis
’

, ,

a pp o in tm e n t w o u l d n ot S h a re G ra e t z s e n th us ia s m
’

fo r W oll s te in F rom th is it a p p e a r s th a t G r a e t z
.

w a s n o t a re cl u s e n o r a bookw o rm I n O l d e nb urg .
,

as ev e ryw h e re h e s o ug ht t o m e et p eopl e a n d c u l t i
,

v a te fr ie n d ly in te rco u r s e w ith the m a nd his j oyo u s ,

n a t u re re a d ily y iel d e d to th e in n oce n t g a yety o f

s oc ia l p l e a s ure s .

A t the s a m e t im e h e n egl e cte d n e ithe r his d ut ie s

n o r h is s t ud ie s W h il e w ith H ir s ch h e a c qu ire d the
.

E ngl is h l a ng u age a nd fi n d in g s om e Syr ia c book s

,

in the r a bb i s l ib r a ry h e b eg a n to d e vot e h im s el f to
’

Syr ia c . T h e s t u d y o f the fo rm e r l a n g u age his ma s

te r S eem s t o h a v e e n co u r age d b ut n o t o f th e l a tte r ,
.

H ir s ch m e t his d is c ipl e w ith u n iform k in d n e s s a nd ,

ret u r n e d his e n th u s ia s t ic d evot io n w ith fa the rly

22 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS
’
.

be n evole n ce G r a e t z w a s t re a te d a s a m e mbe r of his

.

fa m ily I n the th ir d ye a r o f his O l d e nb ur g S O

.

j o u r n his rel a t io ns w ith the m is t re s s o f the ho us e

,

we re d is t u rbe d by s l ig ht d is cor ds s uch a s c a n n ot ,

fa il to a r is e in l o ng co nt in ue d fa m il ia r in te rco u r s e
-

, ,

a n d te n d n o w to s t re n g the n n o w to a b r id g e in t i ,

m a cy \V ith G ra e t z s p ro ud s e ns e o f in d ep e n d e n ce
’

they fi nal ly s uffi ce d to r uffl e the t r a n qu ill ity o f a s o u l

wholly a b s orbe d by the p re s e n t A nx iety a bo u t .

h is fut u re beg a n to d is qu ie t him T he d e s ire to .

d e c id e d efi n itel y up o n a c a ree r a nd the l o ng ing

to s e e his p a re n t s who in the m e a n t im e had re ,

m ove d fro m Z e rkow to K o s te n n e a r Po s e n a Som e ,

wh a t l a rge r tow n u n ite d to m ak e his d ep a rt u re fro m

,

O l d e nb urg s ee m a d v is abl e .

III .

T HE J O U R N E MA N Y .

TH E d ie u x we re s a id w ith to u ch ing cor d ial ity

a ,
,

a nd a fte r a n ab s e n ce o f m o re th a n th re e ye a r s

G ra et z s e t his fa ce ho m ew a r d a nd a rr ive d in K o s ,

t e n in the m idd l e o f A ug us t 1 8 4 0 T he yo u nge r , .

peopl e eve rywhe r e re ce ive d H ir s ch s d is c ipl e w ith ’

j oyo us wel co m e a n d indu ce d him to p re a ch a t W ol l

,

s te in K o s te n a nd Z e rk ow H is S e rm o n s t o be
, , .
,

su re did n o t t ra ns port h is a ud ie n ce s w ith e n t hu

,

s ia s m b u t they we re a m pl e g u a r a ntee s o f the

,

p re a che r s fun d o f k n owl e d ge a n d o r ig inal ity A l l

’

his fr ie n ds the re fo re agre e d th a t it wo u l d b e a d

, , ,

“ ”
v is abl e fo r G r a et z to s t ud y in the tech nic a l s e n s e ,

o f the G e rm a n wor d th a t is go th ro ugh th e uni , ,

v e r s ity a n d ob t a in a d e g re e T hey addu ce d the .

fa ct th a t the s m al l e r co ng rega t io n s a t l e a s t s u ch ,

a s \Vr e s che n \Vol l s te in a n d K o s te n in p a rt had

, , ,
“
a p po in t e d g r ad ua te r abb is ( sl n rl z f l e R a aaz n er) in ” ' ’

f
,

p a rt ha d re s olve d to fill the ir r abb ina te s w ith the m .

T o s e c ure m e a ns fo r a u nive r s ity co u r s e he ,

 ME MO I R . 23

a gre e d t o a cce p t a p o s it io n a s t u to r in O s trowo ,

a n d e n te re d u po n his w o rk a t the e n d o f 1 8 4 0 .

O s trowo is a l ittl e tow n in th e s o u th e a s te r n p a rt

o f the P rov in ce t he s e a t o f a l a rge J ew is h co mmu
,

n it y wh ich a t th e t im e w as s t il l com pl etely u n d e r

,

the s w ay o f the gr a cel e s s h a b it s o f G hetto l ife .

G ra et z fel t tho ro ughly u n com fo rt ab l e H is p o s i .

t io n in the ho u s e a t wh ich h e w a s e ng age d t o te a ch

did n o t p l e a s e him a n d in the tow n h e fo u n d n o
,

o n e w ith who m h e c a re d to c u l t iv a te fr ie n d l y in te r

co u r s e H e ha d s u b m itte d t o t u to r ing b y n o
.
,

m e a n s a n a r du o us o cc u p a t io n in o r d e r to l ay by ,

m o n ey b u t he l a cke d fi na n c ial t a l e n t a n d the a b il ity

,

t o e co n o m iz e I n fa ct his d evot io n t o his fa m ily

.
,

m
co nne ct io n s h is goo d n a t u re a nd his imp rov id e n ce
,

in vol ve d hi i n p ec un ia ry e nib a rra s s me n t s s o s e r i

o u s th a t the m o n olog u e s in his d ia r y ove r fl ow w ith
,

p e s s im is t ic m el a n choly re fl e ct io n s H e s o ught i n
, .

de mn ifi ca t io n in fre qu e n t exc u r s io n s t o n e ighbo r ing

tow n s in co m po s ing a H eb rew b iogr a phy o f M is h na
,

te a che r s u n d e r th e t itl e nus mB m} a nd it a p p e a r s , ,

in re a d ing t h e wo rk s o f the F a the r s of the C h urch .

O n o n e o f h is l ittl e t r ip s the o cc a s io n b e ing th e

,

b etroth a l o f a fr ie n d o f his h e m e t the s is te r o f the

,

fi a n cee a v e ry yo u n
g g irl who a tt r a cte d a n d pl e a s e d
’

, ,

him a n d who w a s d e s t in e d t o exe rt d ec is iv e a nd

,

s al u t a ry in fl u e nce u po n his l ife T h e m ee t ing a cte d .

l ike a s oo th ing ch a rm u po n his ill h u mo r tho u g h he -

w as fa r fro m a n t ic ip a t in g th e co n s e qu e n ce s it bo re .

H e re m ain e d in his p o s it io n a t O s trowo fo r o n e

ye a r a n d a h a l f u n t il J u ly 1 8 4 2 , whe n a t r iv ia l o c
, ,

c u rre n ce r u pt u re d th e irk s o m e rel a t io n in a m a nn e r

n o t a l togethe r p l e a s a n t .

N ow h e we n t s tr aightw ay to B re s l a u to the U ni
v e r s ity A s h e ha d n ot b ee n gra du a te d fro m a
.

Gy mna sium G r a e t z ha d t o ob t a in m in is te r ia l p e r
,

Th i b iogr ph ic al work
1
s a wa s not pr int e d, an d th e m an uscr ipt
co ul d n t b fo un d
o e .
24 H S I TO RY OF TH E

m is s io n t o a tte n d the U n ive r s ity H is p et it io n w a s .

g ra n te d a nd in O ctob e r 1 8 4 2 h e w a s ma t ricu
, , , ,

l a te d W ith reve re n t ia l a w e a n d exp e ct a t io n the

—
.

s el f t au g ht s t ud e n t e n te re d th e m y s te r io us l e ct u re
h all s co n s e c r a te d to p u re s c ie n ce o n l y t o l e ave ,

t he m s hr ugg ing his S ho u l d e r s a t th e w is d o m p ro

cl a im e d d is ap po in te d his l o ng ing s u n s a t is fie d T he
, ,
.

k nowl e d g e o f wh ich h e w a s m a s te r whe n he b eg a n

his U n ive r s ity co u r s e w a s r iche r a n d m o re v a r ie d
th a n o r d ina ry s t ud e n t s a re l ikel y t o s t a rt w ith a nd ,

t ho u gh it w a s n o t s y s te m a t ic a ll y o r d e re d n o r wel l
b a l a n ce d it fo rm e d a u n it a nd ha d a l re a d y beg u n
, ,

to c ry s t al l iz e a bo u t a ce n te r H is a p p re n t ice s h ip .

ye a r s in s ho rt we re ove r the m a t u r ity o f h is v iew s

, ,

a n d his j ud gme n t is u n m is t a k a bl e .

\V hil e a t the U n ive r s it y h e he a r d l ect u re s o n a

w id e v a r ie ty o f s ubj e ct s —o n h is tory p h il o s ophy
,

O r ie n t a l l a ng uage s eve n phy s ic s — b u t it d oe s n o t

, ,

a pp e a r th a t a n l e ft d ee p t r a ce s u po n his m ind
y .

E ve n Pr o fe s s o r B e r n s te in a n O r ie nt al is t o f co n s id ,

c r a bl e rep u t a t io n who dre w h im in to the c ircl e o f

,

his cl o s e a s s oc ia te s did n o t u nd e r s t a n d how to ,

k in d l e his p up il s z e a l usu a l ly s o im pe t u o us fo r the

’

, ,

t ho ro ug h s t ud y o f S yr ia c a n d A r a b ic A pp a re n tly .

G ra e t z ha d rel in q uis he d the a m b it io n to g a in ma s

t e ry o f the m T h e o n ly o ne t o h a ve s ucce s s w as
.

Pro fe s s o r B ra n is s a ph ilo s ophe r in h ig h e s tee m in

,

his day w ith who m al s o G r a e t z c u l t iv a te d in t im a te

,

rel a t io n s H e a t a ll e ve n t s m u s t h a v e b ee n in s t ru
.

me n t a l iii a cq ua in t ing him w ith the H egel ia n s y s te m

o f ph ilo s ophy a n d in imb uing him w ith the recog
,

n it io n th at e ve n in the wo rl d o f l ibe rty th a t is

,
, ,
'

m a n s wo rl d o f m e n t a l e nd e a vo r ph a s e s o f d e ,

ve IO p me n t s uccee d e a ch othe r in co n fo rm ity w ith

a b s ol u te l a w s ch iefl y o f a n id e a l no n—m e ch a n ic a l
, ,

n a t ure ; th a t the re fore th e S p ir it u a l p owe r s th a t

p ro du c e t h e h is to ry o f m a nk in d b y th e re al iz a t io n
o f e v e r h ig he r id e a s n o t o n l y fol l ow the ir in d wel l

In
g l a w s b ut a t th e s a m e t im e s u b m it u n co n d it io n
,
 ME MO I R . 25

a l ly to th e l aw o f c aus e a n d e ffect ; a nd th a t th e
p a ra d ox o f op p o s ite s the p r in c ipl e o f the s is a nt i
, ,

the s is a nd s y n the s is is p a rt ic u l a rly hel p fu l in the

, ,
.

co n s id e ra t io n of h is to r ic a l phe n om e na .

T ho u gh G r a et z w as im m e r s e d in his s t u d ie s he ,

did no t fa il t o g iv e clo s e a tte n t io n to the o cc ur

re n e e s in the B re s l a u J ew is h com m u n ity T he .

eve n t s h ap pe ning the re in tho s e d ay s we re n ot

m e rely of loc a l in te re s t T hey c a s t th e ir l ight a n d
.

the ir s h a d o w fa r b eyo n d the Sil e s ia n fro n t ie r a n d ,

we re the c a u s e o f in te n s e e xc ite m e n t in al l J ew is h
c ircl e s o f G e rm a n y I n B re s l a u the o rtho d ox a nd
.

the re fo rm v iew s o f J u d ais m fo r the fi r s t t im e r us he d

a t e a ch othe r w ith fu l l fo rce in th e s tr u ggl e fo r

s u p re m a cy S to rm a n d co nfl ict r age d v iol e n tly b e

.

twee n the ol d a nd the n e w B l in d to th e co n d it io n s

.

o f the t im e o rtho d oxy s t u bbo r n ly opp o s e d a n on

,

ossn fn n s t o eve ry offe r look in g to a n a dj u s tm e n t o f

p
d iffi c u l t ie s T h e rep re s e n t a t iv e s o f the two p a rt ie s
.
,

the o rtho d ox Sol omo n Tik t in o n the o n e S id e a nd

the p rogre s s iv e A b r ah a m G e ige r o n the othe r ,

s o u ght to ge t the b e tte r o f e a ch othe r w ith re mo r s e

l e s s a cr imo ny G e ige r wo n the u pp e r h a n d a nd
.
,

ev e n th e d is r u pt io n o f the B re s l a u co ngreg a t io n
c au s e d by Ti k t in s d efe a t did n o t d e rog a t e fro m the
’

re form ch a m p io n s v icto ry
’
.

D r A b ra h a m G e ig e r s ho u l d b e cl a s s e d a mo ng the
.

mo s t p rom in e n t r a bb is o f his t im e T he m o d e r n .

d evelopm e n t o f the rel ig io u s l ife ha d b e e n p roce e d

ing qu ie tly tho u g h s te a d ily whe n it w a s co n v u l s e d
,

to it s d ep th s by the s to rm a nn o u n ce d by his fi r s t
a pp e a r a n ce u p o n th e r abb inic a l s ce n e As a .

s p e a ke r a n d a s a wr ite r h e h a n d le d a p op u l a r
s tyl e w ith m a s te rful S k ill wh ich m anife s te d it s el f in
,

fel ic ito u s cop io u s n e s s r a the r th a n in the co n ce n

t rat io n o f p re c is e fo rc ibl e l a ng u age
,
O n e of the .

be s t p u l p it o ra tor s a mo n g J ew s he s u ccee d e d in ,

hol d ing a tte n t io n a nd s t im ul a t ing tho u gh t by his

S impl e m a n n e r a n d b r il l ia n t t u r n s of exp re s s io n .
26 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

H is p u bl is he d s e rmo n s v e ry l im ite d in n u mbe r g ive , ,

n o t ev e n a n a pp rox im a te id e a o f the p owe rfu l im

p re s s io n p ro du ce d by his s poke n wo r d s tot a l ly un ,

a id e d tho u gh they we re by ch a rm s o f p e r s o n H is .
1

s chol a rl y co n t r ib u t io n s t o J e w is h s c ie n ce a re o f
p re e m in e n t a n d o f p e rm a ne n t v a l ue H e has re n
-
.

d e re d p a r t ic ul a rly v al ia n t s e rv ice b y his re s e a rche s

into the h is to ry o f l ite r a t ure a fiel d 1 11 wh ich he w a s
m a s te r O n the o the r h a n d o n e S o m e t ime s m is s e s
.
,

tho ro ug h n e s s o f s chol a rly c ul t ure in h is e a rly p ro

duc t io ns e s p e c ia l l y tho s e o f the fi r s t p a rt o f his
,

B re s l a u p e r io d B e s id e s h e w a s fo n d o f obt r ud ing
.
,

his re fo r m b ia s I n s p ite o f his s c ie n t ific a tt a in

.

m e n t s his h is to r ic a l s e n s e l a cke d p rofu n d ity a nd in

, ,

s p ite o f his g re a t a ch ieve m e n t s in the p rov in ce o f

mo d e r n l it urg y his a p p re c ia t io n o f th e n e e d s a nd
,

e mot io n s o f the p eop l e s s p ir it ua l l ife w a s n e ithe r

su ffi c ie ntly d el ic a t e n o r s uffi c ie ntly in te n s e At .

bottom he w a s a d octr ina ire r a t io na l is t H is rel i .

io us p rogr a m a n d a im s too we re n o t cl e a rly a n d

g , ,

d efi nitel y p u t fo rth F o r ex a m pl e his a tt it u d e to .

,

w a r ds the r a d ic a l c u rre n t s a t th a t t im e roll in g the ir

d e s tr uct ive w a ve s ove r J ud ais m a mo u n te d to m o re
th a n be n evol e n t n e u t r a l ity T he ob s e rve r c a n not .

w a r d o ff the imp re s s io n th at h e w a s in cl in e d to ,

s tee r s t ra ig ht fo r e th ic a l d e is m a n d w a s re s t r a in e d ,

o nly by op po rt un is t re as o n s A t th is a b ov e al l .

G r a et z took umb r ag e a nd by a n d by his a n t ip a thy ,

to G e ig e r w a s co mple te A g oo d d e a l o f s h a m a nd .

t in s el ha d p rob a bl y s l ip pe d in to the v a r io u s te n t a
t ive o rg a n iz a t io n s wh ich G e ig e r e nd e a vo re d to c al l 0

in to ex is t e n ce p e rh ap s they we re u navo id a bl e co n
,

co mit a n t s o f s uch e ffort s I t is p o s s ibl e too th a t .

, ,

t he unpl e as a n t im p re ss io n wa s re in fo rce d by a t e n
d e n e y to o ffi c io us n e s s ob s e r vabl e in G e ige r—at
‘
wr it r p k from p r o l xp r i c tho ugh it i prop r
T he e s ea s e s na e e en e, s e
to dd th t h h r d G ig r
a ,
a rmo in h i yo uth wh
e ea i
e e
’
s se ns s , en o ne s
i cl i d to
n neth u i m d dm ir t io ; y t h th ink th at t h judg
en s as an a a n e e s e
m t xpr d bov
en e b u t in d
e sse a e ca n e s s a e .
28 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

w as fre qu e n tl y m e n t io n e d I II Sil e s ia the re w as

SO .

no mo re p op ul a r r a bb i a n d in B re s l a u his wo r d ,

w a s pote n t in fl u e n t ia l a n d fe a re d by h is a d v er s a r ie s
, ,
.

H is s c ie n t ific e m in e n ce w a s g e n e r a l ly a ck n owl e d ge d ;
his el o qu e n ce d o m in a te d the p ul p it n o l e s s th a n the
m in d s o f his he a re r s \/Vh o d a re d a tt a ck him w a s
.

b a d ly u s e d a n d bo r e r id ic ul e a s wel l a s inj u ry fro m

.

t he fr a y .

I II the co u r s e o f the y e a r 1 8 4 4 th e fi r s t S ig n s o f ,

a S l owl y c ry s t a l l iz in g re a c t io n be c a m e n ot ice a bl e .

V a r io us g e rm ina t ing fo rce s l ook ing t o the fo rm a

t io n o f a n e w theol og ic p a rt y o n a co n s e rv a t ive
pl a tfo rm co ns ol id a te d in th a t y e a r u n d e r th e l e a d e r
s h ip o f Z a ch a r ia s F r a n kel F ro m th is pl a ce a n d .

th a t s ing l e b a rbe d a rrow s followe d b y m o re a n d

, ,

s h a rp e r o n e s w inge d by iro ny a n d h a r d t o p a rry

, ,

c a m e wh izz ing t hro ugh th e a ir s t r ik ing G e ige r ,

a n d his fol l owe r s in th e m o s t s e n s it iv e s pot s

A well k n ow n we ekl y J e w is h j o ur na l D er Om
.

en l , ,

und e r the e d ito r s h ip o f D r F u r s t p ubl is he d re po rt s

.
,

o f the m o re im port a n t occ u rre n ce s in th e B re s l a u

com m un ity T he d e s c r ip t io n s o f the a n o ny mo u s
.

co rre s po nd e n t we re g ra ph ic p unge n t a n d c r it ic a l , ,

T he a rt icl e s na t ur al ly a ro us e d a tte n t io n I n B re s .

l a u a s they co n t in u e d t o a p p e a r we e k a fte r we ek
,
,

they c re a te d a ve r it a bl e s e n s a t io n T h e two p a r .

“ ”
t ie s l ooke d fo rw a r d t o e a ch is s ue o f th e O r ie n t
w ith e q ua l expe ct a n cy tho ug h othe rw is e w ith op p o ,

S ite fe el in g s I ii th e o rtho d ox c a m p the re w a s ex

.

ul t a t io n A t l a s t a n expe rt w r ite r ha d a p pe a re d
.
,

who l a id b a re a l l s o rt s o f ev il s fe a rl e s s l y a n d un
s p a r ing ly a n d who s e e m e d t o s e rv e th e c a u s e o f
,

co n s e rv a t is m by his bol d oppo s it io n t o G e ig e r .

But who w a s the a rche r th a t s p e d his a rrow w ith

a im s o t r ue a n d po is e S 0 el eg a n t ? G ue s s e s we re
h a z a r d e d a na rro w s e a rch w a s in s t it u te d a n d e s pe
, ,

c ia ll th e r a n k s o f the J ew is h s t ud e n t s o f theolo g y a t
y
th a t t im e g a t he re d in B re s l a u m o s tl y a bo ut G e ig e r , ,

we re S h a rply in s pe cte d I t w a s e s t a bl is he d b eyo nd .

 ME MO I R . 29

a d o u b t th a t it w a s a l l ama n ouns a s t u d e n t fro m the

Prov in ce —G r a et z who p ro ud ly in d ep e n d e n t o f
, ,

, ,

e ve ry s ort o f p a t ro nag e w a s e a r n ing a s c a n t l ivel i ,

hoo d by g iv i ng l e s s o ns T h e a m a z e m e n t gre w whe n .

G ra e t z n e a rly S im u l t a n eo us l y w ith th e j u s t me n
,
“ ”
t io n e d co n tr ib u t io n s to the O r ie n t p u bl is he d a ,

c r it ic a l rev ie w v a l u abl e ev e n a t th is l a te day o f

, ,

“ ’
G e ige r s T ex tbook o f t he M is h n ic L a ng u age .

T h is c r it iqu e a u s p ic io u s ly u s he r ing him in to the

,

s c ie n t ific worl d w a s beg u n in the l ite ra ry s upp l e

,
2

“ ”
m e n t o f th e O r ie n t a t the e n d o f 1 8 4 4 a nd c o n ,

t inue d a s a s e r ie s o f a rt icl e s in th e follow in g ye a r .

I t g av e him th e op p ort u n ity o f expo u n d ing his o w n

v iew s u po n th e s u bj e ct a nd d is pl ay in g a d v a n t ag e
ou sl a fu n d o f in form a t io n m a s te ry o f the m a te r ia l
y , ,

p h ilolog ic a l t a ct s c ie n t ific in s t in ct s a n d co n s id e r
, ,

a bl e t a l e n t a s a s tyl is t H is cr it ic is m o f th e book .

is o fte n t o the p o in t b u t r a the r s ev e re a n d n o t e n ,

t ire l y fre e fro m a n im o s it y I t w a s ch a r a cte r is t ic o f .

G r a e t z t o ex p re s s his o p in io n cl e a rly a n d d irectly .

“
G e ige r repl ie d t o th e ch al l e nge in T he I s r a el ite
”
o f the N in e te e nth C e n t u ry in s t il l m ore a crimo ni
3

o u s a rt icle s wh ich l ikew is e a re n o t whol ly o bje c

,

t ive I n fa ct they co n t a in a p p ro a che s t o p e r s o na l i

.
,

t ie s a n d d wel l u po n s l ip s a n d t r iv ia l d et a il s th u s d e
, ,

mo ns t rat ing the import a n ce a tt a che d t o the a p pe a r

a n ce o f his yo u ng a n t ago n is t in the a re n a I n a ny .

eve n t G r a e t z ha d d r aw n the a tte n t io n o f a w id e r

,

c ircl e t o h im s el f a n d in B re s l a u h e had b ecom e a t

,

o ne bo u n d the ce n tra l top ic o f in te re s t in K a rl s

stra sse T he o rtho d ox p a rt is a n s m a d e a d v a n ce s
.

to him a l tho u gh he did n o t fo r a m o m e n t l e a v e

,

Lehrbuch S prache der Mishnah

1
z nr .

2
o ymo
An an n rt c us a i l e in t h e O ie n r t 1 84 3 p 3 9 ff m y b, ,
. 1 ,
a e

acco t tro ctio

un e d h is in du n in the d to worl of l tt r I t tr t of th e e s . ea s e

q t o th moot
ue s i n en ed O n t h e San i ,
ct ty of J w i h C m t r i e s e e e es
”

( Ueber die H eil igkei t der jlidischen nd i d t d

’

a s a e

r l
B e s au N , e e ov mb r
22 Th e s i is i . k rm h w th G ig r b g in th e e e an e

r t
O ie n
”
1 844
,
21 ,
p . .

3
I sraelit des I gten l ahrhun derl s .
30 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J E VVS .

the m in d o ub t abo ut his d is a pp rov a l of t he ir p ro !

g ra m a n d his d is s e n t fro m th e ir re l ig io us v iews o

.

H e tol d the m th a t he w a s p u r s uing h is o w n O I i inal cr

id e a s a n d th a t his g u id in g p i in c ip l e w a s u na
,
l te r
a bl e loy a l t y to p o s it ive J ud a is m H owev e r h e re .
,

s t ra ine d the m fro m m a ii y a fool is h a nd fa na t ic s tep .

I n the fa ce o f o rtho d ox op p o s it io n G e ig e r ha d e n e r
g e t ica l l
y o rg a n iz e d a rel ig io u s s chool wh ich w a s ,

p ro s p e r ing G r a e t z the refo re a d v is e d th e adhe r

.

e n t s o f o rtho d oxy n o t t o p e rm it the m s elv e s to l o s e

to uch w ith the y o ung e r ge n e r a t io n b ut to b u il d u p ,

a s im il a r in s t it ut io n o n co n s e rv a t ive l in e s T he
a d v ice s e e m s to h a v e fa l l e n o n fr u itfu l s o il I t w as .

in t im a te d to th e co u n s e lo r th a t the in te n t io n w a s
,

to e n t r u s t him w ith th e o rg a n iz at io n a nd s up e rin

te nd e nce o f a s chool o f th a t k in d p rov id e d he o h ,

t a in e d his U n ive r s ity d egre e b e fo re it s op e n ing .

B e s id e s his n a m e w a s be g in n in g to b e me n t io ne d in
,

co n n e ct io n w ith v a c a n t r a bb inate s I t w a s the re fore .

n e ce s s a ry to h a s te n h is gr a d u a t io n A fte r a fe w .

week s o f s ev e re a ppl ic a t io n h e fi n is he d his the s is , ,

D e a n el o m l a l e o f o z q n a m g n o szs z n Yn a a zs mn m
,
’

l za ane ml wh ich s e c u re d him the d octo r a te fro m the

,

U nive r s ity of J e n a I n A p r il 1 8 4 5 U n d e r the t itl e

, .
,

“ ”1
G no s t ic is m a nd J ud a is m the d is s e rt a t io n w a s
,

p ubl is he d in th a t ye a r a s the fi r s t o r ig ina l p ro du ct

of his p e n T he wo rk in eve ry re s p e ct b e a r s the
.

p ec u l ia r s t a m p o f his s c ie n t ifi c ch a r a cte r I t is dis .

t ing uis h e d by fa m il ia r ity w ith p a t r is t ic l ite r a t u re ; b y

his m etho d o f ex pl a inin g T a l m u d s t a te m e n t s co m ,

m o o l y t a ke n to b e ge n e r al a s p a rt ic u l a r h is to r ic a l
,

c a s e s ; by l u c id it y o f a rr a nge m e n t a n d p re s e n t a b

t io n ; a n d by his h a i ft o f d iv i
( rn in g the o cc u l t
ppy g

r e l a t io n be twe e n th ing s wh ich e n abl e d him to S he d

,

”
t he fi r s t r ay s o f l ig h t up o n th e ma n a th e m o s t n
,

n i ma t ic book o f ra bb in ica l l ite r a t u re T he the s is

g .

wa s re ce ive d k in d l y a nd it g a ve him a pl a ce I n the

,

J e w is h wo rl d o f s chol a r s h ip .

Gnost is is mus und l udei ztl z um . B ook of C r t io n ea .

 ME MO I R .

31

Su ch s u rp r is ing s u cce ss e s s well e d the b re a s t of

the l ite ra ry n ov ice who had wo rke d h is way to th e
,

fro n t by a r du o u s to il w ith j us t ifi abl e a n d h a p py

,

hop e s T he h a l cyo n d a y s o f yo u n g fa m e a t the

.
,

re m e m b r a n ce o f wh ich his fa c e l ighte d u p w ith

pl e a s u re e ve n in ol d a g e h e pl a n n e d t o s p e n d ,

w ith his p a re n t s O n h is w ay hom e he p a s s e d

.

thro u gh K roto s ch in T he re in his fr ie n d s ho u s e

.
,
’

he m et th e h a l f grow n g irl o f o the r d ay s n o w in

-

the fl u s h o f yo u ng wo m a n hoo d H e r im age fain t .

,

tho u gh it ha d b ecom e in the b a ckgro un d o f his

m e mory ha d n o t fa d e d e n t irely She w a s the
d a ug hte r o f Mo n a s ch the p rop r ie to r o f the well
.
,

k n ow n H eb rew p r in t ing e s t abl is hm e n t E a ch m a d e .

a d e ep I mp re ss io n u po n the o the r a n d e n co ur a ge d ,

to bel iev e th a t his fu t u re m ight b e co n s id e re d

a s su re d G r a et z did n o t co n ce a l h is feel ing s
, T hey .

we re re qu ite d a nd the yo u n g p eopl e p l ighte d the ir

,

t roth G ra e t z did n o t s u s p e ct th a t he had w o n a

.

s tro n g wom a n l y he a rt th a t wo ul d b e his b e a co n a nd

a p rop t o wh ich h e wo u l d cl in g fo r s u p po rt du r in g

the d a rk d ay s s oo n t o b re a k o ve r him .

A l l s o rt s o f v ag u e u n d efi ne d hope s a ro s e b e fo re
,

his v iew a n d s om e o f the m g r a du a l ly a s su me d

,

S h ap e . T he p ro s p ect o f a n ho n or abl e p o s it io n ,

s uch a s h e had l o nge d fo r a n d a s p ire d t o s e e m e d ,

a bo u t t o b e re a l iz e d T he r a bb in at e o f G l e iw it z
.
,

o n e o f th e l a rge r co ngreg a t io n s o f U p p e r S il e s ia ,

t a k ing r a n k in we a l th a n d p e rh a p s in S iz e a fte r
B re s l a u wa s v a c a n t a n d th e a u tho r it ie s we re l ook ing
, ,

o u t fo r a ma n e qu ipp e d w ith r a bb inic l o re s t a n d ing ,

u po n the he ight o f m o d e r n c ul t ure a n d fa vo r ing a ,

s ob e r m o d e r a t e re fo rm m ov e m e n t A l l e n t itl e d to
, .

a vo ice in th e m a tte r fixe d u po n G r a e t z who s e ,

rep u t a t io n a s a wr ite r had s p re a d to them H e .

s ee m e d th e m o s t s uit abl e in c umbe n t B y v irt ue o f .

his n a t ive t al e n t a n d his a tt a in m e n t s it w a s tho ught ,

th a t he wo u l d b e a bl e t o ove rr u l e o r to m ee t the
m a nifol d ra the r h a z y v iew s a n d d e m a n d s o f t h e
,
32 H S I TO RY OF TH E

m e mbe r s o f th e co ngreg a t io n T he l e a d ing s p ir it stD

.

a mo ng the m d e cl a re d t he m s e l ve s in fa vo r o f h is
el ect io n N oth ing m o re w a s n e ce s s a ry th a n to
.

a t t i a c t a l l th e o the r c ii cl e s o f th e co m m u n ity by

p rov ing h is ho m il et ic a b il ity in s eve r a l t r ia l s e r

m o n s the s uc ce s s o f wh ich s ee m e d a fo rego n e co n
, t!

e l us io n . B e fore the g re a t H oly D ay s o f 1 8 4 5

G r a e t z re ce ive d a H e b i e w com m u n ic a t i o n
(5 6 0 6 )
fro m th e d ire cto r s o f the G le iw it z co ngreg a t io n ,

co uche d in the m o s t fl a tte r ing t e rm s a s s ur ing him ,

of th e rev e r s io n o f the I a b b iii a t e a n d in v i t ing him ,

to p re a ch the s e rmo n s in the ir s y nagog u e o n the

Day o f A to n e m e nt .

A t th e a p po inte d t ime o n the ev e o f the s a cre d

—
,

day h
,
e a s ce n d e d the p u l p it a n d th e re s u l t w a s , a

tho ro ug hly u n exp e cte d fi a s co th e m o re d eplo r a bl e ,

a s it S h a tte re d his o w n co n fi d e n ce in h is o r a tor ic a l

-

powe r s H e had forgotte n h is m e mo r a n du m co m

.

l e te l L o s ing h is p re s e n ce o f m in d h e ha d t o
p y .
,

l e a ve the p u l p it a fte r s ay in g a fe w wo r ds H is .

fr ie nd s a nd followe r s s too d by him l oy ally a nd did ,

t he ir u tm o s t t o s e c ure fo r him th e o pp o rt u nity o f

i e
p a ir in g the d a m a ge H e s u cce e d.e d in re ha b il i
t a t ing h im s el f o nly p a rt l y ; tt he g ro u n d l o s t co ul d
n o t b e re cove re d I he s u rp r is ing m is h a p it m u s t
.
,

b e co n fe s s e d n o w a fte r th e l a p s e o f t i m e w a s a ,

s t rok e o f goo d fo rt u n e fo r the a mb it io u s s chol a r

a n d h is l ife wo rk u n ge n tl e tho u g h th e im p e t u s w a s
-

t h a t force d him in to th e p a th fo r wh ich he w a s

pec ul ia rly e q uipp e d a n d g ifte d I n tho s e d ay s o f .

un ive i s al fe rm e n t a t io n th e rel ig io us l ife o f J ew is h

,

com m unit ie s w a s c ro s s e d a nd ag it a te d b y opp o s ite ,

co n fus e d a n d s t O I my curi e n t s A ma n o f unco n

, .

t ro l l a b l e im p ul s e to b e a ct ive a n d t o exe rt in d e

p e nd e nt d ire c t in fl ue n ce whe n eve r it m igh t s ee m

,

II c e s s a i
I
-

y a n d p i o n e t o g iv e u tte r a n ce to his co n
,

vic t i o ns in t r ut hful in c is ive a n d c a u s t ic l a ng u age

, ,
b
a q ua l it y o f d u b io us I a l u e wo ul d ha i dl y have s u c -

c e e dc d i n s tee r in g h is r a bb in ic a l bo a t a m o ng the
 ME MO I R .
33

crag s o f p a rt y s tr ife u s u a l ly c a rr ie d o n w ith fa na t ic,

v iol e n ce H e wo u l d e ithe r h a v e ha d t o b eco me

.

faithl e s s to his nat u re a nd ge n ius o r if th a t we re , ,

n o t p o s s ibl e ev e n t u al ly be wre cke d A t b e s t in

, .
,

c as e he had a h igh d egre e o f t a ct a nd p r ud e n ce

a t his d is po s a l he wo u l d h a v e co n s u m e d h is fi n e s t
,

powe r s in p u tt ing m ore o r l e s s s al u t a ry m e a su re s

in to e ffe ct o n a re s tr icte d fiel d G r a e t z who k n ew .
,

h im s el f thoro u ghly had a l w ay s fe a re d th a t h e wo u l d ,

n o t b e in his p rop e r pl a ce in a r a bb in ic a l p o s i

t io n F rom the fi r s t h e ha d fel t a S h r in k ing a t

.

the tho u g ht of the d u t ie s a n d re s p o n s ib il it ie s o f a

ra bb i A few d ay s be fore he l eft fo r G l e iw it z he
.

wrote in his d ia ry
O f l l po it io n I m l
a s t d pt d for th t of r bb i ; in v ry
s a e as a a e a a e e

w y I l ck forc of m
a a r impo
e g pr nc My k owl dg
an n e , an si n e se e . n e e,

too i h ighly d f ctiv b ut my w il l i tro g

, s e e rg t ic I f G o d
e, s s n ,
e ne e .
’

se rv ic n b
e p rform d by n in trum t of uch c l ib r th
ca e e e a s en s a e ,
en

h r m I r dy for it bo dy nd o ul But t h pr ch ing !

e e a ea , a s . e ea

In
’
v e ry t r u th th e p re a che r s P eg a su s s e rve s the
n obl e e n th u s ia s m o f the el e ct w ill ingly a n d a r d e n tly ,

a nd a s w ill ingly l e n d s his b a ck t o m e d ioc r ity t o

exe c u t e m ore o r l e s s d o u btfu l t r ick s b e fo re th e eye s

a nd e a r s —
o f th e m a ny he ad e d c row d G ra e t z it .

th re w in the c r it ic a l m om e n t a n d th e fal l a ffe cte d ,

him d ee ply a nd p a in fu l ly H e who o n l y a s ho rt .

t im e before a l mo s t w itho u t e ffort ha d w o n l ite ra ry

, ,

t r iu mph s a n d who a s a r u l e s hr a n k fro m n o d iffi c u l t

,

u n d e rt a k ing n o w d e s p a ire d o f eve r b e ing abl e to

,

w iel d the l iv ing wo r d w ith th e p owe r w ith wh ich he

d irecte d the p e n I n fa ct he ha d b ee n d e n ie d the .
,

exte r nal qu al ific a t io n s o f a n o r a to r I t c a nn o t b e .

s aid t o h av e b e e n his a p p e a ra n ce th a t s too d in the

w ay o f s u cce s s h e w a s o f a ve r age he igh t a nd wel l
k nit fra m e B u t in l o ud s p ee ch his vo ice l a cke d
.

m o du l a t io n a ndhis m a n n e r w as in effect u al Above

,
.

al l he w a s in c a p a bl e o f p o s ing ; in his ch a r a cte r

,

the re wa s n ot the s l ighte s t t ra ce o f the a cto r who , ,

as G oethe s a y s
“ m ight g iv e po in t s to a p re a ch e r ”
.
,
34 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

IV .

SC H O L AR AN D T E AC H E R .

TH E bove in c id e n t p u t a hop el e s s e nd to al l the

a
p ro s p ect s he ha d e n te rt ain e d Ag a in c a re fo r his .

d aily b re a d s t al ke d by his S id e l ike a s p e cte r T he .

mo s t d epl o r abl e a s p e ct O f his c a s e w as th a t his

s t re ngth did n o t e m e rge fro m th is s e ve re co n te s t ,

a s fro m fo rm e r o n e s s te el e d a n d b r a ce d by C hee r
,

ing hope s fo r th e fu t ure B e s id e s h e rep ro a che d

.
,

h im s el f fo r h av ing d r a w n a n othe r a nd a belove d

pe r s o n in to his fo rl or n l ife T he n th e h igh m in d e d .
-

n e s s a n d u n s el fi s h d evot io n o f the wo m a n o f his

cho ice su s t ain e d him re fre s h ing his we a ry s o u l w ith
,

co n s ol at io n a n d e n co u rage me n t a nd c al m ing the ,

t u m u l t O f his wo u nd e d fe el ing s H is a nim a l s p ir it s .

ro s e a g a in u nd e r the s t im u l u s O f a n ho n o rab l e invi

t a t io n exte n d e d by Z a ch a r ia s F r a n kel to j o in a
, ,

co n fe re n ce o f co n s e rv a t iv e r a bb is c al l e d by him to
m ee t a t D re s d e n in Se p te mbe r 1 8 4 6 fo r the p u r ,
1
,

po s e O f d is c us s ing th e rel ig io u s p robl em s o f the

day a n d u nit ing fo r co n ce rte d a ct io n .

A t the v e ry be g in ning O f h is c a re e r in D re s d e n ,

D r Z a ch a r ia s F ra n kel had d evel op e d fr u itfu l a c

.

t ivit y in co n n ect io n w ith the re m ov a l o f the pol it ic a l

a n d c iv il d is a b il it ie s e s p e c ia l ly w ith reg a r d to o a th s
, ,

u nd e r wh ich his co rel ig io nis t s in Saxo n y we re l a bo r

ing .N o n e th e l e s s he w a s e s s e n t ial ly a s chol a r .

M a s te r o f co mp rehe n s iv e k n owl e d ge o f the T al m u d ,

wh ich he ha d a c qu ire d w ith c r it ic a l tho ro u gh n e s s he ,

l a id the fo und a t io n s fo r the mo d e r n a nal y s is o f th is

wo rk O f l ite ra t u re H e m a d e it his l ife t a s k to p ro
.
-

mote the s c ie n t ific s t ud y o f the T a l m ud a n d t r a ce

the evol u t io n O f the T h e fi rs t —
fr u it s o f
his l ite ra ry e n d e a vo r bet r a ye d th e s e r io u s tho ro u gh ,

s chol a r by the a cc u ra cy the s c r u p u l o u s n ice ty a nd

, ,

l
ctob r 5 h d b
O rig inal l y O e ppo i t d b ut m ny of t h
1 a ee n a n e , a e p ar
co id r d S p t mb r mor uit bl t im
0

t i ci p a n t s ns e e e e e a e s a e e .
36 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

an d qu ot a t io n s O f th e F a the r s O f th e C h u rch th u s ,

d ete rm ining the h is to r ic al el e m e n t s o f the T a l m ud ic

a cco un t a n d b u il d ing theo r ie s u po n it I n the s a m e .

ye a r F r a n ke l ha d g o n e t o F r a n kfo rt o n the - -

M a in to th e s e co n d r a bb in ic a l co n fe re n ce w ith the
, ,

hop e O f in fus ing a S p ir it O f m o d e r a t io n a nd co n c il ia

t io n in to it s p rocee d ing s a n d m e a s ure s B u t he .

a b a n d o n e d th e hop e o n the p a s s ag e o f the re s ol u

t io n th a t th e rete n t io n O f H e b re a s th e l a ng u age
,

“
of th e s y na g o g u e s e rv ic e w a s o nly a d v is a bl e ,

“e s s e n t i l ”
eLl z v n al l z we n di
( l g)
'

no t a a
’ -

H e the re .
,

fore w ith d re w fro m the co n fe re n ce in a p u bl ic man

,

n e r a n d j u s t ifie d h is a ct io n in a form a l d e cl a r a t io n
, ,

e q ual l y d ig n ifie d a nd fi rm .

O n al l s id e s F r a nk el s co u r s e m et w ith h e a rty
a p p rov a l I t s e ffect w a s to s t a rtl e th e co n s e rv a
.

t ive s o f eve ry s h a d e o f O p in io n o ut o f the ir a p a thy .

N um e ro us p ro m in e n t co m m un it ie s s e n t him fl a tte r
ing a dd re s s e s co n vey ing the ir th a n k s a n d the ir
,

u n re s e rve d co m me nd a t io n o f h is re s ol ut e p ol icy .

G ra et z had w r itte n a n e n th us ia s t ic d o c u m e n t wh ich ,

w as c irc u l a te d in B re s l a u a n d w a s q uickl y cov e re d

,

w ith s igna t u re s I n col l ect ing the m he ha d n ot

.
,

be e n a bl e t o re s is t th e m a l ic io u s p ro mp t ing t o
s ec u re th e n a m e s o f n oto r io us a d he re n t s O f G e ig e r .

T he l a tte r ha d t a ke n d e e p O ffe n s e a t F r a n ke l s ’

s e ce s s io n a nd ha d bee n b e traye d in to a b us e by his

,

d e cl a r a t io n I t is im po s s ibl e t o s ay no w why
.
,

F r a n kel did n o t a t o n ce u t il iz e the d is p o s it io n in his

fa vo r to g a the r a l a r g e co n s e rv a t iv e p a rty a bo u t
h im s e l f O nl y in the foll ow in g y e a r 1 8 4 6 h e took
.
, ,

s te p s l ook ing t o th is e nd H e is s u e d inv it a t io n s to

.

the co n s e rv a t iv e theol o g ia n s o f mo d e r n b ia s s u m ,

m o nin g the m t o a co nve n t io n a t D re sd e n w ith the ,

p urpo s e p e rh a p s o f d ev is ing a n e ffe ct iv e O ppo s it io n

t o the th ir d re fo rm co n fe re n c e O f r a bb is t o m ee t a t
B re s l a u in J ul y o f the s a m e ye a r B u t e ve n th is .

e ffo rt w as n o t m ad e w ith the e n e r g y ch a ra cte r is t ic

O f F r a n kel a n d n e ce s s a ry t o a cco mpl is h the d e s ire d
 ME MO I R .
37

re su l t W he n G ra e t z a rr ive d in D re s d e n in Se p
.

te mbe r 1 8 4 6 h e w a s a m a z e d t o fi nd th a t n o o n e
, ,

el s e ha d p ut in a p p e a r a n ce Sa m s o n R a ph a el
.

H ir s ch a t th a t t im e D is t r ict R abb i o f E m d e n ha d
, ,

fro m the fi r s t re fus e d co op e ra t io n w ith the mov e

-

m e n t ina s m u ch a s h e d e n ie d th e a u thor ity n a t ura l

, ,

o r co n fe rre d o f th e m o d e r n r a bb i t o m o d ify the

,

rel ig io u s c ul t R a pop ort o f P r ag u e ha d d e cl in e d

.

the inv it a t io n fo r re a s o ns n o t s pe c ifie d I t is well .

k n ow n th a t his in te re s t s we re e n l is te d o n l y in
s c ie n t ific p ur s u it s M ich a el Sa ch s O f B e rl in had
.

exc us e d h im s el f o n th e p l e a O f ro u t in e d ut ie s F o r .

m o s t o f th e O the r s the t im e a n d pl a ce o f co nv e n t io n
we re n o t co n ve n ie n t T o s u e fo r s u pp ort w a s o ut
.

of the q ue s t io n w ith F ra n kel s a r is tocr a t ic te m p e r a

’

m e n t I t w a s rep u g nan t t o him o r h e did n o t

.
,

k n ow how to c re a t e s e n t ime n t in his o w n fa vo r by

,

a g it a t io n o r s el f a d ve rt is e m e n t
-

H e co u l d n o t .

a ttr a ct a p a rty t o his l e a d e r s h ip by s e du ct iv e w il e s ,

n o r in fus e fa n a t ic fa ct io n a l is m in to it s r a n k s R el y .

ing s ol ely o n th e j us t ic e o f his c a u s e a n d a pp e a l ing ,

ex cl us ive ly t o th e co n v ict io n s o f his fol lowe r s he ,

s cor n e d p e tty t r ic k s a n d a rt ifi ce s T h a t G r a e t z .

w a s the o n ly o n e t o re n d e r u n co n d it io n a l ob e d ie n ce
to his s u m m o n s m u s t n a t u r al ly h a v e p ro du ce d a
d e ep im p re s s io n up o n him T h e two me n S O
.
,

d iffe re n t in ye a r s d is po s it io n a n d e n d owm e n t s b u t
, , ,

at o n e in view s a n d a im s we re b ro u ght clo s e to

,

e a ch oth e r by the p e r s o n a l m e et in g B y t a c it agree .

m e n t they b e c a m e comp a nio n s in a rm s fro m th a t

m o me n t u n to th e e n d G ra et z a t a l l eve n t s re c
.
, ,

o n iz in th a t the ir rel ig io u s p r in c ipl e s a pp rox im a te d

g g
e a ch othe r w a s re s olv e d t o t a k e his po s it io n in
,

theol og ic a l a ffa ir s by F r a n kel s S id e whe n eve r S O ’

d o ing invol ve d n o l o s s o f in d ep e n d e n ce F r a n kel .

in t u r n e v in ce d a s e n s e o f the ir rel ig io u s a ffi n ity by

co n fe rr ing u po n G r a et z a t his re qu e s t th e fo rm a l
, ,

au thor iz a t io n fo r th e exe rc is e o f r a bb in ic a l fu n ct io n s

( nm i n n inn)
‘
A t . the e n d o f 1 8 4 6 F r a n kel g a v e u p ,
38 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

the p u bl ic a t io n o f his j o u r nal t o s av e his s t re ngth

fo r a bette r fut ure TO th is th ir d a nd l as t a n nu a l
s e r ie s G r a et z ha d co ntr ib u te d b e s id e s s ev e ra l re
, ,

v ie w s o n e O f his im po rt a n t t re a t is e s th a t d is c u s s ing
, ,

“ ” 1
T he C o ns tr uct io n o f J ew is h H is to ry in s eve ra l
a rt icl e s B r ight a n d v iv id in s tyl e a n d repl e t e w ith
.

fi n e tho u ght s wh ich eve n ho m il e t e s d rew u p o n in

v a r io u s w ay s the e s s ay d efi n e s cl e a rly a nd S h a rp ly
,

the co n s id e r a t io n s a nd po int s O f v iew o f e s s e n t ia l

imp o rt a n c e in a com pl ete p re s e n t a t io n o f J e w is h
h is to ry B u t th e au tho r wa s s t il l s o p rej ud ice d in
.

favo r o f the te ch nic al ly ph il o s oph ic te rm in ol ogy a n d

co n cep t io n s o f his t im e th a t h e w a s b et r aye d into
g iv ing u n du e p rom in e n ce to the t r a n s ce n d e n ce o f
G o d a s com p a re d w ith the m o n othe is t ic id e a .

T ho u g h G ra et z ha d w o n h igh re s p e ct b y his
S chol a rly p ro du ct io n s e s p e c ia lly in theol og ic cir
cl e s he v a in ly l ooke d a bo u t fo r a p o s it io n n o m atte r
, ,

how mo d e s t in wh ich t o s tr ike roo t A t l a s t the, .

Sk
y s ee me d to grow b r ighte r ; he w a s chee re d b y

the p ro s p e ct o f s oo n be ing a bl e t o e s t a bl is h a hom e

o f his o w n a p ro s p e ct th a t p rov e d a f a l a moz g a na
,
/
.

B y the e nd o f 1 8 4 6 the o rtho d ox p a rty in B re s l a u

re s u m e d e n e rge t ic O p e r a t io ns T he y had a cce pte d .

a s the ir r a bb i G e d a l ia h the s o n o f the d e ce a s e d ,

Solo mo n T ik t in who ha d inhe r ite d fro m his fathe r ,

o nl y his t a l l s t a t u re a nd they we re p re p a r in g to ,

O pe n a rel ig io u s s chool fo r the p rop ag a n d a o f

the ir p r inc ipl e s I t s o r g a niz at io n a nd s up e rin t e n .

d e n ce we re e n tr u s te d to G r a et z T he B re s l a u co m .
2

m u n ity w a s n o l o ng e r a un it the o rtho d ox m e mbe r s ,

D ie Kons tri i letian der jiidischen Gescl i ichl e

’

’
cc pt th tr t r tz
TO a e is us G ae p rm i io n of th m u i
n e e de d t h e e ss e n
c ip l uthor it i
a obt i bl o l y b y m
a of duly ccr dit d
e s, a na e n e an s a a e e
t ch r diplom H th r for tt d d t h C thol ic N orm al
ea e
'

s a . e e e e a en e e a
Scho ol t Br l u for om t im a t ud t b y co urt y ( Ha / i
es a s e e as s en es sJ
t
a iit) O N o v mb r 4
.
84 7 ft r h v i g t k
n e x m i t io h
e ,
1 , a e a n a e n an e a na n, e
w as g iv diplom t t ify i g to h i
en ab il it y to fi ll t h po it io n of
a es n s a e s
t ch r d r ctor t
ea e l m t r y cho ol I t i th o nly o ffi c i l
an e a an e e en a s . s e a
c rt ifi c t of x m i t io G r t z co ul d how
e a e e a na n ae s .
 ME MO I R .

39

h av ing s ep a r a te d fro m th e c o ngreg a t io n But the .

s e ce d e r s had n o l eg al ly v a l id r ig ht t o form a bo d y
corpor ate M o reov e r o n J uly 2 3 1 8 4 7 the l a w d e
.
, , ,

fi ning the s t a t u s o f the P r u s s ia n J ew s a ppe a re d a nd ,

it co u l d n o t b e d e te rm in e d ho w co n d it io n s wo u l d
b e m o d ifie d b y it W e al thy in d iv idu a l s in the ir p ri .

v a te c a p a c ity the re fore a s s u m e d re s po n s ib il ity in

the b u s in e s s co n tr a ct s o f the o 1 t ho do x p a rty p a r ,

t icul a rl y in th e m a tte r o f the n e w s chool T he n .

the p ol it ic a l s to rm s o f 1 8 4 8 s wep t ove r the Pr us s ia n

p rov in ce s E co nom ic d is t urb a n ce s occ u rre d a n d
. .

a pp rehe n s iv e o f s t il l m ore s e r io u s o n e s th e we a l thy ,

p atro n s o f the o rtho d ox p a rty re c al l e d the ir pl e d ge s .

T he com pl ete coll a p s e o f the rel ig io u s s chool fol

lowe d a s the fir s t s a cr ifice in o rtho d ox c ircl e s
cl aim e d by the p ol it ic a l fl oo d who s e w ave s c a rr ie d ,

d e s tr uct iv e ch a nge t o the m o s t re mote rel a t io n s

b e twe e n me n G ra et z w a s ag ain le ft s t r a n d e d .
,

w itho ut a n o cc u p a t io n w itho u t a l ivel ihoo d , .

A t th a t t im e a l l eye s we re t u r n e d towa r ds V i
e n n a whe re the p op u l a r u p r is ing ha d a s s u m e d v a s t
,

d im e ns io n s a n d wo n s u rp r is in g v ictor ie s D e mo c .

r a cy s too d in b a ttl e a rra y a n d ha d g a in e d po s ,

s e s s io n o f the A u s tr ia n c a p it al I t w a s fo n d ly .

hop e d th a t the fo rt u n e o f w a r wo ul d d e c id e the re

in fa vo r o f the d e m ocr a t ic p a rty A fr ie n d o f .

1
G r aet z D r B F r ie d m a n n l a te r r abb i in M an n
, . .
,

he im w a s a t th a t t im e p ro m in e n t in B re s l a u a s a n
,

effe ct ive pop u l a r s p e a ke r a nd w a s a m e mbe r o f the ,

e d ito r ia l s t a ff o f the d e m ocr a t ic o rg a n the Oder ,

z ez tu B y his in te rv e n t io n the c ur io u s p rop o s i

’

ng .

Th i m F ri dm an n d Gr tz pp r a t h jo int author of
1
s sa e e n a ae a ea s e s

an a rt icl i B ur n d Z ll r Th o l og ic Y r book for 848 ( V l

e n a a e e
’
s e ea -
1 o .

V II p O t h All g d C o t i u c of t h J w i h S rifi i l
“

, . n e e e n n an e e e s ac c a

C ul t ft r th D truct io n of t h S co d T mpl
a e e ( U b r di
es e e n e e e e e

ng bl i h F r td u r d jiidi h n O pf rkul tu m h d r Z r tbr mg d

’

a e c e o a e es sc e e s ac e e s z es

w it n T mp l ) F r i dm h r i th y c ot b d t r ’
z e e n e e s . e an s s a e n e e ssa an n e e e

m in d Th i tro duct io n pl i ly b r th m rk of G r t m
e . e n a n ea s e a s ae z s
’
an

n r e d tylan d Gr t z ws in t h h b it of co
e, an id r i g t h work ae as e a ns e n e

hi s o wn I t i t h o n ly pro duct io n p ubl i h d b y h im b tw

. s e 846 s e e een 1

an d 1 8 5 1 .
40 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E ] E \V S .

t io n w a s m a d e to G r a et z to go to V ie nna a s corre s
po n d e n t o f t he j o u r n al j u s t m e n t io ne d I n his .

fo rlo r n s t a te h e a c qu ie s ce d tho u g h n o t w itho u t ,

rel u ct a n ce O n his j o u r n ey t o V ie n na h e fel t im

.
,

e l l e d to l e a v e the d ire ct ro u te a n d s top o ff a t

p
N ikol s b u r g to p ay a v is it to his fo rm e r te a che r ,

Sa m s o n R a ph a e l H ir s ch who ha d m e a n t im e re ,

s ig ne d th e D is tr ict R abb ina te o f E m d e n fo r th a t of

N ikol s b u r g L ette r s ha d p a s s e d b e twe e n them
.

co n s t a n tly s in ce the O l d e nb u rg d ay s a nd a l tho u gh ,

G ra et z w a s n o t in s ym p a thy w ith th e r ig id ly t ra d i
t io n al p o in t o f v iew occ u p ie d by H ir s ch a nd n o ,

l o nge r v iewe d the theol og ic a tt it u d e o f his ol d

g u id e w ith yo u thfu l e n th u s ia s m b u t r a the r w ith ,

c r it ic al s obe r j ud gme n t the ir fr ie n d ly rel a t io n s o f

, ,

othe r t im e s ha d s u ffe re d n o d im in u t io n in co r d ia l ity .

G ra e t z s l ove a n d reve re n ce fo r H ir s ch had n o t in

’

the l e a s t e v a po ra te d a n d H ir s ch s t il l fel t s t ro ng ly
,

a ttr a cte d to the yo u nge r m a n H e w a s no t dis .

po s e d to s a nct io n his p roj e ct o f go in g t o V ie n n a ,

the hot be d o f revol u t io n a n d G r a e t z who ha d

-

, ,

l ittl e l ove a nd d e s ire fo r the c all ing o f a pol it ic a l

repo rte r w a s e a s il y p e r s ua d e d t o s t ay in N ik o l s
,

b u rg a nd co n te n t h im s el f w ith a s u bo r d inate pl a ce
a t the r el ig io us s chool o f the tow n I n the b a ck .

g ro u nd to be s u re th e reve r s io n o f a te a che r s
, ,

po s it io n a t a theol o g ic s e m ina ry p roj e cte d a n d s e ,

rio u sl
y co n s id e re d by H irs ch l o o me d u p b e fo re him , .

H ir s ch had lo ng che r is he d the id e a o f fo u nd in g a

J ew is h theolog ic in s t it u te H e s h a re d th is d e a r .

a mb it io n w ith the othe r p ro m in e n t r a bb is o f his

g e n e r a t io n who hope d th u s t o fu rthe r the ir w is h to
,

pe rpe t u ate e a ch o n e his o w n t he o l o g ic b ia s T he

’

e s t a bl is hm e n t o f a theol o g ic s e m ina ry wa s in fa ct , ,

o n e o f the b u r n ing q ue s t io n s o f the da N ik o ls

y .

b u r g whe re a pop u l a r T a l m u d s chool had fio u r

,

is he d fro m t im e im m e mo r ia l s e e m e d to l e n d it s el f ,

to the exe c ut io n o f H ir s ch s p l a n I t w as o n ly '

n e ce s s a ry t o u s e th e ex is t ing in s t it u t io n a s a fo u n
 ME MO I R .
41

d at io n m ak e the p rop e r ch ange s in it s m a nage

,

m e n t a nd in fu s e the n e w s p ir it in to it G r a e t z
, .

w as a t o n ce in du ce d by his p a tro n to g iv e a co u r s e
of l e ct u re s o n J ew is h h is tory to th e s t u d e n t s a t
N ikol s b urg who we re we l l v e r s e d in the T a l m u d
, ,

but who s e t r a in in g ha d b ee n whol ly d ial e ct ic T he .

ch a ra cte r o f his a u d ito r s s u gge s te d the s u bj e ct to

th e l e ct u re r H e t re a te d the t im e o f the M is h na
.

a n d the T a l m u d a p e r io d o f wh ich he ha d p rev io u s ly

,

m a d e a tho ro u gh s t ud y a nd to wh ich he ag ain ,

d evote d s e r io u s re s e a rch w ith a V ie w t o his a ca

d em ic p u rp o s e D e s p ite the z e a l w ith wh ich he
.

a p l ie d h im s el f t o his l e ct u re s a n d s t u d ie s his
p ,

m ai n exp ect a t io n s u ffe re d d is ap po in tm e n t T he .

p a in fu l n e s s of his p re c a r io u s p o s i t i o n be c a m e m o re
p ro no u n ce d a s t im e p a s s e d T he fa na t ic s o f the .

N ik o l sb urg G he tto fo u n d fau l t ev e n w ith the s cru

u l ou sl rel ig io u s co n du ct o f the ir D is tr ict R a bb i ;
p y
as fo r his d is c ipl e h e we n t u p a n d d ow n a mo ng ,

the m a s t ra nge rep ell a n t fig u re D e n u n c ia t io n s , .

l e d the l oc a l a u tho r it ie s to s u s p e ct him of d e mo

c r a t ic l e a ning s a nd he was th u s b r a n d e d w ith the
,

d a rke s t s t i gm a th a t co u l d b e fa s te n e d u p o n a ny
o n e b u t p a rt ic u l a rly u po n a fo re ig n e r in the A u s tr ia
, ,

of th a t day Al l the in fl u e n ce p o s s e s s e d by his

.

fr ie n ds had to b e ex e rte d t o w a r d off u gly compl i

c a t io n s a n d im m e d ia t e exp ul s io n .

I t be c a m e m ore a n d m o re ev id e n t th a t the
r ab b inic al s e m ina ry u p o n wh ich G r a e t z ha d s t a ke d all,

his hop e s wa s o n ly a b u bbl e

,
W he the r the cir .

cums t a n ce s o f pl a ce a n d t im e we re u n p rop it io us ,

o r whe the r H ir s ch d ropp e d the p l a n fo r othe r

re a s o n s is d o u btfu l
,
M o reov e r th e fr ie n d ly rel a .
1
,

1
I n h is u mo n g t h rch iv of th Bo ard of
c rric ul um vitcc ( a e a es e

C ur tor of t h
a s q t of ro y l comm rc i l co u c ilor F ra k l
e Be ue s s th e a e a n n e ,

r l at iv to Gra tz t ch r t t h S m in ry
e e e ,
Gr t z m k
ea th e a e e a ae a es e

follow i g t t m t n I n 849 I ob y d t h
s a e en s : ummo of th D i 1 e e e s ns e s

t t i t R bb i of Mor v ia to p rt ic ip t i t h
c a t bl i hm t of a d to
a a a e n e es a s en ,
n

ac t ast ch r t r bb in ic l m i ry for Mor v i

ea e a , a a d Au tr i n a se na a an an s a

commu iti But t h in t it ut io did n t com i to x i t c ; t h

n es . e s n o e n e s en e e
42 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

t io n s b etwe e n th e two m e n b eg a n t o b e s om ewh at

s tr a in e d T he refo re th e p ropo s a l to u n d e rt a k e the
.
,

o rg a niz a t io n a nd s up e r in te nd e n ce O f a s chool m a d e ,

him by the d ire ctor s o f the J ew is h com m u n ity o f

L u n d e nb u rg a l ittl e tow n in the N ikol s b u rg d is t r ict
,

in the n e ighbo rhoo d o f V ie nn a w a s h a il e d by G r a et z ,

a s rel e a s e fro m a n u n te n a bl e p o s it io n N e g o t ia
t io n s we re qu ickl y co n cl ud e d a nd o n Se p te mb e r 1 2 , ,

1 8 5 0 h e w a s a p po in te d d ire cto r a n d s u p e r in te n d e n t
,

o f the J ew is h s chool a t L un d e n b u rg .

B e fo re e n te r ing u po n th e du t ie s o f his o ffi ce he
h a s te ne d ho m e a nd in th e beg in ning o f O ctobe r
, ,

1 8 50 s ol e m n iz e d his m a rr iage w ith the l o yal

,

wo m a n who s e p a t ie n ce had n eve r fail e d who had ,

n eve r b ee n d is co u r a ge d by hop e d e fe rre d an d ha d ,

n ev e r l o s t co n fi d e n ce in his ab il ity H e co u l d no t .

h av e fo u n d a t r u e r a b ra ve r co m r a d e th a n the w ife
,

who s h a re d the fort u n e s o f the re s t o f his c a re e r .

B y he r h a rmo n io u s te m p e r a te a n d lov ing n at u re , , ,

s he n o t o nl y glo r ifie d his ho m e a n d che e re d cl o u d y

d ay s b u t a l s o re s tr a in e d his im pe t u o u s d is po s it io n
, ,

a n d mo d e r a te d his p ro n e n e s s to s h a rp c a u s t ic a
g , ,

g re s s ive wo r ds Sh e u n d e r s too d th e n e e d s o f his

.

in m o s t s o u l in the rece s s e s o f wh ich a rev e rbe r a

,

t io n w a s s o me t im e s he a r d a s o f v ag u e u n fu lfil l e d ,

lo ng ing s H is p e r s o nal ity w as m a d e u p o f m a ny

.

a n in com me n su r a bl e fa cto r th a t b a ffl e d expl a n a t io n .

W ith a l l his co m m u nic a t iv e n e s s h e wa s re s e rve d ;

the mo s t in t im a te e m ot io n s o f his he a rt we re n ev e r
rev e al e d T o o u t s id e r s he a l wa y s a p p e a re d whol ly
.

un r u ffl e d a n d s e re n e a n d n o o n e s u s p e cte d the ,

tho u g ht s a nd fe el ing s s torm ily s u rg ing th ro u gh his

be ing und e r it s pl a c id s u rfa ce B u t in o r d e r to p re .

s e rve his e q ua nim ity he s too d in n e e d o f fr a n k ex , .

ttl d co dit io f ff ir i Au tr ia p c i lly t h p rm an nt

un se e n n o a a s n s , es e a e e e

t mpor r i
e to wh ich t h po it io of th I r l it th r h d
a n e ss e s n e s ae es e e a

b com pr y pro l o ng d t h di c u io
e e a e , th x c ut io of the e s ss ns o n e e e n e

pl ansfor m i r y f t h k i d I w th r for comp ll d to

a se na o e n . as e e e e e
acc pt prov i io n ll y t h up r i t d c of J w i h p ub l ic cho o l
e s a e s e n en en e a e s s
at Lu d b ur g r V i
n en ne a e nna .
”
44 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

na rrow u nd is c ipl in e d G hetto l ife p a rt ic u l a rly in a

, ,

s m al l A u s tr ia n co m m u nity w a s m ore o p p re s s ive ,

e v e n a n d h a r d e r to be a r T he L u nd e nb urg r abb i
.
,

a n a rrow m in d e d T a l m ud is t who fe a re d to h av e h is
-

fa m e ove r s h a d o we d by G ra e t z s n o w a n d ag ain ’

a s s e rte d his o ffi c ia l s u p e r io r ity u n pl e a s a n tly Sm al l .

tow n r iv a l r ie s we re fom e n te d t o a n n oy th e n ot ab il i
t ie s o f the co ng reg a t io n by m e a n s o f a tt a ck s u p o n
the m e a s u re s a n d the m e n they fa vo re d Su ch .

co n d it io n s m a d e G r a e t z fe el b y the ir h idd e n v e no m
th a t u n m ixe d j oy is the p o rt io n o f n o mo rt al l e a s t ,

of all o f the p r in c ip a l o f a n A u s t r ia n co m m u nal

s chool D e n u n c ia t io n s o f him we re aga in r ife
. .

T ho s e be fo re the d is tr ict co u rt re p re s e n t ing him as

a d emocr a t in c a r n a te we re p a rt ic ul a rly t ro u bl e s om e .

H a pp ily the ch a rge s we re d is m is s e d w itho u t in the

l e a s t inj u r ing him .

T he y e a r 1 8 5 1 he ighte n e d his h a p p in e s s ; it
b ro u g ht him the j oy s O f fa the rhoo d A d aug hte r .

w a s bo r n to h im the o n ly o n e in a fa m ily o f five

,

ch il d re n H is rel a t io n to he r w a s a l w ay s p e c u l ia rly
.

cl o s e a nd a ffect io na te I n th e s a m e ye a r Z a ch a r ia s
.

F r a n kel re e n te re d th e theol o g ic a re na w ith a

-

mo n thly j o u r nal wh ich u nl ike his e a rl ie r v e n t u re

, , ,

the Z eicsc/z rzfc w a s to b e d evote d fi r s t a nd fo re

,
n

mo s t to s c ie n t ific in te re s t s G ra e t z re ce ive d a mo s t.

ho no r a bl e in v it a t io n to b e co m e a co n t r ib uto r a nd ,

he gl a d ly r a nge d h im s el f u n d e r F ra n kel s b a n n e r ’

I n qu ick s u cce s s io n h e p u bl is he d in th e fi r s t ye a r O f
t he M o n thly J o ur n al fo r th e H is to ry a n d Sc ie n ce
o f J ud a is m ( O ”1
ctobe r 1 8 5 1 —D e ce
,
mbe r 1 8 5 2
) a ,

“
s e r ie s o f h is to r ic a l m o n ogra ph s : J e w is h H is tor ic al
S t ud ie s a rev ie w o f R a p o o rt s E n cyclop e d ia ;
’

p
T al m u d ic C h ro nol o g y a n d T op o g r a phy a nd

T he R e mov a bl e H ighp rie s t s o f the Seco n d T e m pl e

f—”
Pe r io d a l l O f wh ich ev in ce d g re a t e r u d it io n cl e a r ,

Mo nal sschr f t f ur Geschichie 1t ud l V issens cha f t des J udenthums

'

z /
-
.

9
l iidisch g cs ch ichl l iche S tudie u
-
.

3
D ie l al mudische C h ro no l o g ie mi d Topog raphic .

4
r
D ie absetz ba en H ohepries l er t ucihrcnd des z w czteu Tempel s
'

.
 ME MO I R .
45

gra s p o f the s u bj e ct a nd m at u re j ud gm e n t T hey

, .

a re o f the n a t u re o f s p ec ia l s t u d ie s in p re p a ra t io n
a n d a s a fo u n d a t io n fo r a co n n ecte d a cco u n t o f the

eve n t s from the d ow n fal l of the J ew is h s t a t e u n t il

the com pl e t io n o f the T al m ud H e had lo ng che r .

is he d the id e a of s u ch a wo rk a nd h e n o w re du ce d ,

it to wr it ing w ith gre a t r a p id ity .

I n the m e a n t im e in the co u r s e o f t he ye a r 1 8 5 2
, ,

the co m pl ex io n o f the d is tr ict co u rt s e e m s to h a v e

ch a n g e d o r the w in d w a s bl o wing fro m a nothe r
,

qu a rte r ; a t al l ev e nt s G r a et z s udd e n ly a nd w ith

,

p a in fu l s u rp r is e bec a me a w a re th a t u n ce a s ing in
t rig ue s a n d m a l ic io u s d e n u n c ia t io n s ha d a t l a s t
t ake n e ffe ct u p o n the d is tr ict gove r n o r He .

fo u n d h im s el f expo s e d t o s e r io u s a n n oy a n ce s a nd
h u m il ia t io n s N o effo rt to w a r d the m off p ro
.

mis ing s u cce s s h e re s ig n e d his po s it io n at Lun

,

de n b urg .

H e fel t imp ell e d to re t u r n to his n a t iv e P r u s s ia ,

a nd d ete rm in e d to re mov e to B e rl in w ith his fa m il y .

T he d e c is io n w as in s p ire d by the hop e of e a s ily

fi nd in g in the c a p it a l a p ubl is he r fo r his h is to ry o f
the T al m u d ic ep och wh ich w as a l mo s t re a d y fo r
,

the p re s s H e was fu rthe rm ore a ct u a te d by th e

.

co ns id e r a t io n th a t in the p ro s e c u t io n o f the pl a n
,

of wr it ing a compl ete h is to ry o f the J ew s a l re a d y ,

t ak ing s h a p e in his m in d he co u l d no t wel l d o ,

w itho u t the l ib r a r ie s to be fo u n d o n ly in l a rge c it ie s .

I n th e l a tte r h a l f o f S ep te mbe r 1 8 5 2 he a rr ive d in , ,

B e rl in a n d w as k in d ly re ce iv e d by D r M ich a el
,
.

Sa ch s a n d othe r fr ie n ds w ill in g to s e rve him .

T hro u gh D r Sa ch s he be c a m e a c qu a inte d w ith the

.

excel l e n t D r Ve it who u n d ertook the p ubl ic a t io n

o f his work D urmg the w in te r semesl ez 1 8 5 2 —
.

53
f
.

the d ire cto r s O f the B e rl in co ngreg a t io n in v ite d

him to d el iv e r fo r a ho n o r a r iu m a n u mbe r o f his
, ,

t o rical l ect u re s before s t u d e n t s o f J ew is h theol ogy ,

in a co ur s e in wh ich the othe r s p e a ke r s we re Z unz

a nd Sa ch s H is l e ct u re s we re re ce ive d w ith ap
.
46 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

p rov al A t th e cl o s e O f o n e o f the m d el iv e re d in
.
1
,

t h e m idd l e O f F eb r u a ry h e w a s a pp ro a che d b v ,

J o s ep h L ehm a n n r ail wa y d ire cto r a n d e d ito r o f a ,

“
j o u r nal in g oo d s t a nd in g M ag a z in e fo r F o re ig n ,

”
L ite r a t u re a m a n j us tly e n joy in g h ig h re s pe ct
,
.

Act in g u n d e r t he in s t r uct io n s o f the B o a r d o f C ur a

to r s o f the F ran ke l B e q ue s t s in B re s l a u L ehm a nn ,

a s ke d G r a e t z whe the r h e wo u l d b e d is p o s e d t o ,

be com e a m e mb e r o f the fa c ul ty o f th e r a bb in ic al
s e m ina ry t o b e e s t a bl is he d a t B re s l a u A t the .

l
hm a who z l i b h lf of t h fo u din g of t h m inar y
J . Le nn , se ea n e a e n e se

w as h ighly comm d bl r port ( Arch iv of t h Bo ar d of C ura en a e, e s es e

tor f t h“ F ra k l B q u t I V l r l t iv to th S m i ry)
s o e n e e es s .
, o . 1, e a e e e na as

follow Ev r y vs: i g b tw 7 d 8 in t h b uil din g of t h

e e en n e een an , e e

Boy School of t h J w i h comm u ity l ct ur i d l iv r d b for

’
s e e s n ,
a e e s e e e e e

J w i h div i ity tud t D Z u l ct ur i g R bb i ic Lit r tur

e s n s e n s, r . nz e n on a n e a e,

D r G r tz . J w i h H i tor y d D r S ch
ae on th Prov rb of
e s s ,
an . a s on e e s

Solomo n Th l ct ur .r w ll tt n d d by abo ut tw nty fi v or

e e es a e e a e e e -
e

th irty pro p ct iv r bb i w h t k ot in du tr io u ly d by a
s e e a s, o a e n es s s ,
an

do z J w i h chol r wh com
en e s v i itor ( H pit t )
s Zu a s o e as s s os a n en nz

w as obv io u l y m k i g i p ir i g impr
s io upo h i audi c ; n an ns n e ss n n s a en e

hi d y ubj ct w
s r r d r d p cy by pi q u t ob rv t io
s e as en e e s i an se a ns 0 11

Ei m g r d K rpzo w W g
se n en e il d R i h d Simo
an d a , a e n se an c aI n, an
no t f w in u do
a e to uch i g t h pr t O t h v i g wh
n en es n e e se n . n e e en n en
I h r d S ch ea h h d ju t b g un t h i tro duct io
a s, to t h x g i
e a s e e n n e e e es s

of t h Prov rb I t e m d to m th t e th whol h w
s
. se e e e a on e e e as a
h t tl to o b tr u
e ltho ugh th r w n d rth of b ut iful
a s se , a e e as o ea ea

tho ught xpr d in a m s e r t il l mor b ut iful D r Gr t z

e sse an n e s e ea . . ae
i s a yo u g m who i v ry m uch pr i d by comp t t judg
n an , s e a se e en es .

R port
e y th t h i l ct ur br i tl w ith w d t
sa s a d r ul t ; I s e es s e ne a a an es s
my lf h v se t y t h ar d h im H i id to h v l iv d i Br l u
e no e ea . e s sa a e e n es a
a t t im
o ne d h c m h r from L u d b urg h i l t r id c
e, an e a e e e n en , s as es en e,
a t th ugg t io n of D r S ch
e s Th in t it ut io n of th
es thr l . a s . e s e se ee ec
t ur co ur e ix v i g w
se s propo d b y t h chool tr u t
on s e en n s as se e s s ees
of t h J w i h comm u it y Th y h v ppropr i t d t h m
e e s for n . e a e a a e e e an s
c rr y i g th m
a n ( bo ut 00 e from t h l g cy fu d
on a 12 e e a n
of t h T l mud T r h School Th ir r ight to d th i h b
e a -
o a . e o s as een co n
t t d i c rt i q u rt r b ut for t h pr t th y r upport d by
es e n e a n a e s . e e se n e a e s e
t h uthor iz t io
e a f t h comm u l dir ctor a d th pprov l of t h
n o e na e s an e a a e
n et l l ig t I h v m d th i pr f c to
en .
bl y u to t im t to
a e a e s e a e e na e o es a e
wh t xt a t t h judg m t f tho co ult d b y m w ith r g rd to
e en e en o se ns e e e a
th Br l u pro j ct i b
e es a d upo wh t h b do e h r in d s a se n a as een ne e e, a e
q u t tho ugh it b
a e At fi r t S ch wh o r c tly r c iv d a e .
s , a s, e en e e e
l tt r from F r k l i D r d n inq uir i g into t h f ib il it y f tab
e e an e n es e n e e as o es
h h g
s in R bb n c l I a t tut f r B rl in d D r d n in commo n
a i i a ns i e o e an es e ,

l o int d d to p ut dow n h i op i io i wr it i g for m t

a s en e s n n n n e, e c
”

Magaz m f ur die Litteratur des

.

9
D as A usl tmdes
'

.
 ME MO I R .
47

s a m e t im e h e tol d him th a t n egot ia t io ns w ith D r , .

F ra n kel C h ief R abb i o f D re sd e n we re pe n d ing

, ,

w ith reg a r d t o th e d ire cto r s h ip a n d th a t F r a n kel , ,

a mo ng othe r co n d it io n s o f his a cce p t a n ce had ,

d e m a n d e d G rae t z s e ng age m e n t a s t e a che r T he ’

.

B o a r d o f C u ra tor s ha d a s s e n te d chee rfu l ly a nd ,

’
n o w d e s ire d G ra e t z s a n s we r G r a e t z m ad e his .

co n s e n t d ep e nd e n t u p o n F r a n kel s fi na l fav o ra bl e ’

d e c is io n wh ich wa s re ce iv e d s oo n a fte r T he s e
, .

p rel im ina r ie s ove r the t ro ubl e s o m e d is c u s s io n s o n

,

the o r g a niz a t io n o f th e s e m ina ry b e g a n I n the .

.

fi r s t pl a ce n o m o d el o r s che m e wh a t s oev e r ex is te d
,

th a t m ight s e rv e a s a g u id e in the o rg a niz a t io n O f a

r abb inic a l a c a d e my w ith re g a r d t o s uch m a tte r s a s ,

the t im e — s che du l e th e c urr ic ul um a n d the cho ice , ,

o f s u bj e ct s It s c re a t io n w a s p io n ee r work in fu r
.
,

t h e ra n ce o f wh ich the re w a s n o a v a il a bl e e xp e
rie n ce ; y e t the a rr a ng em e n t s d e te rm in e d u po n
un d e r s u ch pe c u l ia r c irc um s t a n ce s we re t o be a r
w ith in the m s elv e s th e g u a r a n te e o f p ra ct ic a l a n d
im m e d ia te s u cce s s B e s id e s the w il l o f the fo u n d e r
.
, ,

J o na s F ran kel co n t a in e d ce rt ain cl au s e s the e xe

, ,

cu t io n o f wh ich in v ie w o f the ch a nge d t im e s

, ,

m igh t becom e a m e n a ce to the n e w in s t it u

1
t io n T he pl a n c u rr ic u l u m a nd m etho d s o f th e
.
, ,

fut u re s e m ina ry we re d ete rm ine d by Z a ch a r ia s

F ra n kel a lo n e who re cog n iz e d the a im to b e p u r
,

su e d w ith cl e a r n e s s a n d p ra c t ic a l in s ight a nd s o ,

cre a te d th e b as is fo r th e J e w is h theol ogy of the

p re s e n t H is w is h t o s ec u re a p rofe s s io nal ly
.

t ra in e d ma n who s e a s s is t a n ce m ight b e fre ely

,

d raw n u po n by h im s el f a n d the B o a r d o f C u ra to r s ,

was a ll the m ore w il l ingly compl ie d w ith a s from ,

m a ny co n s id er a t io n s a n in te rme d ia ry betwe e n the

b u s in e s s a n d the pe d agog ic he a ds s e em e d n ot
su p e rfl u o u s F r a n kel had p a rte d fro m D re s d e n
.

1
C mp Th e
. J wi h Th olog ic l S m in ry fo un d d by F r k l t
e s e a e a e an e a

B r l es au o n t h e 2 5 t h An n iv r ry of it E x i t n c
e sa Aug u t 1 0 s s e e, s ,

p 5
. .
48 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

w ith a he avy he a rt a nd w a s incl in e d t o s e iz e

,

the fi r s t fa irly j u s t p re te n s e t o re c a l l his wor d t o

the C u ra to r s T h u s it c a m e a bo u t th a t G ra et z e n
.

t e re d th e s e rv ice o f the p roj e cte d s e m in a ry o n

J uly I 1 8 5 3 w ith the as s u r a n ce o f b e ing e mpl oye d
, , ,

u nd e r F r a nkel s di1 e ct o rship a s o n e o f the p r in c i

’

al te a che 1 s in c a s e the s t a t u te s a n d the pl a n s fo r

p ,

the in s t it u t io n m et w ith gov e r n m e n t a l a p p rov al ,

wh ich s ee m e d n ot a t a ll d o u btfu l .

V .

THE MAST E R I T
H S O R AN I .

AT the s a m e t im e G ra e t z
’
b ook is su e d fro m the s
“
p re s s u n d e r the t itl e : H is to ry O f th e J ew s fro m the
D ow n fa l l o f the J ew is h St a te to th e C om pl et io n o f
”
the T a l m ud T h is w as re a l ly the s u b t itl e T he
.
-

“
ch ie f t itl e p ag e ra n a s foll ow s : H is to ry O f the
-

J ew s from the E a rl ie s t T im e s u n t il the P re s e n t

3 ”
D ay . Vol u m e I V in d ic a t ing th a t the a u tho r had
,

co n ce ive d more th an the fi r s t s ke tchy pl a n o f a

co mpl e te h is to ry of t he J e w s a nd th a t the p u bl ic a ,

t io n o f th e fo u rth v ol u m e fi r s t w as m e rely a n a cc i
d e n t in the o r d e r o f p ro du ct io n B eg in n in g w ith .

r tor
Th e C u a wl
s as J o ph hm
e l as se t rt Le cor
ann e n e ain e d t h e dial
w h
is an d m r t fort to obt
ade e a n e s ef pl c for
s g r
a in a a e Ge i e o n t h e
t ch g t ff of
ea in s a m ry
t h e Se r k
ina v ry m
But F an e l me t e e
. de an d
look g to th
in w th br pt r f l
is e n d i a uv J o ph hm
e u sa E en se Le . an n ,

c cl t o tow r
w h o h ad a de ide d in in a i n g r co l h p
a ds Ge i e , ud n o t el

m k follow g fr k m o
a in g t h e in an ad rl r l tt r br ry
issi n in an e a ie
“
e e ( F e ua
r to
3 1 8 5 3 ) add e s se d
. o r of r tor
the B a d comm c t o
Cu a s: Th e un i a i n
of the Ra bb c l o f r c of
in i a C n e e n e wh c h l r t r to
1 84 6 i h I s al e un
, y o u,
un fort t ly
un a e v l for
h as n o b c
a u e o of
us e ause n n e g r , t h e fi ve s i n e s
r
( G e ig e , lomo
H o l dh e im Phil ip p so n Sa
, t co t
, to
n an d S e in) n in u es
,

e njoy thor t y
t h e au i rm y c ry to c r
in G e an n e e ssa co fi c se u e t h e n de n e
of th ecl of J w ch y to co
ass e s ie fl r be ch g of
n s ide e d in t h e l au
. n in an
rt k g l k th
un de a in i e is
”
.

9
c r
Geschi hte de r J uden vo m Unte gange des jiidischeu S taates bis z um
Abschl uss des Ta l mud .

a
Gescli icl i te de r J udeii van den al testeu Z eiten bis auf die Gegeuwart .

r
V ie ter Band .
 ME MO I R .
49

the a cco un t o f the T al m ud ic t im e t u r n e d o u t a

i

h a p py hit I f the two l ite r a ry ev e n t s ad m it o f com

.

’
p a r is o n G ra e t z s fi r s t im port a n t work ha s it s o n ly
,

co u n te rp a rt in the b iogr a phy o f R a s h i w ith wh ich ,

Z unz the cre a to r o f the s c ie n ce o f J ud a is m ina ug u

, ,

r a te d his n ot a bl e a ct iv ity T he e n th u s ia s m o f .

Z unz s co n te mp o r a r ie s is s aid to h a v e be e n k in d le d
’

whe n R a s h i the em in e n t in te rp rete r o f B ibl e a nd

,

T al m u d fa m il ia r t o the m from the ir ch il d hoo d d ay s

, ,

a nd e s t e em e d a n in d is p e n s ab l e g uid e a n d co m

p a n io n in exege s is a pp e a re d to the m d ive s te d o f

,

the v a p o ro u s h a l o o f s u p e r na t u ra l gl o ry a nd t r a ns ,

l a te d in to th e s phe re o f h u m a n re a l ity Sim il a rl y .

the e ffe ct w a s el e ct r ify ing whe n a floo d o f b rill iam

l ight s udd e n ly s c a tte re d the m is t o f the d a rk e poch
in wh ich M is h na a n d T a l m u d th e a u tho r it a t ive ,

bo ok s o f p o s t B ibl ic a l J u d a is m we re com p o s e d
-

, ,

a nd rev e al e d t o S ight l ife s iz e th e r a bb i a u tho r s o f - -

tho s e work s who s e n a m e s a n d m a x im s we re m a tte r

,

of com mo n k n owl e d ge T he p e n o f o ur h is tor ia n had

.

ch a rm e d the m o u t O f the u n re a l ity o f the ir ex is te n ce .

T hey had b ee n h ab it u ally l ooke d u po n a s ab s t r ae

t io n s d octr in e s in c a r n a te N ot m u ch m o re ha d
, .

bee n k n ow n o f the m th an th a t they had s aid a s ke d , ,

a n d s o m et im e s w ail e d A t be s t p eopl e had b ee n

.
,

in cl in e d to im ag in e the m a s ort O f K abb a l is t s o r

Pol is h it in e r a n t r a b b is N ow it was s e e n th a t hot.

bloo d a n d throbb ing l ife p u l s a te d in the ir v e in s .

T he ir cl e a r c u t m e n t a l fe a t u re s w ith the ir ch a r a c
-

t e ris t ic excel l e n c ie s a nd s ho rtcom ing s d is t ing u is he d

o n e from the o the r T hey s too d b efore the re a d e r
.

in checke re d a rr a y t r u e k n ight s b y th e gr a ce o f 1 n
,

t e l l e ct a n t iqu e fig u re s glow ing w ith p a tr iot is m o f

, : , ,

in flex ib l e w ill a n d in d e s t r u ct ibl e fa ith W ith e qu a l .

v iv id n e s s the a u tho r d ep icte d the s p ir it u a l a tm o s

p h e re of the t im e w ith it s h u m o r s p a s s io n s fe r , ,

me n t a t io n a nd s t i uggl e s ; th e s urgin g a n d s e eth ing

,

O f ide a s fa ct io n s O p i n i o n s a n d a i m s i n w il d dis o r
.

, , ,

d e r a n d viol e n t opp o s it i o n to o n e a nothe r ; a nd the

4
5 0 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J E \V S .

fi nal evol u t io n o f the imp el l ing fo rce s wh ich d ete r

m in e the co u r s e o f h is to r ic a l ev e n t s by the exch a n ge
o f th r us t a n d co u n te rthr us t G ra e t z w a n te d t o m a ke .

the he a rt be a t O f the p e r io d p e rce pt ibl e t o the

-

s e n s e s T he re fo re he w a s l ittl e co n ce r n e d a bo u t
.
,

the te ch nic a l co rre ct ne s s o f his s tyl e a n d d ict io n .

H e did n o t s hr in k fro m b r us qu e n e s s in wo r ds n o r ,

fro m l u r id n e s s a nd vol up t uo u s n e s s in colo r ing .

W itho u t reg a r d to s e n s it iv e feel ing s h e cho s e the

pl ain e s t the m o s t s t r ik ing exp re s s io n s th a t he
, ,

m ig ht b e u n d e r s too d by a l l th a t n o d o u b t a s t o ,

his O p in io n m ight s ugge s t it s el f ; th a t p e r s o n age s

a n d ev e n t s m ig ht a p p e a r u p o n the c a n v a s i n a

cl e a r l ig ht a nd m th e p rop e r p o s it io n a s the y we re ,

m irro re d in his m in d .

T h e book na t u ra l ly a ro us e d a gre a t s e n s a t io n
u po n it s a pp e a r a n ce I t a t o n ce c re ate d a n a ud i .

e n ce fo r it s el f w ith wh ich it fo u n d a r ich m e a s u re

of favo r a nd a p pl a u s e O n th e o the r h a nd mo s t .
,
’

of the a u tho r s s chol a rly col le ag u e s at fir s t re s e rve d

the ir O p in io n s T hey we re t a ke n a b a c k by t h e n e w
d a t a wh ich —a s fo r in s t a n ce th e fo rm a t io n O f C hr is
.

—
, , ,

t i a n s e ct s ha d b ee n bol d ly p re s s e d in t o s e rv ice to
compl e te the p ict u re a nd they co u l d n ot re co n c il e ,

the m s elve s t o the d e s cr ip t io n o f a n c ie n t co nd it io n s

by m e a n s o f m o d e r n c a tchwo r d s a n d t u r n s o f
exp re s s io n p e c u l ia r to the l ighte r fo rm s o f l ite r at u re .

F o r ex a m pl e G r a et z ch a r a cte r iz e s N a ch u m o f
,

G imso in who s e l ife m is h a p a fte r m is h a p re d o und e d

,

to his be n efit a s the C a n d id e o f the T a na it ic wo rl d

,
1

o f l e g e nd H e s e e k s to re co n s t r u ct the d e t a il s of
.

the Ba r C o chb a revol t the ch a pte r o n wh ich is o ne

-

“
o f the mo s t be a ut iful a n d to uch ing in his H is to ry ,

fi o m s in l e na m e s a nd w id ely s c a tte re d d e br is
g .

H e g o e s s o fa r a s t o s p e a k o f t wo l in e s o f d efe n s e ,

t he E s d r a el o n l in e a n d the Tui M a l k a l in e He 2
.

C es chichte de r l a de n , V ol IV .
( Ed . p . 22 .

I bid . p
1 69 ( A
. m rc e i an E di i to n, I I, p .
52 H S ORI T Y OF TH E J E ws .

k nowl e d ge had b e e n co n s id e rab ly in cre a s e d b y

G ra e t z s re s u l t s wh ich he ha d O bt ain e d by his
'

m a s te ry ov e r the two T a l m uds a nd the M id ra s h

l ite r a t u re ; by his cl o s e a c qu a in t a n ce w ith p atr is t ic
wo rk s ; by his effe ct ive w ay o f b r ing ing the s e two
w id ely s ep a r a te d l ite r a ry s phe re s cl o s e to e a ch
oth e r p e rm itt in g the o n e to s h e d l ig ht o n the
,

othe r a n d th u s cl e a r ing u p c r it ic al p o in t s ; by his

,

ha pp y g ift fi r s t o f d is ce r ning in s p ite o f the re ct ifi

or
,

c a t i o n they fre qu e n tly s too d i n n e e d o f th a t ce rt ain ,

d a t a s c a tte re d ove r v a r io u s b y p a th s o f l ite ra t u re -

we re com pl e m e n t a ry a nd the n o f co mb in ing the m ,

w ith e a ch o the r ; a n d by h is a c u te n e s s in d e te ct ing

w ith u n e rr ing gl a n ce a nim a t ing w ith S p ir it a n d , ,

a p ply in g to g oo d p u rpo s e l o ng d isu s e d geogr a p h ,

ic a l n a m e s a nd O b s ol ete te rm s ly in g fo rgotte n i n
s o m e d a rk co m e r a n d b u r ie d u n d e r d eb r is 1
I n v ie w .

o f the fa ct th a t it re qu ire d r a re co u r age to v e n t u re

u po n th e el a bo ra t io n o f o n e o f the O b s c u re s t a nd
mo s t d iffi c u l t po rt io n s o f J ew is h h is tory tho ro u ghly ,

n egl e cte d a t th a t t im e in the w a o f s p e c ia l re s e a rch

y
“
a n d m o n ogr a ph s e v e n his O p p o n e n t s co u l d no t
,

hel p co n fe s s ing th a t o n the whol e h e had fu lfill e d his

”2
t a s k s a t is fa cto r ily T he re w a s ev id e n ce to b e
.
,

su re o f s t il l h ighe r co u rage in G ra e t z s a n n o u n ce
,
’

m e n t m ad e w itho u t fe a r o r diffide nce o n the t itl e

, ,

p age a n d in the p re fa ce o f his book d e s ig nate d as ,

the fo u rth vol u m e th a t he in te n d e d to p u bl is h a,

com pl e te h is to ry o f the J ew s wr itte n in the s a m e ,

s p ir it o f c r it ic al re s e a rch a n d in the s a m e s tyl e .

T he p ro m is e g av e occ a s io n fo r iro nic a l in s in u a t io n s .

H o w co u l d a s in gl e in d iv idu al hop e to a ccom pl is h s o

g re a t a n und e rt ak ing ? W a s G r a e t z e n d owe d w ith
the c re a t ive pl a s t ic p owe r o f th e ge n u in e h is tor ian ?
,

O r p e rh a p s he expe cte d to obt ain the l au rel s o f the

,

h is to r ia n o n c re d it .

’
C mp . Geschichte der J udeu V o l , . IV ,
N ot e 20 ( in l at e r e di t io n s,
N ot e
Q
Der is r ael itische V o I/esl ehrer ,
as c it ed a bov e .
 ME MO I R .
53

O n the whol e c irc u m s t a n ce s S h a p e d them s elve s

,

in a wa y fa vo r a bl e to him a n d fa c il it a te d the e xe cu ,

t io n o f his bol d u n d e rt a k ing I t s ho u l d no t be

im ag in e d th a t a com m u nity o r—s t il l m o re e xt ra va
.

g a n t id e a—a M ae ce na s O ffe re d to fu r nis h him w ith

,

the m e a n s ind is p e n s a bl e fo r the a cco mpl is hm e n t o f

a t a s k s u ch a s he had s e t h im s el f B r ill ia n t a s his .

a ch ieve m e n t w a s how m u ch gre a te r it m igh t h a ve

,

be e n if he w ith his ge n iu s fo r work ha d be e n p ut

, , ,

in a p o s it io n t o e x a m in e a n d u s e a t his l e is u re the
m anu s cr ip t t re a s u re s of the v a r io u s Eu rop e a n
l ib ra r ie s ! U p t o the p re s e n t day s u ch goo d fo r
t u n e ha s n o t be fal l e n J ew is h s c ie n ce I t s ee m s a s .

tho u gh the J ew is h r a ce e n d owe d w ith a n u n d e r ,

s t a n d ing he a rt a n d a n op e n h a n d fo r h u m a n e
in te re s t s in ge n e r a l ha s n o t ye t a w a ke n e d to a
,

fu l l re cog n it io n o f the d e b t o f ho n o r it owe s it s o w n

p a s t G r a et z howev e r wa s wel l co n te n t to be
.
, ,

rel iev e d O f the irk s om e c a re fo r his d aily b re a d by

the r a t ific a t io n o n A p r il 1 0 1 8 5 4 o n th e p a rt o f the
, , ,

P r u s s ia n gove r n me n t o f th e s t a t u te s th e pl a n a n d
, , ,

th e t e a ch ing s t a ff o f th e R abb inic a l S e m ina ry H e .

re t u r n e d t o B re s l a u whe re his l ite r a ry s t a r had fi r s t

,

r is e n a n d whe re he ha d o n ce t r ie d v a inly t o e s t a b
.

l is h hims e l f p e rma n e n t l y T he n ce forth he rem a in e d

.

th e re in the co nge n ia l p o s it io n o f a reg u l a rly a p

po in te d te a che r a t th e fi r s t J ew is h theolo g ic in s t it u
t io n wh ich w as in a u g ura te d w ith Z F r a n ke l a s
, ,
.

d ire cto r o n A u g u s t 1 0 1 8 5 4 u n d e r th e n a m e o f
, , ,

“
T he J ew is h T heol og ic a l S e m ina ry fo un d e d by
”1
F ran kel .

It m u s t b e l ooke d u po n a s p rov id e n t ial th a t th e

t as k o f fi r s t im p re s s ing the m o d e r n s p ir it u po n the
the ol og ic t ra inin g for th e r abb inic a l O ffi ce fel l to
the s h a re o f m e n o f s u ch em in e n t dis t in ct io n a s
F ra n kel th e d irecto r of the n e w in s t it u t io n a nd
, ,

G raet z a nd J a cob B e r nay s it s reg u l a r t e a che r s ,

.

T he p e r s o n a l ity o f e a ch o f th e th re e w a s s tro ngly

J udisch theol ogisches S eminar F rankel S tif tung
’
-

,
sche .
54 H S OR I T Y OF TH E

m a rke d E a ch o n e w a s a fi ance trz zmz [fl ierd rum

'

/
.
,

in the s e n s e th a t in s u bo r d ina t io n to his s p e c ia l ty

he ha d a c q uire d ma s t e ryp ve r the H eb rew —
,

r a bb in
ic the cl a s s ic al a n d the m o d e r n l ite r a t ure
, ,
By .

d ee p a n d e a r n e s t tho u g h t e a ch ha d a rr ive d a t a
co n s e rv a t iv e V iew o f J ud ais m O f the th re e J a cob
Be rn ays a s chol a r o f fa r—
.
,

l
re a ch ing fa m e in cl a s s ic a l
,

ph il ol ogy d o u btl e s s p o s s e s s e d gre ate s t a b il ity a s a

,

te a che r wh ich ho weve r d e m a n d e d t al e n te d p u p il s

, , ,

fo r it s e ffect ive e xe rc is e F r a n kel s fo rte l ay in his .

’

t a ct a s a n o r g a n iz e r a n d in his pr a ct ic a l g ift s ; he
exe rte d whol e s o m e a uthor ity ove r his d is c ipl e s in
re l i iOus a s wel l a s s c ie n t ific m a t te r s
g B oth d e s ire d .

t o imp re s s the ir s c ie n t ific b ia s u p o n tho s e th a t c a m e

u n d e r the ir in fl ue n ce G r a et z o n th e o the r h a n d .
, ,

he e d e d the in d iv id ua l ity o f his p up il s a n d in his ,

a ct iv ity a s te a che r ha d in m in d e s p e c ia l ly the ir s t imu

l a t io n a n d e n co u r a g e m e n t F r a n kel w a s d e s iro u s .

o f t ra n s fe rrin
g to the T heol o g ic a l S e m in a ry the r ig id

d is c ip l in e a n d d e t a il e d s up e rv is io n o f a n el e m e n t a ry
s chool be c a u s e his d e a re s t O bj e ct w a s to t u r n
,
2

o ut tho ro u gh T a l m ud is t s a n d p ro fe s s io nal ly wel l

e q uip pe d r a bb is B e r n ay s a s p ire d t o the ro m a n t ic .

s pl e n d o r o f a theol o g ic fa c u l ty a n d w a n te d to ,

e du c a te s chol a rl y the ol og ia n s W ith co rre c t a nd .

he al thy in s t in c t G r a e t z e n d e a vo re d t o re co n c il e ,

the s e o ppo s ite a im s a nd id e n t ify the S e m ina ry w ith

a m idd l e co ur s e A l tho ugh F r a n kel gr a s p e d the .

r udd e r w ith a fi rm h a n d he w a s s e n s ibl e e n o ug h to ,

co n s id e r p r ud e n t co un s e l a n d k in d ly e n o u g h t o
g iv e s cop e to th e w is he s a nd v iew s o f h is coll e ag u e s .

I n th is w ay h a rmo n y p rev a il e d a m o ng th e Se m in a ry
te a che r s wh ich re a cte d b e n efic ia l ly u p o n th e s t u
,

of t h H mb urg r bb i or
A so n h c ll d h im lf C h a ham
e a a , ,
as e a e se ,
c ,

Isaa cBr y e na s .

9
Th i t d c y w ju t if d b y t h c irc um t c th t u d r x
s en en as s ie e s an e, a n e e

i t i g co dit io
s n dm i io nto t h S m i r y h d to b gr t d
ns a ss n e e na a e an e 0 11
a tt i m t t mor th uffi c i t for t h co d cl of Pr u i n
a n e n s no e an s en e se n ass a ss a
Gym im d p up il
nas w r to b r c iv d t th
n , an r l y g of s e e e e e e a e ea a e
fo urt een .
 ME MO I R .
55

dents . A s lo n g a s he l ive d F r a n kel j u s tl y m a in ,

t a in e d wh a t o ffi c ia l ly a n d m o r a l ly w a s the d om in a n t
po s it io n in the Se m ina ry T he p ro s p e r ity o f the .

in s t it u t io n h e co n s id e re d the co n s u m m a t io n o f h is
l ife work a n d be ing ch il d l e s s he reg a r d e d his p up il s
-

, ,

a s his ch il d re n a n d took a t r u ly p a te r n a l in te re s t in
,

the ir fort u n e s N e xt to him G ra e t z exe rc is e d the

.

mo s t ge n e ro u s ho s p it al ity tow a r ds th e s t ud e n t s .

H e w as e ve r re ad y to s e rv e a ny o n e o f the m th a t
n ee d e d hel p a n d a d v ice E s pe c ial ly s u ch a s had .

a ro u s e d his in te re s t o r ha d im p re s s e d him fa vo r a bly

,

w ith the ir a b il ity a n d ch a ra cte r e nl is te d his s ym p a

thy wh ich h e m a nife s te d w ith a l l th e a r d o r o f his
,

te mp e ra m e n t L ike F r a n kel he id e n t ifie d h im s el f

.
,

co mpl etely with th e B re s l a u S e m ina ry A fte r m a ny .

thw a rte d pl a n s a n d ye a r s o f a n x io us u n ce rt a in ty he ,

fel t th a t a t l a s t thro ugh his po s it io n a s te a che r a t

, ,

the S e m ina ry his v e s s el had flo a te d in to d ee p

, ,

n a v ig a bl e w a te r s th a t h e co u l d v e n t ure t o ply the

,

o a r s w ith ful l force u n fu rl al l the s ail s a nd favo re d

, , ,

by w in d a n d we a the r a n d p rop el l e d by the b u oy a n t

co u rage pe c u l ia r t o his s a ng u in e na t u re s te e r ,

s t ra ight fo r the d e s t ina t io n wh ithe r im p ul s e d rew

him . I t w a s the fi r s t t im e th a t his o ffi c ia l d ut ie s
co in c id e d w ith his inn e r voc at io n F a ithfu l z e alo us .
,

p e rfo rm a n ce o f th e s e rv ice h e w a s e ngag e d to d o

p ro mote d the wo rk h e ha d s e t h im s el f a s the go al
o f his l ife I n reg ul a r un in te rr u p te d s u cce s s io n
. ,
, ,

“
v ol u m e a fte r vol u m e O f his H is to ry n o w b eg a n
to a pp e a r in comp l ete re al iz a t io n O f his pl a n .

I n 1 8 5 6 the t/i z ra vol u m e w a s p u bl is he d u n d e r ’

'

“
the t itl e H is tory o f th e J ew s from the D e ath o f
,

J ud a s M a cc ab ae u s to th e D ow n fa l l o f the J ew is h
”
St a te .
1
I t fo rm e d th e com pl e m e n t a nd jus t ifi ca
t io n of his v iew o f the T a l m ud ic e poch the o ne w ith ,

“ a
wh ich h e ha d b eg u n a s be ing th e p e r io d l e s t un
de rs t o o d in it s in n e r rel a t io n s A t the s a m e t ime .

Geschichte de r J uden van dein Tade f uda Ma b babis bis z um Unte gang r
des jiidischen S taates .
56 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

the th ir d vol u m e d is t in ctly b o u n d s th e s p ir it u al t e r

rit o ry in wh ich the J ew is h h is to ry o f the d ia s po r a is

roote d F o r h e in te n d e d to d is p o s e o f the J e w is h
.

h is to ry o f the d ia s po ra d ow n t o th e p re s e n t tim e
be fo re b e g in ning the a cco u n t o f the B ibl ic a l a n d the
—
e a rly p o s t B ibl ic a l p e r io d s T he re fore whe n he .
,

p u bl is he d his fifth vol ume H is to ry o f the J ew s

,

fro m the C o mpl e t io n o f the T a l m u d ( 5 00 ) to the

B e g in ning s O f J e wis h — Sp a n is h C u l t u r e he
“
had a s he s a id in the p re fa ce
, got b a c k o n the ,

r ight t r a ck N ow e ve ry d o u bt w a s bo u n d to
.

v a n is h ; a fte r m a n y ye a r s a ge n u in e h is to r ia n ha d
a r is e n u n to J u d a is m .

T he h is to r ia n m us t n o t b e co n fo u n d e d w ith th e
s chol a r T he ch ie f t a s k s o f the l a tte r a re the e r it i
.

cal e x a m ina t io n o f h is to r ic a l re co r ds th e de t e rm in ,

ing a nd g ro u p ing o f fa ct s the id e n t ify ing a nd dif ,

fe re n t ia t ing of p e r s o n s th e d e m a rc a t io n o f t im e a nd
,

pl a ce a n d the d efi ning a nd d e mo n s t r a t in g o f the

,

c aus a l rel a t io n b e twee n eve n t s the ir s u cce s s io n a n d , ,

the ir in te ra ct io n T he m in u te d e t a il s to wh ich his

.

re s e a rch h a pp e n s t o b e d evote d a t a ny m o me n t a re
a s impo rt a n t in his eye s a s gre a t a n d c o m re he n
p
s iv e p r in c ipl e s Styl e fo rm a nd m a n n e r m oreove r
.
, , , ,

a re m in o r co n s id e r a t io n s w ith the s chol a r ; he a im s

o n l y a t a cc u ra cy a nd l u c id p re s e n t a t io n a d a p te d t o
the s u bj ect m a tte r T he d e m a n ds m a d e u p o n th e
-

h is to r ia n a re m ore n um e ro u s a n d m ore ex a ct ing .

H e m u s t co n s t a n tly c a r r y the whol e in m in d he ,

m u s t h av e the a b il ity t o m o u l d the h is to r ic a l ma

t e rial w ith a n a rt is t s c re a t iv e p owe r a nd re s to re th e
’

fad e d fe a t u re s o f the p a s t by the l ife b e s tow in g wo r d -

F ir s t o f a ll he m u s t b e e qu ip p e d w ith u n l im ite d
,

m a s te ry ove r the e x is t ing m a te r ial a n d w it h e a s y

a n d su re gr a s o f a l l the ph s e s o f the h is to r ic a l
p a

p roce s s in o r d e r to be a bl e t o e s t im at e e ve ry phe
,

n o m e n o n d u l y a cco r d in g to it s in t r in s ic v a l u e a nd
,

'
Ges cl i icl i tc der J uden U O HZ Abschl uss des Tal mud
‘

( 5 00) bis z um
An fbl ii hen der j udicch spamschen Kul tu
~
r
 ME MO I R .
57

it s exte r n al e ffe ct e m ph a s iz e ch a r a cte r is t ic a nd s ig

,

n ifi ca nt p o in t s a n d a llo t t o p e r s o n s a n d e ve n t s the ir
,

p rop e r p l a ce in the h is to r ic al s u cce s s io n H e ca n .

n ot o f co u r s e d is p e n s e w ith th e a c u m e n th a t in
, ,

t uit ive l y a rr ive s a t th e in w a r d n e s s o f ev e ry d et a il .

F o r it is n ee d fu l n o t o nly to d e te rm in e w ith c r it ic a l
,

p e n et ra t io n th e t r u s two rth in e s s o f ex is t ing t ra d i ~

t io n s a nd d oc u m e n t s b u t a l s o t o d is ce r n a n d d e
,

m o n s tra te a s o ne t r a ce s the co u r s e o f a s t re a m
,

w ith it s t r ib u t a r ie s a nd b r an che s the p re s e n ce o f the ,

p r im al fo rce s a t wor k u nd e r the s u rfa ce o f th ing s ,

g iv i ng the m I m p et u s a nd d ire ct io n a n d o f the fa ctor s ,

th at imp e d e s t re ngthe n o r d ive rt the a ct io n o f the s e

, ,

fo rce s F ro m in v e s t ig a t io n s o f th is k in d the his

.

tor ia n s ho u l d d e r iv e the ch ie f p o in t s o f V iew tho s e ,

wh ich grow na t u r al ly a n d l og ic ally o u t o f the co u r s e

o f ev e n t s T he t r u e h is to r ia n m u s t b e e n d owe d to
.

a h igh d egre e w ith a fa c u l ty fo r p re s ag in g a m o un t ,

ing a l m o s t to d iv ina t io n th a t h e may l ik e a b a ck , ,

”
w a r d look ing p rophe t
-

ove rcom e the in a d e qu a cy

,

a nd in comp l e te n e s s o f the ma te r ia l t r a n s m itte d to

him ; re s tore the d e fe ct iv e p a rt s by m e a n s of his

pl a s t ic fa n cy ; a n d ev e rywhe re re cog niz e a s wel l
as b r in g t o t he re cog n it io n o f his re a d e r s th a t ,

h is to r ic al e v e n t s in the ir co nn e ct io n a re d ev el op
m e n t s fro m w ith in o u tw a r d the o u tcom e n o t o f , ,

a g a m e o f ch an ce b u t o f th e work in g s o f ab s ol u te
,

l aw . F o r s u ch re s u l t s o f his re s e a rch a nd in s ig ht
the h is to ria n m u s t th e n fi n d ad e qu a te exp re s s io n .

H is p re s e n t a t io n o f the m mu s t s e rv e a s the cl e a r
p ol is he d m irro r refle ct ing the pl ay of m any —
,

hu e d ,

ch a ot ic d et ail s in d is t in ct a nd s im pl y gro u p e d p ic
t u re s a n d p e rm itt ing the p e c u l ia r it ie s a nd ch a ra c
,

t e ris t ics o f s ingl e p e r s o n s a n d ev e n t s to b e a pp a r

e n t a s the w a rp a n d the woof are d is t ing u is h ab le
,

in the fi n is he d fabr ic R e a l l ife a s it throbbe d i n

.

the h ap p e ning s o f the p a s t m u s t s t a n d re n ewe d

b e fo re o u r eye s a n d it s fre s h w a rm b re a th a s it
, ,

b r u s he s u s m u s t co n s train o u r s o u l s to re s po n d at
o n ce t o it s h u mor s a nd p a s s io n s .
58 H STO R I Y OF TH E J EWS .

T he s e qu al it ie s a re the d is t in ct io n O f G r a et z By .

re as o n o f t he ir p o s s e s s io n a nd exe rc is e h e is a
m a s te r h is to r ia n a nd his a rt m a n ife s t s it s el f in e a ch
,

o f the twel ve com p rehe n s iv e v ol u m e s in wh ich he

has throw n l igh t u p o n the h is to ry o f the J ew is h r a ce
0

fro m it s e a rly beg inn ing to the p re s e n t a p e r io d o f b ,

mo re th a n t h i e e t ho us a nd ye a r s w ith eve ry p a rt o f ,

the e a rth as the s ce n e O f it s eve n t s But we h av e .

n o t ye t com e to the e n d o f G ra e t z s a ccom pl is h

’

m e n t s a s a n h is tor ia n T he l a ck o f s p e c ia l s t ud ie s
.

in the p rov in ce o f J ew is h h is tory m a d e his a tte m p t

to wr ite a h is to ry o f the J e w s a p pe a r u n t im ely a nd
the p ro s pe c t O f s ucce s s fu l exe c ut io n s l ight H is .

u nd e rt a k ing s ee me d t o b e op po s e d no t o nly b y
wel l — n igh in s u pe r a bl e in n e r a n d o u te r ob s t a cl e s ,

b u t a l s o by s t u bbor n p rej ud ice s G r a e t z hee d e d .

n oth in g o f a l l th is U naid e d by a ny com m itte e

.

o r co rp o ra t io n s im ply by v irt u e of his ex u b e ra n t

,

ge nius he exe c u te d the a p p a re n tly im po s s ibl e wo rk

, .

H e c re a te d the h is to ry o f the ir r a ce fo r his b re th re n

in faith a n d a w a ke n e d in t he ge n e r a l p u bl ic s ym p a
-

the t ic in te re s t in the p a s t o f J u d a is m W ith bol d .

h an d h e v e n t u re d to b r u s h a s id e the l a ye r o f d us t
a n d mo u l d e n cr u s t ing the d a rke n e d p ort r a it s O f the

p a s t a n d re s tore fre s h n e s s a nd colo r to th e fad e d

, ,

p al e co nto ur s a nd fo rm s .

T he mo s t im p ort a n t p a rt ic u l a r s u p o n wh ich th e
v al u e a nd in fl ue nce o f his work d ep e n d d e s e rv e
a na l y s is .

A bove al l G r a et z tho u gh he did n o t c re at e it

, , ,

w a s th e fi r s t to d efi n e a n d o cc upy the po in t o f vie w

‘

fro m wh ich the h is to r ic a l d ev el op m e n t o f J ud a is m

m us t b e j ud ge d H e cl e a re d the whol e h is to r ic al
.

fiel d s o a s t o be a bl e to ex a m in e the v a r io u s ph as e s
,

o f th is d evelop m e n t w it h e a s e a n d a cc u ra c y A s .

a n h is to r ia n G r a et z had ha d b ut a s ingl e p re d e
,

ce s s o r who m us t be t a ke n int o a cco u n t I s aa c M a rc u s

1
,

Th eProt t t cl r g y m nd dipl om t J cob B n g ( d

e s an e an a a , a as a e .

h i tor iogr ph r of t h N th rl d w t h fi r t to wr it a h i tor y of

s a e e e e an s, as e s e s

the J w do w to h i w t im Th m
e s n s oat h i comm nd w r
n e . e e an s s a e e
60 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

re al iz a t io n o f the p a s t A 11 a d m ire r o f the R o m an

.

s y s te m a n d imp reg na te d w ith C hr is t ia n id e a s h e w a s ,

u n co n s c io u s l y op p re s s e d by the fe a r th a t he w a s
n o t a b re a s t o f the t im e s a n d d re a d e d the ch a rge ,

o f p a rt ial ity if he g a v e du e c re d it to J ud a is m a nd
R abb in is m T h is a cco u n t s fo r his mis re p re s e nt a
.

t io n o f the Ph a r is e e s a n d the ir s u cce s s o r s t he ,

R a bb is a n d fo r his fa l s e a l mo s t c a r ic a t u re l ike
, ,
-

t re atm e n t O f the T a l m ud a n d the l ite r a t u re d ep e n d

ing u p o n it H e fel t th a t the co n s id e ra t io n of
.

J u d a is m fro m th e p o in t o f v ie w o f h is to ry a t o n ce
be co me s a glo r ific a t io n the re o f a n d u n d e r n o cir ,

cums t a n c e s did he c a re to in c u r the im p u t a t io n O f

1
be in g it s a pol og is t .

G ra e t z e n te rt a in e d 11 0 s u ch s cr u pl e s I n the .

form a t io n o f his op in io n s fe a r o r t im id ity ha d n o

p a rt ; they did n o t c u rt a il the exp re s s io n o f his
j ud gme n t reg a r d l e s s o f the feel in g s o f fr ie n d o r
foe H e w a s the fi r s t to d ive s t h im s el f whol ly o f
.

C hr is t ia n p rej u d ice s in th e co n s id e r a t io n o f the

J e w is h p a s t ; th e fi r s t t o t ry t o expl a in the d eve l
O
p m e n t o f J u d a is m o n in he re n t p r in c ipl e s a s a ll ,

s im il a r phe no m e na a re expl a in e d H e wa s th u s .

a bl e t o d is t r ib ute l ig ht a n d s h a d e j u s tl y w itho u t ,

a ny a tte mp t t o gl o s s o r s l u r fa ct s G r a e t z had .

b ee n in B e rl in b u t a s ho rt t im e whe n h e m e t Z unz
a t the ho u s e o f M ich a el Sa ch s T he two v is ito r s .

ha d n o t ye t m a d e e a ch othe r s p e r s o na l a c qu a in t
’

a n ce .T h e ho s t p re s e n te d G r ae t z a dd in g in p r ais e ,

o f h im th a t he w a s a bo u t to p ubl is h a J ew is h his
,

“ ”
tory . A n othe r h is to ry o f the J e w s ? Z unz a s ke d
“
po in te d ly A nothe r h is tory w a s G ra e t z s re to rt
.
,
’

,
”2
b ut th is t im e a 7 cwzs/z h is to ry A nd in t r u th
’

.
, ,

H is l t h i tor ic l work
as s a T h e H is , udais an d it s Se s tory of J m ct
( Cesch ichte des l zt de nt hi t nts a nd se w er S ek te n 3 s 1 85 7
.
s ,
vol ,
Jo t
wrot f r t
e in a di f e e n fl ck ey work . t
I n ue n e d b y G rae t z s h e e n de d
’

tow r opt o of
a ds t h e ad y o g r h tor
i n th e po t of v w
un e is ian s in ie
’
.

2
co
Z un z r tt mpt to wr t hi tor y of
n s ide e d t h e a e J wi e a s th e e s p re
m t r
a ue h W e n h e as e d t h e q ue s i n h e
.k to prob bly mi a h ad in nd t he,

b l g
un g in tory of
H is r lt by J
t h e I s ae i e s r Dr H D e s saue . . .

ll o to cov rt tho gh
an d in t h e a us i n it e , t g
u it w a s l ay t h e s in ,
.
 ME MO I R . 61

G r aet z w a s the fi r s t t o v in d ic a te the fa ir cl a im s o f

J ew is h h is tory h e did p io n e e r work in e s t abl is h ing
the v al id it y o f th e J ew is h p o in t o f v ie w C h r is .

t ia n it y co n s id e r s the bel ie f in the M e ss iah s h ip o f

the So n o f G o d a n d in the m ir a cl e s re porte d in
co nn e ct io n w ith h is b irth a n d d e a t h th e com pl e t io n
a nd ful fil l m e n t O f the La w o f M o s e s a n d o f th e p ro

h e t ica l p ro m is e s O n l y wh a t s p r ing s fro m th is

p .

do g m a ca n r is e t o a p rope r co n cep t io n o f G o d to ,

the he ight s o f t r u e m o r a l ity a n d is c a p abl e o f p ro

,

mo t ing the a d v a n ce m e n t o f c iv il iz a t io n A cco r d .

ingl y h a v ing be g otte n C hr is t ia n ity J ud a is m fu l

, ,

fil le d it s rel ig io u s m is s io n a n d the lo s s O f J ew is h
,

n at io na l ind ep e n d e n c e o cc urr in g a l m o s t s imul t a

ne o u sl w i th th e r is e o f C hr i s t ia n ity it s s p ir it ua l
y ,

impo r t a n ce w a s ext ing u is he d a n d it s h is tor ic a l

p rogre s s a rre s te d I t s d e vel op m e n t s in ce the n it
.
,

is m ain t a in e d b e a r s the m a rk s o f d e cre p it ud e a nd

d ege n e r a t io n—is n oth in g m o re th a n id ol a try o f the
,

Tara /z a n d rel ig io u s fo rm al is m T O th is co n s c io us ly
.

o r u n co ns c io u s ly b ia s e d V ie w G ra e t z w is he d to o p
p o s e a faithful p re s e n t a t io n o f fa ct s fre e from p a rt ia l
,

it y p e r s o na l p re d il e ct io n s o r s p ec io us col o r ing
, ,
He .

hel d th a t a n O bj e ct ive u np rej u d ice d a cco u n t s u f

, ,

fi ce d to d e mo n s t ra te th e v it al ity o f J u d a is m a s s e rt ,

ing it s el f ag a in a nd a g ain in the m ids t o f d is t re s s

a n d p e r s e c u t io n ; co n t in u ing t o d ev elop it s m o n o

the is t ic d octr in e s a nd it s e th ic a l s y s te m u n d is
t urb e d b y the l o s s o f a n a t io n a l b a ckgro u n d a n d ,

bor n e o n w a r d o n ly by v irt u e o f it s s p ir it u al ity a n d

id e a l ity p ro du c in g th in ke r s p oe t s a nd eve n s t a te s
, ,

me n d e s p it e u n tol d s u ffe r ing ; a n d co n tr ib u t ing

z e a l o us ly t o th e s ol u t io n o f th e p robl e m s o f h u m a n
c iv il iz at io n u p roote d a n d d is p e r s e d tho u gh it s a d
,

he re nt s we re .T h is p o in t o f v ie w G ra e t z a s su m e d
e ne I e t ica ll a n d ppl ie d co n s is te n tly I n th e el a bo
g y a

ra t i o n o f J ew is h h is tory w ith th e re s u l t th a t w e owe

,

to him o ur co n s c io u s a c q uain t a n ce w ith the v a r io u s

as p e ct s o f J ud a is m I n a ll the ir a b u n d a n ce a nd su g

e s t ive n e s s
g .
62 I T
H S OR Y O F TH E j Ews .

B e s id e s m a k ing n e w s o u rce s a v a il a bl e G ra e t z ,

g a in e d fre s h p o int s o f v ie w a n d s u rp r is ing in form a

t io n fro m the ol d o n e s H e w a s p a rt ic u l a rly s u cce s s
.

ful in re s to r ing t o J ew is h a cco u n t s th a t ha d be co m e

h az y o r s o un d e d in c re d ibl e a fre s hly col o re d b a ck
gro u n d a nd l ife l ike re al ity o r a t l e a s t in l ay ing b a re
-

the ir ke r n el o f fact by the d is cove ry o f h a r d ly re cog

,

n iz ab l e p a r a l l el p a s s age s a n d p roofs in n o n J ew is h -

a u tho r s H e s o u ght ev e rywhe re a nd wa s m o re o r

.
,

l e s s s u cce s s ful in fi n d ing a nd in s e rt ing in the ir

pl a ce co n n e ct in g l in k s a n d compl e m e n t a ry p ie ce s
,
.

W h e n he a p p ro a che d his bol d u n d e rt a k ing w ith the

co u r age in s p ire d by e nth us ia s m J ew is h h is tory wa s ,

a v a s t fiel d o f d eb r is ove r wh ich vol c a nic ev e nt s

,

had p o u re d o ut the ir l a v a a n d the ce n t u r ie s had ,

s c a tte re d the ir dus t H e re a n d the re a g ig a n t ic

.

r u in s o m e l ite r a ry p ro d u ct io n towe re d in s ol it u d e
, ,

ov e r th e w id e s tre tche s o f the p a thl e s s d is m a l ,

wa s t e the o n l y g uid e po s t s t o d ire c t th e w a n d e re r

,
-

th ro ug h the l a byr in th o f r uin s a nd u nd e rb r u s h T he .

g re a t c re a to r s o f J ew is h s c ie n ce to b e s u re Z unz , ,

a n d R a p opo rt who s e ext r a o r d ina ry d e s e rt s a re n o t

,

ye t du ly a pp re c ia te d by the ir b rethre n in fa ith ha d - -

a l re ad y g ive n the wo rl d the ir excel l e n t wo rk s o f

fu n d a m e n t a l im port a n ce ; y e t th e gre a t t r a ct s ex
p l o re d a n d m a d e a ra bl e by the m s e e m e d n o m o re
th a n s m a l l e r o r l a rge r is l a n ds in a v a s t s e a o f r u b
b is h T hey did n o t a ffo r d v a n t age gro u n d fro m
.
-

wh ich the whol e co u l d b e ov e rlooke d R a rely l e av ing .

the d o m a in o f l ite r a ry h is to ry the s e s chol a r s did no t

,

l e a d u p to the po s it io n s th a t d om ina te d th e fie l d .

I n th is re s p e ct p a rt ic u l a rly G ra e t z p rove d h im s el f a
p io nee r W h a te ve r e poch h e m ay b e co n s id e r ing
.
,

a n d howeve r m uch h e ma
y s e e m t o b e a b s o rbe d in
d e t ail s h e n eve r t a ke s his ey e fro m the gr a n d
,

whol e . H is p u rpo s e a l w ay s is t o cl e a r a p ath

thro u gh th e r a n k u nd e rb r u s h o r t o t r a ce o n the ,

ex po s e d s u rfa ce s o f s h a tte re d re m a in s the l ine s a n d

ve in s th a t ind ic a te the e s s e n t ia l ch a ra cte r a nd t he
 ME MO I R . 63

t re n d o f th e h is tor ic a l p ro ce s s H e w a s e nd owe d .

w ith a n u mbe r o f qu al it ie s th a t e nabl e d him t o int ro

du ce l ight o r d e r s y s te m a n d cl a s s ific a t io n in to the
, , ,

ch ao s o f th e h is to r ic a l m a te r ia l a t his d is p o s a l .

W ith r a re e n e rg y he p l u n ge d into the co n s id e r a t io n

of v a s t s y s te m s o f tho u ght a nd a l mo s t witho u t a n ,

e ffort a s s im il a te d a nd g ro u p e d the m I n his l e a r n e d .

n ote s h e op p o s e s v a ry ing a cco u n t s p roo fs a nd h in t s , ,

to o n e a n oth e r a nd w ith a n a d ro it h a n d a n d a p e r
,

s p ica cio u s m in d gr a s p s t h e m a in id e a firm ly a n d u n

r avel s th e k n otte d thre a d F in a lly fe a r o f e rro r .

,

did n o t d ete r him fro m t ak ing a d ec id e d s t a n d

tow a r d s ev e n t s a n d p e r s o n s a nd giv ing fra n k
a n d v igoro u s exp re s s io n t o his view s u p o n them .

L e t the re a d e r ex a m in e th e e s s ay s th a t s e rv e a s
in tro du ct io n s t o ce rt ain p a rt s o f h is wo rk a s for , ,

in s t a n ce tho s e in th e fo u rth fifth a n d s eve n th v ol

, , ,

u m e s a n d h e w il l a p p rec iat e th e un e rr in g eye th a t

,

e s p ie s a nd n ev e r l o s e s fro m s ight the m ot iv e id e a s

a n d the d o m in a t ing p o in t s o f V iew wh ich n ot m e rely ,

a re s ke tche d in a ge n e r a l com p rehe n s ive w ay b u t , ,

“ ”
a re a p pl ie d in d et a il H is H is to ry a ffo r d s n u m e r
.

o u s ill u s t r a t io n s o f th e way in wh ich G ra et z p ro

m ote d a n d e n r iche d h is tor ic a l re s e a rch F o r ex .

a mpl e Saa diah G a o n ha d b ee n d is cov e re d a s it

, ,

we re by R ap oport a n d G e ig e r had m a d e v a l u a bl e
, ,

co n tr ib u t io n s t o o u r k n owl e d ge o f him b ut the ,

"1
ch ap te r a bo u t him in th e H is to ry fi r s t fu l ly re
v e a l e d his e poch m a k ing im po rt a n ce a n d his r ich
-

l ite r a ry a ct iv ity G r a e t z w a s th e fi r s t to re cog niz e

.

a nd a pp re c ia te th e n ot abl e infl u e n ce ex e rte d by

C has dai C re s c a s up o n ph il o s ophy a n d s oc ia l co n
2
’

dit io ns T he gre a t D is p u t a t io n o f T o rto s a o f

. ,

wh ich w e h av e a t r u s two rth y J ew is h a cco u n t w a s ,

n eve rthel e s s n o t u n d e r s too d in it s h is tor ic a l b e a r

ing a n d p ol it ic a l e ffe ct u n t il G r a e t z inge nio us l y co n

, . m rc
Geschichte V o l V ( A e i an E di i n V o l I I I to ,
.
,
pp . 1 88
2
.
. . m rc
I bid V o l V I I I ( A e i an E di i n V o l I V to ,
.
, pp . 1 45 -
1 47 , 1 9 1 -
1 93 )
 I T Y THE J EW S
‘

64 H S OR OF .

fro n te d th e J e wis h s o u rc e w ith C hr is t ia n rep o rt s .

1

T he cl o u d o f l ege n d e n v elop ing the e n th u s ia s t s

D av id R e ub e ni a ndSolomo n Mo l cho who m s t u d e n t s
2
,

we re in cl in e d t o reg a r d a s n o m o re th a n h al l u c ina
t io n s o r ph a n t a s m ago r ia h e re s olv e d in to th e re a l ity
‘

Of t he ir fa n t as t ic a d ve n t u re s I n s ho rt c o upl e d w ith .
,

r a re s ag a c ity in p e rce iv in g th e t r ue m e a n ing o f a

m u t il a te d t ext a n d e m e n d ing it a cco r d ingly h e had ,

a re m a rk a bl e in s t in ct fo r p ie rc in g t o th e re a l ity o f

fa ct s n o m a tte r ho w grote s q ue they m ight a p p e a r

, .

S u ch e n d o w m e nt s qu a l ifie d G r a et z t o t r a n s l a te
the T a l m u d ic m etho d O f tho ugh t a n d exp re s s io n in to
th e t e rm s o f m o d e r n fe el ing s a n d v iew s a n d g iv e a ,

m o d el il l u s t ra t io n o f th e cr it ic a l ex a m ina t io n o f the
l ite ra t u re o f T al m ud ic t im e s a n d it s u s e a s a v a l u
a bl e h is to r ic a l s o u rce N o n J e w is h s chol a r s a nd -

s c iol is t s w e re qu ic k t o b r a n d th e a p p a re n tl y un
in tel l ig ibl e o r th e c u r io u s p a s s age s a bo un d in g in
r a b b in ic l ite ra t u re a s e v id e n ce s o f T al m ud ic ig n o
r a n ce o r r abb inic fol ly a n d the J ew s o f the e m a n e i
,

p a t io n p e r io d if the y did
,
n o t s u b s cr ib e t o th is

v e r d ict at l e a s t he s it a te d whethe r o r n ot t o e nd o r s e
,

it. G r a e t z s howe d p l a inl y th a t p re c is ely the tex t o f

the h is to r ic a l n a rr a t ive s had b e co m e wre tche d ly co r
rup t e d a n d wo u l d h a v e t o b e re s to re d B e s id e s h e .
,

c al l e d a tte nt io n t o v a r io u s fe at u re s o f th e h is to r ic a l
t r a d it io n a s tol d b y th e r a bb is E ithe r they we re .

t re a te d p r ag m a t ic a l ly w ith the ir c a u s e s a n d re s u l t s
, ,

o r the ir p re s e n t a t io n w a s in te n t io na ll y b ia s e d o r ,

l aye r s o f l ege n d had d ep o s ite d the m s el ve s a bo u t the

ke r n e l O f fa ct wh ich a wa ite d rel e a s e fro m it s e nvel
op e s O v e r a n d a bov e a ll th is h e u
,

. rge d th a t the ,

co n c re te fig u ra t iv e e xp re s s io n s o f th e ra bb is d e r ive d
, ,

fro m a s phe re o f t ho ught fore ig n to u s m u s t b e t ra n s ,

l a te d into m o d e r n co n cep t s F o r in s t a n ce in a n .
,

a n c ie n t r ab b inic ch ro n icl e t he Se der 01a m ra bba it is, ,

1
I bid .
,
. m rc
V o l V I I I ( A e i a n E di i n V o l I V to , . pp,
. 2 07
2
. . m rc
I bid , V o l I X ( A e i a n E di i n V o l I V to , .
,
pp 49 . 1
 ME MO I R . 65

rep orte d th a t the wa ro f V e s p as ia n is s ep a ra te d from

th a t of T it u s by an in te rv a l of twe n ty t w o ye a r s -

A s id e from the c o n s id e r at io n th a t it is n e ithe r his

t o rical n o r j u s t ifi abl e to dis t ing u is h b e twe e n a w a r
o f Ve s p a s ia n a nd a wa r of T it u s it is im p o s s ibl e to ,

g iv e a s a t is fa cto ry ex pl a na t io n O f th e p e r io d o f
twe n ty two ye a r s T he s a m e in co mp rehe n s ible
-
.

d is t in ct io n b etwe e n Ve s p a s ia n s a nd T it u s w a r ’ ’

occ u r s in the M is h na a t the e n d o f the t ra ct a t e So fa .

G ra e t z ch a nge d a s ingl e l e tte r 13 in to p a nd in s te a d , ,

o f 0113 13 ( T it u s ) he re a ds ( K u Q
'

1
it s
) z e ,u i et u s , . . .

I n th is way he d is cove re d a rebell io n in P a l e s t in e

ag a in s t L uc iu s Q u ie t u s W e k n ow n o n e of it s .

d e t ail s b u t it s o cc u rre n ce is b eyo n d th e p e ra dve n

,

t u re o f a d o u b t T he co nj e ct u re a s s im pl e a s it is .
,

inge nio u s ha s b ee n co rrobo r a te d by a m a nus cr ip t

,

re ad ing 1 “
A na rr a t iv e in t ra ct a t e Sa bba fb 1 7 is n o
.

“
l e s s c u r io u s : A s wo r d w as th r u s t in to the a c a d
e my w ith the wo r ds : W hoeve r d e s ire s may go in
, ,
”
b u t n o n e may co m e o u t e tc G r a e t z expl a in s the , .

e nigm a th u s : in th e fi r s t ye a r o f the rebel l io n

a g a in s t N e ro a t e rro r is t s y n o d w a s d o m ina te d b
y
the Sha mma it e s I n ge n e r a l h e co n s id e re d the .
2
,

O pp o s it io n be twe e n the s chool s o f H ill el a n d S h a m

ma i n o t m e rely theore t ic b u t a l s o p ol it ic a l a n d he ,

id e n t ifie d the r a b id Z e al ot s w ith ext re m e Sh a m

m a ite s .

Gr t z i d ae rv i g of gr t pr i for h v i g t b l i h d th i
s e se n ea a se a n es a s e s

f ct [th x i t c of t h t rror i t y n o d] unt il th

a e e s en e t uffi c i ntly e e s s ,
en no s e

a ppr c i t d I it lf it i
e a e xtr m l y import nt r ult d it
. n se s an e e e a es ,
an s

v l u i h ight d b y r o of t h d t grow ing ut of it

a e s e ene e as n e a a o .

At l l v t H rr G r t z h
a e e n s,w co nd di t i ct io of q ul l y
e ae as o n a se s n n e a

gr t import c b y h i u of t h M gil l T nitl

ea an e h i tor ic l s se e e a aa i as a s a

s o urc d h i v r ifi c t io n of it
e an t t m nt v n tho ugh m ny
s e a s s a e e s, e e a

r m in dub io u
e a s.

T h is is the op in io n of th e h is to r ia n J o s t s u rel y , a

com pe te n t j u d ge in s u ch m a tte r s .

1
C mp Geschichte V o l I V 2 E d N
.
, .
,
.
,
ot e 14 .

9
Geschichte V o l I I I 2 Ed N e 2 6
, .
,
.
,
ot .

Jo t 3 s Ges chichte des I udenthums un d

, s einer S ekten, Pt . 1, p .
43 7,
N ot e 2 .
 6 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

W he re s o m u ch l ight is r a d ia te d the re c a n n ot ,

fa il to b e s om e s h a d ow s G rae t z s a d m ira b l e qu a l
’

it ie s h a v e a rev e r s e s id e H e o fte n pe rm it s s u b
.

e c t ive v iew s t o ob t r u d e the m s el ve s too m u ch a n d

j ,

in s t a t ing his hyp othe s e s h e is a p t to cl othe the m in

t e rm s too p o s it iv e a nd in c is iv e n o t he e d in g th at ,

ev e n t s d ov et a il in to e a ch othe r ; th a t me n y iel d to
ch a nge ful h u mo r s a nd mot iv e s ofte n o f a co n t r a ,

dict o ry na t ure ; a nd th a t il l og ic a l eve n irr a t io na l ,

t u r n s o f l a ng u age a n d tho u ght may occ a s io n all y

o cc u r in th e t e xt s I t s u rely is n o t a s to nis h ing to
.

fi n d ina cc u r a c ie s h u m a n e rror s a n d mis co n ce p

, ,

t io n s he re a n d the re in a g ig a n t ic wo rk o f twelv e
b u l ky v ol u m e s F a u l t s a n d s hortcom ing s v a n is h
.

in to forgetfu l n e s s by th e S id e of the m u l t ipl ic ity

o f his re s ul t s a n d th e gra n d e u r o f his a ch iev e
m e n t Pe r s p e ct iv e l ife l ik e ch a ra cte r iz a t io n dis
—
-

.
, ,

,
i
t in ct o u tl in e gl ow g colo r the s e J ew is h h is tory
n

owe s s ol el y t o G rae t z s r ich fa n cy H e op e n e d’

.

u p n e w p robl e m s c re ate d the h is to r ic a l typ e s

, ,

co n s t r u cte d the fra m e wo r k o f J ew is h h is to ry B u t .

his gre a te s t a ch ieve m e n t o n e th a t c a n n ot b e r a te d

,

s uffi c ie n tly h igh is th a t o f h a v ing p roc u re d a he a r

,

ing w ith a l l s t r a t a o f his co rel ig io n is t s by m e a n s

o f his ch a rm ing e a s y s tyl e H e rev ive d the co n
, .

s c io u s n e s s o f a n ill us tr io u s p a s t glo r io u s in s p it e o f ,

p e r s e c u t io n a nd d egra d a t io n a n d t he b el ie f in a ,

fut u re o f s p ir it u a l t r iu m ph fo r I s r ael E ne rge t ic .

a n d a r d e n t a s his t e mp e r a m e n t w a s h e m e rge d his ,

be ing in the p a s t o f his r a ce a s it we re g iv ing , ,

d evo te d s t ud y to th e m o s t h idd e n e m ot io n s o f the

n a t io n al s o u l . H e a s s oc iate d w ith th e r a bb is p hi ,

l o s o p he rs a nd p oe t s who s e fe a t u re s a n d form s h e
,

d ra w s a s w ith com p a n io n s a nd int im a te fr ie nds .

\Vhe n s to rm s a re im m in e n t in the co ur s e of th e
h is to ry h e i s v is ibl y s w a ye d by hop e a n d fe a r a nd
, ,

whe n a c a t a s t rophe ha s ove rwhel me d his p eopl e h e ,

is b owe d d ow n w ith a ng u is h a n d gr ie f T he re a d e r .

s e e s his s u ffe r ing a n d c a n no t w ithhol d p a s s io na te

,
68 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

T he o n l y hel p exte n d e d t o G r a e t z in th e p ro s e
cu t io n o f his co mp rehe n s ive p l a n p rocee d e d fro m
“
th e I n s t it u te fo r the Promot io n o f I s ra el it is h L ite r
”
a t u re fo u n d e d in 1 8 5 5 by D r L u d w ig Phil ip p s o n
,
1
.
,

th e mo s t ge nia l a nd m o s t p ro du ct iv e j o u r nal is t
a m o n g r a bb is I n re t u r n fo r a m o d e s t s u b s cr ip t io n
.

p r ice s eve r al b ook s we re is s u e d a nn u a lly a mo ng ,

” ’
wh ich a v ol u m e o f G ra e t z s H is tory u su al ly
“
fo rm e d the ch ie f a tt ra ct io n T hro u gh the I n s t i .

”
t u t e a l a rge c irc u l a t io n w as s e c u re d fo r the H is
,

to ry fro m the fi r s t T h e Soc ie ty in t u r n w a s s o .

’
d e p e n d e n t u p o n G ra e t z s wo r k fo r it s p op u l a r ity
th a t whe n o n a cco u n t o f a m is u n d e r s t a n d ing w ith
,

Phil ip p s o n G r a et z re fu s e d to h a v e the l a s t ( el eve n th )

,
”
vol u m e p u bl is he d b y th e I n s t it u te it co u l d no t ,

m a in t ain it s el f l o ng .

O n the othe r h a n d the re w a s no t l a c k o f ho s ,

t il it y j e a l o u s y a n d p e tty a n n oy a n ce s
, H is wo rk
, .

w a s u s e d ev e rywhe re b u t n o t in fre qu e n tl y w itho ut ,

a n op e n a ck n owl e d gm e n t o f it s hel p fu l n e s s Espe .

ciall a t fi r s t t h e fa u l t fi n de rs a n d fi nical c r it ic s p l ie d
y
the ir t r a d e v igo ro u s l y o n his wo rk a s tho u gh a ny ,

T al m u d is t co ns id e re d a s chol a r in his s m a l l c ircl e

n e e d e d b u t t o dip his p e n in to ink to wr it e a h is to ry
’
s u p e r ior to G ra e t z s E v e n l a te r whe n re cog n it io n .
,

co u l d no t b e w ithhel d p r ais e was g ive n gr u d g ingl y , ,

in h al f h e a rte d a cce n t s
-

T he yo u ng th eol og ia n s o f .

both p a rt ie s o f th e r ight a n d o f the l eft w ing we re

, ,

in d e fa t ig a bl e in p ick ing fl a w s o f al l k in ds in his

d et ail s T hey did n o t re a l iz e how e ffe ct u al ly they
.

w as no t r
om t im in t h
es um e d unt il
ight i Th fir t s e e e e es . e s

vol um tr n l t d i to E n gl i h w th fo urth b y t h R v J m K
e a s a e n s as e , e e . a es .

Gut h im u d r t h
e u p ic
, of th co d Am r ic n J w i h Pub
n e e a s es e se n e a e s

l i ti Soc i ty ( N w York Aft r G r t v i it to Lo ndo n ’

ca on e e , e ae z s s

in 1 88 7 t h E n gl i h tr n l t io n of t h compl t work w
, e un d r
s a s a e e e as e
t k th r Both t h F r ch d th Eng l i h tr n l t io n w r
a en e e . e en an e s a s a s e e

r v i io n of th G rm n or ig in l in wh ich Gr t z t o l y incor
e s s e e a a , ae no n

p r t d th
o a e r ul t of t h l t t r rch b ut l o tr i d to p ay
e es s e a es ese a e s, a s e

p rt ic ul r tt nt io n to t h h i tory of th J w of t h n atio n into

a a a e e s e e s e s

who l n g uag t h work w r nd r d

se a e e as e e e .

I nstitut ur F brderung der israel itischen Litteratur

’

1 z .
 ME MO I R . 69

w e re th u s d e mo n s t r a t ing his p re e m in e n ce a n d -

fail e d to u n d e r s t a n d th a t s o m o n u m e n t a l a wo rk
c a nn ot by a ny po s s ibl e m e a n s e s c ap e bl em is he s
a n d m a l fo rm a t io n s .

“ ”
T he H is tory co mpl ete d th e b re a ch b e twee n
G ra e t z a nd his s om et im e t e a che r Sa m s o n R a ph a el,

H ir s ch T he l a tte r h ad l e ft N ikol s b u rg to a ct as
.

the r a b b i o f a we al thy p r iv a te co ng reg a t io n in

F ra n k fo rt o n the M ain Soo n a fte r his re mov a l he
- - -

.
,

beg a n to is s u e a mo n thl y j o u r n al yesb urun I n , .

the s e co n d a nd th ir d v ol u m e s o f th e m ag a z in e
a pp e a re d a p a s s io n a te v iol e n t rev ie w o f th e two
“
p a rt s o f th e H is to ry the n p ubl is he d in wh ich ,

H ir s ch s a t in j ud gm e n t o n G ra e t z s he re s ie s T he ’
.

s o re n e s s o f the cr it ic is u n m is t a k abl e I t is d o u b t .

fu l whethe r his th r u s t s we re n o t m e a n t to s t r ike the

J ew is h T heol og ic a l Se m ina ry at B re s l a u r a the r th a n
“
the H is to ry Pe r s o nal a tt a ck s u s u al ly l e ft G r a et z
.

u n move d tho u gh h e wa s in the h a b it o f re pel l ing

,

the m w ith c a us t ic b rev ity B u t h e n eve r fo rg av e

.

ho s t il ity tow a r d s the yo u n g in s t it ut io n T h u s th e .

l as t s l e n d e r t ie s th a t ha d s t il l bo un d th e two me n
to e a ch othe r we re s na p p e d a su n d e r forev e r F o r .

th e re s t a ct iv e a n d j oyo us a s h is n a t u re wa s h e did
, ,

n ot t ro u bl e h im s el f a bo u t his c r it ic s n o r did they ,

thw a rt th e s u cce s s o f his wo r k ; it s t r iu m ph wa s

co m pl ete O n the othe r h a n d h e w a s fr a nkly p ro u d
.
,

o f the d is t in ct io n co n fe r re d u p o n him by the Pr u s

s ia n gove r n m e n t in m a k ing him in D e ce mbe r , ,

1 8 6 9 ho n o r a ry p rofe s s o r of the B re s l a u U n iv e r s ity

,
.

T h is gove r n m e n t a l re cog n it io n we n t fa r tow a r ds

comp e ns a t ing him fo r the l a ck of reg u l a r p ro fe s
s io ual a d v a n ce m e n t in his a c a d e m ic c a ree r the s o re ,

po int in his l ife a t wh ich s p ite fu l a n t ago n is t s d e

,

l ighte d t o a im the ir s h a ft s .

W ith the el eve n th vol u m e p u bl is he d in 1 8 7 0 h e

, ,

b ro u ght the h is to ry o f the J ew s s in c e the M a cc ab e a n

s t r u ggl e d ow n t o th e p re s e n t t im e n in e
vol u m e s ha d a p p e a re d in u nin te rr u p te d s u cce s s io n .
70 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

T o com pl ete a nd crow n th e wo rk it w a s n e ce s s a ry

to g iv e a n a cco un t o f a n c ie n t J e w is h h is to ry cover
ing the B ibl ic a l a n d th re e ce n t u r ie s a n d a h al f o f
p o s t B ib l ic a l t im e s
-

G r a e t z d evote d s cr u p u lo u s
.

c a re to th is p o rt io n o f his work H e co ns id .

e re d it s im port a n ce p a r a m o un t a n d reg a r d e d the

'
,

t re a tm e n t o f the e a rly e poch s a s a mo s t d iffi c u l t

t a s k re qu ir ing fo r it s a d e qu a te p e rfo rm an ce exe
,

e t ica l s t u d ie s a n d o r ig ina l tex t cr it ic is m G r ae t z

g .

tho u ght h im s el f p a rt ic u l a rl y q ual ifie d a n d e n d owe d

fo r s u ch wo rk ; it had a l w ay s bee n his fa vo r ite p u r
s u it B u t b e fore a tt a ck ing the h is to ry o f I s ra el a n d
.

a n c ie n t J u d ae a he d e te rm in e d to s a t is fy his lo ng ing
,

to b ehol d th e H oly L a n d w ith his bo d ily eye a s h e ,

ha d o fte n s o u ght t o p ict u re it t o his m e n t a l eye .

W ith e qu al fo rce his a rt is t ic imp u l s e d rew him to

P a l e s t in e H e hop e d t o d e r iv e l oc a l col o r a nd
.

in s p ir a t io n fo r th e d e s cr ip t io n of ho a ry eve n t s fro m
the s ight o f co n s e cr a te d p l a ce s wh ich had b ee n ,

the ir s ce n e s a nd the ir w it n e s s e s A s e a rl y a s 1 8 6 5 .
,

he ha d form e d the pl a n o f a j o u r n ey t o P a l e s t in e the ,

exe c u t io n o f wh ich b e c a m e p o s s ibl e o nl y in M a rch ,

1 8 7 2 whe n two fr ie n d s j o in e d h im
, L im ite d to his .

p r iv a te re s o u rce s a n d h a m p e re d by co n s id e r a t io n
fo r his t ravel in g com p a nio n s h e w a s n o t a bl e to ,

m ak e his t r ip thoro ughly s a t is fa cto ry fro m a s e ie n

t ifi c p o in t o f v ie w A fte r a l l h e O bt a in e d wh a t he
.

ha d j o u r n eye d a b ro a d to fi nd ; h e b ro ught b a ck im
p re s s i o n s e n th u s ia s m in s p ir a t io n I n qu ic k s u c
, ,
.

1
ce s s io n the two o r m o re a cc u r a tely th re e p a rt s O f
, ,

his wo rk t re a t in g O f the B ibl ic a l a n d e a rly p o s t

B ibl ic a l t im e a p pe a re d be twe e n 1 8 7 4 a nd 1 8 7 6 a nd ,

his h is to r ic a l wo rk w a s com p l e te a ccor d in g t o the

pl a n he had s ke tche d fo r h im s el f I t wa s th e b r il .

“
l ia n t fu lfill me n t o f the p ro m is e to fu r n is h a h is to ry
o f th e J e w s fro m th e m o s t a n c ie n t t im e s to the
1
Th e s e co d vol um
n e a ss um e d such
proport io th t it h d to b ns a a e
v
di ide d in to t w p rt
o a s . ea ch of wh ich r ch d t h r p ctabl n um
ea e e es e e
ber of5 00 p g
a es
.
 ME MO I R .

71

p re s e n t da y el abo ra te d fro m the o r ig inal s o u rce s ,

wh ich he had m a d e in 1 8 5 4 whe n he beg a n his ,

c a re e r a s a n h is to r ia n w ith the p ub l ic a t io n o f the

fo u rth vol u m e o f his H is tory G r a n d in co nce p .

t io n cl e a r a nd p e r s p ic u o u s in e xe c u t io n r ivet ing
, ,

a tte n t io n by it s ch a rm ing s tyl e the work ha s ,

n ot fail e d to fi nd e n t r an ce in to the he a rt s o f the

a u tho r s b rethre n in fa ith
’
I t re m a in s u n su rp a s s e d
- -
.

in the p re s e n t a nd the fu t u re h is to r ia n w il l re a l iz e
,

th a t he c a n n ot d ev ia te fro m the gre at l in e s l aid

d ow n in it T he l ittl e bl em is he s a n d e rro r s o f
.

v a r io u s k in d s th a t dis fig ure al l h u m a n c re a t io n s d o
n o t a ffe ct the im p re s s io n m a d e by the wo rk a s a

whol e T he d is cove ry o f h idd e n s o u rce s no w un

.
,

s u s p ecte d may n e ce s s it a te add it io n s a nd ch a nge s

,

in d e t ail s b u t the gre a t p o in t s o f v iew the p r ag

, ,

ma t ic co n ce p t io n t he u n d e rly ing tho ug ht s a s he

, ,

d e du ce s the m fro m the in tr ic ate com pl ex ity of

J ew is h h is to ry w il l n eve r b e s u p e r s e d e d G ra e t z s
’

.
,
”
H is tory o f the J ew s v ol u m ino u s tho u gh it is, ,

w il l fo rev e r re m a in a n integr a l p a rt o f J ew is h l ite r

a t u re .

VI .

TH E E X E G ET E .

TH E fi r s t two o r r a the r th ree p a rt s o f th e H is

, ,

tory fo rm the t r a n s it io n to G ra e t z s exeget ic a l

’

s t ud ie s I n the ir excel l e n c ie s a s wel l a s in the ir

.

s ho rtcom ing s they be tray al l the ch a r a cte r is t ic s of

his wo rk in B ibl e exp o s it io n O bv io us ly G ra e t z .

had o n ly a w aite d th e com pl et io n of th e h is to ry O f

J ud ais m from th e e nd o f the M a cc abe a n s tr u ggl e t o
the p re s e n t t im e t o e n te r w ith al l the v igo r o f his ,

in tel l e ct u po n th e seco ua p /za se of b is a ch e

,
/ ic a s a
’
y
writer th a t d evote d t o B ibl e exege s is a n d text u a l
,

c r it ic is m E xe g et ic a l s t u d ie s n o l e s s th a n h is tor ic a l
—
.
,

re s e a rch w e re a d is t in c t l ife a im w ith him T he y

,
.

were b e g u n in 1 8 7 1 a n d co n t inu e d w itho u t in te r

,
72 I
H STO R Y OF TH E J E ws .

r u p t io n u n t il u n exp ec te d d e ath s na tche d the p e n

fro m h is h a n d T o b e a cc u ra te the s e co nd ph a s e
.
,

of h is l ite r a r y a ct iv ity s ho u l d be d a te d fro m 1 8 6 9 .

I n th a t ye a r Z a ch a r ia s F r a n ke l w is h ing to d evote ,

al l h is e n e rgy to h is wo rk o n the S O c a ll e d J e r u s a l e m -

T al m u d t ra n s fe rre d th e Man a tsscb rifl to G r a et z

, .

H e m a rk e d th e beg in n in g o f his e d itor ia l m a nage

“
m e n t w ith a n e s s ay o n T he E b io n it e s in the O l d
”1
T e s t a m e n t the fi r s t o f a s e r ie s in O l d T e s t a m e n t
,

expo s it io n a nd H e b rew ph il ol ogy I n p a rt they .

,

may b e reg a r d e d a s m o n ogr a ph s in p re p a ra t io n fo r

his h is to ry o f th e B ibl ic a l t im e s T he s e r ie s wa s .

co n t inu e d un in te rr u p te d ly y e a r a fte r ye a r u n t il , ,

1 8 8 7 whe n G r a et z d is co n t in u e d the p u bl ic a t io n of

the Man a tssc/i rzf f

,
'

I n v ie w o f the n a rrow com p a s s O f B ibl ic a l l ite ra

t u re comp r is ing th e whol e re s idu e o f a n c ie n t
,

I s ra el it is h wr it ing s a n d the re fo re the whol e t re a su ry

of the H eb rew l a ng u age a t o u r d is po s al e ve n tho s e ,

expo u nd e r s th a t cl ing t o th e wo r d a nd to t ra d it io n
w ith s l av is h fa ithfu l ne s s a re g ra n te d w id e s co p e fo r
ind iv idu a l j ud gm e n t s a nd s u bj e ct ive hyp othe s e s ,

d ep e n d ing fo r the ir a ccep t a n ce n o t u po n p re c is e

p roo f b u t u po n the inqu ire r s w il l a nd dis p o s it l o n
,
’

I t is n a t u ra l the n th a t G r a et z w ith his s t ro ngly

, ,

d evel op e d s u bj e ct iv ity his d el ic a tely a tt u n e d e a r

, ,

a n d his g ift o f bol d co nj e ct u re s ho u l d h a v e re a che d ,

co n cl u s io n s s h a rpl y co ntr a s t ing w ith al l a ccep te d

v iew s a nd in c a p abl e o f l o g ic a l s c ie n t ifi c d e m o n s tra ,

t io n H is re su l t s a nd expl a na t io n s the o u tcom e

.
,

o f a p a s s io n a te d e s ire fo r cl e a r n e s s a nd co n s is t
e n cy a re ofte n o f s t a rtl ing o r ig ina l ity Al l s o rt s
, .

o f n e w qu e s t io n s we re s e t o n foot by him m a ny ,

fr u itfu l s u gge s t io n s may b e t r a c e d t o him a nd he ,

bo re m an y a t rophy from th e b a ttl efiel ds o f text u a l

cr it ic is m T he bol d n e s s o f his e xege s is is ill u s
.

t ra t e d b y his t re a t m e n t o f the two H ag iogr aph ic

D ie Ebjaniten des al ten Testaments .

 ME MO I R .
73

b ook s E ccl e s ia s te s a n d th e S o ng o f So ng s wh ich

, , ,

p u bl is he d in qu ic k s u cce s s io n in 1 8 7 1 in tro du ce d ,

him to the wo rl d a s a n exegete H e a ttr ib u te s the .

com p o s it io n o f K ob e/el k ( o r the P re a che r t ra n s l a ,

t io n a nd cr it ic al co m m e n t a ry ) t o the re ig n o f
‘

H e ro d a n d pl a ce s the a u tho r o f Sb ir /i a S/zz rim

°

( o r the S o ng o f S o ng s t r a n s l a t io n a n d c r it ic a l com
2
,

m e n t a ry ) in the M a ce d o n ia n Syr ia n t im e T ho u gh -

. .

the hyp othe s e s co n ce r ning the t im e o f the com po

s it io n o f th e two book s a n d m a n y o the r p rop o s it io n s

a re c u r io u s a n d ov e rwhel m , the re a d e r by the ir

p ro n o u n ce d d ev iat io n fro m al l op inio n s h ithe rto
a d v a n ce d s t il l it m u s t b e co n fe s s e d th a t the co n ,

e ct u re w ith reg a r d t o th e o r ig in o f E ccl e s ia s te s is

j
e ng ag ing in th e extrem e a n d it c a n n ot be d e n ie d , ,

th a t the t ra ns l a t io n s a re goo d a nd in un e xce p

t io nab l e t a s te th a t the re m a rk s a n d re fe re n ce s a re
,

in s tr u ct iv e a n d th a t th e ol d e r ve r s io n s we re u s e d
,

w ith c a re a n d a tte n t io n I n the com m e n t a ry o n .

E ccl e s ia s te s d ec id e d ly m o re v al u a bl e th a n th at o n
,

the S o ng of S o ng s he O ffe r s b e s id e s in te re s t ing

,

d at a w ith reg a r d to th e G reek t r a n s l a t io n M o re .

ove r G ra e t z fre qu e n tly a ddu ce d a na log ie s from the

,

M is h na a nd the T al m ud ma d e exh aus t ive u s e o f ,

wh ateve r w as a d v a n t ageo u s fo r text u a l c r it ic is m in

the T al m u d ic l ite ra t u re a n d th u s b ro u gh t t o l ight ,

n e w m a te r ial in s u ch a w a a s to m a ke it a v a il abl e
y
“ ”
fo r the h ig he r cr it ic is m T h is in fa ct co n s t it u te s.
, ,

his re al a n d p e rm a n e n t d is t in ct io n a s a n exegete .

H is exp o s it io n s we re g u id e d by two ch ie f a s s ump

t io n s b oth roote d in th e d ep th s of his ch a r a cte r
,
.

H e hel d th a t in eve ry B ibl ic al wo rk a n h is tor ic al

b ackgro u n d ca n b e d is ce r n e d w ith m o re o r l e s s
e a s e th a t ev e n ge n e r al iz a t io n s a nd refle ct io n s can
n o t co n ce al th e ir co n n e ct io n w ith s p e c ial fa ct s wh ich ,

l
Kahel et -
ader der monische Prediger ubersetz t und kr itisch
sal o ,

erl a utert) .

9
S chir na S chirim- - -
ader das sal o monische H ohel ied ubersetz t und,

kritisch erl éiutert) .

74 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

m u s t b e d e du ce d a n d d ete rm ine d A g a in h e wa s .
,

o f th e op inio n th a t a co n tr a d ict io n o r O b s c u r ity in

,

a B ibl ic a l p a s s a ge c a n n ot b e re s ol v e d b y a tw is t in g

o f wo r d s a nd p hra s e s o r by fa r fe tche d a na l og ie s -

in re mote tho u gh rel a t e d id iom s T hey we re e vi .

d e n ce t o him t h at the text ha d co m e t o gr ie f a n d ,

th a t the o r ig ina l text co u l d be re s to re d o n l y by a

co nj e ct u re wh ich m ight b e d is e ng age d fro m th e
,

co n tex t o r p a tte r n e d o n a T a l m u d ic p a r a ll el o r
, ,

d e du ce d fro m ol d e r t ra n s l a t io n s H e did n o t d o u b t .

th at c a t a s t rophe s the ce n t u r ie s a nd p e rh a p s a l s o , ,

the in co m p e te n ce o f copy is t s ha d mut il a t e d t he

'

o r ig inal B ibl e t ext a nd wre n che d it o u t o f s h a p e , ,

a n d he tho u ght th a t ev e n l a te r whe n it had be e n ,

fixe d w ith s c r u p u l o u s c a re a l l s ort s o f e rro r s m igh t ,

h av e c re p t in .

A cco r d ing to the s e p r in c ipl e s G ra et z t re a te d the

P s a l m s I n 1 88 1 h e p u bl is he d a G e rm a n t ra n sl a
.

“
t io n o f the m a nd in 1 8 8 2 8 3 fol lowe d a C r it ic a l
,
-

C o mm e n t a ry to the P s al m s w ith T ex t a nd T ra nsl a

”1
t io n 2 v ol s
. T h e com m e n t a ry is d e s ig n e d o n a
.

ge n e ro u s s c al e a nd g ive s a b u n d a n t ev id e n ce s o f,

r ip e s chol a r s h ip B u t by the s id e o f it s excel l e n t .

fe a t u re s it co n t a in s m a ny h a z a r d o u s g u e s s e s a nd
v ag u e eve n tho u g h inge n io u s hypothe s e s J u s t u s
, .

O l s h a u s e n a n O r ie n t al is t h ighly e s te e m e d o n
,

a cco u n t o f his l e a r n in g a n d his s ob r ie ty who wa s ,

o cc u p ie d w ith the cr it ic a l ex a m ina t io n o f the O l d

T e s t a m e n t text fo r p h il ol o g ic a l p u rp o s e s s ay s th e ,

fol low ing abo u t the co m m e n t a ry o n the P s a l m s in a

2
lette r to the a u tho r :
O cco u t of it bo l d
n a yo ur comm nt r y w il l c rt i l y ro u
n s n e ss e a e a n a se
se rio u obj ct io w ith t h l rg r numb r of x g t th m l v
s e ns e a e e e e e e s, e se es

ov rbol d in x g i b ut w k in cr it ic i m A for m y u k ow
e e e e s s, ea s . s e, o n

th t I m t ffr ight d b y bol dn i crit ic i m wh co upl d w ith

a a no a e e ss n s en e

k owl dg of t h l g u g d t h ubj ct m tt r w ith c um

n e e e an nd a e an e s e -
a e , a en , a ,

r r
K itische Komnzenta r an den Psal inen nebst Tes t und U ebersetz ung
1
.

2
ot
Q u e d in R ip p n e r Z u1n siebe igsten Gebu tstag des Prof esso s Dr ,
r r .

H G aetz
. r
31 ,
p . .
76 T
HIS OR Y OF TH E J EW S
.

he n s ive pl a n fo r the c r it ic a l ex a m inat io n a nd the

e m e n d a t io n of the tex t o f the whol e B ibl e T he .

re a l iz a t io n o f th is pl a n w a s to b e the co n s u m m a t io n
’

a n d c row n o f his l ife s l abor s B u t he w a s no t d e s

.

t in e d to cel e b r a te s u ch u n qu e s t io n e d a n d b r ill ia n t
s u cce s s e s in th is fiel d a s in th a t of h is to ry whe re ,

he had e a r n e d a n d re ce ive d th e l a u rel s d u e a

p io n e e r Ye t we m u s t be c a re fu l n o t to u n d e rr a te
.
,

his exege t ic a l a n d c r it ic a l a ch ieve m e n t s a s to

the ir in t r in s ic v a l u e a n d the ir in fl u e n ce H is exe .

e t ica l wo rk s a n d e s s ay s a re re pl e te w ith n ew
g
po int s o f v ie w a nd in te re s t ing s u gge s t io n s M a ny .

a ge rm th a t ha s s in ce p rove d fr u itfu l ca n b e t r a ce d

to the m a nd they h a v e had a l as t ing e ffe ct u p o n the

,

d evel op m e n t o f B ibl e exege s is H is wo rk s o f th is .

cl a s s o r ig inal a n d im p ort a n t e n o u gh to fil l a l ife

,

o f s chol a rly re s e a rch wo u l d s u ffi ce to s e c u re to the ir

,

a u tho r a n ho n o r ab l e n a m e a n d a p ro m in e n t p l a ce in

the h is tory o f J ew is h s c ie n ce .

F R O M ye a r t o ye a r G r a e t z re ce ive d a n in cre a s ing

n u mbe r o f p roofs o f the recog n it io n a n d v e n e r a t io n

p aid him by a l a rge c ircl e o f re ad e r s a n d a d m ire r s

a n d a grow in g b a n d o f fr ie n d s a n d a s p ir ing dis

ci l e s B u t the e nj oym e n t o f hi s u cce s s w a n o t

p . s s

to be u nal loye d I n 1 8 7 9 the feel ing ag ain s t J ew s

.

in G e rm a ny a l w ay s o n the p o in t o f b re a k ing o u t
, ,

wa s s e t fre e in the s h a p e o f a n a n t i Se m it ic m ove -

m e n t to s e rve a s a n u n fa il ing ins t r u m e n t fo r pol it ic al

,

ag it a t io n H e in r ich vo n T re it s chke a n h is to r ia n
.
,

ch a r a cte r iz e d by p a tr iot ic a r d o r ra the r th a n s crup u

l o u s a d he re n ce to wo r d a nd t r u th a wr ite r w ith a ffe ct ,

ing o r a to r ic a l p a tho s a nd a b r ill ia n t s tyl e a t his

,

com m a nd s oo n a s s u m e d the r ol e o f ch all e nge r in

,

the fr a y H e was s c a nd al iz e d by the bo as t in g

.
 ME MO I R .

77

s p ir it wh ich h e a ll ege d w a s in the a s ce nd a n t in

, ,

J ew is h c ircl e s a nd wa s t o b e re g a r d e d a s a m e na ce
,

to the G e rm a n e m p ire H e ill us t ra te d his s t r ict ure s

.

by re fe re n ce s t o G r a et z who h e m a in t ain e d m a d e , , ,

u s e O f in te mp e r a te l a ng u age in his p ol em ic s ag ain s t

”
C h r is t ia nity a nd in his H is to ry ha d b e e n g uilty
,

o f a pp ly ing d is re s p e ctfu l exp re s s io n s t o the G e rm a n

n a t io n
.
1
G ra et z re pl ie d a nd T re it s chk ein t ur n m ad e
,

him th e s u bj e ct o f a n a rt icl e in wh ich h e t r ie d to

2
,

p rov e his al l ega t io n s H e qu ote d p a s s age s fro m.

”
the H is tory , te a r ing the m fro m the ir co n text a n d ,

re s orte d to a l l s o rt s o f S oph is t ry T h e l e a d e r s of .

the in tell ige n t p ort io n o f B e rl in J ewry p rob a bly did

n ot re al iz e t he gr a v ity o f the s it u a t io n A t a l l .

ev e n t s they we re far fro m h av ing a cle a r id e a o f

,

the m e a n s n ece s s a r y fo r s te m m ing the r a p id ly

s wel l ing t id e T he y we re d is in cl in e d ho wev e r to
.
, ,

su ffe r T re it s chke s a tt a ck s t o p a s s u n rep ul s e d fo r

’

they ha d re a s o n t o s upp o s e the m t o b e m ore th a n

the v e nom o u s u tte ra n ce s o f a p ro fe s s o r T he re .

u po n H B O pp e nhe im a wel l k n ow n p ol it ic ia n a n d
. .
,
-

wr ite r o n p ol it ic a l e co nomy a nd h ighly e s tee m e d for ,

his d is in te re s te d a n d n obl e ch a r a cte r a d op te d the ,

’
m is t ake n co u r s e o f s a cr ific in g G ra et z t o T re it s chke s
aggre s s iv e ch a rge s w itho ut ex a m in in g t he m Con .

fe s s e dl y h e had n o t re a d G ra e t z s wor k s y e t h e dis

’

,
“
po s e d o f the ir a u tho r s u m m a r ily a s a ma n w itho ut
t act a nd fa na t ic a l ly o ne s id e d who s e g re a t l e a r ning
-

has b ee n re n d e re d n u g a to ry by the a b s u r d ity o f his

3 ”
p ra ct ic a l d e du ct io n s T h is p e c u l ia r d e fe n s e of
.

J ud ais m to b e s ure did n ot exc ite d is t re s s fu l feel ing

, ,

in a ny o n e b u t l a te r e ve n t s p rov e it to h a v e b e e n
,

s ymp tom a t ic o f the op inio n s a n d th e m e n t a l co n s t i

t ut io n o f the in tell ect u a l n ot a b il it ie s o f the B e rl in
J ew is h co m m u n ity .

A B e rl in J e w had b ee n p u t a t th e he a d o f the
Preussische f ahrbucher ,
1 8 7 9 , vo l .
44 . p .
5 7 2 ff .
2
I bid , . p . 660 .

3
Die Gegenwart e di e d
,
t by Lindau ,
1 880, vol 17,
. p . 1 8 ff .
78 I T
H S OR Y O F T HE J E ws .

” 1
U nio n o f G e rman I s r ael it is h C o ngreg a t io n s whe n ,

it s h e a dqu a rte r s had b e e n m ov e d fro m L e ip s ic to

B e rl in A ct iv e a n d cl eve r in p r a ct ic a l a ffair s he in
.
,
”
v e s te d the U nio n w ith d ig n ity a n d s t irre d it u p ,

t o wo rk a n d e n te rp r is e W ith his hel p al l s o rt s o f

.

u s e fu l u n d e rt a k ing s we re e xe c u te d ; a m o ng them ,

in 1 8 8 5 a p l a n t o p ro mote the s c ie n c e o f J uda is m

, ,

h ithe rto whol ly n egl e cte d a l o n g d efi n it e l in e s A ,

.

co m m is s io n w a s t o b e a p p o in te d t o m ak e m e a n s
a n d s o u rce s fo r re s e a rch in t o th e h is to r y o f the J e w s

o f G e rm a ny a v ail a bl e un d e r th e p rote ct io n of the

”
U n io n . T he p roj e ct w a s h ail e d w ith s a t is fa ct io n
b y J e w is h s chol a r s I t w a s hop e d th a t it wo ul d
.

eve n t u al ly fu r nis h the ce n te r fro m w h ich o the r

s c ie n t ific e n d e a vo r s m ig h t r a d ia te Al l hop e s o f .

th is k in d we re e a rl y d oo m e d t o gr ievo us dis a p
“ n ”
po in tm e n t T he l e a d e r s o f th e U io n l a cke d
.

pe rcep t io n o f the n e e d s o f the s it u a t io n they p e r

mit t e d a n a mb it io u s yo un g s chol a r o f th e J ew is h
“ ”
fa it h a n extr a o r d ina ry p rofe s s o r a t the U n ive r s ity
,

of B e rl in t o be co m e the gove r n ing s p ir it H e w as

, .

fa m il ia r w ith the m e d iae v a l gov e r n m e n t o ffi ce s a n d ,

did v a l ia n t s e rv ice in th e s t u d y o f d o c u m e n t s But .

he w a s d e s t it u t e of the m o s t el e m e n t a ry k n owl e d g e
o f H eb re w a n d the re fo re co u l d h a v e no co n ce p t io n
,

o f the p e c u l ia r d iffi c ul t ie s th e w r ite r o f J e wis h his

to ry ha s t o gra p pl e w ith B e s id e s h e had s o co m .
,

p l e te l
y id e n t ifie d h im s e l f w it h h is s p e c ia l ty a n d w ith
th e a c a d e m ic wo rl d o f p ro fe s s o r s th a t a re al iz ing
s e n s e O f the co nd it io n a nd n e e d s o f G e rma n J ud a is m
wa s o u t o f the q ue s t io n U n d e r the s e c irc um
.

s t a n ce s s e r io u s m is t a ke s we re ine v it ab l e I n the -
.

fir s t p l a ce G r ae t z wa s d is reg a r d e d co mpl e tel y ,

ig n o re d whe n th e co m m is s io n wh ich w a s t o o rg a n iz e
,

a n d s u p e r in te n d the h is to r ic al inve s t ig a t io n s wa s
m a d e u p T he a rb it ra ry excl u s io n o f the o nly o r
.
,

a t a l l e v e n t s th e m o s t e m in e n t h is tor ia n the J ew s
,

c a n b o a s t o f m u s t b e co ns id e re d a gro s s offe n s e

l
D er deutsch is rael it ische Gemeindebund
-
.
 ME MO I R .

79

a g a in s t g oo d m a n n e r s W h a t is m o re the goo d .
,

work w as the reby d e p r ive d o f the be s t a n d m o s t

v a l u abl e g u a r a n te e o f s u cce s s Pe r s o nal a n imo s ity .

may h a v e co n t r ib u te d to b r ing a bo ut the d eplo r abl e

a ct i o n b u t th a t d oe s n o t a l te r the fa ct th a t G r a et z
,

w as m o s t fa m il ia r w ith the fiel d of wo rk t o b e c ul t i

va t e d N o n e recog n iz e d m o re cl e a rly th a n h e the
.

d e s id e r a t a th a t o cc u p ie d the a tte n t io n a n d g uid e d

1

the e ffort s o f the s chol a r s in te re s te d in J ew is h h is to ry

a t the t im e B e s id e s h e w a s a n in d e fat ig a bl e im
.
, ,

p ul s iv e wo rke r a n d his n a m e wa s o n e to co nj ure

,

w ith T he s l ight p u t u p o n G r a et z c al l e d fo rth

.

d ec id e d ill h u m o r a mo n g his n u m e ro u s fr ie nd s a n d .

d is c ipl e s a l a rge p o rt i o n o f who m we re th e r a bb in

,

ic a l he a ds o f re s p e cte d co n greg a t io n s T he ir i rr it a .

t io n co u l d n ot l o ng re m ai n w itho u t t a ng ibl e effe ct .

M o reov e r tho u gh the co m m is s io n wa s com p o s e d

,

o f h ighly e s te e m e d s chol a r s a m o ng the m C hr is t ian s ,

who we re m a s te r h is to r ia n s o f th e fi r s t r a n k the re ,

was n o t o n e m e mbe r who had a tt a in e d to m o re th a n

re s p ect abl e d il ett a n te is m in his a c qu a in t a n ce w ith
J ew is h l ite ra t u re a tho ro u gh k n owl e d ge o f wh ich
,

w as in d is p e n s abl e fo r the p rop e r re a l iz a t io n o f the

pl a n a n d o n ly o ne m em b e r who ha d g ive n ev id e n ce
,

of his s p e c ia l in te re s t in J ew is h h is to ry by a wo rk o f
n ote T h is ex ce pt io n wa s Profe s s or Stobb e a hu
.
,

m a n e C hr is t ia n s chol a r a n d e m in e n t j u r is t who ha s ,

d e s cr ibe d th e his t o rico l eg a l s t at us O f th e G e rm a n -

“
J ew s in T he J ew s in G e rm a ny d u r ing the M idd l e
” 2
Age s a b oo k th a t ha s n ot ye t b ee n s u p e r s e d e d
,
.

T he ab s e n ce o f J ew is h s chol a r s s p e c ific al ly o f J ew is h ,

h is tor ia n s a w ake n e d d is t r u s t in the ab il ity of the

,

1
O ne of th
mly c r
de side a a b ut di
e se tm b c u rt
dis e n e d at t h e i e
, ,
e a se

v l l t r z
it s a ue was n o t in t h e e as p bl c t o of t h
e al i e d was t h e u i a i n ,
e

M mo r of
e i s m l c p b h
G l ij ck e l vo n H a e n
”
xc ll t
sin e u l is e d in an e ,
e en

t o w tho t
e di i n i h p of comm o
u t h e el
,
w tho t
a ot t
issi n an d i u an y s en a

t o b y p p l of r t z
i n a ui l r
G ae Prof or
th e ea n e d fm n of e ss,
D K au . an

P th Th r m rk bl book wh ch
Buda e s -
is e a a e . ho l f il to
i n o o ne s ud ,
a

r f r y r cov r by Prof or
e ad was ai l e dis e ed fm e ss K au an n .

M
,

D ie J uden in Deutschl and w ahrend des ittel al ters

'

.
80 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

co m m is s io n I n fa ct it s a ch ieve m e n t s a s d is pl aye d
.
, ,

“
in the J o u r nal fo r the H is to ry o f the J ew s in G e r
”1
m a ny a n d in s e p a r a te p u bl ic a t io n s a re fa r from ,

re al iz ing the exp e ct a t io n s a w a k e ne d by th e bo as t

fu l a rrog a n t to n e o f s c ie n t ific co n ce it i n wh ich the
,

l e a d e r s a nn o u n ce d th e u n d e rt a k in g a nd a re o u t of ,

a l l p rop o rt io n to the exp e n d it u re s in c u rre d T he .

“
m o s t a mb it io u s p ro du ct io n D o c u m e n t s o n the ,

H is to ry o f the J ew s is a fr agm e n t
, Q u ie tly .
,

u nnot ice d the exp e r im e n t d ie d o n e day in the ye a r

,

?
1 89 2
T he in co n s id e r a t e t re a tme n t a cco r d e d him b y
the B e rl in cote r ie o r othe r c ircl e s did no t c a u s e
G r a e t z m uch he a rt a che a nd wh a t ev e r s ore n e s s it
-

may h av e p ro du ce d w a s co mpl e tely he a l e d by

L o n d o n whe n ce he re ce iv e d the fl a tte r ing inv it a
,

t io n to O p e n the A ngl o J ew is h H is to r ic a l Exhibi -

t io n w ith a l ect u re T he ho n o ra bl e re cep t io n a c

.

co r d e d him in the E ngl is h c ap it al the p e r s o n s ,

who s e a c qu ain t a n ce he m ad e a n d th e im p re s ,

s io n s he c a rr ie d ho m e w ith him al l th is re fre s he d ,

him a n d p u t him in to a b u oy a n t fr a m e o f m in d
, .

T he v is it to E ngl an d he a cco u n te d o n e o f the

h a p p ie s t a nd m o s t e nj oy abl e ev e n t s o f his l ife .

T he exp e r ie n ce s g a the re d the re s tr e ngthe n e d the

hop e to wh ich he ha d ofte n g ive n ex p re s s io n th a t
, ,

s al v a t io n wo u l d a r is e fo r J ud a is m o u t o f E ngl a n d
a n d A m e r ic a .

O n O cto b e r 3 1 1 8 8 7 he cel e b r a te d the s ev e n t ieth

, ,

a nn ive r s a ry O f his b irth H is d is c ipl e s a n d fr ie n ds

.

m a d e it the o cc a s io n fo r a n ext ra o r d in a ry ov a t io n .

a n d fro m a l l co u n tr ie s a n d cl im e s hom age w a s l aid

a t his fe e t A n ove rwhel m ing n u mb e r o f a dd re s s e s

.
,

g ift s co ngra t u l ato ry l e tte r s a nd p oe m s p rove d th a t

, ,

his a ch ieve m e n t s we re in the m in d a nd his ho n o r

in th e ke ep ing o f the whol e bo d y o f in tel l ige n t J ew s .

Z eitschrif t f ur die Geschichte der J uden in Deutschl and .

R egesten z ur Geschichte der l uden u s w 3

See N . . . ot pe . 86 .
 ME MO I R . 81

A p a rt i c u l a rly gra t ify ing su rp r is e c a m e in the s h a pe

o f a d iplom a a nn o u n c ing th a t 0 11 O ctobe r 2 7 1 8 8 8 , ,

he the J e w who had n o t d e al t l e n ie n tly w ith the

, ,

Sp a nis h n a t io n in his h is to r ic a l wr it ing s had bee n ,

el ecte d a n ho n ora ry m e mbe r o f it s s e ct io n in h is tory

b y the S p a nis h A c a d em y a t M a d r id .

U n t il the v e ry l a s t his bo d y a nd m in d re t a in e d
re m a rk abl e el a s t ic ity a nd v igo r ; t im e s e em e d to
p a s s him by u nn ot ice d H is in d e s tr u ct ibl e work ing
.

p owe r s a n d his l ite r a ry fe rt il ity co n t in u e d to be

1
a s to n is h ing E ve n a fte r co n ce n tra t ing his e ffo rt s
.

o n exege t ic a l re s e a rch he w a s a v ig il a n t re a d e r o f
,

the m o n ogra ph s in wh a teve r c iv il iz e d l a ng u age ,

b e a r ing howeve r re m otely o n p robl e m s of the

, ,

s c ie n ce o f J u d ais m H e g a v e th e co n cl u s io n s
.

re a che d in the m a c r it ic a l ex a m ina t io n a n d e ithe r ,

n ote d the m fo r the e n r ich m e n t a n d co rre ct io n o f a

“
n e w e d it io n o f his H is to ry o r re fu te d them in ,

s p e c ia l a rt icl e s if they s e e m e d s u ffi c ie n tly im p ort a n t

,
.

F o r b e s id e s his h is to r ic a l a nd exege t ic a l work s in

, ,

n u mbe r a n d b u l k a n impo s in g a rr ay h e p u bl is h e d ,

n umbe rl e s s e s s a y s a n d Pra ra mmscn

g rifl en o n the

mo s t v a r io u s s u bj ect s m a ny o f the m re a l gem s

, ,

mo d el s of cl e a r wr it ing a nd d ee p s chol a r s h ip I n .

s o me o f the m d a r ing theo r ie s a re a d v a n ce d a s for , ,

ins t a n ce the o n e wh ich he wo u l d n ev e r a b a ndo n

,

th a t the M a s s or a o r ig ina te d w it h th e K a ra ite s fro m ,

who s e l ite r a ry wo rk s the R ab b a n it e s d e r ive d it .

1
As l at e as 1 888 h e p ubl ish e d a V ol ksthuml iche Geschichte der f nden
J
Pop ul ar H istory of t h e e w s in thre e vol um e s in r e spo n se t o ,

nu m ero us an d fre uentl y r ep e ate d r e q ue st s for a short an d pop ul ar

q
h istory H e p ut al l his h istor ic al m att e r into a co n c ise form co n
. ,

st an t l y b e ar in g in m in d t h e n e e ds of t h e int e ll ig e n t l aity At t h e .

sam e t im e h e did n o t fail to m ak e use of n e wly de t e rm in e d dat

a .

Th e short e r work h as p e c ul iar v al ue in asm uch a s Gr aet l ay s dow n

, z
op o of
in it h is of
in i n g r t o whom
me n p
h is o w n e n e a i n h e h ad asse d
ov r e c v th vol m p b h
in s il e n e in h is e l e e n u e u l is e d in 1 8 7 0 H e h ad .

1 c al
ad opt r of
ed t he co
ul e r lv gp ro
no t n sid e in g i in e s n s in h i s h i st o r

pr t t o
e se n a i nfrom Butto
.
m y prom t fi g r
1 8 7 0 1 88 8 a n i n e n u e s h ad

b r mov from
e en e ed r th
t he a e n a l ft fr
b y d e a a n d h e w a s ,
e e e i n t h e

t r work to xpr gm t po th r ch r ct r
u d u i an d
la e e e ss h i s j e n n e a a e

ch v m t
a ie e e n s .

6
82 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E j Ews .

T he co nj e ct u re w as re ce ive d w it h a gre a t d is pl ay
o f in d ig n a t io n b u t it s refu t a t io n w a s n o t e q ua lly
,

e m ph a t ic a n d it c a nnot be d e n ie d th a t ce rt ain e vi
,

de n ce s may b e in te rp re te d in it s fa vo r
A m o ng his H ag ra nz msc/crifl en the fol low ing d e
f

“
s e rv e to b e s ingl e d o u t : V is igo th ic L eg is l at io n
w ith R eg a r d to the J e w s in the a nn u a l repo rt of ,

the J ew is h T heol og ic a l S e m ina ry fo r 1 8 5 8 F ra n k

”2 “
a n d th e F r a n k is t s in th a t fo r 1 8 6 8 ; a nd T he
,

K ing d o m o f Me s e n e a nd it s J e w is h Pop u l a t io n 3 ”

in th a t fo r 1 8 7 9 I n th e Man a tssc/z rif cf zi r Gesc/czc/z te

,
'

un a P Vissen sc/zaf l a es yua en Z/z ums o f wh ich a s m e n

’ ’ ’
, ,

t io n e d a bove h e w a s th e e d ito r fro m 1 8 6 9 the

, ,

g re ate r p a rt o f th e a rt icl e s is s u e d fro m his p e n .

T he re is b u t o n e w ay o f a cco u n t ing fo r his n um e ro u s

a ch iev e m e n t s h e u n d e r s too d to p e rfe ct io n the a rt
o f u t il iz ing eve ry m o m e n t .

F iv e O cl ock in the m o r ning fo u n d G ra et z at his

’

d e s k U n t il n in e h e g av e u n in te rr u p te d a tte n t io n
.

to his l ite r a ry wo rk A fte r th a t ho ur h e w a s in the

.

h a b it o f de vo t ing hims e l f t o his l e ct u re s H e c a rr ie d .

o n a n e xte n s iv e co rre s p o n d e n ce fo un d l e isu re fo r ,

a l l s o rt s o f th in g s a n d w a s fo n d o f the inn oce n t

,

g ayet ie s o f s oc ia l l ife H e re t ire d l a te a n d in .

,

ge n e ra l n ee d e d b u t l ittl e s l e ep H is s o u nd a l mo s t .
,

inv in c ibl e n e rvo u s s y s te m w a s s u p pl e m e n te d by a

co n s t it u t io n c al c u l a t e d t o s u pply his ext r ao r d ina ry
c a p a c ity fo r wo rk w ith a p rop e r phy s ic al b a s is H e .

w a s o f a v e r a g e he ight a n d h a b it u al ly b e n t fo r wa r d
,

his l e a n a nd s p a re b u t s in ewy m u s c u l a r fig u re b u il t
, , ,

upo n a s t ro ng bo ny fr a m e H is fa ce w as s o m e .

wh a t m a rre d by p ock m a rk s b u t his he a d m ad e a -

m a s s iv e unus u a l im p re s s io n So ft che s t n u t b row n

, .
,
-

l a te r g ra y h a ir in fa ir tho u gh n o t cl us te r ing ab un d
,

a n ce c row n e d his bo a r d l ike s qu a re fo rehe a d

,
H is -

, .

s h a rp ob s e rv a n t eye s gr a y is h b row n in col o r b e

, ,
-

D ie w esl gathische Ges etz gebung in Betrefi der J uden ‘

.

F rank and die F rank isten .

Das Konig ei h r c M
ese ne u n d se ine j iidische Beval kerung .
84 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

R o b u s t a nd v igo ro u s a s h e fel t h im s el f he u n d e r ,

took in his ol d ag e a wo rk in wh ich he m e a n t to

s u m u p his B ibl e s t u d ie s o f a cr it ic a l a n d exege t ic a l
ch a r a cte r H e co u n te d n o t u po n the s ym p athy o f his
.
,

co n te m por a r ie s b u t u p o n the a p p re c ia t i o n o f a l ate

,

p o s te r i ty A l l s u bor d in a te o cc u p a t i o n s we re d rop
.

p e d I n 1 8 88 he ev e n d is co nt inu e d the p u b l ic a t io n
o f the Mana fssc/zrzfl n o n e o f his p u p il s be in g abl e
.

'

the n to a s s u m e the e d itor ial m a nage m e n t I n o r d e r .

to g iv e a cl e a r com p rehe n s iv e rev iew o f the re su l t s

,

o f his B ib l ic a l text s t u d ie s h e p ropo s e d to p r in t the ,

H eb re w B ibl e in it s e n t irety w ith e m e n d a t io n s a nd

s hort no t e s jus t ifying the m I n 1 8 9 1 al l p re p a r ato ry
'

wo rk w a s com pl e te d a nd the p r in t ing w a s beg u n , .

H ow he che r is he d th is l ife wo rk o f his is ev id e n t -

fro m th e p ro s p e ct us C o n t ra ry t o his c u s to m he .
,

a dd re s s e s h im s el f t o h is fr ie n ds a n d re qu e s t s the m ,

to as s is t him in his v e n t u re .

At t h d of my l if
e en h y i t h pro p ct u I h v u
e, e sa s n e s e s, a e n

d rt k n t h l bor io u t k of umm r i ing t h

e a e e a s asm d t io n of th s a z e e en a s e

t xt of t h H oly Scr iptur t h dm i ib il ity d ju t ifi c t io n of

e e e s, e a ss an s a

wh ich l th n t h
no e ss c ity for wh ich t h ccomp nyi g pro
a e ne e ss e a a n s

p ct u t forth
e s se s I b g y u to id my ffort
. e i or d r th t o a e s n e a

t h p c u i ry r i k i c urr d m y t to o f r tr n c n d my m
”
e e n a s n e n a no a a s e ea s
.

T h is p ro s p e ct u s a p p e a re d in J u ly 1 8 9 1 a nd it , ,
’
w a s the l a s t wor d th a t is su e d fro m the a u tho r s
u n t ir ing p e n fo r p u bl ic a t io n .

Al tho u gh h e w a s e s c a p ing the infi rmit ie s a nd

a il m e n t s o f the O l d a n d co n s id e re d h im s el f p e rfe ctly
,

well a n d ce rt a inl y fel t v igo ro u s ag e had c rep t

, ,

u po n him ins id io u s ly T h e a ct io n o f his he a rt .

w a s s o m uch im p aire d th a t his phy s ic ia n s b e c a m e

a n x io u s a bo u t his co n d it io n A cco r d ing to his .

a n n u a l c u s to m h e we n t t o C a rl s b a d fo r th e c u re o f

m ino r ind is p o s it io n s T he n ce h e ha d pl a n n e d to
.

go t o M u n ich o n a few d ay s v is it t o his ol d e s t s o n ’

,
“ ”
who o cc up ie d the p o s it io n o f extra o r d ina ry p ro
fe s s o r o f phy s ic s a t th e U nive r s ity the re a nd the n ,

s p e n d s o m e t im e re s t in g a t R e iche nh al l w ith his

 ME MO I R .
85

s o n s fa m il y Shortly b e fore the t im e s e t fo r his

’
.

d ep a rt u re fro m C a rl s b a d whe re h e had no t t ake n ,

c a re o f h im s el f he had a fain t ing s p el l o f s o s e r io u s

,

a n a t u re th a t the phy s ic ia n u rge d M r s G r a e t z to .

ret u r n to B re s l au w itho u t d el ay H e co ns id e re d .

the p rec au t io n ex agge ra te d a nd whe n he fi nal ly ,

y iel d e d he re fu s e d to fo rego the t r ip t o M u n ich

, .

T he re a t his s o n s ho us e h e s u ffe re d in the n ight

,
’

, ,

be twee n t he s ixth a n d the s ev e n th o f Sep te mbe r a ,

v iol e n t a tt a ck o f col ic U n d e r the in fl ue n ce o f .

op iu m a d m inis te re d b y a phy s ic ian the p a in p as s e d

a w ay , a n d he d rop p e d to s l e ep W he n his w ife .

a ro s e e a rly in the m or n ing to ob s e rv e his co n d it io n ,

s he fo u n d him ly ing in b e d l ifel e s s H is he a rt ha d .

ce a s e d t o a c t a nd s o a l ife re p lete w ith wo rk a nd

,

r ich in a tt a in m e n t ha d too s oo n com e to a n e nd .

H is re m ain s we re t r a n s p orte d to B re s l a u a n d th re e ,

d ay s l a te r in th e p re s e n ce o f a n ume ro u s g a the r ing

,

of his p u p il s a n d fr ie nd s a n d a m id d em o n s t r at io n s
of ge n e ra l s ym p a thy they we re co n s ig n e d to the,

grav e in the J ew is h ce m ete ry .

H is w ife who s e d ay s a re d evote d to the m em o ry

,

of he r cel e b ra te d h u s b a n d co n s id e re d it in c u mbe n t ,

u p o n he r to p u bl is h his l a s t wo rk the m a nu s cr ip t o f ,

wh ich was al l b u t co m pl ete b u t o f wh ich o nly a few ,

s he et s ha d is s u e d from the p re s s at the t im e o f

G ra e t z s d e a th
’
T he ed ito r is Profe s s or W B a che r
. .

of B u d a P e s th o n e o f G rae t z s d is c ipl e s who ha s

-

,
’

wo n ho no r ab l e re p u te by his e d it io n s a n d his s t ud ie s
in the h is tory of H eb rew g r a m m a r a n d exege s is .

B e s id e s the e d ito r ial work p rop e r he has bee n ,

force d to s u pply fro m m em o ra n d a a co n s id e r abl e

p iece i n the Prophet s wh ich by s om e m is,
ch a n ce ha d
o n e a s t ray O n the whol e th is c r it ic a l B ibl e e di
g .
,

t io n by wh ich the d ep a rte d a utho r s e t gre a t s tore

, ,

has bee n p u r su e d by p e c u l ia r il l l u ck U n l ik e his -

.

othe r p ro du ct io n s it m u s t m is s the au tho r s p r u ning

’

a n d corre ct in g h a n d a s it p a s s e s thro u gh the

p re s s I t is d oom e d to ap p e a r a s a n in com p l e te
.
86 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

b e c au s e a p o s th u m o us wor k . T he t itl e isE men : ~

’
a a iian es in fi l erasgue Sucre Scrip ture :
Veieris Testa ~

men ie fibre s secun a um o eterum versiones n ec n an

’

au xi/iis criticis cmteris a d/z ibiiis E x re/icio o ef a ucii

’
.

au cio ris ma n uscrip io edia ii G uil Ba c/z er 3 P/s

’ ‘

—
. . .

Bresl a u 1 8 9 2 1 8 94 T he H eb rew text o f t he B ibl e

,
.

is t re a te d bol d ly a nd s u bj e ct ively B u t it re m a in s .

fo r a l a te r ge n e r a t io n to p a s s fi na l j u d gm e n t u po n
th e v al u e o f G rae t z s co n t r ib u t io n s to the c r it ic a l ’

d e te rm in a tio n o f the B ibl e text T he re ca n b e n o .

d o u bt th a t G r a e t z w a s a s m u ch a m a s te r in the fiel d
o f exege s is a s in th a t o f h is to ry .

T he t im e w il l co m e whe n his co n te m p or a r ie s w il l
b e e nv ie d fo r the p r iv il ege of h av ing s too d fa c e to fa ce
w ith o ne s o gre a t a n d n obl e T ho s e d ay s to b e .
,

su re w ill n o t k n ow the g rie f a n d s o rrow th a t be fel l u s

,

whe n u n exp e cte d ly a n d w itho u t w a r n ing the rev e re d

te a che r w a s re m ov e d fro m o u r s ight S t il l l e s s .

w ill the re b e a s u s p ic io n o f th e s el f rep ro a che s th a t -

a s s a il u s too l a te fo r h av in g fre qu e n tly ha d a

kee n eye fo r th e d e te ct io n o f m in u te s ho rtco m ing s
a n d ina d e qu a c ie s the in he re n t fo ibl e s o f the h u m a n ,

k in d r a the r th a n a w il l ing a tte n t iv e e a r to l is te n to

, ,

the s u gge s t io n s a n d s ol u t io n s s o l av is hly offe re d .

A fte r al l the m o s t b e a u t ifu l blo s s o m s p u t fo rth by

,

him the b e s t fr u it s p ro du ce d b y his m in d a re i n

, ,

his w r it ing s he th a t ca n re a d may e nj oy the m .

T —V Vh il th i M m ir w p i g thro ug h t h pr
NO E e th s e o as ass n e e ss, e

comm i io th h i tory of t h J w of G rm ny pok of

ss n on e s e e s e a , s en on

pp 7 8 8 ft r fi v y r of in ct iv ity g i how d ig n of l if
.
-
0, a e e ea s a a a n s e s s e

i t h form of
n e v l u bl p ubl ic tio by r bb i D M rtyr l giun
a a a e a n a a : as a o o i

d N ir b rg r M m rbu h
es i by D r S S l f l d At t h m t im
n e e e o c es . . a e . e sa e e,

th prom i of t h comp l t io n of Di R g t n ur G hi ht d r
e se e e e e es e z esc c e e

l dn t
a e i h l d ut
,
e c .
,
s e o .
 T A B L E S O F J EW I S H H I ST O R Y .

C H R O N O LO G I CAL TAB LE OF J E W I SH H I S TO RY .

Th e P tri rch l Ag
a a a e

Th e E xo du s

Th e Co q u t of C a a n
n es n a

Th E r of t h
e a J udg e es

Th e K in g dom ( 1 067 — 97 7 B C E ) . . .

J ud h a nd I r
a l un til t h C apt ur of S m r i
s ae e e a a a

( 9 7 7 —
7 19 B c ) . . E .

J ud h un til t h
a D tr uctio n of J r u l m ( 7 1 9
e es e sa e

5 86 B C .
) . E .

Th e C ptivity ( 5 8 6 5 16 B o E )
a -
. . .

Th Ag of E z r
e e N h mi h d th Scrib
a,
( 5 16 e e a , an e es

3 32 B C )
. . E .

Th e Ag of t h Ptol mi
e nd t h S l uci d
e to e es a e e e ae

An t i och u I V ( 3 3 2— 17 5 B C
s ) E

—
. . .

Th A g of t h
e e M cc b ( 1 7 5 1 40 B C E )
e a a ees

Dy ty ( 1 40—
. . .

Th e H mo a
as n ean 37 B C ) n as E

Dy n ty ( 37 B C —
. . .

Th e H ro di
e an 72 C ) as . . E . . E .

Th e E poch of t h Mi h d th Ta it e s na an e na es

—
( 7 2 21 9 0 E . .
)
Th e Epoch of t h T lm ud t h Amor im n d t h e a e a a e

S bo r im ( 21 9—
, ,

a a 5 50 C ) . E .

XV I . From t h Compl t io of t h T lm ud to t h E d of
e e n e a e n

th G on t
e a( 5 5 0 1 038 0 E )a e -
. .

XV I I . Th A g of G b ir l H l vi R
e e hi d M imo n i d
e o ,
a e ,
as , an a es

—
( 1 03 8 1 204 c E . .
)
XV I I I From t h D th of Maimo id to t h E xp ul io n
e ea n es e s

from Sp i ( 1 204—
.

1 49 2 C E )
a n . .

XI X F rom t h E xp ul io from Sp i to t h P r c utio

e s n a n e e se n

d ( 1 4 92—
.

in Pol an 1 64 8 C n ) . .

From t h P r c ut io n i Pol d to t h Pr t T im n an e e se n e

—
e e se

( 1 6 48 1 87 3 C o E ) oo .
90 H I STO R Y OF TH E J EW S .

B C E
. . .
P AT R I AR C H AL AGE
I . TH E .

1 5 00( a b o ut ) A b rah am l v
. Ur of t h Ch l d ea es e a ees .

Supr m po w r of J ph ie E gypt e e os e n .

J a b d h i ho u hol d occ upy G o h

co an s se s en in E gyp t .

II . TH E E X O DU S .

Birth of Mo s es .

Th E x du
e o s .

R v l at io n
e t Mo un t S i n ai
e a .

W or hi p of t h G ol d C lf
s e en a .

R b l lio
e of Kor h
e n a .

D th of Miri m d AA O
ea a an R N .

Th I r elit d f t t h E m rit ki g Siho

s ae es e ea e o e n n at J a h z a .

0g k i g of B h d f t d t E dr ''

, n as an , e ea e a el .

Th proph cy of B l m
e e a aa .

R ub e G d d h lf of M
en , h ttl i a , an a a n a ss e se e n th e l an d
t of t h J or d ( P r a a )
e as e an e e .

D E A T H o r MO S SE .

C O N QU E ST O F C AN AAN
III . TH E .

L d r hip of J O SH U A
ea e s .

P g of t h J or d
assa e e an .

C pt ur of J richo
a e e .

Submi io of t h G ib o n it ss n e e es .

Div i io of t h l d mo g t h tr ib
s n e an a n e es .

Th J busi t s
e d oth r p rmitt d to k
e p th e an e s e e ee e ir t e rri
tory .

Th TA B eA CL t Sh iloh ERN E a .

D th of J o h u
ea s a .

IV . T H E E R A O F TH E J UD GE S .

J U D GE S

1 . t il
O hn e , 6 . A b im l ch e e , 11 . I b z o n,
2 . Eh ud, 7 . Th l o a, 12 . El on,
3 . Sh amg a r , 8 . J ira , 13 . A bd o n,
4 . De b r o ah an d Ba rk a , 9 . J p h th h
e a ,
14 . E 11,
5 . i
G de o n , 1 0 Sam so n ,
. 15 . Samue l .

Oth i l d liv r t h o uth r n tr ib from

n e e e s e s e es an I dum ae an

ki g n .

E h ud ro ut E glo ki g of Mo b s n, n a .

Sh m g r oppo
a th Phili ti a se s e s nes .

D B A H d B r k d f t Si r J b i g
E OR an a a e ea se a, a
’
n s ene r l a , at

Mo u t T bor n a .

GID O ro ut t h Midi it un d r Z b ah
E N s e an es e e an d Z al
m un n a .
92 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E WS .

TH E F I T T MP L C C AT D
RS E E O N SE R E .

S olomo t bli h fl t R o d b uilt Comm rc

n es a s es a ee . a s . e e

xt d d For ig lli c
e en e . e n a an es .

Th ki g dom t it gr t t xt n t L it r t ur fl ur
e n a s ea es e e . e a e o

i h I dol try i tro duc d

s es . a n e .

R b ll io
e e of J B AM n ERO O .

D th of Solomo
ea n .

VI . J UD AH AN D I SR AE L U N TI L TH E C APTU R E O F SAMAR I A .

( 9 7 7 —
7 19 E .
)
( S ee t h e Ta bl e o f the K ings of J udah a nd I srael , p .

hobo m ki g of J ud h
Re a n a .

J r obo m ki g of I r
e a l ; r ul t Sh ch m n s ae es a e e .

R hobo m
e lli him lf with t h ki g of D m c u
a a es se e n a as s .

Sh m i h proph t
e a a v rt civil w r ,
e ,
a e s a a .

Shi h k ki g of E gypt lly of J robo m

s a , n t r , a e a , en e s

J ru l m e sa e .

J robo m i
e tit ut c lf wor h ip t B th l d D ;
a ns es a -
s a e e an an

Ahi j h proph t a e .

A b ij m aof R hobo m ki n g of J ud h
, so n e a , a .

A of R hobo m ki g of J ud h
sa , so n e a ,
n a .

N d b a a of J robo m ki g of I r l
, so n e a ,
n s ae .

B h d troy t h ho u of J robo m
a as a es d rul t s e se e a , an es a

Ti r z h a .

A forbi d t h w or h ip of A t rt i J ud h
sa s e s s a e n a .

B h aas i t d by E thiopi
a , a ss s e d Syri m k w r a n s an an s , a es a

upo A n sa .

El h a of B h k i g of I r l
, so n a as a, n s ae .

Th ho u e of B h xt rmi t d by Zimr i
se aas a e e na e .

Civil w b t w O mri ar d Tib i e een an n .

O mri t h fi r t ki g i S m ri
, e i tro duc t h wor h ip
s n n a a a, n es e s

of B l d A t rt aa an s a e .

A ll i n c b twa I r l
e d Ph ici a J z b l m rr
e een s ae an oe n . e e e a ies

Ah b a .

9 22 . AH A B k i g of I r l n s ae .

9 20( a bo ut ) E l i j h d t h proph t p r c ut d by J z b l
. a an e e s e se e e e e .

918 . J ho h ph t ki g of J ud h
e s a a n a .

Mic h ( I ) ( Mich i h ) proph i

a a a es es .

Ah b v ictor io u ov r B
a h d d I I ki g of Ar m s e en -
a a ,
n a

( Syr i ) a .

All i c b tw an J h o h ph t
e d Ah b e een e s a a an a .

Ah zi h a of Ah b ki g of I r l
a , so n a ,
n s ae .

J hor me n of Ah b ki g of I r
a ,
l
so a , n s ae .

J hor m
e d J h o h ph t d f
a t M of Mo b
an e s a a e ea e sa a .

J or m a of J h o h p h t ki g of J ud h
, so n e s a a , n a

Ah z i h a of J or m d Ath l i h k i g of J ud h
a ,
son a an a a ,
n a .

El i h nd J
s a a hu e .
 T A BL E S OF J E W SH H I I ST O R Y .
93

J h u kill J hor m d xt rmi t t h ho u of

e s e a an e e na es e se

O mri ; h i follow r kill A h z i h s e s a a .

J h u ki g of I r
e ln s ae .

A th li h q u
a of J ud h ; h h m l m mb r of t h
a een a s e as a e e e s e

ho u of D vi d x c ut d
se a e e e .

J O A SH of Ah z i h o ly urv ivi g m l d c d t
, so n a a ,
n s n a e es en an

of D vi d i t h dir ct li n ki g of J ud h
a n e e e, n a .

T h T mpl r p ir d
e e e e a e .

H az l k in g of Syri
ae , co q u r t h tr a J rd i prov a, n e s e ns -
o an e

i of I r l
n ce s s ae .

J ho h z
e a of J h u k i g of I r l
a , so n e , n s ae .

J h ubmit to H z
o as s l s a ae .

J ho h
e as of J ho h z ki g of I r l
so n e a a n s ae

b i g d by B h d d I I I ; J ho h v
, , .

S m ri
a a a es e ictorio u e en a a e as s .

Am z i h a of J o h ki g of J ud h
a , so n as , n a .

A m z i h v ictorio u ov r t h I dum
a a s e e ae a n s .

D th of E l i h
ea s a .

Am z i h of J ud h t k n pr i o
a a r by J ho h of I r l a a e s ne e as s ae

t B th Sh m h ; J r u l m r
a e ck d d it
-
e es e sa e an s a e an s

w ll d troy da s es e .

J r b am I I
e o o of J h h k i g of I r l , so n e o as , n s ae .

J r b
e o m II oa r co n q u r di trict t k by t h e -
e s s s a en e

Ar m a aean s .

J na h proph i
o e s es .

A m z i h k i ll d t L h i h
a a e a ac s .

Th I dume i v d J ud h d ll J ud
ae a n s c ptiv n a e a , an se ae a n a es

l av
as s F i r t di sp rsi n f J ud a ns
es . s e o o c
e .

U zz i h a of A m z i h ki g of J ud h
, so n a a ,
n a .

E rth q u k
a d dro uth a e an .

U zz i h r co q u r di trict lo t i c Sol omo tim

a e -
n e s s s s S n e n s
’
e .

J robo m I I t k
e a D m c u d H m th ; p opl b a es a as s an a a e es e

com tr ib ut ry to him
e a .

L ux ury in S m ri u d r J r b m I I a a a n e e o oa .

8 00( a bout ) . Am s J o l a n d H sea ( I ) proph y

o ,
e ,
o es .

7 69 . Z ch r i h
e a of J robo m I I ki g of J ud h
a , so n e a , n a .

7 68 . Sh ll um kill Z ch ri h
a d xt rmi t t h ho u of
s e a a an e e na es e se

J eh u .

Sh ll um ki g of I r l
a n s ae .

M h m k ill Sh ll um
en a e s a an d r ig ov r I r l
e ns e s ae .

U zz i h u urp t h offic
a s s e es of t h high pr i t e es in th e
T mpl e e .

Pul king o f Assyria i nvades the k i ngdom o f I srael ,

, ,
a c quir es

booty d c rri ff pri o r ,

an a es o s ne s .

P k hi h
e a of M h m k i g of
a , so n ena e , n Is r l ae .

P k h ki ll P k h i h
e a s e a a .

P k h k i g of I r l
e a n s ae .

I ai ah utt r h i fi r t p rop h y '

s e s s s ec .
94 H STO R I Y OF TH E J E VV S .

J oth m of U zz i h ki g of J udah
a , so n a ,
n .

Z h ri h ( I ) proph
ec a i a es es .

Ah z of J oth m ki g of J ud h
a , S O I1 a ,
n a .

P k h lli him lf with R z i of D m a c u

e a a es se e n a s s a g ain t s

T ig l a t h p il e s e r I I -
.

h z r g
A a dis e ards t h e w r i g of I i h d o ff r to a n n sa a an e s

b com v e l of Tig l t h p il r I I
e a a ss a a -
e se .

FI T D P R T A T I N O I A L I T I H C A P T IV To ASSY R IA
RS E O O F SR E S ES

by Tig l t h p il II a -
e se r .

Ah z i t ro duc
a A yri
n wor hip i to J ud h es ss an s n a .

Mi ah ( I I ) proph i
c es es .

P k h kill d by H o h
e a e s ea .

H h a l os t ki g of I r l
e as n s ae .

Sh lm a r I V ki g of A yr ia i v d I r l
an e s e , n ss , n a es s ae .

Ho ( I I ) proph i
se a es es .

Ho h r f u t h y rly tr ib ut t Sh alm n er I V
s ea e se s e ea e o a es .

H Z K IA H
E E of Ah z k i g of J ud h, so n a ,
n a .

Sh lm a r I V pt ur S am aria p ut
an e s e d t h ca es , s an en o
t
e

ki g dom of I r l n d D P T M T OF s ae an E OR S OS I TS

CT — H E SO C A LL E D T n L t Trib e —TO
,

B SU J E S T -
e os s

AS Y IA P R O VI CE S
S R N N .

VI I . J UD AH U N T I L TH E D E ST R UCT I ON OF J ER U SAL E M .

( 7 19 5 86 B o E — . . .
)
( See t he Tabl e o f the K ings of J uda h and I srael ,

z ki h tri to b i h idol try

He e a es an s a .

I ai h s dvi a utr lity b twa A yr i d E gypt

se s ne a e een ss a an .

Sh b dict t
e th
na for ig policy a es e e n .

Mic h d I a i h pr dict glorio u f ut ur for I r l

an sa a e a s e s ae .

7 11 ( a bo ut ) S. ch rib i v d J ud h d d m d trib ut D
enn a e n a es a an e an s e . es

t ru t i of t h A yri c rmy on e ss an a .

H z ki h m k
e e tr ty with M ro d ch b l d n k in g
a a es a ea e a -
a a a ,

of B bylo a n .

L it rt ur flo ur i h
e a e s es .

M h an a ss eof H z k i h k in g of J ud h
, so n e e a ,
a .

I dol try flo uri h a s es .

E rh ddo ki g of A yr i t k M
sa a n, h c pt iv n ss a, a es a n a ss e a e .

M h r tor d
an a s s e es e .

E r h ddo C L I Z SA MA IA W I T H C TH A S
sa a n O ON ES R U E N .

Amo of M h ki g of J ud h
n , so n a n as s e , n a .

J IA HOS of Amo k i g of J ud h
, so n n, n a .

Z p h n i h proph
e a i a es es .

Scythi i v io of J ud h
an n as n a .

J o i h r p ir t h
s a T m pl e a s e e e

J r m i h ( b 645 — 6 4 0 1 5 8 0—
.

e e a 5 7 0) proph i .
, ( . e s e s.
96 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

r m i h t Mizp h with G d li h
J e e a a a e a a .

G d li h m ur d r d by I hm
e a a l of N th n i h e e s ae , so n e a a .

O b di h proph ia g i t E dom which po

a es es a a ns , s s e sse s

i t lf of o uth r J ud se s e n ze a .

J r mi h e d B r uch i
e E gypt with J oh
a an of a n an an , so n

K r h a ea .

TH I D P T A T I O J U D A S T o BA BYL N IA by
RD E OR ON F ZE N O

N b uch d zz r e a ne a

E z k i l ( 620—
.

5 7 0) prop h
e e i es es .

5 61 ( a bo ut ) J ho i chi ho or d by E vil m ro d ch
. e a n n e -
e a .

D escenda nts o f th e Ten Tribes dep o rted by t he Assyri a n

i ngs mingl e i k w th t he cap t i ves fro m J uda h .

555 (a bo ut ) Th h i tor ic l book of t h B ibl comp il d i B by

. e s a s e e e n a

lo n i ; lit r t ur flo uri h a e a e s es .

N b d of B bylo i p r c ut
a ona th xil a n a e se es e e es .

Th B b y l n i an I i h proph i
e a o sa a es es .

CY t k B bylo
RU S d P MI T
a TH XI L S I N
es a n, an ER S E E E

BA BY L IA T U N o PA L T I EON To RE R T ES N .

Z BBA B L A D J H U A BE N J H O D E K LE AD TH E
ER U E N OS E ZE

I ST R T F R E URN .

Fo u d tio of t h n co d T mpl l aid

a n e se n e e .

H agga d Z e h ri ah ( I I ) proph y
i an c a es .

TH S C O D T E MP L C O N S C A T D
E E N E E R E .

IX . T H E A GE O F E ZR A , N E H E MI AH , AN D TH E S R I C BE S .

—
( 5 16 3 32 B C . . E .
)
P ER S IA KI N N GS .

5 21 . Dari u I H y t p i
s s aS s, 4 25 . Da ri u I I N th u s o s,
486 . X rx I
e es ,
4 05 . A t x rxr a II M m e es ne o n,

46 5 . A t x x I L g im
r a er es on an us, 35 9 . Art x rx I I I O h u
a e es c s,

4 25 . X rx I I
e es ,
338 . Ar se s,

4 25 . So g dian us, 3 36 . D ri u I I I C d m
a u
s o o an n s
.

Th e Sa m r it a a ns a cc u se th e J uda an of di loy al ty to
e s s

P r i
e s a .

Th e J udae a n s co tr ct m rr i g
n a a a es with th ir h th e ea en

ighbor ne s .

EZ A L ADR TH E S E SE CO ND RE T URN with the p rm i io

e ss n

of Art x rx a e es I L o n g im a n us .

45 7 ( a bo ut ) . E z ra p re vail s up o n th e p eop l e to rep udia te th ei r h ea the n

wires .

Th e Sa m r it u d r S b ll t a g g i ho t il it i
an s n e an a a en a e n s es

g i t t h J ud
a a ns e ae a n s .

N E H MIA H L A D T II
E TH I D R T E S E R E U RN .

Th S m rit
e i trig u
a g i t N h m iah
a an s n e a a ns e e .

I t r
n l r form by N h m i h
e na e s e e a .
 T A BLE S OF J E W SH HI I ST O R Y .
97

Ez ra reads t he Law t o t he p eo p l e at J e rusal em .

Th ew ll of r
a J e us a e e ui l m r b lt .

B gi i g of
e nn n s th G AT A
e RE S SE MB LY ( Ke n e se t h ha
G e do l ah ) .

Ne h mi h r t ur to P r i
e a e ns e s a .

MA LA C H I TH L A T P O PH TS
—
H E S OF T E R E .

4 30 4 24 . N h mi h r t ur
e e a to J r u l m a d co t i u h i
e ns e sa e ,
n n n es s

r form e s .

4 20( a bo ut ) . T h S m r i t n T mpl b uilt

e a a Mo u t G rizim
a e e on n e .

S yn ag gues esta bl ished; t h Law studi d

o d th p res t e e , an e en

f rm f di vin s rvi c i n t r duc d p rob bly by t h

o o e e e o e ,
a e

Co u c il of S v ty ( Sy h dri ) ( Di br S op heri m)
n e en n e on e
—
.

3 6 1 3 60 . A rt x rx
a II b
e i h J ud
es to H y rk i an s es ae a n s an a .

3 3 8 ( bo ut )
a . B g
a g r l of Art x rx I I I l ay t h J ud
o as , en e a a e es , s e ae a n s

u d r trib ut
n e e .

T h Book of Chro icl

e wr itt
s n es en .

Al exander the Grea t i n J udce a .

X . TH E AGE O F TH E PT O L E MI E S AN D TH E SE LE UCI DZE T O

AN T I O C H U S I V .

( 3 3 2—17 5 B C ) . . E .

( S ee the Tabl e of t he High Pri ests, p .

E G Y PT IA KI N NG S .IA KI SYR N N G S.

3 23 . Pt l
o e my I S t r o e , 3 1 2 S l uc u I N i t . e e s ca o r,

28 5 . Pt l
o e my I I Ph il d l p h u a e 2 8 0 A ti c h u I S t s, . n o s o e r,
24 7 . Pt l
o e my I I I Eu g t 2 6 1 A ti
e r e e s, h u I I Th . n oc s e o s,
222 . Pt l
o e m y I V Ph il p t o 2 4 6 S l uc u I I C l l i i
a o r, . e e s a n co s,
205 . Pt l
o e m y V E p ip h 2 26 S l uc u I I I C
an e s, uu . e e s e ra n s,

181 . Pt l
o e my VI Ph il m t o 2 2 3 A ti c h u I I I t h G r
e or . t . n o s e ea ,

1 8 7 S l u u I V Ph il p t . e e c s o a o r.

D e th of Al x d r t h Gr t
a e an e e ea .

J ru l m
e sa e t r d by Ptol my I Sot r A l rg
en e e e e . a e

n umb r of J ud pri o r c rr i d to E gypt

e a an s ne s a e .

TH E B I I G O TH E S U C I D E A E A ( B ttl of
EG N N N F EL E / N R a e

G z ) a a .

J ud ub divi io of C l y ri
ae a , a s trib ut ry to E gypt
s n oe e s a, a

( B ttl of I p u ) ; t h high pri t t h politic l

a e s s e es e a

chi f J ud e colo i
. i G r co M c do i
ae a n n es n ac -
a e n an

co u tr i ; G r k colo i i J ud
n es ee n es n ae a .

3 00( a bo ut ) . S I MO N H J U ST h igh pri t a d t h

T E l t of t h e M es n e as EN

H
OF G A T AS MB LY
T E RE SE .

Af t r e tr uggl b t w n t h Ptol mi
a s d th
e S l u e ee e e e s an e e e

idc C l y ri
ae , g i dj ud g d
oe e s to E gypt a a a n a e .

O i a I I hig h p ri t r f u
n s ,
to p y trib ut to E gyptes ,
e se s a e .
 98 H I STO R Y OF TH E J E WS .

B C E
. . .

23 0( a bo ut ) . J osep h , son o f To b i ah , and gr a n ds o of Simo t h J u t

n n e s ,

r pr t t h J ud e t e se n s e e an s a
a th co urt of Ptol my I I I
e e

E u rg t d Ptol my I V e e es an e Ph il p t r d i m d
o a o , an s a e

f rm r of t x a e a es .

J o ph i tro duc G r k f sts and gam s a t J erusa l m

se n es ee ea e e .

J ud B id w ith E gyptz a g i n t A t ioch u I I I t h

s es a a s n s e

Gr t ea .

209 ( abo ut ) H yr u . of J o ph J ud n r pr
c an s, s o n t t iv t t h se ,
ae a e e se n a e a e

co urt of t h Ptol m i e e es .

Th So n g of So g e compo d n s se .

Th T bi d th l d r broth r of H yr u Syr ian

e o a e s, e e e e s ca n s,

p rt i J uda a t rib ut ry to A t ioch u I I I t h

a sa n s . e a n s e

Gr t ea .

Th e H E LL EN I ST S n d t h C H A SS I D I M ( A i d ) b gi a e ss ae a n s e n

to ppo ch oth r O se ea e .

200( bo ut ) J sus Si ra h writ

a . e th pocryph l book E eel siasti us
c es e a a e c .

tr ur r to S l uc u I V Ph iI p t r at e as e e e s O a o ,

t mpt to co n fi c at t h T mpl t r ur
e s s e e e e e as es .

x1 . TH E A G E O F T HE MACC AB E E S .

( —
1 7 5 1 40 B C E . . .
)
( S ee the Tabl e o f t h e H gh Pri ests p i , .

EGY P IA KIT N N GS IA KI. SYR N NGS .

181 . P t l m y V I Ph il m t
o e 1 7 5 A ti c h u I V E p i p h
o e o r, . n o s an e s ,
146 . P t l my VI I Ph y
o e d 1 64 A ti c h u V E up t
sco n a n . n o s a o r,
P t l my VI I I L t h u u
o e a 1 6 2 D m tri u 1 S t r
r s. . e e s o e ,

1 5 0 Al x d r I B l . e an e a as,
1 4 6 D m tri u I I N i t d . e e s ca o r a n

A ti ch u VI ( f Al x d n o s so n o e an e r
B l ) a as .

D i d t u T yp h d o o s r o n , an
A ti ch u V I I Sid t n o s e cs .

An t i och u I V E p ip h s c d t h thro of Syr i an e s a s en s e ne a .

Th H ll e i t i duc A tioch u I V to div t O i I I I

e en s s n e n s es n as

of t h high pr i tly dig ity d u d r J o obt i

e -
es n , an n e as n a n

citiz hip for J ud a tr i d for t h G r k

ens ae ns a ne e ee

comb t a s .

Gym i um
n as d th Gr k g m s t J ru l m
an e ee a es a e sa e .

M n l u ( O i ) t h B j mit m d h igh pr i t by
e e a s n as e en a e a e es

A tioch u I V
n s .

L t h of O i I I I ; M n l u g uilty of T mpl robb ry

ea n as e e a s e e e ,

b ut xo r t d by A tioch u I V
e ne a e n s .

A tioch u I V
n tt ck J r u l m
s d d cr at t h
a a s e sa e , an ese es e

H oly of H oli es .

1 6 8 , 1amm
‘
uz 17 A T AT S J P ITUEP L A C E D N TH T E MP L by t h
OF U ER I E E e

Syri an s .
I OO H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

XI I . T H E H ASMO N ZE AN DY N ASTY .

( 1 40 3 7 B C — . . E .
)
( S ee i al Tabl f th
t he G enea l og c e o e H asmoneean D ynasty , p .

E P IA KI
GY T N NGS . SY R IA K I N N GS .

1 46 . P t l my V I I Ph y
o e d sco n a n 1 37 . A ti ch u V I I Sid t ( l
n o s e es a on e

P t l m y VI I I
o e , 1 28 . D m tr u I I (
e e t d) d i s res ore an

117 . P t l my V I I I L t h u u d
o e a r s an Al x d r I I Z b i
e an e a n a,

Al x d r I
e an e , 1 25 . S l uc u V
e e s ,

81 . Al x d r I I
e an e , 1 25 . A ti ch u VI I I G yp u
n o d s r s an

80 . P t l my I X A ul t
o e e e s, A ti h u I X C y i u
n oc s z ce n s,

5 1 . P t l my X d
o e an 95 . S l ucu VI A ti c h u X E u
e e s , n o s se

C l p tr VI
eo a a , b Ph ili p D m tri u
e s, I I] , e e s

47 . C l p tr V I [ d
eo a a an Eu u A ti ch u X I E p i
er
ca s, n o s

P t l my X I d
o e an ph A ti ch u X I I D i
an e s. n o s o

Pt l m y X I I ]
o e , y iu n s s,

30 . Eg y p t R m a P r vi c
o an o n e. 83 . Ti g r ki g f Ar m i
an e s, n o e n a,

69 . A ti c h u X I I A i t i u
n o s s a c s,

64 . S y ri R m Pr v i c
a a o an o n e .

Simo m d h r dit ry high pr i t d N i ( Pr in c )

n a e e e a es an ass e .

S imo t mp coi by p rmi io of A tioch u V I I

n s a s ns e ss n n s

Side t e s .

g r l of
C e n de b ae us , ene a An tioch u s Side t e s , m k a es w ar
upo Simo n n .

Simo l in by h i
n S a s so n -
in l aw ; -
a cc e ss i o n of J OHN

H YR C A N U S I
—
.

1 3 5 1 23 . Wa r s
with t h rul r of t h S l u id n h o u e e s e e e c ae a se .

1 3 3 ( bo ut )
a E mb y to R om R om c ll upo n A tioch u V I I t
. a ss e . e a s n s o

m k r t it ut io n to J ud a e es ae a .

1 20( a bo ut ) S m ri r duc d; t h T mpl

. a a Mo un t G r iz i m d
a e e e e e on e es

t ro ye d .

C onquest f the I dii mwans and their conversio n to J udai sm

o .

J oh n H y rc a n us a g a in a pp e a l s to R om e in h is difii c ul
t i e s w ith An t i och us I X Cy z ice n us .

J oh n H y rc a n us v ictor i o us ov e r t h e a lli e s An t i och us I X ,

Cy z ic e n us a n d Ptol e my V I I I La t h urus .

Sa m a ri a de s troy e d; J udae a a t t h e h e ight of pro s p e rity ;

J oh n H y rca n us h a s co in s s tr uck .

Form a t io n of t h e thr e e se ct s : Ph ari s e e s , Sa dducee s,

E s s e n e s ; o utbr e ak of ho s t iliti e s b e tw e e n t h e Ph a ri
s e e s a n d t h e Sa dduc e e s .

Acc e ss i o n of Ar is tob ul us I Di s cor d in t h e f am ily of .

th e ki g n .

War wi t h t h e I t ur a a e ns an d T rach o n it e s ; J udae a en

l a rg e d .

A cc essio of Al ra nder ( I ) J annce us

n e .

Th e port tow t k by Ptol my V I I I

sea ns a en e La t h urus
r g i d w ith t h h lp of t h E gypti
e a ne e e e an ki g n
’
s

moth r e .
 T ABLES OF J E W I SH H I STO R Y . I OI

Co n t t io b t w
en th Ph ri ns e een e a se e s an d t h e Saddu c ees

Al x d r Je u oppo an e a n n ze s se d to th e Ph ri a sees .

8 00 Ph ri x c ut d a se e s e e e .

Al x e d r J
an u dd tre a n n ae s a s an s -
J o rda n ic t rr itory to
e

J udaea .

S a l ome Al essand ra w if of Al x
, e e a n de r J a n n ae us , c
a s e n ds

th e thro ne .

I
S MO N BE N SH E T A C H an d J UD AI I BE N TA B BAI Ph r i , a se e

l e a de r s, r orge an i e z th e Sy n h drie d xcl udon, an e e

t h e Sa dduc ae an s . Th e qu een f vor t h Ph ri

a s e a se e s .

cc o of
A e s si n H yrcanus I I .

r tob l
A is u us I I co re e n ; -
g t q u rr l b tw a e s e een th e brot h
e rs .

Antip a ter the I dumcean b com

e es the co u n se lor of H y rc a
n us I I .

Are t a s ki g of t h N b th n lly of H yr u I I
, n e a a ae a s, a c an s

g i t Ari tob ul u I I t k J r u l m
a a ns s s , a es e sa e .

S uru
ca th R m
s, l g t t th i e t c of Ari o an e a e, a e n s an e s

t b ul u o II forc Ar t to r i t h i g of
s , es e as a se e s e e

J ru l m e sa e .

P mp y ap tur J rusal m; H y r
o e c u I I m d E thes rch ; e e ca n s a e na

Ari tob ul u I I s pr i o r s a s ne .

Al x n d r ( I I )
e a n of Ar i tob ul u I I
e t r J ru , so s s , en e s e

l m; ub du d by Aul u G b i iu R om gov r or
sa e s e s a n s, an e n

of Sy ri a .

S hemaya n d Abta l i on p r id n t of t h
a Sy h dri es e s e n e on .

Ari tob ul u I I
s c p from R om oppo t h R om
s es a es e, se s e an s

i J udm n d i t k c ptiv co d t im
a, an s a en a e a se n e .

A l x n d r ( I I ) ro ut d by t h R om
e a e t Mo un t T bor e e an s a a .

C A SSU S P L U D S H T MP LE
R N ER T E E .

Ari t ob ul u I I
s t fr by J uli u C r i po i o d by
s ,
se ee s ae s a , s s ne

th f ollow r
e of Pomp y ; A l x n d r ( I I ) d c pi e s e e a e e a

t at e d .

At t h e p titio of An t ip t r C r procl im H yr
e n a e , e sa
a a s ca

n u I I high pr i
s t d E th rch es an na .

Th eJ udee ans f Al xan dri a gov r d by th i r w o e e ne e o n

Eth rch or Ala b rch

na ,
a .

Ph l
asae ol d t of A tip t r gov r or of J r u
, es so n n a e , e n e

l m ; H D co d
sa e of A tip t r gov r or
ER O , se n so n n a e , e n

of G lil a ee .

E z ki
e of G l il d c pit t d by H ro d
as a ee e a a e e .

H ro d b for t h Sy h dri
e e prot ct d by H yr u
e e n e on, e e c an s

I I ; m d gov r or of C l yri
a by S xt u C r
e e n oe e s a e s ae s a ,

R om gov r or of Syri
an e n a .

A t i p t r po i o n d
n a e s e .

H r d
e o d Ph l m d T tr rch by M rk A to y
an as a e a e e a s a n n .
I OZ H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E WS .

P rth i g r l t k J r u al m pro
Barz a p h e rn e s , a an e ne a , a es e s e ,

cl im A tigo u ki g
a d i c p cit t
s E yr
n n s n , an n a a a es oa

nu I I for t h shigh pri tly o ffic by m ut il ti g e -

es e a n

hi r s ea s .

H D P
ER O CL AI M D K I G BY H E R MA SEN A T E
RO E N T O N .

H r d marri es Ma ria mn gr
e o dd ught r of H yr u II e, an a e can s .

J ru l m b i g d
e sa e d t k by H ro d d S iues e e an a en e an os s,

M rk A to y g n r l ; A tigo u x c ut d
a n n
’
s e e a n n s e e e .

XI I I TH E H E R O D I AN DY N ASTY
—
. .

( 37 B . C . E . 72 C E ) . .

( S ee the Geneal oyica l Tabl e o f t he H ero dian D ynasty, p . 13 4, and t he

Ta bl e of th e H igh Pri ests, p .

EM PERO R S or R O ME . P R O C U R ATO R S o r J UDE A

( Sub al te rus to th e R o man Legal e s o r t he Go ve rno rs o f Syrl a ) .
B. C
. E . 31 . A ug u tu s s, C E 6 Co p o n i us,
. . .

C . E 14. . T i b ri u
e s, 9 . Marc us A mb ivius ,

37 . C l ig ul
a a, 13 . A nn ius R uf us,
41 . C l udi u
a s, 15 . V l riu G r tu
a e s a s,

54 . N r
e o, 26 . P ti u P il t
on s a e,
68 . G lb
a a, 36 . M rc l l u C?)
a e s
69 0t h o, 37 M rul l u
a s
Vit lli u
.

69 e s, A g ip p I k i g]
[4 1 r a n
.

V p i
. ,

69 79 es as an 44 C u p i u F du
-
.
. S s a s,

47 Ti b ri u J uli u A l
e s s e xan de r .

48 . C uman us,
52 . F e i i x,
60 F . es tu s,

Al icin us,
—
’

62 .

64 6 6 . Fl G e ssius or
‘

us .

H e ro d I k in g .

Ari sto bul us ( I I I )broth r , e of M ri m a a n e, high p ri e s t ,

k i l l d by or d r of H ro d
e e e .

H yr u I I x c ut d
c an s e e e .

H I LL L pr i d t of t h Sy n h dri
E es en e e on ; SH A MMAI de u p ty .

H ro d i
e f vor with Aug u t u
n a s s, th e fir t s R om n a

mp ror e e .

Mariamne exec uted .

H erod rebui l ds t h e Temp l e .

As i n ai an d An il ai fo u nd a s m ll a J e wi h s st a e t in
N ah a rde a .

E x c utio
e n of M riam a ne s
’
s o n s, A l x
e a n de r an d A ri s

t o b ul us .

D of H ro d Arch l au po
e a th or of J ud e d . e s s se s s ae a an

S m ri ; H rod Antip as T tr rch of G lil

a a a d e e a a ee an

P r ; ( H ro d) Philip I I T tr rch of G ul it i
e ae a e e a a an s,

B t Tr cho i ti
a d P
a n ae a , i a n s, an a n as .

R vol t g i t Arch l u ; t h
e a W r P r io d of V r u
a ns e a s e a e a s,

gov r or of Syr i e L d r h ip of J udas the

n a . ea e s

G l i l an found r f t he Z ea l ts
a e , e o . o .

Arch l u r cog iz d
e a E th rch by Augu t u
s e n e as na s s .
 n nsum v o r w l E WH
'
l U /l e . .

’
l h ¢ p hi bi ti ro o n o f 7 1 1 1: [di g/i t em , Wi t/l ye ”
e nac e d t by
Lin : nf zh mi l o f t m m ti i in o f the
"t ui t l n l l m l h t ili ti
os es b e t we e n th e J e ws . a nd t ht:

h eat h e n,

Wa r in l l al l l ec ; l l m vmn
’
l . l nnm n rm g o ‘
v ern o r f G li l o a ee ,

hn l i ne/ l a id mmn mn l o nczp h n n f d upl i i ty b f r

'

J a ] ( o c e e
'

o . o

th e . Hy z i l mf l l l w l .

l i n h nr n htt l ,
’
fl n by V e np zi nin n ‘

l '
I al l ,
of . I ol ap a l a , . l uwrp h n n un run nl c m to th e , (O m a h a.

ui ( i n rn a
'
i
l nl l
’ '

f ull o f ( l l ut h si l n W nn
p l ttl t zn lfh ‘ ; 0 / ( Wl l i /er:
i by
l hv , l it m m n fi .

'
l lw , l l l t mn mn n fit vn lm '
J e rus a l m e an the n l l l cn o f t he
Vi c ti l ulm; c i vil w a r in . l c rl i nn l mn ; r e ig n ul
’
te rr r o

n n f l ur
'

th e , Z e al o t s ; l l u: i
iy n h ml riun ” w h e n t o wxint .

I '
m n an -
l nl<
, .
n n hy V i znp rmin n .

Mi num ba r ( l i ar/L ct n lmrn l . l ‘

rn nn h zl n ,
n n fl r ene ws t he ,
c i vil
wa r ,

V e np n nin n p rr ml n i n n zrl e mp e ro r; h l v e, ea c- a . l in l nza .

T rul n
un n m n n t l c r o f th e a t , rmy i l ml m n . z i ,

( l l vil cl l nn zn nl n n mm l l n n czn i n J e
’

c
'

ru l m sa e .

n nm n n T um Hl l ch l c o n
’

ll nl
’
l o f the mo l r a wn l l oi
’
. l urunn l mn ;
‘

l ie z e l hn . in t he
h a ml l
’
n o th e l , t o n n rn a .

'

ll n l l
' '

o i l lw
’

. n l An to n
'
i n,

Pi n n i n g,» in
“
. l vrn nn l m n . a ri l i mm man na to he b ro ug h t
in t h e ,

a l um na o n an m ' ‘
l il , nn i n t h e Ho y o f l l n l ie n l .

Zi o n, t in : n mmr c i ty ,
h n rn l: hy Co l et e mp
h ant ruc t l o n
c nl
‘
J c rl mn l m n .

An n m n l mn y l n n nt lwl
'

in . l uw ul u , hy . l ml l l A N A N l zl m
mum u / .

l l m ml l n m '
ni n l Mn c h mrn n inlw n by
il t Hl l ‘

ll H , tr u i m ph ; x e e c ut io n O
'

l
'
Hi n m n h ur
U urul
Mn nm l n l;n lm n hy Hl l vw; t h e
'

. 1: 1 l Z e n l o lm full ; J un /16 A
Ag ri p p
’
( ll l N Q l l l fi l l ll l . lh °
n li h n
‘

l a ll .

T he I l mni n l uv/a l o ne i n nt i lzn lm l h y V i

'
.
f
‘
-
np n nin n .

l l l OC l l O l Ml Hl l N A AN ! )
'
’ ‘
l l l lC
‘ ’ '
i

"
( it 15 1 1) n . It .
)
l tv l ul l l l '
rn n l
’
l ln f ug t i iv e a l ul n in Eg ypt n ml

Th is H u un l l ‘
l U HW l .

( l A MA M m p rt micl v n l
'

l l l l l n ; Hy n h m l riun
‘ ‘
r
'
. . o , n

ui '

, . l uw ul u; um t -n ll c n w n sn I'l m wz mn nm n l l vnn A n n n
‘
~

un cl J O HI H J A l ncN
'

( J U A N A N YA . l i- m n n i n ul l -
nt h) ”
l l rnl, uwd
‘

l .
 T ABL E S OF J EW I SH H S OR I T Y . 10
5

The dai l y p raye r s Eigh teen Bened ct i i o ns fi rst fo rmu

l a ted .

Th e Mi n ae a n c ur s e
tro duc d i to t h pr y r J w in e n e a e s . e

i h Chr i ti
s (N z r E bio its ) h th
an s a a e n e s, n es , ea en

Chr i ti d G o tic
s an s , an n s s .

J O SEP H U S compl t h i hi tory of t h J w TH e es s s e e s, E

A TI QU ITI
N ES .

D th of J o ph u
ea se s .

Th e J w of B bylo i P l ti
e s E gypt Cypr u a n a, a es ne , , s,

Cyr d Ly b i
ene, ri g i t Tr j
an a se a a ns a an .

Th J w of P l ti
e e s ri g i t Tr j d H dri
a es ; ne se a a ns a an an a an

W r of L uci u Q ui t u
a s e s .
”

J o hu b
s Ch
a y pr i d t of t h Sy h d i
en an an a es en e n e r on .

AK Y A L pro lyt m k
S, Gr k tr l tio of t h
se e, a es a ee ans a n e

Script ur es .

AK I B A B J P H pr id t of t h Sy h dri ;
EN O SE es en e n e on

e
coll ct t h H l choth ( Mi h n f R Aki b )
R b ll i ne
e

f B ar C
o hba
s

o
e

g i t H dri ; r tor tio — a a

oc a a ns
s a o

a
.

an
a

es
.

a n

of t h J w i h St t e e s a e .

M gd l t k
a a a by J uli u S v r u
a en s e e s .

FA LL O B TH A ; d of B r C h b
F E R en a -
oc a .

P r c ut io by T ur u R uf u ; J r u l m c ll d ZEl i
e se ns n s s e sa e a e a

C p itol ia na .

Akib b a J o ph di en m artyr ; t h t n m rtyr ;

se es a e e a s

E l i sha ben Abuya ( Ach r ) i form g i t ob rvi g e n s a a ns se n

J w e s .

H adri d cr
an s
’
r vok d by A to n in u
e P iu T h
ees e e n s s . e

f ugitiv di cipl of t h L w r t ur n from B by

e s es e a e a

lo i d org
n a, a n i z Sy h dri t U h an e a n e on a s a .

S im n I I I
o of G m li l I I pr i d n t of t h Sy h
, so n a a e , es e e n e

drio i t d by MEIR J ud h b I l i N th of
n, a ss s e , a en a
’

, a an

B bylo J o é b Ch l f t
a n, d S I MO B YO C H A
s en a a a , an N EN I .

R vol ut i o
e i P l ti n g i t A to i u P iu
n a es ne a a ns n n n s s .

V r u Commo du
e s mp ror w i th Ma rc u Aur li u s, co e -
e s e s,

p r c ut t h J w of P l ti
e se es e e s a es ne .

J U DAH I H H LY R A BB I P
,
T SI D T O H SY
E O , ,
RE EN F T E N

H EDR I O N .

Com i p l ti a on of t he Mi sh n a ( Mi shn a di Ra bbi J uda h ) ;

J ud h a I an d Na th a of B bylo n a n the l t of
as the
T a n a it e s .

Sev r u prohib it h t h
e s from b comi n g J w s ea ens e e s .

G m li l I I I
a a of J ud h I pr i d t of t h
e , so n a , es en e Sy n h e
dr i o n .

Th pocryph l Mi h
e a ( B r t t h ) comp il d a s n as o ai o e .
I o6 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

TH E E P O CH T AL MUD TH E AMO R AI M AN D
OF TH E , ,

TH E SA B O R AI M .

( 219 —
550 C ) . E .

ABB A AB K A ( R A B ) O P SE H A C A D MY A T SO A ; EN T E E R

MA SA MU E L pr i cip l of t h
R -
c d my t N h r ,
n a e a a e a a a

d d cl r
e a, th l w of t he l d bi di g a th es e a e an n n on e

J w e s .

J udah I I of G m li l I I I pr i d t of t h Synh
, so n a a e ,
es en e e

drio i fl u c Al x d r S v r u to r vi v t h
n, n en es e an e e e s e e e

privil g of t h J w e d m itig t
es th rigo r of e e s, an a es e

t h e Law .

J o ch a n a n b a r N a p ac h a , S i mo n ben La k ish , an d J o hu
s a

L v i P l ti i Amor im
b en e ,
a es n an a .

Ha na pri c i p l of t h Sor
, c d my
n a e a a a e .

J U DAH B E Z K I L FO N D
ENA A CA E E U S N DEM Y AT PU MBE
D I TH A .

O de n a t h us de s troy s N a h a rde a . S h eshet founds an

acade my at S il hi .

Ami a nd oll g of Tib r i

Assi , h e a ds of the c e e e as .

J ud h I I I
a of J ud h I I P tr i rch coll ct a t x
, so n a , a a , e s a

from for ig comm u iti e n n es .

J ud h b a E z ki l g en r l R h M t ib t ( pr i c ip l ofe e ,
ene a es e a n a

both Sor d Pum b dit h ) a an e a .

C h a d pri c i p l of t h Sor
s a c d my ; H u b Chiy
n a e a a a e na en a,

of t h Pum b dit h c d my e e a a a e .

R abba ba r N eh mani pri cip l of Pum b dit h ; R bba , n a e a a a

b r H una pr i cip l of Sor a a, n a .

E mp eror C o nsta n ti ne i ssues t he fi rst of his a nt i -

J ewish

decrees .

Th e C ouncil o f I l l i bcri s ( Sp a i n ) fo rbids i n tercourse between

J ews and C h rist i ans .

Th e fir t C h ur h C un il a t N ic compl t ly
s c o c e e e se v r e s J u
d i m
a s d Chr i t i ity by m ki g th
an s an a n e ce l ebra ti o n o f
E aster i ndep endent of t he J ewish ca l enda r .

T ch r of
ea e s t h e La w b i h an s ed from P l ti a es ne by Co ns

s t a n t in e .

J o sep h pr i cip l of t h Pumb dit h c

ben C hi ya, n a e e a a a de my ,

m k Ch l d ic tr l tio n of t h Proph t
a es a a a an s a e e s .

Ab yi N h m n i pr i cip l of Pum b dit h

a ac a , n a e a .

R a ba bar J o sep h bar C h ama, p rinci p a l o f t he a ca demy a t

Maehuz a .

C onstan t ius fo rb ids th e ma rr iage o f a J ew wi th a C hristi an

woma n , a nd ! th e circumcisi o n o f Ch rist ian a nd he ath en
s l aves, under t h e p e na l ty of dea th .

Re ligio u p r c ut ios e se ns in P l t in by
a es e the e mp ror e s

Co t t iu n d
n s an s a Ga ll u s an d th e R om an g n r l e e a

U rs icin us .
1 08 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

G iz aor in S a an d Se m un a in Pum b e dit h a , th e l t as

S bor im a a .

J u ti is I d crn an e ees th t a t h e t es t imony o f J ews sha ll be

va l i d o nl y in J ew sh cases i .

Th e C o u
nci l Orl ea ns fo rb ids J
of ews to app ear on t h e street
a t E a stert de i .

5 5 0 ( ab o ut ) Pi n al
. re da c ti on of th e B ab y l o n i an Ta l mud .

XV I . F R O M TH E C O MPL E T I O N OF TH E T AL MUD T O TH E
E N D OF TH E G A O N A TE
—
.

( 5 5 0 1 038 0 . E .
)
Sa muel b Adiy ( 5 00 J w i h po t i n Ar b i
en a e s e a a .

J u ti i s I d crn an th t t h Script ur l portio i t h

e ee s a e a ns n e

Sy gog u lit urgy b r d i tr l tio

na e d e ea n an s a n, an

or d r t h omi io of ll g d
e s ti Tri it ri
e ss n a e e an -
n a an

t c from t h lit urgy

se n en es e .

H ormi d IV ki g of P r i p r c ut h i J w i h
s as ,
n e s a, e se es s e s

ubj ct ; t h
s t ch r of t h L w fl f rom t h
e s e ea e s e a ee e

B b ylo i a c d mi n an a a e es .

Ch il p ri M rov i g i
e k i g forc b pt i m n t h
c, e n an n , es a s o e

J w e s .

R r d
e cc a V i i goth i c ki g i mpo
e , i rk om
s r tr i t n , se s s e es a n s

upo th J w n d c mp l t l y i so l at s t h m fr m
e e s, an o e e e e o

C h risti ans .

B hr m T h ub i u urp r of t h P r i
a a s thro n, s e e e s an ne,

fri dly to t h J w ; Pum b dit h r p d by

en e e s e a e O -
ene

Ch of I k i
an an s a .

Pop G r gory I di co u t
e e c t h forc d co v r io s n e n an es e e n e s n

of J w e s .

Si b ut se V i igothic k i g
, forc t h J w to cc pt
s n , es e e s a e

b pt i m or to m igr t
a s e a e .

Th J w e of P l t i j oi t h P r i
e s i w r a es ne n e e s an s n a a

g i t E mp ror H r cli u
a a ns e e a s .

Th B u K i uk
e en a J wi h A r b i
-
trib dr iv
a n aa , e s -
a c e, en

from Ar bi by M hom t a a a e .

Th B u N dh ir J w i h Ar b ic tr ib dr iv f rom
e en -
a , a e s -
a e, en

A r b i by M hom t a a a e .

E xt rmi t io of t h B n u K ur i
e na J w i h Ar bic
n e e -
a z a, a e s -
a

tr ib e .

E mp ror H r cli u fo rbids J ews t o nt r J rusa l m a d

e e a s e e e e , n

i oth r w y h r
n th P l ti i n J w
e a s a a ss e s e a es n a e s .

D gob rt or d r t h J w of t h Fr ki h mpir to
a e e s e e s e an s e e

cc pt b pti m or to migr t
a e a s e a e .

T h Co u cil of Tol do u d r Si
e n d V i igoth i c ki n g e n e se n a n , s ,

d I i dor
an of S vill forc b ck li di g co v rt
s e e e, es a s n n e s

b ck i to C hri ti i ty
a n s an .

C h i t iln ct t h t o l y prof i g C tholic h ll

a ena s a n ess n a s s a

r m i i V i igoth ic Sp i ; J w migr t
e a n n s a n e s e a e .
 T A BL E S OF J E W SH H S I I TO RY . 1 09

O m r a C liph b ni h a l l J w fr m h l y
, the se co nd a ,
a s es e s o o

Ara bi a Th C v n n t f O mar impo r t i . e o e a o se s es r c

t io upo J w in t h W hol M hom t

ns worl d n e s e e a e an .

6 4 2 ( a bo ut ) BO A N AY E xil rch
. ST ck owl dg d by O m r,
a , a n e e a .

65 4. J ud i z i g Chri ti a of Tol do u d r R
n w i th V i i s an s e n e e ce s n ,
s

gothi ki g w r loy lty to t h C tholic Ch urch

c n , s ea a e a .

B G I N IN G E H N GA O A T ; M r I c h d of t hOF T E N E a -
saa ,
ea e

S or c d my t k t h titl G Aa a a e , a es e e ON .

H u i G o of Sor d M R b pri cip l of Pum

’

na ,
a n a, an ar -
a a, n a

b dit h r f rm t h div rc l a ws
e a, e o e o e .

J ud i i g Chri ti a z r fii rm th i r dh r
n c to Chri s an s e a -
e a e en e s

ti i t y u d r E rw ig V i igothic ki g
an n e ,
s n .

6 93. Egi V i igothi ki g f rbid J w t h l d r al st t

ca, s c n ,
o s e s o o e e a e .

7 00( a bo ut ) R I SE O F TH
. MA O A A D H B AI C L I T E IC SS R N OF N EO -
E R URG

P T Y J o é b r J o é H y t h m t h fir t P t
OE R . s a s a a o e s oe an .

J w op th
e g t of Tol do to T rik t h M hom t
s en e a es e a , e a e an

g r l en e a .

N h mi h ( M r Y nk ) pr i c ip l of
'

N tr i b a ona en e e a a -
a a ,
n a

Pumb e dit h a .

Ser ene, the S yri an Me s sia h .

Om ar I I , O mm iyy a de C liph of D m c u
a a as s , re e n a -
ct s th e
O mar
”
C ovenan t of .

P e rse c ut io n of w of t h Byz ti
th e J e s e an ne E mpir e

un de r L e o th I uri e sa an .

7 45 ( a b o ut ) . E L A A
E Z R BE N KA L I R ( KA L I I ) po t R , c an .

Th e C h az ars under Bul an accep t udaism J .

O b aiah Ab u I s a b e n I s -
h k a , pr e c ur s or of the Me s s i a h
In I s p h a an .

J eh uda t he B l in d, G a o of Sor
n a, au tho r of a T lm udic
a

c omp
m H al a h th K tuoth
e n di u , c o e .

D ud p ri ci p l of Pum b dit h
ai n a e a .

Th e K ara i t c h i m l d b y A n n b n D av i d
e s s e a e .

C h a rl m g r mov
e th K l
a ym f mily from
ne e es e a on os a

L uc t M y c t ca co ur g J wi h l r i g i
o a en e o en a e e s ea n n n

th Fr ki h E mpir H i tro duc

e an J wi h th s e . e n es a e s oa .

I a s act by Ch rl m g
sen mb y to H ro u a e a ne on an e a ss a n

Al ra sh i d .

8 00( a bout ) . J uda h

J udg h an fo u d r of ct i tro duc Mut , n e a se , n es a

il i t ph ilo ophy i to J ud i m
z s s n a s .

B j mi b
en a Mo of N h v n d f o u d r of t h
n en se s a a e , n e e

M g h riyit a pr d t h Mut il i t philo ophy

a e s, s ea s e az s
-
s

mo g t h K r it
a n e a a es .

H ro u A l r h id i tro duc
a n H J W BA D i to t h
as n es T E E GE n e

Abb i d C liph t a ss e a a e .

Co t t for t h E x il rch t b tw
n es D v id b J ud h e a a e e een a en a

d D an i l an e .

Ri of K r it
se ct Ak b it T ifi i it
a d th
a e se s: ar es, s e s, an e

follow r of Mo of B lb k e s se s aa e .
I IO H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E WS .

C E
. .

8 27 ( a bo ut ) . E b e rard, Magi ster J udxorum un de r ,

Lo ui s I th e P io u s,

ki g of
Fr k prot ct t h J w
n th e an s, e s e e s a g i t a ns

Ag b rd bi hop of Lyo o a , s ns .

Th titl G A e um d l o by t h Pumb dit h pr in

e ON a ss e a s e e a

i p l ; P l t i b n A b yi th fi rst G a n f Pumb di t h a
c a s a o e a e o o e .

Th Co u cil of M ux u d r A molo bi hop of Lyo

e n ea n e , s n s,

ct ti J wi h d cr
ena r wi g tho of C
s an -
e s e e e s, ene n se on

t ti d Th o do i u I I
s an ne an e s s .

Th Abb i d C liph Al Mut v k k il i ntr duces J w

e ass e a -
a a o e

badg s a d r ct t h C venant f O mar

e ,
n e ena -
s e o o .
”

M r Amr m b a Sh h m G o of Sor
-
a at t h r qu t en es a, a n a, e e es

of Sp a i h comm u i ty rr g t h rd r f
a n s n , a an es e o e o

p ray r in u mo g E urop e J w s se a n e an e s .

Mar Z m ch I b P lt i G o
-
e of Pumb dit h a autho r
a en a o ,
a n e ,

of t h first Tal mudi c D i ct i ona rye .

8 8 0( abo ut ) E L D A .H A DA I D -
N .

881 . N a hsh on b n Z ad k G o
c of Sor di scovers the k y to
e o , a n a, e

th e J ewish ca l e ndar .

9 00( a bo ut ) . S imo of C iro writ

n a es t h e H a l ach o th Gedo l o th , a p ol m i e c

g i t K r im
a a ns a a s .

J O PP
SI compil d ON e .

I saac ben I srae l i I S ul eiman ( 8 45 phy ic i s an an d

philologi t s at K ai rua n
—
.

SA A D I A H tt ck K r i m
BE N J O SE PH ( 8 9 2 9 42) a a s a a s .

M Koh Z d k I I b J o ph G o of Pum b dit h

ar -
en -
e e en se , a n e a,

tri to bri g bo ut t h f ll of t h E xil rch t

es d n a e a e a a e an

th c d my of Sor H o tiliti
e a g i t M Ukb
a e a . s es a a ns ar -
a .

D vid b
a Z m d E xil rch
en accai
‘

a e a .

Saadi h i t ll d a
a G f S ra H i co trov r i
ns a e s ao n o a . s n e s es

with t h K r it S l m b n Y ru h m e d hi a a e o o on e e c a , an s

t ran s l at io n o f th e Scrip t ures i nt o Arabic .

H o tiliti
s es b tw e een Sa a dia h D vi d b Z cc
an d a en a ai .

Sa a dia h writ es h is r lig io u philo ophic l work

e s -
s a

E MU N O T H W E D E O TH -
.

D th of D vi d b
ea a en Z cc a l t
ai , th e as E i x l rch of i fl u
a n

c E en e . ND OF TH E E X I L A C H AT R E a f w ye r l t r ea s a e .

9 4 0( a bo ut ) MO S A D AA O
. SE N R N BE N ASH ER , Ma ss o re t s .

9 42 . D th of S di h
ea aa a .

9 45 (a bo ut ) F ur ch l ars ar
. o s o fro m S o ra to ga th er co n tribut ions
e s ent .

fo r the acad emy : Sh e m a ry a b e n Bl ch a n a n s e ttl e s in

C iro ;
a C H U S H I E L i n K a i rua n ; N a th an b e n I s a ac ,

Koh i en , n Na rbo nne ; an d MO SE S BE N CH AN O C H , IN

C D O VA
OR .

Ab us ah a l D un a s h b e n T mim a ( 9 00 p hy ic ian s in
H a irua n .

S a bba tai D o nn o l o ( 913 phy ic ia s n in I t lya .

C H A SD A I AA C I B SH A P U ( 9 1 5
BE N diplom t IS N -
R T a

u d r Ab dul R hm
n e I I I N g id of t h J w of t h e -
a an , a e e s

Cor dov C liph t p tro of J w i h l r n in g

a a a e, a n e s ea .
1 12 HI S OR T Y OF TH E J E WS .

1 06 9 . I saa c b B r uch I b Al b l i ( 1 03 5
en a n -
a a tro om r as n e

to Al Mut m d i Cor dov N -

a e n a, a ss i of t h J w e e s,

T lm udi t
a s .

1 07 0 . R as h i ( Solomo n Yi h k i 1 04 0 z c a , e x g t
e e e an d Ta l
mudis t .

1 07 8 . Pop er gory V I I ( H i l d br n d) prom ulg t

G e th e a a es e

c o ic l l aw again t J ews h l ding ffi c s i n

an n a s
’
o o e

C hri t nd m s e o .

1 09 5 . E mp ror H e ry I V i u d cr g i t t h forc ibl

en ss es a e ee a a ns e e

b pt i m of J w
a s e s .

1 09 6 . TH E F I ST C SA D R Suff ri g of t h J w of RU E: e n e e s

R ou Tr v Sp y r W orm Colog n R t i bo n
en, e e s, e e ,
s, e, a s ,

Pr g u t a e, e c .

1 09 9 . Th J w
e of J r u l m b ur t i a y gog u by t h
e s e sa e n n s na e e

cr u d r u d r G o dfr y of Bo uillo
sa e s n e e n .

1 1 00 . Abr h m b a a Chiy Al b rg l i ( 1 06 5 en tro a a e on as n

om r e .

1 1 10 . M I b n E z r ( 1 07 0
o s es lit urgic l d rot i po t
-
a a an e c e .

J o ph b n M i r I b n Mig h H l vi ( 107 7
se e T l
e -
as a e a e

m udist .

1 1 20 . J e h uda b e n S amue l Ha l e vi ( 1 086 po et an d

ph ilo oph r uthor of t h Zio o g n d of t h

s e , a e n s n s a e

Cho z ri a -
.

1 1 41 . J h ud H l v i l
e a v S p i n f r P l t in
a e ea es a o a es e .

TH ETO SSA F th f mily of R h i p c ia lly h i

I ST S : e a as , es e s

gr d o n J A C B TA M ( 1 1 00
an s d S mu l b
s O an a e en

M i r ( R h b m 1 1 00
e as a ,

1 1 46 . B ginnin g f th Al mo hade p ers uti n i

e o o rth r Afric a
e ec o n n e n

nd a o uth r Sp i J w fl s r pr t n d to e n a n . e s ee, o e e

a cc pt I l m e s a .

1 1 47 . TH E S C D C
E A D E Pop E ug iu I I I b olv ru
ON RUS . e en s a s es c

d rsa from t h p ym t of in t r t n d bt
e s e a en e es o e s

ow i g t J w n o e s .

Th cr u d r tt ck t h J w of t h e R h i
e sa e o u try
s a a e e s ne c n ,

So uth G rm y d Fr c e an , an an e .

I n co q u n c of th i r prot ct io n by E mp ror Co r d
n se e e e e e n a

I I I th J w a r co
, id r d rv i
e am r e s e ns e e se c e as .

1 1 49 . J h ud
e I b Ezr
a of Tol do N i t w ar d of t h
n -
a, e , ass , s e e

p l c u d r Alfo o V I I R aimun d
a a e H p r
n e ns ez . e e se

c ut t h K r it es e a a es .

1 1 5 0( ab o ut ) AB A H A M BEN MEI R I B E Z R A ( 1 08 8
. R po t e x g t e N -
e , e e ,

ph ilo oph r s e .

1 1 60( ab o ut ) J. aeo b Tam cal l s t he first rabbini ca l synod .

Abraham I bn D aud H a levi ( 1 1 1 0 -

ph ilo oph e r s an d

hi tor i n
s a .

Th e E xil rch t a a e re v iv d by Mahom t

e e Al muk t afi . S olo
mo n ( Ch as dai ) E x i l a rch
’

.
 T A BL E S OF J EW I SH H S OR I T Y . 1 13

1 1 6 0( a b o ut ) D avi d Al rui
. pr t d to b divi ly ppoi t d to l d e en s e ne a n e ea

th J w of t he B g d d C liph t to J r u l m
e s e a a a a e e sa e .

1 1 6 4 ( ab o ut ) M
. b n Ma i m u ( R mb m M imo i d
o se s e 1 135 n a a , a n e s,

ph ilo oph r writ h i L tt r of Co ol tio

s e , es s e e ns a n .

1 1 65 . B nj mi n of Tud l a b gi
e a h i tr v l i th E t e e ns s a e s n e as .

S r h y H l vi G r un di ( 1 1 25
e ac a a e T lm udi t e a s .

1 1 68 . Maim ni de fi nish s his Ar bi

o smmentary n th Mi hna e a c co o . . e s .

1 1 7 0( ab o ut ) M h ul l m b
. es J cob
a Prov c l p tro of J wi h
en a , en a a n e s

l rn i g ea n .

J udah b n S aul I bn Tibben ( 1 1 20

e . phy ici n n d -
s a a

tr l tor an s a .

DAVI D KI MC H I gr mm r i d x g t , a a an an e e e e .

Abraham b n D avi d of P q uie e ( R b d I I 1 1 25 os re s a e ,

T lm udi t M imo i d oppo t

a s ,
a n es
’
nen .

1 1 7 0( ab o ut ) J
. onath Coh of Lii l T lm udi t
an en ne , a s .

J cob b
a M h ull m fir t promot r of H K A BBA L A
en es a , s e T E .

1 17 1 . Th J w e of Bloi b ur t O H C H A G O H AVI G
e s s n N T E R E F N

U S D H U MA EBL O D I H PA O V Th N bl d O N T E SS ER . e oo

a u at i n or ch rg of rit u l m ur d r pr f rr d
cc s o , a e a e , e e e

f r t h e fir t t i m
o s e .

D th of J cob T m
ea a a .

I b
s a ac S m u l ( R i ) of D mpi rr
en a T fi t e a e e, o ssa s .

1 17 2 . P r c ut io of t h J w of Y m
e se n M i ic xc it e e s e en . e ss a n e e

m t en .

1 1 7 5 ( ab o ut ) P t h y of R ti bo
. e ac a tr v l r a s n, a e e .

S mu l b
a Al i H l vi G o
e en of B g d d oppo t of a e , a n a a ,
n en

M imo i d a n es .

Mai m nides rabbi of C air

o o .

Th Thir d L t r Co u c i l p
e d cr
a prot cti g
e an n as s e s e e es e n

th r ligio u lib rty of t h J w

e e s e e e s .

1 180 . M imo i d
a fi ihn hi M H
es T BA H or Y A
n s es s IS NE O ,
D

HA -
C H A Z AK A .

Phi l ip I I Augustus of F rance ban ishes th e J ews from h is

heredi ta ry p rovi nce .

Sa l a din p ermi ts J ews to e nter J er sa l e u m .

Attack on t he J ich r d I coro tio

ews o f Lon do n at R a
’
s na n .

Th xcit m t pr d to Ly
e e e N orwich St m en s ea s nn, , a

for d York d B ury St E dm u d

, , an . n
’
s .

1190( ab o ut ) M im id
. a i u on th G uid
es f th
ss P rp l x d
es
”
e e o e e e e ,

d di c t i g it to J
e a ph I b Ak i
n o se n -
n n .

A br h m I b Al f h r ( 1 1 6 0
a a n diplom t u d r
-
ac a a n e

Alfo o V I I I of C til
ns as e .

E phr i m b J cob f Bo
a ( 1 1 32
en lit urgic l po t
a o nn a e

d uthor of
an am rtyrology a a .

M cr of t h J w of G rm y from t h R hi t
a ss a e e e s e an e ne o

Vi u d r E mp ror H
enn a ry V I
n e e en .

S amu l I bn Ti bb n ( 1 1 6 0
e -
tr l tor o an s a .
1 14 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

C E .

1 1 90( a b o ut ) Sus s k i n d
. of T rimb rg J w i h m i in g r e , e s nn es e .

J ud h Sir L o
a b I c t h Pio u ( 1 1 66 e To n en s aa , e s s sa

fi t uthor of t h
s , B k o f th Pi ous
a e oo e .

S m o b
a s A br h m of S
n T fi t
en a a en s, o s sa s .

Isaac t h Yo u g r ( R i b ) T e fi t ; J cob of O rln e z a , o ssa s a e an s,

To ss a fi st .

H i l l al i ol d t H br w copy of t h Bibl i Sp ai
, th e es e e e e n n,

t k by t h Almoh d
a en e a es .

S hesh t B nv ni t
e ( 1 1 31 philo oph r phy ici n
e e s e s e ,
s a ,

T lm udi t diplom t
a d po t s , a , an e .

1 198 . Th J w of Fr
e e c forbi dd to mov from p rov i c
s an e en e n e

to prov i c n e .

1 204 . D ATH
E MAI M I D OF ON ES .

XV I I I . F R O M TH E D E AT H O F MAI MO N I D E S TO TH E
E XPUL SI O N F R O M SP AI N .

( 1204 —
1 49 2 c E ) . .

1 209 . Th Co un c il of Avig o i u r tr ict iv m a ur s

e n n ss es es e e s e

g i t th J w
a a ns e e s .

1 21 0( ab o ut ) I a
. s th ac Bli d fo u d r of t h K ab b al a D i ipl s
e n , n e e . sc e

Az ri l d E zr e an a .

J H DA A H A
E U po t LC R I SI , e .

Th J w e of E gl d imp ri o d by Ki g J oh n
e s n an s ne n .

F ren ch and E ngl i sh rabbis e migrate t o Pa l esti ne .

Th e Jw of Tol do kill d by cr u d r u d r t h
e s e e sa e s n e e

C i t rc i mo k Ar ol d F irst p er ecuti n of J ws
s e an n n . s o e

i n C astil e .

121 5 . TH E F O TH LA T E A C O C I L u d r t h pop
UR R N UN n e e e

I OC T I I I mo g m y ti J wi h m ur
NN EN , a n an an -
e s e as e s,

d cr th e J w b a dg ees e e e .

1 222 . Th Co u c il of O xfor d impo

e n r tr ict io th se s es ns on e

E gli h J w n s e s .

1 223 . Th r bbi ic l y o d of M y c r gul t t h p y

e a n a s n a en e e a es e a

m t f th J w t x
en o e e a es .

1 227 . Th Co u cil of N rbo

e r n ct t h ti J w i h a nne e en a
-
s e an -
e s

d cr of t h Fo urth L t r Co u ci l
e ees e a e an n .

Pop G r gory I X t go i z t h J w
e e an a n es e e s .

Th J w of H u g ry xcl ud d from t t offic

e e s n a e e s a e es

M r ben T dr s Hal vi Abul fi ( 1 1 8 0—

.

ei o 1 244 ) tta ck
o e a a a s

M imo i d a doctr i f th immort lity of t h

n es
’
ne o e a e

o ul s .

S olomo b n A br h m of Mo tp ll i r
n e J o n ah b n a a n e e , e

Abr h m G r u di a d D vi d ba S ul lly th m e n , an a en a a e

lv w i th t h Domi ic
se es wh o B RN MAI MO N I D E S e n an s , U
’

W K M T P E LL I
OR A D PA I
S IN ON ER N R S .

1 23 5 . Abrah m M i muni ( 1 1 8 5
a phy ic i n n d p h il
d s a a o so

ph r e .
I I 6 H STO R I Y OF TH E J EWS .

1 289 . Maimonides work s burnt at Accho Solomo n P e t i t a n ti

’
.
,

Ma im un ist a n d K a b b a l ist ; H ill e l b e n Sa m ue l of -

V e ro n a ( 1 220 T a lm udi s t a n d Maim un is t .

TH E J A I H D F M E LA
E ws B N S E RO NG ND .

Th eJ w of Accho impri o d or x c ut d by t h
e s s ne e e e e

Sult of E gypt an .

1 29 5 ( ab o ut ) Pub l i t i
. of t h Z h ar by Mo d L o ; K bb l i tic
ca on e o se s e e n a a s

t udi flo uri h
s es s .

1 29 8 . P r c utio of t h J w i G rm y i t ig t d by
e se n e e s n e an ns a e

R i ndfl ei h ; Mor d c i b H ill l

s m rtyr e a en e a a .

1 3 05 . TH E BA A G AI ST H E T U D Y O SC I C pro n o u c d
N N T S F EN E n e

by Abb M ri b Mo ; uthoriz d by S L M a -
a en se s a e O O ON

B AD R T ; urg d by ASH
EN B Y CH
E ( A h ri ) ; e ER EN E I EL s e

oppo d by t h Tib b id l d by J ac b b n Mach ir

se e on es e o e

( Pr f t iu ) d th
o a po t Y d ya Penini B dar i
s an e e e a e cs .

1 3 06 . Th e fir t xp ul si on of t he J ew fr m F ran ce u d r Phil i p

s e s o n e

I V t h F ir
1

e a .

Ash ri comp i l
e hi s Ta l mudi d es c co e .

Th eCo u cil of Z mor r w t h c o ic l l w

n a a en e s e an n a a s

ho t il to t h J w
s e e e s .

Lo ui X of Fr c r c ll t h J w
s an e e a s e e s .

Th Pa t u
e r au x p r c utio
s o i eFr c ( G r t h h e se ns n an e e se e a

R oi m )
'

1 3 21 . Th L p er p r
e e c ut io i Fr c ( G r t h M r im )
e se n n an e e se e ez o a .

The second exp ul si on of th e J ews from F rance .

P r c ut io of
e se n th e J e w of N v rr
s a a e .

C asimi r I I I the Grea t o f Po l and i ssues l aws friendl y to

t he J ews .

1 3 36 . Di p ut tio
s a n atll doli d b tw
V a ath J w d th e een e e s an e

po t t a s a e Ab r Alfo o Al fo o X I of C til
ne -
ns . ns as e

forbi d s th u of a l l eged bl asp h mous xp res i ns i n

e se e e s o

th e H ebrew p rayers .

P r c utio of t h J w i G r m y by t h Arml ede r

e se n e e s n e an e .

1 337 . J o ph of E cij
se d S mu l I b W k r f vorit a an of a e n -
a a a es

Alfo o X I of C til ns G o z lo M rt i z pl th as e . n a a ne an s e

d tr uctio n of t h J w of C
es til e e s as e
—
.

1 3 40 . J A C O B B N A SH ( B l
E h T ur i m 1 28 0 1 3 4 0) comp i l
ER I aa a -

, es

h i T lm udic co d
s a e .

N i im G r u di b n R ub n ( 1 3 4 0
ss e n r bbi of B r e e e a a

c lo e na .

1 3 42 . L E VI BE N G R SON ( G r id M tro L o d B g ol
E e so n e s, ae s e n e a n s,

1 288 phy ici d p h ilo oph r s an an s e .

1 3 48 . P r c ut io of t h J w i E urop
e se n cco u t of t h
e e s n e on a n e

B l ac k D at h Pop Cl m t V I i u two b ull

e . e e en ss es s

prot ct i g t h J w e n e e s .

135 0 . Moses b n J shua N arboni ( M tro V ida l 1 300

e o ae s ,

ph ilo oph r s e .
 T ABL E S OF J E W SH H I I ST O R Y . 1 17

1 35 0 . Aa ro I I b
n en E li a N ic o m e di ( 1 3 00 K r it a a e

philo oph r
wi h—
s e .

S an to b de C a rrion ( 1 3 00 J e Sp s a n is h t ro ub a
o r d u .

S m u l Ab ul fi
a e m i i t r to P dro t h Cr u l of C til
a a, n s e e e e as e.

135 1 . Th cort of V ll doli d k t h bolitio of t h

e es a a as e a n e

j udici l uto omy of Sp i h J wi h comm u iti

a a n an s -
e s n es .

G ol d B ull by E mp ror Ch rl I V co f r t h ”
1 35 5 . Th e en e a es n e s e

p r iv i l g f hol di g J w e th E l ctor
e O n e s on e e s .

1 35 7 . Compl t io of t h y gog u t Tol do b uilt by S m u l

e n e s na e a e a e

Ab ul a fi a .

1 3 60 . m u l Ab ul fi di u d r to rt ur n t h ch rg of
Sa e a a es n e e o e a e

p c ul tio n
e a .

P rt ic ip t io of t h J w of C a t il i t h c ivil w r
—
a a n e e s s e n e a

( 1 3 6 0 1 3 69 ) b tw P dro t h Cr u l d H ry d e een e e e an en e

Tr t m r as a ch i fly th id of t h form r
a e, e on e s e e e .

M i r d V
an e ss e o ul obt i from Ki g J oh
e d cr
es a ns n n a e ee

p rm itti g J w to dw ll i Fr n c
e n e s e n a e .

1 3 7 0( ab o ut ) M r b n B ruch H l v i of V i n
. e1 e a i t ro duc th a e e na n es e co n

f rr i g of uthori z tio for t h x rci of r bbi i

e n a a n e e e se a n

l caf u ctio ( M r nu)

n H d hi di cipl
ns o e . e an s s es,

pri cip lly I aac f Tyrnau omp il e th cust ms

n a s o , c e o

( Mi nhagim) o f the co mmunities .

1 37 1 . Th e J w of C til u d r H ry I I comp ll d to w r
e s as e n e en e e ea

b dg a d giv up Sp
e s an i h m e an s na es .

1 37 5 . D i p ut t io t Av il b t w
s a n th a po t t J oh of a e e en e a s a e n

V ll dol ida d Moa Coh d Tor d ill an se s en e es as .

1 37 6 . D i p ut tio t P mp l u b tw
s a n aJ oh n of V l l dol id
a e na e een a a

d Sh m Tob b
an Sh p rut
e -
en a .

S m u l Ab r b a
a e l t co urt u d r H
a ry I I of C t i l
ne a n e en as e .

C h yim b
a G l l ip p ( 1 3 1 0
en i ov tor ; M ch m
a a a nn a ena e

b A ro
en b Z r h a ( 1310 n r bbi ic l en e ac a n a

autho r ; I b Sh h t D rf t ( R ib
saac h 1310 en es e a a as ,

T lm udi t ; C H A D AI B AB A H A M C C A
a s S EN R RES S

( 1 3 40 ph ilo oph r s e .

J o ph Picho
se r c iv r g r l of t x in S vill
n, e e e -
en e a a es e e,

m ur d r d prob bly t t h i tig tio of J w

e e , a a e ns a n e s,

g i t whom t h f ury of t h pop ul c i t ur d

a a ns e e a e s ne .

1 3 80 . J u I r
an tr ict t h j udic i l uto omy of t h C tili
es s e a a n e as an

J w i h comm u iti
e s n es .

1 381 . A y n o d t M y c r g ul t
s a th r bbi ic l m arri g
a en e e a es e a n a a e

l w ( T k t h Sh um )
a s e an o .

J u n I of C t il
a r v iv t h c o ic l r tr ictio
as e e es e an n a es ns

g i t th J w
a a ns e e s .

1 38 9 . Th ch rg of h o t d c r t io l d to t h m
e a e cr s e se a n ea s e as s a e

of t h J w of P r g u e e s a e .
1 18 HI S OR T Y OF TH E J EW S .

F r di n
e an d Ma rti n e z i n c i t e s
mob g i t t h J w th e a a ns e e s

of S vill TH MA SSA C
e A D PLe . D H E RE N UN ER OF T E

J WS P E A D S F O M CA T I LE To A A O N MA O C A
S RE R S R G , J R ,

AN D T H P A T S O SP AI M n y J w co v rt d
O ER R F N . a e s n e e

to Chri ti ity Marran s S olomo an L vi of : os . n e

B urgo ( P ul d S t M ri 1 3 5 0 s a b gi e an a a a, e ns

h i m chi s tio g i t J ud i m
a na ns a a ns a s .

1 39 2 . J o a o I of Port ug l forbi d forc i th co n v r io ofa s e n e e s n

J w e s .

1 3 94 . Th ird a nd l ast exp ul sion f th J ews from F ra nce u d r o e , n e

Ch rl V I a es .

1 3 96 ( ab o ut ) Writ i g i d f c of J ud i m by J o h ua b n J o ph
. n s n e en e a s s e se

I b n V iv Al l rq ui ( G ro imo d S t Fé ) C h d i
’

-
es o e n e an a , as a

Cr c d Pr fi t D u
es ran
a s , an o a .

1 3 99 . P r c utio of t h J w of Pr g u t t h i n tig tio n

e se n e e s a e a e s a

of t h po t t P e ch ; Lipm n of Miih l h u
a s a e e ss a an a sen

mo g t h uff r r
a n e s e e s .

Al f nso X s ant i J wi sh l w revived u d r J u I I of

’
1 4 08 . o -
e a s n e an

C til as e .

D n M i r Al g u d
o e r bbi d phy ic i n x c ut d a es, a an s a , e e e on

th ch rg of ho t d cr tio
e a e s e se a n .

K bb l i tic t udi flo uri h in Sp i

a a s s es s a n .

S imo D ur ( 1 3 6 1
n r bbi of Alg i r
an a e s .

C hasdai C rescas p ub l ishe h is r l ig i p h il p h i w rk

’

s e o -
osO c o .

J u anII i u dict of tw
ss ty fo ur rt icl d ig d
e s an e en -
a es es ne

to r duc t h oc i l pr tig of t h J w V i c n t
e e e s a es e e e s . n e

F rr r pr ch Chri ti ity i t h y gog u

e e ea es d s an n e s na e s, an

i fl m n th a pop ul c g i t t h J w S C ON D
es e a e a a ns e e s . E

G A L MA A C
EN ER J W A LL H SP A I H
SS RE OF E S IN T E N S

P VI C S N um ro u J w ubm t t b pt i m
RO N E . e s e s s i o a s .

1 413 . R l igi u di p utati n at T rt a rr

e o s s g d by Pop B o o os a an e e en e

dict X I I I b tw n G ro imo d S t a Fé ( J o h u
e ee e n e an s a

Lor q ui ) d V id l b B v i t
, an I b n L bi nd a en en en s e -
a a

J p h Al b
ose Ma y J w ubm it to b pt i m o . n e s s a s .

1 41 5 . B n dict X I I I forb id th t udy of t h T lm ud d

e e s e s e a , an

rdai ns t h J w badge
o d C hrist i a n sermons for J e w
e e an s .

1 41 9 . Ma rti V i u n b ull d pr c ti g t h forc d co n v r

ss es a e e a n e e e

io s of J w n e s .

P r c ut io of t h J w of Au tr i
e se n e e s s a .

J ac o b ben M ses Mb l i n H al vi ( Maha r l 1 3 65

o com e i

p il r of t h G rm
e y n go gu l t urgy d m lo
e e an s a e i an e

di es .

T h J w of Colog n b
e e s i h d e an s e
—
.

J O S P I AL B
E I ( 1 3 8 0 1 444 ) p ubl i h O hi ph ilo oph ic l s es s s a

work I K K AR M I .

1 43 1 . T h J w of So uth G rm n y p r c ut d n
e e s cco un t f e a e se e o a o

th bloo d cc u t io
e a sa n .
 I 2O H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

T O Q MA D A MA D I Q U I I T O G
R UE AL E N S R -
E N ER OF S P AI N .

I S AA C B J H D A AB A BA
EN ( 1 4 37 E U R N EL m in i t s er of
fi a c to F r di d d I b ll a
n n e e n an an sa e .

1492 . E xp ul i n f th e J w
s o f r m S p ain o e s o .

XI X . F R O M TH E E XPUL SI O N F R O M SP AI N TO TH E
P E R SE CUT I O N I N P O L AN D
—
.

( 1 4 9 2 1 648 0 E ) . .

Most Sp an ish J ews l eave P rtugal ; l l r m in in g b h i d o a e a e n

r ol d
a e s l v as S a es .

Simo n D ur I I ( 1 43 9 an r bb i of Algi r a e s .

1 494 . I S AA C AB A BA N R mi i t r of fi c to two k i g of
E L, n s e n an e n s

N pl a es .

1 49 6 . Man o l of Port ug l or d r t h J w t o cc pt b pti m

e a e s e e s a e a s

or l v t h co u tryea e e n .

1 49 7 . Man o l i z J w i h chil dr
e se es d h e th m b pt iz d;
s en an as e a e

m y J w cc pt b pti m ; al l t h r b an i h d
an e s a e a s o e s s e

f r m P rt ug a l
o o .

TH EX I LE S TTL D
E N AVASE E BA I H D E IN RR N S E .

T h J w of N ur mb rg b i h d
1 4 7 0—
e e s e e an s e .

J udah L n Abr ban l ( M digo

eo a 1 5 3 0) writ h i
e e ,
es s

D i log u of Lova es e.

A h r Lamml i n procl i m him lf t h for r u

s e e r of t h
a s se e e nne e

M i h e ss a .

1 5 03 ( ab o ut ) Ab r h m F ri
. a a l ( 1 45 1 a chol ar t t h co urt of
s so s a e

F rr r e a a .

G rsh n C h n S n i n u
e o o s t bl i h
e o H br w p ri nti ng
c es a s es a e e

ffi oi Pr g u
ce n a e .

J cob Pol k ( 1 4 6 0
a a th ll g d or ig i tor of t h e a e e na e

PI L P L M T H O D O TA L MU D T U D Y
U E F S .

Abr h am Z a ut fi i h
a h i chro i cl
c o S f r Y h
n s i es s n e, e e oc as n .

M cr of M rr o i Li bo
a ss a e a an s n s n .

B gi i g of t h f ud b tw
e nn n J OH R U CH LI
e e d th e een N E N an e

H um i t an s s th id ond th oth r e o ne S e an , on e e ,

P F FF K O E th
ER tool of t h Domi ic
RN , l d by
e e n an s e

H oog tr t s V ictor v n
a en, K rb Ar ol d v o a en , n on

T g r on O rt ui u G r t i
e n, nd th th ologic l
n s a n s, a e e a

f c ulti of v rio u u iv r iti

a es Th
a T lm ud d s n e s es . e a an

th J w e tt ck d d d f n d d b for M xi mili n
e s a a e an e e e e e a a

I Pop , Al x d r VI
es d L e X Th l t p ubl i
an e an eo . e as

c t io by Pf ff rkor in 1 5 21
a n r t h b gi ing
e e n , nea e e nn

of L uth r R for m t io n e
’
s e a .

1 5 07 ( ab o ut ) 0b di h S for o J cob M ti
. a a n Abr h m d B lm
, a an n, a a e a e s,

d E L IA
an L VI T A ( 1 4 68 S H br w gr mm r
E e e a a

i t ch r of H br w to Chr i t i
ans, ea e s I t r du e e s an s . n o c

tio of H br w t udi in to G rm
n e e d Fr s ch es e an an en

u iv r iti n e t h ro ugh t h
s es ff ort of E g idio d e e s e

V it rbo R uchlie , d Aug u t i J u t i i n i

e n, an s n s n a .
 TABLE S O F J EW I SH H S OR I T Y . 12 1

1 5 1 4 ( a b o ut ) 0badya h dc
. rtinoro ( 1 47 0 T lm udi t
a s an d pr ch r ea e ,

mprov J r u l m
i es e sa e .

V IC TS A P A T A P E C IA L Q A T A G H TT
—
15 16 . EN E SE R O S U R ER F R E O .

1 5 1 7 ( ab o ut ) D vid I b Ab i Z imr
. a n (
-
1 4 7 0 15 7 3) b l i h s th S l u a a o s e e e e

i dce an era for t h E gypt i

ut ) S amuel Abrabanel ( 1 4 7 3 —
c J w e an e s .

1 5 1 8 ( ab o . 1 5 5 0) mploy d fi ci r by e e as n an e

th vic roy of N pl ; B nv ni d Abr ban l a

e e a es e e a a e .

1 5 1 9 ( ab o ut ) J sep h b n G rsh n L ans ( J o l i of R o h im 1 4 7 8

. o e e o o s n s e ,

r pr e t tiv d prot ctor of t h

e se n a eG rm J w
an e e e an e s .

1 5 20( ab o ut ) E l ias Mi rachi ( 1 4 5 5

. z chi f r bb i of T urk y e a e .

1 5 23 ( a b o ut ) E l i as K ap l i ( 1 49 0
. sa hi tori n s a .

1 5 24 . Th e J w of C iro t hr t d w ith d tr uctio by

e s a e a en e es n

Achm d Sh it an Vic roy of E gypt

e a , e .

J o ao I I I of Port ug l mploy H ri q u N u ( F irma e s en e nes e

Fé ) p y upo
as a st h M rr o n e a an s.

D v id R ub i i R om u d r t h prot ct io of Pop
a e en n e n e e e n e

Cl m t V I I e en

1 5 01 —
.

1 5 29 . SO L O M MO H ( D iogo P i r
ON LC 1 5 3 2) b gi
O hi e s, e ns s

M i i g it t i o
es s a n c a a n .

1 5 30( a b o ut ) P rt ug u
. o M rr o b ur t by or d r of t h Bi hop
e se a an s n e e s

of C ut e a .

C LE M T V I I I S S A B U LL ST A BL I SH I G H P O R T U
EN S UE E N T E

Q U S I Q I ITI
E E N MA A SU S ON F OR RR NO .

1 5 32 . M rra o forbi dd to l v Port ug l

a n s en ea e a .

M l h b ur t by E mp ror Ch rl V t M t u
o c o n e a es a an a .

Cl m n t V I I top t h proc di g of t h Port ug u

e e s s e ee n s e ese

I q ui it io
n t ths i t c f M rr o
n a e n s an e O a an s .

1 5 35 . E ight h u dr d M rr o lib r t d from t h Port u

ee n n e a an s e a e e

gu I q ui itio in ob di
e se n c to b ull of P ul I I I
s n e en e a a .

1 5 3 5 ( ab o ut ) M
. o se s H mo ( 1 4 90
a ph y ici to Sult S lim I
n s an an e .

15 36 . P ul I I I
a ct io t h Port ugu I q ui itio
san ns e es e n s n .

1 5 38 . The rdi nation

o f rabbis ( S emi ha ) r i tro duc d by
o c e -
n e

J aco b B erab .

1 5 41 . Mo s t of w l v N pl wh r th y r thr t
th e J e s ea e a es, e e e a e ea

d with oci l d gr d t i o n
en e s a e a a .

Th J w of Pr g u b
e e s i h d a e an s e .

L uth r tt ck t h J w
e a a s e e s .

Port ug u M rr o g i l ib r t d n t h i t rf r
e se a an s a a n e a e o e n e e

nc of P ul I I I
e e a .

Th J w b e i h d from G o
e s an s e en a .

“
S amu l Usqu fi i h
e hi Co ol t io for t h S r
e n s es s ns a ns e o

row of I r l ”
s s ae .

Th T lm ud co fi c t d u d r J ul iu I I I i I t ly
e a n s a e n e s n a .

J p h K ar
o se ( 1 48 8 K bb l i t
o d T lm udi t a a s an a s ,

fi n i h h i co d t h Sh ul h n A ruch
s es s e, e c a .

15 5 5 . P ul I V i u
a v r b ull g i t t h J w
ss es a se e e a a ns e e s .

Th M rr e o of A co n a impr i o n d d tri d by t h
a an s n s e an e e

I n q ui i t io n s .
 1 22 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E WS .

phy ici
Ama tus Lus itanas ( 1 5 1 1 s an .

Sult Solym and m d from P ul an e an s a I V the r l e e a se of

T urki h M rr o ; D n a Gr i s a an s o n ac a Mcndes ia ( 1 5 10

15 59 . Th e T lm ud b ur t
a n at Cr mo e na; pr y r book b ur t
a e s n in
Vi enna .

1 5 60( a b o ut ) J . O SE PH A COH ( 1 49 6
BE N h i tori J O SH U EN s an ,

writ h i A l es s nna s .

J O S PH I B V
E G A compl t th m rtyrology Sh b t
N -
ER e es e a e e

J h ud b g u by h i gr df th r d f th r
e a, e n s an a e an a e .

Th J w of Pr g u b
e e i h d s a e an s e .

Pius I V p ermits th e p ubl ica t io n o f the Ta l mud without its

name a nd a fter h a vi ng b een submi t ted t o censo rsh ip
, .

1 5 66 . P
i us V e n e s al l t h e an n aforc
es n s a a n st c o ic l r trictio g i
the J e w s .

J o sep h N assi (d . 15 7 9) m ade D uk of e Na xo by s Su lt an

l m II Se i .

1 5 68 . I AA C L U Y A L VI ( 1 5 3 4
S R K bb l i t pr t n d to E a a s , e e s

b th M i h of J o ph
e e e ss a se .

C H A Y M V I T A L CA L A B
I ( 15 43 K bb l i t o R E SE a a s , a ss

ci at of L ury e a .

1 5 69 . Al l t h J w i t h P p l St t
e e xc pt tho of R om
s n e a a a es e e se e

d A co an xp ll d n na e e e .

15 7 0 AZ A Y A B M S D R O SS I ( 1 5 1 4
R EN chol r O ES EI
' '

s a

ut ) S l om n Lurya ( 1 5 1 0—
. .

1 5 7 0( ab o . o o 15 7 3) d MO B I A L an SE S EN SR E

I S ( 1 5 20
S E R LE S uthor of t h
“
MA PP A t h a e ,
”
e

co ti u t io of t h Sh ul h A r uch Poli h T l
n n a n e c an , s a

m udis t s .

157 4 . Solomo b N th n A hk z i got i t p c b

n en a a s en a ne a es ea e e

tw V ic d T urk y
een en e an e .

15 7 6 . St ph e B th i llo w t h J w of Pol
en a d to c rry n or a s e e s an a o

tr d w itho ut r trictio
a e es ns .

157 9 . G r ci aN i t bli h
a H br w pr i t i g pr
ass i es a s es a e e n n e ss n

T urk y E th r Ki r T urki h co urt J w

e .
p ub s e
‘

e a, s -
e e ss ,

l i h H br w book
s es e e s .

1 5 81 . G r gory X I I I forb id t h
e mploym t of J w i h phy i s e e en e s s

i u r or d i
e a th s,co fi c tio of H br w book
e -
a ns e n s a n e e s,

d r i tro duc
an th co mp ul s ry C h risti n s rmon
e -
n es e o a e

for J ews .

1 5 86 . ixt u V p rmit J w i t h P p a l St t
S s end th s e s n e a a es a e

pri t i g of t h T lm ud
n n e a .

D vi d d I m i ( 1 5 25
a e phy ic i
’
o s s an .

1 5 8 6 ( ab o ut ) T h J w of Pol
. e d et b l i h t h SY O D F TH E F O U R
s an es a s e N O

C T I ; Mor d c i J f prob bly it fir t pr i

OU N R ES e a a a a s s es

d t en .

1 5 87 . G d l y I bn Y chya ( 1 5 1 5
e a a h i tor i n h h i wo rk
-
a s a , as s

pr i t d n e .
 1 24 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

BA C H SP I O Z A ( 1 6 3 2—
RU 1 67 7 ) p ubli h hiN Th l gi a s es s eo o c

Politic l Tr ti co t mpor ry M rr o po t
a ea se n e a a an e s

d uthor i
an Am t r d m a s n s e a .

Th J w b e i h d from V i
e s by E mp ror L opol d I
an s e enn a e e .

Th J w p rmi tt d to
e e ttl i t h M rk Br d b urg
s e e se e n e a an en

by E l ctor J oh G org e n e e .

1 67 8 ( ab o ut ) R i h rd Simo n F th r of t h O r tory m k
. c a R bb i i , a e e a , a es a n

l lit r t ur
ca k ow to Chri ti e a e n n s an s

Mor d c i of E i
.

1 67 9 . e t dt r w t h S bb ti cr z
a se n s a ene s e a a an a e .

1 68 6 ( ab o ut ) J a b Q u rid r pr
. co t h im lfe th ucc or of
o e e se n s se as e s e ss

S b b t i Z vi
'

a a a e .

1 6 9 0( a b o ut ) Sw di h chol r
. e t udy t h hi tory of t h K r it
s s a s s e s e a a es .

1 69 5 ( ab o ut ) B r h y r pr
. e ac t h im lf a th ucc
e or of S b e se n s se as e s e ss a

b t i Z vi ; h i ct t h D nmdh
a a
’

e s se ,
e o .

Wi l l i am S urcnhuysius t ra nsl ates t h e Mishna i nto Lat in .

J oh n An d r w Ei
e se n m g r tt mpt
en e a e s th e p ublic tio of a n

udaism U nma sk ed
”
h is J .

1 7 07 . J a cob Ba s n a g e p ubli h s es h is H i tory of

s th e J e wi h s

ligio
Re n .

17 13 . Ne h mi h Chiy Ch y ( 1 65 0
e a S bb ti c u a a on a a an , a se s

q u rr l i t h Am t r d m comm u ity ; Solomo

a a e n e s e a n n

Ayllo d C ha ham Z vi ( Z vi b
n an J cob A hk zi c e e en a s ena ,

1 65 6
MO SE S po t K bb l
'

1 7 43 . C H A Y I M L U Z Z A TT O ( 1 7 07 e an d a a

p ubli h h i dr m L Y h rim T h il l
i st , s es s a a a -
es a e a .

1 7 45 . Th J w e of Pr g u pl c d u d r v r r tr ictio
e s a e a e n e se e e es ns

by M ri T h r a
A E L BAA L H M ( 1 69 8—
a a e es .

1 7 5 0( a b o ut ) C h
. i di m fo u d d by I
a ss s n17 5 9) e SR S E

d B an M ( 1 7 00
EER E L I AH WI L A
OF I ZRI CZ J N

G A N ( 1 7 20 it
O t go i t s an a n s

A T H A E B H U z ( 1 69 0—
.

17 5 1 . Co t t b twn es J e een 1 7 64 ) d ON N I E SC T an

J A C B E MD ASH K
O A Z I ( 1 69 8 EN EN

17 5 5 . M M n d l h n ( 1 7 28 —
o ses 1 7 8 6 ) p ubli h
e h i fir t work
e sso s es s s .

1 7 5 9 ( ab o ut ) J a b F rank S bb t i n l d r fo u d r of t h Fr ki t
. co ,
a a a ea e ,
n e e an s

ct se .

1 7 62 . I c P in to p ubli h h i R fl ct io
saa i w r t s es s e e ns n an s e o

V ol t i r d f m tio of J ud i m ’
a e s e a a n a s .

17 7 8 . M d l oh p ubli h t h fir t p rt of h i P n t at u h
en e ss n s es e s a s e e c

tr n l ti n a s a o .

Lessing p ubli h hi N a th an the Wi s

C hri sti n Wi l l iam D hm ( 1 7 5 1 —
s es s e .

a 1 8 20) p ubli h h i work o s es s

Upo t h Civil Am lior tio n of t h Co dit io of

n e e a e n n

th J w
”
e e s .

J O S P H I I of Au tri
E boli h t h J w i h poll t x n d s a a s es e e s -
a , a

gr an t civ il lib rti to t h J w

s e es e e s .

1 7 83 . M n d l oh p ubli h
e e ss J erusa l m r up n E l i astical
n s es e , o o cc es

P w r and J ud ism
o e a .
 T A BLE S O F J EW I SH H S I TO RY . 12
5

1 7 83 . Ha -
Me a s s e f fo un de d by Me n de s s l oh n s
’
follow r e s

( Measfi m)
17 87 . Mir a b e a u p ubli sh e s work Upo M d l oh d h is n en e ss n an

th Politic l R form of t h J w
e a e e e s .

Th poll t x r mov d from t h J w of Pr u i

e -
a e e e e s ss a .

“
Ab b e G r egoi r p ubli h h i Propo l i F vor of
e s es s sa s n a

J w
”
th e e s .

1 7 90 . Th Fr ch N tio l A mbly gr t citiz h ip to

e en a na s se an s ens

th S ph r dic J w
e e a e s .

17 9 1 . Th eFr c h N t i n l A mb l y gr t f ul l ci vil
en a o a s se an s

rig h t t th J w s o e e s .

17 96 . Th eB t vi N tio l A mbly d cr
a a an ci tiz hi p
a na sse e ees en s

for t h J w e e s .

1 803 . I r s l J cob o
ae d W ol ff Br i d
a s b ch g it t t h
n an e en a a a e e

bolitio of t h poll t x for J w

a n e -
a e s .

1 804 . Al x e d r I of R u i
an e x mpt c rt i cl f J w ss a e e s e a n a s se s O e s

from t h xc ptio l l w e e e na a s .

1 8 06 . N AP L O O I E MM N H A MB LY O J WI H
SU ON S T E SSE F E S

N T A BL O; Abr h m F urt do ES pr i d t T w l v a a a , es en . e e

Q u tio propo u d d to t h A mbly

es ns n e e s se .

1 807 . TH E G A T SY H RE O C V D BY N A P L ; N EDR I N ON EN E O EON

J o ph D vi d Si zh im pr i d t
se a n e es en .

1 8 08 . Th J w
e of W tph li
e s d of B d m cip t d
es a a an a en e an a e .

18 1 1 . Th J w
e of H mb urg m cip t d
e s a e an a e .

1812 . Th J w of M ckl
e e b urg d Pr u i m cip t d
s e en an ss a e an a e .

1 8 1 8 ( ab o ut ) C
. ti
o n s e c ra of t h T mpl of t h H A MB
on R M e e e e URG EF O R

U I G otthol d S lomo
N ON , pr ch r a n, ea e .

“
1 8 19 . Th b gi i g of t h H p h p ! p r c utio
e e nn n e e , e e se ns .

Form tio of t h Soci ty for t h C ult ur

a n d Sci e c e e e an en e

f th J w ; Zu
O Ge e d Mo r s nz , a n s, an se .

1 821 . Ch h m B r
ac ay ppo t h R form T mpl U io
e na s O se s e e e e n n

i H mb urg
n a

Marcu J t ( 1 7 9 3—
.

1 822 . I aas c 1 8 6 0)s b gi to p ubli h h i

os e ns s s

h i tory of t hs J w e e s .

1 8 25 . I sa acN ah Man h im r ( 17 9 3
o r bbi i V i n e e a n enna,

ch mpio of t h mo d r t p rty
a n e e a e a .

1 83 1 . Lo ui Philipp r ti fi t h l w for t h compl t m

s e a es e a e e e e an

ip t i
c of t h Fr ch J w
a on e en e s .

Gabri el R i r ( 1 8 06 ch mpio of t h m cip

esse a n e e an a

tio of t h G rm J wn e e an e s .

Solomo L udw ig St i h im ( 1 7 90
n J w i h r ligio u e n e e s e s

philo oph r s e .

N ach man C o he n K roch ma l ( 17 85 S o l o mo n J eh uda

R ap op o rt i ( 17 90
( 1 8 00 S amue l D a v d Luz z a tto
I c E rt r ( 1 7 9 2 chol r r g r
sa a e s a s, e e ne a

tor f J wi h ci c s O d H br w tyle s s en e an e e s e .

L P L Z U ( 1 7 9 4 1 8 8 6 ) p ubli h h i fir t poch
EO O D Nz -

s es s s e

m ki g work a n .
1 26 H STO R I Y OF TH E J EW S .

Th e K erem C h emed, a He br w j o ur l for J wi h ci

e na e s s e n ce .

es at bli h s ed .

Abraha m G eiger ( 1 8 1 0 schol r a an d pr ch r ea e .

Fr z D litz ch p ubli h
an e t ry
s f N H bra i s es hi
“
Hi s s o o eo -
e c

P try
oe .
”

Sult A b dul M g id gr t citi z hip to T urki h J w ’

an e an s ens s e s .

TH E DA MA SC U BL D A CC A T I ; M S M nt fl ar OO US ON oses o e
-

C remi euac S o l omo n

’

( 17 84 Ado l f ( 17 96
Munk ( 1 8 02
1 842 . Th e oci ty of t h Fr i d of
S e e en s Re form fou n de d in
Fr kfort
an .

1 844 . Th e fir t R bbi ic l Co f r c
s a n a n e en e at Br u wick ; ns Sa mu l e

H o l dh e im ( 1 8 06
1 845 . F
T h e R E O R M ASSOC IA T I form d i B rli ON e n e n .

Th e seco d R bbi ic l Co f r c t Fr kfort ; Z ch

n a n a n e en e a an a a

ri h Fr k l ( 1 8 01
a an e

Mi h l S h ( 1 8 08—
c ae 1 8 64 )
ac s p ubli h h i R lig i o u s es s e s

Po try of t h J w of Sp i
e e e s a n .
”

Th e em cip tio of t h J w i t h G rm
an a n t t e e s n e e an s a e s .

Th Br l u J wi h Th ologic l S mi
e es a e ry fo u d d
s e a e na n e .

T h o th
e a th tr u f ith of Chri ti
on e boli h d e a a s an a s e

i E gl
n d ; J wi h di
n an bilit i r mov d e s sa es e e .

Th Mort r
e b ductio c
a a a n a se .

Th e ALL IA C I A EL I T U IV
N E LL fo un d d
SR E N E R SE E e .

Th e A glo J w i h A oci t i o
n -
e fo u d ds ss a n n e .

Th e U io of Am ri c n H b r w C on g r g ti o
n n e b a e e e a ns e s ta

l ish ed .
1 28 I T
H S OR Y OF THE J EW S .

TH E H I G H P R I E ST S .

( F R O M TH E CA PT IVITY TO T H E D S IP ERS O N I .
)

Perio d . H igh Priest : Civi l R ul er .

V III
—
5 86 5 1 6 J EH OZ ED E K Babyl i K i g o n an n s an d

B. C . E . C y ru s

J O SH U A B . J E HO Z ED EK Z rubb b l ( Cyru
e a e s an d

D ri u I ) a s

1X
—
5 1 6 3 32 J IA I M
EH O K Xe rx es I
B . C . E . ELI I AS H B i h ( Art x rx
N eh e m a a e es I)
J I O A AD N h mi h ( D ri u I I )
e e a a s

J A
OH N AN B . J O IA A
D Art x rx 11 1
a e es

JA ADDU Al x d r t h G r t
e an e e ea

ON IA S 1 Pt ole y
m I So e tr
I
S MO N I J ( 300
THE—2 7 0) U ST Pt o l
em y
I So e tr
EL A A ( h
E Z f Si mR 1) ur o
. on d ri ng t h e
no ri t y o ;
Pt o l
em IIy P il lp
h ade h us
MA A N
(h f O
SS E H I) m II r o
. n i as is s .
Pt o l
em IIy P il lp
h ade h us
O IA I I ( 24 0)
N S Pt o l
em y rg t
I I I E ue e e s
SI M II ON Pt o lem y
I V Ph i l o p a t o r
O IA 1 1 1 ( J
N S h i d p ut y ) as o n s e Pt o l y
e m V E p ip h an e s an d

An ti c h u I I I
o s

J A ( 1 7 4)
SO N Anti c h u o s I V E p i p h an e s
ME N E LA U S ( O n i as I V , 17 2 . Ly i s .
A ti c h u
n o s I V E p i p h an e s
mach us h i s de p uty )
A MA ti oc h u V E up t
—
J UD S C C A BzE U S ( 16 3 ) An s a or

AL C I MU S ( 1 62 1 5 9 ) app o i n ted by D m tri u I S t r

e e s o e

J ON A A TH N H A PH U S (
—
15 2 1 4 3 ) Al x d r B l
e an e a as

S IM ON ( I I I ) TH AR S I
—
( 14 3 135 ) Si m Th i
on ars

XI I
140 37 — H YR C A N U S I —
( 1 3 5 1 06) H y rc an us I
B C E AR I S TO B U L US I ( 1 06 —
105 ) Ari t b ul u I
s o s

—
. . .

A L E X AN D E R J AN N zE U S ( 1 05 7 9) Al x d r ( 1) J
e an e an n a
e us
H Y R C AN U S I I ( 7 9 —
4 0) Al x dr e Hy an a, rc a n us II,
Ari t b ul u I I s o s ,
an d RO
m g vr r an o e no s

AN T I GO N U S —
( 40 3 7 ) A tig u
n on s
 T A BLE S OF J E \V I SH H I ST O RY . 129

TH E H I G H P R I EST S .

( F R O M T II E CA PT IVITY T o T H E D S PE R S O N I I .
)
o n ti n ued
[C ]

H ig h Pri es t . Ap p o in tee .

AN A N E L (37 —
35 )
AR I STO B U L US
( I I I ) ( 35 )
AN A N E L 3
( ,4 se c o nd t r m) e

J O SH U A ,
o f the f a mil y Ph b i a

I
S MO N (IV ) B . BO ET H U S
MA I
TT H T E P IL AS B . H O H US

( J p h
o se b E ll m hi . e s

d p uty )
e

J O ASE R B SI M ( b B.é fl u ) ON . o ‘
s He r o d I
E L A A ( b r th r f J
E Z R
) o e o o as e r A rc h e l aus
t

J f t h f mily Sié
O S I I U A, o e a Arc h l e a us
J O ASE R
( c d t r m) se on e Arc h l e a us
A A N f t h f mily S t h
N, o e a e g v r r f Sy ri
Q ui ri n ius ,
o e no o a

I SHMA L I P A E H BI l ri
V a e us G r t u pr c ur t r a s, o a o

EL A A E Z A A R B . N N V l ri u G r t u pr c ur t r
a e s a s, o a o

SI M (V ) C M A YT II V l ri u G r t u pr c ur t r
P H CAIAP A ( 26—
ON B . a e s a s, o a o

J O SE 3 6) H S V l ri u G r t u pr c ur t r
a e s a s, o a o

J ON A A TH A A N B . N N V i t lli u g v r
e r f Sy ri
s, o e no o a

T P IL
HEO HA A ( b r th r
US B . N N o e V it lli u g v r
e r f Sy ri a
s, o e no o

Of pr c di g ) e e n

SI M (V I)
ON B f B . O E TH U S , o A gripp a I
t h f mil y C
e a th (41 ) an e ra s

M A TT HIA A A ( b r t h r S B . N N o e Ag ripp a I
f J
o th ) o na an

E L I O N AI B . H A K O PH ( 4 4 )
J O SE P H B . C AMY T H ( 4 5 )
AN A I N AS B N E BE D E U S ( 4 8)
L I I P I ( 5 9—
.

I S H MA E 61) H AR

J PH CA I ( 6 1)
O SE B

A A N f t h f mily A
N ,
o e a n an

J DA M AI
O SH U A B . N

J G AMAL A
O SH U A B .

MA IA T P I L
TT H S B . H EO H US

P I A SAM L ( 6 7 6 8 )
H NE S B . UE ,
I N D EX .
1 40 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

L I ST S OF N A ME S ,
E TC ,
IN T HE I N DE X .

A d mi h B by l i e s. t e a o n an Ka a s bb li tic r
t e ms, t h e
ca e
li t
.

A l li
.

J an ce s, e K ab b a s s t h e
r t t
.

Am im h
,

o ra t e K a ai e se c s t h e
r it rit r
.
,

A uti M i mu i th
.
,

a n s t s, e Ka a e w e s, t h e .

Maimuni st s t h e
-

Ap t
.

o s ate s
M h m ti i Masso re t s
.

At m
. .

s d
ro no e rs an at e a c an s, .

J wi h e s Mc asfl m t h e
( h um h C u il Me ss i ah s t h e
.
. ,
‘
nc o s
l d fi i g h t tu f c y ri ci l
.
,

N ah a rde a, t h e a ade m o f , p n p a :
.

C d o e s. g e n e ra . e n n t e s a s O
h J w
t e e s of
C d J wi h li i u
o e s. e P tri r
.

s re g o s a
.

a c h s, t h c
C u il h G up l P l r i
.
.

o nc th t e re a t, co es at e h i o so p h e s J e w sh
P yii
.
. ,

h d f
ea o . h s c a n s J e w i sh ,

E xil h h
ar
c
t e s. l ’O e t S J e w i sh
F b ul i t h Pr c r t r
.
.

o u a o s Of J u
.

a s s, t e dae a
Pr t
.
.

F kl
ra n h st s t e o p he s t hc
L xi g r p h r y ri ci
.
.

Pumb e di t h a t h e ac ade m o f , p n
. .

G mm i
ra )a r ans an . e co a e s.
l
.

J wi h e s pa s O f
Dy y h th m m bb i
. .

H m as o nie an n as t t e, e e Ra s
bb i iti r
.
.

b e rs of Ra s, ne a n t
t y h h m mb r Zv ll r
.
.

H di
e o an Dy n as t e, t e e e s Sab b at ai e i , t h e f o o w e s O f
p
.
.

0 Sab ure a n s t h e
Hi h P i t r y i
.
.

g h r e s s. t e S o a, t h e ac a de m o f , G e o n m o f
Hi ri J wi h r y r c l
. .

s to an s. e s So a, t h e a c ade m O f , p i n i p a s o f
Hi t i r i t
. .

f h J w
s o r ans o t e e s Sy n h e d rio n t h e , p e s de n s O f
h ki g y ri v r
. . .

ls ni el f
t e n s O S a , t h e R o man g o e rno s o f
I li h ki g Tl it
. . .

srae h t e s, t f e. t e n s o a mud s s
J wi h
. .

J u o l rn a s, e s Ta na i t e s , t h e
h ki Tr v l r i
. .

J ud h a f t e ng s O a e e s, J e w sh
.

v rit r tr P lt r
.

J ud h R m
ae a. t f e an go
o e rno rs O W e s ( H i s o i an s, amp h e e e s,
J ud i m h r i i
.

a s f t e se c t s o S c h o l a s, n o n J e w sh , o n J e w sh -

ub j t
. .

J ud h
g e s, t e . s ec s .

A l m t c mpl t b i gr p h ic l h i t ry f t h J w
n a os b e c ll t d by
o e e o a a s o o e e s c an o a e
f ll w i g up t h r ug h t h
o o n I d x th b i g r ph i f t h p r gr up d o e n e e o a es o e e so n s o e
b l w Th c l um
e o . t h l ft c i t f t h cle m o f th c ul r n on e e o ns s s o e as s n a -
es o e se a
c hi f e f t h J w i h c mmu ity ; t h c l um
s o e t h rig h t f th
e f th s o n e o n on e ,
o o se o e

s p irit u l hi f th a mi ddl c l um w h t h r c
c e cti g t h t h r t w
s ; e e o n, e e o nn e n e o e o or
r pl i g t h m f t h w h p iti p w r
e ac n e d i flu c w r
. o o se o se os o n, o e s, an n en e e e, or
w r e uppe s d t b b t h pirit u l d c ul r o se o e, o S a an se a .

PA I TR A R C H S .

M o se s

L EAD E R S M a nd O SES .

J o sh ua .

J un c as
IK NG S .
PR O P H E TS .

Z e rub b ab c l . EZ R A
L A E D E RS E z ra, a nd
a nd
N e h e miah .

PR O I ’
H E TS .

ll IGH PR I E STS .

H A S MO N EE A N D YN A ST Y

"B A ( P ri nce s a nd Hig h Prie st s)

I I
.

RO D I A N DYN S TY .
H G H PR E ST S
A
.

RO M N PIt O C U B A PR E S I D E N TS O F TH E
To n s o r J U DE A .

4 SY N II ED R I O N
MA
.

RO N GO V ERNO R S TE A C H E R S OF TH E
or S ruu .
L A w ( Tanai t e s) .

l ’ n BS i D E N Ts OR THE S YN II EDRIO N
( unde r t h e t l l l e s P tr iarc h Prl nc e ,
N
a . a sal . a nd R ab b an)
un(
TA E C H ERS O F THE L AW
( Tunul tc l a nd Amo ral m)
Pa i s c u un I
.

or r C AP PR E S D E N T S O F T H E
T H' T Y I .
BA B Y O N L IA
N AC A D E
( E xil arc h, Huh C o l umn )
.

.
I
M E S, GEO N M I .

Pn rs xc u N s AN D PI I I LO S O P II E RS .

T LM I
A U D STS A N D R A I BB S .
 IN DEX .
14 1

A
A aro n ,high pri t m mb r of es , e e A aro n H a l e vi ( 123 5 Tal
th trib of L vi 1 1 2
e e e , ,
. m udis t 3 , , 6 21 .

co u t nc i dol try 1 1 4
en an es a , , .
A aro n ide s , t h e , oppo i dol try se a
m t Mo
ee s H or b 1 1 5 se s o n e , , .
r Mn
un de a a ss e h 1 28 3 , , .

d c d t of S A r id di mi
es en an s . ee a on es .
s d for t p rt i ip
sse no a c at
A ar n d l a P p
o S e P p a a . ee a a,
i g i i dol tro u wor hip
n n a s 1,
s
A ro d l
,
a n e a
28 4
.

A r n
a f Yo rk chi f r bbi of
o o , e a
m assa cr e d at th e fir t f ll of s a
E gl d 3 5 88
n an , , .

ru l m 1 3 14
J e sa e
um p i d to H ry I I I by 3 , , .

s s a en

5 91
, ,
r t ur with Z r ubb b l
e n e a e ,
1,
.

35 2
A aro n r Mas s or e t
.

b en A sh e
critici se d by
,

Saa di ah , 3,
,
r j ct d by N h mi h 1
e e e e e a , ,
37 8 .

provi d d for u d r E z r e , n e a, 1,
382
corr ct Bibl m
e s e an us cript s, 3 ,
xil ed
.

by Ne h mi h 1
e e a , ,
386
207
.

G ri z im 1
.

o fl i ci a t e on e 390
as a po t e 3 , 223
, , .

A a ro n
,

l
.

E i a N i co m e di
ho or n J uda h I r m ’
s e a in s , 2,
( I I ) b en 4 67
( 1 3 00 K r it a a e p h il o s o
.

ph r e 4 , 95
ch rg of J ud h I I r
in a e a
’
s e

A aro n
,

b en
.

o s ep h , th e
m i 2 487 a ns
(I ) J
.

i Ar bi
n 3 55 a a,
l E de r
( 1 27 0 K r it a a e
, .

phy ici di cipl

s of N ch an , s e a
m k A br h m b
a e D vi d a a en a
’
s

m i 3 6 07 ; 4 7 1
an
gr v 3 4 9 0 a e, , .

H igh pri t
, , .
,
S al s
ee th ;
fix t h K r it pr y r book
es e a a e a e
o e s s, e

4, 71
,

Pri t t h es s, e .

N i th c l br tio
.

Ab th
A a ro n b en Me s h ul l am ( 1 1 7 0 , f e n o ,
e e a n

s chol r 3 3 9 6 a , ,
.
of by S b b t i Z vi 5 1 5 2
, a a a
’

e , , ,

Ma im un i s t tt ck M i r
, a a s e Ab u
159 .

l a fi a , 3 , 5 24 .
A b ak a ( Ab a g h a ) ,
T rt r ki g
a a n

A aro n b en Z e ra ch , m rtyr
a ,
4, in P r i e s a, 3 , 638 .

1 44 .
A b ay i N a ch m an i ( 28 0 Bab
A aro n b en Zi on I bn A -
l a m an i , mor 2 5 6 0
y l o n ia n A a, , .

phy ici at A l x an d ri di cipl sof R bb b r N ch e a a a a

an 3
‘

s e a,

3 40 .
m i 2 5 7 5 5 80 5 83
an , , , , .

A aro n I b n S a rja du -

( 943 pri cip l of t h Pumb dit h

n a e e a

oppo t of Sa a diah , 3 , 1 9 4 A c d my 2 5 8 3 a e

yo uth of 2 5 8 3 —
nen ,
, , .

1 9 5 , 1 9 6 , 2 00 .
4 , , .

r co cil d W ith S di h 3
e n e aa a i t grity of 2 5 8 4
n e

200—
, , .

, ,

1 d cre of t ud t u d r 2
e ase s en s n e

—
.

G o a of Pum b dith 3 202

n e a, 5 84 5 .

d t h of 3 207 —
, .

ea 8 , , .
di l ctic of 2 5 8 5
a e s , , .

i Sh ri
“
L tt r 3 23 3 d th of 2 5 8 5
’
n e ra s e e ea , , .
,
.
,

A a r n C h n of N rbo
o o l e , a nne, e e r b uk R b b r J o ph
e es a a a se , 2,

gy b y , 4 , 49 5 86 .
I 4 2 H S OR I T Y OF TH E

A bb a of A cch o, or i d n at io n O f . A bb di d a e s, the, in Se vill e, 3,

2 5 40 3 15 .

, .

mo d ty f 2 5 4 1 es O , ,
. A b b a h u, a P l ti ia es n an A mor a,

A bb b r A bb
a Amor f th r
a a, a, a e 2, 5 31 .

of M S m u l 2 5 1 1 ar -
a e .
,
. and ob rv c f t h L w
the se an e O e a

A bb A r k A mor u i S m ri
n 2 5 34 a a a,
( R b ) a a a, n .

a e ,

c ul r c ult ur of 2 5 3 7 —8
-
,

t h ri d to t ch i B b y
o z e ea n a se a e , , .

lon , 2, 45 4 . 47 9 ,
511 . e duc tio f th
a d ught r of n O e a e ,

a dds s u pp l m e e nt s to t h Mi h e s 2, 5 3 7 .

na . 2 , 47 0 .
and Diocl ti 2 5 3 8 e an , , .

Oppo d to t h p urc h f
se e as e O O il II b w tyl
e of 2 5 3 8
i e
'
s e , ,
.

from h t h 2 4 84 ea e n s, at t ck Chri ti dogm

a s s an as , 2,
—
.
,

r c ptio of i B bylo i
e e n , n a n a, 2, 5 3 9 40 .

5 12 mo d ty es an d g ene ro ity of s 2,
m d Agor —omo 2 5 1 2 —
. ,

a e a n s, , . 5 40 1 .

i ro duc
nt xcomm u ic tio es e n a n on the G r k t h tr 2 5 4 2
ee ea e, ,
.

i t o B b lo i 2 5 1 7
n a y n a ,
,
m k a es C r c d mic
ae s a ea an a a e

comp r d w i t h H ill l 2 5 1 7
a e e , ,
.
city 2 5 4 3 , , .

wi f of 2 5 1 7
e o of 2 5 4 3
s ns

mo d ty of 2 5 1 7 —
.
.
,
. , ,

es18 , , .
A bb i d C l iph a t ( C liph t
ass e a e a a e

d c d
es t of 2 5 1 8 5 4 4
en an s , , , .
of t h E t B g d d C l e as , a a a

oppo P ri i ov tio
se s e s an nn a n s, ip h t ) th w k a of e , e, ea ness ,

2 , 5 21 .
i th t w lfth c t ury 3
n e e en , ,

yi l d to M gi
e s a an de m a n ds , 2, 431 .

5 26 . co q u r d by H ul
n e e ag u 3, ,
6 06 .

i flu c f
n J w i h B by
en e O ,
o n e s a A bb id C l ip h t
as s e a a e, th e, th e
lo i 2 5 4 4 n a ,
. J ew s of, in the n n i th ce n

t ury 3 1 4 5 —6 1 7 6—8 0
,

A bb M r i b a I -
c h riff of a en s aa ,
s e , , , .

S t G ill 3 399 . es, , . u d r Al Mut dh id 3 1 8 3

n e -
a , , .

A bb M ri a b n -
M (D a e o se s on in th t w lfth c t ury 3
e e en , ,
4 28
A t r uc E D ur s ) follo w r li an e 33
of N l m id 4 27 —
-
.
,

8 ac i an e s, , . A bb a ss id es, th e, O ppo nen t s Of

pp l to B Adr t 4 28 29
a ea s en e , , , . the O m m iyy a de s , 3 , 1 25 .

f il to w i J cob b
a s n a en Ab b th di
-
e -
n, pr i d t of t h es en e

Ma c li ir s
’

a id , 4 , 31 .
Co u cil n Of S v ty 1 3 9 5 e en , ,
.

ag g r e ss iv e an ti M im u -
a n is t , 4 d p uty
e f O th pr i d t f t h
e es en O e
32 .
Sy n h e drio n , 2 , 3 60, 4 04 .

ad h r nt of 4 3 3 4
e e s .
,
-
.
f fic of c
O 2 45 3
e , e ase s,
, .

se c ur t h up port f es e s O As h e ri , Abd l l h I b
a A l l h vizir p r
a n -
a , , e
4 , 38 .
v t t h forc d co v r io
en s e e n e s n
dr w p th b
a s ti e an a g i t a ns t he of J w to I l m 3 3 1 2 e s s a , , .

t udy f ci c
s o s e n e , 4 , 38, 39 .
Abd l l h I b H k m m ur d r
a a n -
a a , e s
opp d b y t h o se e T ib b o n ide s , th ki g of S r go e 3 n a a s sa , ,
4 ,
41 2 .
2
66 .

in l ’
e rp ig n a n . 4, 50 .
A dab ll h a I b n Sa -
b a p rt i ,
a s an O f
A bb a S au , l a T a n a it c , 2 , 3 3 0 .
Al l 3 90 .
 H S OR I T Y OF T HE J EW S .

1 44

A b n r of B urgo See A lfo n o s

A bij ah so n of Sa m u l j udg e .
e .
e s .

B n rg e n s is
,
.

l 79
I mm ue l , de f e n ds R a b
hobo m ki g an
.

A h o ah ,
,
n
Abij m a ,
so n O f Re a ,

b i n ic a l J uda i m 5 55 s , ,
.

of J ud h a ,
1 , 1 89 .

A b o ab I s aa c r b bi of Tol do a e ,

A bi l giv en to A gripp a II ,
, ,

c A b l
n e e.
fri e nd O f I b r s aa a an e ,

2 , 24 5
4 , 341
.

of Ab b a h u 2 , 5 4 3
.

A b i ma i goti t for t h ttl m t

' '
.

so n ,
se e en
,
a es e
ne
A b im l ch j udg 1 63
e e ,
e, ,
.

f Sp i h xi l an s e es i nPort u
A bi n A mor migr t a, e a es from O

4 , 352 365
al
g
, ,
.

J udaea 2 . ,
5 67 .

de a th of 4 , 3 66
g r
.
,

A k f
Abi d b u h c Fo c
d t r O
1 6 06
na a . a s e
Ah o h Ia d ,
n (
saa ,
e se a

th Cov t 1 1 19
e e n an , ,
.

r bbi t Am t r d m a a s e a ,

A bi d bna of S u l d th
a ,
so n a , ea Of.
i tr uct
ns t t h T lm u d s a e a

1, 1 03 .
Tor h 4 6 8 1 a .

A b i n e rg l us
f th r
a e
m mb r f
e t h fir te
R bbi
,

i
O
,

e s a n

ih -
l aw of I z at e s . 2 ,
2 16 .

l coll g
ca 4 6 82 e e,
—
.
,

A bi sh a g w if ,
e O f D vi d a ,
and
as pr ch r 4
a 6 8 2 3 ea e , ,
.

\ do n ija h .
1, 1 60 .

v cill t i g
a
ch r ct
a
r of n
4 a a e , ,

kill
.

Ab i h i b roth
s r of J o b a ,
e a .
s
683 .

Ab r 1 111 ne , ,
. go es to Br zi l a ,
4 , 69 3 .

v D vi d 1 1 1 7
sa es a , ,
.
on t h e w a r in B r zil 4 6 9 4 a , ,
.

comm d r i t h Ammo it an e n e n e
,

de vot ee of th e K bb l 5 5 2 a a a, ,
.

w ar ,
1 , 1 27 .
tr an s at e s l Ka bb li tic work a s s,

co duct t he l dum ze w ar 1 ,
—
n s an ,
5 5 4, 88 .
,

1 28 9 .
and pi oz 5 9 2S n a, ,
.

ag i t A b lom a ns sa ,
1 , 141 ,
14 4 .

Sa b b ti 5 1 39 1 60
a an , , ,
.

co duct h w n s t e ar a g i t a ns Sh e
Ab o a b S mu l r bb i
,
a e ,
a at V en

ba . 1 , 1 49 .
ic e , and L uz z at t o ,
5 ,
24 0 .

Ab l t tro om r fri d of
aa ,
as n e ,
en
Abo d Z r a a a, Mi s h n ic tr ti ea se o n

M S m u l 2 5 21 ar -
a e . ,
. i dol t r a e s, 2 , 47 7 .

A b n r co u i f S
e ] q u l iti
,
s n O an ,
a es
Ab d h th
o a ,
e, D ay of Ato m t ne en

1, 84 5 T mp l rvic po m 3 e e on,

—
O f -
. e e se , ,
,

fr e es Is r l from
ae t he Phili s 114 15 .

ti I 1 08 ne s . ,
. Ab o g e t , a ll g e ed po i o r s ne Of

m k I hbo h t h S ul u
a es s s e a
’
s s c we ll s, 4 , 1 02 .

c or 1 1 08 e ss . ,
. A b ra b a n e l Dormi do ; I c . S ee sa a

act u l fo u d r f t h ki g a n e O e n b J ud h ; I
en c II f a saa ,
so n O

d m of t h T Tri b 1
o e en es, , I c ;
s aa I c I I I f saa ,
so n O

l 08 .
J ud h L o ; J ud h L o ;
a e n a e n

j lea o us O f J o l a ) , I ,
1 09 . S mu l I a S mu l I I e : a e .

w er of l 109
o
Ab r ab l f mi l y th
an e d a ,
e, e
p
.
,

c d d from D vi d 3 4 3
,

kill A h l l 1 10 s sa e . ,
.
s en e a , ,
.

S ee Be n ve n ida
u d of cov ti g R izp h n a l A b ra b a n e l a .

a cc se e , ,
.

1 10 A b ra dh i , c liph of t h a e E as t ,

vizi r of f vor S di
.

ah , 3
j i i
—
a s aa
o ns Da v d . 1 , 1 10 1 1 -
. , ,

2 00
m urd e re d, l ,
il l 12 .
.
 I N DEX . 145

Ab rah am , i c ipl of M r of d s e ei b
l A rah am b e n I s aac, h e ad of t h e

R oth b urg 4 7 4 en , ,
. coll g of N rbo e 3 3 92 e a nne , , .

A br h m a mo k co v rt to
a ,
n ,
n e so n i l w of 3 3 9 9
-
h -
a , , .

J ud i m 3 21 a s , ,
. A b r h m b n M i r I b n E z ra
a a e e -

Ab r h m a p tri rch c q uir

a a a a es ( 1 08 8 p r o lity of e na

3 3 66—
, , s ,

M chp l h 1 4
a e a , , . 7 381
, , .

mo oth i t 1 5n e s , ,
. a ttit ud of to w r d t h K e , a s e a

virt u of 1 6 es , , . ra it e s , 3 , 3 66 .

r v r d by t h I r lit
e e e 1 e s ae e s, an d J eh uda H a l vie an d Mo s e s
6—
,

7 z r 3 3 67
Ibn E -
a,

po try of 3 3 6 7 —8
.
,
.

impr M hom t 3 7 1
e ss e s a e , ,
. e , , .

i thn Zoh r 4 23 e a , ,
. as x g t 3
an e e e e, ,
3 68, 37 0 1, -

A b r h m f A r g n oc uli t 3
a a o a o s 37 1
—
, , ,

5 83 . pov rty of e ,
3 68 9 .

A b rah am d B a l m phy ici e e s, s an in t h e E a s t 3 , 3 69

om 3 13 69—
.
,

d gr mm ri
an 4 411 a a an , ,
in R 71 e, , .

i tr uct Chri ti
ns i H s s an s n e as gr mm ri
a 3 37 1 37 4 a a an , , , .

br w 4 4 7 3 e , , . a dh r to t h M or 3 3 7 1
e es e as s a, , .

Ab r h am d B y a tr v l r i
a e e ,
a e e n a t M t u d L ucc 3 3 7 1
an a an a, , .

Port ug u mploy 4 3 68 e se e , ,
. i o uth r Fr c 3 3 7 3
n s e n an e .

A b r h am a f G ran a da K bb l o ,
a a po m e by J cob T m 3 o n, a a ,
—
,

i s t , 4 , 1 96 7 37 3, 37 6
Lo do 3 3 7 3 —
. .

A b rah a m de H e rre ra . S ee H e r in 4 n n, , .

e ra r
A a a de ,
br h m . as philo oph r 3 3 7 3 s e , ,
.

Ab rah a m b en C h a s da l , Ma im u d f e d t h S bb th v
en s e a a e e, 3 , 37 4
l t y r of 3 3 7 4—
.

n s i t po t 3 3 8 8 5 60
,
as e , , , . as 5 ea s , , .

de n o u c Solomo of Mo t
n es n n so n of 3 3 7 5 , , .

p e l l i e r, 3 , 5 44 . i fl u c of
n I t li
en e , on a an J e w s,

pigr m by
e a , 3 , 5 44 . 3 , 4 23 .

Ab r h m b na a e C h i y a A l b a rg e a tt ck a ed by N a c h m an i , 3 , 5 3 4 ,
l on i ( 1 06 5 as tro om r n e ,
6 08 .

3 , 3 1 3 ; 4 , 1 20 . th e work of u d by R y s ,
se a

A br h ma a b en D avi d of Po s m u d M rti 3 622 n a n, ,

.

q ui er es ( R ab e d II, 1 1 25 d ou c d
en h r tic 3 624
n e as a e e , , .

T lm udi t
a s , as a co n admir d by Y d y B d r i
e e a a e a es ,

t ro ve rs i al i s t , 3 , 3 89 , 3 9 9 . 4 , 43 .

d i cipl of Abr h m b
s e a a en I s aa c th e work of t udi d i t h s s e n e

fo urt th c t ury 4 1 43—

, ,

3 , 3 92 . 4 een en , , .

fr i en d of J uda h I b n Tib b o n , -
th P t t uch comm t ry
e en a e en a

3 , 3 97 . by comm t d upo 4 1 4 4
, en e n, , .

w rit es a Mis h n a comm e n t a ry , comm t ry th work of

en a on e s ,

3 , 399 . 4, 1 91 .

critici M imo i d se s a n es
’
Mi sh n e e x g i of pr i
e es s , a se d by R e uch
Tor h 3 4 9 0 a , , . l in , 4 , 4 42 .

d th of 3 4 90
ea , , . comm t ry by i en a , n th e Bom
all g d fo u d r of
e e n e th e K ab b rg Bibl 4 4 7 6
e e, , .

b l 3 5 47 a a, , . st udi d by Sp i o za
e n , 5 , 88 .
1 46 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S
’

br h m Be n v e n i s t e S en i o r
A br h m a b en Sa mu l e Ab ul a fi a A a a
a
K b b li t a s 4, 3, ( ti
co n n u d ) promot e t h
,
es e
( 1 24 0 a ,

m rri g of I b ll of C
a a e sa e a as

4—
11
yo uth d i d l of 4
,

5 19 til 4 28 0 e, .

y t m of 5 5 —
,
an ea s .

, ,

fri d of I c Ab r b l 4 3 4 1
,

en s aa a an e , , .

6 14
s s e
cc pt b pti m 4 3 5 1
.
, , ,

s a s
di cipl of 4 6 8 1 0 a e .
, ,
s es
Coro l
.
, , , ,

S l
e e a so ne .

i I t ly 4 6 f vorit of
A br h m
n a
B i b a e
.
.

g a o,
.

a a
impri o d 4 7 s ne
oh I I of A r go 4 2 7 5 n,
—
.
,
,
J n a ,
.

M i ic cl
e ss an
im of 4 7 8 a s , ,
-
.

A br h a m aF ri l ( 1 4 5 1 1 5 25 )
a ss o

w ork of 4 8 s ,
.

Bi b l comm t tor d g
e en a an e

—
,

d cle r d h r tic
a 4 e
6 25 a e e , ,
.

o g ra p h e r, 4 , 41 1 12
M
.

A br h m b a S h ai r S en er a . ec ar
p ro t e g e
of He rc ul es d E st e I ,
’

4 , 412 13 — .

A br h m a a Ib n -
A l f a ch a r ( 1160 pol mic w riti g of 4 4 1 3
e n s , ,
.

f vorit of lfo o I l l a e A ns
A br h m a I r a l x m m u i s ae ,
e co n

of C til 3 3 8 4 5 c t oppo l
’
E ib h ii t z s
-

as e . ,
.

a es e sc

a
mb dor t Morocco 3 3 8 5
a s sa o , ,
.

ut
ne 5 2 64 s, ,
.

en co ur g T lm ud t udy 3 a es a s , ,
A br a h m K l aau n r compil s e ,
es

386 .
th c u tom of v r iou com
e s s a s

A br h m a a I bn -
D ud H l v i a a e
m un it ie s 4 , ,
134 .

( 1 1 10 phy ici phil s an ,

b
A r h m
a L v i a S p n i h x i l e ,
a s e e,

d h i tori 3 an , K bb li t 4 4 8 1
ph e r
o so an s , a s
—
.
a , ,
.

3 63 6 .
A br h m ( a A b u l
a m n i ) M a i m u ni e

p r t g of 3 3 6 4
a en a e , ,
.

( 1 1 8 5 of M imo so n a n

tt i m t of 3 3 6 4 i d h i ucc or 3 4 9 3
—
a a n en s , ,
.

e s, s s e ss , ,
.

as hi tori
an 3 3 64 3 6 5
s 6 an , , ,
.
T lm udi t d phi lo oph r 3
a s an s e , ,

as a s ci ti t 3 3 6 4 en s 49 5
—
.
, , .

as philo oph r
a 3 3 6 4 5 vi it d by r bbi m igr tin g
s e , ,
.

s e a s e a

t
s yl of 3 3 6 6 e , to P l ti 3 5 05
,
.
a es ne, ,
.

d t h of 3
ea 3 86 d th tt ck upo h i a a s n s

f th r 3 5 25 —
, ,
.
an e

t h w orke of co ult d by 6 5 45 ,
ns e
a e , , ,
.

B g 5 196
as na A br h m M i m u i I I
e . gr t ,
.
a a a n ,
ea

A br h m I b a Sh
a h n chol r gr d o of M imo i d
n -
os a ,
s a , an s n a n e s,

Sp i h xil i E gypt 4
an s co v rt K r it to R be e n a a es a

—
, , n e s

b i m 4 7 1 2 an s , ,
.

A b r h m I b n Z r z l phy ici
a a A br h m M n z dir ctor of t h -
a a ,
s an a a e ,
e e

d trolog r 4 1 1 6
an as P du coll g 4 4 1 0 e , ,
.
a a e e, ,
.

A br h m a f M
a i r d, A br h m so n S b K bb li t o an e s s e c a a a a, a a s ,

V o ul 4 1 5 0 es l v Port ug l 4 3 8 1
, ,
. ea es a , ,
.

A br h m B d r i po t
a a l gy A br h m Y i h k i e ti S b a es e e e a a z c a ,
an
-
a

—
, ,

by 3 5 7 9 .
,
b ti 5 220 1 . a an , ,
.

comp r d w i t h h i a 4 42 e A br a h m Z ut di cipl of s so n , ,
. a ac o, s e

A br h m a B v ai t S i r I c Ah o h pro o u c h i en en s e en o ,
saa a ,
n n es s

di g n it ry t th co urt of f u r l or tio 4 3 6 6
a a e ne a a n, ,
.

J u I I of C til 4 228
an uth or of tro om ic l l as e . ,
. a an as n a ca

fr m t h l w of Avil 4 29
a es d r 4 3 67 3 7 2
e a a, ,
2
. en a , , ,
.
 148 s ro s v o r T H E: J E u
ru s .

Ab u I -
sa . S ee O b a ia h Ab u I sa -
b l Ar b I b n M h ( n
A u a -
01 s a co

ben I s h k a . t inn d) cc u M imo i d e ,

a se s a n es

Ab u I h k l R l vi i M h m
s a a -
r ,
a o e of po t y from I l m 3 a s as s a

t po t my of t h J w
an e , e ne e e s 474 .

of G r d 3 2 7 8 ana a, , . b l B r k a t H ib t A l l ah b
A u -
a a -
en

Ab u I h k I b M h j r vi z ir
s a n -
o a a , M lk S e N th
a i l a . c a an e .

to t h Almor vi d A l i 3 e a e .
, A b ul h n ki g of Morocco
as s a ,
n ,

3 12 .
t w r w ith C
a . til 4 8 4a as e, ,
.

Ab u J c b Y u uff A l m t
a o ss os an A b ul h A br h m b n M r
a s s an a a e ei

i r A lmoh d
s , r ul r of M a e e o Ib K m i l n phy ici
-
a n a ,
s an ,

rocco 3 3 8 5 , , .
vizi r to t h Almor vi d Al i e a e ,

Ab u J f r I b
-
Al j
a a r M n -
ez z a ,
a
3 , 3 12 .

h m t di cipl
o of I c
e an s e saa
p tro of Mo
a n se s Ibn E -
zr a, 3 , 3 20 .

I r li 3 1 8 1
s ae , , .

A b ul h a s s a n J e h uda b e n Sa ue m l
Ab u J f r A l m ur c li ph
a a an s ,
a ,
l
H a e v i ( I b n A l e v i ) S ee J e -
l .

impri o A b D vi d s ns nan en a
h ud l vi
— a Ha
,
e .

30 .

A b ul h a s s a n J eh uda I b n E z ra , -

A b u K rib A d T b ki g
-
a a ss a o an , n
broth r of Mo e se s -
I bn E -
zr a,
of Y m b i g Y thrib e e n, es e es a ,
3 , 3 18 .

3 , 62 .

b lk i m I b n A l rif vizir of
A u as -
a
co v rt to
n e J uda i m s . 3 , 63 .

H a usb p tro of S m u l a n
,

a e

Ib —
d of 3
,
e n 63
3
,
N gr l
, .

n 25 6 a e a,
so of 3
ns , ,
64 .

A b ul k im M h m t as sS ee AI a o
,

e
.

A b ul a fi a . Se c A br h m a a ben
Mut am e d
.

mu l : A b ul a fi a, Mo s e s ;
.

Sa e

J o ph b se en T o dro s : L vi b
e en
A b ul m e n i A br h m Mai m u i a a n .

S A br h m M i m u i
To dro s : Me i r ben T o dro s
ec a a a n .

l l a l e vi : S a mu l e be n Me i r Al
A b ul ri S h l
sa b Ma l i h a a en z ac

l vi : o ph T o dro s b e n J
K h o prop g di t for
en , a an s

K r i m 3 203—
a se .

A b ul fi M rr o g t of F a 5 a s

co trov r i li t 3 204—
a a, a an a en er , , .
.

di d d I
na n b ll oppo an sa e a, se s
as n 5 e s a s , , .

th I q ui itio 4 3 13 n
H br w tyl of 3 204 206
e e s e
e s n, , , , .

A b ul v l i d M r v n I b n J n a h
, .

b ur t t t h t k 4 3 1 7
n a e s a e, , .
a e a -
a c .

A b ul fi a M a, cc u d o se s , a se o f S J o
ec h M ri u na a n s .

rit u l m urd r 5 6 3 6 a e A b u M n ur S m u l b a Ch
s a e en a

6 3 6—
, , .

t ort ur d 5 7 e y N g id i vit J h u
n an a, a n es e

3 4 0—
. , . ,

t ur M hom t
ns 5 a e an ,
,
d H l vi to C iro
a a e 1 a , .

A b ul fi f mi ly t h
a a of t h a ,
e , e no
s ucc or of 3 4 4 3
e ss , , .

bili f y of J w i h S p i e s a n, 3 A b um l ik l d e Moori h r , ea s a s a

my g i t C til 4 8 4 a a ns as e, , .

m mb r of p ri h duri g t h
e e s , e s n e kill d 4 8 5
e .
, .

Bl ck D th 4 1 13
a e a , , . Ab u r A z ri
n as s a of J o ph a a, s o n se
A b ul A l A r bic po t 3 1 9 9
-
a, a e , ,
. lb V g ln fl to L uc
-
a re a , e es e n a,
A b ul A r b I b M i h M a n -
o s
’

a, a 3 , 27 9 .

h m t oth ologi e d a n e an an th of 3 28 4
de a , , .

p t fri d of M imo i d
oe . e n a n e s. Ab u S h l Al i ( 8 3 5
-
a a m e di

l w rit r 3 1 4 6
ca e , , .
 I NT) E ) L 14
9

mim
A b us ah al D un a sh b e n T a . A c a de mi B aby l n i
es, th e o an

S Du h b eeT mim n as en a .
( co n t inu d) r p ct p i d to
e , es e a ,

Ab u S i d b n C h l f n H l v i
. a e a o a e ,
in th i th c t ury 3 1 6 0
e n n en , , .

fri d of J h ud H l vi 3en e a a e , , S ee a l so under Pum b e di t h a a nd

340 . S or a .

Ab u -
Yu
uf C h a s da1 b en I s a a c
ss A c ad m i t h B by l
e e s, e a o n ian , li t
s

I b n S h a p rut of
'

S ee C h a s dai
-
.

I b n Sh a p rut
F ir uz—Sh b ur
-
.

a
A b u Y us s ufi A l m an s ur, A lmo
,
-
M c h uz a a,

h d pri c i tro duc

a e n e, n es a N h dé
a ar a,

g rb for po t t J w 3 N r a e s,
S r
a a s a e e s,

5 1 1—
,
o a .

12
i n i an
.

A ca dem i e s , t h e Pa l es t o ri
A b u urj Mih i r
z i v tor of -

,
n en ,

g in o f, 2 , 3 24
ch 3 7 e s s, , .
.

Ab y d S bb t Z vi imp i
o s, a a al e r s
es a t bli h s ed by the d i cipl of s es

o n e d at , 5 ,
1 48 , 1 5 1 .
J o c h an an b en Z kk i 2 a a , ,

335
en rich ed by the Sa bb ti a an s,
.

5 , 1 49 .
fr q u t d by B bylo i
e en e a n an s t u

A ca de m i es , th e B ab y l o n i an ,
d t 2 5 11 5 31
en s, , , .

au thority of th e pri cip n al s d cli

e of 2 5 4 3 5 48 5 60
ne , , , , .

of 2 5 4 7 , , .
m tho d of 2 5 5 7 —8
e , ,
.

clo d u d r Kob d 3 4
se n e a , , . See under Acb a ra ; Be k n n ; Cre
r ope -
d 3 5 ene , , . sa r ; ea E mm a us ; m i
J a n a;

wo rk of 3 6 , , . Ly dd ; a Se p p h o ri s ; Tib ri e as ;

g iv r ligio u i tru t io to
e e s ns c n S chool s .

th A r bi J w 3 59
e a an e s, , . A c a de my at J er us al em , fo u n de d

p ri cip l of d po d by t h
n a s , e se e by th e V e g 5 as , ,
1 26 .

E xil a rc h s , 3 , 9 1 . A c a de my of Sc i n c e es B rl in at e ,

p d t of ch oth r i
i n de en en ea e n priz of w e , on by M d l en e s

i t r l ff ir
n e 96 na a a s, . oh 5 3 03 4
s n, ,
-
.

o rg i z t io of u d r t h
an a n n e e M d l oh
en propo d n

c liph 3 9 6—
, e ss se as

a 7 s, , . m mb r of 5 3 08
e e , , .

o fii of t h p r id t of t
ce e es en , no A b r
e a a, t of J d se a a n n al s
’
a ca e

h r dit ry 3 9 6
e e a , , . my 2 4 7 0 , , .

m t i g of i Ad r d E l ul
ee n s , n a an , A cc h ( A cco ; Acr ; Ptol m i ;
o e e a s

3 , 97 . St J dA r ) b uilt bye an
’
c e

—
.
,

in com of 3 e , ,
97 8 . th C it 1 3
e a n a an es, , .

p r y r for a e s th e de p rt
a ed at , urr d r to Sh lm
s en r 1 e s a an e se

3 , 1 01 . 26 4 .

th e h
of xcomm u ic t e a ds , e n a e fortific t io of d troy d by a ns , es e

A b D vi d 3 1 3 4
n an en a Ptol my I 1 4 1 7 e

3 1 3 4—
, .
, , , .

th K r it
e 5 a a es on , , . th i h bit
e t of thr tn a an s , ea en

and th l ctio of t h E xil e e e n e th G lil J ud

e 1 a e an ae an s ,

rcha3 1 37 , , . 47 5 .

h ol d loof fro m I l m th ola s a e J o thna an H ap h us m t ee s De

o gy , 3 , 1 48 . m e t rius at , 1 , 496 .
 I U ST O R Y o r Ta s j s us .

1 50

o th Ha A chm ed I u lt an , J e wi h s wo
A cch ( c ti
s
o on nued) J na an ,
,

pri o r m un de r 4 , 6 29 , 6 3 0
ph u t k
at , 1, en
.
,
a en s ne
s
A chm d S h iet n vic roy of a a ,
e
499 .

E gypt tr ch ry of 4 3 9 5 ea e
rr r to Ptol my
.

V III, ,
,

u
,
e n de e
s s
v g him lf t h J w e s

—
se on e
a en es
2 , 40
of C iro 4
.

3 9 5 6
V es p i as an pr p r e a es for h is a , ,
.

A ch un a i S ec C h a n a n ya
’

J udze a n c mp ig
a a n at , 2 , 28 5
bri
.

l
.

U ri l
.

Ac t ( G ) S ee e a e
T lm udi t lfth o s a,
.

s in , in t h e t w e
a

c t ur
s

3 , 4 27
Co t Uri l d s a, e a .

en y .
.

A cr t ha, p rt of J r u e,l m a a e sa e ,

M imo i d
a n es at . 3 , 45 6 .

b ur t by Tit u 2 3 08
n s, ,
.

N ach man i at , 3 , 6 05 B ri Bir h )

A cr A l i a
.

( ar p ; ; c a o s a s ,

K b b li t c t r 3 626
a a s en e , ,
.

th th e, T mpl cit d l e e e a e ,
“ ui d
K bb li t of b ur t h G
a a s s ,
n e e
b uilt by N h mi h 1 3 8 2 e e a , , ,

of t h P rpl x d 3 6 3 1 e e e e , ,
.

5 85
imo i tomb
.

M a d t d r n es
’
a ,
e se c a
g rri o d by Scop
a s ne a s, 1 , 433 .

t e d, 3 ,
63 1 .

Gr k m t ught i
ee
r“
a cs a n, 1 , 44 5 .

Ma im un is t s i n 3 6 3 1 r f ug of t h H ll t
—
, ,
.

e e e e e n is s , 1,
D a vi d Ma imun i a t 3 , ,
632 3 .

45 1 .

the J ew s of b lott ,
ed o ut ,
3, occ up i ed by M en e a l us ,
1 , 4 7 0,
65 0 .
47 8 .

c
A ha of D ip h t a, propo se d as b i g es e ed by J uda s Ma cc a b aeus ,

pri cip l of t h n a e S or a a c a de
1 , 47 8 .

my 2 6 27 , ,
.
He ll i t l v 1 4 8 0
en s s ea e, ,
.

A ch b J cob
a en a ,
on Ch m of a a r i forc d by B cch i d
e n e a es 1,

N a h a rde a , 2 , 5 9 5 .
491 .

c
A h ai b ar H un a , A mor a, com b i g es e ed by J o t h na an H a p h us ,
pil r of e th e B bylo ia n an Tal 1 , 49 5 .

m ud ,
2 , 63 1 .
s u rr e n de r to s S imo n T h a rs i ,

A ch i l t bli h Chri
a a, Pa u es a s es s 1 , 5 23 .

ti comm u iti i 2 227

an n es n, ,
.
th e tow r of e s ,
ta k en d ow n, 1,

Ac hb ér t ch r of t h L w e a 5 24
—
ea e
, .

mo g t h Ar bic J w 3
a n e a e s, , c ll
d Bir
a he 1 5 2 4 5 a , ,
.

59 . w if d chi l dr
e of Ari t b
an en s o

A ch r li h b Ab uy
e . S ec E s a en a . ul u I I impri o d i 2 58
s s ne n, ,
.

A hi b
c pr v t H ro d from
a ,
e en s e c ll d A to i 2 1 06
a e n n a, ,
.

committi g uici d 2 1 1 6 n s e, ,
. S A to i
ee n n a .

A chi h Phili ti
s ki g i ,
s ne n ,
n A r b t n
c a th S m rit
a e of e, e a a an s ,

fri dly r l tio w ith D en e a ns a l ught r d by t h Z lot

s a e e e ea s,

vid, 1, 1 01 2 -
2 , 24 3
m—
. .

a ck o w l dg
n e es D vi d ki g
a n ,
1, A crab a t t i n e , th e I du az a n s

1 08 .
riv dut of by en o ,
J uda s
A c h l t ub , gr a n ds o n o f E l i, high M cc b u 1 4 7 4
a a ae s. ,
.

pri t t N b 1 7 9 es a o , ,
. i v t d by Simo b r
n es e n a G i o ra ,
A chly fir t E xil rch k o wa, s a n n, 2, 2 , 29 3 .

5 00 . A c rap o l i s , t h e . S ee A cr a, th e .

A ch ly a . S ee a l so Chiy a . A cr e . Sec A ccho .

 152 H S OR I T Y OF TH E ] E \V S .

Ad ri an o pl e,
'

l xa ra it e s mov to e ,
A fric a, n o rth r n ( c nt inued) t h e o , e

4 , 25 9 .
Se ph r dic l it urgy dopt d
a a e

t he p i h xil S 4 4 05 an s e es 1 11 . in ,
4, 198 .

J o ph K ro t 4 5 5 7 Port ug u co q u t th e se n es s on e

1 5 4—
se a a , ,
.

S h b t i Z vi
a t 5 66
a a e a
co t of 4 21 8 as , ,
.

1 5 8—
.
, ,

N th aGh ti t 5 an 9 az a a , , ,
M rr o fl a to 4 3 1 8
an s ee , ,
.

Sp i h xil i 4 3 5 2 3 5 8
an s e es n

3 131 —
161 ,

2 3 89—
.
,

Sa b b ti a ans of , de vot ed t o Sa b 96 , .

b t i d c d t of Port ug u
en an e se
’

a a 5 1 63 es s
,
.
,

(
‘

a rdo s o at , 5 ,
2 07 .
M rr o i 4 3 8 1
a an s n, ,
.

Sab b ti a ans in 5 2 10 .
Sp i h pok i by t h x
an s s en n, e e
, ,

A dri pl an o e, th e J of di e w s ,
il 4 3 8 9 e s, , .

vide d i ton na tio l gro up na s, emigr tio of Port ug u

a n e se

4 , 47 8 .
M rr o to forbi dd
a 4 an s , en, ,

co i d r t r di g
ns e a n w t ih l ’
e s a ro ,
5 08 .

4, 579 .
A fric ( n orth r ) t h J w f
a e n ,
e e s o ,

A du l l m D vi d t 1 1 1 6
a ,
a a , ,
.
co pir g i t t h V i i
ns e a a ns e s

A dult ry rit u l for e u p ct d , a s s e e gothic mpir 3 1 08 e e, , .

of b oli h d 2 23 8 id T rik 3 1 09
a a

p r c ut d 3 3 5 7 —
c as e s . a s e , ,
. a .

l w g i t i viol t 2 4 2 4
a s a a ns ,
n a e, ,
.
e se 60 4 5 1 e , , , .

A d v ic to t h R pr t t iv
e e e e se n a es A fric V i ig th i c t h J w
a, of s o ,
e e s ,

of t h P opl by V e e e,
”
an joy civil
en d politic l an . a

Sw i d g i t th m e e n, a a ns e e an q u lity 3 4 5
e a , , .

ip t i
c of t h D utch J w
a on e e s, Ag d a th pop ul r xpo it io
a, e, a e s n

5 4 5 3—4,
of t h Proph t d h i t ri
e e s an s o

2 3 28—
.

E li C pit l i n
a m of J r u
a o a, na e e l writi g
ca 9 n s, , .

l m u d r H dri of J h Z kk i 2
—
sa e 2 n e a an , 7
b oc an an en a a , ,

42 1 2 . 3 29 .

E l i us H a d ri an . S ec H a d ri an .
us e d by R M r 2 4 4 0 . el , , .

A fi a, Aa r on, s ci ti t en s i n Sa lo n th e s t udy of pr f rr , e e ed in
ic a , 4 , 4 05 . J udae a , 2 , 5 4 0 .

A fric a ( no rth r n ) K r it e ,
a a es ia c ultiv t a ed by the broth r of e s

fl ue n ti l i i th t a th n, n e en ce n R bb a a b ar N a c h m a n i, 2,
t ury 3 207 ,
, . 575 —
6 .

J wi h
e c ptiv tr port d
s a es ans e c ultiv t a ed un de r Th o do e si us
to 3 2 1 3 , , . 1 1 , 2 , 6 23 .

st ud t from t t h Cor dov

e n s , a e a in y gog u forbi dd n
the s na e e

T lm ud chool 3 228
a s , , . by J u ti i I 3 1 4 s n an , , .

p r t of t h
a F t i m id C li ph e a e a m i f t t h pirit of J ud
an es s e s a
at e , 3 , 24 3 , is m ,
3 , 15 .

T lm ud uthoriti of i t h
a a es n e fr q u t
e en us e of in t h e y
l v t h c t ury 3 24 8 —
, , s na
e e en9 en , , .
g o g ue s of t h e E as t , 3 , 16 .

A b r h m [b u E z r i
a 3 3 69a -
a n, , .
c ultiv t a ed a mo g n the A a ic r b
asyl um for p r c ut d J w e se e e s I ews
.
. 3, 59 .

in t h fif t t h c t ury 4 e ee n en , r pl c
e a ed by neo -
He br a ic poe
1 07 -
3 .
t ry , 3 1 16
, .
 I N DEX .
1 53

A g a da, th e ( cont inued) , c ulti A g o b ard ( co nti nued) ,

tri to t es se

va t e d by E l z r
ea a ben K lir a us the Lo i us Pio a g i t th
a ns

165 —
, e

3 , 1 17 . J e w s, 3, 8 .

s t udi ed by Fr ch d I t li en an a an joi ns the co pir cyns a a g i t

a ns

J ew s i th i th c t ury
n e n n en , mpr the
3 1 68 e e s s, ,
.

3 , 15 0 . ucc
s or to 3 1 7 0 e ss , , .

use d by R hi 3 28 8 as , ,
. A g ra n m o i p ctor of m r
-
o os, ns e a

use d by t h T fi t 3 e o ssa s s, ,
3 45 .
k t A bb Ar k ppoi t d
e s, a -
e a a n e

e ff e ct of A i tic J w , on s a e s, 3, a s, 2, 5 12 .

440 . choic of l ft to e , e the J e w s, 2,

co t i n philo ophic l d
a ns s a oc 61 6 .

tri ccor di g to M imo

n es a n a Ag ri c ult ur mo g t h J w of e, a n e e s

i d 3 47 9
n e s, ,
. th Fr ki h d B urg u
e an s an n

r co cil d with philo ophy by

e n e s di ki g dom 3 3 5
an n s, , .

A br h m M im u i 3 4 9 5
a a a n , ,
.
occ up tio of t h J w of a n e e s

r j ct d by M imo i d
e e e 3 a n e s, , Cri 3 4 24 ssa , , .

5 23 , 5 3 3 .
J w r trict d to by Fr d r
e s es e , e e

cc pt lit r lly by Solomo

ed a n ick I I 3 5 69
—
a e e
,
.
,

b A br
en h m 3 5 27 8 a a , ,
.
occ up tio of t h i mmigr t a n e an s

vi w of h l d by N h m i 3
e e ac an
P l ti 4 7 4
5 3 3 5 3 5 5 9 9—
, , , i n a es n e, ,
.

,
6 00 ,
.
S e al s R e l t t o ea es a e .

i th
n K bb l 3 5 49 5 5 2
e a a a, , ,
.

A g ri g n t um J w i
e i th ,
e s n, n e
u d by P blo Chr i t i i 3
se a s an , , ixth c t ury 3 28
s en .
, ,

A g ri pp I ( 1 0 B C E — 44 C
5 99 .

a
tio li z d by Solomo
. . . .

b en
ra na e n
gr d o of M ri m an di s n a a ne, s
Adr t 3 6 1 9
t i g ui h d by C lig ul
e , 2
.
,
n a,
'

s e a
u d by R ym u d M rti
,
se a n a n, 3 ,
17 5 .

622 .

ed u c t a ed with th e so n of Ti
a u thority of 4 21 4 , ,
.

b e rius , 2 , 1 7 5
cl r d W itho ut utho ity by
.

de a e a r

Musa
appoi t d to o ffi c i T i
n e an e n
C h ay i m I b n 4 , 23 7
h ri
-
.
,
2 17 5
e as ,
qu ot e d, 4 , 242 .

co urti r of t h gov r or of
, .

Marg a l it a e e e n
re vil ed by A ar o n
Syri
,

2 17 5 a, ,
.

5 1 94
uppl t d by h i broth r 2
,
.

us e d by M h im r 5 5 8 1 an n e e , ,
.
s an e s e , ,

17 5
A g a g Am l kit ki g d f t d
.

a e e n e ea e

by S ul 1 9 1— i t
l x d r L y im by
, ,

a ss s e d A e an e s

2 17 5 —
2 a , ,
.

hu 6
k ill d 1 9 3
e
ac s, ,
.

ki dly tr t d by Tib ri u 2
.
, ,

A g ap m l of t h N z n ea e e s,
th e, e ea e a a ,

17 6
re n e s , 2 , 223
.

impri o d 2 1 7 6
.

A g en , m ti g pl c of
ee n -
a e the P as s
s ne , ,
.

t o ure a ux, 4 , 5 6 .
r l d 2 17 7
e e as e , , .

bi hop of Lyo
A g o b ard, i s n s, h ki g of Philip t tr rchy
n
’
s e a , 2,
cit r b llio g i Lo ui
es e e n a a n s 17 7 .

th Pio u 3 1 64
e s, , .
a cc u H ro d A tip
se s e n as of
r fue to r tor ru w y
se s es e a na a tr ch ry to C lig ul
ea e a a, 2,

l v to Lyo J w 3 1 64
s a e a ns e , ,
. 17 7 .
1 54 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

A gri pp a I ( ti u d) r ul r of
co n n e ,
e A gripp I I ( c nti nu d) a d o e ,
se n s

G lil a ee d P r an2 17 7 e ae a , ,
. t roop t J r u l m 2 25 9 s o e sa e , ,
.

ro u se s th r tm e t of t h e se n en e p l c of b ur t 2 26 0
a a e ,
n , , .

Al x dri Gr k 2 18 1 se nd co ti g t to t h R a n n en e 0
—
e an an ee s, s
,

1 82 .
m rmy 2 2
an64 5 a , , .

and C lig ul dict co c ra

'
a s n e n Tib ri u d r 2 27 3
e as n e

2 1 8 8—
e , , .

i g im g n 9 a e s, V rua r pr t tiv of 2
s e e se n a e , ,

—
.
,

ki g of l l P l ti 2 1 9 0
n a a es ne , ,
. 27 4 5 .

coi i ho or of 2 1 9 0 1 9 4
ns n n , , ,
. th ei h bit t of G m l
n a an s a a a re

ch g i t h ch r ct r of 2
an e n e a a e , ,
volt g i t 2 27 5 a a ns , , .

19 1 r l tio of to J o ph u
e a n se s, 2,
pop ul rity of 2 1 9 1—
.
,

2 a , ,
. 27 8 .

pi t of 2 1 9 2
e y m t V p i
ee 2 28 5
s es as an

l ck p trioti m 2 28 8—
, .
, ,
.
,

d gi f t
se n t Ath
s 2 1 93 s o ens, ,
.
a s 9 a s , , .

f vor C r
a d S b
s t ae s a ea an e as e , p y hom g to G lb 2 29 9
a s a e a a, ,
.

2 , 19 4 h lp Tit u i t h i g of J
—
. e s s n e s e e e

pl of for J
ans ,
udae a ,
2, 19 4 5 .
rus a l e m 2, ,
3 02 .

h mp r d b y
a e e V ib i us Ma rs us , s p ct tor
e a at t h e de a h t of J u
2, 19 5 . daea n s i n t h e a r of C
ena aes

a lli ed w ith E as t r pri c

e n n e s, 2, r Ph ili ppi 2 3 1 2
a ea
—
, .
,

195 6 . f ll of 2 3 1 7
a , , .

de ath of 2 1 9 6 an d J u tu of Tib r i s s e as, 2,

m mory of i ult d 2 1 9 6—7
,

—
.
,

e ,
ns e , ,
. 3 1 9 20 .

A gripp II ( 27 a of so n all vi t t h b ur d
e of
a es e en s th e
A gripp I propo d ki g a ,
se as n co q u r d J w 2 3 3 2
n e e e s, , , 33 3 .

of J ud 2 1 96 a
e a, , . G lil
a giv to 2 3 3 3
ee en , , .

i tro duc J ud
n voy t es ae a n en s o tr tm t of by Tit u
ea en , s, 2,
Cl udi u 2 1 9 8
a s, ,
.
3 88 .

pri c of ( h l i 2
n e
‘

a c s, , th of 2 3 8 8
de a , , .

an d hi i t r 2 23 5 s s s e , ,
.
A gripp i wi f of Cl udi u
n a, e a s,

t it ul r ki g of J ud
a 2 23 6 n e a,
a ,
.
f vor bl to t h H ro di
a a e e e ans,

ki g of Philip t tr rchy 2
n
’
s e a , 7 2 , 24 5 .

24 5 .
g il r B r
A u a d v th
, a on e, sa es e

g iv fo ur t o w
en d Tib ri ns an e as , J w of Mor vi from x
2 245 —
e s a a e

,6 .
orbit t t x 5 25 2 an a es, , .

a cc u d of cro chi g upo

se en a n n i t rc d for t h Mor vi
n e e es e a an
th privil g of t h T mpl
e e es e e e d Boh mi
an J w 5 25 3 e an e s,

2 247 —
, .

uthoriti
a 8 e s, , .
A g ui l r d gov r or of P l
a e, e n a
,
b ri b d to m k e J o hu b a e s a en m k for G ibr lt r
a, asa s a a as
( l m l a h igh pri t 2 24 9
a a es r f ug for M rr o 4 282
e e a an
, , .
s, ,
.

summo l l J ud nsto J a a
e ans e A g ui l r R ph
a l M , d a ae o ses
’
,
u l m for t h P
r sa e ov r of e as s e S bb ti a 5 139 1 60 a an , , , .

2s t A g ui l r t h J w of d troy d
a , e e s , es e ,

op p d to r vol utio ry
o se e na

m ur 2 2 5 7 8
e as e s. -

A h b a so n of O mri w if of e l
1 9 6—
, .

, , , ,
fl from J r u l m 2 25 8
ees e sa e , , . 1 94, 7 .
1 56 rusro nv o r T H EZ J E WS .

Ai x l a -
Ch p l l ( ti n u d) t h
-
a e e co n e , e A kib o ph ( ntinu d)
a b en J se co e ,

Co gr of t h m cip
n e ss , e e an a v d Rom
e api 2 4 24
es an s es, , .

t io of t h J w di c u d
n e s s sse m rtyr dom of 2
a

by 5 5 25 —
e , ,

7 , ,
.
di cipl sof or d i d 2 4 29
es ,
a ne , ,
.

A jub i d th m k E gypt t h
es, e. a e e di cipl sof r t ur to J udes ,
e n aea ,

I l m c s a t r 3 45 7 en e , ,
.
2, 43 3 .

A kb r K r it c t r 3 1 5 7
a a, a a e en e , ,
.
f vorit di cipl of 2 4 3 6
a e s e , , .

th J w
e of i t h t w lfth
e s n e e di l ctic of
a e dopt d by M s a e e 1 r,

2 4 3 8—
,
,

c t ury 3 4 29
en , , . 40 ,
.

Ak b it th
ar K r it ct
es , e, a a a e se , fir t compil r of t h Mi h
s e e s n a,
3, 15 7 .
2 , 4 60 .

Ak ib a ph t ch r ofb en J o se ,
ea e po itio s n of comp r , a ed with
th L w ugg t d
e u a , s es e as s c R bb a a b ar N a ch m a n i s, 2,
c or to G m li l I I 2 3 4 2
e ss a a e , , .
579 .

eff ct t h e i t t m t of
s e re -
ns a e en A kk S Accho o . ec .

G m li l I I 2 3 4 5 A kr a di Coch
a a e .
, .
B bylo i n e, a a n a
i form E li z r b H y
n u s e e en rc a n s
forti fi c tio 2 5 07 a n, , .

of h i xcomm u ic tio 2 s e n a n, , A kr b tti na S A r b tti

a e . ec c a a ne .

3 47 .

Ak i h r s S I c b Abr ec s aa en a
l g d co c r i g t h yo ut h
.

e en s n n n

of 2 3 5 0—
e e
h a m A k ris h .

1 .

i t ll ct u l d v lopm t of
n e
,
.

q il ) co v rt to J u
A k yl as ( A u a , n e
e a e e en
d i m tr l t t h Scr ip
—
,
a s ,
an s a es e
2, 35 1 2
s y t m of 2 3 5 2—3
s e
.

t ur i to G r k 2 3 8 5
es n ee , ,
.

,
up ri t d t h r b uil di g of
.
,
s e n en s e e n
a rr g th
an H l ch i es e a a as n
J r u l m 2 4 01
e sa e
gro up 2 3 5 3 s,
, , .

d w if of 2 3 5 4—
di cipl
s 5 e s an
, .

e
mo ur for G m li l I I 2
ns a a e , ,
, ,
.

4 04
i th J m i Sy h d i
.

n e 2 a n a n e r on,

35 5
,
A k y l a s , t ran s l a t i o n of t h e S cri p
t ur li t r l
.

b y, 2, 3 86
and Is hm l ae ben E li hs a, 2,
es e a , .

35 5 -
6 .
us e d by J ew s an d E bio it n e s,

2, 3 87
th o op h i t 2 3 8 1
e s s
.

, ,
by O rig
.

us e d 2 , 4 89
sayi g of 2 3 8 1n
en, .

,
T rg um O k b
, .

el os as e d 2,
oppo G o tic i fl u c
se s n s n en e s, 2,
a n o n,

5 81
3 82
.

d i cipl
s es of pro lyt , se es, 2, 38 4 .
r comm
e e n de d to J i hew s co n

a nd Ak y l a s , 2, 385 .
g re g a t io n s by J u ti i s n an I,

a nd Fl vi u Cl ma s e e n s, 2, 387 ,
3 , 14 .

3 89 , 3 9 1 .
A l b rc h ( Ar b h E th rch )
a a a a rc ,
na ,

i fl u c N rv
n en es e a, 2, 392 .
th pri c of t h J ud
e, n e e aea n s

oppo r ckl se s e e ss ch rity a , 2, i E gypt 1 5 07 5 1 0

n , , , .

4 05 . o ffi c of co firm d by C r
e , n e a
e sa ,

pr p r for t h r vol t g i t
e a es e e a a ns 2, 7 6 .

H dri 2 4 08 ; 5
a 7 24 5 an, , ,
-
. co trol n s the N il e h rbor
a , 2,
attr ct d t B C h b 2
a e o ar -
oc a, ,
1 02 .

4 09 .
d ig ity of r tor
n , es ed by Cl a u
at Ly dd a, 2 , 4 23 .
dius , 2 , 1 9 1 .
 I N D EX .

A l ab arch , th e ( co nti n ued) . S ee Al b rt v n Br n d n b urg rch

e o a e , a

l x d r Ly im ch u ;
a l so A e an e s a s bi hop f M y c co v
s o a en e, n enes

E th rch na .
di t to co
a id r th J w
e ns e e e

Al a b l k c tl of S m u l I b
-
a as e a e n i h q u tio
s 4 4 63 es n, , .

Adiy 3 68 69 a, , , .
or d r d to drop t h J w i h
e e e e s

A l dh i d l t F t im id
a c liph
,
as a e a q u tio 4 4 64 es n, , .

of E gypt 3 4 43 , , .
A lb rt f Mun i c h
e o i l w of ,
so n -
n -
a

A l di l
a ult ,
r c iv m s an , e e es e i M ximili I 4 4 28
a an , , .

gr t r bbi ki dly 3 5 06 A lb rt i n S e K o ig b rg
'

an a s n .
e th a, e . e n s e ,
, ,

A l ag n B l c d co pir
o as o e, ns es th u iv r ity of
e n e s .

A lb rt u Ma g u t h work of
,

g i t P dro Arb u
a a ns 4 e e s, ,
e s n s, e s ,

3 29 .
tr l t d 4 6 9 an s a e , , .

A l am i . olomo
S ee S n Al mi a
A lb i S e A lby
. e .

A lb i g n orig in of 3
.

th
Al an i , th of t h e, e Crim e a,
e s e s, e, , ,

390
fr i en dly to t h e J w e s, 3
.

1 23
,
in B ez i r 3 3 9 4 39 5 e s, , , .

r l tio of to t h J w 3 5 01
.

e a n e e s,
A l aroo s , A lfo o V I I I d f t d
ns e ea e
cr u d g i tsa 3 5 0 1 —2 a
,

a ns
, .

e
at th e b ttl of 3 3 8 7
a e , , .

d t h co u cil of Mo tp lli r n
, ,

n
.

Mo
an e e e
A l a sh k a r ee . S b I c ses en sa a
3 , 5 08
,

A l a s h k ar
.

A l b al a g
.

an d th e Fo urth L t r a e an Co u n
. S ee I s a a c Al b a l ag
o il , 3 , 5 09
.

A l b al i a See I b n Al b a l ia
.
-
.

g i t d d 3 5 19
t h e w ar a a ns en e ,
w
.
, ,

A l b an i a n G a t e s , t h e J se t
, e s
xtirp tio of by t h I q ui i
e a n ,
e n s
t l e i n , 3 , 1 24 .

tio 3 5 42 n, ,
.

A l b a rg e l o n i S ee A a . br h m a ben
A l bi us proc ur tor of J ud
n ,
a ae a ,
Chiya Al b a rg e l o n i .
ppoi t d by N ro 2 24 8
a n e e , ,
.

A l b e rg e l o n i S ee I s aa b e n R e u . c pp l d to g i t A
a ea e 2 a a ns n an , ,
b e n Al b e rg e l o n i .
24 8 9 — .

Al b e rt I mp ro r w r of with
, e e , a , t x J ud h vily 2 249
a es ae a ea , ,
.

Ad olph of N u 4 35 a ss a , , .
p u i h t h Sic rii 2 249
n s es e a , ,
.

p u i h t h Ri dfl i h fol
n s es e n e se A lb So J o ph A lbo
. ee se .

low r 4 3 6 e s, , .
A l b r ch t Ie S Alb rt I . ee e .

d m e d r om f r M of
an s a an s o en A lb y th co u cil of forbi d
,
e n ,
s

R oth b urg 4 3 7 en , ,
.
J w to pr ctic m dici
e s a e e ne

cl im a uthority s ov r t h a e e mo g Chr i t i
a n3 5 82 s an s , , ,

Fr ch J w 4 4 7
en e s, , . 5 83 .

A l b rt I I
e mp ror impri o ,
e e , s ns th e J of p ri h 4 5 7 ew s
‘

,
e s , ,
.

th J w of Au tri
e 4 2 23 e s s a, , . A lc l th
a a, c d my t 4 1 4 5 e a a e a , ,
.

b i h t h J w from Au
an s es e e s s th J w of ri dic ul d 4 1 8 1
e e s ,
e , ,
.

tri 4 224 a, , . A lc an tr t i Tol do

a, u s ee n e o cc

ho til to t h J w 4 249
s e e e s, ,
. pi d by J w 4 1 1 8
e e s, ,
.

so nof cr u l t t h J w 4 e o e e s, A l af i
c th J w of co v rt d
i z e e s n e e

262—
. ,
, , ,

3 . 4 , 21 4 .

A l b rt duk of B v ri
e ,
u d r e a a a, n e Al c t ar t h O r d r of ;
an a, e e an d

th i fl u c of J oh of G o z lo M rti z 4 85 a ne 6
-

e n en e n n a , ,
.

C p i t r o 4 25 8
a s an , , . A l h ram
c S M cc
a . ee e a .
1 58 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

A l ch aris i . S ee J eh uda A lch a A l pp

e o ( co nt i nued) , t k a en by
ri i s . I l ul a g u 3 , 606 , .

A l ci m us ( J a kim ) l d r of t h . ea e e theb ttl of giv E gypt to

a e , es

ll i t
He e n s s ppoi t d high ,
a n e th T urk 4 3 9 3 e s, , .

pri t 1 4 8 2 S b b t i Z vi i 5 133
'

es ,
,
. a a a e n, , .

l y ix t y Ch i dim l 4 83
s a s s as s , ,
. Al n dr i
e ss a th J w of i t h a, e e s , n e

a t t r ct th aH ll i t 1 483s e e en s s, , . ixt th c t ury 4 6 5 3

s een en , , .

f r J ud M cc b u 1
ea s as a a ae s, , Al x nd r I I I
e a pop co v e , e, n e nes

483 .
Ch urch Co u ci l 3 3 7 6
a n , , .

app l to D em tri u I 1
ea s e s , ,
484 .
or d r t h forc m t of
e s e en e en

i form g i t N ic or
n s a a ns an ,
1, ti J w i h d cr
an 3-
4 00
e s e e e s, , .

484 .
fi c of m g d by
n an es , an a e a
w ith dr aw s from J e ru l m sa e ,
1, J ew , 3 , 421 .

485 .
A l x
e a n de r V I ( Borg ia ) , pop e,
t k a es po s se s s io of n J e ru l m sa e .
an d the A r goa n In us q i itio n,
1 , 4 87 .
4 , 3 19 .

h as the S or g e de s troy e d,
b i h
an s es the J e w from R om s e,
1 , 492 .

4 , 3 63
th of
.

de a 1 , 49 2 5 08
, , .

the f vor of bo ught by t h

a e
A lc l o ea, the J ews of co v rt
,
n e e d,
Port ug u M rr o 4 3 7 9 e se
,

a an s, , .

4 , 214 .

fri dly to t h J w 4 4 07
en e e s,
l vill g , .

A de a de l os J udi o s , a e

gi v to wi h ol di r 3
employ J wi h phy ici s a e s s an ,
e n J e s s e s, ,
4 , 4 07 8 — .

5 92

A l do b ra n di n i ,
.

pr v t t h
e en s e e x
Re u chli n at the co urt of , 4,
434
us n p l io of F rr r J
the e a a e w s,
l x
.

r of
A e a n de I , J udae a . S ee
4 , 6 60
A l m n J h n
e a K bb li t
.

oc a an , a a s
A l x
e a n de r J an n a
e us .

t ch r of Pico di Mir
ea
,

e an
,
A l x
e a n de r II ,
of J udaea , so n of
dol 4 29 1 a,
A ri tob ul u
m rri H yr
s s II, a es

d ught r 2 5 8
, .

A l mb rt u II ’

e d pprov of P
e ,
’
,
a es e
ca n s s a e , , .

i ig l g u g 5 3 43
re ra s s
’

n an a e, ,
.
seiz J r u l m 2 7 0
es e sa e , , .

Al u pr y r
en th mi pr a e , e, s re e
h coi
as tr uck 2 7 0 ns s , , .

t d by P
se n ch I t 4 e e s sa
’
e e r,
sub du d by Aul u G b i iu 2
e s a n s,
—
,
-

17 8 .
70 1 .

att ck d by W ulf r 5 1 8 5
a e e , , .
r b l g i t R om 2 7 3
e e s a a ns e .

d o u c d by po t t
en n e a s a es, 5, b h d d 2 75
e ea e , , .

19 1 . Al x n d r th
e Gr
a t of M c e e ea , a e

e xo r t ne a ed by Mich li ae s, 5 ,
d d troy th
on, P r i es s e e s an

19 1 . mpir 1 4 1 2
e e, , .

r g ul t io co c r i g
e a ns n e n n ,
l g d bo ut 1 4 1 2—1 3
e en s a , , .

A l pp e ( H l b) th J w
o of i a e e e s n tol r c of 1 4 1 3 4 1 5
e an e

1 4 1 4—
, , , , , .

th t w l fth c t ury 3 4 26
e e en , , . f vor t h J ud
a s 15 e ze a n s , , ,

J h ude Ib A bb ttl a t o -
as se es a , 418 .

3 ,
4 42 .
co q u t of 1
n es s , ,
415 .

the J e w i h lit urgy of ch g

s , an e d, co f u io ft r
n s n a e the de a th of ,

3 , 466 .
1 , 416 .
 I ti a rn s ro nv o r TH E p a s v
A l x an dr
e ght r of Ari a, da u e s A l x
e an d ri a ,
th e J udae an s of , in
t b ul u II o m rri tw s ,
a es o fl ue n c e tho se of J e ru l m sa e ,

pri c of Ch lci 2 7 5 n es a s, ,
. 1, 4 27 .

Al x edr d ught r of H y
an a, a e rc a occ upy the D lt e a d i trict
s , 1,
u I I m rri
n sth of , a es e so n 5 04 .

A ri tob ul u I I 2 5 8s s ,
, . un der Ptol my V I I 1 5 1 9 e , , .

b troth he d ught r Al s er a e a u d r Ptol my V I I I 2 1 2

n e e , ,
.

i m t H ro d 2 8 1
r a ne o e ,
,
. w ll tr
e t d by C r 2 7 6ea e a
e sa , ,
.

obt i M rk A to y f vor
a ns a n n
’
s a u ki dly tr t d by C l p
n n ea e eo a

fo r he r so n, 2, 91 . t ra , 2 , 9 4 .

cc u
a H ro d of h
se s o e er s n s
'

an t go iz
a n ed by the G r k ee s, 2,
m ur d r 2 9 2 e 17 8, 18 1
g i t 2 1 8 1—
, , . .

thr t d w ith d th 2 93
ea e ne ea , ,
. co pir ci
ns 2 a es a a ns , ,
.

impri o d 2 9 4 9 6 s ne forc d i to t h h rbor 2

e n e a

1 8 2—
, , , .
, ,

d th of 2 1 05
ea , ,
. 3 .

Al x e dri J ud an ttl i a, a an s
e
se e n, forc d t w or hi p C lig ul o s a a s
’

t t u 2 1 8 3—
e

1 , 4 18 . s a 4 e s, , .

c t r of
en e the E gypti an J u sen d voy to C lig ul 2
en s a a,
—
,

daea n s . 1 , 5 04 5 . 186 7 ; 5 — ,
65 4 .

b u t of C lig ul pl c d i
s s a a a e n the we ll tr t ea e d by Cl a ud us i , 2,
y gog u of 2 1 8 2
s na es , , . 190 1 — .

wh t import d from for

ea e , J e h v a e a s y gog u na e in J er us a
rus a l e m , 2 , 2 18 .
l e m , 2 , 2 01 .

s t udy of t h L e aw in , 2, 3 5 9 . impr g t e na ed with G r k v i w ee e s,

s y gog u of
na e , de s troy e d, 2, 2 , 208 9 — .

398 apo t y mo g 2 209

s as a n

cr d 2 26 3—
.
.
, ,

K r it comm u ity i 3 1 8 2
a a e n n, m 4
t 3 3 3 9—
,
. a s sa e , , .

J h ud H l vi
e a40 a e a , , .
u di t urb d by t h
n s R om e e an
Sp i h pok
an s t by t h x s en a , e e w a r, 2 , 3 1 3 .

il 4 3 8 8 es, , .
f ugitiv Z lot b tr y e ea s e a ed by ,

r bbi of f vor t h
a s t b , a e es a 2, 3 1 7 18 -
.

li hm t ofs chool 5 6 6 3 en s s, , .
an d th e clo i g of s n th e T mpl e e

S l
ee a sou d r E gypt n e .
of O i n as, 2 , 3 22 .

Al x dri th J w f r b l Al x dri cho p h il o so

e an a, e e s o e e e an an s ol of
,

g i t Tr j 2 3 9 6
a a ns a an , ,
.
phy S . ee J udae o A -
l x
e and an ri
p u i h d by M t i T ur b o 2
n s e ar ns , , ch ool
s .

398 .
A l e x a n dri o n ,
fortr e s s, b uilt by
ill tr t d b C ril 2 6 1 8 1 9
-
ea e y y , ,
-
. Al x d rJ e u 2 46 an e a n n ze s, , .

r c iv f ugitiv from P l
e e e es a es surr d r to Pomp y 2 6 4
en e s e , ,
.

ti 3 23 ne , , .
g rri o d by Ari tob ul u I I
a s ne s s ,

i n th t w l fth c t ury 3 4 4 4
e e en , , . 2, 7 3 .

obj ct t M imo i d N i h
e o a n es
’
s ne Ma ri a m n e co n fi n e d i n , 2, 96 .

Tor h 3 4 7 2 a .
, .
fi re s ig l na s o n . 2 , 3 63 .

a pp l t M h m t Al i i t h
ea o e e e n e A l f a ch a r . S e e I b n Al f a c h a r -

D m c u ff ir 5 6 47
a as a vizir of S l di
A l f a dh e l , m
—
s a , a a n, e
, .

r joic ov r t h r l
e eof t h e e e e a se e ploy M imo i d 3 s a n e s, ,
47 2 3 ,
D m c u pri o r 5 6 6 0
a as s s ne s, , .
 I N DEX .
16 1

A l f a dh e l ( co nti n ued) c q uit ,

a s A lf on so X, of C til as e ( t h e W i se ,

Ma imo n i de s of po t y 3 a s as 1 25 2 th e J w un de r
—
, , e s ,

47 4 . 3 , 5 92 6 .

A l f a rda , S tr g r an e s
’
T a x, in p tro of l r i g 3 5 92
a n ea n n , , .

S p i a n, 4 , 344 .
giv vill g to h i J w i h
es a a e s e s

l
A f as si . S ee I s aa c b en J a cob ol di r 3 5 9 2
s e s, , .

A lf ass i an d th J w of S vill 3 e e s e e,
—
. ,

5 92 3
A l f o n s i n e Ta bl es, th e , use d by .

—
ci ti t
s en s s, 4, 3 67 .
employ J w s e s, 3 , 5 93 4, 6 1 5 .

A lf I
on s oof ,
A r goa n, co q u rn e s
r pro ch d by
e a e N ichol as III, 3 ,

5 94 , 6 1 5
S r go 3 , 316
—
.

a a s sa,
gr
.

de a de s th e J e w s, 3 , 5 94 5
Al f o n s o II ,
of A r goa n ( 1 1 62
J ew s in t h e co d of 3 5 9 5 —6
.

e
th e J ew s un de r ,
3,
c od of Sp i h Am ric
, ,
.

3 87 8 — .
e , in an s e a,

3 , 5 96
l
A f o n so V I ,
of C til mploy as e, e s
ex c ut h i J wi h Al m x
e es
.

s e s o a
J ew s on diplom tic mi a s
ri f 3 6 1 6
s io n s, 3 , 29 1 2 -
,

impri o t h J w 3 6 1 6
,
.

w u d r 3 292—3
.

s ns e e s .

the J n e
e s , ,
.

so n of r b l 3 6 1 6 e e s,
dmo i h d to di mi
, ,
.

a n s J w ss e s
e s
d th of 3 6 1 6
ea
from t t o ffi c 3 294 s a e es, ,
.

ant i J wi h t t ut
-
of r
e
,

s
,

s a
.

es e
co q u r Tol do 3 29 4
n e s e , ,
.

vive d, 4 , 1 9 4 5
,

M hom t
-

oppo d by
.

se a a e an
l
A f o n so XI of C til ( 1 3 25
l g u 3 29 5 —6 ,
as e
ea e, , .

th e J w pro p rou
e s s e s
Al f n o VII
so R ai mun d z of e , un de r 4 , 5 2, 7 5 6
—
-

C til ( 1 1 26 r b l
, .

as e e e s
J i h f vorit of
ew s a es , 4 , 7 9 80 .

g i t h i p r t 3 3 16
a a ns s a en s, ,
.

p titio d g i t
e ne a a ns u ury 4
s , ,
J wi h f vorit
e s of 3 3 61 a e , , .
80
d th of 3 3 6 3 3 66
.

ea , , , .
m k a es a J ew f rm r of r v
a e e e
Al f n o V I I I (I I I )
so of C ti l ,
as e n ue s , 4 , 80 .

( t h N obl e 1 1 66 mi e, Jcc u d b for 4 8 3

ew s a se e e, ,
.

rit y of 3
no 3 63 cc u G o z lo M rti z of
3 8 4—
, , .
a se s n a a ne

th J w
e u d r e 7 s n e , .
tr o 4 8 5 e as n, ,
.

employ J w mb
s a dor e as a a ss a , b i g V l ci 4 8 6
es e es a en a, , .

3 , 38 5 .
d th of 4 1 1 3
ea , ,
.

J ewi h mi tr of 3 3 8 6
s s ess , , .
b t r d o of oppo P dro
as a s ns , se e

i t d by t h Tol do J
a ss s e e e ew s th Cr u l 4 1 1 3 e e , ,
.

gai t t h Almoh d
a ns e a e s, 3, w if of 4 1 1 4
3 8 6—
e , , .

7 . l w of r a w d 4 193 , en e e , ,
.

d f e t d t Al r
ea e 3 387 a a c o s, , . Alf I I of F rr r
o n so d th of ,
e a a, ea ,

r pro ch d
e for h i h um
a e s an e 4 , 660 .

tr tm t of t h J vv
ea en e e
‘

s, 3, A lf on so IX, of L o e n, d o es n ot

4 99 . comp l t h J w e e e s t o w ea r a

app l to I oc t I I I g i t
ea s nn en a a ns b dg 3 5 1 3 a e, ,
.

th M hom te 3 5 07 a e an s , , . Al f n I I of N pl
o so ,
a e s, p tro of
a n

prot ct t h J w of Tol do
e s e e s e I c Ab r b sa a a an e l 4, 3 60,
—
, ,

3 , 5 07 . 3 83 4
 1 612 H S OR I T Y OF TH E

A lf ons o III of Port ug l ( 1 24 8

,
a A lf on so Burg e n s i s ( co nt inued ) ,

th J w u d r 3 618e e s n e , , . a cc u se s the J ews b for e e Al

A lf o n so V of Port ug l t k a a es fo nso X I , 4 , 83
—
.
,
,

J ews c ptiv t A rzill 4

a e a a, ,
di cipl of
s e ,
4 , 141 2 .

2 86 7 , 3 3 9 -
.
w ork of r , e f ut d 4 1 4 3 e , , .

employ I c Ab r b s s aa a an e l 4, ch rg of a es r p t d 4 21 3
e ea e

337 —
,
.
, , ,

8 .
A l g i Mo az ,
ses J o p h r bbi of se ,
a

pro p ri t y of t h J w un de r C iro co d Mu k n f n
’

—
s e e e s , a , se s s e

4 , 338 9 .
fort to s es a t bli h chool 5 s s s, ,

co d of 4 3 3 9 e , ,
. 6 64 .

J w i h f vorit
e of 4 3 39
s a es , ,
. A l g az i , ol m n ppo th S o o , O se s e

d th of 4 3 4 0
ea , ,
. S bb ti a mov m t 5 1 4 4
a an e en , , .

Al f b roth r of H ry I V
o n so , e en , A l gh li my tic phi lo oph r
az a ,
s s e ,

of C til cro w d 4 27 8 as e, ne , ,
. M hom t 3 27 3 3 5 7
a e an , , , .

d th of 4 27 9
ea , ,
. A lgi r r f ug for t h J w of
e s, e e e e s

Alf duk of Poito u m

on so , e , e Sp i 4 1 97 a n, , .

ploy J w i h oc uli t 3 s a e s s , , t x impo

a d M rr o f ugi se on a an

5 83 . t ive s i n , 4 , 1 99 .

A lf f t of Port ug l
on s o , In an e a the p i h xil
S an s e es in , 4, 361 ,
3 9 0—
,

r l M rr o 4 5 1 7
e e ase s a an s. ,
. 1 .

Al f f Ar g
o n so rchbi hop o a on , a s , A l g ua de s , Me l r . S ee N e w Al
prot ct M rr o 4 3 3 0 e s a an s, ,
.
g ua de s
Al f d C rt g
o n so i fl u e a a en a, n A l h ak e m , O mm iyy a de c liph a ,

E ug iu IV g i t
e nce s en s a a ns e mploy s C h a s da 1 I b n -
Sh p a

t he J e w s, 4 , 24 9 5 0 -
.
rut , 3 , 222 ,
227 .

A lf on so de S pi Fr ci c
n a, an s an , obt i Ar bic tr
a ns l tio an a an s a n
a tt ck a s the Sp i hJ w an s e s, 4, of t h Mi h 3 23 7 e s n a, , .

27 6 .
app l d to i b h l f of Ch
ea e n e a a

co f n e ss or of A lv ro a de Lu n a, och b Mo
n 3 23 8 en se s, , .

4 , 27 1 .
app l d to by J o ph I b
ea e se n
w rit es a w ork a g i ta ns the Abit ur 3 23 8 , , .

J e ws , 4 , 27 7 .
d th of 3 23 9
ea , , .

an ti J w i h
-
e s w ork by , t e fo u d m dic l chool t
n s a e a s a
pri t d 4 n e , , 415 .
Cor dov 3 26 1 a, ,
.

l
A f o n so of V a ll a do lid . S ee A l i M hom t
,
g r l df t
a e
’
s ene a , e ea s
A l fo o ns Burg e n s is .
M rh b 3 8 2 a a , ,
.

l
A fonso b r of Burg e n s i s (A ne t h J ud e B bylo i mm u ze o -
a n an c o
B urgo Al fo o of V ll s, ns a a it y u d r 3 9 0
n n e , , .

d l id
o 1 27 0 po t t , a s a e, th c di d t of p rty 3
e an a e a a , ,

ho til t t h J w 4 8 1
s e o e e s, , , 90 .

3 42 id ed by J w an d Chri ti
—
.
a e s s an s.
i fid l
n e , 4, 81 2 .
3 , 90 .

sa cri t s a n, 4 , 82 .
ho u se of ,
an d th e O m m iy
at t ck a s t he J e w s in He br e w , y a de s . 3 , 92 .

4 , 82 .
Al i ( 1 1 06 the se co nd AI
r ply
e to , by I s aa c l ul g a r
’
, 4, m o ra vide r ul r e ,
the J ew s un
82 .
de r 3 , 3 1 2
, .
 m sro nv J EW S
'

1 64 o r TH E .

A lm h d th ( c n t i u d)
o a es, e o n e at Al -
Mut adh i d ( 8 9 2 c aliph
t ck C til 3 3 8 6—7
,

a as e, ,
. of t h e E as t , th e J ew s u d r n e ,

driv t h J w from C ut
e e e s e a, 3, 3 , 1 83 .

4 24 .
Al -
Mut am e d I b n A bb a d ( Ab ul -

d riv e the I bn A -
bb as to As i a, k a s s im Ma hom e t ) ki n g of ,

3 , 4 42 Se vill e, p tro ofa n I saa c I bn

c pt ur Cor dov 3 4 4 7 —8
.

a e a, ,
. A l b a l ia 3 , 28 3 , ,
28 4 .

c pt ur Alm ri 3 4 4 8
a e e a, ,
. a lly of A lfo o ns VI of C til as e,

J wi h e f ugitiv from r
s es ,
e 3 , 29 4 .

iv d i S icily 3 5 6 9
ce e n , ,
. kill s A lfo o ns
’
s a mb assad or , 3,
A lm r v i d oth th
a J w w ll es, e, e e s e 29 5 .

tr t d b y 3 296 3 1 1 1 3
ea e , , ,
-
. joi ns the Ma hom e t a n l guea e

tt ck t h Ar b of A d l u
a a e a s n a a g i t a ns Al fo o ns ,
3 , 29 5 6 -

s ia , 3 , 3 16 . Al -
Mut a va k k il ( 8 4 9 c l ip h a

r b llio g i t 3
e e n a a ns , ,
35 7 . of t h E t r e as , e en a -
ct O m r s a
’
s

dy ty of d troy
n as es ed by Ab l w g i t tha s a a ns e J w 3 e s,

1 7 6—
, ,

dul m um e n , 3 , 35 8 . 7 .

Al m o s n i n o . S ee Mo s e s A lmo s A l m ut h di d ki g of S vi ll r
a ,
n e e, e

i o
n n iv J w i h f ugit iv
ce ki d
es e s es n

l y 3 27 9—
~
.

A l m o t a s se m , of Alm ri i v e a, n a de s 80 , , .

G r a n a da , 3 , 27 8 . Al k v h f m i ly
na th of t h
a a ,
e, e

A l m o v a ch i de s , the . S ee A lmo obility of J w i h Sp i 3

n e s a n, ,

h a de s . the . 23 5 .

A l m o x a ri f , tr e as u r r e in C til as e, i n A l l h Abb id
Al n a sir L e d a ,
a ss e

3 , 5 93 ; 4 , 7 5 , 7 9, 138 ,
1 6 0, 1 6 9 . c liph p tro of D vi d of
a ,
a n a

J xcl ud d from t h po i
ews e e e s Mo ul 3 5 06 s , ,
.

tio of 4 1 5 8 n , ,
. A lph b t t h Pho ici
a dopt e , e en an , a

A lm gi vi n g s i-

J ud ft r ,
n ae a a e d by oth r
e tio 1 3 e na n s, ,
.

E zr d N h mi h 1 3 9 3 4
a an e e a th A yri e dopt d by t h ss an , a e e

1 395 —
-

, , .

A l Muk t di r ( 908
-
c liph a a J ud 6 az a n s , , .

of t h E t b i h M e as , an s es ar A lroy or Al rui S e D vi d
, . e a

Ukh 3 1 8 4 a, , .
Al rui .

r tor t h E xil rch to offic

es es e a e, A l c
sa e, th e J ew s o f , uff e r dur s

3 , 185 .
in g th e A rml e de r p e rse c u
app l d to by t h p rti
ea e e a s an s tio 4 9 7 n s, , .

of S di h d of D vi d b aa a an a en d cl r d o utl w 4 1 07
Z cc i 3 1 9 5 —
e a e a s,

b m t of 5 3 4 7 —
, .
'

a 6 a , , .
a a se 8 en , .
,

d th of 3 1 9 6
ea , , .
t x p i d by 5 3 4 8 4 4 6
a es a , , , .

A l m uk t di r B il l h
-
k i g of
a a ,
n forc d i to u ury 5 3 49
e n s , , .

S r go a p tro of Ab u
a ss a , a n bl ckm i l l vi d
a 5 3 49 a e e on ,
.
,

F dhl C h d i 3 28 0
a as a
'

, , .
r c ipt from forg d 5 3 5 0
e e s , e , , .

A l m u t dh i Ab bs a i d c liph ,
ass e a , prot ct d by Lo ui X V I 5
e e s

—
, ,

d th E xil rch D
an i l 3 e a an e , , 35 0 1 .

m mori li z
e a e th e crow n, 5 ,
35 1,
A l m us t a n j id, A bb i d c li ph a ss e a , 35 2 .

a nd t he E xil rch D i l 3 a an e , , Me n de l s s oh n ’
s P t en ateu ch
438 .
tr an s a l tio n a mo g 5 n , ,
43 0 .
 I N DEX . 1 65

A l s a ce , t h e J ew s o f ( cont inued) , A l y p ius , of An t ioch ov r , e se e s

p titio for ll vi tio of

e n a e a n the r b uil di g of t h T
e n e e m
b ur d 5 43 1 e n s, ,
.
p l e , 2 , 5 9 9 , 6 00 .

compl i t of d ch rg
a n s an a es A m k of S voy l
a de us , du e a , ll l

g i t 5 434
a a ns , , . pri o J w cco u t of
s ns e s on a n

numb r of 5 4 3 5 e , ,
. th Bl ck D th 4 1 03 4
e a ea , ,
-
.

compl i to t h N t io n l A
a n e a a s A m a di birthpl ac of D vi d Ai
a, e a

se mb l y 5 , ,
436 .
rui , 3 , 4 3 0, 43 1 , 4 3 2 .

a tt ck d 5 4 3 7 5 24 5 4 2
a e , , , ,
. A m al ari ch of B e n a, p h il o s o
a pp l to G r egoir 5 4 3 7
ea e, ,
. ph r e , d i cipl
s es of b r t ,
un 3
e xpo d to tt ck 5 4 4 0
se a a , , . 5 03 .

e m cip at io of oppo d
an n ,
se ,
5 ,
Am l a un t h a d ught r of Th
a s ,
a e e

4 4 1 , 4 47 .
o dor ic 3 3 1 , , .

un de r s p ci l prot ct io
e a e n, 5, Am l k it a eth dw ll with t h es , e, e e

4 46 trib of J ud h 1 3 9 e a

w r of with S ul 1 9 1 —
.
, , .

r l i v d of t x 5 4 4 6
e e e a es, a 2 a

occ up tio of 5 4 7 5 —
.
, , , , .

a 6 ns , , . b ur Z ikl g 1 1 06 7
n a , ,
-
.

i d n g r of m an cr 5 4 7 7 e as s a e, , . Am l i t h a G othi
,
f mily 3 e, a c a , ,

q u lity of r tor d 5 5 25
e a , es e , ,
. 27 .

Al i d I b n Si n a A l m ul k
sa po t -

,
e ,
Am al ri ch of J er us al e m, ca m
M imo i d 3 4 7 3
on a n es, , .
of 3 4 44
p a ig n , , .

A 1 Tan h ik by I b J c h 3 ,
n -
an ac , ,
gov r o r of t h E t
A m an t ius , e n e as .

263 .
p u i h riot r 3 1 7
n s es e s, , .

A l t ifi i si . S ee Ab u A mr Mo -
an se s .
Am a co u i as of D vi d joi
,
s n a ,
ns

A lt o n a, th e J e wi h c m t ry
s e e e at ,
Ab lom 1 1 3 9 sa , , .

4 , 6 88 .
l ck milit ry g n iu I 1 4
a s a e s, ,

J udah Ch i d i 5 21 3 a ss n,
i flu c n th m n of J ud h
en es e e a ,
, .

1 , 1 46
pri ti g pr i 5 25 5
n n e ss n, ,
.

comm g i t Sh b
.

a n de r 1
Al t n a t h
o un il f po u e co c o es ses
a a ns e a,

c u 5 26 4—
, ,
1 48
E ib h ii t
’ .

e sc 5 z s a se , ,
kill d by J o b 1 1 49
.

e a
p u i h d f r it t r tm t of
n s e o s ea en
, , .

A ma i ( Am zi ) t h Sp i h
s a a a e an s
J cob E m d
,
a 5 265 en ,

urg E ib es h ii t t ubmit to e sc z
,

o s
.

xil i 4
e es n, ,

th J w eof cc u d of m ur
e s a se
r bbi ic l co urt
,
a a 5 268 n a
de r, 4 , 5 5 3
.
, ,

Al t n a H m b urg t h r bb i of
.

o -
a , e a s ,
A m as i s , re ig ns ov er E gypt 1,
d Mo M ir K m k r
,

an se s e a en e ,
3 27 .

5 , 23 0 .
oppo t of Cyr u 1 3 4 3
nen s, , .

l
A va , t h e duk e of , b rb rity of
a a ,
Am tu ( C h ab ib )
a sL u it n u s a s
4 , 601 .

(J fi R o drigo o d C t l o e as e
an d th e J e w s, 4 , 6 62 .
Br co ) phy ic i an 4 5 69 , s an , ,
A l v al e n s i . S ee Sa mu l e A lv a 70 .

l e n si .
m dic l work by 4 5 7 0
e a s , ,
.

A l varez , A l f on s o , de V il l a s a n i S lo ic
n 4 5 80
a n a, ,
.

din o , S p i h an s sa tiri t s ,
4 , 181 . d th of 4 6 1 0
ea , ,
.

A l v e rn es de G ra s S ee Sua s s o A m z i h of J ud h r
a ao qu r a e c n e s

E dom 1 222—
-
.
, , ,

I s a ac . 3 , , .
 l H S OR I T Y OF TH E

A m zi a ah ( co n t i nu d) e ,
r p ct es e s A mi g br h a m T alm udi t
o, A a , s

t he La w , 1 , 223 . d K bb li t 5
an 1 26 a a s , , .

at ith J ho h of I r l
w ar w e as s ae A mm E gypti
on , g d 1 9 an an o

1 224—
, , , .

5 , .
A mm it di trict t h gov
on e s , e,

t k pri o r 1 225
a en s ne , ,
.
r d by Ar t 1 4 4 7
e ne e as , , .

co pir cy g i t 1 226
ns a a a ns , ,
. A mmo i t th i dol try of 1
n e s, e, a , ,

m ur d r of 1 226 e , ,
.
55 .

i t rr d i J r u l m 1 228
n e e n e sa e , ,
. a tt ck E phr im
a a and J uda h , 1,
A m zi h a high pri t of t h
a es e

p h th h 1 6 4—5
,

b ull w or hi p u d r J ro -
s n e e def t ea ed by J e a , , .

b o m I I 1 23 3 a i v d
n th a t rritory of G d
e e e a

oppo Amo 1 23 6—
.
,
,

ses7 s, d Man h 1 80 a n asse

b i g J b h G il d 1 8 9 —9 0
,
. , , .

A m b i v i u M rc u co d pro es e e a es ea

w ith D vi d 1 1 26—
-

s, a s, se n , ,
.

c ur tor of J ud 2 1 3 5 a ae a , at w ar 7 a ,

ub d u d b y D vi d 1 1 28—
.
. ,
,

A mbr i u f Mi los bi hop i s o an , s ,

n s e 9 a , , .

cit p r c utio es f Ari e se ns o an s d cl r d bo dm

e a by Solo
e n en

d J w an 2 6 1 2—
13 e s, ,
.
mo n ,
1 , 163 .

r b uk e mil d tr tm t of es ea en
a ttr ct d to P l ti 1 1 7 3
a e a es ne, ,
.

J e ws , 2, 614 .
r g i i d p d c 1 185
e a n n e en en e, ,
.

a cc u ses the J e w s, 2 , 6 14
urg Z d ki h to r volt 1 3 1 0
e e e a e , , .

fri dly r l tio with t h

.

i
A memar ( 3 90 A mor a,
n en e a ns e

J udze a n s , 1, 3 62
op e ns an a c a de my at N h r a a
.

de a 2 , 6 06
ho til to t h J ud
s eduri g e ee a n s n

Syri i v io 1 4 7 4
, .

th
s u bor di t na es h im l f to se As hi e an n as n, ,
.

2 , 6 06 .
,
d f et d by J ud M cc ab u
ea e as a ae s,

1 , 47 4
t he co urt of dijird, 2,
pro lyt 2 3 4 3 3 8 3 —4
.

at J ez
as se es, , , .

6 10
A m on ld t of D vi d
.

n
Ma r J
e es so n a
A m e m a r b ar an k a ( 469
,

kill d 1 1 3 4
-

e
A mor a, e x c ut e e d, 2,
A m lo bi hop of Lyo
o dv r
,

s
, .

n s, a e
,
6 29 .

ry of t h J w 3 1 7 1
sa e e s,
Am h a A -
r z t h ig or t d
-
e , e n an , a
17 2 3 -
, ,

dr d by J
.

u 2 15 2
e s se es

A m i A mor
s, ,
.

A m on , of J ud ah i dol try a un de r
d f politi —
, ,

d a e en s a

d r 2 5 29 —
, ,

6
l off
.

ca 30 en e

ubor di
, , .

m ur d r d 1 28 6 e e
t him lf to t h , , .

s na es
A m r im co ctio of
se e
o th a e, nne n
B bylo i uthoriti
, ,
a 2 n an

531 5 37
a e s, ,
with t h T it 2 4 7 9 e an a es, , .

, .

xpo u d r of t h Mi h
e n2 e s e s n a,
i v tig t
n es a es the ed ua c tio l na
489
,

i t it utio of
.

J udzr a 2,
ns ns
comp r ith
.

,
a ed w th e T a n a it e s
5 32
2 , 49 0 5 9 0
.

i v ig t ob rv c of
, .

e st t he
n a es se an e deci io of 2 5 1 5
s ns
m ri 2 5 3 4
, , .

t he La w i n S a a a, , .
of G lil m tho d of 2 5 5 7
a ee , e s , ,
p p l to A b b
.

a ea s ah u 2, , 5 38 .
l t i J ud compi l t h J
as , n ae a , e e e
m t t h corp
ee s e se of I l u na, 2, ru l m T lm ud 2 6 1 2
sa e a , , .

5 48 .
B bylo i
a cr t T lm udi c
n an , ea e a
d i ci pl
s es of , 2 , 5 60 .
di l ctic 2 635
a e s .
1 68 H S I TO RY o r TH E J EW S .

A m t r d m ( c nti
s e a o nued ) , J o ph se t urb e d i n th ir r ligio u
e e s ex

D e l me dig o at . 5 ,
79 .
e rc i s e s , 4 , 66 6 .

t he c ul r uthoriti of
se a a es , an d p ay a corp t ax 4 67 3 on se s, ,
.

S pi oz 5 95 i tol r t tr tm t of 4 67 3
an ea en

c ult ur of 4 6 7 4 6 7 7 —
n a . , . n e , , .

th S bb t i
e mov m t a a an e en in , e 8 , ,
.

5 ,
139 , 150 . i vit d to ttl
n e D m rk se e in en a ,

s t g tio of
a na n the tr a de of , 5 , 4 , 67 5 .

1 49 rly i t h v t th ce n
—
. ea n e se en een

new s y gog u na e at, 5 ,

166 7 .
t ury 4 6 7 7 , ,
.

C h ayo n at , 5 ,
220 . w lth of 4 67 7 ; 5 205
ea , , , .

r p udi t
e a es C h ay o n , 5 ,
2
31 .
d votio
e of to J ud i m
n a s , 4,
—
,

L uz z at to at, 5 ,
242 .
67 8 9 .

plit i h comm u i
in t h e J ew s n
fo u nd b vol t i tit utio
45 7—
S e ne en ns n s,

t y of 5 8 , ,
.
4 , 67 9
—
.

th G rm
e r b b i of oppo
e an a ,
‘

se s mor lity of
a ,
4 , 67 9 80 .

th R form m x m
e t 5 e o e en , , po u C h
es se ay o n s
’
c a us e , 5 ,

57 1 .
223 , 225 .

r b bi ic l coll g t 5 7 00
a n a e e a , ,
.
ab u C h h m Z vi 5 224
se ac a e , ,
.

Am t rd m t h
s J w of r li
e a ,
e e s ,
e urg d to oppo
e Ch yo u se e ,
5 ,

gio gov r m t of 4 6 8 4 ns e n en , , 225 .

5 .
Ch a ch a m Z vi ummo d b e s ne e

i fl u c of 4 6 8 5
n en e , , .
for t h co u cil f 5 226
e e n o , , .

b r ch of 4 6 8 5 6 9 3 ; 5 5 0
an es , , , , .
se n d Ch y to t h E t 5 a on e as , ,

d iro u
es of ttli g i E g s se n n n 227 .

l d 5 18 an , , .
hol d loof from t h E ib
a e e

mo ur for I c d C tro n s aa e as l ut
sc i co trov r y 5 26 4
z n e s , , .

T rt 5 3 2 a as , ,
.
A m t r d m t h r bb i
s e a f m ,
e a s o ,
e

l rm d t Spi oz pti
’

it y of 4 6 8 2
—
a a e a n a s s ce di o cr , , .

c is m , 5 ,
90 1 , 92 .
Pol 5 1 7 206
e s, , , .

t ry Spi oz n a, 5 ,
92 .
try Spi oz 5 9 2 4 n a, ,
-

l ay him u n de r the l e sse r b an, t c Mo

se n en M r K m
e se s e1 a en
5 ,
93 .
k e r, 5 23 0
, .

l ay him u n de r t h gr t r b e ea e an , An a b pti t t h
a th u i m
s s, e, en s as
5 ,
94 .
of 4 4 7 0
, , .

c ult ur of e , 5 ,
1 09 .
An a h i t ( A iti ) P r i g d
a na s , e s an o
a nd Sa b b a t a i Z vi 5 1 5 5 '

e , , .
d e ss of lov 1 4 08 e, , .

wa r ne d a g i t S b b ti
a ns a a an e m ~

An a k i m t h borigi l i h b
, e a na n a
i
rl 5 220
s sa es , , .
it an t of C s 1 2 an aa n , , .

m rri g of 5 4 5 3
a a es , , .
A n an ( S th ) f mi ly of high
e ,
a a

oppo th ir w m cip se e o n e an a pri t 2 3 7

es s, , .

tio 5 4 5 4 4 5 7 n ,
, , .
A n an , gov r or of t h T mpl e n e e e,
numb r of 5 4 5 5 e , , .
en voy to R om 2 24 4 e, .
,

se nd m g r to t h F r ch e sse n e s e en An a n (A i of E l z r ?)
n a n as , so n ea a
Sy n h e drio n , 5 ,
49 6 .
of t h f mily of Ae high a n an ,
A m t rd ms e a , the P rt ug u o es e p ri t u d r Agr ipp I I 2
es n e a , ,
J w (M e s a rra n o s ) of, dis 23 6
 I N DEX . 1 69

A n an ( continued) , f vor
a s Saddu A n a n e l ( co nti nue d) , s u cc e ss or to ,

c ee is m 2, 24 8 , 27 1 . 2 , 1 07 .

i mi d 2 248—9
,

d s s se , ,
. A n a n e l di F l i g n po t t d
o o, a s a e, e

ho u of b ur t 2 26 0
se ,
n , , . n o un c e s th T lm ud 4 5 6 4 e a , , .

import t po t of 2 27 1 an s , ,
. A n an i a, m rch t co v rt e an , n e s

upport t h
s ch rg g i t s e a es a a ns I z at e s of Adi b 2 21 6 a ene, , .

J o ph u 2 28 1 se s, ,
. A n an i a , phy ici to I t of s an z a es

i cit
n civ il w r 2 29 5
es a a , ,
.
Adia b e n e ,
2 , 21 7
p rty of ov rpow r d 2 29 5
a , e e e , ,
high pri t S A
A n an i a s , es . ee nan

6 . of t h f mily of A e a n an .

ex c ut d 2 29 6
e e , , . A a i
n of O i I V E g y p
n as, so n n as ,

An n a of t h f mily of S th
, e a e , ti g r l i d with Cl o
an en e a , s es e

hi gh pri t 2 1 3 5 es , ,
. p tr 2 1 0 1 2
a a, , , .

An a b n D v id
n pir t to e a ,
as an pr v t e i v io of J u
en s an n as n

th E xil rch t 3 1 28
e a a e, ,
. dae a , 2 , 4 1 .

oppo t d dh r
n en t of s an a e en s , A n an it th pp l to t h
es , e, a ea e

3 , 1 29 . c liph 3 1 29
a , , .

im p ri o s n e d, 3 , 1 29 . x il 3 1 3 4
e es, , .

p rmitt
e ed to migr t e a e, 3 , 1 30 . di ff r with th ir fo u d r
e e n e on

oppo se s th T lm ud e a , 3, 1 3 0; v r io u po i t 3 1 3 6
a s n s, , .

5 ,
7 27 .
S K r it t h
ee a a e s, e .

work of 3 1 3 1 s , , .
A n a t a iu
s th Si sit P tri s, e na e, a

u Mi h ic r ul
se s s n es of i n t e rp re rch t A tioch kill d by
a a n , e

t a t io n , 3 , 1 3 1 . th e J ew s, 3 , 18 .

a boli h s es th e fix ed c l a e n da r ,
A n at h o t h , birthpl c a e of J e r e

3 , 131 mi h 1 289 29 0
a

igor of 3 1 3 2—
. , , , .

r 3 , , . A n at l i J c b
o S J cob b
,
a o . ee a en

e x g i by 3 1 3 3
e es s , , .
Abb M ri b Simoa A a en n na

a cc pt J ue d M h om t s es s an a e toli .

3 , 1 33—
,

4 .
A n vi m t h
a ( t h G tl ) di, e e en e , s

excomm u ic t d 3 1 3 4 n a e , , .
ip l cof I i h 1 25 4es sa a , ,
.

th E xil rch of t h
e K r it a e a a es, and H z ki h 1 267 e e a , , .

3 , 135 uff ri g
s of u d r M
e n s n e an as

1 , 28 3 —
. ,

m mori l rvic for

e a se e , 3 , 135 .
s eh ,
4 .

m diocrity of 3 1 3 5
e , , .
s pr e ad the d octri nes of G o d,

so nof h i ucc or , s s e ss , 3 , 136 .

1 , 28 6 .

ch r ct ri z d by S nu cl e us of tio li tic p ra na na s a

B bylo i 1 3 3 7 —
a a e e a adia h , 3,
1 89 .
t y in a 8 n a, ,
.

de s c e n dan t of s , 3 , 4 44 .
A n b ar . S Fir uz Sh b ur
ee -
a .

A n an b e n J o n a t h a n , a d vi t h se s e A n co n a, M rr o p rmitt d to
a an s e e

s ur e n de r
J e us a r of r l m 2 e , ,
ttl i 4 4 08 5 00
se e n, , , .

26 5 .
Solomo M l h t 4 5 01 n o c o a , ,
.

high pri t
A n an sl , es , a ppo i t n ed M rr o w ll tr t d i
a an s e ea e n, 4,
by H ro d 2 90 e , , . 5 25 , 5 26 .

d po d 2 9 1
e se , , . r f ug of
e e th e N ea polit an J e w s,

r ppoi t d 2 9 2
e a-
n e , , . 4 , 5 44 .
1 70 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E WS .

An c on a ( con ti nu d) tr e ,
a de of , A n dro m a ch o s , gov r n or of C e oe

d iv rt e ed to P ro e sa , 4, 5 7 9, l e s y ria , kill d by t h S m e e a a

5 80 . rit 1 414 an s , , .

J ews of , t ry to r g i e a n th ir e A n dr ic u li ut
on s, e e n an t of A n

tr a de , 4, 579 . t i o c h us E p i p h a n e s , m ur d r e s

J p rmitt d to r m i i
ew s e e e a n n, On i as I I I , 1 , 4 48 .

th ir xp ul io from t h
on e e s n e An d ro ic u n s,of M l m so n e s sa a ,

P p l St t 4 5 9 1 6 5 9
a a a e s, , ,
. J udae a n ch mpio 1 5 1 6 a n, ,
.

An c th M rr n o
on a, f pro e a a s o ,
A n ge l s, import d i to J ud i m e n a s ,

t t d by thr pop
ec e 4 ee es, ,
1 , 4 03 .

5 68 . An g iel , o ne of th e Se fi ro t h , 4 ,
p r c ut
e se ed by P ul a IV, 4, 17
—
.

5 68 9 . An gl o -
J e wi sh As s o i a i on , ” c t
t ri by q ui itio fo u r w ork of
—
ed the In s n, 4, the, n de s an d ,

570 1 . 5 ,
7 03 .

l i brok up i to m ll
A n da us a, en n s a An g ul em
o e, th e J e w of s , m al
ki g dom 3 25 5n s, , . tr t d ea e ,
3, 570 .

B rb r
e d Ar b t w r i
e s an a s a a n, A n g ro -
Ma i n yus ,
P r i e s an go d of
3 , 3 16 . da rk n e ss, an d J uda i m s ,
1,
co q u r n e ed by the A lmoh a de s , 4 02 .

3 , 3 60 . tr form d i n to S t 1 4 03
an s e a an , , .

J ews d riv from 3 3 8 4

en , ,
. A n i l ai ( C h il i ) robb r chi f an a , e e

i v n a de d by t h Almoh d e a es, 3, t i 2 202

a n,
—
, .

5 06 7 . A j u r bbi from
n o , t th afir t s , a e s

t x tio of t h J w of 6 1 7
a a n e e s , . r bbi ic l y o d 3 3 7 7
a n a s n , , .

th M rr o of t ught by
e a an s a A j u th
n J w f ob rv
3 3 4—
, o ,
e e s o , se e a
J w 4 e 5 s, , .
f t 3 3 80
as , , .

e xp ul io of t h J w from
s n e e s , u d r H ry I I 3 4 09
n e en , , .

propo d 4 3 3 6 se ,
, .
m ltr t d 3 5 7 0
a ea e , , .

S ee l u d r Sp i ; S p i
a so n e a n a n, A n n a, wif of J u of York e o ce s ,

V i igo t hic s .
d th of 3 4 1 5
ea , , .

An d l u i n
a ch l t h
s a of s oo ,
e, An l of P r c utio n Th ”
na s e se e,
,

J w i h po try 3 223 4
e s e , ,
-
.
by J o ph Coh 4 5 9 0 se en, ,
.

A n dr d A br h m r bbi d p
a e, a a ,
a , e A nn l fa s th Ki g of o e n s
ut y t th A m b ly of o e s se Fr c and of t h ho u f e an e se o
J w i h N ot b l
e 5 4 84 49 0
s a e s,
, , .
Otl m Thi by J o ph
an , e, se
An dr of H u g ry x m
e as , n a , e co Coh 4 5 5 6 en , , .

m u i t d for mpl oyi g

n ca e e n A n o, w if of J robo m I 1 1 8 4e e a , , .

J e ws, 3 ,
5 21 .
A n sa r lli of M h om t 3 7 3
,
a es a e , ,
.

An d r e as B ltr e an ,
Ma rr a n o , de A t ri J cob r bbi of D m
n e ,
a ,
a a as
no un c e s T lm ud 4 2 1 3
the a , , .
c u ch rg d with rit u l
s, a e a
A n dre i a s ( Lu u ) l d r of
c as , ea e m ur d r 5 6 3 8 e , , .

t he J e w of Cyr
s 2 395 e ne ,
, .
t r l t T lm ud p
ans a g 5 es a assa es, ,
And r ew ,
di ci pl s of J u 3 e es s, 6 40 .

15 3 .
An thropomorph i t lit r li t s s, e a s
An d r o , J o ph se N a ss i du k of e , 4, e xpo u d r of t h Kor 3 n e s e an , ,
5 96 .
1 48 .
172 I U ST O R Y OF T H EI J E WS .

An ti ch u o s III ( c o nt n i ued) ,
de An ti ch u V E up t r ( n
o s a o co

f t d ea e by the R om a n s, 1, t i u d) t r ty of w ith t h
n e , ea , e

43 4 . J udae a n s , 1 , 4 8 0, 4 8 8 .

th of 1 4 3 4
de a , , . m k J ud M cc b u high
a es as a a a
e s

A ti ch u
n I V
o E p ip h n of s a es, pri t 1 4 8 1 es , , .

Syri ho t g t R om 1 a, s a e a e, R om di pl d w ith 1 4 8 2
e s e ase

—
.
, , ,

3 A n ti ch u V I of Syri
o th s a, on e

ch r c t riz t io of 1 4 4 2— thro 1 4 9 7 —8
.
,

a a 3 e a n , , .
ne , , .

acc io of d crib d i D
e ss n , es e n an c u of po u d by t h H
a se , es se e as

ie l , 1 , 4 434 . m o n ae a n s 1 , 4 98 4 9 9 , , .

i tro duc gl di t ori l com

n es a a a A n tioch us V I I Si de t e s , of Syri a ,

b t i to Syri 1 4 4 4
a s n a, , . a ss s e d i t by Simo n T h a rs i , 1 ,
p ti tio d to dmit J ud
e ne a ae a n 5 25 .

t hl t
a to citiz hip 1 e es ens p rmit
e s S imo to trik coi n s e n s,

4 4 4—
, ,

5 1 , 5 25 , 5 28
h o til to Simo 1 5 28 —
. .

m k M l u high pri t
a es e ne a s es ,
s 9 e n, , .

1 , 447 . i v tig t
n esSimo i a es n s
’
a ss as s

s mmo
u ns Me n e l a us to j u ti fy s tio 1 5 3 0
na n, ,
.

him lf se , 1 , 4 48 . ab do t han i 1 5 31 ns e a s sa s s n , , .

pu i h n s es On i as IlI
'

s m urd r e ,
b i g J oh H yr u 2 3
es e es n ca n s, ,

1 , 44 8 . 4 .

exo r t M l u 1 4 49
ne a es e ne a s gr t tr uc 2 4
an s a e,

of w ith Egypt 1 4 5 0—
,
, .
,
.

w ar 1 , , , . co u lor of dvi t h up
n se s ,
a se e s

d cr t t h T mpl 1 4 5 1
e se a es e e e, , , pr io of J ud i m 2 4
e ss n a s , ,
.

45 5 yi l d up J ud
e fortr
s aea n e s se s ,

2 4—
.

c l um i t
a n a es J uda i m s , 1 , 45 2 3 — . 5 , .

tr t t h J udaaa n s ue l l y k th lli c of J oh
—
'

ea s e cr ,
1, see s e a an e n
45 3 4 . H y rc a n us , 2, 5 .

or d r t h e s e w or hip of t h s e de a th of , 2, 5 .

Gr k go d ee s i J ru l m 1
n e sa e , An ti ch u
o s V III G ryp us , of Sy
7

45 4 5 -
.
ria , s u cc e ss io n of oppo d
, se ,

sa crific es or d r e ed o n the birth 2, 6 .

da y o f , 1, 45 6 .
poi o h i moth r 2 6
s ns s e , ,
.

de p d ci of r volt 1
en en es , e , ,
463 . h r a th I dum
ass e s of e ae a n s
de t rmi
e to xt rmi t ne s e e na e the S m ri 2 9
a a a, ,
.

J udre a n s , 1 , 463 4 -
.
A ti ch u
n oIX Cy i u of s z ce n s,
so n of ,
e n tr u t s ed to Ly i s as , 1, Syri ho til to J oh B y ra, s e n
463 .
c 2 9
an n s, , .

i n t h e Ea s t , 1 , 466 .
for b i dd by R om to mol t en e es
h of
de a t ,
1 , 47 7 .
the J udze a n s , 2, 9 .

appoi t n s a r g t e e n , 1 , 47 7 .
ai d S m ri
s a a a, 2, 10 .

p r c ut
e se es t he Sa m rit a a ns, 1, d f et d by
ea e the s o ns of J oh n
5 16 .
Hy rc a n us 2 , 1 0 , .

An ti ch u V E up t r of Syri
o s a o , a . a lli e d w ith Ptol my e V III, 2,
a cc io of 1 4 7 7
es s n , , .
10 .

a pp l d to b y t h l l l l i t
ea e e e en s s, A n t i p a ro , J o phse N as s i du k of e ,

1 , 47 8 .
4 , 5 96 .
 I N DEX . I 73

An t ip as I . S ee H e ro d An tip as, A n ton , C h rl a es ( Mo se s G e r s o n

of M l t h
so n d H a a ce a n e ro d I . Coh po t t en ) ,
a s a e, de s c t
en

A n tip of t h H ro di
a s, e e an f mi a d hi tory of 5
an s , ,
26 7 .

l y wick d ,
of 2 23 6 e n e ss , , writ p gyric
es a an e on E ib e

A n tip tr ur r of t h Sy
as, e as e e n sc h ii t z , 5 ,
26 7 .

h d i e u p ct d of Rr on, s s e e 0 de n i es th e e xi t c s en e of Sab
m procliviti 2 29 4
an e s, ,
. b a t ia n s , 5 , 2 7 1 .

A n t i p t r t h I dum
a e co u , e ae a n , n A n t o n i a , da ught r of t h t rium e e

lor of H y r u I I 2 5 9
se ca n s , ,
. vir w r d of A l x d r Ly
,
a e an e

i trig u g i t Ari tob ul u

n es a a ns s s si m a c h us 2 , , 17 6 .

I I , 2, 5 9 . A n t o n i a, i t ri
s s e -
a -
l aw of Tib e

brib S uru 2 es ca s, ,
62 . usri ,
a dvoc t a e of the J u
envoy to Pomp y e 2 , 63 dae a n s , 2 , 1 7 2
—
.
, .

gov r or of J ud
e n ae a , 2, 66 7 . p tro
a n e ss of Agripp I 2 1 7 6 a , , .

support R om 2 s e, ,
70 .
A n t on i a , fortr of t h T m e ss e e

c u t h d th
a se s e ea se n t c of en e
ple, na m d for M rk A to
e a n

Pit h o l a us ,
2, 7 5 . ny, 2 , 1 06 .

o ff r e s h is se rvic es to C ae s a r , 2, comm u ic t n a es w ith the Te m

75 .
p l e , 2 , 1 09 , 1 1 1 .

tri to co rc t h J ud
es e e e ae an s v tm t of
es en shigh pri t
th e es s

i to loy lty to C r 2 7 7
n a aes a , , .
k pt i 2 1 29
e n, , .

wif d o e of 2 7 7 an s ns , , .
p t ifi
on l rob r mov d from
ca es e e

w r H ro d 2 7 8
a ns e , , . 2, 17 2 .

urg mil d m ur
es upo e as es n s tr gth
en en ed by Agripp a I , 2,
H ro d 2 7 9
e , , . 1 95 .

poi o d 2 8 0 s ne , , . i v t d by C um
n es e an us , 2 , 24 2 .

An t ip t r of H ro d I
a e , so n e , co n fir t w ll of t k
s a , a en by Tit u s,

pir
s g i t t h o of es a a ns e s ns 2 , 3 05
2 1 1 2—
.

M ri m a 13 a ne , ,
. S ee a l so A cr a, th e .

co pir ns g i t H ro d 2 es a a ns e , , r comm d d
A n t o n i n us , a J ew e en e

1 13 . by Pop G l i u 3 29 e e as s, ,
.

co vict d of tt mpt d p rri

n e a e e a A n t n in u
o m of A l x d r s, na e e an e

ci d 2 1 1 4 e, ,
. S v ru i J wi h
e o urc
e s n e s s e s,

ex ut d 2 1 1 6
ec e , , . 2, 482 .

A n t i p at r of J o evoy , so n as n, en i n u Piu mp ror l m

A n t on s s, e e , c e

t R om
o 1 5 26 e, ,
. cy of 2 4 3 2
en , , .

“An t i Ph d ”
by J oh B l
-
ae on , n a r vok H dri
e d cr
es2 a an s
’
e ees

th r K ol b l 5 3 1 6
asa e e, , . 433 .

A n t i S m i t i m pr v l
-
e c of 5 s ,
e a en e , ,
r vol utio
e n in J udae a un de r 2
7 04 . 4 47 .

A n t i t ak t e s , xtr m ct of an e e e se de a th of , 2 , 4 47 .

J wi h Chri ti
e s 2 37 0 s an s , , . An t ony, Mark m mb r of t h
,
e e e

An t i -
T l m udi t s S e Fr
a ki t s . e an s s . co dse n tri umvir t f vor a e, a s

An t i -
T ri n i t ri n Chri ti a a s, a s an H ro d 2 8 1 8 7
e , , , .

se c t of t h R form tio p e e a n e b h d A tigo u 2 89

e ea s n n s, ,
.

rio d, 4 , 5 41 .
i t r t d i Ari tob ul u ( I I I )
n e es e n s s ,

in Pol a n d, 4 , 64 7 . 2, 9 1, 93 .
 1 74 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

An t ony, Ma r k ( co n ti n ud) f l l e a Ap l lo n i u mb a
o s, a s s ad or to R om e,

2 4—
,

of 2 , ,
96 .
5 ,
.

A n tw rp e ,
A m t u L u ita s s an a s at , Ap l l n iu
o comm o s, a n de r of C oe
4 , 5 69 .
l e sy ri a , c o n fi s ca t e s the Te m
the J of xp ll d 4 6 62
ews , e e e , ,
.
tr ple e as u r 1 43 8 e s, , .

A n u im forc d
s v rt 4 17 9
,
e co n e s, ,
.
Ap l l iu
o on s, Syri g r l i an ene a , n

S ecM rr o t h a an s, e .
th e w ar w ith J o th H na an a

An rb i A r b ic m dic l
z a ut hor
,
a e a a p h us ,
1 , 4 96 .

ity t ught by J w 3 1 4 6 A p l l i u Sy ri g r l t
o on s, an e ne a ak e s

J r u l m 1 4 5 3—
,
a e s, ,
. ,

Ap m a tr ur ho u i for
e a, e as e se n, e 4 sa e , , .

th T mp l eco trib utio 2 e e n n s, ,

d f e t d by J ud M cc b
ea e as a a ae us

53 1 , 4 62 .

p l l i u M l G r k writ r
.

p l l of A c lo f vorit of A o on s a o, ee e

m lig J ud i m 2 1 7 8—
A e es, s a n, a e ,

C lig ul 2 1 8 7
a a,
a 9 ns a s , ,
.

A p l l n iu M l
,
.

Gr k writ r
Ap l l Syri ov r r r o o s o o, ee e
e es, an e se e , e ,

i t d b y t h M cc b
s s e 1 e a a ees, ,
ho til to t h J ud s 2 e e ae a n s , ,

68 .

A ph k b
e at t e l of b t w e een Is
A p ll o of Al x dri Chri
o s, e an a, s

ti t ch r 2 23 1
.
,

d Phili ti
an ea e
ra e l it e s ne s, 1, , , .

an s
A p l g y for t h
o o H o or bl e n a e
70
N tio of t h J w by
.

”
t k by m a n e e s,

5 28—
A p h e re m a , a en t h e Sa a
E dw r d N ichol 9 a as ,
rit a n s 1 , 4 10 ,
.

A p t y t Ch ri ti it y mo g
. .

o s as o s an n
A phr dit w or hip d by t h
o e, s e e
a

P ri e 1 1 08 s an s,
J w ft r t h d tr uctio of
e s a e e es n

J r u l m 2 3 22
.
,
e sa e
A pi n G r k w rit r mi r p r
, , .

o ee e s e e

t J ud i m 2 1 8 0— rly Chr i ti c t u
, ,
i nth e ea s an en
se n s 1 a s

voy t C lig ul 2 1 86
, , .

ri 2 3 7 7 e s,

ti 2 5 62—
, .

en o a a, ,
u d r Co t
.

n e 3 n s an n e,
co tr t d w ith Philo 2 1 8 7
n as e , , .

i nH mb urg 4 6 8 7 6 9 0
a
, .

ch rg of r f ut d by J o
a es , e e se
i nVi 4 7 06 e n n a,
, , , .

pb 2 3 9 0 a s, , .

mo g t h Ch i dim 5 21 3
a n e
,

as s
.

J o ph u w ork g i t tr , .
’ ,
se s a a ns , an s
mo g t h Fr ki t 5 28 7
a n e an s s,
l t d 4 608
a e , , .

m o g t h J w of G rm
a n y e e s e
,

an
.

A pi bl ck b ull w or hip d by ,
s, a s e
,
5 4 20
E gypti
, .

th 1 9
e an s, , .

in B rli e n, 5 5 87
A p c l yp Chri ti by , .

th
o a se , e s an ,
S ee a l so Co v r under n e s i o to ns
J oh 2 3 69 n, , .

Chri ti ity ; M rr s an a an o ths, e

A p cryp h r j ct d from
.

th A p t y t I l m mo
o a, e, e e e
o s as o s a a n gJ w e s
th C o 2 3 44
e an n, ,
.
i th E n t i th e as n e tw lfth e
tr l t d i to G r k 2 3 5 9
an s a e n ee
c t ury 3 4 4 1 —2
en

—
.
, ,
, , .

co i d r d p rt of t h C o
ns e e a e an n mo g S bb ti
a n 5 a a an s , ,
1 5 3 4,
b y Chri ti 2 35 9 488 s a ns, , , .
21 1 .

c o i z d by t h Co u c il of
an n e e n a mo g Ch n i dim 5 21 3
as s , , .

N ic 2 62 1 e .
, .
S ee a l so und r Co n v r io e e s ns to
A p ll
o O i
o 1 11 t k
, r f ug n as a es e e
. l m Is a .

i th
n t mpl of t D ph e e e , a a ne, Ap t y to s as o p g i m a an s a mo g n
1 , 4 48 .
J w i e s n Al x dr i e an a, 2, 1 84 .
1 76 I U ST O R Y o r TH E J E ws

A p t li m
os o ,
e s se n g r of t h
e s e Sy n A r b ia t h
a ,
e J ew s o f ( cont i nued) ,

h e drio n , 2, 5 35 .
r joic e e at Ma hom e t ’
s de a th ,

A ppi an , hi tori s an , p r c ute se ed by 3 , 84 .

J e wi h r b l s e e s, 2, 396 . po s se s s oo d t t 3 1 1 1 g as e , ,
.

A p ri e s ( I l O p h ra ) of E gypt t a fi dn th uthority of t h T l a e a

3 1 1 9—
, , e

w ar w ith Ne b uch d zz r a ne a , m ud i rk om 20 s e, , .

in th t w lf t h c t ury 3 4 3 6
e e en , ,

de f t d 1 3 13
ea e ,
, . 7 .

ally of J ud h 1 a , ,
3 18 .
Ar b i n rth rn ( H j ) i
a a, o e e as , a

r c iv J ud
e e es e an s
a ki dly n ,
1, h bit t of d c d d
a an s , es en e

3 24 .
from I hm l 3 6 0 6 1 s ae , , , .

thro d 1 3 27
de ne , ,
.
Ar bia orth r n ( H ja ) t h
a, n e e s ,
e
A p ul i th J w of l i bl t o
a, e e s , a e J w of 3 5 4— 6
e s , ,
.

c uri l duti 2 ( 31 6 a es, ,

.
l d B do ui lif 3 5 7
ea a e n e,
i v d d by t h M hom t
.
,
n a e e a e an s,
di ti g ui h th m
s lv i p
n s e se es n oe
3 , 212 .
try 3 5 7 —8 , , .

J ew s from form co gr g , a n e a
i t llig c of 3 5 8
n e en e
tio i Co t ti opl 4 ,
, .

n n n s an n e, , r ligio u ff ir mo g 3 5 8
e s a a s a n , ,
4 02
9
.

p ct of ll poi o
.

A q ue t , us ed we
s e s n
r l tio
e a n of to th e A r b a s, 3,
—
,

in g 4 , 1 04
60 1
, .

q i l S Ak y l
.

A u a ee as

A q ui Th m w ork of
. .

hi tory of 3 6 7 7 1
s , ,
-

d by M hom t 3
n as, o as, s
di po
,
s ss e s s e a e

7 6—
tr l t d 4 6 9 a ns a e , , .

83
, ,

t udi d by Solomo L vi 4
s e n e , ,
in th t w lfth c t ury 3 4 3 6
e
.

e en , ,
1 83 .
p .

A u q i t i r bbi from t t h
an a, a s ,
a e
A r bi
a a, s o uth r i n h b i t an te n a s
fir t r bbi ic l y o d 3 3 7 7
s a n a s n
,

of c d d from Y k t
.
, ,
de s
g th ri g pl c of cr u d r
a e n a e sa e s,
,
en e o an ,

3 GO
3, 570 ,
.

c ll
.

ed K a c h t a n it e s 3 , 61
A ra b a rch S ec A l b rch t h a a e
a , .

imy rit
. .
,

S ee also H the ; Ye
A r bia a, tr a de w ith u d r U , n e z
a e s,

zi ah , 1 , 23 0
men .

( A ura n it is ) P ul fl a e es to , 2,
A r bi a
a ,
s o uth r n e ,
th e J ews of ,

226 .
3, 56 .

J ew s i h f ugitiv es fl ee to ,
2, 3 17 , the J ew s of tr , a de w ith I n d a, i
3, 57
—
.

J e ws ttl se e in , 2 , 6 29 ; 3 , 5 4 5 .
a i h ki g dom i
J ew s n n, 3, 62
Ba b ylo i n an J ews e migr t to a e ,
7 S und r Y m
. ee e e en .

3, 4 . A r bi
a F l i x o uth r a e ,
s e n A r bi a a,

po itio of J w
s n e s in , in the 3, 56 .

i xth c t ury 3
s en 53 A r bic pok
a by J w of M s en e s a

co u tri 3 1 1 0—
, , .
,

Rm a l so A ura n i t is h m t o 11e an n es, ,

. .

A r bia a, w f i mil rity

th e J e s o ,
s a u d b y t h G o of Sor
se th e a n a o

o f , to t h A r b 3 5 6 e a s, , . c ia l ly , 3 , 17 8 .

t M hom t follo w r
li
— tr l tio of Bibl to
’
e na th e
a e a e s e s, ans a n e in ,

3, 74 5 .
3 ,
1 89 90 -
.
 I NHJ E ) L

Ara bi c ( nt inu d) u d in Sh co e ,
se e A r g n J w i i t h t w l fth
a o , e s n, n e e

rir r po a s3 23 2
’
es n se s , ,
. c t ury 384
en , .

pok by t h J w of A d
s en e e s n a ally of C til g i t t h Al as e a a ns e

l u i 3 23 5
s a , . m o h a de s , 3 , 387 .

th Mi h
e tr l t d i to 3 s na an s a e n , , forc co v rt i r l p i to
ed n e s n, e a se n

23 7 . J ud i m 4 1 8 0 a s , , .

s pok by I t li J w i t h
en a an e s n e F r di d of C til b com
e n an as e e es

t w lfth c t ury 3 4 23
e en , ,
. ki g of 4 205 206
n , , , .

tr l tio
an s a from m d by ns ,
a e th I q ui itio
e t bli h d i
n s n es a s e n,

J w 3 5 93
e s, ,
. 4 , 3 19 .

t ugh t
a m of co v r as a e an s n e oppo se d to th e I n u s q i itio n 4
io 3 5 9 7 ; 4 245
s n, , ,
.
3 1 9 , 3 28 .

forgott by t h Sp i h en e an s privil g of c c l d 4 3 26
e es , an e e , ,
.

J ew s, 4 , 60 .
i q ui itor ppoi t d for 4
n s s a n e , ,

b c p t ry i fl u c
A ra i oe n en es neo 3 26 .

He br ic po try 3 1 1 6 224 a e , , , .
e xi l from form co gr g
es , a n e a

Ara b th lov t h Script ur

s, e, e e e s,
tio n i Co t t i opl 4 n n s an n e, ,

3, 59 .
4 02 .

opt t h i h c l r A ra g on , th e J ew s o f , un de r Al
ad

5 9—
e J ew s a e n da ,
3,
f o n so I I , 3 , 3 8 7 8 —
r P dro I I 3 4 9 7 —
60 .

un de 8
r l tio of to t h J w
e a n e e s, 3 , 60
e , , .

upr m cy of 3 8 6—
.

s e 7 a
,

pr v t e ti J wi h l gi l
en an -
e s e s a
,
tio 3 5 08
.
,

h lp d by t h J w
e e e e s an d Sa
n, , .

m a rit an s 3 , 8 7 e x mpt from w r i g t h J w

e
”

ea n e e

b dg 3 5 1 4—
, .

15
enth i m of for th i r l
us a s e an
a e, , .

— M im u i t co trov r y
,

i th
g g
ua e 3 , 1 1 0 1 1 1 , .
n e a n s n e s ,

3 , 5 3 0, 5 3 6 , 5 37
obt i cc to sc i tific lit
a n a e ss en
.

tu thro ugh J w 3
e ra re e s,
l tt r to d ou ci g Solomo
e e , en n n n
,

of Mo tp lli r 3 5 44 n e e

u d r J ym I 3 5 9 6—
,
111
.
,
.

n e 7 a e
in fl u c t h r viv l of
en e e e a He
r g rd d
e a rv i c m r e as
,

se
,

a
.

e a
s
br w 3 1 1 1
e , , .

3 , 5 97
,

t w r with t h
.

a Ch a
a e z a rs , 3,
138 .
de b t with P blo Chr i ti i
a e a s an ,

3 , 6 02
f t by
.

de e a ed th e Ch a z ars , 3,
1 39
p r e se c ut d i t h fo urt th
e n e ee n
.

c en t ury 4 7 7
un ki n dly tr t d by t h Sp
.
, ,
ea e e an
m a s sa cr d ecco u t of t h on a n e
i h B rb r
s 3 26 1 e e s, , .

Bl a ck D th 4 1 02—3 ea
und r M hom t
, , .

S a l so
ee e a e an s ,
h lpe e d by t h h igh r cl e e as s e s ,
t h ; N b th
e th a a ae a n s , e .
4 , 1 03 .

A ra c h t h f mily of i t rm
, e a , n e ar
un de r P dro e IV an d J ua n I,
ri with t h Ammo it
es e n e s, 1, 4 , 1 45 .

3 62 .
po s se s s p ena l j uri dictio s n, 4,
A ra dus , b ui lt by t h C it
—
‘

e an a a n e s, 15 5 .

1, 3 .
p r c ut
e se ed in 139 1, 4, 17 0 1,
re fu se s ob e die n c to A t ioch u
e n s 17 2 .

I V , 1 , 4 63 . co v rt n e e d, 4 , 206 , 21 4 .
17 8 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

A r g a on, th e J w of ( c nt in ud)
e s o e , A rc adi u s ( 39 5 e mp ror e of

at the di p ut tio sof Tor a n the E as t ,

i n s ig n ifi c a n c e of ,

to sa. 4 , 214 . 2 , 01 5 .

un de r J oh n I I , 4 , 27 4 ,
27 5 the J e w s un der 2 616 , , .

wa r d of
ne a ppro chi g a n da n A rch l e a us , of C pp doci a a a, da ug h

g e r, 4 , 336 .
ter of , 2 , 1 1 2, 1 28 .

procl m tio xp lli g

a a n e e n 4 A rch l e a us ( H e ro d II) so n of
347 —
.
, ,

8 .
ro d I ov r ig of J uda
He , s e e n ea

po io of
s s e ss q u tr t ns ,
se es a e d, d S m ri
an 2 1 19 a a a, , .

4, 350 promi to boli h u j u t

se s a s n s

l w 2 1 20—1
.

A r g a on , th e Ma rr an o s of, 4, a s, ,
.

3 09 . att ck tho
a o ff ri g t h
s se e n e

t ry to s u ppr e ss the In q ui i s P ov r crific 2 1 21

as s e sa e s, ,
.

tio 4 3 29 n, , . forbi d t h c l br t io of
s e e e a n

A r m hom of A br h m 1 4
a . e a a , ,
. P ov r 2 1 22
ass e , ,
.

S Syri ee a p ut J r u l m u d r Q ui t i
e sa e n e n

li u V r u 2 1 22—
. s

Ar ma I c S I c Ar m
a, s aa . ee saa a a . s 3 a s, , .

Ar m a n th
ea
a h lp t h Ammo s, e e th rch of J ud 2 1 27
na aea ,

it g i t D vi d 1 1 26—
e, e , .

n es a 7 a ns a , ,
. d poe t h high pri
se s tJ r e es o a sa ,

S u d r D m c u t h ki g
ec n e a as s. e n 2 , 1 27 .

d m of ; Syri
o a . w ar of , a g i t a ns A t h ro n g e s , 2 ,
A r m ic l
a a r t by t h J ud ea n e aea n s 1 28
1 3 3 0—
, .

i B bylo
n a1 n, , . m rri G l p h yr 2 1 28
a es a a, , .

pok
s by t h J ud
en i e aea n s n xil d by Aug u t u 2 1 28
e e s s, , .

H m as tim 2 1 4 1 5 o n fe a n e s, , , . prop rty of co fi c t d by

e ,
n s a e

pok i G lil 2 1 49
s en n a ee , ,
. Aug u t u 2 1 29 s s, , .

w or d i th Mi h
s 2 461n e s na, ,
.
A rch l au eJ ul i u broth r i
s, s, e -
a

Ar an d C u t d try to up
a, o n s e, s l w of A gripp I I
a a ,

pr th Ar go
e ss I q ui i e a n n s A rch i p l g th C r do o i 5
e a o, e, a s n, ,

tio 4 3 29 n, , .
207 .

Ar d
an d M rr o bi h op
a, e, a an s , A rch i s y n a g o g us , titl of t h e e

b ur t b Tor q u m d 4 3 3 3
n y e a a, , . r bbi of Sp y r 3 297
a e e , , .

A r ri D v i d
a cc u d of rit u l
a a se a A rch i t ct ur e u d r H ro d 2 e, n e e

1 06—
, , , ,

m ur d r 5 63 6 63 8 e , , , . 7 1 18 , .

p r c ut d 5
e se e , , Ard h i r ( Arb h h t )
as t b ac s er , es a

Ar u h
a S
na O h . ee rn a . li h t h dy ty of t h
s es e n as e
A rb h ht r
ac S Ar d hir
s e . ee as . S i d 2 5 1 3 5 23
as sa n e s, , , .

A rb u P dr d E pil i q ui
es , e o, e a, n r tor t h Zoro tri d
es es e as an oc

itor i Ar go 4 3 26
s n a n, , . tri 2 5 24 ne , ,
.

plot g i t by t h M rr o
a a ns , e a an s. A r d h i r pop ul t d with J w
as ,
a e e s,

4 , 3 29 .
2 5 07 ,
S al Ct ipho
. ee so es n .

kill d i ch urc h 4 3 3 0
e n , , .
A r d bi l
e Arm ,
i fortr e n an e ss,

ho or p i d to t h m mory of t k by t h C h r 3 1 3 9
—
n a e e , a en e az a s, .
,

4 , 3 30 1 .
A r ph i lo ophi c l tr uth
e u s a s s s

Ma rr a n o s co n c e r n e d in the p t ib l
ce of m th m tic l e a e a a

m urd r of h lt r
by M n d l oh n 5 3 03—
e , s e e ed in N a d mo e tr tio pri z
ns y a n? e e ssa

v rr 4 3 5 7
a e , , . e 4 e ss , , .
1 80 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

A ri t b ul u I I ( ni in d) um
s o s co nc , s A ri t tl (
s o e co nt in work of
ued) , s

mo u d t D m c u b y Pom e o a as s tr l t an s a ed
’

i to L ti
n 3 a n,
—
,

p ey. 2, 63 5 66 7

6 4—
. .

at ith Pomp y 2
w ar w e , ,
7 . in Imm u l R omi work 4 66 an e
’
s , , .

i l
n m p y t ri umph 2 6 7
’
o e
’
s , ,
. O ppo d by G r id 4 9 3
se e so n es, , .

es c p from R om 2 7 2
a es e, ,
. a uthority of q u tio d by , es ne

g rri o \ l x dri 2 d i Cr c 4 1 46 '

Ch
N .
J
a s ns c an on, ‘ 1 V as a es as , , .
,
.

s urr d r M h u 2 73
en e s ac ze r s, ,
. Ethic of tr l t d 4 1 9 3
s ,
an s a e , ,
.

se co d c ptivity of t R om
n a , a e ,
q uot d b y J w i h pr
e ch r e s ea e s,

2, 7 3 . 4 , 23 2 .

fr d by C
ee aes a r , 2, 7 5 .
riti g of xpo u d d by
w n s , e n e

poi o d 2 s ne .
,
75 .
J ud h b Y h i l 4 28 9
a en ec e , ,
.

w if d e an da u ght r e s of , in y t m of xpo u d d by E li
s s e ,
e n e as

C l i a l c is , 2, 7 5 .
d l M digo 4 29 0
e e , ,
.

Ari t b ul u ( I I I ) broth r of
s o s ,
e t udi d by Poli h J w 4 63 3
s e s e s, , .

M ri m high pri t 2 9 1
a a ne, es , , .
A rk of t h Co v n an t t h l 23 e e , e, , ,

pop ul rity of 2 9 2 a , ,
.
41 .

m ur d r d 2 9 2 e e t k
a en by the Phili ti s n es, 1,
,
—
, .

Ari t b ul u broth r of Agripp

s o s, e a
70 2 .

I uppl t him 2 1 7 5
, s an s , ,
.
m d by Aa e c h it ub 1 , ,
79 .

oppo C lig ul 2 1 8 8 se s a a, , .
r mov d to
e e J e r us a e l m , 1 , 1 19 .

w if of 2 1 9 5 e , , .
1 20 .

b g for tr uc 2 1 9 7
e s a e, ,
.
tr an s e f rr ed to th e T mpl e e, 1,

Ari t b ul u
s o of M ri m s, so n a a ne,
166 .

d ig t d esucc or t na e s e ss o
A rl es ( city )
w p rtici p t i ,
J e s a a e n

l l e ro d, 2 , 1 1 2 b ttl b for 3 3 6
a es e e .

r m i i ft r th ir
.

J w
m rri g of 2 1 1 2
a a e
e s e a n n, a e e
, ,
b i hm t from F r c by
.

x c ut d 2 1 1 3
e e e
an s en an e
,
Ch rl V I 4 1 7 7
, .

A ri t tl C te gori of a es
th T , , .

s o e, e en a es
Ar l ( di trict ) fir t J wi h
,

comp r d w ith t h T Co a e e en ni
es s , s e s

m a n dm e n t s 3 , 197
ttl m t of G ul i 3 3 5
se e en a n, ,
.

A rl ki g dom of d m d d by
, .

sa yi g of n s us e d by I b n Ge -
bi e s, n , e an e

A lbr cht I 4 4 7
,

e
re ] 3 , 26 7 , , .

A rm da t h coll p of 4 6 63
, .

a
sy t m of
s e pr t d by J as e se n e e
,
e, a se , , .

A rm n i J w of t k by
,

eth a, e a en
h ud I l l vi 3 3 28 a a e , , .

Sh b ur I I 2 5 9 1a
e s ,

domi c of i t h tw lfth ,
, .

nan e n e e

c t ury 3 3 3 1
en
,
i v d d by t h Ch r 3 1 3 8
n a e e az a s, ,
.

w ork of tr l t d i to I l
s
, ,

ans a e
.

vi it d by P t h y 3 421
s e e ac a, ,
.

n e
A rm n i co v rt
-

,
e an s n e

d to J ud i m 3 4 3 9 —
b r w 3 398 e

pop ul r mo g J w 3 4 4 8 —
, , .

e 40 a s , , .

a 9 a n e s, , .

A rm t ri u
en m bor
a by s, na e ne
philo ophy of i t rpr t d b y
s , n e e e
G llic J w a 3 3 e s,
I b u Si
,
3 47 8
A rml d r ( L th r rm ) p r
-
na , , .

e e ea e -
a s e
th ori of i J w i h w riti g
e es , n e s n s,
ut i
se c th of t h G r o n s, e, e e
3 , 47 0 .

man J ew s, 4 , 97 8 — .

de n ou c n ed by N a c h m a n i, 3 , A r h im
n e ,
ad vi r of se t h e du k of e
5 34 .
Alv a, 4 , 6 62 .
 I N DEX . 18 1

A rn i m r pr t tiv of t h
, e e se n a e e ro Ar t x rx I L g im n u
a e es on a s, o
f

m tic chool 5 5 1 5
an s , ,
. P r i e i t E zr 1 3 6 6
s a, ass s s a, ,
.

A rn l d c r di
o l b i hop of
,
a na s Co i fl u c d by J ud
n en f vor e a an
e
a

log u prot ct t h J w e, e s e e s, 3, it 1 37 1
e s, , .

352 . m k N h mi h gov r or of
a es e e a e n

A rn o d l of B r c ia es ,
de n un o c es J udae a , 1 , 3 7 3 .

the pop es, 3 , 37 0 .

Ar t x rx
a e es II Me m n o n of P
,
er

A rn o d l of C it ea ux, o rg iz an es s ia , E gypt r b l e e s a g i t
a ns ,
1,
th e cr u s a de a g i t t h Al
a ns e 4 07 .

b ig e n s e s , 3 , 5 02 .
b i h an s es J udae a n s 1 4 08 .

org iz an es a cr u s a de a g i ta ns kill d 1 e 4 09
p i h M hom t
,
.
,

th e S an s a e an s , 3, A rt ax rx e es III O ch us , of Pe r
5 07 .
s ia , 1 , 4 07 .

i tig t
ns tt ck upo t h a es an a a n e
A rt a xi as , rm i i d p of A e n a, n e en
Tol do J w 3 5 07 e e s, ,
.

d t f A tioch u I V 1 4 6 3
en o
.

n s ,
.

A r l di t p rty oppo d
,

th
A rt m i n l d r of J wi h r
no s s, e, a se
e o ea e a e s e
to R uchli 4 4 5 6 e n, , .

b llio e Cypr u 2 3 97
,

n on s
J w of p r ,
. .

A rn t dt t h
s a , e e s , e se
A rt m i e th chool of d f c
on , e s , e a e
ut e d 3 , 61 1
S pt u gi t 2 3 8 6
c
th
.
,
e e a n
t in N t h an A dam v ,
.
,

A rn s e a on
, ,
A rt i n sa mo g t h Al x s, a n e e an
w if of 5 4 1 4 e , , .

dri J ud 1
an 5 05 e an s ,
a
A r R b b i M r ( Arr b y Moor )
, .

a o a
mo g t h t ch r of t h
-
,
a n e ea e s e
titl of t h chi f r bbi of
e e e a
L aw , 2 , 3 4 4 , 3 48 , 4 4 1 , 4 42, 5 7 5
Port ug l 3 6 1 8 ; 4 1 5 8 9 a , , ,
-

,
ic r f t ; Tr d
.

S ee H a n d a s a es .

3 80
A ruch T lm udi c dictio ry by
.

du ti e s, a ss s a n i t t s, an d j uri s
, a na ,

dictio n o f, 4 , 15 9 .
M r Z m ch I b
a P lt i 3
-
e a en a o , ,

17 9
A rs a ce s , t h e d y n as ty of f ll of a
.

2 , 5 1 3 , 5 23 .
, ,

by Na th an b e n Y e ch i e l , 3 , 290,
4 21
A rs a ce s , tr p of P rthi sa a a a, re
.

volt from A tioch u I V

s n s 1,
S ee a l so L xico
e T lm udic l n, a a .

Auv rg
,

4 63 .
A rv e rn a . S ee e ne .

m r it f vorit of
A rs e n i o s , Sa a an a e
Ar z i ll a, J e w t k c ptiv t
s a en a e a ,

E mp r Th o dor 3 1 7 ess e a, , .
4 , 28 6 , 3 39 .

A rt ( L rt ) t h J w of i
a a a , e e s , n Port ug u e se Ma rr an o s in , 4,
th tw lfth c t ury 3 4 24
e e en , ,
.
381 .

Sp i h xil i 4 4 06
an s e es n, , .
A s a, ki g of n J uda h , a cc e ss io n

th J w
e of plit up i to
e s , s n na of 1 , ,
189 .

ti l gro up
ona 4 47 8 s, , .
forbi d s th e wor hip of A t rt s s a e,

A rt b an fi
a d for u i g M u ne s n ez z 1 , 1 90 .

with B h 1 1 9 0—1
,

z oth ,
2 , 424 .
a t w ar aas a, ,
.

A rt ab an us, of P rthi a a, i v it n es a lly of B h d d I 1 1 9 1 en -

a a , , .

Iz at e s to a ct as a rbitr tor a ,
A sa h l e J b broth r kill d
,
oa
’
s e ,
e

2 , 21 7 by Ab r 1 1 1 0 ne

p h p lmi t 1 7 9 1 20—
. , , .

A rt a b an us I V ( 21 1 of Pa r: A sa ,
1 sa s , , , .

t hia an d A bb r k
a A ,
-
e a, 2, 5 13 . A sa p h it d c d t of A ph
es, es en an s sa ,

o v rt h row n 2 5 23
e , , . 1 , 1 20 .
 182 H I STO R Y o r TH E J E W S .

r b T b th S e F t o f
A sa a e -
e e e as As h r e b en Me s h ul l am as c t ic
e
—
.
, ,

T b th e e . 3 , 39 6 7 .

A c l
s ( A k lo )
a on Phili ti s e n s ne A sh e rb en Y e ch i e l ( As h e ri, 1 25 0
—
,

port 1 5 4 , , . To s s a fi s t , 4 , 3 4 5 .

l ft i t h po
e io of t h n e sse ss n e a cc pt e s the e vi d en c of b e ap

Phili ti b y D vi d 1 1 1 7 s nes a , , . t iz ed J ew s, 4 , 37 .

A c l n
s th
a o J w of xt r a, e e s , e e settl i Tol do 4 3 7 es n e , , .

m in a t e d 4 , 17 0 oppo d to t h t udy of
se e s

ci c 4 3 7 —8 3 9 5 0 8 6—7
. .

A s ca re l l i , D b r h po te o a ,
e e ss, 5 ,
s en e, , , , , .

68 . opi io of o ugh t by A bb
n n , s a

A s ca re l l i , ph h u b d of J o se ,
s an M ri 4 3 8 a , ,
.

th pr c di g 5 6 8
e e e n , ,
. i fl u c of
n th Spen i h e , on e an s

As c i th
en s on dogm of t ,
e a , a J ew s . 4, 51 .

t ck d b y A b b b 2 5 3 9
a e a a, ,
asT lm udi t 4 5 1 a s , , .

5 40 . v ri ty of 4 5 3
se e , , .

As c tic
e s, a mo g n the A r bia an o of 4 8 7
s ns , , .

J ews, 3 , 437 . pr f r G rm y 4 9 0 9 6
e e s e an , , , .

A s cl e p i a do t us , l aw y r oppo e ,
se s S al
ee A h i f mily t h so s er a , e .

B li ri u 3 3 2
e sa s .
,
. A h r L amm l i n po
s e th e ,
se s as e

m ur d r d 3 3 2 e e ,
,
. for r u r of t h M i h e nn e e e ss a ,

A h do d
s ( Azot u ) Phili ti s , s ne 4 , 4 82 .

port 1 5 4 .
, . ad h r t of 4 4 8 3
e en s , ,
.

th A k of t h Cov
e t t 1 r e e n an a , , As h r S ul d plor t h
e ,
a , e es e de c y a

71 . of mor lity mo g t h a a n e J e w s,

l ft i t h po
e io of t h
n e s se s s n e 5 ,
4 19 .

Phili ti by D vi d 1 1 1 7 s nes a .
,
.
w rit g i t Ficht 5 4 63
es a a ns e, ,
.

co q u r d b y Uzzi h 1 23 1
n e e a , ,
. As h ri Se A h r b
. Y hi l : ee s e en ec e

d troy d 1 4 9 6
es e , , . J cob b a A h i ; J h ud en s er e a

r v u from l ft to S lom
e en e . e a e, b A h r I ; J h ud
en b s e e a en

2 , 12 0 . A h r II s e .

As h r t h trib of c q uir
e , e e , a es As h ri f a m i l y t h
e lo m m , e, se s e
l d i t h orth 1 3 7
an n e n , ,
. b r by t h Bl ck D th 4
e s e a ea

r l tio of to t h Ph ici
e a n , e oe n an s , 113 .

1, 53 m mb r of m rtyr in 1 3 9 1
e e s a

4 1 69 —
.

, s ,

t w ty t o w
en of giv to ns , en 70 , .

H ir m l 164 a ,
, .
S A h r b
ee Y hi l s e en ec e .

d c es d t of ro u d N i h
en an s a n s a A hi ( 35 2
s pri cip l of t h n a
,
e
b ur 3 Sor
, ,
433 .

c d my w lth of 2
a a a e , ea , ,

A s h e r, t rib e s m e n of , j i o n G de i o n, (305 .

1 , 62 .
re -

b uil d s the a c a de my of S or a,

joi Solomo fl t 1 1 7 0
n n s
’
ee , , . 2 , 6 06 .

A h r
s f e U di po t t o n e, a s a e, r c iv
e e es the titl of e R a b b a n a,
ch r g J w w ith b l p h
a es e s as e 2 , 6 06 .

my 4 5 8 4 , , . authority of 2 6 06 , , .

A h r b
s J h ud
e h ro of Soloen e a, e m k Sor t h c t r of J w
a es a e en e e

m lb S kb l
o n rom c n -
a c
’

s an e i h li f 2 6 07
s e,

coll ct t h T lm ud 2 607 —
,
, .

3 , 3 18 .
e 9 s e a
,
.
,
1 84 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

As s e r C r lu d M
,
a m m o s an o s es , e As tro om r n e s an d m at h e m a t i ~

b r of t h F li x Li b rt t
e s e e e a e, ci a n s , J ew i h li t of
s , s :

5 ,
45 2 .
A br h m b
a a en J udah b e n Mo se s
z lo u i t h m cip tio
ea s n e e an a n C h iy Al b g a C h ar e o en,

tr uggl 5 4 5 4
s e, l i
on ,
J ud h I b — V rg a n e a,

A br h m b L vi b G r
.
,

A i P l ti i Amor ubor a a en e en e so n ,
ss a es n an a, s
,
M r I b Ezr
ei M ir Al gu d
n a, e a e s,
di u t him lf to t h B by
-

s es se e a
A b r h m Z ut
a aM b Ir l ac o o se s en s ae
ut horiti
,

l i o n an 2 5 31 a e s, , , B o ne td L t Ie l a e s, sse r e s,

5 37 D vi d G
a P fi t D ur
an s, ro a an ,

I c b B ruc h S h l R bb
.

i v tig t
n es a es the e du c tio l a na saa en

S mu l Ib —
a a a a an ,

Al b b Ah n
i tit ut io
ns ns of J ud 2 5 3 2 e a,
a ,
.

Isaa
a

c b J ph b
a,

en o se
a

as,
e

i v tig t
n es a es th ob rv c of e se an e
I r li I I
s ae Si m b Z , on en e

t h e La w i S m ri
n 2 5 34 a a a, ,
.
J c b b
a o M c h ir m c h D ur
en a a an ,

pp l t
a ea s o Ab b b 2 5 38 a a Tib b V
o n, i h J ph ec n o, o se

S id
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m t Hu ee s na s corp 2 5 4 8
'

se , ,
.
a n -
a .

di cipl of 2
s es 5 60 .
A tro n om i c l k n o w l dg
s th a e e, e,
, ,

A id Ch i im of t h t ch r of t h L w e ea e s e a

2 3 3 6 3 4 4—
ss th e an s ,
a e . S ec as s d ,
,

the : I l as m o n ae a n s ,
th e ; Ma c 5 3 4 9 5 21
, , , , .

cab e e s. the
A tr
s om y t udi d i Port ug l
on , s e n a
—
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.

Ass yr i a, d oom of pr dict e ed by 4 , 367 8 .

—
,

I sa i h a ,
1 , 27 2 3 .
s t udi ed by Poli h s J e w s, 4,

i v n a de d by the S cythi an s , 1, 633 .

28 7 As tr uc En -
D uran . See A bb a ~

Ma ri Mo
.

po w r of d cli e 1 28 7 29 6 , e ne s, , , .
ben se s .

f ll of 1 3 03
a , , .
As tr uc L vi t t h Torto di e , a e sa s ~

A yri n c u tom i tro duc d i

ss a s s n e n p ut tio 4 208 a n,

to J ud h 1 26 0—
,
.

1 a , , .
as crib uthority to t h
es no a e

ch r ct r u d for t h Scrip
a a e s se e Ag d 4 21 4 a a, , .

t ur 1 3 9 5 —6 es, , .
r f u to cc pt b pti m 4
e se s a e a s , ,

A yri
ss th xt d th ir t
an s , e, e en e er 21 5 .

rit o ry , 1 , 24 6 As tr uc R ai much ( Fr a n ci s co
—
.

ho t of s ,
de s troy e d at L chi h a s ,
Go d fl e sh , Dio s -
C ar n e ) a po s ,

1 , 27 7 .
t t a e, Chri ti e xpo u d n s s an

de f t ea the Me de s ,
1 , 28 7 .
dogm 4 1 82 as, ,
.

As t rt
a e, wo r h ip of by
s ,
t h e Ca A tr uc S ibi li i form
s g i t ,
n s a a ns

n a a n it e s , 1, 5 4 .
th P lm J w 4 24 6e a a
‘
e s, ,
.

m u l tim 1 7 5
in Sa e
’
s e, , .
impri o d d b ptiz d 4 s ne an a e , ,

u d r S l m
n 1 17 5
e o o o n,
, .
24 7 .

u d r R ho b o m 1 1 8 9
n e e a , , . As tr uc ,
A ri t i d s e s, fo u n de r of
u d r O mri 1 1 9 5
n e , , . the Alli c an e I s ra el it e U n i
u d r J robo m I I 1 23 3
n e e a , ,
. ve rs e l l e ,
”
5 ,
7 01 .

u d r H z ki h 1
n e 69 e e a , ,
2
. A st y a g e s , of M di e a, de thro ned

S l
ee I dol try a so a . by Cyr u s, 1 , 3 42 .

A ti Fr
s ch xil
, ttl ien e es se e n, 4, A s v e rus , na me of A l x
e a n de r
17 7 .
Se v ru e s in the J e wi sh

As t rg
o a, of co v rt
the J e ws , n e e d s o urc es, 2, 482 .

by Vi c t F rr r 4 205
n en e e , , . A t e] . S ec V olg a .
 I N DEX . 1 85

l
A t h a i ah , A h b a
’
s dau ght r e ,
m ar Au g en s pi g l th R u h
e e ,
”
e, e c

of 1 206
ria g e li n s
’
p mphl t g i t F f f
a e a a ns e
—
, .
,

i tro duc i dol try i n to J ud h

n es a a , f e rk o rn , 4 , 4 4 6 8 .

1 , 209 . excit m t cr t d by 4 4 48
e en ea e , , .

uphol d B l wor hip i J r u s aa s n e adv r opi io of 4 4 5 0

e se n ns , ,
.

l m 1 21 2 2 1 4
sa e . ch rg g i t 4 4 5 1
a es a a ns ,

b ur i g of or d r d 4 4 5 1 —2
.
, , , ,

ex c ut m mb r of t h ho u
e es e e s e se n n , e e , , .

of D vi d 1 21 3 a , , . cl r d of t h ch rg of h r
ea e e a e e

ix y r r ul of 1 21 5 4 , 45 5
’
s ea s e , ,
. e sy , .

m ur d r of 1 21 6 e , , . cl r d h r tic l by t h U
de a e e e a e ni

At h i n
en f vorit of Ptol my
o ,
a e e v r ity of P ri 4 4 60
e s a s, , .

II voy to J r u l m 1
, en e sa e , , tr l tio of 4 4 60
an s a n , , .

4 23 . A ug b urg t h sJ w f v ,
e e s o , sa ed

an d J o phse , so n of Tobi h a ,
1, from t h R i dfl i h p r e n e sc e se

4 24 , 4 25 . c ut io n 4 , 3 6 , .

A t h en io n , g r l of Cl op tr ene a e a a, p ri h ri g
e s Bl ck D th
du n th e a ea

sen t g i t H ro d 2 9 5
a a ns e , , . p c tioe rs e u
1 10 ns 4, , .

A t h en s , gift t to by J u s se n ,
i mpr i o d 4 1 63 s ne , , .

dae a n ki g 2 1 93 n s, r dmi io
e a of p t itio d for ss n e ne

4 1 27 —
-

, .
, ,

J udae a n s i n , 2 , 203 . 8 , .

th e J e w of oppo s ,
se Sab b a t ai xp ll d 4 249 4 1 3
e e e , , , .

Z vi e , 5 ,
1 24 . A ug u t of Br u w ick h
s T m , ns , as e

At h i as, tor of e di the F rr r e a a plo work tr l t d 5 ’

s an s a e
—
, ,

Sp i h Bibl an s e, 4, 57 6 . 114 15 .

A t h i a s , I s a a c, C h ac h am of h a m L Ch urch F th r h t
Aug q t i n e , a e , a es

b g
ur 4 , 689 , . th J w 2 625
e e s, , .

h ph r
A t h ro n g e s , a s e um
e d , a ss es A ug u t u ( O ct vi u )
s m mb r s a s , e e

th roy l titl 2 1 25
e a e, ,
.
of t h co d tri umvir t e se n a e,

w r of wi t h A rch l u 2 1 28
a ,
e a s, ,
.
2, 8 1 .

A t n m n t D ay f forbi dd
o e e to ,
o , en f vor H ro d 2 8 6
a s e , , .

b ob rv d 2 5 7 2
e se e , , . wi th b ttl of A cti um
ns e a e , 2,
a mo g t h A r b 3 5 8
n e a s, , .
96
lit urgy of 3 1 1 3—1 4
.

co firm
n s He ro d roy l ’
s a dig
1 01 —
, .
,

a se co d 4 6 26 n , ,
. mi ty 2 , ,
2 .

A t r b i g d by Tr j
a, 2 399
es e e a an , , . f vor t h
a s e E gypti J ud an ae a n s ,

A t t al u of P rg m u pro
s, e a s, 2 , 1 02 3 -

cl im A tioch u I V ki g of
a s n s n f vor
a s the R om an J udae a n s 2
Sy i 1 4 43 r a, , . 1 03 .

At t m na S e H tma . e e an . i cr
n e a se s He ro d t rritory ’
s e ,
2
A t z b ah a . S ee E l e s b a a . 1 03 .

A ub ri o t , pr v ot of
H ug ue s , e pow r of ov r H ro d 2 1 05
e , e e , ,
.

P ria s, prot ct t h J w 4 e s e e s, ,
t t u of r ct d i C r
s a e , e e e n ae s a e a,

15 1 . 2 , 1 06 .

A ue rb c h J a b f ir pr ch r
a ,
co ,
a -
ea e as k to r tify A tip t r
ed a n a e
’
s

i L ip ic 5 5 7 3
n e s , , . d th t c 2 114
ea -
se n en e, ,
.

H i e ne 5 577 on , , . co d m n th x c utio of
e ns e e e n

A u r t adt d f t of 5 4 9 5 H ro d o 2 1 16 ’
e s e ea e s s n s, , .
, ,
.
,

12
1 86 H S I TO RY OF TH E J EWS .

t
A ug us us ( co nti nued) e xc ut o r ,
of A us tr i a ( co nt in ued)
'
,
in t h e Qu d a

He ro
ds w ill '

. 2 , 1 20 . r upl e lli c A an e, 5 ,
65 8 .

a pp l d to by
ea e the He ro di an s , J ew s co c r d n e ne in the re o r

2 , 1 22 .
g a n iz a t io n O f, 5 ,
69 7 .

se iz es He ro d '

s tr e as u r e s, 2, J i h oci tio
ew s as s a n in , 5 ,
7 03 .

1 23 . A u tri
s th J w a, e e s of, fill ffic O e s,

m k a es J udae a an e th rchy na ,
3 , 5 1 6 , 5 67 .

2 , 1 26 7 — . prot ct d by Fr d rick e e e e the

xil Arch l u 2 1 28 V li t J w i h t t ut ’
e es e a s, a an s e s s a e, 3,
—
.
,

i tr uctio
ns f to t h gov r ns O ,
e e 5 67 9 .

f Syri
no r O 2 1 29 a .
, . s uff e r ri g t h R i dfl i h du n e n e sc

d th of 2 1 3 5
ea , , .
p r c utio 4 3 6
e se n, ,
.

A ug u t u I I I of Pol d
s d s ,
an , an s uff r from t h eD gg b urg e e en

th Fr ki t 5 28 3
e an s s, ,
. p r c utio 4 9 8
e se n, , .

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H a vvo t h a cc u d f w l l poi o i g 4
se O e s n n , ,

J a ir) , the G il e ad it es t k a e 1 10 .

po io f 1 6 4 s se ss n O , s f r duri g t h H u it g i
uf e n e ss e
“
a

t f io 4 222—4
, .

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a ees o , , . a n, , .

giv to Ag ripp I I 2
en a 24 5 ch rg d w i th ho t d cr t io
a e s e se a n,
—
, , .

c v lry from
a a t to , se n J e rus a 4 , 223 4 .

l em . 2 , 25 9 ,
26 0 . b i h d 4 224 4 27
an s e , , , .

S ee a l so A r bia a . r trictio pl c d
es 4 5 85 ns a e on, , .

r li n
Au e a Z ,
e mp ror co q u r
e , n e s e thr t d w ith xp ul io 4
ea en e e s n, ,

obi 2 5 3 0
n e , , .
65 2 .

Aur um c ro r ium ( crow o na co ditio of improv d by

n n e

J o ph I I 5 3 5 7 —
n ,

mo y ) t x impo d ne , a se on 8 se , , .

J udae a , 2 , 4 6 3 . l tt r ddr d to by VV l y
e e a e ss e , e ss e ,

coll ct e ed by the P tri rch a a s, 2 5 ,

3 68 .

co ti u d b m t of 5 4 6 1
n n e a ase en , , .

A ustr i t h J w f i t h
as a , e e s O , n e fr d from t h poll t x 5 4 6 4
ee e -
a , ,
.

ixth c t ury 3 4 0
s en , , .
new t x impo d 5 5 08
a es se o n, , .

A u tri
s Fr d rick t h V li t
a, e e e a an
’
s u d r Fr
n ci I 5 5 23
e an s , ,
.

J w i h t t ut co firm d for
e s s a e n e ,
i fl u c of M h im r
n en e an n e e o n,

3 , 03 5 . 5 ,
579 .

J e ws e migr t a e t o, from H un gro w i g lf r p ct of 5 5 8 2

n se -
es e , , .

g ry 4 1 1 1
a , , . A u tri
s L w r t h J w of
a, o e , e e s ,

J oh of C pi tr o i 4 25 8
n a s an n, ,
. b i h d 4 5 85
an s e , , .

J wi h
e xil from t k r f
s e es , a e e A u tri
s Succ i n th IV r
an ess o e, a
,

ug i Pol d 4 2 6 3 4 20
e n an ,
, , . of d t h J w of Pr g u
, an e e s a e,

Poli h J w i h f ugitiv i 5
s e s es n, J
5 ,
25 1 2 -

16 Au tob i gr phy of J o ph u
o a se s, 2,
a ith Pr u i 5 25 1
t war w ss a , 3 90

Uri l d Co t 5 6 4—
, . .

w illi g to gr t citiz hip to

n an e ns Of 5 e a s a, , .

the J ews, 5 ,
5 18 .
Of Solomo M imo 5 4 09 n a n, , .

prot ct e s t he Fr kfort an J e w s, A uto d f th-

fir t of M rr
a -
e,
'

e s , a a
5 ,
5 20 .
n o s, 4 , 317 .
 1 88 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

A z ry Mo s e s i A z i z of E m h u b d of
' '

a a b en de i R oss ,
e sa, s an

t i u d) co ct t h
( co n n e , nne s e Dr u ill 2 23 5 s a, ,
.

T lm ud w ith oth r ci t
a e an en A z tu o S A h do d
s . ee s .

w riti g 4 6 14 n s. ,
. A z ri l K bb li t r duc t h
e ,
a a s ,
e es e

w ork by 4 6 1 5 s , ,
. K bb l to y t m 3 5 4 8 ;
a a a a s s e , ,

ascritic 4 6 1 5 a , ,
. 4 , 14 .

d cl r d
e h r tic 4 6 1 6
a e a e e ,
,
. hi tory of u k o w
s ,
n n n, 3 , 5 48 .

A k z e ff r oppo itio to
a, O e s s n cloth t h K bb l es e a a a in philo
N b uch d zz r 1 3 1 1
e a ne a , , . ophic l l g u g
s a an a e, 3, 5 49,
A h r thz compo d by I c
a o ,
”
se s aa 556 .

b R ub Al b rg l
en i 3 e en e e on , ,
Az z el I b n Sa -
mu l e ,
o ne of th e
28 4 . B en u K ura iz a 3 ,
-

,
81 .

B l lt r to i S m ri 1 1 9 7
aa ,
a a , n a a a, , . B aa l t i s . S ec A s t rt a e .

pri t s f mbl by or d r
es O as se e e B aa s h a, of Is r ael kill s N a da b
of E lij h 1 203 —1
, , ,

a , , . 1, 1 89 .

B l t h wor h ip of mo g t h
aa ,
e s ,
a n e as c e n ds thro 1 1 9 0 th e ne, , .

C it 1 5 4 a n aan e s, , .
a lli e d w ith t h ki g of E gypt e n ,

b y Ammo it d Mo bit n es an a e s, 1 , 1 00
ith A 1 1 90—
.

l ,
55 .
at w ar w 1 sa , , .

at phr h 1 6 2 O a .
lli d w ith B h d d I 1 1 9 1
a e en -
a a , , .

in S mu l tim 1 7 5 a e s e, , .
t k R m h 1 191
a es a a , , .

u d r O mri 1 1 9 5
n e .
, .
d th of 1 1 9 1
ea , , .

u d r A th li h 1 2 1 2 2 1 4
n e a a , , , .
B b a l Abw b P r i
a w ll a e s an a
,
r mov d from J r u l m
e e e sa e 1, g i t t h Ch 3 1 38
—
,
a a ns e a z a rs , ,
.

21 6 1 7 .

B b a b n B ut follow r of
a e a, e
un de robo m I I 1 23 3 r J e a , , .

Sh mm i 2 1 3 3 a a
b oli h d by M h m 1
.
, ,
a s e ena 2 44
P b b rg t h pri c of p r
e , , .

a en e e n es e
A t rt ; I dol t ry
, ,
S l
e e a so s a e a

B l h T uri m S J cob
.

mit J w to fill t t off ic e s s a e e s,

aa a -
ee a ben
3 , 5 67
.

A s h e ri
B l P r S P or
aa -
ee
.

ee e
B byl o n i
a bit t f colo ,
nh a an s O ,

S m ri
. .

i d i
n ze 1 28 5 n a a a
B l P r z i m mo u t c
aa -
of e a n s ene
.

d criptio of 1 3 3 0
, ,

Phili ti d f t 1 1 1 6 es n

f ll of 1 3 4 9—
, .
,
a s ne e ea , , .

B l S h m S I r l f Mi d
aa -
e . ec s ae O e
a 50 , , .

z ib o z .
th go dd
e of lov wor e ss e

B l Z b ub i dol co
aa -
e , , ns ult ed by sh ip e d i n . 1 , 4 08 .

i \ h a z kfl n the J udae a n s of , a id J udae a

B lb k
aa e , a K r it a a e c t r en e ,
3, g i t R om 2 26 4
a a ns e, , .

15 8 .
t udy of t h L w i 2 3 5 8
s e a n, , .

c pt ur d by I l ul g u 3 6 06
a e a B bylo i t h c
a of J wi h
n a, e s ene e s

ctivity 2 5 03—
, , .

B l i ki g of Ammo prot ct
aa s, n n, e s a 4 5 31 5 37 ; , , , ,

J udm f ugitiv 1 3 18 an e s, , . 3 ,
1 60; 5 ,
7 26 .

i tig t ( i d l i h m ur d r
ns a es e a a
’
s e thr m ee e an n i g of s in J e wi h s

2 5 04—
, ,

hi tory s , 5 , .
 I N D EX . 1 89

Bab y l o n i a ( conti nued) , r e se m B by l

a o n ia, th e J ews of ( co n
bl t h H oly L d 2 5 4 4
es e an t inued) O ppr e sse d by Sh a
—
.
, , ,

J wi h p ublic lif i
e s2 5 47 e n, , . b ur I I , 2 , 5 9 1 2 .

i d p d t of J ud 2 5 48
n e en en ae a , , . f vor
a J u li an the A po t t s a e 2
ri of 2 5 5 7
se , , . 5 97 .

th t udy of t h L w fl ur
e s e a o w el ltr t d by J d J rd 2 ea e

609—
ez I I

i h i 2 5 7 4—5
, ,

s es n, 10
p r c ut d 2 626 627 —
.
, .

c ll d I r k by t h Ar b 3
a e a e a s, , e se 8; 3 8 e , , , ,
.

89 suff r u d r Z dik comm u

e n e en n
—
.

lo se s i t ll ct u l
n e e a s u pr m cy e a ,
ism , 3 , 2 3 .

3 , 1 9 3 , 21 0, 228 r b l u d r M r Z ut r I I 3
e e n e a a

3—
-
.
, ,

J wi h comm u l lif i i
e na e n, n 4
i d p d c of 3 3 —
s .

th t th c t ury 3 1 9 4
e en en , , . n e 4en en e , , .

v i it d by P t h y 3 4 21
s e e ac a, ki dly tr t d by B hr m
n ea e a a

3 8—
, .

B b y l n i J w i h d crib d 2
a o a, e s , es e , ,
T h ub i s 9 n, ,
.

5 04 pro p ro u u d r C ru I I 3
s e s n e nos

9—
. , ,

comp r d with J ud 2 5 05
a e a
e a, ,
. 10 .

di tricts f 2 5 05 s O ,
h lp t h Ar b 3 8 9
e e a s, ,
.

of 2 5 05 —8
.
,

t ow ns ,
form p r t comm u ity
a se a a e n

f rtility f 2 5 07 —8
.
,

e O , , .
u d r t h E xil rch 3 8 9
n e e a , ,
.

s c f th
ene w r b tw O J u e a e e en O ppo M w iy h 3 9 0 9 2
se oa a , , , .

li d Sh b ur I I 2 601
an an a ill tr t d by t h c liph f
ea e e a s O

t 3 1 7 6—
-
.
, ,

Sor t h c t r of 2 607
a e en e th E e7 as , ,
.

co tit ut io f 3 9 3—1 01
, , .

ns n O B ab y l n i t h J ud an
o f
a, e ae s o

ki dly tr t d 1 3 29—
, , .
,

comm u l co tit utio of 3 na ns n n 30 3 31 ea e

—
.
, , , , ,

9 8 1 00 gov r m t e d po n io en an sse ss ns

pow r of 3 1 00—1
.

e of 1 3 3 0
ily l r Ar m ic 1 3 3 0—
, , . .

my ti doctr i
s flo uri h
c n es s in , e as 1
ea n a a , , .

3 , 15 4 . p r ct ic i dol try 1 3 3 2
a e a , , .

B ab y l n i a t h J w f r i t
o e e s o es s ch ri h H br w lit r t ur 1
e s e e e a e, ,
—
, ,

Tr j 2 3 93 3 9 7
a an , , , . 334 6 .

f vo bl po it io of 2 5 08
a ra e s n j oi n ed by th e de s c e n da n t of s

polit ic l chi f of 2 5 08— 335—

, .
,

a 11 e Trib
t h e Te n e s, 1, 6
—
.
, .
,

n d of pro duc
ee s w d v l e a ne e e mo ur i g of 1 n n 337 8
—
, , , .

Op me n t Of t h e L aw , 2 , 5 1 1 . m k pro lyt
a e se e s, 1 , 338 9 .

re sort to t h c d mi of e a a e es adopt Ch l d a ae a n s up r ti tio e s ns

G lil 2 5 11 5 31
a ee, , , . 1 , 3 39 40 — .

r ligio u ig o r
e c f 2 5 13 s n an e O occ up tio d w lth of 1
a ns an ea

i mmor lity of 2 5 1 6— 3 3 9—
, ,
, .
,

a17 5 7 9 , , , . 40 .

t bli h t h
es a ctity f t h
s e s an O e lit r tur pro duc d by 1 3 4 0
e a e e , ,

l w of t h
a l d 2 5 20 e an , , . 2 .

s uff r u d r M gi
e upr mn e a an s not iro u of r t ur i g to
de s n n
—
e s e

y 2
ac 5 24 5 , , . P l ti 1 3 40 3 4 1
a es ne, , ,
.

on fr i dly t rm with t h
en e b g for p rmi io t r t ur ss n o e n

P l ti 1 3 42—
s e e

M gi 2 5 25 —
e

a 6 , , . t o 3 a es ne, , .

i j ur d by O d thu h t B bylo 1 3 4 3
p r c ut d 1 3 4 3—
n e 2 5 27 en a s, ,
. a e a n, , .

l ux ur io u h b it of 2 5 8 8 s a s , , . e se 4 e , , .
 I QO I T
H S OR Y OF TH E ] E \V S .

B byl i
a th J ud
o n a, n f e ae a s o Ba ch y a I b n —
P k ud a mor l phil a, a

( c n t i u d) divi d d i to t h
o n e , e n e o s o p h e r, s y t m of 3 27 1 —
s e 2 , , .

w orl dly d t h pi o u 1 3 49 an e s. , . c tic 3 27 2

as e , ,
.

i t r t d i th w
n e es w ith e n e ar work f tr l t d 3 3 9 2 3 9 7 O ,
an s a e , , , .

C r u 1 349 y s. , . B d j z I I riq u N u m u
a a o ,
en e n es r

c ur d f i dol try by t h f ll f
e O a e a O d r d t 4 490 e e a , ,
.

B b lo 1 3 5 0a y n, ,
. tt ck d by Sp i h M rr o
a a e an s a an s,

p rmitt d t r t ur to P l
e e o e n a es 4 , 49 8 .

ti 1 3 5 1 ne, , . B ad en , the J e w s of , the bloo d

umb r
n f r t ur i g u d r
e O , e n n n e cc u tio g i t
a sa n a a ns , 3 , 5 64 .

Cyr u 1 3 5 2 s, obt i politic l fr

a n a e ed om 5
—
, .
, ,

ymp thy f w ith t h r t ur

a n 5 02 3

p r c ut d 5 5 3 0—
s O e e

xil 1 3 5 4—
.
,

i g n 5 e es, , . e se1 e , ,
.

tio l
na th u i m of 1
na en s as ho or Bl r 5 601
n e sse

3 63—
, , , , .

5 . B di B rb r ki g upport d
a s, e e n , s e

ccomp y Ezr to P l ti
a an a a es ne , by S m u l I b N g r l 3 a e n -
a e a, ,

1 , 3 66 .
25 8 .

se n d co trib utio n ns to t h e Te m m k a vi z ir 3 25 8
es a im , , .

ple . 2, 5 2 .
m k ahim c h i f of t h G r
es e e a

we lcom H y u e rc a n s II , 2, 90 .
d co gr g tio
na 3 25 9
a n e a ns .

o w l rg tr ct
n a e a s O f l a n d, 2, av g B lki d th 3 27 5
en es a n s
’
ea , ,
.

202 . or d r t h m e cr of t h
s e a ss a e e

i n Ba t a n ze a , 2 , 27 4 .
Gr d Ar b 3 27 6
an a a a s, , .

m cr d by V r u 2 27 5
ass a e a s, ,
.
mi tr u t J o ph I b N g r l
s s s se n -
a e a,

r tr t to G m l 2 27 5
e ea a a a, , .
3 , 27 7 .

B cchi d Syri g r l
a t
e s, an ene a , se n Ba fi
'

a, s u lt ana, f vorit
a e of , 4,
t J ru l m 1 482
o e sa e , , .
6 29 .

l y J ud
s a t B th Z ch
s ae a n s a e -
a a B gd
a a d, a s ci tific c t r
en en e 3
ri h 1 4 8 3a , , .
1 46 .

c mp b for J r u l m 1
en a s e e e sa e , ,
the Mut a z il is t th e ology t a ught
486 . at , 3 , 1 47 .

de f t
ea s th e J udzr a n s at E l e us a . in t h e Pum b e di t h a d i trict
s , 3,
1 , 487 . 15 6 .

r ed u c es the w hol co u try e n ,

1, S a a di a h at , 3 , 1 96 .

Sa b b a t a i B o olo na at , 3 , 21 3 .

l v
ea es J udre a , 1 , 4 9 2 .
birthpl c f D u h a e O n as b e n La
m k a ith J o th
es a tr uc e w na an br t 3 226 a

I l p h u 1 4 9 3—
, , .

a 4 s, , .
Abr h m I b E zr i
a a n -
a n, 3 , 3 69 .

B cch u w or hip d i Al x
a s, s e n e an B gd d t h J w f
a a , e e s o , p ro s p e r
dri 1 4 28 a, , . u u d r Al Mut
o s n e -
a dh id, 3,
B ch r ch t h J w f m
a a a , e e s O , as s a 18 3 .

cr d 3 6 3 6 e ,
, . t w lfth c t ury
in t h e e en , 3 , 4 28 .

B hi l I b
ac Al k n t
e t i i phy n -
o s an n ,
T lm udic l coll g of
a a e e , 3, 4 29 ,
s ic ia n , Ma im un is t , 2, 438 .

Ba c h uri m , T lm ud t ud t
a s en s, 4, i vit
n ed to joi D vi d Al rui n a , 3,
6 40; 5 ,
5 67 .
43 1 .
1
9 2 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

B rb tr ( c nt in u d) t h M
a as o o e , e ar B a r C o ch b a
-
( co nt i n ued) , e nd of ,

r o of co pi r g i t
an s ,
ns e a a ns k ow 2 4 19
un n n, ,
.

A rb u 4 330 es, ,
. B r bo
a P rl i m t
e n es a a en . S ee Pa r
B rc l n t h di p ut tio t 3
a e o a, e s a n a , li t th Short
ain e n , e .

—
,

ia l a w of J uda h
—
5 9 8 6 01 . Ba r E l e az
-
a , so n - -

bi hop of ppoi t d c or of
s ,
a n e ens I , 2, 45 5 6 .

th T lm ud 3 6 03
e a , ,
. Barf a t Cr c a es s, i mpr o is n e d, 4,
r port of t h di p ut tio t 15 0
—
e e s a n a ,

3 , 6 03 4 . B a rf a t . S ee I s a a c ben Sh e sh e t
K bb l t ught
a a a a in , 4 , 6 . Ba rf a t ; Z r k a a .

M rr o from a an s , in A lgi r e s, 4, B ri t h
a ,
mi ri e fo ur Sor a e ssa es

1 99 . c pt ur d t 3 203
a e a , ,
.

the I n q ui itio s n es t bli h

a s ed in , B ri S Acr t h ; A to i
a s . ee a, e n n a .

4 , 33 2 . B r K pp r
a -
S Simo
a b r a a . ec n a

J ews i pp r from 4 3 5 4
d sa ea , ,
.
K pp r a a a .

e xil from form co gr g

es ,
a n e a B r K
a h-
d R b 2 5 18
as a, an a , ,
.

tio i Co t ti opl 4
n n ns an n e, , B r Ko ib
a -
r l m of B r s a, ea na e a

4 02 . Goch h a .

B rc l n t h
a e o a, e w of t h
J e s ,
e B rl u
a C p r Soci i
ae d
s, as a ,
n an , an

l d r of ea e s n orth r Sp i e n a n, M h b I r l 5 22
a n ass e en s ae ,
.

—
,

3, 387 8 . B rn b
a S J o
a B r b as . ee se a na as .

en tr t ea N a ch m a n i to br k ea o ff B r n v f vor t h m cip
a a e, a s e e an a

i p ut tio 3 600—1
t he d s a n, ,
. tio of t h J w 5 4 4 1
n e e s, ,
.

oppo d to t h t udy of se e s sc i B rrio Mi g u l ( D n i l ) d

a s, e a e e,

c 4 29 3 3 4 0
en e , , , , . hi tori 5 202 s an , , .

ch rg d w ith c u i g
a e a s n th e ve rs ifi e r, 5 ,
204
Bl ck D th 4 1 02—3
.

a ea B a rt h o l o m a i o n , de mo n e xorci se d

p r c ut d 4 1 7 1—
, , .

e 2
se e , , . by Simo b Y h i 2 4 49 n en oc a
’

, ,
.

B r C h n in
a -
t ch r of a a, ea e J e B r uch
a c tor of t h I b an es e n

rom 2 6 23 —
,

4 e, , . Al b l i rly ttl m t ofa a s, ea se e en ,

B r G ch h
a -
tt ck Akib
o a, a a s a, 2, i Sp i 3 43
n a n, ,
.

4 09 . B r uch of B v t K b b li t
a en e en o, a a s .

de s crib ed as the Me s s i a h , 2, 4 , 481 .

4 10 . B r uc h b S m u l T lm udi t
a en a e ,
a s ,

co fi d c of 2 4 1 1
n en e , , . m mb r of t h M y c
e e e a en e

victori of 2 4 1 1 es .
, . y od 3 5 17
s n , , .

coi of 2 4 1 1
ns , , . B r uc h I b A l b l i birth of
a n -
a a,

ho til to Chri ti
s 2 4 12
e s ans, , . th of 3 3 22 e so n , , .

r tor t h J w i h t t
es es e e s s a e, 27 B r uch
a of N ri h r d ,
son e a ,
ea s

4 1 2, 4 13 J r mi h proph ci i t h ’
.
e e a s e es n e
stro ghol d of 2 4 1 4 1 5
n s . ,
-
.
T mpl 1 3 04 e e ,
,
.

p rtic ul r of t h r volt of 2
a a t k pri o r by t h Ch l
4 15 —
s e e , a en s ne e a
,

16 .
dze a n s 1 , 315
, .

lo se s th tro g hol d of t h e s n s e a tt e n ds J e r mi h e a in Mizp a h ,

orth 2 4 1 6
n , ,
.
1 , 3 20 .

c u t h d th of E l z r f
a se s e ea ea a o t k a en c ptiv by
a e Is hm l ae , 1,
\ I o di
. 2 4 18 n. 3 22
, .
.
 I N DE X . I 93

B aruch , s on of N e ri ah ( con Ba sl e , th e J ew s prot ct of, e ed

tinn ed) , r cu d
es e , 1 , 3 23 . from the Bl ck D th pa ea er

in Egypt 1 3 24 , , . se c ut io n s 4 , ,
1 06 , 1 08 .

i B bylo 1 3 28
n a n, b i hm t of d m d d 4
an s en e an

1 06—
, .
, e

bri g J r m i h writi g to
n s e e a
’
s n s 7 .

B bylo 1 3 3 6
a n, , . b ur t 4 1 07 n .

writ hi tory of I r l 1
es a s s ae B m t h d ught r of Solomo
as a a e n,

3 3 6—
, , ,

7 . 1 , 17 7 .

L tt r of tr l t d 2
e e , an s a e , ,
Ba s n a g e , J c b
a o ( 165 3 h is
Ba ruc h G a d P l t i i mi ,
a es n an e s tori an of t h e J ew i h
s dis p e r
ry sath So of Mo , on e ns se s , s io n, 5 ,
1 9 5 , 5 93 .

5 , 1 26 on th e p r c utio
e se ns of th e
—
.

Baruch Y av an , c rri t h E ib a es e e J ew s, 5 ,
195 6 .

h ii t
sc co trov r y to P z n e s 0 co n su lt s J e wi h h i tor i
s s an s , 5
l d 5 262—
,

an 3 196 .

,
.
,

B ru h J ac b Bor
a f th r ne s
’
a f ult of
a s the hi tory by s 5
—
c ,
o ,
e ,
, ,

d p uty to t h
e Co gr of e n e ss 196 7 .

Vi 5 5 13
en n a, , .
pr j udic d 5 1 9 7
e e , , .

B aruc h L ob ( Lo ui ) S Bor s . ee n e, i mport c of t h h i tory by

an e e s ,
,

L udw ig .
5 ,
1 97 .

Bar p h rn
z a P rthi come es, a an
i cipl of 5 1 97
d s es , ,
.

m d r 2 82 an e , , .
hi tory of ugg t d by M
s , s es e an

h b I r l 5 202
B arz il l ai id D v id 1 1 44 ,
a s a , , .
a ss e en s ae , ,
.

B a h n t h i h bit t of p
s a e n a an s a
B n
as s a I i ah t ch r of
,
sa ,
ea e

Mo
, ,

C h y im L u 5
p l to J ud M cc b u 1
ea as a a ae s, ,
tt
se s a zz a o, ,

47 4—
23 5
5
.

po u c
.

L uz ause ,
’
z at t o s 5
B a i l iu ( 85 0
s mp ror tri
s e e es
es se s ,

co v r t t h J w 3 1 7 5 —6
,

23 8 , 2 4 1
t
.

o n e e e s,
m k promi
.
,
a es L uz z at t o not
B i l iu J wi h l v d l r
as s, e s s a e -
ea e
se

d Pop G l
an i u 3 29 e e as s,
,
to t ch K bb l
ea a a a, 5 ,
23 9 .

B a l t h T lm ud pri t d t
s e, e a n
,

e
.

a
h as Luz z at t o s
’
w riti g n s in

4 , 5 89
,
f k pi g 5 23 9
sa e ee n , ,
.

p rm it Lu t t to p ubli h
e s z z a o s
A l ti
sa an J e w s es c p a e to , 5 ,
K bb li tic w ork 5 23 9
a a s s, .
,
437 .

B as sor u d r t h j uri dictio

a, n e e s n
B asl e , t h e C o un ci l of, r
w th en e s e
of t h S or c d my 3 9 8 e a a a e , ,
.

an ti J w i h m -
e s e as ur of p r es e
th Mut il i t t h ology t ugh t
e az s e a
vi u
o co u cil s n s, 4, 24 5 , 248 , in , 3 ,
1 47 .

o of Sor t 3 202
t h e Ga n a a , ,
.

excl ud J w from u iv r ity es e s n e s th J w of i t h tw lfth

e e s ,
n e e

d gr e4 24 5 ee s, ,
. c t ury 3 4 3 7
en , ,
.

f vor b pti z d J w 4 24 6 B u V p i gov r or of ’

a s a e e s, , . a ss s, es a s an s e n

d gr d
e E ug a i u I V 4 249 es en s , , , J udae a , 2 , 3 1 5 .

25 0 . B a s ul a , Mo s es . S ee Mo s e s
de cr of co c r i g J w i h
ee , n e n n e s Ba sul a .

phy ici di r g rd d
s 4 an s s e a e , , Ba t an ae a , g iv to Philip by en

He ro d w ill 2 1 1 9
’
4 07 . s , ,
.
 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

B a t a n ae a ( co n t in ued) un de r l h il ip , ,
’
B av a ri a, th e J e w s of, s uff e r
2, 1 3 7 from the l l i n dfl e isc h p r e se

ut io n 4 , 3 5 —
.

giv to A gripp 1 1 2
en a , ,
24 5 . c 6 . .

c v lry from
a t to
a ,
se n J er us a s uf f r from
e t h e I I a rt m a n n vo n

l e m , 2 , 25 9 ,
26 0 .
D e g g e n b urg p r c utio
e se n 4
B bylo i
a n an J udae a n s in , 2, 98 .

27 4 .
du ri g n t he Bl ck D th a ea per
Porph ry y a na tiv of e ,
2 , 5 02 .
se c ut io n s 4 , ,
1 10 .

th B uli
e en -
a i n uk a a se ttl e in , a cc u se d of i di g a n the H us s it e s,

3, 77 8 — .
4 , 222 .

B t vi
a a p ublic t h t h J w
an Re ,
e, e e s assa u lt ed by th e i mp ri l e a ar

fo m cip tio of 5 4 5 2
e an a n my 4 225
xp ll d 4 25 3—4
,
.
,
,
.

, ,

numb r of 5 4 5 3 4 5 5 e , , , .
e e e , ,
.

di biliti of 5 4 5 3 duri g J oh of C pi tr no ’

sa es .
n n a s a s
.
,

w riti g ho til to 5 4 5 3
n s s e , ,
.
vi it 4 25 8 s , , .

hol d loof from t h N tio l a e a na t x d for t h d f

a e of t h e e e n se e

A mbly 5 4 5 4
s se
R ti bo J w
a 4 3 05 s n e s, , .

m cip t d 5 4 5 6—7
.
, ,

e an a e ,
.
t k r f ug i Pol d 4 4 20
a e e e n an , ,
.

cc u d of chil d m ur d r 4
,

appoi t d to p ublic offic 5 n e e s, a se -

e , ,
—
,

45 8 .
5 45 6 .

prot ctio of e n , in G e rm y an ,
5 ,
p rti l m cip tio of 5 5 08
a a e an a n , , .

45 8, 4 63 .
B yo n n t h ki g of C til
a e, e n s as e

S ee a l so E m cip tio
an a n of the d of Fr
an c m t t 4 2 . an e ee a , ,
.

D utch J w ; I l l l d e s o an
B yon n t h J w f ddr d
a e, e e s o ,
a e s se

b h lf of t h Mor vi
.

B th K ] h v ly voic
a -
0 ea en e, 2, i n e a e a an
,

337 , 3 38
d Boh mi
an J w 5 25 3 e an e s, ,
.

M l h rb
.

t ph
Ba t h o ri , S l ctio of e en , e e n ,
as
i n commi io n
a es e es
’
ss ,

ki g of Pol d 4 6 4 2
n an
5 ,
43 2 .

pro p rity of 5 4 3 6
.
, ,

J w pro p ro u u d r
s e
th 4,
m cip t d 5 4 4 2—3
.
, ,
e e s s e s n e

6 4 2—
,

e an a e
3 , , .

B yr uth t h J w of p r
.

B th h b
a s e a, w if of Uri h t h e a e
a e ,
e e s , e se

ut d 5 5 3 0
l l it t it e b com D vi d
e es a
’
s
o e , ,
.

B tric w if of J u I of C
,

w if e, 1 , 13 2
ea e, e an as

til h ir to Port ug l 4 1 5 8
.

so nsof 1 1 3 3 e, e a , , .

, ,
propo D vi d N gro chi f
.

a e as e
m d fir t q u
se s
a e l 134 s ee n,

pl ea d for Solomo s ucc

,

n s
’
s
.

es
r bbi 4 1 6 1 a , , .

s io 1 n,
B uc ir ( B lc i r ) t h J w
ea a e e a e , e e s
,
of i t h tw lfth c t ury n e e en
Ba t h yr l ud fortr i B
a, . ae a n e ss n a
3 , 4 00
,

.
,

t a n ze n 2 , 27 4
, .

Be C h a t i m ,
-
hom of e A ch ai b ar
B a ud i
ppr n, s u e s se s vi d c e en e in H un a 2 63 1 .

f vor of t h
a e Da m cu J as s e ws .
B e ch i n a t h D th w ork
ha -
a ,
o f
.

5 , 63 7 .
E li as de l M digo 4 29 3 e , ,
.

B a va ri a, J oh o f C pi tr o
n a s an in , B e ch i n a t h 01 m by Y d a ,
e aya

4 , 23 8 .
Be dar e s i 4 , 4 9 , .

t he poll -
tax a boli h s ed in , 5 , Be dare s i . S ec A br h m ; Y a a e da

46 8 .
ya En -
Bo t ne .
1 96 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

Be n Ba t i a ch ,
-
Z lot l d r i d
ea ea e ,
a s B en e d ict X I I I ( co nt inued) , p re
J o ch a n a n b Z kk i 2 en a a , , s i d ov res e the d i p ut tio
s a n,

3 23 . 4 , 21 2 .

Be n dam a , a nd the J e w i h Chris s thr t ea ens the J ew s i h de l g t

e a es

ti 2 37 0
an s ,
,
. w ith de a th 4 2 1 3 23 9 , , , .

Be n D v i d M i h 2 1 44
a ,
e ss a , ,
. i u
ss es a b ull g i t t h a a ns e Ta l
Ben D v i d L z r u ( 1 7 62
-
a , a a s m ud an d th J w 4 e e s 21 5
philo oph r 5 4 05 s e , ,
. 16 .

dmir l i t phi lo ophy 5 po d by t h co u cil of C

'

a es an s s , , de se e n on

4 09 . t c 4 21 6 228
s an e, , , .

l ct ur
e K t 5 4 10 es on an , ,
.
set up p p l co urt t P
s a a a a e n is

d plor
e th d c y of m l it v
es e e a o ra col 4 21 7 a, ,
.

mo g J w 5 4 1 9
a n e s, ,
. origi t th rmo for
na es e se n

l v ea tt ck es J ud i m u
a J w a 4 65 5 s on a s n e s, ,
.

w r d 5 4 69
a ns e B n di ct X I V pop c q uit t h
e ,
,
.
e e ,
e, a s e

i flu c H i
n 5 5 46
en es J w of t h bloo d cc u
e ne, ,
.
e s e a sa

m m b r of t h Soci ty for
e e tio 5 28 2 e e n, ,
.

C ult ur 5 5 8 3 B dict f Y rk cc pt b p
e, ,
.
en e o o , a e s a
B A mri t h tt ck t h h
en e ti m 3 411
,
e, a a e as s , ,
.

m 1 491
o n ze a n s ,
r t ur to J ud i m 3 4 1 1 , .
e ns a s .

Ben e B t h yr pr i d t of t h
a
d th of 3 4 1 3
a, es en s e ea , , .

Sy h d i 2 90 3 5 8
n e
ho u of b ur t 3 4 1 3
r o n, , , .
se , n , , .

r ig i f vor of H ill l 2 9 9 B n K r h S Kor h t h

es n n a e , ,
.

e e o ac . ee a , e
B en e B r k hom o f Akib 2
-
e a
o of ,
e a, , s ns .

35 5 .

B Mi k r S K r it t h en e a ec a a e s, e
B dict X I I pop u b l to B n t Mor d c i l d r of t h
. .

en e ,
e, na e
e e e a ea e e
prot ct t h J w 4 9 9 e
ort h o dox p rty 5 5 6 7 5 7 2
e e s, ,
.
,

a
,

B dict X I I I ( P dro d L u ) B n v n t t h J w of i t h ,
.
, ,
ene e e na ,
e e e o, e e s n e
pop d b t w ith Sh m e ,
t w lfth c
e
t a
ury 3 4 24
es e
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Tob b I c S h p ut 4 th
en
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a
.

an s
142 .

at , 4 , 385
co f r n e s ccl i tice e s as offic es
.

upo n Solomo L v n e i 4 1 8 1,
Be n f e l de n , t h e co u cil n at , b an

190
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s es upp r e e w of t h s e e

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.

4 1 07 ne,
e mploy s a J ew i h phy ici
s s an ,
, .

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a c u lly
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4 , 200 ,

of I r l d J ud h 1 1 9 1
.

pl ans the co v r io n e s n of th e
s ae an a .

d f t O mri 1 1 9 5
p i h J w 4 206 —
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,
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.

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.

pl th
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e

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tr ch ry of 1 205
ea e , , .

an d J wi h d l g t eto Tor s e e a es d f e t Ah b ea d J h h
s a an e os a

to 4 2 10 s a, ph t 1 206 a

pomp di pl y d b y 4 2 1 0—
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, , ,

11 s a e , , . m ur d r d 1 2 1 0 e e , , .

r fue t r lse s th J w o e e ase e e s B en h d d I I I of D m c u

-
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from t h di p ut tio 4 2 1 1 e s a n, , . d f t d 1 22 1 —
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2
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 I N DEX . I 97

B en is ch Abrah a m fo u d r of ,
n e Be n Mi sh l e work by , Sa mu l e

the A glo J wi h A oci

n -
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tio n, 5 ,
7 03 .
-
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Be n N a h a , s e s t h e Be n

B nj mi
e a n, the tri b e of, a c q uir es A h r 3 207
s e s, , .

G ib o e n, 1 , 38 . Be n N
-
z r S Od th ua a . ee ena s .

hol d s asse mbli es at S hiloh ,

1, B en Sh l t i l Ch S S r ch
a e -
en . ee e a

41 .
y b a I c en s aa .

oppo d to i t rm rri g
se n e a a es Be n S ma S Simo
o b Z . ee n en o

with t h h th 1 5 6 e ea en, , . ma .

a i d E h ud g i t t h Mo b
s a a ns e a Be n T hil l i m e ,
w ork by Sa mu l e

it 1 6 0es, ,
. I b n N a g re l a , 3 , 260
-
.

a tt ck d by t h Phili ti
a e1 e s n es, , B en u A us ,-
th e, r bic f milyA a a ,

64 . r l tio
e a ns of to t h J w 3
, e e s, ,

ai d S ul 1 8 5
s a , , . 55 .

a cc u D vi d of d troyi g
se s a es n co v r io
n e s ns a mo g to n , J uda
t h ho u eof S ul 1 1 24 se a i sm , 3 , 6 1
i d w ith Ab lom 1 1 3 9—
,
.
, .

s es 40 sa , ,
. ho til tos e J ew i h r ul s e, 3 , 67 .

h i t t to r c l l D vi d 1
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1 46 . de n t u 3 68 o ,

of 3 7 0—1
.
,

m t ee s D a vid at the J or d an , 1, f e uds , , .

1 47 . B en u Bach da l ,
-
th e, J e w is h -
Ara
clo ly se un it ed w ith J uda h , 1, bic trib e, 3, 54 5 — .

17 4 . B en u K a i n uk a a ,
-
th e, J ew i s-
h
J
s

loy l t R h o b o m 1 1 8 2
a o e a , ,
. trib e in n orth r e n A r bi a a 3
m mb r of r t ur from t h
e e s , e n e 55:
C pt ivity 1 3 5 2
a ,
in vit ed to cc pt a e Is l m
a 3 7 4,
—
.
,

B n j m in f C t rb ury To
e a o an e ,
ssa 76 7 .

fi st , 4 09 . forc ed to s u rr e n de r to M ho a

B n j mi
e a n F rm
of e o, p tro a n of met 3 , 77
—
. .
,

I mm an u l R omi e ,
4 , 68 . settl i e n Ba t a n aea , 3 , 7 7 8 .

B j m in
en a f T i b ri
o e as , an d Em pr rve se e lov e for A r bic
a , 3,

p e ro e a r H r cli u s, 3 , 1 9 , 22 . 111 .

B j m
en a in b en J h of T ud l on a e a, obj ct to T lm udic
e a re s tr i t a n s,

tr v l r 3 3 8 8—9 ; 4 1 27
a e e , , , . 3 , 119 .

B j mi b n M
en a of N h
n e o se s a a B en u Ki n an a h ,
-
r b trib th e , A a e

v d ( 8 00en pr d t h s ea s e co v rt d to J ud i m 3 6 1
n e e a s , ,
.

Mut il i t philo ophy az 3 s B n u K ur i

e th J wi h a z a, e, a e s

3 5 4—
s -

—
, ,

15 0 1 . Ar bic trib 5 a e, ,
.

fo u n de r of th e Ma k a riy it e th t d by M hom t 3 7 7
re a e n e a e , , .

se ct , 3 , 15 1 . m k w r upo M hom t 3
a e a n a e
'

B nj
e a m in A s sia , phy ici s an , 80 .

s cor ns th e t ch r of t h
ea e s e s a l ught r e e d, 3 , 81 .

L aw , 5 8 9 90 — B en u N a dh i r, th e, a J e wi h s

r bi trib 3 5 4—
-
.

phr im ) d f d
1

Be n K a f re n ( E
-
a , e en s A 5 a c e, ,
.

M ch m b enaS r uk 3 22 7 e en a , , . thr t d by M hom t 3 7 7

ea en e a e , ,
.

Be n K h l t work by S m u l
o e e ,
a e m dit t tr ch ry g i t
e a e ea e a a ns

I b n N ag re l a , 3 , 260
-

. M hom t 3 7 8
a e , ,
.
 1 98 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

B en u N a dh i r, the ( co n t in ued) B r b
e a cob B r b 8 00 J a e a
—
-
. .
,

forc ed migr t to e a e, 3, 78 9 .
B r h th th
e ac ight oi tro ,
e e een, n

w ar w ith j u tifi d i , s e n the K0 du d by G m li l I I 2 3 6 3

ce a a e , , .

ra n , 3, 79 . B r h y b n N a tro n
e ac N k da a e a1 a n

org iz lli c g i t
an e an a an e a a ns ( Cri pi 1 23 0 f b uli t s a, a s ,

M hom t 3 7 9 8 0 a e .
,
-
. 3 , 5 60 .

ro u t h J w of C h ib r to
se e e s a a B e ra ch y a ,of J c b Q u r i d s on a o e o,

r i t M hom t 3 8 2
es s a e , , .
M i h follo w r of 5 2 1 1
e ss a , e s , ,
.

pr rv lov of Ar bic 3 1 1 1
e se e e a , ,
.
o ul of i J cob Fr k 5 27 4
s , n a an , , .

obj ct to T lm udic r tr i t
e a es a n s, pr y r ddr d to 5 27 4
a e s a e s se , ,
.

3, 1 19 .
B rb r pri n c t h r c iv J w
e e es, e, e e e e

Be n ch mpio
U si cl , a n of the i h r f ug
s ki dly 4 1 9 8 e ees n , ,
ortho dox p rty 5 a , ,
6 27 .
B rb r t h
e e t bli h th m
s, e, es a s e
Be n v e n i da A b rab a n e l a , wif of e
lv i o uth r Sp i 3
se es n s e n a n, ,
m u l I I Ab b
Sa e ra an e l ch r
, a
25 6
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a e , , .
ho til to s e the S p i h
an s A r b a s,
fri d of t h duch
en e e ss of T us 3 , 26 1 ,
27 6 , 3 1 6 .

c y 4 41 0 5 44
an , , , .
i c n e n se d a g i t
a ns the J e w s, 3,
support D vi d R s a e ub e n i ,
4, 27 5 .

493 .
s a l y J o ph se I b n N a g re l a ,
-
3,
pr v t e en s th e b i hm t of
an s en
27 8 .

the Na pl es J e w s, 4 , 5 43 .

B r da S D rb d
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br h m
. .

Be n v e n i s t e S ec A a a Be n
v i t S ior ; B v i t
en s
.

en
B r n i d ught r of A gr ipp
e e ce , a e a I,
e en en s e
m rri g of 2 23 5
a a e
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n -
a e n en s e, a
Dr u ill vio u of 2 23 6
s a en
,

s
, .

im ; I c ; J o ph b E p h
s aa se en
, , .

r im l b —
a D iv i t H l n ei en s e a e
app l to G iu Flor u
25 4
ea s e ss s s, 2,

vi ; J ud h ; Sh h t ; V i d l a es e a
.

b B env i t Ib L bi en en s e n a
pop ul rity of 2 25 7 a , , .

p l c of b ur t 2 260
-
.

a a e n
Be n v i t I b n L bi p rt tr , , , .

en s e -
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l tor of Ari totl E thic 4

a s e s
,
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c ptiv t Tit u 2 28 9 29 9
a a es s, , , .

,
wi Tib ri u Al x d r to
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1 93
p i i d 2 3 00
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V
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Be n v e n i s t e , C h a yi m ( 1 6 03 ,
.

r b bi of Smyr
a n a, Sa bb ti a an ,
i fl u c of ov r Tit u 2
n en e , e s, ,

3 02, 3 07
5 ,
1 36 .
.

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sa n ed i n Sa bb t a a1 Z vi e
in t h e a r ena of C ae s a e a r Phil
5 ,
15 5 .
,

ippi 2 3 1 2 , , .

Be n v e n is t e f m i l y t h of a , e, the ho or d t t h co urt 2 3 1 7
n e a e , ,
.

n o b ility of J w i h Sp i e s a n, 3,
f ll of 2 3 1 7
a , , .

23 6 obt i p r do for J u t u of
a ns a n s s

Tib ri 2 3 1 9—
.

G r ci M d i o f 4 5 7 1
a a en es a , , .
20 e as , , .

Be n Y u S Ab u i br h m
as s . ee a a co ol h r co q u r d cor
ns es e n e e e

I c lb K t r b Y u
saa n -
as a en as s .
l ig io n is t s , 2 , 3 3 3 .

Be n -
Z b of th M fi m
ee , o ne e e as ,
ab do anby Tit u 2 3 8 8 ned s, ,
.

5 ,
4 00 .
B r ic
e H ro d
en i c mar
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’
s n e e,
Be R a b , A b a A re k a
-
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2, i g of 2 1 1 2
r a e , , .

5 14 .
fri d of A to i 2 1 7 6
en n n a, ,
.
2 00 H S I TO RY OF TH E J EW S
’

B rn y I c ( c nt in u d) ch r
e a s, s aa o e , a B rr
e B rr I c ( ntinu d)
,
e s aa co e ,

ct r of t h
a rmo b y 5 e e se ns , ,
of 5 4 6 0
so n , , .

d p uty to t h A mbly of
- N N

an . e e s se

Hei ne o n, 5 ,
577 . J w i h N ot bl
e 5 4 82 s a e s, , .

r p ct
es e ed by the ortho dox , 5 ,
oppo S bb th io 5
se s a a se s s n s, ,

577 —
8 .
48 6 .

i fl u c of
n en e ,
in Ge rm y an , 5 ,
c an d i d t fora e the pr i d cyes en

5 82 . 5 , 487 .

i fl u c of
n en e ,
on S t i h ime n e ,
5 ,
an s w r e s th e imp ri l commi e a s

6 02 .
s io n e rs , 5 ,
49 0 .

Be n U ici di cipl of 5 6 27
s s e , ,
. B rr C rf
e ,
e ( He rz Me de l s h e im ,

for b i d t h u of t h R forms e se e e 17 30 r pre e se n t tiv of

a e

T mpl pr y r book 5
e e a e , ,
l ti J w
the A sa an e s, 5 ,
35 1 .

att ck d by t h R form T m
a e e e e ch r ct r of 5 4 3 0
a a e , , .

pl I io 5 6 7 3
e
'

n n, ,
. servic of to t h es , e A l ti sa an

support d b y t h r bbi of A l e e a J ew s, 5 ,
4 3 0, 4 3 1 .

to 5 67 4
na, , . se rvic es of to , th e gov r m t e n en ,

B r y J cob fo u d r of t h
e na s, a ,
n e e 5 ,
430 .

Br l u mi ry 5 7 00
es a se na , , . d r w a s J e w to s S tr b urgas ,
5 ,

B r
e n e, th J w of cc u d of e e s a se 431
w ll poi o i g 4 1 04—
.
,

e 5 s n n , , . m mb r of M l h rb com
e e a es e es
’

co ul of pr d t h ch rg
ns s ,
s ea e a e mi io 5 4 3 1 ss n, , .

g i t t h J w 4 1 05
a a ns e e s, ,
a r pr t tiv Fr ch J w
e e se n a e en e ,

B r n h r d tr ur r of t h
e a , e as e e 5 ,
436 .

Fr ki h mpir fri dly to

an s e e, en a cc u d of bribi g 5 4 4 7
se n , , .

the J e w s, 3 , 1 62 . c ult ur of t h f mily of e e a ,

5 ,

r b llio g i t 3 1 6 6
e e n a a ns , , .
47 6
B r tor ff D i h mi i t r
e ns ,
an s n s e , de broth r i e -
n -
l awof 5 4 8 4 , , .

ci d g i t E ib h iit
es a a ns e sc z ,
5 ,
B rr Lipm
e ,
an n C rf p k e ,
s ea s in
26 5 . t h e As s e mbly of J w i h e s No
p ty to t h C
Be rn s t o rif , de u e on t bl 5 4 8 7
a e s, , .

gr of V i
e ss f vor t h e n n a, a s e B rr Mich l ( 1 7 8 0
e ,
fir t ae s

em cip tio of t h J w 5
an a n e e s, J wi h ttor y i Fr c
e s a ne n an e,

5 19 .
ddr
a th pri c ofess es e n es .

on th e e m an c ip tio a n of the E urop 5 460 e, , .

J ews at A i x 5 , 5 27 , . d p uty to t h
e A mbly of e s se

B rr B rr I ac ( 1 7 4 4—1 8 28 )
e , e sa J w i h N ot ble 5 4 82 s a e s, ,
.

m mb r M l h rb
e e 01
’
a es e es a t t o ffi c r i I V t p h l i
s a e e n es a a,

commi io 5 4 3 1 ss n, , . 5 ,
5 00 .

a r pr t tiv Fr ch J w
e e se n a e en e , m mb r of t h W tph li n
e e e es a a

5 ,
43 6 .
Co i tory 5 ns s , ,

de l g t to
e a e th e Na tio l na As addr th Co gr of Ai x
e ss e s e n ess

se mb ly 5 , , 43 8 , 4 40 . th
on m cip tio of t h e e an a n e
on the of e m cip tio an a n the J ew s, 5 5 27
ch J w 5 4 48 —
,
.

Fr e n 9 e s, B rthol d b i hop of Str b urg

e s as
, .

, ,

proj ct Fr ch Bibl tr
e s a en e an s t th
a co u cil of B f l d e n en e en,

l tio 5 4 4 9
a n, , .
4 , 1 07 .
 I N DEX . 201

Be rt in o ro . S ee O b di h a a di Be r B th h r n
e -
o o ( co n t inued) ,
c mp of
a

ti oro n . N ic or an at, 1 , 48 5 .

bbé f vor t h m
Be rt o l i o , a a s e e an C e s t ius G a ll u r tr t fro m s e ea s
—
, ,

ip t ic of t h J w 5 4 4 5
a on e e s, ,
.
2 , 266 7 .

B rt r d c r di l l g t for
e an ,
a na -
e a e, B t h I r l thir d Am t r d m
e s ae ,
s e a

bi d b ptiz d chil dr to r
s a e en e y gog u 4 6 80
s na e, , .

t ur to J ud i m 3 5 1 4n a s , ,
. B t h J c b fir t Am t r d m
e a o ,
s s e a

Be ryt us S ee B e y ro ut y gog u 4 66 7 6 7 1
s na e,

po m i ho nor of 4 67 8 —
. . .
, ,

B htes r l of. S ec I s a e Mie dz ib o z . e 9 n , ,

.

B arab i a Fr ki t i 5 28 3
e ss an s s n, B t h l h m birthpl c of D vi d
e e e a e a

1 95 —
.
, , , ,

B t h a y J u i 2 1 60
e n ,
es s n, ,
. 6 ,
.

th Sy h d i
e r mov d to 2 n e r on e e , , c mp of t h Phili ti
a 1 1 16 e s n e s, ,
.

24 0 . chil dr of m ur d r d byen , e e

sb rb of J r u l m 2 29 2
u u e sa e , ,
. H ro d 2 1 1 6
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. th xp ct d birthpl c of t h
e e e e a e t

B r C hb a r tr t to 2 oc a e ea s M i h 2 161 e ss a

4 1 6—
-

, , , ,
.

17 . t t u of Ado i wor hip d

s a e n s s e

l g d bo ut 2 4 1 7
e en s a at , 2 , 4 22
i g of 2 4 1 7 —
.
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s e e19 n un n e ry at , 2 , 623
f ll of 2 4 1 23—
.
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a 19 , , . th e J ew s of , in th e tw lfth e

B t h ram t
e a S c B th R m a a . e e -
a a c t ury
en ,
3 , 4 27 .

th a . Be t h m a o n , o ph u d th J se s an e

B et h -
D in , na m of e th e Sy n h e me n of Tib ri m t t 2 e as ee a , ,

d rio n, 2 , 3 25 . 27 9 .

Be t h e l , t k a en by th e E phr im a Be t h o m e , Ph ri a se e fortr e ss , 2,
t 1 34
i e s, , . 45 .

de s criptio of n ,
1 , 45 . B e t h o ro n . S ee B th horo e -
n .

Sa m u l hol d e s a sse mbli e s at , 1, B th p g

e a e, s ub urb of J r u l m e sa e ,

78 . 2 , 29 2 .

a c t r of i dol try 1 1 8 6
en e a , , . B th R m t h ( B t h r m t )
e -
a a a e a a a a ,

an oci tio of proph t

ass a n e s at , p l c of d troy d 2 1 25
a a e ,
es e , ,
.

1 , 205 , 23 4 . r e nam d Livi 2 1 3 8

-
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.

vi it d by E lij h 1 208
s e a , ,
. B th id J u i 2 1 5 7
e sa a, es s n, , .

b ull w or hi p t 1 23 3
-
s a , , . B th
e n ( B th h
sa ) S B th e s an . ee e

c pit l of J robo m I I 1 23 3
a a e a , ,
. h s e an .

Amo t 1 23 5 236 s a , , , . B th h n ( B t h
e s S yt h p
ea e sa n , c O o

C ut h wor hip t 1 28 5
ae a n s s a , ,
.
l i ) bo di of S ] d J
s ,
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p urg d of i dol try 1 29 4

e a , , . th di ho or d t 1 1 04
a an s n e a , ,
.

p ri t of kill d 1 29 5
es s , e , ,
.
Gr k citiz
ee of r i t J en s ,
es s o

milit ry t tio u d r H d a s a n n e a sep h , 1 , 425 .

ri 2 419 an , , . r f ug of A tioch u
e e n s I X , 2, 1 0 .

B t h h gl
e fortr b i g d by
a a, e ss, es e e r cov r d by t h o
e e e e s ns of J oh n

B cchi d 1 4 9 3
a es, , . H y rc a n us 2 , 1 1 , .

B t h H r n b lm of G il d
e -
a a a ea J udae a n s of m as s a cr e d, 2,
—
, ,

fo u d r 1 43 n nea , , . 26 2 3 .

B t h h r n b ttl of w
e -
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a se n a e e s in
J ud M cc b a u 1 4 62 as a a e s, , . th ixth c t ury 3 1 2
e s en , , .

13
2 02 H S OR I T Y OF TH E ] E \V S .

Be t h s h e a ri m , t e mpor ry a sea t of Be z b rb of J r u l m
e t h a, s u u e sa e ,

t he Sy n h e drio n , 2, 4 5 2 . fortifi d by Agripp 2 1 9 5 e a, , .

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e -
e es ,
a e ,
e d troy d by C
es t iu G ll u e es s a s,

tw th eenki g f I r l 2 26 5 e n s o s ae
,
.

d J ud h 1 224 5
an iz d by t h R om
a , , 2 3 03
-
.
se e e an s , , .

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.
B z i r ( Bit rr ) J w i i
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.
e
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e s e ae , e s n, n
B th W d r ligio u ch ool i
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aa , th e
ixth c t ury 3 3 5 s s n
e s en , ,
.

th Soph ric e g 1 3 96
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e a e, ,
.

s na e s ,
.

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, ,

e -
a a a e a e
, ,
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,
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h r d hip upo t h Albi
a a ae s e ea e
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t 1 47 9
a ,
3 5 81
.
,

g e n se s ,
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,
ac
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,

en
.

es ns
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3 5 8 1—
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B th Z ur ( B t h ur) J ud M
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,

e
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s
J w
.

2
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t u gi t th ; Tr l tio ; a n e an s a n
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a , e s e

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2 04 H S OR I T Y OF TH E j E \V S .

Bl cc u t io t h ( c ti nu d)
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187
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d ict XI V ,
5 ,
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n
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.

XI I I , 5 ,
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th r t d to b bro ught i
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 I N D EX .

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2 28 28 9 .

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3 , 3 05
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tio n, 4 , 98 .
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tio of t h J w 5 4 7 7 —
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submit r ligio u q u tio e s es ns to .

th Poli h T lm udi t
e s a s s, 4, Bon et . See D vi d Bo t B u
a ne en

639 G ior o n .

of Mo tp ll i
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h vily t x
ea a e d, 4, 6 5 2, 7 02 ; 5 ,
Bo n et , a J ew n e e r, 3,

5 08 .
395 .

Bo n e t L at phy ici n t o
Pop Al x d r V I 4 4 07 —
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8
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to L X 4 4 08 eo , ,
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mo dify th ir y gog u r e s na e se l tt r to from R uchli 4

e e ,
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vic 5 5 82 e, ,
.

B h m J a b my tic di c ipl
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s e es pou se s R e uch l i n
’
s c a us e ,
4,

of 5 24 , , .
45 4 .

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o es s, n s e e Bo n f e d . S ee S olomo n b en R e u

ick t h V li t J wi h e a an
’
s e s b e n Bo n f e d .

t t ut 4 1 1 1 263
s a e, , , .
B o n i f a cci o , B a lt h a s a r, a cc u r se

B l g g in
o o S B lki . ee a n .
of Sara h Sull m a ,
5 ,
70 .
2 06 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

Bo i f c V I I I pop
n a t e ,
e, a O dds Bor d ux ,
ea th e J e w s of ( con
w i th Philip I V f Fr c O an e, 4, t in ued) ,
a dd e s s e d r in b h lf e a

44 . of the Mor a vi a n an d Boh e

B i f c I X pop for b i d
on a e ,
e, s th e mi an J ew s, 5 ,
25 3 .

forcibl b pti m of J w e a s e s, 4, in Ma l e s h e rb e s ’
commi io ss n,

173 . 5 ,
43 2 .

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as a , ,
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l t d by L v t r 5 3 09
a e a a e , ,
.
pro p r ity of 5 4 3 6
s e , , .

work of critici d by M se en joi t h N tio l Gu r d 5

— —
s , n e a na a , ,

d l h 5 3 1 2 1
e ss o3 3 1 4 15 n, , , . 438 .

di cl im co ctio a with nne n the J ew s i h q u t io 5

L v t r 5 3 1 3—
s s on es n, ,

a 14 a e 4 42
m cip t d 5 4 4 2—
.
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a e e a e n s
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.

B ok f Cr tion Th com
o O ea ,
e, Borgi c r di l S Al x
a, a na . ee e an
m t ry 3 197
en a o n, ,
.
d r V I pope , e .

Book of R ich Th work es, e, Bor L udw i g ( 1 7 8 6

ne, m e

by S mu l I b N gr l 3 a e n -
a e a, , ploy d i t h Fr kfort d e n e an a

26 1 .
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ca 5 5 05 5 4 1 e, , , .

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o Of the P s, Th e , d f e d thenG rm J w s5 e e an e s

J uda h Si r L o b e n en I s aa c ,
3, 5 33 .

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5 5 3 6—
.
, .

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a po tl of lib rty 5
s e e 5 37 ,
—
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g i t p g i m 2 205 —
, .

a a ns 8 a an s , ,
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r e se mbl c of to M d l an e , en e s

Bopp r d t h bloo d cc u tio

a ,
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.

i n , 3 , 4 1 8 , 63 7 , 6 3 9 .
de s pi t h J w of h i tim
se s e e s s e,

Bo ra i t a ,
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5 3 8 , 5 40 .

2, 47 0 .
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.

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s O e e as a e

5 4 0—
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B rdo ea ux , the Ma rr a n o s m 5 1
5 5 4 1—
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341 .
d f e d th en J w s 2 e e s, ,
.

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3 42 .
p ubli h jo ur l 5 5 4 2
s es a na , , .

s tr uggl e b tw in , e een Ge rm an b co m
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.

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-

on

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.

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a e e ne , ,
.

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ea e sa e s, , .
early hom li f of 5 5 4 5 e -
e .

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e s n e as d bt of t h
e J w to 5 5 5 6 e e s , , .

r ux m eacr 4 5 6 a ss a e s, , . d bt of G rm
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2 08 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

Br les a u, th e J e w s of , du ri gn Bro m e t , H e rz ( co nt i nued) z l , ea

the Bl k ac De a th p e rs e c u for t h
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tio n s, 4, —
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45 4 .

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4, d p uty to t h
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26 0 .
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45 8 .

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.
4 , 4 05 .

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th e J ew s of an d th e P e sa ro
,

b ur t or b i h d 4 262 3
n an s e , ,
-
.
tr a de , 4, 579 .

joi t h Soci ty of Fri d

n e
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Br uh l ,
Sa xo n mi i t r n s e . J e wi h s
5 ,
418 .
age n t of ,
5 ,
a po t y mo g s as a n , 5 ,
4 20 .

an d E ib e s c h iit z
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Bre s s e l a u, Me n de l J .
,
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s e , , .

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5 572
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, .

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.

a 3 (3 2 n a n, 2

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c t 5 67 7 —8 6 8 1—
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b an g i t a a ns the Ch as s i dim ply to L v t r 5 3 1 3 a a e , , .

p ubli h d i s e n . 5 ,
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co v r tio of w ith M
n e sa n , en

C h a s s idis t ic w riti g n s b ur ne d d l h Chri sti d g

e s so n, on an o

in , 5 ,
393 .
m as 5 , , 3 15 .

b gi e g of c ult ur mo g
n n in s e a n Br un s ,
wick th e J e w s of , ex

th J w of 5 6 1 2
e e s , , .
p el led 4 , 65 2 , .

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5 , 4 47 . th poll t x 5 4 6 7
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 I N D EX . 2 09

B ru l s
sse ,
w of duri g
th e J e s ,
n B ul l p ps, a al ( conti nued) , P ul I I I
a ,

th e Bl ck D th p r u
a ea e se c 4 , 5 1 6 , 5 22, 5 26 .

tio 4 1 1 2 n s, , . P ul I V 4
a , ,
5 66 .

exp ll d 4 66 2
e e , ,
. Pi u I V 4 s , ,
5 88, 5 89 .

B rut u R om l s, an e a de r ,
s u ici d e Pi u V 4 s , ,
5 91 .

of 2 8 1 , ,
. S ixt u IV s , 4, 311, 3 19, 3 21 ,
B uchhol z oppo J wi h m an 3 22
—
,
se s e s e .

c ip a t i o n , 5 ,
4 68 , 4 7 2 . S ixt u V s ,
4 , 6 5 5 6, 65 8 .

B ud a, cou cil of n ti J w
th e n a e a g i t
a nsimmigr tio of th e a n
—
-

i h d
s cr of 3 6 1 4 15e ees , ,
. J w i P l eti 4 27 4 s n a es ne, , .

B ud P th r bbi ic l coll g
a -
es ,
a n a e e B uol S ch u n t i Co u t v a e s e n, n o n,

t 5 7 00
a ,
S al P th
,
. ee so es . prot ct t h Fr kfort J w e s e an e s,

Bud i nn a ti Tri it ri s, ct an -
n a an se , 5 ,
5 30 .

4 , 64 7 . B urg os, K bb l a a a t ught a in , 4 ,

Budn y , m n tr l t t h Si o ,
an s a e s e 6 .

Bibl i to Poli h 4 6 4 7
e n s , , di p ut tio t
s a n a ,
4 , 1 40 .

B u G i rn
en -
S D vi d Bo t
o o . ee a ne coro tio n of na J uan I at , 4,
B u G ior o en -
n . 15 6 .

B uff o pr i n P r ir
,
ig a se s e e
’
a s s n B urg o s, th e c rt o es of , m k th a e e

l gu g 5 3 43
an a e, J w e s r po es ns i bl for t h e e

1 24—
,
.

B ug i ( B uj ) r fug for Sp
a a , e e an c ivil w a r, 4 , 5 .

i h J w
s 4 1 97 e s, , .
oppo se t he e mploym n t of e

suff ri g of Sp
e i h xil i
n an s e es n, J ew s, 4 , 229 .

4 , 3 61 . B urg o s, th e J ews of , un de r
B ul an ,ki g of th Ch n e a z a rs , cho 3 6 1 7
Sa n , , .

co v rt to J ud i m 3
n e a s , ,
1 39 t x d h
a vily 4 1 23
e ea , , ,
1 24 .

4 0, 3 27 . p r c ut d 4 1 7 0
e se e .

B ul g ri n t h fr i
a a s, e, en d ly to t h e co v rt d 4 205
n e e .

J w e3 1 23 s, , .
B urg un di an s , t h e, th e e mp ir e

v l to t h Ch
a ss a s e a z a rs , 3 , 1 38 . of , w f t id
th e J e s o ,
no co n s

B ul l p p a l by B
s, a ened ict X I I I r d di ti ct r c 3 3 5
e e a s n a e, ,
.

occ up tio of 3 3 5 —6
,

4 , 21 5 —
,

16 .
a ns , ,
.

Bo if c I X 4 1 7
n a e , ,
di crimis t d g i t 3 37 na e a a ns , ,
.

Cl m t I V 3 602
e en , ,
.
B urg un dy t h J w of p r ,
e e s ,
e

Cl m t V I 4 1 03 1 05 1 7 3
e en , , , , .
t d to t h Ch urch 3
se n e e , ,

Cl m t V I I 4 5 07 5 1 5 5 1 6
e en , , , ,
. 17 5 .

Cl m t V I I I 4 67 1
e en B urn t ff ri g S m u l
-
o e n s, a e on the

i u I I I 3 3 4 9—
.
, ,

E ug en 51 s , , .
i mport c of 1 7 4 an e , ,
.

E ug i u I V 4 229 25 0 25 1
en s , , , , .
J h oc b Z kk i a n an en a a on, 2 .

G r gory I X 3 5 64
e , , .

G r gory X
e 63 5 , .
B urru N ro s, e
’
s se cr t ry b rib e a ,
ed

I nnoc t I I I 3 49 7
en to oppo se th e J udae a n s , 2,

oc t I V 3 5 8 4—
.
, ,

I nn en 5 ; 4 1 65 .
24 7 .
, , ,

J ul iu I I I 4 5 6 5s B ury St E dm un d t h J w of . s, e e s ,

M rti V 4 2 1 9—
, , .

a n 20 226 , , , .
b utch r d 3 4 1 5 e e , ,
.

N i cho l s V 4 25 3 25 4 25 6
a , , , , ,
B u ch H rm n v n p art i an
s e, e an o ,
s

28 7 . of Reuch l in 4 4 5 6 , , .
 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EWS .

Buxt o rf , J oh n n ior ( 1 5 64 ,
se By z an t i n mp ire th ( cont inued)
e e , e ,

r d r r bbi ic l
en e s a n a tol r tio of 4 28 5
e a n , , .

t udi cc ibl to Chri By z n ti n mpir t h t h J w

a e e e, e, e e s

f u d r A rc di u 2 6 1 5 —
s es a e ss e s

ti an s , 5 ,
21 .
o , n 16 e a s, , .

Buxt o rf s , t h ei n tro duc r bbi ,

e a n
forb idd to b uil d y en s na

ic l lit r t ur to Chri ti
a e a e s an s , g o g ue s , 2 , 61 7 .

5 , 17 9
tr t with ho tility 3 1 0
ea ed s , ,
.

forc d i to Chri t i n ity 3

e n s a

1 22—
By k , cob S lomon H br w
J a o ,
e e
3
, ,

tyl of 5 6 1 7 migr t 3 1 23—

.

s e ,
4
.
,
a e,

i th c t ury 3 1 7 5 —
e ,
.

B y ro n q uot d 4 1 27
,
e , ,
.

in th e n n 6 en , ,
.

By z n ti a mp ror t h J w ne e e s, e, e s
i th tw lfth c n t ury 3
u d r 5 7 25 —
n e e e

4 24 —
, ,

n 6 e , , .
8 .

By z n ti a mpir t h tt ck dne e e, e, a a e no t dmitt d to mil i t ary

a ffi e o

by t h Ag udi t 3 1 6 e s s, , . ce s, 3 , 4 25 .

i nf r of t h C h r 3 1 3 8
ea e az a s , ,
. br ut l tr tm t of
a ea en , 3 , 4 25 .

f ll of 4 267
a , ,
.
po t amo g 3 4 26
e s n , , .

C ab a de s Kob ad . S ee . C aes ar, J ul ius ( co nti nued) , fr e es

C ab l l r i A l f n d M rr
a a, o so e, a a ri tob ul u I I 2 7 5
A s s

f vor A tip t r 2 7 5 —
e , ,
.

tri to uppr
no , th es s e ss e a s 6 n a e , , .

A r go I n q ui itio
a 4 3 29 n s n, ,
. ki dly di po d to t h J u
n s se e

C b l lo J ul
a a fo u d r of t h
,
es, n e e dae an s , 2 , 7 6 , 1 7 9 .

“
A lli c I r el it U iv r an e s a e n e h ta ed by th e J udae an s of P al o

ll 5 7 01
se e,
”
, . e st i n e , 2, 7 7 .

C ab ir i t h v pl t wor
,
e se en an e s m ur d r of 2 7 9 e , , .

h i p d by t h
s C e n it e an aa e s, r mit t h t x dur in g t h
e s e a e

1, 54 . S bb ti y a r 2 4 69 a c ea , ,
.

C br r gov r or of t h c tl
a e a, e n e as e C a r S xt u gov r or of
es a ,
e s, e n

of S govi 4 28 3 e a, ,
. Syr i ho or H ro d 2 7 8
a, n s e , ,
.

C ab ul fortr , 2 414 e ss , ,
. m k H yr u I I r po n i
a es can s es s

f ll of 2 4 1 6
a , , . bl for t h l if of H ro d 2
e e e e , ,

r ligio u
e of t h i h bit sn e ss e n a 78 .

t i 2 480
an s o , , . C aes a re a ( Ma z a c a ) . S ee Ma z a c a .

C cr
a e S i mo n
es, d op e, en s a C aes a re a ( Str a to n ) , b e a ut ifi e d by
J w i h b uri l gro u d i L n
e s a -
n n o He ro d , 2 , 1 06 .

do n , 5 ,
49 . tr a de an d s hipp in g of 2 1 1 8 , , .

C ac i n a, R om an co n su , l an d Ti t of t h
se a e proc ur tor 2 1 29 a , , .

t us ,
2, 3 17 . r id c
es en e of H ro d ( Ph il ip ) e ,

C di z M rr o fl to 4 3 1 3
a ,
a an s ee , ,
. 2, 1 7 3 .

victim of t h I q ui itio i s e n s n n f vor d by Agr ipp I 2 1 9 4

a e a , , .

th rchbi hopric of 4 3 1 7
e a s , , . d troy d by
es rth q u ke an ea a e,

t k by t h E g li h 4 6 6 5
a en e n s , , . 2 , 4 08 9 — .

C r J ul i u i t h fir t tri
a
e sa ,
s, n e s m a de a n ac d mic city 2 5 43 a e , , .

um vira t e 2 , ,
73 . an ti Chri ti a riot i 3 1 7
-
s n n, , .
2 12 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

C m p o Fo rm i p c of
tt ck d by S di h 3 1 9 0—
C a l en dar t h ( cont inu d) K r it
,
e -
e d a a e, a o, ea e ,
an

a a e 1 th poll t x f Fr ch J w
aa a , ,
. e a O en e s

r ul of coll ct d by S di h
es ,
i G rme y 5 4 64
e aa a ,
n e an , , .

3 196, . C a mpo M yor r f ug for Sp -

a , e e an

work n by D u h b T o , i h M rr o 4 498 n as en a s a an s, , .

mim 3 2 1 1 2 1 7 , , C an t h J w
, r m i . th ir e e s e a n I n e

I saa c I b n Al b l i 3 28 3
-
pr t co ditio n witho ut
a a o n, ,
.
e se n n .

a cc ur cy of d mo tr t d 3
a h rm to t h t t ? e ns ti a e a e s a e
”
an

4 6 9—
, , ,

313 .
J wi h p mphl t 5 70 e s a e , , .

w ork by M imo i d 3 4 5 1 C an a n try of I r lit in to

on, a n es, ,
.
a ,
en s ae es ,

u d by t h K r it
se 4 27 0 e 1 a a e s, ,
.

Se al
e I bh rso d criptio
a
of t h co t of 1 es n e as

2—
.

, ,
C li g ul mp ror di ti g ui h
a a, e
3 e s n s es
—
, .

A gripp I 2 1 7 4 5 17 6
a
cl im d by t h I r l it
, , 1 ,
.

a e e s ae e s,

4—
,
divi ho or to t h im g of
ne n e a es

2 1 8 3—
5 ,
.

,
4 .

r pi d co q u t of 1 3 9—4 0 a n es
h t t h J udm ,
.
,
2 1 87
a es e
b com t h H oly L d 1 4 1 an s , , .

e es e an
t t u of i t h T mpl 2 , , .

s a es n
tir ly co qe
ur d e e,

1 88 —
,
t 1 ,
no en e n e e

5 0—
, ,
9
1
.

t d 2 1 89
.

i
a s s as s n a e
S P l ti
, ,
.

ee a es ne
J ud i m d f d d b for
.

a s 5 e en e e e,
C n an i t t h d cr ipt io n of ,
a a e s, e, es ,

1 2—
65 4 .

4
C a l iph t f t h E a t t h S e
a e o
ub divi io
e
of 1 3
s ,
e . e
s
,

s
.

ns
A bb i d C liph t t h .

as s e a a e, e

C l i xt u pop
a s, co v tr d of 1 3
e, n enes
.

a
a e , , .

Ch urch Co u cil i Fr c citi of 1 3

n n an e,
es , ,
.

t w r w ith A h r d N ph a a s e an a
3 3 7 6 ; 4 27 5
,

C al l im n dru a E gypti
,

s,
t li 1 37
.

an en
a , ,
g
dw ll with t h trib of J ud h e e a
e r l g i t t h J ud
a a a ns 2 e aea n s , ,
e ,

1 39 , .

11
dr d of t h I r l it
.

i 1
C lli pa
a o ch riot r c u
s, a ee , a se s a
n ea e s ae e s, ,

40
riot 3 1 1 .

, ,
h th i m of
.

l 51
C l um n i tor Th
a
” aobri q u t e, s e
ea en s , , .

i dol wor hip of 1 5 4

,

of J o h u Lor q ui 4 21 7 s a
s , , .

r l tio of to r ,

l t , .

d Mich i
t h I
C l vi l Scot u 4 e a ns e s ae e s,

6—
a n ,
an ae s, ,
,

5 41
1 5 8 , .

C mbr g
a i d t h J w of x
e,
u ff r u e
d r D v id e
1 1 3 1 s , e
s e n e a , , .

p lel d 3 e6 41 ,
h,
lp to b uil d th
.
T mpl 1 e e e e, ,

C mby
a of P r i d th of
s es, 1 63 e s a, ea ,
.

1 35 8
, .
S G ib o it ; J b u it ; Phil ee e n es e s es

C m i t h f mily of h igh pri

a , a t i ti t e s s, s n e s, e c .

2 23 7
, . C n di S Cr t a a . ee e e .

C mp n t n
a a S oI c b . C an a t h J w of import an c
ee s aa en e , e e s , e

J cob C m p
a t a of 4 4 06 an on . , , .

C mp ggi
a e c r di l o, th C n t h of t h H oly Writ
a na , on e an o , e, e

commi io th ss Port u i g compl t d 2 3 4 4 S ee

n on e n s, e e , , .

gu I n q ui itio
e se 4 5 14 S cr ipt ur s th ; n, ,
. e s, e
 I N DE X . 2 13

C an si n o f am i y , t h e , d l r gom
a an s C arafi a, Pi et ro . See P aul I V,
in O r an , 5 ,
1 69 . pop e .

C a n t h e ra s , f mily a of high C ar
q a, S a m ue l . S ee Sa mu l e

pri t e s s, 2 , 23 7 . C rg a a .

C a o rs i n i ( Ultr a mo n t a n e s ) ,
us C ar a c n J w
s so n i i th e, e s n, n e

ury pr ctic a ed by , 3 , 5 10 . ixt h c t ury 3 3 5

s en , , .

C ap e rn a um ( Ke p h ar Na h um ) ,
C a rd Abr h m
oso , Mi ch l a a ae

J es us s ucc e ss f ul in 2 , 1 5 3 ,
-
7 . ( 1 63 0 M rr o r a an ,
e

th e fir t s ch urch at 2 , 5 65 , .
um s J ud i m 5 1 6 3
es a s , ,
.

C ap e t s , t h e w p fir t s the J e s 0
occ up tio n d mor lity of
a ns a a ,

pr d u d r 3 24 1 —
,

e sse 2 n e
5 ,
1 64 .

, , .

C ap h ar S l m b ttl of fig ur S bb t i
es pro as a a a an

ph t 5 1 64—
th
-
a a a, e a e ,

J ud M c b a u vi to rio u
as a ca e s c s
5 e , ,
.

at , 1 , 4 84 .
p rocl im him lf S b b t
a s se a a ai s
’

p
C a h t o r, th e origi l hom of na e
ucc s or 5 207 e ss , , .

th e Phili t i s n e s, 1, 54
w riti g of 5 208 24 8
n s , , , .

wr iti g of b ur d 5 220
.

C ap i s t ran o S ee J oh of C ap i n s
n s , ne , ,
.

(I a c)
.

Ca rd F e rn an d
tr o an
os o, s a o

M rr o phy
.

C ap n i o n S ee R e u chl i n, J oh n ( 1 61 5 a an

um J ud i m 5
. .

i ia r
”

s c n, es es a s
C ap o dI Ru i
’ ,
s t ri a s , p l eni
,
ss an
1 63
ot n ti ry d t h
p e a an e e m an e i occ up atio
.

n d lif of 5 1 64
,
ns a e
p tio u of t h J w
a e e s, 5 5 27
, ,
.

n ti S bb ti
.
,
a 5 1 64 1 6 5
a a an ,
C ap p d ci a t udy of
-
.
, ,
a o s the L aw
S ch comp r d with 5 68 8
,
a s a e , ,
.

in , 2 , 3 5 8
th e J e w of s
.

un de r Sh ab ur I
C ard E l ih u A b
oz o, b r ct oa , e e s a

2 , 5 20, 5 26
,

.
,
y gog u t H mb urg 4
s na e a a , ,

“C a H o p e , Th e
689 .

p t iv e s of dra
,
C are n t o n , th e J e w ofs a tt ck a ed
ma by J o ph P se en s o , 5 , 1 13 .

by c ru s a de rs , 3 , 355
,

p t ur from
.

C a t i vi t y , t h e , t h e re
—
n ,
C ari an s , t h e , m rc ry troop
e ena s
1 , 35 1 6 .

e mploy ed by At h li h 1 a a
S ee B bylo
a n i a, th e J udae a n s
21 4 .
, ,

of .

in s ymp thy with a J o h as ,

1,
C ap t ivi t y , t h e , Prin ce s of . S ee
21 5 6 —
xil rch t
.

E t h e ; E xil a rch s ,
a a e,
C arin t h i a, t h e J e w of xp ll
s , e e e d,
th e
4 , 4 27
.

C ap ua , w of i t h
th e J e s n e
C ar l o vi n g i a n s , th e l t as ,
th e
tw lfth t ury 3 4 24
e ce n , , .
w oppr d u d r 3
J e s e s se n e

24 1 —
, ,
H ill l of V ro
e i 3 629 e na n, , .
2 .

C r ba
a a i mp r o
s, t A gripp e s n a es a
C rl ruh
a ths J w of p r e, e e s e se
,

I , 2 , 1 82 .
ut d 5 5 3 0
o e , , .

C a racal la , e mp ror v ic e , es of ,
2, t h H mb urg r form a dopt d
e a e s e
4 68 .
in , 5 573
,
.

l t io of to the J w 2, C arm e l , Mo un t cr ipt io n of

—
re a n , e s, de s
, ,

4 68 9 . l 44 .
,

e x ct t h t x
a s e a durin g th e co i d r
ns e ed holy by th e Ca
Sa bb a t ic y e ar , 2 , 4 69 . n mi taa e s, 1, 5 1 .
2 I 4 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

C rm l M un t ( cont in u d) E l i C
a e ,
o e , as imir I V ( co n t n i ued)t t ut ,
s a e

j h liv a 1 203 es on, ,

.
of co firm
,
n ed by Sigi m u d s n

E li h livs 1 208
a es o n , ,
.
I I I , 4 , 643 .

n orth w t r limit of J ud a C
-
es e n ae as p e, the J ew s of co v rt
,
n e e d,

u d r Al x n d r J eu e an e an n a
e s, 4 , 21 4 .

2 46 , Ca .
s pi a n Se a, t h e , J e w s se ttl e on

C arm l it di trict t h of P ri
e e s ,
e, a s, th e co t of 3 1 23 as , ,
.

comm d t h J w 5 4 4 4 i en s e e s, ,
.
s anl d i r f ug of t h C h n, e e e a

C rm n t h M rr o of r
a o a, e a an s , e z r 3 222
a s, ,
.

i t t h I q ui itio 4 3 1 3
s s C e n s n, ,
.
as s a nd r l l y of P t o l m I t
e ,
a e y ,
a

co pir tor of b ur t 4 3 1 7
ns a s ,
n , ,
.
th b tt l of I p u 1 4 1 7
e a e s s, ,
.

C rp tr r bbi of t t h fir t C
a en as , a , a e s asse l m t i g pl c
,
f th ee n a e O e

r bbi ic l y o d 3 3 7 7
a n a s n , , .
W tph l i n co i tory 5
es a a ns s , ,

C rp tr
a enth J w of t as, e e s ,
no 5 01 .

b i h d by Ch rl V I 4 C
an s e a es , , io dor u mi i t r of Th d
as s s, n s e eo
17 7 .
ori 3 3 0 e, , .

w lth of 4 5 92
ea , ,
.

hom il tic xpo it io of t h

e e s n e
numb r of 5 4 3 6 e , , .

P lm by 3 3 1
sa s
Mo n te
, .

ho n or Cr emi ux
,

an d
J w
e
on th 3 31 e e s, , .

fi o re , 5 65 8
, .

C i u A vi diu r b l d th
a ss s, s, e e ea
C rri
a on, the J e w s of ,
un de r
of 2 4 6 3
,

cho 3 6 1 7 , .
,
Sa n , , .

C a i u L n gi n u C iu l g t
ss s o s, a s, e a e
p r c ut d 4 1 7 0
e se e , , .

of Cr u r tr t b for ass s, e ea s e e
C rth g c pt ur d by
a a e, a e G e n se ric ,
th P rth i e2 74 a an s , , .

2, 61 1
d f t t h J ud rmy 2
.

e ea s e ae a n a
the T mpl v l r mov e e e sse s e ed
74
, ,

from 3 26 , , .

e
.

gov r or of Syri forc n a, es co n

C r v j a l F rn d z ( I c )
a a , e an e saa , a
t rib ut i from J ud ons a
e a, 2,
J w cr tly livi g i L
e se e n n on
80 .

do n , 5 38
op ens a
,

J ew s
.

i h b uri l gro un d a
s u ici d of 2 8 1 e , , .

5 49
,
Ca ss i u Lo g i n u C a i u gov r
s n s, s, e

f Syri occ upi J r u

, .

n r
C lm ggi or t h J w of
as a a e, e e s
o o a, es e

umb r of 4 6 5 3
n e
,
l m 2 1 97
sa e , ,
.

,
Ca t l Br n co J 1 R o dr i g de
, .

C i mir I I I t h G r t of P
as
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a ,
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A m t u L u it
,

l d xt d t h privil g
an e en s
S ee a s s an a s .

, e e es

of t h J w 4 1 1 1 263 e e s, , , .
C as e t ll n d d p uty to t h
a e, e, e e

prot ct t h J w 4 1 1 1
e s e e s,
N tio
a l A mbly 5 4 3 9na sse , ,
.

, .

J w i h mi tr
e of 4 1 1 2
s s e ss , , .
Ca t l N rb n n ai r f ug of
s e -
a o s, e e

C i m i r I V of Pol d xt d
as , an , e en s
th J w
e from t h P to u
e s e as

th privil g of t h J w
e e es e e s, r ux 4 5 6
ea , , .

4 , 2 63 5 , 4 1 9 -
.
C as ti l l ck T lm ud chool
e, a s a s s

un de r C pi tr o a s an
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s i fl u c
n en e, i n th tw lfth c t ury 3
e e en , ,

4 , 26 5 6 -
. 3 22 .

r vok
e es the privil g e es of the J ew s in , in th e tw lfth e ce n

J e w s , 4 , 266 . t ury 3 3 8 4 , , .

s o ns of , 4 , 419 , 63 1 . w r of w ith Morocco

a , , 4 , 84 .
2 16 H S OR I T Y OF TH E ] E \V S .

C a s t ro , an En gli h s J ew , a n d th e C t l ni
a a o a, the J ew s of ( con
D m c u ff ir 5 6 5 3
a as s a a , ,
. t inned) ,
po s s e ss p ena l j uri s

C a tr ds o, obl C tili e, a n e as an ctio 4 1 5 5

di n, , .

f mily 3 3 6 3
a , , .
p r c ut d i 1 3 9 1 4 1 7 2
e se e n , , .

C a tro A b rah m d S l im I
s ,
a e, e
’
s co v rt d 4 21 4
n e e , , .

m t r of t h mi n t b n v
as e e , e e loy l to th ir f ith 4 21 5
a e a , , .

l of 4 3 9 3
o e n ce , ,
.
po io of
s se s s q u tr at ns , se es e d,

i form g i t t h E gypti
n s a a ns e an 4 , 3 49 .

vic roy 4 3 9 5 e , ,
.
C a t ch um n t h ho u of up
e e s, e se , s

C a tro B lth r ( I c ) O r
s ,
a as a saa o port d by t h J w 4 5 66
e e e s, , .

b i d ( 1 6 20
o M rr o e a an ,
C ath r i e mpr of R u i
n e, e e ss ss a ,

prof or of m t phy ic t e ss e a s s a m mb r of t h B rl i Ac d
e e e e n a

S l m c tort ur d 5 1 1 6
a a an a, e , ,
. e my 5 , ,
3 08 .

prof or of m dici e ss t T u e ne a o at w ith Pol d 5 3 88

w ar an , ,
.

lo u 5 1 1 7 se , , . C ath r in of Port ug l ho t il
e e, a , s e

associ t w i th Spi oz 5 1 1 7
a es n a, , . to t h M rr o 4 4 89 e a an s, , .

r f ut Spi oz vi w 5 1 6 7
e es n a s
’
e s, , C th rin d M di c i q u n
a e e e e ee

promi c of 5 1 99 —200
.
,

ne n e , ,
. moth r i Fr c n d J e n an e, a o

C a tro B dito ( B r uc h N h
s ,
en a e e ph N
se i 4 5 98 a ss , , .

m i h ) d phy ici a S bb e, s an , a a propo h r for t h P 1

se s e so n e 0

ti 5 1 4 0 1 5 0
an , , , . i h thro
s 4 6 04 ne, ,
.

C a t r Mo
s o,d t go i t of ses e, an a n s C a th l i c C h urch t h r i of 2
o e, se

J cob B r b 4 5 3 4—
, , ,

a 5 e a , , . 5 00 .

C tro R o dri g d ( 1 5 60
as ,
o e C atholic C h urc h , th e G e rm an ,
M rr o phy ici b ility t bli h d 5
—
a an s an , a es a 68 2
of 4 6 86—
s e , ,
.

7
, , . C th l i r ct i n
a o c ea o ,
th e, 4 , 65 0 1 .

ow l d d prop rty 4 68 8
ns an e e , ,
. th J we uff r e s s e un de r ,
4 , 65 2
C a tro T rt a I c d M rr
s a s, s aa e, a a 3
m rtyr dom f 5 3 1 —
-
.

n o, 2 a o , ,
. C athol i c i m mor s , e ho t il to s e

C a ui try i t h Mi h
s s 2 n e s n a, th J w th n
e e s a Ar i i m 3 an s

47 5 —
, , , ,

6 . 26 .

C t a l i n of L c t r r g t
a a an as e ,
e en ov rthrow
e n in En gl a n d, 4,
for J u I I of C til 4 an as e, ,
5 41 .

1 93 . an d th e rom tic mov m t an e en ,

i ss ue s ed ict co c r i g t h s n e n n 5 5 16
4 203 —
e

4 205 —
, .

J ew s, 6 27 5
, , , . S ecChri ti i ty s an .

th of 4 21 7 228
de a , , , . C th l i c t h tol r tio of u
a o s, e, e a n ,
n

C t l n i p rt of Ar go
a a o a, a a n, d r V l e ti i I 2 603 a en n an , , .

387 . h t Th o doric
a e 29 3 0 e , , .

C t l
a a on a, i th e J e w of i s n the an t go i z d by t h Ar i V i
a n e e an s

3 4 4—
,

Ma im un is t co trov r y n e s , 3, ig t h o 5 s, , .

5 30 i n th D m c u ff ir 5
e a as s a a
—
, ,
.

m cr d
assa 3 e , . 05 0 1 , — 6 62 .

provi d g i t th e a a ns e Bl ck a S ecChri ti th s an s, e .

T urki h J w 4 5 5 2—
D th p r c utio
ea e se ns, 4, 1 12 C th l ic t h G r k mol t t h
a o s, e ee , es e

13 . 3 s e s, , .
 I N DE X . 2 17

C at h un h o , I s a a c, Marr an o in C ut a
e ,
th e J e w of m igr t
s , e a e, 3,
P r mb uco 4 6 93
e na , ,
. 4 24 .

C at ul l u R om gov r or of
s, an e n b ttl of 4 3 90
a e , , .

Cyr x c ut Z lot 2
en e, e e es ea s, ,
C yl n
e th o J w of i n t h
, e e s , e

318 .
tw lfth c t ury 3 4 3 6
e en , , .

C auca s us, t h e , J e w s se ttl e in , 3 , C h ab ar t ch r of t h L w ,

ea e e a

1 23 .
mo g t h Ar bi n J w 3
a n e a a e s, ,

un de r the E xil arch

’
s jurisdic 59 .

tio n, 3 , 4 29 .
C h ab e ri m , f llow 2 3 64 e s, , .

C avil h ao , J e wi h c t s en er i n Po r Gh a b i b S ec A m t u Lu it . u a s s an s .

t ug l a 4 , 159 .
C h ab ul n S ec C b ul o . a .

C e b a , A n sal do , pr i t d po t es an e
C h b ur h or d r 2 3 6 4
a a , e , , .

tri es to o n v rt S r h Sul
c e a a
C h ch a m offi c r of t h
a Sy h ,
e e n e

6 9—
drio 2 3 60 n,
l am , 5 70
.
,

o ffi c of c
.
,
2 45 3
Sy ri n g r l i e e a se s,
C e n de b ae us ,
.

n , ,
a en e a

v a de s J udae a 1 , ,
5 29 .
,

t itl of t h Am t r d m r bbi
e e s e a a s,

4 , 68 1
C e n e da, w g r a e s a po u nd of h is
.

own fl h 4 es 65 7 .
ti tl of
e th e Ha mb urg ra bb i s,
, ,
4 , 689 ; 5 577
C e n e daeus , Of Adiab e n e , re a l , .

Z vi
C h a ch a m Z evi S ee e Ash
t ive s of , a id J udaea a g a in s t k e n az i
.

R om e, 2 , 26 4 .

C h a co n ,
.

C til i f rm of
as an a er
p of t h p r
C e n s o rs h i i t ro e e ss n
ta x e s, 4 , 27 5
du d by C araff
.

ce 4 5 63 a,

i G rm
n y 5 5 32
e an
, .

Ch a dija, w if of M hom t e a e ,
, .
,
71
r h i p of t h T lm ud um .

C n
e so s e a
C h ag e s, J a co b ( 1 6 20 re c
d r J ym e I f Ar go a 3 e o a n,

603
,
lu t J se a e rus a e l m , 5 ,
1 26 .

ad vi
.

by t w pop 4 6 5 8
se d o e s, .
tea ch r of e Na th an Gh a z at i 5
,
131
b u of 4 6 5 9 6 6 0
a se s , , , .

th r t S bb t
ea en s
.

Z vi with a a a1 e
S e under T lm ud t h
e a e

t ak by D vi d 1
, .

xcomm u ic tio 5 1 3 2
e n a n,
C n u
, .

— M
e s s, 3 en a
, , ,
Ch g a d
e s,o u c Ch y o s e s, en n es a
1 37 8 .

work
on s h r tic l 5
’
as e e a
of J ud e an s
a o rd e re d by A g u n s
222 .
, ,

t us, 2 , 129 .

e xcomm u i c t n a es C h ayo n , 5,
ar ou se s t e rr r o an d d i sse n s io n,
224 .

2, 1 30 .
a b u d by t h Am t r d m
se e s e a
re si st e d by th e Z lot ea s, 2, Port ug u J w 5 224
— e se e s, ,
.

1 33 4 .
e xcomm u ic t d d driv n a e an en

in 66 , 2 , 25 1 .
from Am t r d m 5 226 s e a , ,
.

“C e n t uri e s ”
by A m t u Lu i
, a s s i Alto
n 5 23 1 n a, , .

t an us , 4 , 5 7 0 .
oppo Lu tt K bb l
se s z z a o s
’
a a a,

C e rve ra, th e J e w s of p , e rs e 5 ,
23 8 .

o ut e d 4 , , 9 4 , 1 03 . thr t K bb li tic wr it r
e a en s a a s e s

C e s i s , de , c ar di n al , on com th e w i th t h b 5 239 e an , ,
.

m i io ss n on th e Po rt ug u e se forbi d t h t udy of K bb a l s e s a a

I q ui i t i o n
n s ,
4 , 5 14 . t yo un g m
o 5 24 1 en , , .
2 18 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

C h a g e s, Mo s es ( co nt in ued) ,
de p Ch l d t ught
a ee , m a a f as a e ns o

r c t a es l i cy
en en tow r d a s co v r io 4 24 5
n e s n,

24 9 —
e ,
.

E ib e s c h ut z , 5 ,
50 .
C h a l il vizir tri to av E
, ,
es s e s

O ppo se s the E ib e sc h ii t z Ta l th r Ki r 4 6 3 0
e e a, , .

m ud e ditio n 5 25 1 , ,
.
C h m a of N h rd a ( 3 5 6
a a a e

r e t ur n s to P a l e s ti n e 5 , ,
25 6 . Amor 2 5 93 a, ,
.

Ch gg
a ai ( H a gg a i ) t ch r of ,
ea e pri cip l of t h Pumb dit h a
n a e e

tt ck J ud h I I c d my 2 5 9 4
of 2 5 9 4—
the Law , a a s a ,
a a e , ,
.

2, 485 .
ins i g ifi n 5
ca n ce , , .

aP l ti i Amor 2 5 60
a es n an a, Ch m b n An i l i
a a eJ w of a ,
a e
—
.
,

m mb r of t h l t Sy h
e e e as n e S or 2 5 4 5 6
a, ,
.

drio 2 5 67 n, ,
.
C h m t h milit ry t t io un
a a ,
a s a n

C h ib r I r
a lit ttl i 3
a ,
s ae es se e n, ,
d r H dri
e 2 419 a an , ,
.

Ch mb er y uppo d c t r of
a ,
s se en e

th e B en u N a dh ir -
se ttl e in , 3 , th w ll poi o
e r 4 1 02
e s ne s, ,
.

79 .
C h am i J ph phy ici an d
z ,
ose ,
s an ,

w of d c d
C h a i b a r, t h e J e s , es en L eoMo d 5 67 e n a, , .

t f t h R ch bit for
an s o e e a es, K bb li t 5 7 4
a a s , ,
.

t ifi ti h l d by 3 5 5
ca ons e , , . Ch mp g n t h hom of T lm ud
a a e, e e a

thr t d by M hom t 3
ea ene a e st udi ft r R h i 3 28 9
es a e as

—
.
, , , ,

81 2 .
T lm ud coll g of 3 4 03
a e e , , .

ro u sed a g i t M hom t
a ns a e ;
3, Ch an n pri c of t h J w of
a ,
n e e e s

82 3 -

. T im 3 4 37
a a, ,
.

driv w y by O m r 3 8 5
en a a a , ,
. Ch n n of I k i r tor t h
a a s a, es es e

pr rv lov for Ar bic

e se e e a , 3, Pum b dit h c d my 3 9
e a a a e , , .

111 . C h an n l b n C h u h i l
a e r cog e s e , e

obj ct to T lm udic r tr i t
e a es a n s, n iz d T lm ud ut h ri
e as a a a o

3, 1 19 . ty , 3 , 21 1 , 24 8 .

t w l fth c t ury 3 4 3 7
in t h e e en , , . bu i him lf w ith t h J r u
s es se e e

Ch i f b uri l pl c of N ch
a a, a a e a l m T lm ud 3 24 9
sa e a , , .

m i d Y h i l of P ri
an an ec e a s, co ult H i G o 3 25 2
ns s a
’

a n, ,
.

3 ,
6 08 . eulogiz H G o 3 25 3
es al a n, , .

Ch i a n of Tr diti o a n, Th e , by A lf i di cip l of 3 28 5
as s s e , , .

G e da l y a l b n Y a c h y a 4 , 6 1 6 -

, . w riti g f th b i of N a
n s O , e as s

C h a i re a s , comm a n de r of the for th b Y h i l l xico

an en ec e
’
s e n,

tr J r l 47 4
e ss o az e , ,
. 3 ,
200 .

Ch ka ( Ch g ) titl of
an a an , e the C h an an e l I b n A sk -
a r a K bb al ,
a

Gh z r ki g 138a a n s, is t 4, 74
—
. , .

Ch l fta a m mb r f t h J a, e e O e a m C h an a n y a , Ag adis t , 2, 5 7 5 6 .

n ia Sy n h e drio n , 2, 35 7 . C h a n an y a broth r e

Ch lci pri c of
a s, n e . S ec I l e ro d II . of An a n b e n D v id c di a , an

Ch l d n g rri o
a ae a a s n i n J uda h , l , da t for e th e E xil rch t 3 a a e, ,

3 21 . 1 29
Ch l d
a ae a n s , the . See N e b ue h a d de a th of , 3 , 1 37 .

n e z z ar . C h a n an y a , ne ph w of e J o hu s a

Ch l d ic tr
a a a ns a l tio ns o f Scri p b en Ch an an y joi a, ns Chr i s

t ur 2 es, ,
5 81 2 -

. t ia n i t y , 2 , 3 7 0 .
220 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

C h rl
a es IV ( co nt in ued) , giv es th e C h rl
a es V ( co nti nued) , b i h
an s es

J ews of W orm s to th e tow n, w from N pl 4 5 4 4

the J e s a e s, , .

4 , 1 08 . r w t h privil g of t h
ene s e e es e

at w ar ith
w G un th r of e J w 4 5 47
e s, , .

ch w S a r z b urg ,
4 , 1 09 . in d bt to t h M d b nk
e e en es a ,

pu i h m ur d r r of 4, 572
—
n s es the e e s .

J e w s, 4 , 1 09 1 0 . or d r e s the Me n de s prop rty to e

an d the J ew s of Nu r mb rg
e e , be se iz e d, 4, 573 .

4 , 1 10 e xp l t h J w from t h
e s e e s e

66 1 —
.

ask d to p rmit J w to r e s e N th rl de 4 2 e an s,

t ur to Aug b urg 4 1 27 —
e e , .

n 8 s , ,
. C h arl V I I esti mp ror ,
an -
e e , oc

gr t an rvi c m r to t h
s se a e as e up i
c Pr g u 5 25 1
es a e, , .

l ctor 4 1 28
e e s, , . Ch rl of A j u ki g of Si iw
a es n o ,
n c ,

d d of co c r i g t h
ee J w ,
n e n n e e s, mploy J wi h phy ici
e s a e s s an ,

4 , 69 5 . :3 , 628 .

Ch rl
a es V ,
e mp ror e , a mb assa Ch rl
a e s, of B d gr t a en , an s th e
of
do r e mploy s a J ew s i h J ew s pol itic l fr dom a ee 5
—
,

phy ici 4 4 1 1 s an, ,

. 5 02 3 .

Oppo d to R uchli se e n, 4 , 4 64 . C h rl
a gl d promot
es I ,
of En an , es

adh r t of 4 4 68
e en s , , . th c u of lib rty 5 25
e a se e ,
‘

,
.

d cl r
e L uth r
a es e an e xil e, 4, Ch rl I I of E gl d t h
a es ,
n an ,
e

4 69 . J w u d r 5 141
e s n e , ,
.

r fue fr dom of b li f to
se s ee e e Ch rl I I t h B ld
a es ki g , e a n

M rr o 4 4 8 4
a an s, ,
. of t h w t r n Fr k e es e an s,

e mpo w r t h I q ui itio to
e s e n s n fr i dly to t h J w 3
en e e s, ,

proc d g i t L uth r ee a a ns e an s, 1 7 0, 17 2 .

4 , 485 co ditio of t h J w u d r
n n e e s n e

3 1 7 0—
.
,

N un e s t to to l r bo ut
sen , ea n a ,
4 .

th I q ui itio
e 4 4 90 n s n, ,
. Ch rl I I I t h Simpl ( 8 9 9
a es , e e

th r t th lib rty of I t ly
ea ens e e a ,
of Fr c gr t t h an e, an s e

4 , 492 . po io of t h N rbo
sse s s ns e a nn e

tr t ea s R om e as a ho til city s e , J w to t h
e Ch urch 3 1 7 5
s e , ,
.

4 , 4 97 .
Ch arl I V of Fr c d th of
es , an e, ea ,

lib r t R ub i from t h
e a es e en e 4, 77 .

Sp i h I q ui itio 4 4 9 9
an s n s n, , .
Ch arl of Fr c p rmit
es V , an e, e s

cro w d ki g of I t ly 4 5 03
ne n a , , . J w to r t ur
e
.

4 1 29
s e n, , .

i tr um t l i t h
ns t bli h en a n e es a s i cr
n th privil g of t h
e a se s e e es e

m t of t h Port ug u I
en e e se n J ew s , 4 , 1 31, 133 .

q ui s it io n , 4, 5 07 , 5 09 , 5 17 , prohibit forc d tt d c s e a en an e
5 18 .
of J w t ch urch 4 1 3 2
e s a e s, , .

de liv r M l h e s o c o and R e ub e n i d th of 4 1 5 0
ea , , .

to t h M t u e an a I n q ui itio s n, Ch rl V I f Fr c prot ct
a es ,
O an e, e s
4 , 5 10 .
th J w 4 152
e e s, , .

impri o R ub i 4 5 1 1 s ns e en , , . an d t h right of J wi h cr d
e s e s e
h t d by Cl m t V I I 4 5 1 4
—
a e e en , , . it o rs , 4 , 1 7 4 .

victorio u t T u i 4 5 1 7 s a n s, ,
.
b i h
an s es th e J w e s, 4 , 17 5 6 .

ho til to P ul I I I 4 5 26
s e a , , .
prot ct e s th e e xil e s, 4 , 17 6 .
 I N DEX . 22 1

Ch arl e s V III , of Fr c an e, co n C h a s da1 b en A b ra h am C r c es as

q u r N pl 4 3 6 0
e s a e s, ,
.
( co nti nued) , i trig u g i t
n e a a ns ,

alli c g i t 4 3 7 3
an e a a ns , ,
. 4 , 185 .

C h rl I X of Fr c nd th "
a es ,
an e, a e a tt ac ks th e Chri ti s an d ogm as,

l ctio of Poli h ki g 4
e e n a s n , , 4 , 1 87 8 -

6 04 . i flu c
n en es Pro fi a t D ur an , 4,
C h ar l es X, of Fr c t h an e, e e m an 1 90 .

c ip a t io n of t h J w e e s un de r , re lig io u philo ophy of s s , 4 , 19 1

5 , 5 96 .
L 24 0
Z .

C h arl e s III , of N v r r a a e, e m cr d of 4 1 9 3
ee , , .

ploy s a J e wi h phy ic i s s an , 4, di c i pl of 4 208 23 9

s e , , , .

1 84 . an t i Chr i ti-
pol mi s an e c by ,

C h ar l X of Sw d
es t w r ,
e en, a a tr n l t d 4 a 23 5 s a e , , .

w ith Pol a d 5 1 5 n , , . v i w ofe dor d by

s , en se I sa a c
C h a rl X I of Sw d
es i q uir ,
e en , n es Ab rab a n e l 4 , 3 4 2 , .

i to K r i m 4 1 82
n a a s , , . s tby p o z
udie d 88S in a, 5 , .

C h arl XI I of Sw d i C h a d i b n S l m n of T ud l
'

es ,
e en, n s a e o o o e a,

q uir i to K r i m 4 1 8 4
es n a a s , , . r bbi d ou c
a C h y im , en n es a

C h a s da of C af ri ( 21 7 a b e n G a l l ip a p a , 4 , 1 4 9 .

B bylo i n Amor 2 5 45
a n a a, ,
. a mbitio of n ,
4 , 1 62 .

di cipl of R b 2 5 5 2 3
s e a , ,
-
. C h as da1 I b n Sh a p rut -

( 915
goo d f o rt u of 2 5 5 3 5 7 6 ne , , , ,
m k ci c
a pri cipl of
es s en e a n e

5 85 . J ud i m 3 1 87 a s , , .

t
e s ra n g m t b tw e en e een , an d fir t r pr
s t tiv of J ud
e e se n a e ae o

H un a, 2 , 5 5 3 . E urop c ult ur 1 88 ean e, .

p ri n cip l of a th e S or a a c a de p rot ct Mo e b Chs h se s en an o c

3 209 —
,

my 2 , , 553 . 1 0 228
, , .

de a h t of , 2 , 5 5 3 , 5 83 . co rr po d w ith D un h b n
es n s as e

C h as dai
’

( 67 0 E i x l rch a ,
3, T m im 3 21 1 21 7
a , , , .

92 . th fo u d r of J ud Sp i h
e n e ae o -
an s

C h as da1 b en A b rah a m C re s ca s c ult ur 3 21 5 223 e, , , .

( 13 40 philo oph r s e 4, mo d r ch r ct r of 3 21 5 1 6
n a a e
—
e
-
.
, , ,

1 45 7 a tt i m t of 3 21 6
a n en s
—
.
.
, ,

as T lm udi t 4 1 4 6
a s , , . as diplom t 3 2 1 6 2 1 8 19 a , , , .

e xpo t h w k se s of Ari e ea n e ss s hom g p i d t 3 21 7a e a o, ,

.

t o t e l i a n i sm , 4 , 1 4 6 . corr po d w ith Do es n n s ss a , so

dis cipl of e N is s im G e un di r 4 of S di h 3 2 1 7 aa a , ,
.

1 46 . tr l t t h work of Dio
an s a e s e s

ch ar t r of 4 ac e , ,
c o ride s , 3 , 21 8 .

o rtho doxy of 4 , ,
gri v e es ov er the J e wi h s di s
autho rity of 4 1 4 9i 5 0 230 , , ,
.
p e rs io n , 3 , 21 9 .

i mpr i o comm u ic t w it h ki g
—
d 4 15 0 15 5
s ne , , , . n a es th e n

app l d to bo ut t h Fr ch
ea e a e en of t h e C h az ars , 3 , 21 9 22 .

r bbi at 4 150 153 na e, ho n or by Al h k m 3 222

ed a e

po t 3 223—
.
, , .
, ,

so n f m rty r 4 1 7 2
o , a , , . i pir
ns 4
es e s, , .

d c rib
es th p r utio n of es e e se c an d M ch m b S ruk 3ena e en a

1 391 , 4 , 17 2 . 224—
5 226 —
7 , .
222 H S OR I T Y OF TH E ] E \V S .

C h as da 1 I bn Sh a p rut ( co n Ch assi dim t h e ( n w ) mock at ,

e ,

i vit D u h I b
t in ned) n es n as n th T lm udi t 5 3 7 9
e a s s,

form broth rhoo d 5 3 83—

, , .

L b t to Cor dov
a 3 226
ra a, ,
. a 5 e , , .

enco ur g t h t udy of t h a es e s e i tro duc i ov t io

n 5 386 e nn a n s,

T lm ud i Sp i 3 227 —8
, .

a n a n, ,
. divi d i to two br ch
e n5 an e s, ,

f vor C h
a h b sMo 3 an o c en se s , , 3 88 .

23 0 l r E l j h W il
s a n de 5 39 1 i a na,

xcomm u ic t d 5 3 9 1 —
. .
,

de ath of , 3 , 23 0 .
e 2 n a e , ,
.

u i qu i
n e n S p i h
an s J ew s i h h is co duct of u d r p r u
n n e e se c

tio 5 3 9 2—
-

tory 3 , ,
313 . 3
n, ,
.

Ch i dim
as s ( Ch a s i dim , As s idaa p ut th m lv u d r R b e se es n e e

an s z rit u d r
) , th e, Na a es n e b e s, 5 ,
3 92 .

Simo th J u t 1 4 22 n e s , ,
.
r e ad o lyn C h a s s idis t ic work s,

oppo d to t h H ll i t 1
se e e e n s s,

435 —
,

6 se co nd i t r dict
n e a g i t a ns 5
—
.
, ,

pi ty of 1 4 3 6 4 9 0
e , , , .
3 93 4 .

expo t of t h t chi g of
nen s e ea n s , writ i g of b ur d 5 3 9 3
n s ,
ne , ,
.

1 , 436 .
r i t t h op i g of c ul r
es s e en n se a
i cit t h J ud
n to t d
e e ae a n s s ea
chool 5 3 9 4
s s, ,
.

f t 1 45 7
as n e ss , , .
w riti g of forb idd
n i G li s , en n a
hi di g pl c of b tr y d 1
n a es e a e

457—
c ia , 5 , 394
-

, , , .

8 .

ort to uppr
e ff 5 3 94
s s e ss,
kill d i t h c v 1 4 5 8
.
,
e n e a e s, , .

p r c ut r d r of
e se H e ea e s n on -
e
follo w M tt thi t h H m a a as e as o
br w book 5 6 08 6 1 1
e s, , , .

me a n 1 , 4 60
, .

att ck d by J o ph P rl 5
a e se e
b tr y d by Al imu 1 4 8 3
e a e c s, ,
.

61 2
, ,

di ti ct p rty 1 4 89
.

a s n a

comp r d w ith t h H m
a e
, ,

e
.

as o
jo i d by E rt r 5 6 1 3
ne e , , .

p rty 1 4 8 9—
n ze a n 90 a , , .
Ch idi m t h ( n w ) oppo
ass

to R bbi ic l J udai m
s

a
,

n
e

a
e ,

s
sed

5
i c n d t th d tr uctio
e n se of a e es n
37 5 , 37 9
, ,

Sor g
” .

th e1 4 92 e

w ith dr w from p ublic lif

, , .

fo un d r of 5 3 7 5 e s

ch r ct r of 5 3 80—
.
, ,
2 a e, ,
a a e1 , , .

16
l d r of 5 3 8 1 3
.

th e ea e s
c ll
-

ed E s se n e s ,
.
,
2,
,
a 16 S ec
.

circ um t c f vori g t h
s an es a n e

pr d of 5 3 8 3 —
E s se n e s , th e .

ea 6 3 87
giv ri to t h Ph ri
e 2 se e a se e s ,
s , , , .

16 S Ph ri th ee a se e s , e
,
oppo d by t h M d l oh
se e en e ss n

i
.
.

5 39 4
S ee l u d r H mo
a so n e as n ae a n s ,
an s , ,
.

t h ; M cc b e th a a e es, e .
pr v t t h pr d of c ult ur
e en s e s ea e

Ch i
as n a i S A i i
’

. ee s na .
mo n g R u i J w 5 4 7 3
a s s an e s, ,
.

Ch i di m t h Poli h S bb
as s , e, s a a
r vol t from
e d c ult ur i ,
an e n

ti ct migr t 5 2 1 2
an se e a e, G lici a 5 61 1 a, ,
.

, , .

exhort to p c 5 2 12 e na n e, C h a t l rd
s e a th J w of u ,
e e s ,
s s
, .

suppor t d by S m u l O pp e a e en p t d of w ll po i o i g 4
ec e e s n n , ,

h im 5 21 3
e , , . 1 04 .

acc pt I l m d Chri ti ity

e s a an s an ,
Ch t
a ea ubr i an d, on J uda i m s , 5 ,

5 ,
21 3 .
2 24 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

C h ay o n , N e h m iah Ch i ya ( c
e on C h a z raj , t h e co n v r
( co nt inued) , e

i
t n ned) ,
hom g p i d to a e a ,
5 ,
s io ns a mo g to J ud i m 3 n , a s , ,

225 .

Oppo d by se Brie l i 5 , ,
225 . ho til to J wi h r ul 3
s e e s e, ,
67 .

c l um i t
a n a es h is O ppo n en t s, 5 , J w e of Y thrib d p
s a , e e n de n t
22 6 on, 3 , 68
—
. .

expo s e d, 5 ,
227 . f e uds of ,
3, 70 1 .

di gr c s of 5 227 a e , ,
. C h e b ra t h D o rs h e L e sh o n E b e r,

b anr mov d from 5 228 oci ty for t h promotio of

—
e e , ,
. s e e n

r t ur to E urop 5
e ns e, ,
23 0 1 .
th H br w l
e gu g 5 e e an a e, ,

d th of 5 23 1
ea , ,
. 398 9 — .

so n of 5 23 1 , ,
.
C h l b i R p h l J s p h mi t
e e ,
a ae o e ,
n
i fl u c E ib h ut
n en es e sc z 5 24 8 m t r t C iro b v
as e a a en e o

l c of 5 1 24—
.
, , ,

C h a y uj . S ee J eh uda I b n a ud -
D .
en 5 e , , .

C h a yy a t . S ee J uda ben J a h cob d vot

e of t h K bb l 5 1 25
ee e a a a, , .

C h a yy a t i t r t d i S b b t i Z vi 5
n e es e n a a a
'

e , ,

C h az an ut h , s y n gog u ch t a e an 1 25 , 1 27 .

ing , 1 18 .
the J e r usal m e J e w s a pp al to e
—
,

Ch az a ri a, the Crim e an p ni e n 5 ,
1 27 8 .

s ul a 3 , , 138 .
Sa bb t Z v i m rri d i t h
a a1 e a e n e
t h e Te n Tr ib es in , 3 , 1 4 1 .
ho u of 5 1 29 se , ,
.

C h az ars , th e, fri end ly to th e l tt r to from N th n Gh

e e , a a a

J e w s, 3 , 1 23 .
z ti 5 1 3 1
a , , .

J e w s se ttl e in t h e c pit l of
a a , r w r d d by S b b t Z v i 5
e a e a a a1 e , ,
3 , 1 24 .
1 45 .

fo u d ki g dom 3 1 3 8
n a n , ,
.

enco ur g t h I t li S bb a es e a an a a
w rlik 3 138
a e, , .

ti n 5 1 6 0 a s,
co q u r t h Crim 3 1 38 ,
.

n e e a,
e ,
.

Ch m n i t z l d r ho til to t h
e ea e s e e
co v rt d to J ud i m 3 1 39 ,

—
n a s
J w of W orm
e e ,
4 69 8
,
e s s, , .

4 0, 3 27 30
Ch mo h Ammo it d Mo b
.

e s n e an a
victor io u ov r s e th e A r b a s, 3 ,
i t e g o d, 1 , 5 5
,

1 39
wor hip Mo un t of
.

s ed on the
t ugh t
a th e Bibl e an d T lm ud
a
O liv
,
e s, 1 , 17 5
3 , 1 40
.

lk uti l k ut i
.

Ch ep e z A See A
i fl u c of J ud i m u 2 1 4 1
n en es a s o , ,
.
. .

j udici l y t m of 3 1 4 1 a s s e , , .
C h r m S E xcomm u ic tio
e e . ee n a n .

i form tio bo ut bro ught to

n a n a C h r t h it
e e th m rc ry es, e, e ena

3 21 9 —
,

Sp i 20
a n, , .
troop u d r D vi d 1 1 22 s n e a , , .

po w r of i t h t th
e , n e en ce n in th Ammo it w r 1 1 26
e n e a , ,
.

t ury 3 221 , , .
e mploy d g i t Sh b 1 e a a ns e a, ,

fl eeb for Svi t i l v 3 222

e e a s a , ,
.
1 49 .

J w i h pri c
e of t k r f ug
s n es ,
a e e e a tt olomo l 1 5 3
end S n, ,
.

i Sp i n 3 25 4 a n, , . Ch es h b E fo d e m th m t ic l
-

,
a e a a

th l d of vi it d by P t ch
e an , s e e a work by Pr fi t D ur 4 1 9 1 o a an , , .

ya , 3 ,
421 .
Ch e ss, i v tor of 3 7 n en , , .

C h az ra j ,
the, r bic f mily A a a , re C h i ddu h ov lty i T lm ud
s ,
a n e n a

l a t io n s of to t h J w 3
, e e s, ,
55 . xpl an at io n 4 64 1
e s, , .
 I NHDEfl i . 225

C h iddus h i m , T alm udi c e xpl an a C h in uch N e ari B rl i Fr

m, e n ee

tio ns by N a c h m a n i, 3 , 5 3 2 . S chool , c urric ul um of 5 , ,

C h iddus h i m , th or tic di c u e e s s 416 .

sio of t h T lm ud 3 3 4 5
n e a , ,
. C h i o s, th e J ew s of ,
in th e
C h i l d m urd r ch rg d g i t e a e a a ns tw lfth c t ury 3 424
e en

l Br u 4 3 02—
-

, , , .

I r s ae 5 na, , .
proph t il c d by S b
e s on, s en e a

M a n a sseh b I r l xo n r en s ae e e b t i po t y 5 1 5 7
a a
'
’
s a s as , , .

t t h J w from 5 4 2
a es e e s .
N th a Gh ti
an 5 1 60 az a on, , .
, ,

C h i l d m urd r
-
th h rg f e e c a e o C h i k iy a G o
s of Pum b dit h
,
a n e a
,

a g ai n t t h J w of Z ur ich
s e e s, d E xil rch
an x c ut d 3 a , e e e , ,
,

4 , 1 05 .
25 4 .

of Sp i 4 27 6 a n, ,
.
s o ns of (I bn -
D a udi ) , in S p i a n,

of S p ulv d 4 27 8 9
e e a, -
3 , 25 4 , 27 5 .

of Tr t 4 29 8—
,
.

9 en , ,
.
Ch i s k i y a, pr i c n e of th e C iro a

di cr dit d by t h
s e Dog of e e e
K ara it es, 3 , 4 44 .

V ic 4 29 9
en e, , .
Ch i s k iy a b en C h i y a, off e n ds

of Fr kfort 4 29 9—3 00an

J uda h h N i a -
ass ,
2, 4 5 7 .

Mi s h
, .
,

fo rbi dd i Port ug l 4 3 7 2 en n a
a dds s uppl m t e en s to the
, , .

b li v d by M ximil i I 4
e e e a an , ,
n a, 2, 4 7 0 .

414 .
d i cipl of
s e J uda h I , 2, 5 1 1 .

of th e Ma rk of Br a n de n b urg C h i sk iy a b e n R e ub e n , m mb r e e

of May e n c e y od 3
,

th e s n
4 , 440 .
, ,

5 17
S ee Bloo d c u tion t h
al so ac sa e
.

fir t
.
,

C h iv i A l b a l ch i , the ra
C h i l d b rt I
e forbi d t h J w
e s e e s
s

to pp r th
a tr t t ea
,

on e s ee a
t i o n a l is t ic Bibl e crit ic ,
3,
1 99
E t rti d 3 3 7
as e e,
.

,
B bylo i n b uri
.

C h iy a , a a n a ed in
an t i J wi h d cr
-
e of r s e ee s , e
P l ti 2 5 4 8
a es ne,
vive d, 3 , 1 7 1 ,
.

l
Ch i l on , t h e J e
.

w of u p ct d
s s s e e
C h iy a ( A ch i y a ) b ar A ba b ,

o i g 4 1 03— mor ch r ct ri z tio of

,
A a, a a e a n
of w ll poi e s n n 4 , , .
,

2, 45 4, 5 3 1
th c t ll
e as e an of p r d vi , s ea s e
p u i h d by J ud h I 2 4 5 5
n s e
.

a
c g i t th J w 4
.

d en e a a ns e e s,

1 08
,
so of 2 4 5 7 4 7 0 5 1 1
ns , , , , .

an nou c t h w moo n es e ne -
n at
C h i l l uk i m , h ir pl itti g T l a -
s n a
Ai n t ab -
2, 45 8
m udi di u io
.
,

4 64 1
e sc ss n s, ,
.

a dds su ppl m t e en s to th e Mi s h
C h il p ri e M rovi gi c, ki g e n an n ,
n a, 2 , 47 0 .

forc Ch ri t i ity upo t h

es s an n e
Mi s h n i c comp i l a t io n of ,
au
J w e 3 39 s, , .
t h o rit a t i ve , 2 , 4 7 1 .

C h in da w in t h s Vi i s
in t rc
e e de s fo r A bb a -
A r k e a 2
gothic ki g k i dly di po d n n s se

tow rd t h J w 3 1 01—
, 5 12 .

a 2 s e e s, ,
.
in v tig t
es a es th e J udae a n ed u
C h i n n coll g of
o ol d 4 4 8 e e s c a t io n a l i tit utio 2, 5 32
4 5 7—
, , , ,
.
ns n s, .

th eJ w f m rty r
e 8s O , a s, ,
.
coll ct e s th e P tri rch a a
’
s t a x, 2
Ch i n t i l ( 63 8 a V i igothic s 5 36 .

ki g forc J w i to C
n es e s n a upport e d by B t h Silv e an i, 2,
t h l i i m 3 5 1—
s
-
,

o 2 1 01c s , , , ; 5 36 .
226 H l ST O R Y TH E EW S
’
OF J .

Ch i y a ( A ch iy a ) b a r A bb a ( con Ch o z ari ( Cho s a ri ) ph i lo oph ic al

, s

t inued) l e a v e s J udze a 2 , 5 3 6 , ,
. w ork by J e h ud H l vi 3 a a e , ,

ig or t of t h Bibl
n an e e, 2, 5 3 6 . 3 27 3 6 , 3 3 8
-
.

rigor of 2 5 3 6—7 , ,
. tr an s a e d l t i ton He br w e , 3,
app l to Ab b h u 2
ea s a , ,
55 8 . 3 97 .

A g a dis t ,
2 . 5 40 . C h re s t us , a po tl s e at R om e, 2,
Ch i y a, so n of A bb a -
A r k e a, 202, 23 1 .

l r ea ned in th e Law , 2 , 5 18 .
Chri t t h S M i h t h
s ,
e . ee e ss a , e .

C h m i e l n i e ck i , Bog d n ( 1 5 9 5 a C h r i ti an I V of D m rk i
s ,
en a , n

gri v c of g i t e an es ,
a a ns vit J w to ttl th r
es e s se e e e,

J ew s, 5 ,
7 .
4 , 67 5 .

org i z an es t h e H a ida m ak troop s, e mploy s a J e wi h phy ici s s an ,

5 ,
8 .
4 , 69 2 ; 5 ,
1 15 .

co ditio
n ns of p c ea e, propo se d Chr i ti n V I I of D n m rk
s a , e a ,

by 5 , ,
1 2, 14 .
ub crib
s to M d l ohs es en e ss n s
’

C h o ch m o t h , t h e s ci c t udi den e s, s e P n t t uch tr l tio 5

e a e an s a n, ,

un de r M e as fi m i flu c 5 n en e, , 33 4
—
.
p

4 02 3 .
Ch t D n un c i t i n Th
ri s ian e a o , e,
”

C h oci m ,
J a cob Fr k t 5 27 an a , , .
by W g il 5 1 8 6 a e n se , , .

C h o dar -
Wa rd of J dijird
a, so n ez C h r i ti an dogm a i t h Zoh ar
s s, n e ,

III, at w r w ith h i broth r

a s e , 4 , 23 .

2 , 628 .
de b t d t Avil 4 1 4 1
a e a a, , .

Ch io es S e G o tici m
. c n s s .
e xpo u d d by A tr uc R i
n e s a

Chor a z i n J u i 2 1 5 7 ,
es s n, , . m uch 4 1 82 , , .

C h or C lig ul m ur d r r
e as , a a s
’
e e ,
2, i th
n K bb l 4 292
e a a a, , .

1 89 .
b li f i thr t d 5 68 2
e e n, e a ene , ,
.

Ch ri n A ro
o i d t h R form a n, a s e e Chr i t i a dogm
s th n rit i as, e, c

d by Ab b h u 2 5 3 9 —
,

m ov m t 5 5 7 1 e en , , .
i
c se ,
40 a , , .

r c ll h i pprov l of t h
e a s s a a e Solomo n B f d 4 1 82 on e

4 1 8 6—
,
.
,

m ov m t 5 5 7 1 e en J o h ua I b V iv
s 7 n e s,

Cr c 3 1 8 7 —
, , . -

, .

C h o s ru ( C h o s ro e s ) I N us h i r Ch das a1 8 es a s, , .

v an , of P r i impo e s a, se s a Pr fi t D ur
o 4 1 89
a an , , .

poll -
t ax upo th J w n e e s, 3 . J o ph I b Sh m Tob 4
se n -
e , ,

5 .
S e e l o under Di p ut tio
a s s a n
so nof 3 7 , , .
Pol mic l work e g i t a s a a ns
prot ct h i domi io
e s s n ns a g i t
a ns Chr i ti ity s an .

t h e Ch az a rs , 3 , 138 .
C h ri ti n n a m forbi dd to
s a es en
C h o s ru I I ( 5 90 of P r i Sp i
ppl t d 3 8 —
e s a, J w i
e 4 5 2 139
s, n a n, , , .

s u 9 an e , , .
in Pr u i 5 6 3 0 ss a, ,
.

prot ct d by M uri ti u
e e a s, 3 ,
9 .
Chr i t i n ur
s a J w forbi d n s es, e s

pro p rity of t h J w
s e e e s un de r , d to mploy 3 29 4 4 00
en e , , , ,

3 , 9 10 -
.
5 08 , 5 8 2 ; 4 , 5 6 6 .

at w ar w ith th e By z ti an ne Chri ti n r v t J w f r
s a se an s, e s o
mpi r 3 1 9
e e, , .
bi dd n to k p by t h e ee , e
i c p ci ty of 3
n a a , ,
22 .
thir d L t r Co u cil 3 a e an n , ,

d th of 3 22
ea .
, .
4 00 . 4 1 8, 4 22 .
228 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

Chr i t i an i ty ( c nti n ud) tol r

s o e ,
e Ch ri ti an t h ( continued) i t r
s s, e , n e .

t i w
an t r E urop 3 3 4 a es e n e, co ur of w ith t h h th se e ea en

i t r dict d 2 4 7 6—
, ,

3 1 3 9—
.

mo g t h C h
a n 40 e a z a rs , ,
. n e 7 e , , .

b rb ro u duri g t h Mi ddl
a a s n e e compl i of t h i di ff r c
a n e n e en e

Ag 1 87 e s, 3
, . of t h J w 2 4 8 3 e e s, , .

obj ctio of to J ud i m
e ns ,
a s an primitiv ct of m rg d e se s , e e

w r d by S
s edi h 3 1 9 8
e aa a , ,
.
i to t h C tholi Ch urch 2
n e a c , ,

co t t of with I l m 3 29 7
n es ,
s a , ,
.
5 00 .

ch r ct ri z d by J h ud H
a a e e e a a p r c ut ed by th e Mag i 2,
l vi 3 3 28—
e se ,

e 9 3 30, , ,
.
5 24 .

b li f of i t h up r t ur l
e e ,
n e s e na a ,
p r c ut
e se ed by Diocl ti e an , 2 .

5 ,
3 05 .
5 3 3 , 5 39 .

dethro m t of by t h ne en e
c ll ll by J u li
Fr ch thi k r 5 3 05 —
,
a ed Ga i ae a n s an , 2,

3 1 3—
en 6 n e s,
5 96
.
,

M d l oh
.

5 14
en e ss n o n, ,
.

r pro ch d for h v i g for

e a e a n
ch r ct ri z d by H i 5 5 5 2
a a e e e ne, , .

k J ud i m 2 5 9 7
sa en a s
Chri ti dogm
.
, ,
S l
ee a so ; s an as
m lig J ul i 2 5 99
a n an ,
Chri ti ; Pol m ic l w ork
.
,
s an s e a s
obj ct to t h r b uil di g of t h
e e e n e
g i t Chri ti ity
a a ns s an .

T mpl 2 6 00—1
e e, ,
.

C h ri s t i an ity , co n v e rs i o n s t o S ee
.

w ll tr t d by J d j rd 2
e ea e ez i i

6 09 —
po t y ; and under Co v r
A s as n e
10
, ,

io
.

n
s .

Oppr J udm 2 61 1 e ss a,
C h ri t i n i t y P ul i n ho til ity , .

s a ,
a e, s
r f u to r cog i z t h
e se u e n e e a
of cc n t u t ,
th l g l
a e a es e e a
t h rit y of t h
o P tri rch 2 e a a s,

6 1 2—
ch r ct r of J ud i m 2
a a e a s , ,
13 .
,

47 1 .

pro duc t h T lm ud 3 1 27 es e a .
forbi dd t tr d w i th J w en o a e e s,
,
2 , 6 20
,

C h ri ti ns th r g rd d
a s, e, e a e as
co trov r i
n with i t r t
.

e s es n e es
co j uror 2 1 7 0
n s, ,
.

th J w i e Script ur e s n
,

e
co i d r t h Apocryph p rt
ns e e a a
t udi 2 623
s es,
of t h Bibl 2 3 5 9 4 8 9 e e, , , .

p r c ut d by J d j rd I I I
e se e
, .

ez i i

2 627 —
acc u J w of c ur i g J u
se e s s n es s,
8 , .

2 , 3 80
prop g d of i t h p g
.

of B bylo i uff r from Z

a n a s e en

dik comm u i m 3 2—
a an a , n e a an
3
worl d 2 3 8 3 n s , ,
.

,
p r c ut d by H orm i d I V
.
,

t mp r with t h S pt u g i t
a e e e a n
e se e s as ,

2 3 85 —
,

6
3, 8 .

, .

of J ud r c iv H dr i aea , e e e a an
in po s se s s i o n of P l t in a es e, 3,
with rvility 2 4 06 se , , .
11 .

acco u t by of B r C h b 2
n s ,
a -
oc a, ,
J e w i h w it s n e sse s c an ot n tes
4 12 . tity g i t a a ns , 3 , 1 2, 1 02, 5 20;
p r c ut d by H dri
e se e a an , 2, 4 , 25 0
4 3 0—
.

1 . of J e ru l m p ri h t th
sa e e s a e

sep r t th m l v from
a a e e se es the h an d of P r i
s nd J w e s an s a e s,

J ew s, 2, 43 1 . 3 , 19 .

a pp l to M rc u
ea a s Au e ius , 2 , r l forbi dd to en .
e at at J e wi h s

4 49 . b q u t inan e s G au , 3 , 3 6 l . 37 .
 I N DEX . 2 29

C h ri s t i an s , th e ( cont inued) forbi d C h ri t i s an s ( co ntinued) , s ub s crib

de n to h ol d i t rco ur with n e se to M d l oh P t
e rs en e ss n s
’
en a

J e w s, 3 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 4 07 , 4 99 , 5 9 5 , t uch tr l tio 5 3 29
e an s a n, , .

61 1 ; 4 , 21 6 , 24 5 , 2 5 0, 5 6 0, 5 9 0 .
S ee al s Chri ti ity ; E bio o s an

fo rbi dd n t m rry e o a J e w s in it ;n Gr k es Chri ti ; ee s an s

Sp i 3 44 46
a n, , ,
. J wi h Chri ti n ; J ud
e s s a s ae a n

i l l tr
-
t di Y m n
ea e n e e , 3 , 64 , 6 5 . Chr i ti ; N az r s ; P an s a enes a

M hom t r v l tio
a e
’
s e e a n a g i ta ns , g Chri ti
an s an s .

3, 78 . C h ri t i n sth a rl y
a S s,J w e e . ee e

r v n ut of N j r 3 8 5
d i e o a a an , ,
. i h Chri ti
s t h ; J ud s an s, e aea n

res trictio g i t i th ns a a ns ,
n e Chri ti th ; N z r
s an s , e a a e n e s,

cov t of O m r 3 8 7 8
e n an a , ,
-
. th e, etc .

J wi h t t imo y
e s g i t es n a a ns , ac C h ri ti an
s s, th e J udai z i n g , um
c e p t e d, 3 , 1 44 de r R e c e s w in t h , 3 , 1 04
—
. .

p r c ut d u d r t h o of
e se e n e e s ns un de r E rw ig 3 , ,
1 06 7 .

H ro u Al r h id 3 1 4 5
a n as , , .
f orbi dd en to own r l ea es a e, t t
Fr n k i h r p ct J ud i m 3
a s , es e a s , , 3 , 1 07 8 -

1 63 .
S ee a l so Marr an o s ,
th e .

an t go iz
a n ed by B i hop Bo do s , C h ri t i s an s , th e N es t r i a h lpo n ,
e

3 , 1 69 .
th e A r b a s in B bylo i 3
a n a, ,
c lla ed Mo z arab s a mo g n th e 89
Ma hom e t an s
.

3 , 21 5
,
.

i d w it h Al i 3 9 0
s e ,
p r c ut d by H kim 3
.
,

24 7
C h ri ti n S y ri an
e se e a
th d th
.
, , s a s, e an e
i v d M hom t
n a Sp i
e a e an a n, 3,
ci c of gr mm r 3 7
s en e a a
,

, .
,
29 1
p r c ut
e se
.

ed by Ab dul m um e n
m k ci tific lit r t ur
a e s en e a e ac

3 , 35 9
,
c ibl to t h Ar b 3 1 1 1
e ss e e a s, ,
.

C h ri t i n of Sw d t ud l t f
.

s a, e en , s e o
p rm itt d t t t ify g i t
e e o es a a ns
H br w 5 21 e e
J w
, ,
3 4 22
.

e s, ,
M h b I r l r m
.

d y q u l right t
en the Mr a s o e a
a n a sse en s ae e co

r o 4 25 6—
an 7 s,
m d d to 5 22 23
en e , , , .

t udy H b r w 4 47 1— M o l T x ir
,
g u t 5 1 40
.

’
an e e e a s es
4
.
, ,
s e e ,
i t rc d for t h J w of V i
.
,

in t r t d i K bb al 4 n e e es e e s
e th
es e n e a a, ,
en n a, 5 17 1
481
.
,
.

devot t h m lv to H b r w
e e se es e e
Ch r on i cl e s, th e B ok o s of , w rit
lit r t ur 5 21—
e 2 a e, , .
ten by a L v it 1
e e, , 411 .

i t r t d i
n e th
es e S bb ti n e a a an
C h ry t m so s o Ch ry . S e J oh e n so s

m ov m t 5 1 3 7 1 5 1e en , , , .
to r n .

i t r t d i n J ud i m n d t h
n e es e a s a e C h urch a pp urt n an J w e ces , e s

J w 5 17 6
e s, , .
fo rbi dd to b uy 3 3 7 7 en , , .

attr t d by J w i h li t r t ur
ac e a C h ur h un c i l
c occ up i d w ith
co s, e

1 7 8—
e s e e.

9 . t h J wi h q u tio e e 25 s es n, .

H br i t
e t t ck t h J w 5
a s s, a a e e s, ,
di c u sth l v t rad of t h
ss e s a e -
e e

1 84 . J w 3 40
e s, , .

an d the E ib e sch ut z E -
md en co v d i Fr n c by t h
n en e n a e e

c o nt rov e rs y , 5 , 262 . f ug itiv pop 3 3 7 6 7 e e s, ,

-
.
2 30 H S I TO RY OF TH E J EWS .

C h urc h c o un ci l s, li t of s C i rc umci ob rv d by B by s i on , se e a

Al by ,
M t p ll r
on e ie ,
l i pro lyt 1 3 39
o n an se e s, , .

A vi g no n N rb a o nne ob rv d by B bylo ian J u

se e a n
B mb r g Ni ce
a e
daean s , 1 , 3 6 4
B l (143 1
.

as e

Bez r ie s Oxf rd o
w h th r opt io n l or i mp r
e e a e a

Bud a P ri ( 6 1 5
a s , 8 46 , tiv with pro lyt 2 3 8 4
e se e s, ,

Cl rm t
e on 1 2 1 2L 5 .

C t c
o n s an e R o me forbi dd en by H ad ri an , 2 , 4 22,
En u ao e R o ue n
4 24
Ex t r
e e T l d (5 8 6 3 3 o e o 9,
.

I l l ib e ri s 65 2
,

p rmitt
e ed by An to n i n us P iu s,

L t
a e ran , t h t h ir d T ur e o s 2, 4 3 3 .

(1179) Tr t en of s a l v e s, forbi dd en, 2, 5 67 ,

L t r th
a e an , ud r C h i t il
e n e n a
61 5 ; 3 , 46
of urth ( 1 5 ) 12
.

L t r t h fi f t h u d r E w ig
a e an , e n e r ,
pr a ct ic ed by th e h thea en

(1 5 12 15 7 ) -
u d r W mb 1 n e a a, Ar b a s, 3 , 61 .

Ly o ns V ann e s di c u
s s se d in Fr kfort an 5 67 6
Mac on Vi e nn a
7
, ,

M ux
ea Zmr a o a
S ce
.

a l so under Pro lyt se es .

C h urc h F t h r t h work of a e s, e, s , C zit i en s

’
C ry g i t th a a ns e
co ct d with t h T lm ud
nne e e a , J we s, Th p ubli h d in
e,
”
s e
4 , 614 .
M t z 5 434
e , , .

C h urc h of t h Moth r of G d e e o ,
"
C i t i z n h i p gr t d to J udm n
e s an e a s
y gog u i Co t ti o
s na e n n s an n i n E gypt 1 4 1 8 5 03 , , , .

p l e , 3 , 26 .
gr t d to J ud
an e i A ti ae a n s n n

C h us h i e l ( 95 0 e mi ss a ry och 1 4 1 9 , , .

from Sor ttl i a, se es n K ai gr a t d to J ud

n e thl t ae a n a e es,

r u 3 208 21 0 an , , , . 1 , 4 45 .

titl of 3 21 1e , , . with dr w from a n th e A l xe an

di cipl
s of 3 21 1 es , , .
dr i n J ud a ae a n s , 2 , 1 82 .

C h u p it
z i t rpr t r of , n e e e th e r tor d to t h
es e e A l x
e an d ri an

J m i Sy h dri
a 2 n a n e on , 35 7 , J udaean s , 2 , 1 9 1 .

4 29 .
J udae a n s of C aes a e a r de pr i v ed

C i c ro e an imo ity of to s J u of 2 , , 24 7 .

6 8—
, ,

R om an un de r C r c lla a a a, 2,
dae a n s , 2 , 70 .
,

4 68
i n de bt ed to G r k wr it r
ee e s, 2,
.

17 9
R om n of t h J w g uar d d
a , e e s, e

by G r gory 1 3 3 3
.

e
w i h dvi r of Al
C ide l l us , J e s a se
a ccor d d to t h J w of Gaul
e e
, ,

e s
.

V I of C t il 3 292 ,
f o n so as e,
3 , 35
.
,

Ci lici m rc ri f hir d by
.

a, e ena es O , e
en joy ed by the J e w of s Ca s
Al x d r J u 2 39
e an e a n n ae s, , .

t il e, 3 , 292 3 —
Gr k Chri t i
.

ee comm u it i -
s an n es
obt i a ned by the J e w of s Tu
i n , 2 , 227 .
d l e a, 3 , 3 88 .

th e J ews of p un i h
, s an a po s enj oy ed by the J e w of M is e ss
t t 2 a e, ,
5 65 .
n a, 3 , 4 23 .

Ci ci n ati
n n ,
r bbi ic l coll g
a n a e e en joy d by J w e e s in t h e H oly
at , 5 ,
7 00 . R om n E mp ir a e, 4 , 443 .
2 32 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

C l audi u ( e nt in u d) m k F lix
s o e , a es e Cl m n t
e e V II ( continued) , ho n o r s

gov r or of G lil 2 242

e n a ee , ,
. Mo l c h o p ublicly 4 , , 5 05 .

b i h C um u 2 24 5
an s es an s, ,
. oppo se s th Port ug u e e se In q ui
giv Agripp I I ki g dom
es a a n ,
itio u 4 5 05
s , , .

2, 24 5 .
sav M l h from
es o c o th e s a t k e,

th of 2 24 5
de a , ,
.
4 , 5 07 .

Cl m n of A l x n dri F th r
e e s e a a, a e
es a t bli h s es th e Port ug u e se In
of t h Ch urch critic l p irit e ,
a s
q ui s i t i o n , 4 , 5 07 .

of 2 4 8 8 , , .
s ymp th z
a i es with th e Ma r ra
Cl m n
e F l v iu pro lyt
e s, a s, se e, n o s, 4 , 5 09 .

o of procl im d C r
s ns ,
a e ae s a s ,
in n oc t en of Mo l ch o ’
s de a th ,
4,
2, 3 87 .
5 12 .

an d fo ur t ch r of ea e s t h e L aw , t y t h Port ug u I n q u
s a s e e se i si
2 , 3 8 7 , 3 89 , 3 9 1 .
tio 4 5 1 3 n, .
,
co m d to d ath 2 3 8 9
n de ne e , , .

ab olv M rr o for l v i g
s es a an s ea n
an d J o ph u 2 3 8 9 3 9 1 se s, , , .

th Ch urch 4 5 1 3—
e 14 , ,
.

Cl m n t I I I pop r i t t h
e e , e, es s s e
motiv of i prot cti n g t h
e n e e
r t ur of forc d co v rt to
,

e n e n e s
M rr o 4 5 1 4
a an s,
J ud i m 3 3 06 3 08
,
.

a s , , , .

appo i t commi io nn s a th ss on e
or d r t h co fi c tio of t h
e s e n s a n e
Port ug u I q ui it i o 4 e se n s n,
T lm ud 3 602
a , ,
.

5 14 .
,

Cl m t I V pop pp l d to
e en ,
e, a ea e
de ath of 4 , 5 15
g i t N h m i 3 6 05
.
,

a ns ac an
a , ,
.

bri f of e s en forc ed by P ul I V a
Cl m t V I pop h
e en G r , e, as e
4 , 5 16
, ,

a tro omic l tr .
’
idso n

ti tr l t d 4 9 3
se
es

an s a e
s n a ea
ab olv t h M rr o of An
s es e a an s

arr t t h Bl ck D th p r
es s e a
, ,

ea
.

e
co n 4 5 6 8 a, , .

sec ut io n s 4 , 1 03
Cl m n t V I I I pop gr t n
e e ,
e, an s a
,
m ty to t h M rr o 4
.

a nes e a an s,
decl r t h J w i oc t of
a es e e s nn en
5 28
,

w ll poi o i g 4 1 05
.

e s n n , ,
xp l w from
.

e e s th e J e s t h e Pa
forbi d t h forc d b pti m of
s e e a s

J ew s, 4 , 17 3 p al S a e s , 4 , 6 5 9 t t .

forbi r g of t h
.

ds t h e e a din Tal
Cl m n t
e e V II , pop e, fr i end ly to e

w 4 4 07
the J e s,
m ud 4 , ,
65 9 .

, .

gr t D vi d R ub
an s a e e n i an an d
in corpor t F rr r w i th t h a es e a a e

ie n c e , 4 , 4 92 P p l St t 4 6 6 0
a a a e s, , .

b olv Port ug u M rr n o
.

eff ort of for t h lib rty of

s , e e
a s es ese a a s,

I t ly 4 4 9 2
a , , .
4 , 67 1 .

tr t R ub i with di t i
ea s e en s nc Cl m nt
e e I X, pop e, de a th of ,
5 ,

tio 4 4 9 2—3 n, , .
17 1 .

addr d th
e s sePort ug u on e ese Cl m n t X I I I pop c q uit t h
e e ,
e, a s e

I q ui itio
n 4 5 00 s n, ,
J w of t h bloo d cc u t io
e s e a sa n,
—
.

p rmit M rr o to prof
e s a an s e ss 5 ,
28 5 6 .

J ud i m 4 5 00 a s , , . C l m n t P h i l i p M rr o tr i
e e e,
,
a an ,
es

i t rco ur
n e of w ith Mol bo se , e , to uppr s th Ar a go n I n e ss e

4 , 5 03 .
q uisit io n , 4 , 329 .
 I N DE X . 2 33

C l e o p at ra I i t r f An tioch u
, s s e o s C l o s en er of tr as b urg hi to
S ,
s

IV, wif of Ptol my V 1 e e , ,

ri an , on th p r c utio of
e e se n

45 0 .
the J e w s, 4 , 1 06 .

Cl t I I i t r n d w if of
e o p a ra ,
s s e a e Cl o t a i re II ,
Me rovi n gi an ki g n ,

Ptol my V I cl im t of t h e ,
a an e ho til to t h J w 3 4 0 s e e e s, , .

E gypti thro n 1 5 06 an e, , .
Cl v i fo u d r of t h Fr ki h
o s, n e e an s

m rri Ptol my V I I Ph y
a es e sc o n , ki g dom 3 3 5 n , , .

1 , 5 18 .
J w i the rmy of 3 3 6
s n e a , ,
.

Cl p t ra I I I
eo a co d w if of ,
se n e
co v rt d 3 3 6n e e , , .

Ptol my V I I moth r of
e ,
e
C bl n z t h J w of p r
o e ,
e e s , e se

Ptol my V I I I po u t h es se s e
c ut e d 3 , 6 1 1 , .

c u of J ud 2 1 0
a se
,

ae a ,
Fr ch co ul g r l
C o ch e l e t , en ns -
en e a ,
,
i t rf r i t h D m c u
.

d f d d by J ud ol di r n e e es n e a as s
e en e ae a n s e s,
ff ir 5 a647 a
2, 1 2
.
, ,

or d r d to top t h D m c u
.

e e s e a as s
s e n ds rmy g i tan a a a ns h er
2 4 0—
so n , 1
tri l 5 6 4 9 a , , .

in l g u w ith A l x
ea
,

e
.

e an de r
hi d r M t fi r
n d C re
e s on e o e an

J a n n ae us , 2 , 41 .
mi ux in E gypt 5 6 5 9e , , ,

66 0
Cl e o p tra a VI , fri end ly to H e r d, o gn rl
C o de s ,
.

e e a de fi i g thn n e sta
,
2, 86
t u of t h w S ee under
.

s e J e s
f vor
a s A is r tob ul u s (III) 2,
.

92
,
Alf X fG
o n so o as H ry I V f C
en o as
.

til e, til e,
s ummo n s H e ro d to a n s w e r f o r Al f V fP
o n so o or N p la o eo n,

A ri s tob ul us de a th 2 , 9 2 3 ’
— t ug l a , Th d iu eo os s,
,
Vi i g th i
.

c iv t h
re e es e dis trict of J ri e
s o c.

cho 2 9 3 , , .
C o de s , J e w i s h re l igi o us . S ee
u ki d to
n n th e A l x e a n drian
r
A sh e b en Ye Mo rde c ai J af a ,

J udae a n s , 2 , 9 4 . ch i l e , Mo se s b e n I sr ae l
sc h m e es a g i t a ns H e r d, 2 , 9 4 o Mi h s n a, th e I sse rl e s,

5
Mi sh n e T o rah Sh ul c h an Ar uch ,

de ath of 2 1 02 , , .

bo dy g u r d of g iv-
a , en to He ro d ,
C oel e s y ri a , Mac e do n i an prov
2 , 1 03 .
i c
n e, J udae a b lo g to 1
e n s , ,

C l e o p at ra , wif of D m tr iue e e s 414 .

N ic at o r, kill h r 2 6 s e so n , ,
.
co q u r n e ed by Ptol my e I, 1,
416
Cl e o p a t ra o f J r u l m wif of
e sa e e
.

H e r d, 2 , 1 1 9 o .
,
r volt e s from Ptol my e II, 1,
4 23
Cl rm n t t h J w of
e o d , e e s , an
o ph
.

g th r of 1,
Bi hop Avit u 3 3 8—9 J se t ax a e er
-

, ,
s s, , .

4 25
co u cil of r olv upo a
.

th e n , es es n
H er d e o gov r or of n 2, 7 9
cr u d 3 297
.
,
sa e, , .

C o h e n , A aro n . S ee A a ro Coh n en .

Cl rm n t T n n rr
e o Co u t d -
o e e, n , e
C o h en , C h ay i m . S ee C h ay i m
f d t h J w 5 44 0
en s e e s, , .
Coh en .

f vor a th m cip tio n of

s e e an a C ohen , D an i e l s ci t i t en s 4,
, ,

th J w 5 441
e e s, , . 4 05 .
2 34 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

C h o en ( S o n c in o ) , G ersh o n , es C h o en , Ra ph a el ( 1 7 22 ra b

t a b l is h e s a pri ti g ho u n n se bi of t h thr comm u i e ee n

Pr g u 4 4 1 8
in a e, ,
. ti ppo M d l oh
e s,
”
O se s en e ss n s
’

C h n I a c S I c Coh
o e ,
sa . ec saa en P t t uch tr l tio 5
en a e an s a n, ,

Sh l l a a . 3 3 0, 3 3 1 , 3 3 3 .

C h n J h ud S ec J h ud b
o e ,
e a . e a en b j ct t o t h t udy of t h
O e s e s e .

Solomo Coh I b M tk n en n -
a a .
ci c 5 4 02
s en es, , .

Coh n J o n ath n S J o th
e ,
a . ee na an r tir m t of 5 5 66
e e en , , .

Coh en .
i l w of 5 5 7 0
so n -
h -
a , , .

Coh n J o p h b n J h u S
e ,
se e os a . ec gr d o of 5 5 9 8
an s n , , .

J o ph b J o h u Coh
se en s a en .
C h n S abb t 1 comm mor t
o e ,
a a ,
e a es

Coh n J h u F lk pr i d t
e os a a es en t h Co ck m e cr 5 1 3 ssa a ssa e s, , .
, ,

of t h Sy o d of t h Fo ur e n e Coh n S am u l S S m u l C
e ,
e . ee a e o

Co u tri 4 6 4 5 n e s, ,
.
h n b D i l
e en an e .

T lm udi t 4 7 03
a s , ,
.
C h n Saul S e S ul Coh n
o e ,
. e a e

C h n J ud h S J ud h b
o e a . ee a en A hk zi ; S ul A tr uc C
s ena a s o
,

Mo Coh se s en .
h en .

Coh n M l ch i r bbi of L g
e ,
a a ,
a e
Coh en , Sh a l m mploy d by
o ,
e e

hor po u t h c u of n, es se s e a se
th e Ha mb urg D y im 5 a an , ,

E ib e s c h ii t z , 5 26 4 573 .

,
.

C h o en , Mo s e s Mo s e s Coh e n. S ee Coh en , Sim ch a . S ee Si m b e a Co

de Tor de s ill as ; Mo s e s b e n h en .

J uda h .
C oh n , I s id o re , fo u n de r of t h e

C h o en , Mo s es Ge r ons . S ee Ah A lli c an e I sra el it e U iv r n e

ton, Ch rl a es .
llse e,
”
5 ,
7 01 .

C oh e n , N pht l i K bb l i t
a a , a a s , pa
Co i mbr a, the I n ui s i i q to n at , 4,

tro n Of C h ay o n , 5 ,
21 7 .
5 08 .

a pprov es of C h ay o n
’
s work , 5 ,
Co i n co u t rf it i g of d
, n e e n , e

21 8 .
u
no d by th My c
n ce e a en e

r fr i
e a ns from xpo i g Ch y e s n a
y od 3 5 17
s n , , .

on, 5 ,
21 9 .
clippi g of ch rg d g i t n , a e a a ns

th E gli h J w 3 64 2
xpo
e se s C h ay o n , 5 227
e n s e s, ,
.

,
Coi n a g t h right of j oy d
.

C h n
o e ,
N h mi he e a ,
an n ou c n es
e, e , en e

th e a ppro ch of a the Me s by t h J w of H u g ry 3 e e s n a , ,

5 21
i h 5
s a 152
.

,
Coi n tr uck by Simo n
.
,

T h a rs i,
ummo by bb t Z vi s s
s ned Sa a a1 e ,
1 , 5 25 , 5 28
5 15 2
.

,
by J oh H yr u 2 1 2
.

n ca n
i gr w ith S bb t 5 1 5 3
d sa ee s a a a1 ,
s, , .

t ur M hom t 5 1 5 3
ns a e an ,
, .

by Ari tob ul u I 2 3 5 s s , ,
.

b tr y S bb t 1 5 1 5 3
a a
“
, .

by Al x d r J u 2 46
e an e a n n ae s, , .

s
e a a , , .

by S lom Al x dr 2 4 8
a e e an a,
r t ur to Pol d 5 1 5 4
e ns an , , .

by Ari tob ul u I I 2 6 2 s s
, .

Coh N h m i h V it l r bb i , .
,

en , e e a a , a
by Al x d r of Ari t b
e an e so n s o
of V ic
,

d Lu tt 5 en e, an z z a o, , ul u I I 2 7 0 s , , .

23 9 .
by A tigo u 2 8 3 n n s, , .

C h o en ,
Pe ra ch y a h , phy ici s an a nd for Agripp I 2 1 9 0 1 94 a , , , .

s ci ti t en s , 4 , 4 05 .
by t h Z lot 2 268 e ea s, ,
.
2 36 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

C mm n t ry T lm ic le a a ud a
“ C n c r n in g
o e the w J e s an d
o ,

work by R hi 3 28 8 as th ir Li e e s, by L uth r e 4,
—
, , .
,

Comm rc un d r U z zi h 1 23 0
e e, e a , ,
.
5 48 9 .

“ Co n c e r n i n up e r s titio n s
p ur u d by Asl x dri eJ u e an an g th e s

dae a n s , l ,
5 04 .
of w l tt r d
the J e s, e e a

un de r th e He ro di 2, 1 18 dr d to Lo ui
e sse th Pio u s e s,

1 67 —
an s, .

b twe J w d Chri ti
ee n e s an s an s 3 8,
.

forbi dd 2 620; 4 203 21 6 en, , , ,

.
Con ci l i dor t h by M a h , e, a n a sse

a mo g t h J w of t h Fr k
n e e s e an b I r l tr l t d 5 22
en s ae , an s a e , ,
.

i h s d B urg u di anki g n an n C n cor d n c f t h B i bl by

o a e o e e,

dom 3 35 I c N th
s aa b K l y a an en a on

4 23 4—
s, ,
.

i th h d of J w i t h an s n e m 5
o s,

1 4 2—
n e s e , ,

ighth c t ury
e 3 en ,
.
Co n dott i r i I t li m r na
e ,
a an e ce

i t r tio l i t h h d of
n e na na ,
n e an s ri 4 28 6 e s, ,
.

J w 3 1 62 Co n f d r ti n W ar t h J w
e e a o e, e s

uff r dur i g 5 3 8 7 —
e s, ,
. ,

i th
n h d of t h J w u
e an s e e s n s e 8 n , , .

d r th eS xo mp ror 3 e a n e e s, ,
Co n f i o n of F ith t h r ci t l
es s a , e, e a

24 2 3 — .
of forbi dd 3 1 5
, en , , .

the, of o uth r Fr c s e n an e, c ar
C n f i o n l t h di c u d by
o e ss a , e, s s se

ri d eby J w 3 3 9 1on e s, .
th J w of Fre c 3 343 e s an e, , .

of V ic i t h fift t h Co n f i on ”
by H i
e ss 5 s, e ne ,

5 5 3—
th e, en e, n e ee n ,

c t ury 4 28 5
en ,
.
5 .

C n f i rm at io n t h r it of i tro
,

of t h T urki h J w 4 4 01
e s e s, ,
.
o , e e , n

du d i to G rm J wi h
of t h J w i Pol d 4 4 1 9
e e s n an
ce n e an e s
,
comm u iti 5 5 6 2 5 7 3
.
,

c p city for
a a rg um t for an a en
n e s, , , .

th dmi io
e of J w i to
a ss
,

n e s n
Co n fi c at i o n d b ur i g t h
s an n n , e,

d 5 4 0—
E gl
of H br w book by t h e e s, e

3 5 4 2—
n 1 an , ,
Domi ic
.

3 n an s,
th of t h J w d c rib d by
e, e e s, es e
, .

5 82—
S imo Lu tt ne3 z z a o
by G r gory I X 3 5 7 4 6 5 7 8
e , ,
-

,
, .
,
9
t g tio of duri g t h S b
s a na n , n e a
by Pf
.

rkor —
e ff e n 4 4 29 3 1 , 4 3 7
b ti mov m t 5 1 49
a an e en , , .

8 , 4 4 1 , 4 44
forbi dd p rtly to t h J w en a e e s
un de r J uli us I I I
.

4 , 5 65
of Al c 5 3 4 8 sa e, , .

un de r P a ul I V
,

4, 5 67 ,
.

5 83 ,
of J w u d r t h N po —
,
th e, e s n e e a
5 84 5
l o i l w 5 5 2 4—5
.

u d r Pi u V 4 5 90
e n e a , , .

n e s , ,
.

C mm rci l H l l m ti g pl c
o e
a a , ee n a e
u d r G r gory X I I I 4 6 5 4
n e e , ,
.

f th
O Sy h dri i B th
e n e on n e
t K mi
a i c 5 28 2 a en e , , .

2 , 23 9
a ny, .

S l u d r T lm ud t h
ee a so n e a , e .

C mmo du mp ror p r fl ig y
o s, e e , o ac
Co fl i ct of D uti t h L tt r
n e s, e, e e
of 2 4 4 7 , , .
on,by Solomo D ur I
”
n an ,

d th of 2 4 4 8 4 6 3
ea , , , .
4 , 23 8 .

“ Comm u i ti of t h Fri d n es e en s Co n fort D v i d iti r n t r abbi

e, a ,
ne a
"
of Light Prot t t oci , es an s e d hi tori
an 5 202 s an , ,
.

ti 5 6 8 2 6 8 3
es, , , .
Co n gr S A i x l a Ch p l l
ess . ee - -
a e e
“ Comp iti gr mm tic l
os on s,
”
a a a R t dt ; V i
as a e nna .

w ork by Y i h k i 3 27 3 z c a , , . C n i h S J hoi ch in
o a . ee e a .
 I F HDEfl i . 2 37

C o n ra d I I I mp ror prot ct
,
e e ,
e s C o n s an t t in I ( ntinu d) e co e , an ti
th e J e w duri g t hsco d n e se n J wi h r trictio
e of
s es ns , re
cr u d sa e, 3 , 35 1, 416 . vive d, 3 , 23 , 1 7 1 .

j oi t h ns e se co nd cr u s a de , 3, C o n s t an i n e V I I I t ( 9 44 By
3 5 3, 354 . z an t in e e mp ror e ,
a n d A du b l
C o n ra d of W i n t e rt ur, e xe n l hm I I I 3 2 1 8
Ra an , ,
.

p t t h J w from t h
a es e e s e C n t n ti
o s a A fric to w r f n e, an n, e

ch rg of w ll poi o i g 4
a e e s n n , , ug for Sp i h J w 4 1 97
e an s e s. ,
.

1 06 , 1 08 . C n t t in D r g
o s an l t By e a o s ses , as

C o n si s t o ri a l g an i z t i n i
or a o ,
n tiz an mp ror 4 267 ne e e , , .

Fr c an e, a pprov d by N po e a C n t
o t i opl t h T mpl v
s an n e, e e e es

l o 5
e n, ,
4 98 . l i 3 26—7
se s n, ,
.

es a t bli h s ed in W e s tph a li a ,
5 , K r it c t r 4 69 7 1 269
a a e en e
—
.
, ,

5 01 2 .
f ll of 4 267
a , ,
.

Co n s o l t i n for t h Sorrow
a o e s Sp i h pok n
an s t by t h x s e a , e e

of I r l b y S m u l U q u
s ae
”
a e s e, il 4 3 88
es,
— xil i 4 4 02—
,
, .

4 , 5 5 8 61 .
th Sp e i h an s4 e es n, .
,

C on st n c t h C un i l f
a d e, e o c o ,
an th M d N i f mily i
e en es -
as s a n,

B dict X I I I 4 21 2 21 6
en e , , ,
.
4, 577 .

co d m F rr r 4 21 7
n e ns e e , , .
r bbi of dv i t h div r
a s , a se e e

an archy dur i g 4 21 8 n , ,
.
io of J ew i h tr d fro m
s n s a e

l ct M rti V pop 4 21 9
e e s a n e, ,
.
A co 4 5 80
n n a, ,
.

co d m J oh H u to d t h
n e ns n ss ea , r bbi
a of xcomm u ic t
s , e n a e

4 , 221 . o
D ud 4 5 9 9 a , ,
.

e xp e n se s of ,
bor ne by th e d cript io
es of by Mo Al n , se s

J e w s, 4 , 24 8 .
m o sn in o 4 , 6 08 , .

C o n s t an c e ( C o st n i t z ) , th e J ew s J o s e ph D e l m e dig o at , 5, 76
—
.

ch rg d wit h w ll poi
of , a e e Sabb t 1 Z v i t 5
a a e a , ,
1 45 8 .

o i g 4 1 05
s n n , , .
e ff ct of S b b t i
e a a a
’
s a po t y s as

w it a M rti V 4 21 9
on a n , , . in , 5 ,
157 .

C n t nc
o s a ( l k ) t h citi e a e , e es on, Sa bb ti a an s e xcomm u ic t n a ed

th J w e of ch rg d with
e s , a e in , 5 ,
157 , 159 .

w ll po i o i g 4 1 05
e s n n , , .
Sab b at a i Z vi b e an i s h ed to , 5 ,

C n t an t i a q u
o s moth r , ee n -
e , co n 1 66 .

t d f r th
en r g s cy i o e e en n C r do o
a s at , 5 ,
207 .

C til 4 5 2 as e, , . C h ay i m Ma l a ch b an i s h e d from ,

C n t n t in
o s a I mp ror p ut e e e 5 21 4
h yo t 5 227 —
, , s , .

J ud i m q u lity with
a s on an e a O a 8 n a , ,
.

Chri t i ity 2 5 61 s an , , . r bbi

a of po u t h c u
s , es se e a se

u d r th
n i flu c
e of Chr i e n en e s of E ib h ut 5 264 e sc z

—
.
, ,

t i an it y , 2 , 5 61 2 . a r bb i of cc u d of u i g
a ,
a se s n

abol i h t h p r ivil g of t h
s es e e es e h um bloo d 5 6 4 0 an , , .

J w
. 2 5 63 ; 5 7 25
e s, , , .
r v i io of t h R ho d tr i l t
e s n e es a a

clo J r u l m to t h J w
se s e sa e e e s, 5 ,
64 7 .

2 , 5 64 ; 3 , 1 1 —
12 . C o n s t an ti n pl t h J w o e, e e s of , in "

p rot c t e s th e J e w s a g ain s t h b it
a p r t q u rt a se a a e a e r,

po t at
a s e s, 5 64 . 26 .
2 38 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E \V S .

C o n t an t in opl
s e, th e J ew s of C n trov r i l l it r t ur
o e i s a e a e, n

( xp
co nti n ll d 3 2 6 ued) e e e Sp i i th fift th
a n n e een ce n

t ury 4 23 2—
.
, , ,

in th tw lfth c t ury 3 4 25
e e en , ,
. 8 , , .

divi d d i to tio l gro up

e n na na s, S al
ee Pol mic l work so e a s

4 , 4 02, 4 7 8 . g i n t Chri ti ity

a a s s an .

t x d 4 4 02
a e , ,
. C v r ti
on d R
e llsa on s an e co ec

h v a politic l r pr
e t a a e e se n a tio by Mo n s, I b E zr
”
se s n -
a,

t iv 4 4 04 e, ,
. 3 , 3 20 .

coll ct r om for Poli h

e a ans s C r i n t h of t h H imy
on ve s o , e, e a

J w i h c ptiv
e 5 8 s a es, ,
.
rit 56 e s, .

app l to t h E urop n J w
ea e ea e s, Con v r i o n t h f t h J w t
e s ,
e, o e e s o

5 ,
65 1 .
Ch ri ti an i t y promot d by
s , e
C t ti u mp ror i fl u c
o n s an s, e e ,
n en e Co t ti 2 5 62 5 64
n s an n e,

d ir d by Th o doric 3 29 —
, .
,

of th Ch urch 2 5 6 6
, on e , ,
.
es e 30 e , ,
.

t ch r of t h L w b i h d
ea e a an s e hop d by B r r d of Cl ir
from J ud u d r 2 5 66—
e s e e na a

v ux 3 3 5 3
ho til to t h J w 2 5 6 7 —
7 ae a n e , ,
.
a , .
,

s 8
e e e s, ,
.
m u d for by R ymo d
e an s se , a n

fo u d r of t h Chri ti t t
n e e s an s a e , de Pe n y a f o rt e , 3 , 5 20 .

2, 5 68 .
en co ur g a ed by Lo ui s I X, 3,
re e n a
-
ct s H ad ri an s
’
ed ict s 570 .

g i t th
a a ns e J ew s, 2 ,571 proj ct e ed by B en ed ict X I I I
—
.

m k J uli
a es an co e -
mp ror e ,
2, 4 , 206 7 .

5 95 d iges d by t h Co u c il of
ne e n

B l 4 24 5 —
.

l aw of with r g r d to t h , e a e 6
as e , , .

s a l v of J w r viv d 2es e s e e , , att mpt d i R t i bo 4 3 01

e e n a s n, , .

615 .
m ur for d v i d y Pf f
e as es e se b e
—
,

l aw of co c r i g n e n n th e P tri a f e rk o rn , 4 , 4 25 6
pop ul r 4 4 26—
, .

a rch r ct d s e e na
-
e ,
2, 616 .
un 7 a , ,
.

C o n s t i t ut i o J udae o rum , i ss ue d m ur for d vi d by G r

e as es e se e

gory X I I I 4 6 5 4—5 7 06
,

by I oc t I I I 3 4 9 7 nn en , , .
, , , .

C n t i t uti n of t h
o s D ir ctory o e e , hop d for by Crom w ll 4 4 3
e e , .
,

th r cog iz t h m i
e, e n es e e an e agit t d by Ch rl
a e XI of a es

p tio u of t h J w 5 4 5 2
a e e s, , .
Sw e de n , 5 ,
1 82 .

Co n tit uti o n t h Fr n ch r ti
s , e e ,
a git t d by W g
a a e il 5 1 8 6 a e n se , ,
.

fi d by Lo ui
e X V I 5 4 47 s , ,
.
urg d by R uh
e 5 5 17 s, ,
.

“C tit ut io n Th co d of Apo t y ; Apo t t

”
on s s, e, e S al
ee so s as s a es .

th I q ui itio e compil d by n s n e Co n v r io n t h forc d of J w

Tor q u m d 4 3 26—
e s ,
e e ,
e s

8 e a a, , .
t C h r i ti an ity obj ct d to
o s , e e
i tro duc d i to Port ug l 4
n e n a , , by G r gory 1 3 3 3 e , , .

5 08 .
obj ct d to by H ry I V 3
e e en , ,
C nti
o ,
V in c n t pr i t
e , n s th e Zo 29 8 .

h a r, 4 , 5 8 3 .
forbi dd by t h thir d L en e at
C tr R mo n tr an t
on a th-
e s s, e. a r Co u cil 3 4 21
e an n , , .

D utch ct 4 6 7 3 se , , . d pr c t d by G r gory I X
e e a e e , 3,
“ C n tr t d Gr t of
o as s an e a ne ss 570 .

Co t ti opl by Mo
ns an n e,
“
se s de pr c te a ed by G r gory X
e , 3,
Al mo s n in o , 4 , 608 . 63 5 .
2 40 I HST O R Y OF TH E fl
,
flV S

C on v e r ion
s s to J udai s m ( co n Copi a r ah S Sull m S
,
Sa . ee a ,
a

t in u mo g the h th r h Copi
—
ed) a n ea en , a a .

—
,

2, 21 5 1 0, 3 83 5 .
Cop i Si m n f th r of S r h
a, o ,
a e a a

a mo g t h n e R om an s ol di r of e s S ull m 5 6 9 a , , .

Tit u 2 s, 3 06 C p n i u fir t proc ur t or of J u
o o s, s a
, .

T cit u
a s an d J o ph u
se s o n, 2, dae a , 2 , 1 29 .

3 84 .
ad mi i tr t io n of 2 1 3 5
n s a , , .

forbi dden by An to i n n us Pi u s, Co r do va n ci t g t w y i ,
a en a e a n, 3,
42
2, 433 .
.

forbi dd en by Co t ti n s an n e, 2, J ew s m t r of 3 1 09 as e s , , .

5 62 .
se a t of T lm ud chool a a s , 3,
2 1 0, 228 , 23 6
mo g l v forbi dd 2 5 6 4
a n s a es en,
.

5 67 —
,

8 61 5 ; 3 46
,
birthpl c of S m u l I b N a e a e n -
a
,
gr l 3 25 5
.
,
e a,
duri g t h P r i occ up ,
.

n e e s an a

tio f P l ti 3 21
n O a es ne,
t k by Sul im 3 25 5 262
a en e an , , , .

forbi dd by t h co u cil of en e
,

n
.

s
m dic l chool t 3 26 1
e a s a , ,
.

O rl 3 37 ean s,
hom of t h Al b l i 3 28 3
e e a as , , .

mo g t h Ar b 3 6 1—3
a n e
,

a
.

s, .
sy gog u of d troy d 3
na es , es e , ,
,
3 60
p u i h bl w ith d th by t h
n s a e ea e
T lm ud chool of
a
.

s de s t roy e d,
co d of Alfo o X 3 5 9 5
e ns , ,
.

3 , 384
,

S al s
ee Circ umci io ; Pro o s n se
t k a by t h Almoh d
en
.

e a e s,

4 47 —
lyt es .

8
Co v r i to P g i m i Al
.

I q ui itio
n e s on s a an s n
th e i 4 3 25 n s n n, , .

xa n dria , 2 , 1 8 4
J w di pp r from 4 3 5 4
e .

e s sa ea
Co rt forc d to Chri t i n i
.
, ,
n ve s, e ,
s a
exil from form co gr g
es a n e a
t y, a m c to t h Sp i h
ena e e an s
tio i Co n t ti opl 4n n
,

s an n e, ,
w 4 17 9
J e s, ,
.

4 02 .

migr t from Sp i 4 1 7 9
e a e a n, ,
.

di t urb c i c u d by t h
s an e n, a se e
r l p i to J w i h r m
e a se n e s ce e o
I q ui itio
n 4 48 4 s n,
i 4 180 , .

n es, ,
.

auto d fé i 5 9 1 92s -
a -
n,
M rr o t h
, , .

S ee a an s, e .

C r dov a t h J w of r om
o ,
e e s an s
C v rt f rc d to J udai m
on e s, o e , s , Mo b Ch h 3 209
se s en an o c
,

, ,
.

I dum u d r J oh
'

th e ae a n s n e n
ch oo him th ir r bbi 3
se as e a
H y rc a n us ,
2, 8 9 -

.
209 .

t ur
th e I d T h it aea n s an ra c on es a pp l to ea A du R a b l -
hm an III
u d r A ri tob ul u I 2 3 7
n e s s , ,
.
3 , 200 1 0 -

Co v rt to Chri ti ity c ot polit ic l

r t ur to J ud i m 3 4 9—
n e s s an ann
Ch a s dai I b n Sh a p rut
’

, -
a
e 50 n a s , , , chi f of 3 21 7 e , , .

3 06 , 3 08 .

pro p rity of 3 229

s e , , .

S ee po t t ; Chri ti
a l so A s a es s ans, si d g i t J o ph
e a a ns se I b n Ab i -

J ud i zi g ; M rra o th n a an s, e .
t ur 3 23 8
, ,
.

Co n v rt to J ud i m S Cir
e s a s . ee J cob I b J u chi f f 3
a n -
a e O 23 9 .

um i i
c ; Co v r io to
c s on n e s ns emigr t 3 25 5 a e, ,
.

J ud i m ; Pro lyta s se es .
m ur d r d i 1 3 9 1 4 1 6 9e e n ,
.
,

Cop h g n t h J w of p r
en a e e e s e Cor d v t h Ma rr an o f
o a, e s o at

t ck d 4 28 1—
, ,
,
sec ut e d 5 , , 531 . a 2 e , , .
 I NDE X .
24 1

C o rdo v a , t h e Marran o s of ( co n C o ssack t h ( c ntinu d) m k

s, e o e , a e

tin ued) , fl ee to G r a n a da , 4, p c wi th t h Pol 5 1 2

ea e e es, , .

35 1 . a tt ck t h J w 5 1 4 1 5
a e e s,
, , .

r
C o f u, t h e S p i h xil
an s e es in , 4 , se co d tr ty w ith 5 1 4
n ea

—
, , .

3 63 4 . l i flict d upo t h J w
o s se s n e n e e s

I sa a c Ab rab a n e l at , 4 , 384 . by 5 1 5 , , .

rit es of t h e J e w of follow
s ed p r c utio by i fl u c J u
e se ns n en e
—
, ,

in Gr c ee e, 4 , 4 06 . da is m , 5 ,
16 17 .

Nath an Gh az at i at , 5 , 1 60 . r v g of i Pol d 5 3 8 8
a a es , n an , ,
.

ho or n s s how to Cr em i ux n e in , C t D uart N un d Port u

o s a, e es a,

5 , 66 8 .
gu g t i n H amb urg 4
e se a en , ,

t
C o rin h , J udae an s in , 2 , 203 .
69 2 .

P ul t bli h
a es a s es a Chri t i s an C o st a , m an u l d M rr o
E e a, a an

m rtyr dom of 4 5 20—1

,

comm u ity i n n, 2 , 228 .

a , , .

th J w eof i e s , n th e tw lfth e C ta I
os A ti
, d c iv ic h
s aa c as a, on

c t ury 3 424
en , , . r of 5 4 5 8
o s , , .

C o rn e l i an us , A t i di us , gov r or e n C t J
o s a, ph d d M
ose h a, an a n a s se

of Syr i d a, e f t d by t h
ea e e b I r l 5 34
en s ae , , .

P rthi a 2 447 an s , , . C t U ri l ( G b ri l ) d ( 1 5 9 0
o s a, e a e a

Co rn l i ue J ud n voy t s, ae a en o M rr o 5 5 6 as a a an

Cl udi u 2 1 9 7 —
,
.
,

a 8 s, ,
. t udi t h Script ur 5 5 7
s es e es, ,
.

Co r n l
o b pti m l
e m of
,
a s a na e r t ure to J ud i m 5 5 7
ns a s , ,
.

A br h m S i o r f m i ly 4
a a en
’
s a t o dd
a w ith Am t r d m J u
s s e a

d i m 5 5 8—
, ,

35 1 . a s 9 , ,
.

C o ro n e l , D av i d S n i r M rr o e o ,
a an xcomm u ic t d 5 5 9
e n a e , , .

in P r mb uco 4 69 3
e na , , . t t ck d by S m u l d
a a e Silv a e a a

J o ph N a i d pu
’
C o ro n e ll o, se ss s e 5 , 59 .

t y, 4 , 5 97 p ubli h s es a work ho til s e to J u

5 9—
.

C o rre a , I s ab e l ,
Marran o po e te ss , da is m , 5 60 .

—
,

5 ,
114 . r tr t 5
e ac s , ,
60 1 .

C o rre ct i o n of th e F l T a se e ac h form ul t a es a na t ur l a re l ig io n ,

e r,
”
by I s aa c N th a an b en 5 , 61 .

K al o n y m o s , 4 , 23 4 . f il
a s to co form to n J e wi h s

C o sm a s ,bi hop of Pr g u pro s a e, g 5 62

us a e s, , .

t t t h J w duri g t h
ee s e e s n e r tr i Chri t i
es from b
a ns s an s e

fir t cr u d s 3 05 3 07 sa e, , . comi g J w 5 62 n e s, ,
.

C k th orig i d in d r fu to d p c 5 62 e n an e,

c i m po d upo 5 6 3—
o s sac s, e, n an e e se s o ,
.

d of 5 2 p e n an 4e se n,

utob iogr phy of 5 6 4—

p en e n ce

to co v rt 5 2—
.
, ,
.
,

ff ort
e s 3 n e , ,
. a 5 a , ,
.

h ighly t x d 5 3 a e , , . suici d of 5 6 4 e , ,
.

J w ef urth r t h
s l v m t e e en s a e en viol c of 5 8 4 en e , , .

of 5 6 , , . c of comp r d w ith Spi o

a se ,
a e n

i urr ctio of 5 6 7
ns e ns , , , . z a s 5 92, 9 3 , 9 7 .

org n iz d i to H id m k
a e n a a a C o st n it z Co t c. S ee n s an e .

troop 5 8 s, , . C os t b r pr v
o t th
a c p of
, e en s e es a e

m cr of t h J w by 5 f ug it iv from J ru l m 2
—
ass a es e e s es e sa e , ,
, ,

9 12 . 89 .
 2 42 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

of t h H ro di f m
C o s t o b ar, e e an a C o urt s of J us t i ce ( cont inued) .

i ly w ick d of 2 23 6
, e ne ss , ,
. S ee ri dictio J w a l so J u s n, e s

a cc u G iu Flor u b for
se s e ss s s e e i h uto omo u
s , a n s .

N ro 2 268 e , , . C ut i n ho F rdi n d bi hop of

o ,
e an , s

C ty ki g of Arm i Mi or
o s, n en a n ,
A lg rv ppo th forc i
a e, O se s e

lly of Agripp I 2 1 9 5
a a , ,
. bl b pti m of J w 4 3 7 5
e a s e s, , .

C ty By z ti
o s, comm d r an ne an e , d crib es th b pti m of J w es e a s e

ub du s th J w of A ti es e e s n i h chil dr
s 4 37 6 en, , .

och 3 1 8 , ,
. oppo t h Port ug u I q ui
se s e e se n

C un ci l of E l d r t h i t it u
o e s, e, ns itio u 4 5 00
s

—
, , .

t d by M o
e 1 25 6 se s, ,
. Cr c w J w m
a o cr d i , e s a ss a e n, on

C un ci l of S v n t y t h
o S c e e ,
e . e th ch rg of w ll po i o
e a e e s n

Co u cil t h G r t n ,
e ea . ing , 4 , 1 1 1 .

C un ci l t h G r t of S v ty
o e ea e en the J w of umb r of 4 63 2
e s n e

w ork of 1 3 9 4 —
, , , , , ,
.

5 ,
th e G rm pop ul t io of 5
e an a n ,

i tit ut Ch uk h 1 4 7 2—3
,
.
,

ns es an a , , . 3 .

i form t h E gypti
n J u
s e an C h a s s idis t ic writi g n s b ur ned

d of t h i d p d c
ae a n s e n e en en e in , 5 ,
393 .

of J ud 1 5 22 ae a , , . troy d 2 63 0
C ran g a n o r, de s e , , .

compo d of S dduc 2 42
se a e es, ,
. Cra u m mb r of t h fir t
ss s, e e e s

chi f po t i g iv up to t h
e s n, en e Tr iumvir t r c iv Sy ri a e, e e es a.

Ph r i 2 4 8—9a se e s , , . 2, 7 3 .

r org iz d 2 5 0
e an e , , . rob s th e T mpl e e, 2, 7 4 .

c ll d t h G r t Synh e dri n
a e e
'

ea o , l i
s a n, 2, 7 4 .

2, 7 1 Cr a ti
e K bb li tic th ory of
on , a a s

3 5 5 2—
. e ,

S ee Sy n h e drio n , t h e . 3, .

Co c
un il , t h e G e a , r t coupl es at th ory of h l d by I
e Lur , e s aa c

the h e ad of : y a , 4 , 619 .

J o sé , so n o f J oe J o sé , so n o f J o C re e d, t h e , A by lbo , 4 , 24 0 .

z er . h an an .
by C h as d 1 Cr c
a es as , 4 , 193
Matt h ai
.

ua
J o sh

P r ch i
, so n of
bl
of Ar
Cr d t h
ee , e, by Ma i m o n i de s 3
—
, .

e e n. e a .

Si m
4 5 9 60
J udah b en Tab b en Sh e
.

on

b ai . t h ac .
eff cte O f, 3 , 4 69 , 4 7 0 .

S h e may a . Ab t al i o n .
obj ct e ed to by C h a s da 1 Cr es
il l1 i
,

H l e Sh amma
4 , 193
.

c as ,
.

Co u ci l n s, C h urc h . S ee Ch urch C re i z e n a ch ,
Mich ae l ( 1 7 89
Co un c fl s .
voc t of t h R form
ad a e e e
Co un l L n
”
se s by an d es s o s,
mov m t 5 6 7 4— 5 e en , , .

S t b d C rrio 4 1 1 5
an o e a n, , .
Cr emi ux A dol f ( 1 7 9 6
e ,

C upl
o S Co d t h G r t
es . ee n ne e ea po u t h c u of t h
es ses e a se e

D m c u J w 5 6 43 —
, .

C urt of j u tic h l d
o s M s e, e on on a 4 as s e s, , .

d y d Th ur d y
a i J u
s an s a s n ct i co j u ctio with t h
a s n n n n e
dae a , 1 , 3 9 4 .
E gli h J w 5 6 45 6 5 1
n s e s, , , .

r tor
es ed to the J ew s by A l x e pp l to Lo ui Philipp 5
a ea s s e, .

a n de r Sev ru 2 482 e s, , . 6 45 .

p urifi ed by Abba Ar k -
e a, 2, ann o u c t h f ithl n es e a e ssn e ss of
5 17 .
Lo ui Ph ilipp 5 6 5 1 s e, ,
.
2 44 P HST O R Y o r T H E n avs

Cromw l l O l i v r ( nt in u d)
e ,
e co e , C um an us ( co nt i n ued) , pu i h n s es

p rmit J wi h b uri l a th e tio of t h prof an a n e Sc ri p

t ur 2 24 2—
s a e s o
e

gro u d i Lo do 5 4 9 n n n n, ,
. 3e s, , .

Cr n
osse th duchy of J w,
t e ,
e s se s i d with t h S m r it
es e a a an s , 2,
t l e in , 5 ,
17 3 . 24 3 .

Cro w n m on e y . S ec A u u r m cor h t a ed r u l m 2 244 in J e sa e , , .

o n a ri um .
c lld to R om to j u tify h im
a e e s

Cr u ad
s e, a, a g i t a ns t h e Al b ig e n lf 2 24 4
se , ,
.

ses ,
— 5 01 3 .
b i h d 2 24 5
an s e , ,
.

a gai n s t the Ma hom e t a n s in C uri l J cob u it t h Port u

e ,
a ,
n es e

p iS a n, 3 , 5 07 . gu co n gr g tio of Am
ese e a ns ~

pr chea ed by or d r of G r gory e e m 4 , 68 1
s t e rda , .

I X, 3 , 5 7 0 .
Port ug ue s e a g e n t in H a mb urg ,

org i z d by Lo ui I X with
an e s 4 , 6 92 .

J w i h mo
e y 3 5 85 s ne , ,
.
C ut h ae an s , t h e , a mix ed p o p ul a
Cr u d t h fir t J w duri g
sa e, e s ,
e s n ,
tio colo iz n n ed i n Sa m a ria , 1 ,

28 5
3 , 29 8 3 05 , -
3 08 , 3 09 .
.

di gr c f ul
s a e en d of 3 , 3 06 m rit
S ee S a th a an s, e .

of M di d f t t h
.
,

C y ax r
Cr u a d t h
s e, c n d J w dure se o e s
a e s, e a, e ea s e

3 3 49—
A yri
,
ssl 28 7 an s ,
in g , 56 , .

p ut d to A yr i
.
,
1 3 03
Cr u d sa e, th th i r d p rticip e a a
s an en ss a, , .

tor i 3 4 04 4 1 1
s n,
,

418
C y cl d ath J o ph
es , N i e, se a ss

duk of 4 5 9 6
, , .
,

pr ch d by P ulko d
ea e e N eu illy e , , .

3 , 4 05
,
Cycl of R bb i N h h
e th a ac s on, e,

k y to t h J wi h c l n d r
.

e e e s a e a
Cr u a d
s e, th e fo urth ,
an d th e
,

J e w s, 3 , 49 6 7 — 3 ,
17 9 .

Cy d n i a or gi l hom of t h
o i na e e
Cr u ader
s f ll upo J w i s, a n e s n
Ph ili ti 1 54
,

3 4 1 2—
s n e s,
t h E g l i h tow
, .

13
n n s,
e s , .

Cypro w i f of Agripp I p
s, e a a
Cr u d t h b gi w ith m
sa es, e, e n as
p l to H ro di 2 1 7 5
ea s e as ,
,

cr of t h J w 4 222
.
,
sa es e e s, ,
.

ho t g for h r h u b d 2
s a e e s an , ,
Cr m i n i
z e J wi h
e chil dr n e c, e s e 17 6 .

l ught r d i 5 1 2
s a e e n, , .
C y pro w if of A tip t r 2 7 7
s, e n a e , , .

Ct ipho n ( Ar d hi r ) c pit l of
es as ,
a a
Cypr u r f ug of Ptol my V I I I
s, e e e
th P rthi
e 2 5 06 a an s, , .

2, 12 .
,

pop ul t d w ith J w 2 5 07
a e e s, , .
i z d by Ptol my V I I I 2
se e e , ,
40 .

es c p a iz ur by J uli t h
es se e an e wh t import d from for
ea e , J e
Apo t t 2 6 02 s a e, , .
rus a l e m 2 , 21 8 .
,

C u c t h J w of u d r S
en a, e e s ,
n e an the J of m k u l
udae a n s ,
a e an n a
cho 3 6 1 7 , , .
pilgrim g to J r u l m a es e sa e ,

a uto d f é is 5 9 1 02
-
a -
n, , , .
2 , 22 0 .

C u q ui
en A br h m S bb t
,
a a ,
a a a1 promi se d to J o ph se N a ss i ,
4,
Z vi bi g ph r 5 212
’
e s o ra e , ,
. 000 .

C um u ( 48
an proc ur tor of
s a t k a T urk
en by th e s, 4 , 6 01 .

J udae a ,
2 , 24 1 . as J wi h t t 4
a e s s a e, ,
61 1 .

pl c a es a coh ort in t h e T mpl e e, Cypr u t h J w s, e e s of, r b l e e

2 , 242 . g i t Tr j 2
a a ns a an , , 3 94 .
 I N D EX . 245

Cy p rus , t h e J ew s o f ( cont inued) Cyr i l bi hop of Al x s e an d ri ill

a,

6 1 8—
, ,

Ma rti us H urb o s e n t a ga i n s t , tr t t h J w ea s e e s, 2, 19 ;
2, 3 98 3, 23
‘

. .

joi n xp ditio g i t t h
n a e e n a a ns e C y r u of P r i d thro
s, th e s a, e n es e

Chri ti of Tyr 3 20 s an s e, , . M di ki g 1 3 4 2e an n , , .

i th
n tw lfth c t ury 3 4 24
e e en , , a t w r w i th Cro u a 1 343 es s, , .

5 .
c ll d t h i tr um n t of G d
a e e ns e o
C y re n a ic a t h J ud , e aea n s of h v ,
a e by I i h 1 3 4 8 sa a , , .

a y gog u i
s na e n J e ru l m sa e , co q u r B bylo 1 3 4 9—5 0
n e s a n, , .

2 , 201 .
procl im him lf ki g of a s se n
th e J e w s of r b l, e e a g ai n s t B bylo 1 3 5 0
a n, , .

Tr j a an , 2 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 5 , 3 96 .
p rmit t h J ud
e to r s e ae a n s e

1 3 5 1—
C y re n e , J udaea n s se ttl e in , 1,
t ur to P l ti n 2 a es n e, ,
.

419 .

d
se n cort with t h r
s an es e e
po itio of
s n th e J udae an s in 1
t ur i g xil 1 3 5 5 n n e es, , .

5 03
giv
.

to Ptol my V I I 1 5 07
en e .
C arn i k i
z Poli h g r l ill
c , s en e a ,
, ,
us e s th e J ew s, 5 15
th J ud
e of m k u l ae a n s a e an n a , .

Mart i n Pol is h
,
Cz e ch o w i c, Uni
pilgrim g to J r u l m 2 a es e sa e ,
,

220 .
,

t ria an , writ es a g i t
a ns J uda
is m , 4 , 6 48
Z lot t k
ea s a e re f ug e in , 2, 3 1 7 , .

3 18 .
Cz e n s t o ch o w , Fr k i mpr i o an s n ed

J wi h r volt i 2 3 3 1
e s e n, , .
at , 5 ,
28 8 , 289 .

th J we of r volt from
e s ,
e Tra Cz e rn i g o v , th e J e w of m s , a ss a

jan , 2 , 395 , 39 7 .
cr e d, 5 , 10 .

D ab ari t t a, t h e J udaea n s of p l u ,
n D a l b rg K rl v n imp ri l
e ,
a o ,
e a

de r A gripp a II
’
s a g t 2en , ,
ch c llor i d B id
an e ,
a s re en

27 9 .
b ch 5 4 68 a , , .

D aev as , P r e s i an e vil p i r it s s, 1, f vor t h

a m cip tio of
s e e an a n

J w 5 5 04
e s,
4 03 , .

D afi e ra olomo D fi r S ec S n a e a
gr t civil right t t h J w
an s s o e e s

of Fr kfort 5 5 05
. .

“D a g r of F ith T h e ti ”
an
an , ,
.

g a e,
D al b urg bi hop of W orm
,
r e
J wi h work by R ym u d ,
s s,
e s a n

M rt i 3 622— 3
a n,
f u to j udg t h R uchli n
se s e e e
,
c
.

4 45 4
a se ,
D g b rt M rov i g i
.
_ ,
a o e
di c i pl of
e n an
D l l im ( E b i
a im ) on s es
k i g ho til to t h J w 3
,

n , s e e e s, , I i h 1 25 4
sa a , , .

40 .

D l m ti t h J w of pro
a a a, e e s ,

D ag Phil i t i g d 1 5 5
on , s ne o , , .
crib d 3 61 4
s e , , .

t m pl
e of b ur t 1 49 6 e , n , , .
D m c u ( Ar m Syri ) b
a as s a a e
, ,

D al for r u
, r of t h M
e nne e e s sia h , lo g to t h ki g of I r l
n s e n s ae ,

3 , 1 24 .
1 , 1 27 .

D a l al a t al B ai ri n . Sec G uide ki g of n , de f t e a ed by D vi d a ,
1,
of the P rpl x e e e d, Th e . 1 27 .
2 46 H S OR I T Y or TH E J EW S .

D a m a c us ( c nti nued) t ak by
s o ,
en D m cu
a as s a ff ai r, th e ( co ntinued) ,

R zo 1 1 7 7 1 83
e n, a Ma n s io n H us e o m ti g ee n

prot t g i t 5 6 5 6—
.
, ,

ki g of m k
n tr ty with ,
a es a ea 7es s a a ns , , .

R hobo m 1 1 8 3
e a , , . r j o ici g t t h t rmi tio n
e n a e e na

e xt d d by T brimo 1 1 8 3
en e a n, ,
. of 5 6 67 6 69
, , , .

co q u r d by J robo m I I 1
n e e e a , , pl for comm mor t i g 5
an s e a n , ,

23 2 . 6 6 9 , 67 0, 6 7 1 .

b i g
es e ed by T ig l a t h Pil e se r, 1 , -

a cco u t of by E rt r 5 67 1
n e

Mu k n 5 6 7 1 —
.
, , ,

25 9 . n 2 o , ,
.

s b
u due d by Se n n a ch r ib e ,
1, D a m c u t h J w f in
as s, e e s o ,
an
27 0 .
xp ditio g i t t h Chri
e e n a a ns e s

th e go dd e ss of lov wor hip e, s ed ti of Tyr 3 20

an s e, ,
.

i n , 1 , 4 08 .
i
n th tw lfth c t ury 3 4 26
e e en , ,
t k a en by th e Has mo n ae a n s , 1,
498 .
lit urgy of ch g d 3 4 66 an e ,
mb r of
.
, ,

nu J udma n s i n , 2 , 202
e .

c u of po u d by v ri o u
a se es se a s
wom of opt uda i s m
,

ad J 2,
en , ,
gov r m t 5 6 3 3 e n en s, , .

21 5
umb r of 5 63 4
.

n e
z r comm u ity ,
.
,
th e Na n in ,
u p ct d of rit u l m ur d r 5
a ene

222—
s s e e a e , ,
2, 3
63 6
.

635 ,
po tl P ul
.

the a s e a in , 2, 226 ,
227 .
a rr t e s e d an d tort ur ed 5 63 6
p:
1
J eh l vi t 3 3 42
uda H a e a , ,
.
.

ho u of d troy se s es e d, 5 , 63 7
c pt r by H ul g u 3 6 06
a u ed a , ,
.

vi d c f vor i g
,

u ppr
.

e en e a n s e s s e d,
Sp i h xil i 4 3 9 9 ,
th e an s e es n, ,
5 ,
63 7 .

4 00
co f u d r tort ur 5
.

n n 63 8
C h a y im V it l C l br a a a e se in , 5
e ss e e, , .

5 2—
3
,
pro o u c d g uilty by
n n e Ra tt i
M to 5 6 4 0
.

en n,
D m cu
a as s r t h r port d
a ff ai e, e e
, .

in the Fr ch jo ur n l 5en
,

a s,
app l to t h E urop
ea e e an J e w s,
,
5 6 4 2, 6 5 1
6 42 , .

t k up by Cr emi ux 5 tort ur of topp d 5 64 8 e s e

of 5 6 60—
en 644 , .
, ,
a e ,
r l
.
,

co i d r d i E gl d 5
ns e e n n an , 6 45
e e a se 1 , , .

w cr u d g i t i c it d
.
,

th Au tri
e r port 5 s an e on, ,
646
ne sa e a a ns ,
n e

by C th olic 5 6 62
.

i th
n h d of M hm t e an s e e Al i ,
a s, , .

5 ,
6 47 .
D an th
, trib f l t ttl
e e o ,
a e se e

tri d by co urt of E urop

e a e an
m t of 1 3 9 en , , .

co ul 5 6 4 8 ns s, , .
i ol tio of 1 5 1
s a n , , .

t ri l ofatopp d by Thi r , s e e s, 5 ,
a tt ck d by t h Ph ili ti
a e 1 e s n e s, ,

6 49 .
64 .

in Fr ch Ch mb r of
the en a e oppr e ss e d by th e Ph il i t i s n e s,

D p uti 5 6 4 9—
e50 es , , .
1 , 66 .

vi w of mo g C tholic 5
e a n a a ro u i h b ur 3 4 3 3
nd N s a

6 5 0—
, s, , , .

1 Dan, orth r fro ti r tow n of

n e n n

P rli m t 5 6 5 2—
.
e

i n a 3 a en , , . I r l 1 1 29
s ae , , .

di c u d by Lo do J w occ upi d by Sh b follow r

—
s sse 5 n n e s, e e a s
’
e s,

1 1 4 9—
7

05 3 4 .
50 , .
2 48 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

D avi d ( i ) victorio u
co nt n ued s D av i d ( co nt inued) at w ar with
—
, ,

ov r t h Phili ti 1 9 8 9 themmo it A n es an d I du
m u 1 1 28—
e e s n e s, , .

a tt ck d by S ul 1 9 9
a e a , ,
. aca 9 s, , .

m rri Mich l 1 1 00
a es a , ,
. e n l rg hi
a t rritory
es s e ,
1 , 1 29 ~

o utl w d 1 1 00
a e , ,
. 30 .

in fri dly r l t io with Am

en e a ns f ith of 1 1 3 0
a , , .

m it ond Phili ti 1
es an s n e s, , l i t tow r d co n q u r d
en en a s e e
— r c 1 1 31
Zikl g 1 1 01—
1 00 2 a e s,

b tr y Ur i h 1 1 3 1 —
. .
,

at 2 a , ,
.
e a 2s a , , .

to h lp t h Phili ti
e g in t e s nes a a s
r b uk d by N th
e e1 1 33 a an ,

lom 1 1 3 4—
.
,

S ul 1 1 02 d Ab
ro ut t h A m l kit 1 1 06—
a an 7 sa

or d r c u 1 1 3 7 —
.
, , , ,

s 7 e a e e s, e s a 8 ens s,

co pir cy g i t 1 1 3 8—
.
,
, .

cho ki g by J ud h 1 1 07
se n n a

lly of Achi h 1 1 07 —
ns a44 a a ns

l v J r u l m 1 1 4 0—
, .
,
,
.
,

a 8 s ea es 1 e sa e

f ithf ul follow r of 1 1 4 1 —
,
.
,
, .
,

r i d t H bro 1 1 09
es a e n,

r 1 1 1 0—
es , .
a 2 e s , , ,

an d Ab 12 ne , ,
.
1 44 .

r ul ov r t h w hol ki g dom
es e e e n ,
ene mi of 1 1 4 2 es , ,
1 , 1 12 .
victorio u ov r Ab lom s e sa , 1,
s b
u due s t h e J e b u it s e s, 1 , 1 13 1 44 .

14 .

mo ur ns A b lom 1 1 45 sa
r id ru l m l 114 , .
,

e s at J
es e sa e , , .

i vit d
n e to J r u l m by t h e sa e e
t w r w ith t h Phili ti 1
n orth r trib 1 1 4 6
a a e s n e s,

1 15—
,
e n es, , .

18 .

p r do
a ns Am 1 1 46 as a,
t A dull m 1 1 1 6
, .

a
m t by mb i of B j m
a , ,
.

e e ass e s en a

1 1 4 6—
sa v d by Abi h i 1 1 1 7
e s a , , .

it e s an d J ud 8 ae a n s ,
a lly of H ir m 1 1 1 8 a , ,
.

suppr e ss e s Sh b r volt 1 e a s
’
,

e
.

b uil d c d r p l c 1 1 1 9
s a e a a a e, ,
.

1 48 5 0 —
m k J r u l m t h c t r of
a es e sa e e en e
.

r ligio u lif 1 1 1 9—20

e s e,
r t ur to J r u l m 1
e ns e sa e , ,
,
r tr i d from b uil di g
.

a ne
i tro duc ch or l o g i to
n es a s n n
es n a

r lig io u rvic 1 1 20 T mpl 1 1 5 0 1

e e, -

P lmi t 1 1 20—
th , .

e e s se e,
d bility of 1 1 5 1
.
,
e
1 , , .

as sa s
Solomo ck owl dg d
, , .

h
as ki g 1 1 21 n
as n a n e e

loy lty to 1 1 21 —2
,
ki g 1 1 5 3
.
,

n , , .

a , , .

a rmy of 1 1 22 .
d th of 1 1 5 4
ea , , .

, ,

f vori t
a d co u cilor of
e 1 an n
summ ry of t h r ig of 1
a e e n

1 22—
—
, ,
, ,

3 .
15 4 5 .

surr d r S ulen d c d
e t s a
’
s es en an s
nu mb r of wiv of 1 1 6 1
e es , , .

to t h G ib o i t 1 1 23 e e n e s, , .
de s c d t of t h o ly o n
en an s , e n es

b uri t h r m i of S ul titl d to t h cro w

—
es e e a ns a
en 1 e e n, ,

d J o
an th 1 1 24 na an , , .
5 27 8 .

a t w r w ith t ha Mo bit 1 e a a de s c e n da n t of the Me ss i ah

1 25 —
es, ,
, ,

6 .
2 , 1 4 3 , 1 44 .

a t w r w ith t ha Ammo i t e n es, de s c t from tr c d b y Sp

en , a e an

1 , 1 26 7 -

. i h f m i li
s 3 43
a e s, , .

at w ar w ith th e A r m a ae a n s , 1, Is r l it
ae u d r e ttl
es n e , s e in
1 27 . n orth r n Ar b i 3 5 4 e a a, ,
.
 I N DE X . 2 49

D avi d ( conti nued) , in I m m an u l e D av i d b en Z ac cai

‘

( continued) ,

omi work 4 6 7
R
’
s , , . th of 3 201
de a , , .

f vorit ch r ct r of t h P uri
a e a a e e gr t gr d o of 3 25 4
ea -
an s n , , .

t 5 26
an s , , . D vi d I b n A b i Zim ra ( 1 47 0
a - ~

D vi d c didat f r t h E xi l
a ,
an e o e chol r Sp i h xil s a , an s e e

a rch a t e , 3 , 4 39 . i C iro 4 39 3
n a , , .

D avi d G rm n i mm igr an t in
,
e a r bb i of C iro 4 3 94
a a , , .

T urk y 4 27 1 e , , . a boli h th S l u id a
s r es e e e c ae n e a,

Da v i d pri ci p i o of t h N p l
,
n n e ea o 4 , 394 5 — .

it J w 3 4 24
an e s, , .
r v r t h li t urg ic l ch a g
e e se s e a n es
D vi d f M ul E xil r h i J
a o os ,
a c n e m d by M imo i d 4 3 9 5
a e a n e s, , .

rus a l e m , 3 , 5 06 .
K bb li t 4 4 8 1
a a s , , .

e xcomm u ic t n a es D i l
an e b en D vi d I b n A l b i l l ph ilo oph er
a -
a, s ,

Sa adiah , 3 , 5 26 .
4 , 91 .

D avi d d P m i ( 1 5 25 e o s
D av id I b n Y a ch y a , -
ra bb i at
phy ici mploy d bys an , e e
Na pl e s, 4 , 410
Chri ti
.

4 65 3 s an s , , .

D avi d I b g r fo r
n -
Y a ch y a N e o, e
att i m t of 4 6 5 6
a n en s , , .

th
s ees xp ul io of t h e e s n e
d f of J w i h phy ic ian J w from Port ug l 4 3 3 9
e e n se e s s s

by 4 6 5 6—
e s a , , .

7 ,

T lm udi dictio n ary by 4

a
,

c
.

D avi d A b udarh am J w of , a e

65 7
, ,
C til 3 6 1 7
as e, ,
.

D av i d b e n
.

D an i l E x il rch of D avi d A l rui ( Alroy I b Alr u , n -

Mo ul xcomm u ic t S l
s e
e ,

n
a

a es o
chi M h m b , Solo ena e en

omo P tit 3 63 2 n
,

e
m ) tt i m t of 3
on , a a n en s , ,
, .
,
430
D avid b en J udah ( 8 25 Ex
.

il arc h , 3 , 1 5 5 6 — s ummo n s t h e J e w s of t h e E a s t
t o re t ur n to J e rus a l e m 3 ,
.

D av i d b en K al o n y m os , -
To ss a
43 1
,

m mb of My c
d 3 4 3 1—
.

fi st , e er the a en e

y od 3 5 17
s n
mpri o 2 i s ne , , .

d th of 3 4 3 3
, , .

D avi d b n Maimun broth r of e e

ea , , .

D av id B t B G i rn a M r
,
u
M imo i d 3 4 5 1 4 5 7 on e en o a
-

,
a n e s,

D avi d b n S ul x mm u i e
r o p r u d d to r m i
a
,

e
,

co
.

n
an , e s a e e a n a

c t t h M imu i t 3 5 29 Chri ti 4 1 88
,
s an ,
—
.
,
a es e a n s s,
— pi tl to
.
,
4 1 8 8 90
e xcomm u ic t d 3 5 3 0 5 3 6 7 n a e ,
e s e .

D h i to
.
, ,

av i d G n ( 1 5 41
D a v id b n Z a c ai E xil
a s s
’

e c

rch d po Koh Z d k ri n d tro om r wo rk a an as n e s

4 6 3 8—
,
a e se s en -
e e ,

of
,

9
3 186, .
, , .

a ppo i t two G o n i m of Sor

n
co s
u lt d by B g 5 e
1 96
a,
ns e a sn a e, , .

3 1 92 3 —
,
r f ut E i
.
b h ii t d f e es e sc z s
’
e e n se ,

xcomm u ic t t h co gr g 5 2 70
—
e n a es e n e a , .

t io of F r 3 1 94
n D av i d Ki mch i ( 1 1
a s,60 1 23 5 ) gr m a

i j u t i c of 3 1 9 4—
, .

m ri d l x i cogr ph r a an an e a e
—
n s 5 e , , . ,

o t t of w it h S di h 3 3 3 9 3 4 5 61

1 95 —
c n es aa a

6 200—
.
, ,
, , ,

1 gr mm tic l
,
d
.
x e g t ic l a a a an e e a

ca u of po u d by Aaro n
se

I b n Sarja du, 3 , 200

-
work of 3 3 9 4
, es se

.
Maimun ist
,

,
,

3 , 5 3 0 1 , 5 40 1
.

— -
.
2 50 H S OR I T Y OF TH E

D av i d Kimch i ( co nt in u ) ed ,
de D vid
a ch p l Fr ci c
’
s a e , an s an

no u S olomo
n ce s n of Mo t n ch urch Mo u t Zio 4 on n n, ,

p e l l ie r, 3 , 5 4 4 . 27 4 .

work of sby ,
us e d Ra ym u d n D yaa ch r ct r i
, N th a a e n a an

M rti 3 6 22 a n, , . th Wi 5 3 24 e se ,
”
, .

comm t ry of in en a , th e Bom D y n titl of t h j udg i

a a , e e es n

b rg Bibl 4 47 6
e e, ,
. J w i h B bylo i
e 3 98 s a n a, , .

D avid M im un i ( 1 223 a titl of Mo b

e Ch n h 3 se s en a oc , ,

gr d o of M imo i d
D y an di —
an s n a n e s, 229 .

i d d by Solomo b Adr t
a e n en e ,
a B b j udg of t h
e -
a a, es e

3, 6 20 . g t i B bylo i 2 5 4 7
a e, n a n a, ,
.

of E gypt fri d of t h
N ag i d , en e D y n im
a i t t of t h r b
a ,
as s s an s e a

E xil rch Yi h i 3 6 27 b is 5 , 5 66 ,
’

a s a , , . ,

pp l d to by H ill l of V
a ea e e e D e ad S e a , t h e , de s cript io of n ,
1,
ro 3 6 3 1 na, , . 43 .

i th n M im u i t co trov r y
e a n s n e s D bir
e th e , th e H oly of H oli e s,

3 6 3 2—
, ,

3 , . 1 , 1 65 .

D v i d N gro I b n Y a h y a co u
a e -
c ,
n D b i r ( Ki rj th S p h
e a -
e er )t k n , a e

lor of F r di d I of Por
se e n an by t h trib of e e J ud h 1 a ,

t ug l 4 1 5 9—6 0
,

a , , . 38 .

l v Li bo 4 1 60
ea es D bor h j udg i pir r i t
s n, , . e a , e, ns es es s

chi f r bbi of C til 4 1 6 1

e a c to J bi 1 6 1 as e, , ,
an e a n, ,
.

1 62 . D bt wi g to J w t h i t r e s o n e s, e n e

D av i d R f an di cov r t h Z a t u r p udi t d by E ug s e s e o es o e a e e

forg ry 4 20—
, ,

h to b ar 1 i u I I I 3 349 3 5 1
e a e , ,
.
n s , , , .

D av i d R ub i tr v l of i e th r p udi tio n of
en t p r
, a e s , n e e a , no e

th E t 4 49 1
e asm it t d by M ri d Moli e a a e n a,

of 4 4 9 1 —
, , .

d criptio
es 2 4 52 n , , . , .

t H m
a 4 4 92 4 9 3
o e, th r p udi tio of urg d by
, , .
e e a n , e

ho or d by t h J w 4 4 9 3
n e Lo ui t h R ich 4 25 4 e e s, ,
.
s e , , .

r c iv d by J o ao I I I of Port u D c pol i l g u of tow fr d

e e e e a s, ea e n s, ee

g l 4 493 4 98
a , ,
from J ud ,
r ul 2 6 7 .
ae a n e, , .

co i d r d t h for r u r o f D ck dorf ( D gg dorf ) t h

ns e e e e nne e en e en e

M i h 4 4 9 4 4 97 —
,

th e 8 J w of m
e ss a cr d 4 9 8
, , , .
e s , a ssa e , , .

r p ule th M rr o
se s d D cl r ti ”
by M a h
e a an s an e a a on , an s se

Solomo Mol bo 4 4 9 5 6 b n I r l co c r i g t h e , ,
-
. en s ae , n e n n e

oppo d by Mig u l d Silv 4

se dmi io of J w i to E g e e a, a ss n e s n

l d 5 3 9—
n
4 9 8—
,

0 .
42 an , , .

l v Port ug l 4 4 9 9
ea es D f n of t h R tio l W r a , , . e e se e a na o
pri o r i Sp i 4 4 9 9
s ne h ip
n of G d by R im a n, ,
. s e rs o ,
”
e a
i n A vig o 4 499 n ru n, 5 3 20 , . s, , .

and Mol b o 4 5 04 D fi itio n

e
d D cr ip io e n s an
, , .
es t n s,
and th V ti t 4 e
by I c I r li 3 e ne an se n a e, s aa s ae , ,
5 04 D rRo i S A z ry b M e

Ch rl V 4 5 09—
.
ss . ec a a en o

p titio
e ns 10 d Ro i a es , , . se s el ss .

co fi d by t h S p i h I
n ne
D it y t h I r liti h p
e an s n e , e, s ae s co n ce

q ui it i 4 5 11s
tio n of 1 2 4 4 02
on, , .

, , , .
2 5 2 ru
sro nv o r

D m i urg cr tor of t h worl d

e e, ea e , De W i tt ,
J o h n fr i , en d of Sp in ~

i t h G o tic y t m 2 3 7 5
n e n s s s e , , . o z a, 5 ,
1 07 , 1 08 .

D mo n xorci m of i G lil
e s, e s , n a ee , D z
e a, rchbi hop of
a s Se vill e,

2, 148 . se co d i q ui itor g
n n s ene r l 4 a

by t h e E s se n e s , 2 , 1 5 1 3 5 6, 484
— D h or l —
. .

by J es us 2 , ,
156 7 . K h di b
e high t p k e , es ea

by the di cipl of s es J es us ,
2, of L b o 1 4 4 e an n, , .

“
17 0 . D i l ogh i d mo r ( Di log u
a
’
a e a es

D i en a, hom of e I sa a c A lb rg e e of by L o Abr e n a

lo n i 3 28 4, ,
. h l 4 4 8 0—
an e 1 , , .

D nm rk t h Prot t t Be for D i a A dr M rr o ’

e a ,
e e s an s, n in e, a an , a ss a s s

m a tio i 4 4 6 9 n n, ,
.
of H ri q u N u 4 49 0
en e n es, ,
.

J ew s i v it d to ttl
n e se e in , 4, Dibr S oph r i m t h w ork of
e e , e
(37 5 .
th Co u cil of S v ty 1
e n e en , ,
r bbi of w il li g to x m mu
a s ,
n e co
395 .

ic t Lu t t 5 24 1
n a e z z a o, ,
.
tr ditio l
a na J e w i h lor s e, 2 , 19 ,
f vor t h m cip t io of t h
a s e e an a n e
47 2 .

J w 5 5 19 5 31
e s, , , .
S ec L a w , t h e or l a .

D r h
e S e Ag d
as a . e a a .
Diction r i a e s, Ch l d a e an a n d R ab
D rb d ( B r d ) J w
e en ttl e aa , e s se e
b i n ic a l , by E li as L vit e a, 4,
in , 3 ,
1 24 .
47 4
r f ug of
.

t h e Ch az 3 , 222
e e a rs , .

D ict i o a r y S e Ar uch ; I gg
n e a
roy l A yri
.

r n ; L xico ; M h b r t h
D e rk e t a de s , a ss an
o e n ac e e .

ho u se , l t m mb r of
as e e ,
1,
D i d rot pr i
e P r ir
,
ig n a se s e e a s
’
s
25 8 .

l gu g 5 343
an a e,
g d ,
.

D e rus h S ec A a a

D c rt philo ophy of t udi d

es a
.

e s, s
.

D i bit ch v n d f d r of t h
e s ,
o , e en e e
s e
J w 5 47 0
,
e s,
by Spi oz 5 8 9 n a, , .

D i go d V l c i
e po t t
e
,

a en
.

a, a s a e,
ch r ct ri tic of 5 90
a a e s s , ,
.

Sp i h tiri t 4 1 8 1
an s sa s
D f r J u n gov r or of P l
, .
,
es a a e n a
D i t ry l aw t h ob rv d by
°

, ,
e a s, e, se e
m prot ct t h J w 4
a, e s e e s, ,
th B bylo n i n J ud
e 1 a a aea n s , ,
24 6 , 24 7 .

3 64
D e ssa u, s u b crib r to M
s e s e n de s l .

oh s l n s
’
P t t uch t r
en a e an s a
ob rv d by t h J ud
se Chr ie e ae an s

tio i 5 3 29 n n, ,
ti of A tioch 2 23 1
an s n , , .

ob y d by t h J w of G ul
.

D ut r omy t h Book of
e e on , e ,
e e e e s a ,

3 , 36
fo u d i t h T mpl 1 28 9n n e e e,
.

292—
, ,

3 . S ee under La w , t h e .
ob rv se ed by th e J e w of s Ara
D e ut e ro s i s , co d of R bbi Akib
e a
b ia , 3 , 5 8
a,
.

2, 35 4 .
m a de s e v r r by A
e e n an b e n Da
D e ut e ro t e s , t h e T a n a i t e s 2, 37 1 vid, 3 , 132 .

, .

D ut z M n h m m mb r of
e ,
e a e , e e not ob rv d by t h Fr i dse e e en s

th Fr ch co i tory 5
e en ns s , ,
of R form 5 6 7 5 e , ,
.

5 02 .
d cl r ti o
e a a g i t w ith n a a ns ,

D ut z t h
e ,
e J e ws of Colog ne t k a e dr w 5 67 6
a n, , .

r f ug e e i n , 4 , 227 . D i t rich S Th o dor ic of Bur

e e . ec e

D W tt
e e e, e x g t
e e e, 5 ,
6 23 , 6 9 5 . g u dy n .
 I N DE X . 2 53

Di ez f ri n d of Dohm
,
e th ,
on e D i og n ( tinu d) dvi
e es co n e ,
a se s the
m cip t io of t h J w
an a n e e s, cr ucifixio n of Ph ri a se e s, 2
3 5 8—
e

5 9
,
. 45 .

D im e P l ti i A mor b
,
a es n an a . an
p ut to de a th by the Ph ri a se e s ,

i h d from J ud
s e 2 5 67 ae a , ,
. 2, 5 5 .

D i muh c ll d y n gog u of
,
so -
a e s a e Diok n a K a di s h a , K bb li tic
a a s

Mo t 3 445se s a , , . t rm
e ,
4 , 5 38 .

D in d m l h ut din a
a
’
ct i a c a ,
s an Di on y s us , wor h ip s ed in A l x
e an

t y of t h l w of t h l d 2 e a e an , , rd ia , 1 , 4 28 .

5 19 f tiv l of
es a in J udaea 1 42 8 ,
4 5 6—
.
,

D in i z ( 1 27 9 of Port ug a l , 7 .

J e w s un de r 3 , 61 8 , . Di os -
C a rn e . S ee As tr u c R ai
D i o C as s i us , hi s tor i an o n t h e , m uch .

re volt un de r Bar Goch h a 2 , , D i c rid

os o e s, wo rk of tr ,
an s a e d l t
41 1 . 3 , 21 8 .

on th e f ll of a Be t h ar, 2 , 4 1 8 Di p li os o s . S ee Ly dd a .

19 . D i o t e ri ch . S ee Th o doric e .

D i o K art , b irthpl ac of e H un a , 2 , D i c ip l
s es, m e an n i g of 2 3 5 7 , ,
.

5 45 . S ee Law , t h e , th t ch r f e ea e s o .

D i o caes are a . S ee Se p p h o ris . Di s p e rs i o n , th e, of J ud u ae a n s n

D i cl
o e t i an , e mp ro r e ,
t ol e ra n t , de r Uzzi h 1 227 a , ,
.

2, 5 33 . a ft r t h c pt ur of J
e e a e e rus a e l m
a cc u se s J uda h I I I of disl o y by N b uch d zz r e a ne a 1 317
a lty ,
2, 5 3 3—4 . 18 .

an d Ab b ah u, 2 , 5 3 8 in t h e of t h S l uci d l an ds e e a
e
—
. e

p r c t
e se u e s ris a n i Ch ti ty 2, 5 39 d th an Ptol m i 1 4 20 1 e e s,

v l u of 2 200—
,
. e ,
.

D i o do rus , a mb a s s ad r o to R om e, a 1 e ,
.

2 , 4—
,

5 . D i p ut t i n b tw
s J ud
a o ,
e een ae a n s

D i o do t us T ryp h o n , g e n e ra l of d S m rit
an i Al x a a an s n e an

A l x e a n de r B l a as , p ut t h s e d ri 1 5 1 6— 17 a, ,

l tt r
a e
’
s son on th th ro e ne, b tw Do i n d f o ur r b
ee n n n a a
—
e

1 , 49 7 8 . b is , 3 , 5 7 6 8 — .

fr i en d ly to J o n th a an H ap h us , b tw P blo Ch ri t i n i d
een a s a an
—
e

1 , 4 98 . N h m i 3 ac5 98 604 an , ,
.

k m ak h im lf k i g 1, t B urgo
—
see s to e se n a 4 1 40 s,

4 1 4 0—
, ,
.

4 98 9 . t Avil
a 2 a, ,
.

ta k J o th R ph u p ri
es na an a s s t P mp l u
a 4 1 42 a e n a,
—
~
.
,

o r 1 49 9
ne t Torto 4 20 7 15 sa,
—
, ,
.
a , .

n got i t
e with Simo Th ar i
a es n s a t K mi i c 5 2 8 0
a 1 en e

1 5 00— 28 5 —
,
.
,

f r t rib ut
o 1 e, , . t L mb rg 5
a 7
e e , , .

h as J o th H ph u x na an a s e e D i p ut at i
s b tw J w on s, e e en e s

ut d 1 5 01
o e d Chr i ti
an u d r B s an s, n e as

—
, , .

Simo n T h r i ho t i l to 1 a s s e , , il ius , 3 , 1 7 5 6 .

a t o dd w i th A t i och u S i d
s n s e in Fr c an e in t h e tw lfth e ce n

t e s , 1 , 5 25 , 5 28 , 5 29 . t ury 3 , ,
3 43 .

Di o gen e s , S a ddu c ee, f vo rit of

a e S ee under Pol mic l work e a s

A l x e a n de r J an n aeus , 2, 42 . a g a in s t Ch ri t i n ity s a .
2 54 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

D i t in ct i n ”
s o ,
an t i K r it
-
a a e Dohm Chr i t ian W i l l i a m ( con
,
s

w ork by S a a dia h , 3 , 1 92 . ti nn d) dmit t h d pr vi ty

e , a s e e a
“ Di v r io n ” e s s, sa tir by J o phe se of t h J w 5 3 6 1 e e s, .
,

b S b r en a a a 3 , 559 criti ci d by M d l oh 5 se en e ss n,

3 6 1—
. .
,

D i v i n S rvic e e e, the . S ee L it ur 2 .

gy , t h e . enli t Mir b u ymp thi

s s a ea
’
s s a es

Di v orc by O b i h
e, a boli h s ed a a for t h J w 5 3 6 6 e e s, , .

Ab u I b I h k 3 1 24
-
sa en s a , ,
. f il to impr Fr d rick t h
a s e ss e e e

bill of critici d ft r d l iv
s ,
se a e e Gr t 5 414 ea , ,
.

ry to t h
e wif 37 8 e e, . h lp to fr m t h V t p h
e s a e e
V
es a

di c u sd by t h A mbly of
s se e sse li co tit utio 5 5 00
an ns n, , .

J w i h N ot bl
e 5 4 89 4 9 1
s a e s, , , .
ent rt i e di tort d vi w of
a ns a s e e

di c u sd by t h Fr ch Sy
ss e e en n J w i h hi tory 5
e 5 93s s , , .

h e drio n , 5 ,
4 97 .
Dok fortr , Simo Th r i e ss , n a s as
D iv orc l w t h e form ul t da ,
e, as a e s a s s in a t e d i n , 1 , 5 30 .

by t h Ph ri 2 50 e a see s, ,
.
Ptol my e ben Ha u b b h ut s up
a ccor di g to t h chool of
n e s in , 1 , 5 3 1 .

Sh mm i 2 1 3 2 a a , , .
D o l m ah Do mm h . S ee a .

as i t rpr t d by M r 2 4 3 9
n e e e ei , ,
.
Dom in go fo u d r f t h Domi ,
n e O e n

a ll vi tio e of propo d by
a ns ,
se ic or d r 3 5 1 9
an e , , .

J ud h I I 2 4 8 4 a , ,
.
Dom i n i c n t h origi t i a s, e, na e n
r g ul t d by Abb Ar k 2
e a e a e a, , th Fo urth L t r Co u cil
e a e an n ,

5 16 1 7 -

.
3 , 5 09
Ma r
.

r form d by H u
e e
'

n ai an d p r c utio by i o uth r
e se ns , n s e n
R b 3 92 a a,
,
.
Fr c 3 5 1 9 an e, ,
.

ch g d by G r h om
an e e s ,
3 , 244 .
en tr u t d w ith t h xt irp t io n
s e e e a
mo difi d by t h Troy e e es s y od n , of t h A lbig 3 5 42
e e n se s , , .

3 , 37 8 .
i t rf r i t h M im u i t
n e e e n e a n s
ch g d by M ch m of M r
an e ena e e co trov r y 3 5 4 2—
n 3 e s , , .

b urg 4 228
se , , .
pr ch J w h tr d 3 5 65
ea e a e , , .

D i v rc o fr q u t mo g K b
e s, e en a n a j udg of t h T lm ud 3 5 7 5
es e a

6 02—
, , ,

b a l ist s , 4 , 627 , 5 ,
21 0 .
3 .

Dj b ra a ,
the J ew s of pill g,
a e d, 5 , a t D di p ut tio
o nl n s 3 576 s a n, ,
.

641 .
ch rg t h J w f E gl d
a e e e s O n an

D i p r
n e e ,
th e, colo i n es of se rf s with t h bloo d cc u tio 3 e a sa n, ,

o n, 5 ,
2 . 5 91 .

D o ag,c pt i n of t h g u r d u
a a e a n t ught H br w d Ar bic f r
a e e an a o

d r S ul 1 9 1
e a , , . co v r io p urpo
n 3 5 97
e s n se s ,

D b B
o r S B r of Mi i
ee . ec ee z r cz . 6 21 .

Dohm C h ri ti n W i l l i m ( 1 7 5 1
,
s a a in th e B rc lo a e na s y gog u na e,

fri d of M d l
oh 5 3 5 1—
en en e s 3 , 601 .

s 2 n, , .
a pp l to Cl m t
ea e en IV a g a in s t
pl by for t h m lior tio
ea , e a e a n N a c h m an i , 3 ,
6 05 .

of t h co ditio of t h J w e n n forc J ew b dg 3 613

5 3 5 2—
e e s, en e a es, , .

62 , .
i n H un g ry 3 6 1 4 a , ,
.

i pi r d by M d l oh 5
ns e en e ss n, , an d R ob rt d R di e e e n gg e s co n
’

3 5 6 , 3 6 1, 3 66 . v r io 3 6 11
e s n, , .
2 56 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EW S .

D on in ( cont i nued) i tig t t h ,

ns a es e Do ubt of t h R ligio of J s e e n e

b ur i g of t h T lm ud 4
n n e a , ,
u sby J o ph I b Sh m
s,
”
se n -
e

4 60 . Tob 4 23 5 , , .

D o n mah ( D o l ma h ) , the, follo w D wr y t h l w of ccor di g to

o ,
e a , a n

e rs of Be ra ch y a , 5 ,
21 1 . M ir 2 43 9 e , , .

de s c e n da n t of
s , i n Sa lo ic n a, 5 , Dr i t h J w of p r c ut d
a
'

,
e e s , e se e ,

21 1 . 3 , 3 60 .

j oi n ed by C h ay im Ma l a ch , 5 , Dr m a a, t h e , in J e w i h lit r t ur s e a e,

21 4 . 5 , 112 .

a dd e s s r pr y r to th ir l
a e s e e ad Dr e s de n , J ew s p rm itt
e ed to l iv e

e rs , 5 ,
27 4 . in , 5 ,
5 09 .

D on n ol o . S ee Sa bb t a a1 Do n n o l o . Dr e s de n , th e J ew s of , a ss is e d t
D r o a, b i ges e ed by An i t och u s by M e n de s s l oh n, 5 ,
3 44 .

S ide t e s , 1 , 5 28 , 5 29 . pr t e se n an a ddr e ss to t h e Sy n
G r k yo uth
ee s of , i tro duc
n e h e dri o n , 5 ,
496 .

t t u i to
s a es n th e s y gog u
na e s, Drom r bbi of t t h fir t
e, a , a e s

2 , 1 93 r bbi ic l y o d 3 3 7 7
a n a s n

Dr ut h u d r Uzzi h 1 229—
.
,
.
,

D o ri a , An dre a, d og of G o e en a, o 30
,
n e a , ,
.

oppo se d to t h xpul io of e e s n D ru i ll yo u g t d ught r f

s a, n es a e O

the J e w s, 4, 5 54 .
Agr i pp I ffi d t o Epi a , a an c e

e mploy s a J e w i h phy ici

s s an , ph of C mm g 2
an e s o a ene, ,

4, 555 .
195 , 23 5 .

D o i a,r G i an e t t i n o , an d J o ph se m rr i d to Az iz 2 23 5
a e , , .

Coh en , 4, 555 .
m rri d to F lix 2 23 5 24 5
a e e , , ,
.

D o ri s , fir t wif of
s e He ro d , 2, en vio u of B r ic 2 23 6 s e en e, ,
.

112 .
Dr u u s of Tib ri u du
s, so n e s, e

D rmi d D
o o, av i d A b rab an e l , p e ~

t d with A gripp
ca I 2 17 5
e a , , .

t it i o n s P rli m t toa a en per Dr u u s to w r th s,w ll of a e on e a

mit J e w to ttl i
s se e n E ng C r 2 1 06 ae s a e a, ,
.

l d 5
an 35 D i mm
s M hom t t x 3 1 1 0
a, a e an a

u
, .
, .
, ,

D o ro t h e s, J udae a n en voy to D u rt d Pi l S U q u
—
a e e ne . ec s e,
om R e, 2, 197 8 .
Abr h m a a .

D rtm u
o n d, J ew s tol r t e a ed in , D ub o S olom n writ
n ,
th o ,
es e
4, 68 6 .
comm t ry to M d l en a en e s

Do rt us of J r u l m tr i to i
e sa e , es n oh s P t t uch t r l n s
’
en a e an s a

cit e a r b llio g i t C u
e e n a a ns tio 5 3 29 3 3 2 n, ,
.
,
.

m an us , 2, 24 4 .
ali t d from M d l oh
en a e en e ss n,

Do s i t h e us , comp io an n of On i as
5 ,
3 34 .

IV, es po u l t se s
’
ole my VI
’
S
D uch an J c b I r l S bb ,
a o s ae ,
a a
c a us e ,
1 , 5 06 , 5 07 .
ti 5 15 6an , ,
.

Do ss a chm
b en N a an ( Arch in a s ) , D ud b n N ch m an ( 7 6 1
al
‘

e a

t c h r of t h
ea e e La w , 2 , 3 3 0 .
pri c i p l of Pumb dit h p
n a e a, o

Do ss a b e n S a a di a h , a uthor , 3, po t of A b D vi d
ne n n an en a ,

20° 3, 1 29 .

in corr po es n de n c with Ch
e as D u l li n g p rmitt d to J w
e ,
e e e s un
d r Alfo o V I 3 293
’

dai I b n Sh a p rut , 3 , 21 7
'

-
. e ns , , .
 I N DEX . 2 57

Du G ue s cl i n , B rt r n d e a ,
a id s D un a s h b e n T ami m ( co nt i nued) ,

He n ry de T ra s t am are , 4, phy ici s an to a c liph

a , 3 , 21 1 .

1 23 , 1 24 . work of s , 3 , 21 1 .

c ru l ty of to t h J w of
e ,
e e s an d C h a sda i I b n
’

Sh a p rut , 3,
C til 4 1 26
as e, ,
. 21 7 .

kill P dro t h Cr u l 4 1 26
s e e e , ,
. D un inDo i . S ee n n .

D ulc i g n S b b t i Z vi bo, a a a
'

e an D un S c t u chol tic p h il
s o s, s as o so

i h d to 5 1 66
s e , , . ph r co u l comp ul ory
e ,
n se s s

D un a s h b en L ab rat ( Ado n im ,
b pti m of J w 3 6 4 4 ; 4
a s e s, , ,

9 20 po t fo u d r of e ,
n e 27 7 .

J udaeo -
Sp i h c ult ur 3
an s e, , D up f vor t h m n c ip t io n
o rt , a s e e a a

21 5 . of t h J w 5 4 4 1 4 47 8 e e s, ,
-

i tro duc m t r i to t h
n es e e n e He D uran S Pr fi t ; S mo b n
. ee o a i n e

br w l g u g 3 223
e an a e, , . Z m ch ; Simo ( I I ) ; Solo
e a n

s uppl m t M n ch m
e en s e a e b en mo n ( I ) .

S ruk a 225 , . D ury , J ohn wr it

,
g i t th es a a ns e

ci rc um t c of 3 226 s an es , , . ad mi ss io of J w i to E g
n e s n n

c ritic i S di h wo rk se s aa a
’
s s, 3, l a n d, 5 , 46 .

226 . Du s s el do rf , t h e J e w of p s , e rse

co trov r y of w ith t h di
n e s , e s ut e d 5 , 5 3 0
o , .

ip l
c of M ch m b S
es en a e en a D ut i e s of t h e H e a rt Th e by
3 226—
, ,

ruk 7 Bach y a I b n P a k uda tr a n s

of gr m
-

, .
, ,

di c i pl
s m ri nd
es , a a an s a l t a e d, 3 , 3 97 .

po t 3 23 7e s, , . Du V a l l ie ,
An t o i n et t e, moth r e

gr mm r by k ow t R h i
a a , n n o as , of th e n e xt , 5 ,
17 5 .

in 28 9 . Du V l ie P ul po t t t ti
al ,
a , a s a e, es

D un a sh b e n T am i m ( Ab us ah al ,
fi f l ly i
es bloo d c u a se n a a c

900 d i ci pl
s of e I s aa c t io c
sa 5 17 5 n a se ,

21 1—
, .

li 3 1 8 1
I s ra e , , , 12 . D y in g tr d of t h J w of
e ,
a e e e s

a dmir tio of f a n , or Saadiah , 3 , J r u l m 3 4 27 6 06

e sa e , , , .

1 92 . D al k i Fr an k i t f mily 5 28 9
z s ,
s a , ,
.

t
E a r h q ua k e , un de r U zz i h a 1, E a st , th e, the J ew s of ( co n
—
,

ti nn ed) ,
p r c ute se e d, 3 , 24 5 8 .

un de r H y rc an us I I , 2 , 6 1 .
poo r 5 , ,
205 .

un de r He ro d , 2, 9 5 .
admi r e the Eu rop e an J e w s,
un de r H a dria n , 2 , 4 08 .
5 ,
66 2 3 — .

at Li bos n, 4 , 5 05 .

See a l so under Abb ass i de C a

at F rr r
e a a, 4 , 61 5 .

l ip h a t e , t h e ; By z a n ti n e E m
E a st , th e , c o v r io
n e s ns to J uda
pir e, th e
i sm i n , 2 , 3 8 3
.

m an g
.

E a st , t h e , t h e R o v ern o rs
E ast , t h e, th e e mp i re of . S ee
o

By z n t i E mp i r of S ee Am a n t ius ; Bo n o s us
th e
. .

a ne e, .

E a st , t h e , t h e J ew s o f , a ff e ct ed E as t I n di a C o mp an y , t h e , J e w s

by I sl am t h e ology , 3 , 1 48 . in t e re s e d t in , 4 , 6 7 7 .
2 58 I USTO R Y OF TH E p a s v
E as t er th e da t of fix
e e d, 2, E bi on i es t ( E b io n im ) th e , fol
—
, , ,

5 63 4 . lo w r f J u 2 1 68 3 66
e s o es s, , , .

to b c l br t d b fore e e a e e e th e comm u i t 2 220 n s s, , .

P ov r 3 1 3
a ss e , ,
. di pp r c of 2 3 7 3
sa ea an e , ,
.

t x to b p i d t by J w 3, u Ak y l Script ur t r
’
a e a a , e s, se l as e an s a

5 10 . tio 2 3 8 7 n, ,
.

E ast rti d tt ck upo n J w

e e a a s e s, m rg d i to t h C tholic n e a

c 3 1 7 3—
e e

i Fr n 4 an e, ,
.
Ch urch 2 5 00 , , .

i B ezi r 3 3 9 4
n e s, , .
S und r J wi h Chr i ti
ee e e s s an s ,

i Pr g u 4 1 6 4
n a e, , .
t h ; J ud Chri ti
e th ae a n s a n s, e .

i M jorc
n 4 24 6
a a, , .
E cb t n t k
a a by Cyr u 1 a, a en s, ,

i Tr t 4 298
n en , ,
.

3 42 .

E a t rti d
s e J w forb idd n to e, e s e
go dd of lov wor hip ed
the e ss e s
pp r i n p ub l i c dur in g by
a ea ,
i n , 1 , 4 08
t h Co u cil of O rl
.

3 37
e n s e an s , ,
.

E ccl e sia s e s , t Book th e of , hol i

by t h Co u c il f Maco 3 e n O n, ,
n e ss of di c u d s sse in the
—
,

3 9, 1 7 1
Sy n h e drio n , 2 , 3 4 3 4
.

by t h Fo urth L t r Co ue a e an n
e xpo itio of by s n Sa mu l e I bn
cil 3 5 1 0 , , .

T ib b o n , 3 ,
,

398
by t h Co u cil of N rbo
.

3
e n a n ne, ,
comm t ry by N t h i l
en a on, a an e
5 18 .

of B g d d 3 4 4 2 a a
by Co u cil B ez i r
.
, ,
th e n Of e s, 3,
E ccl i tic u t h B ok o f by
e s as s, e o

u Sir ch 1 4 3 9 —
,
5 82 .

J es 41s a
by co d of lfo o X , , .

th e A ns 3,
e ,
co i d r d pocryph l
ns e e a a ,
5 95 .

tr l t d i to G r k 2 3 5 9
an s a e n ee
ti bo 3 63 5 , , .

in R a n,
E ci j t h J w of p r c ut d 4
s , .

a, e e s e se e
by E ug i u I V 4 25 0 en s , , .

17 0
, , ,

by H ry I V of C til 4 27 8
en as e, ,
.

E ek , Dr
oh n writ
.

g i t J es a a ns
E b l mo u t i d crib d 1 4 5
.
,

4 5 46—
a n a n, es e
J w
, , , .

th e 7 e s,
Eb n R och n ” pol mic by , .

e a e

Sh m Tob b Ie c Sh p -
,

en sa a a
cc u tio
a of r p t d by
sa ns , e ea e

rut , 4 , 1 42
L uth r 4 5 4 8 5 4 9 5 5 0 e , , , , .

g r d of m ppli d
.

Ed en a en na e a e
E b en ha E -
z r
e s c
of b ttl en e a es
, ,

b tw e e en Is
,

r lit d Phil
ae es an
to P r di 1 4 04 a a se , , .

Ed a
e ss d troy d 2 3 9 8 es e
i s t i n e s , 1 , 7 0, 7 8 , .
, ,
.

E b e rard, Ma gi s t e r J udae o rum ,

th Chri t i
e of p r c ut d s an s , e se e ,

un de r Lo ui s the us 3 , Pio 2 , 5 24 .

1 61 .
the J w of m cr d 2 5 9 9
e s ,
a ssa e , ,
.

an d the b hop of Lyo

is n s, 3, t k by N ur ddi 3 3 49
a en e n, ,
.

E dict b i hi g t h J w from an s n e e s

—
,

E b rh r d v n Cl v Domi ic
e a o e e, n an S p i 4 3 4 7 8 a n, ,
.

provi ci l compl i of t h n a , a ns e E di ct of G r c th for M rr a e, e, a a

t r tm t of h i or d r 4
ea en s e n o s, 4 , 315
465 —
.

, ,

6 . Ed l e s, Sa mu l e ,
T lm udi t a s ,
4,
E b i n i m ( D l l im )
o di c i pl f a , s es O 7 03 .

I i h 1 25 4
sa a , , . E do m . S ee I du ma ea n s , th e .
2 60 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

E g y pt ,
th e w of c l br t
J e s ,
e e a e E g y pt , th e J udae an s of ( co n
two da y of t h w moo e ne n, t in ned) to l br t u rg ed ce e a e

Ch uk h 2 6—
s -

7
an a , , .

r b l g i t Tr j
e e a a ns a an , 2, 3 9 4, pro p ro u u d r Cl op tr
s e s n e e a a

3 95 —
8 . d Ptol my V I I I 2 1 2
an e , , .

h il t h M hom t
a e a e a n s as lib r e d vot d to t h
e c u of O ct
e e a se a

t r a 3 8 8—
9o s, ,
. vius , 2 , 1 02 .

in th t w lfth c t urye e en , 3 , 443 co trol n the N il h rbor

e a s, 2,
5 . 1 02 .

gov r d by N g id 3 4 4 3
e ne a a m k a e an n ua l pilgr im g a es to
l ck of c ult ur of 3 4 4 4—
, .
,

a 5 e , , . r u l m 2 220
J e sa e , ,
.

pilgrim g of 3 4 4 5 a es , , . go to J r u l m for t h P e sa e e as s

u d r S l di
n e 3 4 61 a a n, , . ov r f 66 2 25 1 e o , , .

lit urgy of ch g d by M i an e a E gypt i an th c ult ur of 1 8 s, e, e

3 4 65 —
, , , .

m id on 6 e s, , . p th o of 1 9
an e n , , .

exhort d to t bli h chool e es a s s s, l v t h I r lit 1 1 1

en s a e e s ae e s, , .

5 . 6 63 . r f u to l ib r t t h I r l
e se e a e e s ae

E gypt t h J ud an of pr ct ic it 1 1 6 17
—
e ae s a e e s,

i dol try 1 3 26—

-

, , , .

7 a , , . at t h e R e d Se a , 1 , 1 8 19 .

ne gl ct d u d r Am i 1
e e n e as s, E h ud, j udg ro ut e, s the Mo a bit e s
60—
, ,

3 27 . 1, 1 .

se ttl m t of e en , en co ur g a e d, 1. E i b e s ch ut z ,
t h an ( 1 6 9 0J on a

5 03 . di cipl of N h mi h
s e e e a

e q u li ty of with
a , the G r k ee s, h yo
O a n, 5 ,
21 8 .

1 , 5 03 . s uppo d se Sa bb t i a an , 5 ,
229 ,
alli c of o ugh t by Syri
an e s an s 24 8
—
.
,

d E gypti
an 1 5 03 4 an s, ,
-

. ea rly uc a tio n of 5 , 246

ed , 7 .

f ithf ul to t h Ptol mi
a e e es, 1, as a T a lm udi s t 5 , 24 7 , .

my tici m of 5 248
—
5 04 . s s , .
,

occ up t io of 1 a ns 5 04 5 w k ea of t h ch r ct r of
n e ss e a a e

5 24 8 —
, , . ,

Gr k l r i n g of
ee ea n , 1 , 5 05 . 9 ,
.

espo u t h c u se e a se Of Ptol my e ast ch r in Pr g u 5 249

ea e a e, , ,

V I, 1 , 5 07 . 25 0 .

r cog i z
e n e On i as IV as eth excomm u ic t th S bb n a es e a a

n a rch , 1, 5 07 . ti 5 249 an s, , .

crific i t h T mpl of
sa e n e e e cl m cy how tow r d 5
e en s n a s,

24 9 —
,

O i 1 5 09 n a s, , . 50 .

m i t i co ctio with t h
a n a n nne n e i i t rco ur
n n w ith J uit 5
e se es s, ,

T mpl t J ru l m
e 1 e a e sa e , , 25 0 .

5 09 ; 2 , 5 2 . obt a in s th e r igh t of pr i ti n g n

pl wi th
e a se d th e Se pt u g i t a n th e T lm ud 5 25 0a

1 5 1 1—
, , ,
.

12 ,
. an d th r bb in t of M t z
e a a e e ,
5 ,

origi t t h na e e se rmo n, 1 , 5 15 . 25 1 .

di p ut
s w ith e the Sa m rit a an s, acc u d of t r o 5 25 2
se e as n, , .

1 , 5 17 . i t rc d
n for t h J w of
e e es e e s

i form d of the i nd p c Mor vi d Boh m i 5

—
n e e e n de n e a a an e a, ,

of J ud zr a , 1 , 5 22 3 . 25 3 .
 I N DE X . 261

E i b e s ch ut z , J o n at h an ( conti nued) , Ei g h t n Th i n g T h ee d s, e, e

cl r d tr itor 5 25 3
de a e a a , , . cr d by t h ee chool of e s

pop ul r i M t z 5 25 3 a n e , ,
. Sh mm i 2 27 0 a a , , .

r bb i of t h
a thr comm u i e ee n p rmi tt d by J ud h I I 2
e e a

4 8 3—
, ,

ti 5 25 4 2 5 6
e s,
”
, , . 4 .

di trib ut
s a m ul t 5 25 7 es e s, , ,
Ei n se h th acJ w of dur i g
, e e s , n

26 0 .
th Bl ck D th p r u
e a ea e se c

ca ll d by
e on E md en to cl r ea t io 4 1 09 n s, , .

him lf of se the ch rg ofa e

Ei nm ng r
se J hn eA n dr w e , o e ,

Sab b a t i a n i s m , 5 25 8 H br i t r viv e th bloo d

a s , e es e
, .

s u ppo rt ed by h i s dis cipl es , 5, cc u tio 5 1 8 7

a sa n, , .

25 8 , 25 9
t itl of t h book by g ai t
e e , a ns

J w
.

th 5 1 88
c aus e of espo u d by se th e
e e s, , .

“
th r
,

comm u i t i ch rg a r i d g i t th
es a se a a ns e

J w by 5 1 8 8—
”
5
—
ee n e s, ,
e 9 s
260 1 , .
,

work of uppr d 5 1 90
.

oppo n t en s of e xco mmun i , s e s se , , .

d th of 5 1 90
,
ea , , .

c a t e d, 5 , 26 1
J ud i m U m k d
.

S e e a s n as e
p u is bl h e s an e n cycl i l ca , 5 . 26 1 “E i n m n g r t h S c n d an
se e e e e o
.

2 .

p l tt r t Ficht
O en by e e o e,
in i vt ed to e x ulp t h im lf
c a e se ,
S ul A h r 5 4 63
a s e , , .

5 , 262, 263 E k r n Phili ti city 1 5 4

x omm u ic t d 5 26 3 —
.
o , s ne , , .

e c 4 n a e , , .
l ft i t h po
e ion of t h e ss e s s n e
c u of
a po u d by om
se , es se s e Phili ti 1 1 17 s n e s, , .

r bb i 5 264
a s, , .
c n t r of B l z b ub wor hip
e e aa -
e s ,

of ubm it t d t t h k i g
a se , s e o e n 1 , 207 .

of D m rk 5 26 5 268 269 en a , , , , . giv en to J o th na an H ap h us , 1 ,

l tt r to
e f rom E z ki l L
e e e an 49 6

d u 5 26 5 —
.
,

a 6 , , .
fo rtifi d by t h Syr i l 5 29
e e an s , , .

a ssoci t h i m lf w ith a
a es se n
E l h ki g of I r
a ,
l di ip tio n
n s ae , ss a

po t t 5 267
a s a e,
d d th of 1 1 9 2
an ea , , .

, .

E l A ri h t k by N pol o n 5
p rot ct d by t h p ri c of
e e e n es
-
s , a en a e , ,

Brun wi ck 5 267 —
45 9
8
.

s , ,
i h th v r of E gypt
.

E l Ar s e ri e
b fo r r bb i i c l ourt 5
-

, ,
e e a a n a c

268— 9 .
, ,
bou d ry n a un d r D v id
e 1 a , ,

1 29
p ubl i h
.

d f s 5 27 0 es a e e n se , , .

E l t h por t
a on t h e R e d Se a , 1,
uppo d to b c r t Ch ri ,
s se e a se e s
1 7 0, 1 7 1 , 1 7 7 , 23 0 .

t i an , 5 27 0
, .

E l ch a n an b e n I s a ac , de s c d t
en an
a g ain a ckn owl dg d r bbi e e a of
of h
R as i , To s s a fi st , m rtyr a ,

th e th r c omm u itiee n e s,
”
5 , 3 , 4 04 .

27 1 .
l
E da d, K r it a a e, ad e n v t ur e r, 3,
an d Fr k i t 5 28 9
th e an s s, , .
182 .

di tr u t of 5 28 9
s s , , .
S pr e a ds of t h J w
th e n ew s e e

E ic h h rn x g t 5 623 69 5
o , e e e e, , , .
i sh Gh z r ki g dom 3 220
a a n .
, ,

E i gh t n B n edi t i n
ee S e B e c o s . e e l
E de r, t itl of t h or d i d 2
e e a ne , ,

rach o t h . 3 61 .
2 62 H S OR I T Y ‘

OF TH E J EWS .

l r Co u cil of t h form d
E de s, n e, e l E l z r b A z ari ah pr id t
ea a en , es en

by Mo 1 25 4 3 ses , , . of t h Sy h dri 2 3 42
e n e on, ,
.

El n or moth r of E dw r d I
ea ,
e a , vic pr i d t of t h Sy h
e -
es en e n e

ho til to t h J w 3 64 1
s e e e s, , , dri o 2 3 45 n, , .

an d Fl vi u Cl m n 2 3 87
a s e e s, , ,

E l e an o r wi f of , e Ed w rd I f v a , a 3 89 , 3 9 2 .

o r b l y i cli
a n ned to t h J w e e s, i fl u c of n N rv a 2
n en e o e 3 92 .
, , ,

3 , 64 4 .
El z r b n D in ai Z lo t l
ea a e ,
ea e a de r ,

E l or a wif of Lo ui V I I of
e an , e s 2 , 23 8 .

Fr c ccomp i him an e, a an e s on
xt rmi t
e e n a es the Sa m a ri an s t
th co d cr u d 3 3 4 9
e se n sa e, , .
of A r b c a at e n e , 2 , 24 3
c mp of J ud M cc
.

El
E l a z ar b n cob i cipl of
a
e as a as a a
, e e J a , d s e
b u t 1 48 6as s a , , .
Akib 2 a, 43 3
b ttl of J ud M cc , .

th
E l az r b n gr o of
e a e as a a
J a i r, a n ds
,
e a e n
b u f ll i 1 4 87
ae s a s n, , .

J ud of as Ga lil ee, l e a de r of
El z r G lil
ea a J ud , p r a ae a n ae a n , e
t h e Sic a ru, 2 , 23 9
of Adi b
.

u d I t ene
s a es z a es a
fl from J r u l m 2 26 1
ees e sa e
to b circ umci d 2 21 7
.
, ,
e se , , .

comm d r of M d 2 292
an e asa a,
El z ar high pr i t
ea ,d th es , an e
8 16
, ,

S pt u gi t 1 5 1 4
.

e a n

El z r J wi h n m of Bi hop
ea a
, , .

E l z r b n J e h uda ( R k h )
ea a e o e ac ,

Bo do 3 1 69
, e s a e s
K bb li t t t h M y c
a a s , a e a en e

El z r
ea a
,

of D v id w rrior
one
, .

a
’
s a s,
y od 3 5 17
s n , , .

E l a z ar b n J
,
e l H al v i ( Ab i
e oe e
1 , 1 16
E z r i) T lm udi t at t h
.

a
E l a z ar f An t i c h r f us to
e o o , e es
M y c y od 3 5 1 7
, s , e

a en e s n
crific to t h G r k go d
sa e e ee s,
, , .

1 , 45 6
El ea z ar b n J p h of Ch in o e o se n,

m rtyr 4 49
.

E l z ea ar of Mo di n m e mb e r of ,
a , ,
.

the J a m i n a Sy n h e drio n , 2,
El ea z r b n J p h ( b n Ch l
a e o se e a

357 .
ft )
a accomp i, S imo a an e s n

b h i to R om
'

pr y for R th r 2 4 1 7
a s e a
J
en oc 2 4 49 a e, ,
.

—
, , .

cc u d E l e a ar b n K a l i r t h
z gr t t
e e ea e s

3 1 1 6—
a se
py 2 4 1 7 18 as a s , , .
,

El z r b n A n i a l d r of
ea a e na s, ea e
f th p
O t e 1 7 245 oe a n s, , , .

th Z lot 2 25 6
e ea s, , .
po try of r ugg d 3 223
e , e , , .

bri g bo ut t h r upt ur w ith

n s a e e
E l a z ar b n P ir
e Ph r i
e r o a, a se e , e

R om 2 25 8—9 e, , .
prov J oh H yr u 2 3 2
es n ca n s, , .

r l tio of to t h l d r of
e a ns e ea e E l a z ar b n Sh am ua t a ch r of
e e e e

Sic rii 2 26 0—
, ,

th e 1 a , , .
J ud h I 2 4 5 1a , , .

d t roy esth R om g r ri o n s e an a s El ea z r b n Sim n Z lot

a e o , ea

of J r u l m 2 26 1 e sa e , , . l d r tr ur r of t h
ea e , e as e e

di i t r t d
s n of 2 26 1
e es e n e ss , , . T mpl 2 27 0 1 3 01
e e, ,
-

, .

gov r n or of I dum
e 2 27 0 aea , oppo d to t h Sy h dri 2
se e n e on ,

293—
, .
,

E l az ar b n A r ch
e di cipl of e a , s e 4 .

J h n b
oc Z kk i 2 3 24
an a en a a , , , E l a z ar
e b n Si mo n (b e en

3 26 . J h oc) r pro ch
aI th S
, e a es e a

tr i esto es t bli h
a s a s chool at m rit n a wi th h v i g al
a s a n

E mm a us 2 , , 3 34 . t e re d t h e Law , 2 , 4 5 7 .
2 64 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

E l i a L vi t a ( 1 4 68
s gr m
e a E l i z r b H y r an u
e e en c s co ntin ued
m ri t ch r of Chri
a an , ea e s I xcomm u ic t d
e n a e , 2, 3 3 9 4 0, -

ti 4 4 7 1 5 07
an s , , , . 3 47 —
8 .

p upil of 4 4 7 2 de vot io n of to tr di t io a n, 2,
3 4 6—
s , ,
. ,

p ubli h H br w gr mm r
s es 3 e e a a , 7 35 6 , .

4 , 47 2 .
c ll d Si i 2 3 4 7
a e na , , .

m diocr i ty of 4 4 7 2
e , , . oppo d t o G m li l I I 2
se a a e , ,
3 47 .

on th cc t d vo w l
e a en s an e en d of 2 3 4 8 , ,
.

ig 4 4 7 2 3
s n s, ,
-

. b an r mov d from 2 3 5 0
e e , ,
.

d clie t o go to Fr a c 4
ne s n e, s uppo d t ch r f Akib se ea e O a, 2,
47 3—
,

4 .

est bli h a H br w pr st es 3 e e e ss a an d th e J e wi h Chri t s s i an s, 2,

I y 4 47 4
sn , ,
. 37 0 .

gr dchil dr of po t t 4
an en , a s a e s, , on the ad mi io of pro lytss n se e s,

5 64 . 2, 3 8 4 .

E li as Mi z r a ch i ( 1 45 5 ra b an d Ak y l a s 2 , 3 8 5 , .

bi f Co t ti opl ch r
o n s an n e, a mo ur ns fo r Ga m li l a e I I, 2,
act r d tt i m t of 4
e an a a n en s , ,
4 04 .

4 02 3 — . co d m t h i tr uctio of
n e ns e ns n

f e ud of w ith , th e K r it
a a e s, 4, wom i t h L w 2 4 7 4 en n e a , ,
.

4 03 . comp r d with Ch mi b r a e a na a

prot ct e s th e K r it a a e s, 4 , 4 03 Ch m 2 4 9 1 a a, ,
.

4 . Eli z r e K p li
e R bb ni t a sa ,
a a e

l
E ia s Mo n t a l t o phy s ic ia n , , e m t ch r of K r i t 4 27 0
ea e a a e s, ,
.

ploy
by Chri ti 4 65 3ed s an s, , . Eli z r e S e a l so und r E l
. z r ee e ea a

di ud ssP ul d Pi from
a es a e na d El
an z r ea e .

b comi g mo k 4 67 0
e n a n El jj h t h Ti hb it proph t
'

i a e s e, e

b uri d t O ud rk rk 4 67 2—3
.
, , , ,

e a e e , , . ch r ct r of 1 1 9 9
a a e , , .

phy ici to M ri d M di ci
s an a a e e , aN z rit 1 200
a a e, , .

4 , 67 3 di cipl s of 1 200 es

r b uk Ah b 1 202—
.
, , .

E l i h i b high pri t u t
as ,
es , co n en e 3 es a , , .

m rr i g
a n ce s b tw a a es e een ann ou c f mi 1 203 n es a a ne , , .

J ud d S m rit ae a n s an a a an s , 1, m b l t h pri t of B l
a s se es e es s aa

1 203 —
,

3 62 . 4 , .

in fr i dl y comm u ic tio en n a n fl from J z b l 1 204

ees e e e , , .

w ith t h S m rit 1 383 e a a an s , , . i tr uct d to oi t J h u 1

ns e an n e , ,

di m i d by
s N h mi h 1
s se e e a , , 204 .

choo se s E li h s a as h is s u cc es

E iel z r e b e n H y rca n us , d i cipl s e s o r, 1 , 207 .

O f J o ch a n a n b e n a Z kk i 2 a , ,
proph i es es th e de a th of Ah a .

3 26 . zi h 1 a , ,
207 .

t ch r of
ea e t h e Law at Ly dd a, di pp r
sa ea s, 1 , 207 .

2, r ult of
es the a ctivity of , 1,
oppo se s de ci i o
s ns by th e B th a 208 .

K O ], 2, 3 38 . pr c ur or of
e s th e Me ss i ah , 2,
broth r e -
ih l aw -
of Ga m li l
a e I I, 1 43 .

2, 339 . in t h e Zoh r a , 4 , 1 2, 1 6 .
 I N DE X . 2 65

lj
E i ah , di scip le s of, Na z rit
a e s, l
E ish a b en b
A uy a ( cont inued) ,

1 , 200 . a ss s s i t Ha dri an i n p e rs e c ut
p r c ut d by J z b l 1 201
e se e e e e , ,
. i n g t h e L aw , 2 , 4 26 .

v d by O b di h 1 201
sa e a a , , . an d Me i r , 2, 437 .

Mo u t C rm l 1 203
on n a e , ,
. da u ght r of e s , 2, 4 5 2 .

E lij h W i l n a ( 1 7 20
a dr w a s l
E i s h a G a l l a i co , m mb r of e e Ka
tt tio n to t h Script ur
a en e e s, ro s
’
r bbi ic l coll g
a n a e e, 4,
5 , 3 29 , 3 9 0 . 616 .

di i t r t d
s n of 5 3 89
e es e n e ss l
E i s h am a , k p r of t h li t ee e e s s,

cri t i c l pow r of 5 3 89—

, .
,

90
a e s , ,
. f vor ubmi io to N b u
a s s ss n e

simpl x g tic l m tho d of e e e e a e ,

e h a dn e z z a r, 1 , 3 05 .

5 ,
390 . E i l z b t h of Br u wick h
a e , ns , as

fo of for t h K bb l
n dn e ss e a a a, T mplo work tr l t d
e
’
s an s a e

5 3 9 0— —
, ,

1
, .
5 ,
1 14 15 .

s anl d r d by t h Ch i dim 5
e e e a ss , ,
E i l z b th of a e , En gl a n d, an d Ma
391 . ri a N ufi e s , 4 , 6 64 .

e xcomm u ic t n a es the G h ass i E k l an ah p l i of C Ka sa ,

an d a , i
dim , 5 ,
3 9 2, 3 9 3 . r an s om Sp i h xil s an s e e s, 4,
p r c ut
e se es th e Ch a ssidi m , 5 ,
3 64 .

394 . E l j udg 1 66
on, e, , .

E l ij h Z a evi, broth er of Sa bb a E l ul i ki g of Tyr ub du d

a ,
n e, s e

t ai , 5
'

,
1 45 . by Sh lm r l 263 a an e se , , .

high pr i t u d r
E l i o n ai , es ,
n e El U -
S U hz . ee s a .

Agripp I 2 1 9 8 a , , . E l v i ra S I l l ib ri
. ee e s .

El i h E s p u i h d for t h
a, sse n e , n s e e E l ym n th h v
ae a y s, e, a e a s na

u of T philli 2 424
se e n, , . gog u i J r u l m 2 201 e n e sa e , , .

E li h f th r of I hm l 2
s a, a e s ae , , El ym i f ll to N b p l
a s, r a s a o o a ssa ,

4 27 . 1 , 3 03 .

l
E i sh a, proph t ucc or to e , s e ss E m an ci p at i on of J ew s , the, ad

E lij h 1 207 a vo c a t e d by J oh Tol n a n d, 5 ,

—
, , .

ccomp i E lij h 1 208 197 8

—
a an e s a ,
.

,
.

liv Mo u t C rm l 1 208
es o n n a e ,
f vor d by Mir b
a e a ea u 5, , 433 4 .

J hor m 1 208 —
, .

h t a es 9 e a , , . accompli h d by s e th e Fr ch en ,

di cipl of
s ppoi t J h u ki g e , a n s e n 5 ,
45 9 .

of I l 1 21 0 s ra e , , u rg ed by Mich l B ae e rr, 5,
—
.

po itio of comp r d with E l i

s n , a e 4 60 1 , 5 27 .

j h 1 21 7 —1 8
a
’
s, , . oppo se d by Ficht 5 4 62 e, ,
.

i S m ri
n 1 21 8
a a a, , .
d p e e n de n t th t of Fr c h
on a en

r p ct d by J ho h of I r l
es e e e as s ae ,
J e w s, 5 ,
4 80 .

1 , 223 4 -
. f vor
a ed by D lb rg 5 5 04 a e , , .

i flu c
n en e of , on J e ho h as , l ,
f vor
a ed by H r d b rg a en e , 5 ,

225 . 5 07 .

E l i sh a b en A b uy a (A ch r ) e ,
f vor
a ed by D m rk en a 5 5 19,
tea ch r of e the L aw , poa s 5 31 .

t at e , 2 , 3 5 8 , 3 7 7 ad voc t d b for t h Co gr
a e e e e n e ss

of Aix l Ch p ll 5 5 25 —
.

th e o oph i
s st , 2, 381 .
7 -
a -
a e e, ,
.
2 66 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

E m an c i p at i n o f J ew t h ( con o s, e E m an cip at i on of the F re n ch

t in u d) f vor d by Al x
e ,
a e e an J ew s, the ( conti n ued) , dis
de r I , 5 ,
5 27 .
cu sse d by the Na tio n a l As
urg d by I t li
e a an J e w s, 5 5 27 .
se mb ly 5 , ,
43 9 41 -

advoc t d by Z u a e nz ,
5 ,
6 21 .
f vor d by t h h ro of t h
a e e e es e

hi dr c to i
n an es n J u da s i m 5 R vol utioe 5 441 n, ,

oppo itio to 5 4 4 1 —2
.

, , ,

s n
67 5 .
, , .

compl t d by t h F br u ry
e e e e a
eq uivoc l d ci io 5 442 a e s n on , ,
.

r vol utio 5 6 9 6 7 gr t d to t h Port ug u

an e e e se

ctio 5 4 4 2—
e n s, ,
-
.

3 444 5
S al
ee Citiz hip so en s
se n, , ,
-
.

ubj ct of p titio t t h
.

Em cip tio n of t h Au tri s e a e n o e

an a e s an
N tio l A mbly 5 4 4 3
J w th e by J o ph I I 5
s, e, se
a na sse , , .

35 7—
, ,
b for t h P ri Comm u 5
e e e a s ne, ,
8 .

—4 43 5
E m n cip t i n of t h B d —
.

a a o e a en
A b b e Mulot o n, 5 443 4
J w , .

th e 5 5 02 3
s, ' e,
-

Em cip t i o of t h B v ri
an a n
,

e
.

a a an
oppo sed by t h e D ue de Brog
by D uport 5 4 4 7 —
l ie , 5 4 47
J w p rti l 5 5 08 ,
.

th e s, e a a

E m n cip t i o n
a of t h D utch
a
,

e
,
.

ad vo t ca e d 8 , , .

p a s se d by t h N tio l A e a na s
J w the c l br t d b v
s, e, e e a e
se mb l y 5 , 4 48
Fri drich f l d 5 4 00
e s e , , .

c l br t d by B rr I c B rr
e e a e
,

e
.

s aa e

5 4 4 8—
promot d by Fr ch victori e en e s,
9
,

,
.

5 45 2
,
.

r cog i z d by t h C t it u
e n e e ons
O ppo se d by V an Sw ie de n , 5
tio of t h Dir ctory 5 4 5 2
—
,
n e e , , .

45 3 4 .

en d g r d 5 47 6
an e e ,
oppo d by r pr t tiv
, .

se e e se n a e
obj ct d t o by B l d 5
e e ona

4 7 8—
,
Am t r d m J w
,

5s 45 4 e a e s,
9
.
,

of 5 4 5 4—5
.

J wi h
e dvoc t s a a es , , .
l i d b for N pol o
a co u
e e a e n s
’
n
Ch ri ti bj ctio
s to 5an O e ns , , cil 5 47 9 , ,
.

45 5 6 d t rmi th t of J w i n
-

e e nes a
.

e s
f vor d by
a e N o el , 5 ,
45 6 .
oth r co u tri 5 4 8 0
e n e s, , .

p d by
a s se the Na tio l na AS advoc t d by B ug t 5a e4 80 e no , , .

se mb l y 5 , ,
45 6 .
Oppo d by N pol o 5 4 8 0
se a e n, .
,

d o es not de ligh t the J e w s, 5 , urg d by R ge ult d Seg ur e na an

— 5 , 4 8 0—
,

45 6 7 . 1 .

E m ci p a t i o n of t h E gli h
an e n s g u r t d by N pol o 5
a an n, 492
5 3 3 6—
ee a e , .

J w th
e s, 8 4 3 0 69 8 e, , , , . c urt il d by N pol o
a e a e n, 5 ,

di c u s d i P rli m
s se t 5 n a a en 4 98 9 —
—
, , .

601 .
r Lo
un de uis V I I I 5 , 5 24 X , 5 .

voc t d by O co ll 5 65 3
ad a e
’
nne , , . c rt l
u a i e d un de t h e u r Bo rbo n s,

E m n cip t i o n of t h
a Fr kfort
a e an 5 ,
5 96 .

J e w s, th e, 5 ,
5 05 . co i d rns e ed by Lo ui Philipp s e,

d i cus s se d in the Se n a t e, 5 ,
5 ,
5 97 .

5 98 . ad voc t a ed by M r l h e i o u, 5 ,

E m an cip t i a on of the Fr ch en 5 97 .

J e w s, th e, promot ed bv compl t e ed in t h e Ch amb r of e

C rf B rr
e e , 5 , 430 43 1 , . P r ee s, 5 , 5 97 .
2 68 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

E md en , J a cob ( co nti n ued) ,

re En d or c mp of G i d o 1 62 a e n, , .

f ut e s f S ul c mp 1 1 03
’
E ib e sc h iit z s de e n se , a s a , , .

5 ,
27 0 .
th w itch of 1 1 03
e , , .

a pp l ea e d to by t h Poli h r b e s a E n m y of t h
e J w Th e e s, e,

27 7 — Pf ff rkor co d p m ’
b is , 5 , 8 e e n s se n a

phl t 4 4 27 —
.

xpo
e se s th Zoh r e for a as a 8 e , , .

g ry 5 27 8e , ,
. E n g di Ea c t r 2 25
,
sse n e en e , , .

sanctio Fr ki t p r u ns an s e se c E g l
n fri d of M d l oh
e ,
en en e ss n,

tio 5 27 8 ns, ,
. 5 ,
37 2 .

tri umph t 5 28 9 an gl an d r bb i of migr t to

En a s e a e

J r u l m 3 5 05 —
, ,
.
, ,

r f r t h S chw ri J w to
e e s e e n e s e 6 sa e , , .

M d l oh 5 3 1 8
en e ss n, ,
. M rr o u ki dly r c iv d
a an s n n e e e

ppo
O M d l ohse s th en e ss n on e i n , 4 , 5 09 .

ubj ct of h ty b uri l 5
s e as a s tr uggl for r l igio u fr
es e s ee

3 1 8— 5 25 —
, ,

19 . d m i
o 8 n, , .

E md Port ug u
en , M rr o e se a an s J e w gr du lly
s t bli h a a es a s

rriv t 4 6 6 5
a e a , ,
. th m lv i 5 4 9—
e 50
se es n, , .

J w e tol r t d i 4 68 6
s e a e n, ,
. an om lo u po itio of J w
a s s n e s

Em k h e B ch by J o ph b a -
a a, se en in , 5 ,
50 .

J o h u Coh s 4 5 9 0 608 a en , , ,
.
a mb or f i t rc d for
as s a d O ,
n e e es

Em e s a, tiv tow of J uli na e n a th Mor vi e d Boh a an an e

Dom 2 4 6 8 n a, , . mi J w 5 25 3 an e s, ,
.

E mi h c S E mm r ich
o . ee e . th fir t co u try to m i
e s n e an e

E mi m d c d
,
t of t h A es en an s e na p t t h J w 5 430
a e e e s, , .

kim d R ph im 1 2 an e a , , . i th
n Q u dr upl Alli c 5
e a e an e, ,

E mm au ( Gim ) Sy h dri n
s so ,
n e o 65 8 .

t bl i h d t 2 7 1
es a s e a , ,
. En gl an d t h J ,
e ew s o f , prot ct d e e

b ur t 2 1 26 n , ,
. duri g t h n e se co d cr u d n sa e,

ff ort t o t bli h
e d es a s an a ca e 3 ,
35 6 .

my t 2 3 3 4 a , , . pro p ro u s e s un de r H e n ry I I 3 , ,

d troy d by
es rth q u k e an ea a e, 4 09
— r ich r d I 3 4 09—
.

2 , 4 08 9 . un de R 16 a , , .

E mm r i ch ( E m i h ) of L i i
e c o , e n n b R ich r d
a us e d a t coro a
’
s na

g l d r of t h fir t u
en , ea e e s cr tio 3 4 1 0 1 1 n, -

cr of 3 4 1 2—
.
,

d m
sa cr t h J w 3
e, a ssa es e e s, m a ss a 16 e

3 4 1 6 5 04—
, , , .

3 03 . u d r J oh
n e 5 n, , , .

d i gr c f ul
s a e end of the c ru impri o d 3 5 05 s ne , , .

s a de rs un de r , 3, 3 06 . w r t h J w b dg 3 5 1 5
ea e e a e, , ,

a cc u sed b for
e e Hen ry IV , 3, 5 16 .

3 07 . h t cco u t of th ir u u
a ed o n a n e s
“ E mun o t h K bb li ti c work ” ri u r t 3 571
u d r H ry I I I 3 5 8 7 —
a a s o s a e s, ,
.
,

by Sh m T b b J o ph 4 e O en se , ,
n e 92 en , , .

197 . Chri ti ts p rmitt d t

an s no e e o

E m un o t h w e D eo t h , p h il o s o p h i
-
ll foo d to 3 5 8 8
se , , .

c al work by Sa a dia h 3, t x impo

a d 3 5 89 o n,

197 —
,
se , .

8 . ch rg a g i t 3 5 89 es a a ns , , .
 I I J LHZXL 2 69

En gl an d ,
th e w f (c n J e s o o En gl an d ,
th e re s e -
ttl m n t of e e

ti nn ed) ,
pl dg d to t h ki g
e e e n
’
s th e J ew s in ( c ont inued) , re a

broth r 3 e ,
5 90 . s o ns t t by M for , s a ed a n as

l 5 3 9—4 2
,

r trictio
es ns p ut on, by the h b
se I r en s ae

f vor d by Cromw ll 5 4 2—
, , .

Ch urch 3 , ,
5 90 . a e 3 e , , .

not p rmitt e ed to l v ea e Eng i n th h d of commi io

e an s a

5 4 3—
ss n,

l a n d, 3 , 5 9 1 . 5
, .

th ebloo d cc u tio pr f rr d a sa n e e e obj ctio to 5 4 4—5

e ns

5 45 —
, , .

g i t 3 5 91
a a ns l it r t ur
e a 6 e on,

u d r E dw r d I 3 6 4 0—
, .
,
, .

n e 6 a , ,
.
Enn th
s, J w of ch rg d with
e e s , a e

th t t ut of J ud i m p
e s a d e a s asse ho t d cr tio 4 223
s e se a n, , .

g i t 3 642
a a ns , ,
.
E no ch t h Bo k of K bb li tic
,
e o ,
a a s
ch rg d wi th co u t rf it i g
a e n e e n o urc 4 1 7
s e, , .

d clippi g coi
an 3 642 n n, , E n c h S p rt
o R bba it t ch o a, a an e ea
impri o d 3 6 42—3 6 4 5
.

s ne , , , .
r e f K r it o 4 27 0 a a e s, , .

forc d to li t t o Domi ic
e s en n an
E n ri q u z A to n i
e d G m z
,
n o e o e
rmo
.

3 64 3
E ri q u E ri q u z
se n s, , .

S P ee az n e n e
d o u c d to H o ori u I V 3
,

en n e n s , , de .

64 5 .

En R o-
g l pri g o uth of J r u
e s n s e
b i h
an s ed an d ill tr t -
e a e d, 3,
l m 1 1 14
,

64 5 6 — sa e , , .

En s h im e M of t h o se s, o ne e
ta k r f ug i Fr c G
e e e n an e, er
M fi m m th m tici
eas
,

d a e a an , a n
m y Sp i
,
3 64 6
an a n,

m cip tio of dvoc t d

, , .

th m cip tio of t h
e e an a n e
e an a n a a e 5
1 97 —
8
, , ,
Fr ch J w 5 4 01 4 5 0
en e s, , , .

i h im t ow r of M r of
.

Ens
' '

s e e ei
p y th
a li duty 5 3 3 7 e a en , , .

R oth b urg mpr o d i

en
,

i is
,

ne n,
urg th i r m c ip tio
e e e an a n, 5 ,
3 , 639 .

337
nat ur liz tio of 5
.

a a n 3 37 —
8
E u So f ,
-
t itl of e G o d in t h e K ab
,
b l
.
,
550
a a,
u d r Poli h i fl u c
f 3 5 5 0—
5 558
.

n e s n en e, ,
m tio
.

1
em ncip tio of 5 601
a a n 65 3,
e an a ns O , , .

6 98
, , ,

i nth Zoh r 4 1 4 e a , ,
.

of h v 5 1 24
.

th
act in t h e D m cu a as s a ff a i r 5
e so n ea en .

E p h r im
6 4 4— 65 1 —
En V id l
-
a G run di a e
5 2 ,

r bbi of M jorc 4 1 62
.
,

p ublic pirit d of 5 -
s e n e ss , , 7 03 .
a a a, , .

n umb r of 5 7 03 e , ,
.
m rtyr 4 1 7 1
a , , .

E n gl n d t h e r
a ttl m e se-
e en t of
E u Z g V i d l d T ol
-
a r bbi a e o s a, a ,
,

J w i n pro p ct of
e s ,
s e s ,
5 ,
18 c l um i t d 4 1 5 5
a n a e , ,
.

19 .
Ep n
ao th co u cil of forbi d
e, e n ,
s

s u gg t es ed by M i ic hop e s s an e s,
Chri ti to t k p rt in
s an s a e a

5 ,
28 .
J wi h b e qu t 3 37s an e s, ,
.

ne go t i at i o ns f o r, i t rr upt
n e e d, Ep e d l Ab b e
e, e t i ip t d ’
, ,
an c a e

5 , 34 .
by P r ir 5 3 4 3 e e a, , .

b fo r hort P rli m t E ph D mi m c f D v id
’

e th e S en es -
a s ene o a s
e a a ,
,

5 , 34 .
victory ov r Goli th l 9 7 e a , , .

th e s u bj e ct of thr ee p t i t io
e n s, E ph u es Gr k Ch ri t i n com
s, a ee -
s a

5 , 35 .
m u i ty in 2 227 n , , .
2 70 H I STO R Y OF TH E J EW S .

E ph es us ( c o n t i nued) chi f , e se a t E pic ur u t ach in g of s, e s , ac e c pt ed

of the P g a an Chri ti s a n s, 2, in J udma 1 , , 4 29 .

367 . E p ip h a n e s , so n of An tioch u of s

E p h o ro s , J e wi h ov r r i s e see n C o mm a g e n e , a ffi d to
a n ce

G r c ee e, M c do i I llyri
a e n a, a, Dr u ill 2 1 9 5 23 5 s a, , , .

3 , 27 . E p i tl s t th H br w
es th o e e e s, e,

E phr i m t h a ,
e t ri b e of , in co n urg t h p r t io of J w
e e se a a n e

t ct w itha th e E gypti an s , 1, i h Chri ti

s from J w 2 s an s e s, ,

1 37 1 .

t k B th ] 1 34
a es e e , , . p
E ist o la e O b s c uro rum V iro rum ,

cl im t h c t r l l n d of
a s e en a a s by Crot u s R ub i a n us , a

C 1 35— 6
an a a n , , . R e uch l in i s t work 4 4 6 1 —2 , , .

D i t 1 39 L tt r of O b c ur t
‘

an d th e an es, , . S ec e e s s an

hol d mbl i st Sh i loh 1

asse es a , , i st s .

41 . E ra s use d by th e J ew s, 1 , 4 17
O ppo t rm rri g with
se s in e a a es 2 , 1 3 4 ; 3 , 4 3 3 ; 4 , 3 9 4—
5 .

the h th 1 56 ea en, ,
. E r muas s, as hu m i t an s , 4, 4 3 2,
k p wor hip r from Shiloh
ee s s e s , 43 3 .

l ,
57 . s u ppo d se a ut h or of t h e Le t
a ss s s i t E h ud g i t t h Mo b a a ns e a t r of
e s O b c ur ti t
s an s s,
”
4,
it 1 6 0es , . 462 .

in co flict with Mn h 1 a n a ss e , , on h tr a ed O f th e J e w s 4 4 62
6 3. 3 .

a tt ck a ed by th e A mmo it n e s, in t h e p tomim
an e on th e R ef
1 , 64 . or m a t io n , 4 , 4 68 .

q u rr l wi th
a e s J phth h 1
e a , ,
65 .
B r a vi . S ee Ai rvi .

oppr d by e sse th Phi li ti

e s n e s, E rf urt , r f ug of Archbi hop e e s

1, 71 . R ut h d of M y c 3 3 07 ar a en e, , .

not w el l d i pos se d tow r d a s Da E rf urt t h J w,

f p r c ut d e e s o , e se e ,

vi d, 1, 114 . 61 1 .

sid es w ith A b lom 1 sa , ,

1 40 . du ri g n th e Bl ck D th p r
a ea e se

p r e s ua de d to p r t se a a e from c ut io n s 4 , ,
1 09 .

olomo 1 1 7 6
S n, , .
E rf urt ,
r i ty f
t h e un i v e s o , co n

choo J robo m ki g ul t d r g r di g t h
—
ses e a as n ,
1, s e e a n e co n fi s ~

1 82 3 c tio of H br w book 4,
of 1 26 5 —
.
a n e e s,

end 6 , , .
43 7 , 4 4 1 .

E phr i m of Tyra h d f th e, ea O e th ologie of ctio t h an s ,

s an n e

J w of Tyr e 3 4 26
s e , , . b ur i g of t h Augn n e en

E phr im b a J cob of Bo n en a n pi g l 4 4 5 2
s e e , ,
.

( 1 132 T l m udi t a d a s n E rg a J o ph K bb li t d
s, se , a a s , e

li t urgic l po t 3 4 1 9 a e , , . n o un c e s C h ay o n , 5 , 227 .

E phr i m mo u t i
a d criptio ,
n a n, es n Erm g ar d pri c
en of N r e, n e ss a

of 1 4 5 , ,
. bo J w u d r 3 392
nne, e s n e , ,
.

E picr t g r l of Pto l my
a es , e ne a e
“E rror of t h Doctri of t h
s e ne e

V I I I fi ght g i t th J u
, s a a ns e Tri ity by Mich l S rv
n ,
ae '
e e

daean s . 2, 1 1 . t us , 4 , 5 4 1 .
272 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

Es tor i Parc h i n t h uff ri g , o e s e n Eu g en i pop usxhort IV e, e s

of t h Fr ch J w 4 4 8—9
,

e en e s, ,
. J u I I of Cantil to h um il i as e

migr t to P l ti 4 4 9
e a es a es ne, ,
. t th J w
a e 4 229 e e s, , .

on th K r it 4 7 2 e a a e s, , . h o t il t o t h J w
s 4 24 9 27 5
e e e s, , , .

Et ma pri g of upply t h
, s n s , s e co firm t h privil g
n of
s e e es

co d T mpl 1 4 21
se n e e, ,
. J ew s, 4 , 24 9 .

E t mp
a d Co u t prot ct t h
es ,
’
,
n e s e in flu c en ed by A lfo o ns de C a r
—
,

Fr ch J w 4 1 3 0 1 3 2
en e s, , , . t a g e n a , 4 , 249 5 0 .

E t r n l Pun i h m n t dogm
e a of s e ,
a , r viv
e es an ti J w i h
-
e s re s t ric
i th n K bb l 4 29 2 e a a a, , . tio n s, 4 , 2 5 0—
1 .

E thb l Iaa of Tyr lli d with ,

e, a e i ss ue s b ull g i t t h I t l
a a a ns e a

O mr i of I r l 1 194 s ae , ,
. i n J w
a 4 25 1 e s, , .

E thb l I I of Tyr v
aa l of ,
e, ass a an d J oh of C pi tr n o 4 n a s a , ,

N b uch d e zz r 1 3 04 a ne a , , . 25 7 .

r b le g i t N bu h d
e s a a ns e e a nez E ul aeus , g u r di n of Ptol my a a e

z a r, 1 , 3 06 . V o r ul E gypt 1 4 5 0
’
s s n s, es , ,
.

u rg es w ar a g i t
a ns N e b ue h a d E um n e ki g of P rg m u
e s, n e a s,

n e z z a r, 1 , 3 09 . procl im A tioch u a IV s n s

E th i c Th by Ar i totl tr a
s, e, s e, ns ki g f Syri 1 4 4 3
n O a, , .

l t d 4 1 93
a e E uo ym u of G d r
n
p h ils a a a, o so

d M ir 2 437 —
, .
,

by Spi o z 4 1 6 7 n a, ,
. ph r e , 8 an e
'

, ,
.

E th arch t h
n pri c of t h J u , e n e e E up h r a t th d pr d t io
e s, i e, e e a ns n

d i E gypt
ae a n s S Al b n . ec a th di trict of 2 5 27
e s , , .

rch t h
a , e . fortr c pt ur d by
e sse s on, a e

E th n a rch o ffi c of cr t d fo r ,
e , ea e H ul a g u 3 , 600 , .

th J ud e of t h N b ae a n s e a a Eu phr t a es, th e, d i tric t f s o ,

th e
th ki g dom 2 202
ae a n n , , .
J w e s of , r b l g i t
e e a a ns Tra
E th n rch t i tl
a f co f rr d , e o , n e e on ja n , 2 , 397 .

H y rc a n us I I 2, 66, 7 6 oppo se d by L uci u Q ui t u s e s 2

—
.
,

on Arch l u 2 1 27 e a s, , .
398 9 .

on th Pr i d t of
e es en th e Sy n in t h e t w lfth c n t ury
e e , 3 , 4 28
h e drio n , 2 , 3 6 0 .
33 .

E uc ae rus , ki g of Syri
n a, in v a de s S ec a l so under B bylo a n ia .

J udae a , 2 , 4 4 .
E up o l e m o s , J udae a n en voy to
forc d to r tr t 2 4 5
e e ea , , .
R om e, 1 , 485 .

B uch l Ie c A br h m I I
,
—
saa a a , e E up ra xi o s , By z ti an ne v ic roy e ,

br w tyl f 5 3 9 8
e s e O , , . Sa bb t a a1 Do n n o l o , phy ici s an

t bli h t h C h b t h Dor
es a s es e e ra to , 3 , 21 3 .

h s L ho u E b r 5 3 9 8
e es e E urop t of J ud i m i
e, the se a a s n
, , .

fo u d jo ur l 5 3 99
n s a na , , .
th tw lf t h c t ury 3 3 8 3
e e en , , .

m diocrity of 5 4 1 7
e , , .
E urop th J w
e, of i t h e e s , n e

fo u d r of t h
n S oci ty of
e ixth d v th c t ur i
s an se en en

3 24 —
e e e s,

Fri d 5 4 1 8 en s,
”
, . 5 , .

E ug i u I I I pop
en b olv t h
s , e, a s es e i t h l tt r h l f f t h
n e ighth
a e a O e e

d btor of J w from p y c t ury 3 1 4 1

m t 3 3 4 9—
e s e s a en , , .

en 51 , ,
. i nth t th c t ury 3 21 2
e en en , , .
 I N DEX . 273

E uro p e, th e J ew s o f ( co nti nued) , E xc h q u r of t h J w i E g

e e e e s, n n

m ir d by t h J w of t h
ad e e e s e l d 3 5 88
an

t 5 6 02—
, , .

E 3 E xc m m u ic tio n
o u d by n a
‘

as , ,
.
,
as se

E ur p o w t rne, rly J w i h es e , ea e s G m li l I I 2 3 3 9 3 4 7
a a e , , , .

t tl m t i 3 3 5
se e en s n, ,
. r g ul t d by t h U h a Sy h
e a e e s . n e

po itio of t h J w of 5 7 04
s n e e s , , . drio 2 405 n, , .

E u b iu
se bi hop of C r
s, s ae s a e a, pr ctic d by Simo I I
a e n ,

hi tori s p r J ud i m an , as e se s a s , i tro duc d i to B bylo i 2

n e n a n a

2 , 5 62 . 5 17 .

p tro
a n of J o phse th e a po t t s a e, use d by J ud h b E z ki l 2 a en e e

5 5 1—
, ,

2, 5 6 5 . 2 .

E us e b i us , h mb rl i of C C a e a n on th right of gr t d to t h
e an e e

P tri rch 2 6 1 2—1 3

,

t t iu
s an b ur d th J w s, en s e e s a a s, ,
.

wi th t x 2 5 7 2 a e s, as di p d i s J w i h B by
e n se n e s a

lo i 2 9 9—
,
.

E ut r p i u ch mb rl i
o of A r
s, a e a n ea 1 00
n a, , .

diu f vor bly i cl i d to

s, a a n ne i tro duc d mo g t h K ar
—
n e a n e a

t h J w e 2 61 5 16 e s, ,
.
it 3 1 5 1 es, , .

f ll of 2 6 1 6
a , , .
fr ly u d by P l t i b n
ee se a o e

Ev n g li t
a the d th s r volts, e , an e e Ab yi 3 1 7 7
of B r C h b 2 4 1 2—
a , ,
.

a 13 -
oc a, ,
. thr t d for v i ol ti g t h
ea ene a n e

d crib H dr i u cr cy of l tt r 3 24 5
’
es p r
e a an s e se c se e a e e , ,
.

t io 2 431 n s, , . th r t d for r pro ch i g

ea en e e a n a

E van g l th color d by J w
e s, e, e e r p t t po t t 3 24 6
e en an a s a e, , .

i h s d P g n Chr i ti
an a a s an thr t d for cc pti g
ea en e a e n an

v i w 2 3 68—
e 9 s, ,
. o ffi c from Chr i ti n autho r
e s a

i fl u c of
n en J ud i m d p
e , on a s , e it i 3 5 1 8 e s, , .

r t d by t h
e ca e T it 2 e an a es, , pro o u c d i Pol d o n ly
n n e
'

n an

37 8 . with t h co urr n c of t h e nc e e e

E vil Mr -
e o dach ,
ki g of B bylo n a n, whol comm u ity 4 265 e n , , .

r l e e as e s J e hoi ch i 1 3 3 1 a n, , . mploy d by t h r bbi of

e e e a s

m ur d r e e d, 1 , 331 . T urk y 4 5 9 9 e , , .

E vo ra , J e wi h s cen t er in Po rt u obj ct d to by M n d l oh n
e e e e ss

5 3 62—
,

g al , 4 , 1 5 9 . 3 , .

th e Ma rran o s of , s pi ed upo n , forb idd by t h Au tr i nen e s a

4 , 49 0 . gov r m t 5 61 4 e n en , , .

tr ib u l of na t h e I n uis q itio n at , E xc m m un i c t i n
o f th com a o o , e

4 , 5 08 . m u ity of F r 3 1 9 4
n a s, , .

E w a d, l H e i n ri h , c h i tor is an of J o ph b se I c I b Abit ur en sa a n -

I s aer l , 5 ,
696 . 3 , 23 8 .

E w a d, l J o h an n L udw ig , de i form r
n e s an d
-
tr itor r v iv a s e e d,

f e n ds th e J e w s, 5 ,
5 22 . 3 , 37 8 .

mi ti n
E xa th Ph ri i
na o of e a sa c f ult fi
a -
n de rs w ith a bill of di
Tr ditio A by Ur i l d
a n s, n, e a vorc e a ft r e it s d l iv ry
e e ,
3,
Co t 5 60 s a, 37 3
5 28 —
, . .

“E xam l of H um Lif A e an e, n, th e Ma imun is t s 9 5 35

p , , .

utobiogr p h y of U ri l d
a a e a the An ti Maimun ist s 3 -

, ,
5 30,
Co t a 5 64 5 s , ,
-
. 5 36 .
274 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J E WS .

Ex com mun i c at i on of ( conti nu d) e , E x g e e si s of th e B ib l e ( con

Do i 3 5 7 2—3n n, c y of in t h po t
t in ned) de a e s

t ud t of ci c 4 3 9—
, . , ,

s en 40s s en e, M i u i tim 3 5 61
a in n c e,

Uri l d Co t 4 5 8—
,
.
, .

e 63 a s a, ,
. gl ct d i Sp i i t h fo ur
ne e e n a n n e

Spi oz 5 93 94
n a, , ,
. t nt h c ee t ury 4 9 1 en , , .

S b b t i Z vi 5
a a1 22 a e J wi h e pr i d by R uchli
s a se e n,

4 4 4 1—
, , .
,

C h y im M l ch 5 21 4
a a a , , . 2, .

N h mi h C h y
e e 5 21 6 224 a a on, , , . ci tific fo u d d by R ich r d
s en , n e a

Ch uch m Z vi 5 226 a e S imo 5 17 8 n,

by S D Lu t t 5 623—
, , .
, .

Po doli S bb ti 5
an 228 a a an s, 4 z z a o

by S ch 5 69 2—
,
. .
. .

S bb ti
a t Fr kfort 5
a an s a an , , a 3 s, , .

23 0 by t h r tio li ti chool 5 e a na s c s

695 —
.
, ,

Mo se s C h a y im L uz z att o , 5 , 6 .

24 0, 24 2 . S l
ee Script ur
a so th com e s, e,

E ib e s c h iit z
’
s O ppo n e n s, t 5 , 25 9 , m t ry en a on .

26 1 . Ex t r e e th Co u cil of ti e n an

5 , 263 —
, ,

E ib e s c h ii t z 4 J w i h d cr e of 3 6 4 5
s e e es

27 6—
.
, , , .

the
’
Fr ki t an s s, 5 ,
7 . E x i l rc h t h a F t of co urt ,
e, eas ,
”

’
ll e s s e l y, 5 ,
37 0 . at t h e E xil arc h s, 3 , 95 .

the Ch as s i dim , 5 ,
3 9 2, 3 9 3 . E xi l arc h a t e, t h e, q u li ty on an e a

yo u g n G lici
a an s chol r a s, 5 , with t h e P t ri rch t 2
a a a e, ,

614 . 45 4 .

E x g i of t h B i b l t ught
e es s e e, a e xti ctio n of nco dit io of , a n n

O rig by t h J w 2 4 8 8 en e e s, ,
. the a dv t of t h M i h
en e e ss a ,

Si l i ob r m tho d of 2
in a
'
’
s s e e 2, 45 7
—
, , .

2 . in b y c a ft r K b e an e a e o ad s
’

i corr ct f vor d by t h T l
n e , a e e a p r c utio 3 4
e se n s, , .

m ud 2 , , 63 3 . from 5 89 to 6 4 0 3 1 0 , , .

by D vi d 3 1 3 3
An a n b e n a , ,
r tor d t pow r by B t
es e o e o s an ai ,

fr dom i
ee th pri cip l d g n, e n a o 3 , 10 .

m i K r i m 3 15 7
a o
s p ci l t udy f t h K r i t
e a
a a s , , . h r dit ry
e e a in th e ho u se of
s O e a a e s, Bo s t a n a i , 3 , 9 4 , 1 3 7
' '

3 , 1 80 . as v i w d by t h J w of di
e e e e s s

c ultiv t a ed by the S p i h an s t t l d 3 1 00
an an s, , .

J ews in t h e t then an d l v e e cO ext -

i v with t h O m m iy
en s
-
e e

c uth c t uri 3 23 5 en e s, , . y d C liph t 3 1 00

a e a a e, ,
.

by I b J h 3 262 263n -
an ne , , , .
d p e d t th
en G o t 3 en on e a na e , ,

by Y i h k i 27 3 z c a , . 15 7 .

by R hi 3 2 8 8 as , , . co t t for 3 1 5 5 4 3 9
n es s , , , .

by Mo b S mu l I b se s en a e n d c y of 3 1 8 3 1 88
e a

tt chm t to 3 1 8 5 —
, , , .

G ik a t il ia
’
, 3 , 29 0 . a a 6 en , ,
.

su ppl by t udy dur i g S G o t 3 ’

an ted the s Of di hn aa a s a na e,

1 9 3—
,

th e T lm ud i
a n S p i a n, 3 , 317 4
— d of 3 201 —
. .

by t h e T o s s a fi s t s , 3 ,
3 45 6 . en 2 , , .

by A br h m a a I bn E -
zr a, 3 , 3 68, r viv d i t h tw lfth c n t ury
e e n e e e ,

37 0 3 3 , 3 6 9 , 4 28
—
-
. .

by D vi d Kimchi a , 3 , 39 4 . e xt t of en ,
3 , 4 28 9 .
2 76 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

E raz ( conti nued) ,

s ubor di n a t e s E zr a ( co n t i nued) , th e chi f of t he e

the pri thoo d to

es the S crip crib 2 1 9
S es, ,
.

t ur e s, 1 , 37 9 .

M hom ta 3 76 e on , , .

e x cta o th from t h J u s an a e
pilgrim g to t h uppo d a es e s se
d to ob rv t h L w
ae a n s se e e a

1 3 8 0—
1 3 87 —8
,
gr v of 3 4 4 1 a e , , .

E z ra
, ,

K bb li t r duc
.

th
a t th co cr tio of t h e n se a n e ,
a a s , e es e

w ll of J r u l m 1 3 8 1
a s e sa e , ,
.
K bb l to y t m 3 5 4 8
a a a a s s e , ,
.

g u r di a of t h T mpl 1 an e e e, E zr G t ifi
a comm t to r n a o, en a o
,

Ezr P t t uch com ’

3 82 .
Ib n -
a s en a e

r g ul tio n
e a s as crib ed to , 1 , 3 95 . m t ry 4 1 44 en a , , .

F ab writt by M r
l es , en ei , 2, 4 3 6 . F lka cob J o h ua ( c ntinued)
,
J a s o ,

F ab l of A ci t Tim es n en es, by di cipl of 5 263 s e , , .

I b n Sah ul a , 3 , 5 6 0
-
. F l l t h 8 O rigi l Si
a , e . 66 na n .

F b ul i t
a s s, li t of :
s F a l l t h of t h A n g l dogm
,
e, e e s, a

Be rac h y a b N tr
en a o n a1 N ak dan. of i t h K bb l 4 292 n e a a a,
—
, , .

l b n Sah ul a, F m g ut
a a b i g d by t h s a, es e e e
bi ci r .
T urk 4 6 00 s,

to M hom t
, .

F a da k , s ubmit s a e , 3, t k 4 601
a en , , .

83 .
F m il i n t
a
”
pri vil g d J w a en, e e e s,

F a du C u p iu proc ur tor
s, s s, a , 5 ,
25 3 .

tr gths R om i J ud en ens e n aea , F m in

a e, in Is r l ae un de r A h b a ,

2, 1 9 7 .
1 , 203 .

ri i g of Th
s n e uda s un de r , 2, i n J uda h un de r Uzzi h a , l ,
220
1 98 .
30 .

de po s e d, 2, 1 9 8 in J ru l m e sa e du ri g n th e s e i g e
—
.

F a g i us , Pa u us , l i cipl of
d s e of Ti t u 2 s, ,
3 04 , 3 05 6 .

R eu chli n, an d E li L vit as e a, u d r M rc u
n e r li u 2 4 5 1
a s Au e s, , .

4 , 47 4 .
F arch i , C h y im M l m J w
a aa e , e

F ith
a an d Cr e e d, by Sa a dia h , ish mi i t r t Accho 5
n s e a , ,

3 , 197 8 -
. 4 60 .

F al a q uera . S ee S h m Tob F l
e -
a a Par ch i ,
Ra ph l Mur d ae a ,
ao

q ue r a . c us e d of rit u l m ur d r a e , 5
F lco
a s, the J ews of tt ck, a a e d, 4, 63 9 .

78 . r tor
es to h i po itio 5 ed s s n , ,

F a l roe br h m A b b b uil d
,
A a a oa s F a r h i f mi l y
c th cc u d ofa ,
e, a se
,

th co d y gog u t
e se n s na e a rit u l m ur d r 5 6 3 8
a e , , .

H mb urg 4 69 1
a , , . F a ri l
ss o A br h m S e A br
,
a a . e a

F a li hi
ac J c b S bb ti 5 ,
a o ,
a a an , ,
h am F a ri s s o l .

15 6 . F r a n e s e, A l x e a n de r . S ee P ul a

F lka ,
J a cob Jo h u r bbi of
s a, a III, pop e .

Me t z and F r kfort 5
an , ,
F rna e se, A l x e a n de r, c r di la na ,

a g i t
a ns E ib e s c h iit z , 5 ,
262, 203 , i t rc n e e de s for th e J w 4e s, ,

26 8 ,
269 . 5 67 .
 I IJ EHZX; 277

F aro , Coun t of f ri , end of I saa c F at i C l iph t t h (

mi de a a e, e co n

Ab rab an e l , 4 , 3 3 8 . ti n n d) xt n t of 3 24 8
e , e e , , .

F ar o , J e w sh i c t r i Port ug
en e n a l, co q u c of t h f ll of
n se en es e a , 3,
4, 159 . 461 .

F arr j I b na -
So l m n ( F rr g ut )
o o a a , F n m a K di
a a n, Sa r h Z v a e i s Ma
phy ici s an to Ch rl of A a es n h o me t a n na m e, 5 ,
15 4 .

jo u 3 , , 6 28 . F ay um , Sa a di a h
’
s bi rthpl c a e, 37
F ars . S ee H a m a da n . 188 .

F a rs i s t an , t h e E xil arc h
’
s i com
n e the J ew s of , in the tw lfth e

from 3 9 6 , , . c t ury en , 3 , 44 4 .

F as t procl im d un d r J h
,
a e e e o ia F t f
e as o I n g th ri n g c l
a e ,
e e

kim 1 3 04 , , . b ra t e d i n th i g hth mo th
e e n ,

in m mory of G d li h
e e a a ,
1, 1 , 186 . S ee T b r cl t h a e na e s, e

3 25 . f t of
e as .

m mory of t h Bloi m r F f L igh t S e Ch uk h

tyr 3 3 80—
in e e s a e a t s o s . c an a ,

1 s, , . F e b ru ry r v ol uti n t h com
a e o , e,

duri g t h di p ut t io
n with e s a n pl t t h m cip tio of
e es e e an a n

Do i 3 5 7 7 n n, , . th J w 5 09 6—
e 7 e s, , .

on th iv r ry of t h
e an n e sa e F e d ra t i n
e of t h G rm n
o e e a

b ur i g of t h T lm ud 3
n n e a , , t t A t of
s a e s, ur citi c , a ss es

579 . h i p to t h
z en s J w 5 5 18 e e s, ,
.

a g i t
a ns G o z lo M rt i z
n a a ne ,
4, F e l g n h u r P ul my tic M
e a e ,
a , s , e s~

85 . i i
s an c s p c ul tio of 5 3 5 e a ns , ,

to a v rt e th e Bl ck D th a ea p er 6 .

se c ut io n s , 4 , 1 00 . F l i x gov r or i G lil
e , e n o a ee , h us
ri g t h H u it w r 4
du n e ss e a b d f Dr u ill 2 23 5
an a, 2 4 2,
225 —
, , o s , ,

6 . 24 5 .

comm mor t i g t h N mirov e a n e e ro u se s the Z lot ea s a g a in s t th e

m cr 5 1 3
assa e, , Sa m rit a an s, 2 , 24 3 .

F a t day
s ob rv d by t h B b s, se e e a s id es with th e Ga lil ae a n s , 2,

yl i xil 1 3 3 7
o n an e e s, , . 244 .

Fa t s f T mm u a b l i h d by
o a z o s e ,
proc ur tor b f J ud a ae a , ra p city a

S b b t i Z vi 5 1 5 1 —
a 2 a a e , ,
. of 2 245 , , .

by t h S bb t i 5 15 9
e a a an s , , . lli d with t h Sic r
a e e a ii, 2 , 24 6 .

F a t sf T b th oboli h d by e e , a s e i d w ith t h G r k
s es e ee s a g i t a ns

S b b a t i Z vi 5 1 43 the J udae a n s 2 ,
’

a a e , , . , 24 7 .

“F at h r of t h J udwe S e an s . ee F l i x L i b rt t D utch cl ub
e e a e, ,

R a g e sh . joi d by J w 5 4 5 3 ne e s, , .

F at i m ide p
C al i h at e , the, T al F n c t h bo ut t h L w 1
”
e e, e, a e a , ,

m ud s chool s es a t bli h s ed in , 397 .

3 , 21 0 .
F rb r
e e ,
von , an d th e J e w of s

J w i h ci c
e s s en e i n , 3 , 21 1 .
Dr e s de n 5 3 44 .

f n ti i m of
a a c s , 3 , 21 2 .
F rdie n an d mp ror p rmit I ,
e e , e s

J o ph b se I en sa a c Ibn A -
bit ur th xp ul i o of t h Boh
e e s n e e

in , 3 , 23 8 .
mi J w 4 5 44 an e s, ,
.

th e J e w s of, p e rs e c ute d, 3, e xp l t h J w from Lo w r

e s e e s e

247 8 -
. Au tr i 4 5 85 s a, , .
278 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EWS .

F r di
e n an xp l
d 1 F rdi d V of C til ( I I of
( co n t i nue d) e e s e n an as e

—
, , ,

t h J w of
e Pr g u 4 , 5
e 8 5 6 A r go ) t h
s C t h olic m r a e, .
a n ,
e a , a

em b y of ass goti t w i t h i g of 4 280

,
ne a es r a e , , .

J o ph N se i 4 5 97 c d t h thro of C t il
as s , , .
as en s e ne as e9

a pp l to J o ph N i 4
ea s 4 28 4 se ass , , ,
.

6 01 .
v ric of 4 3 1 0 3 1 8 a a e , , , .

F r di d I I mp ror r prov
e n an ctio t h I q ui itio for
e e e es s an ns e n s n
—
, ,

H mb urg for p rmitti g

a M rr o 4 3 1 0 11 e n a a an s, , .

y gog u 4 68 9—00
s na obt i e ctio for t h I q ui
, , .
a n s sa n n e n

prot ct s t h J w 4 7 01 —2
e it ie i A r go 4 3 19
e s, ,
.
s on n a n, , .

impri o Lipm s H ll r 4 ns i tro duc t h I q ui it io i to an n e e , ,

n es e n s n n

7 05 . h i h r dit ry l d 4 325 s e e a an s, ,

fi n eshim 4 7 06 ,
G , .
.

i tro duc co v r io
n rmo es i cli d to r vok t h J w i h
n e s n se ns n ne e e e e s

i Vi
n 4 7 06 e n na, dict of b i hm t 4 3 4 8
, . e an s en , , .

F r di n d I I I
e na mp ror x fi t th po ,
io of e e , e co n sc a es e sse s s ns

t d t h righ t of t h B
en s th e J w of h i h r dit ry s e 0 e e s s e e a

h mi J w 4 7 07
e an l d 4 35 0
e s, , . an s, ,
.

F r di
e d I
n anof A r go r g t thr t ,
N v rr for prot t a n, e en ea ens a a e ec

of C til 4 1 9 4 as i g M r
e, o 4 35 7 n a ra n s,

ti —
,
.
, .

i u ss es J wi h dict 4
an urg
an th xp ul io of t h e s e ,
es e e s n e

203 —
,

4 . J w from N v rr 4 3 5 8 e s a a e, , .

b com ki g of Ar go 4
e es d J ud h L o
n Ab b l 4 a n, ,
an a e n ra an e , ,

205 .

de f r to
e s V i c t F rr r
n en e e ,
4, b l i h t h I q ui itio at
e st a s es e n s n

206 . B v to 4 3 8 5ene en , , .

a rr g for t h di p ut tio
an es e s a n S ec l F r di d d I
a so e n an an sa

t Torto
a 4 207 sa, , . b ll e a .

a dvi B dict X I I I to h
se s e ne a F rdi n d ( V ) d I b l l a ( I )
e na an sa e ,

dic a t e , 4 , 2 1 6 . of C til t bl i h t h I
as e, es a s e n

thr t to b i g
ea en s es e e B e n ed ict q ui it i i Sp i s 4 3 09 on n a n, , .

XI I I 4 217 , , . appoi t t h commi io to n e ss n

d th of 4 21 7
ea , , . fr m t h t t ut for t h
a e e s a e e

F r di n d I I of Ar
e an , a go n . S cc I q ui itio
n 4 312 s n, , .

F r di d V of C
e n an , as til e, t he p p l l tt r to co c r i g t h e
a a e e ,
n e n n

C tholic a . I q ui itio
n 4 3 18 s n, , .

F r di d I I I of C
e n an ,
as til e, the r f u to mo dify t h rigor of
e se e
'

H oly h o ti l to t h , s e e J e w s, 3 ,
th I q ui iti o
e 4 3 22 n s n, ,
.

5 19 . ask for i q ui i tor g r l an n s -

ene a ,

e mploy s a J ew s i h p h y ici s a n, 4, 3 24 .

3 , 5 37 t bli h t h I q ui i t io at
es a s e n s n

J ew s un de r , 3 , 5 02 .
S vill 4 335
e e, , .

F r di n
e an d IV ,
of C til as e, e m urg d to xp l t h J w from
e e e e e s

p l oy s a J e w i h tr urs e as e r, 4, S vill 4 33 6
e e,

—
, .

51 2 . prot ct t h J w s f rom h i
e e e c t

dea t h of , 4, 52 . c a n e ry , 4 , 336 .
2 80 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

F e rre r
c n t ( c nt inu d) pro
,
V in e o e , F i l d t h bl i g of b y J w
e s, e ess n , e s,

c ur t h crow of A r go
es e n a n forbi dd 2 620; 3 4 4 en , , , .

for F r di d of C til 4 e n an as e, , F i ft h Mon arc h y t h b li v r , e, e e e s

205 , 206 . i r g rd t h J w f v r
n, e a e e s a o a

de n un o c es B en ed ict X I I I ,
4, bly 5 23 27 , , , .

21 6 . vi w of h l d by Chri ti
e 5 ,
e s a n s, ,

de a th of , 4 , 21 7 . 37 .

r f u d id by J o ao I f Por
e se a O as t rpr t d by Ma n
in h e e e as s e

t ug l 4 2 1 8 a , ,
.
b I r l 5 38
en s ae , , .

in S voy 4 21 8 a , , .
b li v r i fix t h M i ic
e e e s n, e e ss a n

t rror of pr d to G rm y
e , s ea s e an y r 5 1 20ea , , .

d I t ly 4 2 1 8
an a , , .
F i rm F é S N un H ri q u
e -
. ec e s, en e .

policy of dopt d by t h , a e e
F ir t bo rn t h Mo ic l w of
s -

, e, sa a ,

Co u cil of B l 4 246 n as e , , .
i t rpr t d u d r A h z
as n e e e n e a ,

comp r d with J oh f C pia e n O a s

1 , 261 .

tr o 4 25 7 an , , .
F i ruz ( Ph e ro ce s ,
45 7 Sa s
comp r d w ith B r r di a e e na n as
i ki g p r c ut
s a n an n e se es th e
2 628—
,

of F ltr 4 29 6 e e, , .

J w e3 0; 3 1 s, , , .

F erru P ro po t t
s, tiri t e ,
a s a e, sa s ,
p r c ut t h J w f
e se es e e s o Is p a
4 , 181
h a n , 2 , 629
.

F t u proc ur tor of J udm d

.

es s, a a, a
clo i h chool
mi i tr tio f 2 24 7 —
se s the J ew s s s, 2,
n s8 a n O
629
.
, ,

F ttm i lch V in c n t l d r f
.

e ,
e , ea e O
forc es Magi an i s m upo n J e w s,
th Fr kfor t g uil d g i t
e an s a a ns
2 , 629
J w 4 6 9 6—
.

th e 7 e s,

tt ck t h J w q u rt r 4 69 T
a a s e
,

e a
.

e
de a th of 2 63 0 , , .

h g d 4 6 9 9—
an 7 00 e
, , .

Fi ruz Sh b ur ( A b r ) impor t
-
a n a ,

t B bylo i t w
, .

2 5 05
,

an a n an o n,
D un a sh
.
,
F ez b en L ab ra t in , 3 ,
J w of i t h w r b
,
th e e s ,
n e a e
226
tw J uli A po t t
.

th
Ma im un ’
f mily i 3 4 5 1 6
s a n, -
een an e s a e

d Sh b ur I I 2 6 01
.
,
an a
forc ed co v rt migr t to
n e s e a e
, , .

4 , 17 9
,

ac d my op d t 3 8 9
a e en e a , , , .

t k by Al i 3 9 0
.

s ri g of Sp i h xil i
uff e n an s e es n,
a en , , .

4 3 6 1— 2
F i c u J ud i u t x i t it ut d
s s a c s, a ns e
,
by V p i 2 3 1 6
.

Sp i h xil i 4 3 9 0 es as an ,
th , .

e an s e es n, ,
.

F ez th J w of co ult H
e e s ,
ns al
ext rt d from t h J w 2
o e e e s, ,

G o 3 32
3 25 2
a n, , .
.

p r c ut d 3 3 6 0
e se e
S ec Ta x .

“ F i v e E v i de n c e s
, .

of t h F ith
,

fort u of 5 1 6 8 n es , , .
e a ,

F ez ar th Ar b trib
a, promi e, a e, se
S bb ti a w ork 5 1 62 a an , , .

i t c to t h J w of
a s s s an e
'

e e s F l c n pr t r i A i Mi or
a o s, ae o n s a n ,

C h a ib a r, 3 ,
82 .
i z upo t h votiv ff r
se es n e e O e

F icht c l J ws w i th th e i g i t h T mpl 2 6 8
n s n e e e,

d d by Cic ro 2 68 —
e, a sse s e , .

obilityn a nd cl rgy 5 4 6 1
e d f e en 70 e e , ,
.

, , .

ppo
O th se s e e m ci p tio an a n Of Fl c n P m p i u gov r n or
a o s, o on '
s, e

th e J ew s, 5 ,
4 6 2, 4 6 8 . of Syri Agr ipp I co urt i r a, a e

Sau A s l h r r f ut e e e s, 5 , 463 . of 2 1 7 5 , , .
 I N DEX . 281

Fl a co n s, Po m p o n i us ( o n ti n ued) c , Flor u G s, e s si us ( co nti nued) ,

tool of t h e A e an d ans 2, l x ri , pl u d r n e s the u pp r tow e n,

1 81 . 2 , 25 4 .

de priv J ud of Al x
es ae a n s e an a pp l ea e d to by B r ic e en e, 2,
dri citi z hip 1 1 8 2
an ens , , . 25 4 .

d po d 2 1 83
e se , , . dem d fri dly r c ptio
an s a en e e n

F l g l l n t t h i H ov r
a e a s, e, n an e ,
4, for h i troop 2 25 4 s s, ,
.

111 . troop of tt ck t h T mpl

s , a a e e e,

un de r V in c e n t F rr r 4 201 e e , ,
. 2 , 25 5 .

co m d
n de ne by t h Co u cil of e n l v J r u l m 2 25 5
ea es e sa e , , .

Co t c 4 21 7
n s an e, ,
. J r u l m r b llio u tow r d
e sa e e e s a s

F l an d r Sp i h pok
e s, an s s en in , by 2 , 25 8 .

th xil 4 3 87
e e e s, , . r fue se s to a id th e P c p rty
ea e a ,

Port ug u M rr o e se a an s i mp ris 2 , 25 9 .

o me d i n , 4 , 5 09 . r fr i from i t rf r c b
e a ns n e e en e e

Fl av i an h ou se, th e, an d th e tw n t h Z lotee d th e ea s an e

J e w s, 2, 3 8 8 R om g rri o i J ru
an a s n n e sa

l m 2 26 1 —
.

Fl av i o J a co p o de E v o ra , on e 2 , , .

A m tu a s L us it a n us , 4 , 61 0 . en l v s a th J ud esin C e e an s
a ae s

F l avi u ph u S ec J o
s J ose s . se
ph r 2 26 2
a e a, , .

b M t th i
en a as .
acc u d b for N ro 2 26 8
se e e e , , .

Fl r n
o e omm rc f i
ce, the F n s V i t philo ophic l work
o ae , s a

by Solomo I b —
c e e O , n

fift th c t ury 4 285 G b ir l 3 n n e o

27 0—
een en , , . , ,

E li d l M digo l ct ur
as e e e es on 1 S Fo u t i of
. ee n a n

philo ophy t 4 29 1 s a , , .
L i f Th e, e .
”

t h J w of prot ct d g
e e s , e e a a in s t F n a Pin to y Pi m n t l S
o s ec e e ,
a

B r rdi ue of F ltr
na n s e e, 4, rah d J wi h po t 5 e, e s e e ss, ,

297 .
203 .

th e Ma rr a n o s of , not mol t e s e d, Fon t Co u t

ai n e , ow t h de , n e ss , ns e

4 , 5 00 .
J w of M tz 5 3 48 4 46
e s e , , , .

th e Port ugu J w of e se e s ,
F n t n r ctio ry i fl u c
o a es , ea na n en e

w lthy 5 205
ea , , .
of 5 4 7 7 4 7 9
, , , .

“F l V oic by L
F lo r n t in S l m n T lm udi t
e ,
o o o ,
a s ,
oo
’
s Th e, e, eo

upport r of J cob Q u ri do
s e a e ,
Mo d 5 73 e n a, ,
.

5, F rl i H ill l of V ro i 3 629
o , e e na n, ,
.

Fl or us , G e s s i us ( 64 l t pro as y o d t 4 21 8
s n a , , .

c ur ator of J udaea “F rt l it i um F i d i ” ti J w
r p citya a o a e an e
-

—
,

an d p ro fi ig a c y of , 2 , 24 9 5 0 .
i h w o rk by A lfo
s o d Sp i ns e

fa vor t h Sic rii 2 25 0

s e a , , .
n a, 4 , 27 7 , 4 1 5 .

b rib d by t h J ud
e e ae a n s of F rt r
o Th pol mic 4 23 4
e ss , e, e

C r 2 525 2—
.
, ,

aes a 3 e a, , .

—
F rt un t u V
o t iu
a po t s, e n an s, e ,

i mp ri o J ud d p ut i
s ns ae a n e es 2, c l br t t h chi v m t
e e a es e a e e en s

25 3 . of Avit u 3 3 9 s, ,
.

de m a n ds p rt of t h a a e Te m F rum J n di um V i igothi co d
o o ,
s c e,

tr ur tr l a t d i to C tili 3
ru l m 2 25 3—
pl e 2 25 3
eas e s, , . an s e n as an , ,

in J e 4
sa e , , . 5 94 5 -
.
2 82 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

Fo s s an o ,
F r ch xil en e e s se ttl e in , F ra n c e ( co n t i nued) , th e Prot t es

4 , 17 7 . a nt form tio i 4 4 69
Re a n n, , .

Fo t t s a . C iro
S ee a . prof or hi p for H br w i
e ss s s e e n

F o ul d, A ch i l l q u tio e, es ns Thi r e s tit ut d i 4 4 7 1 4 7 3 4 7 4

s e n, , , ,
.

on th D m cu
e a as s a fi a ir, 5 , Port ug u M rr o rr t e se a an s a es ed

6 49 . in , 4 , 5 00 .

Fo un t i n of Li f Th (M a e, e, e a mb ass ad or of an d J o phse
—
,

kor C h y im Fo V it ) a ,
ns ae , N ass i , 4 , 5 9 5 , 5 98 9 .

philo ophic l w ork by Solo s a J o ph N

se ass i se iz es th e me r
mo n I b n G e b i ro l ,-
3, 27 0 . ch t v an e s se s l Of, 4 , 5 97 .

tr l t i t o L ti 3 27 0
an s a e d n a n , ,
. the Me a s fi m in , 5 ,
4 01 .

u d by t h
se ch oolm 3 27 1 e s en, ,
. the fir t co u try to m i s n e an e

Fo ur Co un tri th S yn o d f es , e, o p t t h J w 5 4 30
a e e e s .

( V d A rb Ar th )
aa fu c a az o n co gr g tio of pr
n et d a ns e sen a

ti o of 4 G43 —4 ; 5 3—
, ,

ns 4 , , , .
dr to t h Sy h dri
e s se s e n e o n,

ut h ority of 4 6 4 4
a , , .
5 ,
496 .

uppo d ori gi
s tor of 4 6 4 5 se na , ,
.
C tr l Co i tory of k p
en a ns s , ee s

pr i d t of 4 6 4 5
es en , ,
.
loof from t h R form mov
a e e e

d th
an K mi i di p ut e a en ec s a m t 5 572 en , , .

tio 5 28 1 n, , . Fr a c t h J w of p rticip t
n e, e e s ,
a a e

forbi dd to mbl 5 3 8 7 en a ss e e, ,
. i th nm mori l rvic t e e a se es a

di ol utio of f vor bl to
ss n , a a e th B bylo i
e c d mi a n an a a e e s,

Ch i di m 5 3 8 7 ass s , ,
. 3 , 1 01 .

Fo urth f A ug u t t h glory f o s , e, O , a d an v c ed un de r Ch rl m g a e a ne,

5 ,
437 . 3 , 141 .

Fox F b l a es, th e, by B e ra c h y a devot th m lv e e se es to the

b en Na tro n a 1, 3 , 5 60 . Ag d 3 1 60 a a,
,
.

Fr g a a, th e J ews of c o v rt n e e d, u d r Ch rl
n e th a es e B ld a 3,
—
, ,

4 , 21 4 . 17 0 4 .

‘4
Fr gm n t of
a U k ow e s an n n n, de cr ees a g i t a ns , r viv
e e d, 3,
p ubli h d by L i g s e e ss n 5 17 1

3 20—
.
, ,

1 . tax l vi d 3 17 2
e e on, , .

ff ct of 5 3 2 1 —
2 an t go iz d by B i hop Amol o
a n e s

2—
e e , , .
,

attrib ut d to M d l o h e en e ss n, 5 ,
3 17 5
,
3 .

3 22 expo d to E t r tt ck 3
se as e a a s,

1 7 3—
,
.

Fr n c
a e, T lm ud chool
a s s es a t b 4 .

l ish e d i n , 3 ,
2 08 .
u d r Ch rl
n e th S impl 3 a es e e, ,

T lm udi t f import d i to
a s s O , e n 17 5 .

E gypt 3 4 4 4 , ,
. tr t d
ea e th w rd of t h as e a s e

r bbi f migr t to J ru
a s O e a e e sa ki g 3 1 7 5
n

l m 3 5 05 —
, , .
,

e 6 , , .
yi l d pr c d c to t h J w
e e e en e e e s

r bbi of i ymp thy w i th

a s ,
n s a of Sp i 3 23 0 a n , ,
.

Solomo P ti t 3 6 27 n e , , . oppr d u d r t h l t C r
e sse n e e as a

r f ug of t h J w b i h d
e l vi g i
o d th
n fir t C an s an e s a

p t 3 24 1 —
e e e s an s e

from E gl d 646 n an , . e 2s, , .

q u rr l bo ut t h chi f r b b i
a e a e e a th e c l rgy ro u h tr d e a se a e

t of 4 1 5 2—
na e 3 1 62 , , , . g i t 3 24 1
a a ns , , .
2 84 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

Fr n c
a e, th e J of ( c nt inued)
ew s o , Fr n c
a orth ern t h e J ew s of
e, n ,

and th e r ligio of R o
e n eas n, ( ntin u d) forbi dd
co to b uy e en

—
,

5 , 45 1 2 prop rty co fi c t d from e n s a e

3 4 06—
.

r cog i z d
e q u l by t h
n e as e a s e J w e 7 s, , .

Co tit ut i o of t h D ir
ns n e ec tr t d bo dm 3 4 07
ea e as n en , , .

t ry 5 4 5 2
o , ,
. naiv f ith of 3 5 49
e a , , .

obj ct to t h poll t x i G
e e a n er w r J w b dg 3 6 1 2
ea e a e s,

m y 5 4 6 4—
-

, .

an5 , ,
. Fr n c
a ut h r
e, J ud in
so e n, ae a n s ,

i d n g r of lo i g th ir pr iv i
an e s n e 2 , 203 .

l g 5 47 4
e es, , . c ult ur d r ul r of 3 3 9 0
e an e s , , .

Oppo d by t h r ct io ry
se e ea na tol r c i 3 3 90
e an e n,

p rty 5 4 7 7 —
, .

a 8 , ,
. Sp i h c ult ur i tro duc d
an s e n e

d priv d t mpor rily of civil

e e e a i to 3 3 9 2
n , , .

q u lity 5 4 8 2
e a J w from i P l t i 3 n a es ne,

r trictiv l w for 5 4 9 8—
, ,
. e s , ,

es 9 e a s , , 4 27 —
8 .

right of t c urt il d
s ft r no a e a e r bbi of r o u c Solomo
f ll 5 5 1 2—
, a s , en n e n

N pol o a 13 e n s
’
a , ,
.
of Mo tp lli r 3 5 39 5 4 1 n e e , , , .

r trictio
es g i t t r ns a a ns no e S eeal s L g u doc ; N rbo ;
o an e a nne

w d 5 5 24—5
ne e , , .
Prov c en e .

r pi d dv c of 5 5 5 7
a a an e , , .
F ran c o uth rn t h J w f
e, s e , e e s o ,
u d r Poli h i fl u c
n e 5 558 s n en e, , .
d p det v l pri c
en en on assa n e s,
i fl u c d by t h R form
n en e e e 3 , 24 2
mov m t 5 5 8 2—
.

e 3 en , ,
.
in t h e tw lfth c t ury e en , 3 , 389
an d th D m c u ff ir 5 e a as s a a , , 91 .

64 4 , 6 5 1 .
i doliz M imo i d 3 4 8 8—9
e a n e s, , .

as k ed to s upport C ré m ie ux s ’

M imo i d
a 3 492 n es on ,
t r chool
.
,

E as 5 67 1
e n s s, , .

r l tio of to t h Albig
e a n e e n se s,

3 5 01 5 1 3 —
Fr m n cip a
,

an ce , th e J ew s of, e a
, 14 ,

t i n of S Em cip tio
.

uff r duri g t h Alb ig

o ee an a n
i n
.

s e n e ens a
of t h Fr ch J w t h e en e s, e .

cr u d 3 5 01 — 3 sa e,
F ran c n rth r n hom of T l
.
,
e,
t mploy d t t ffi c i l
o e , e a
no e e as s a e O a s,
m udi t udi ft r R hi e s es a e as ,
3, 5 03 4 — .

3 , 2 89
r bbi of t D i di p ut
a
.

a
’
se n d l g t to t h Fo urth
de e a es e
s on n s a

tio 3 5 7 6 n,
, s
L t r n Co u cil 3 5 09
a e a n , , .

F ran c n orth r n t h J w of
e,
,

e
.

e e s
s tr uggl g i t b dg 3 e a a ns a e s, ,
, ,
5 13
d vot d to T lm ud t udy .

e e a s

3 , 28 9 , 290 3 4 5 , 4 07 —
8
.

I nn oc t I I I en
’
s de cr e es e m
,

forc d g i t
.

3 , 5 18
exp ct t h M i h 3 298 e a a ns , .

3 , 5 26—
e e e ss a
Maim un is t s
, ,
7
pro p ro u i t h tw lfth
s e s n e e ce n , .

t ury 3 3 4 3 excomm u ic t n a e S olomo n of

Mo tp lli r 3
, , .

b i h d duri g t h thir d
an s e n e c ru
n e e , ,
5 30 .

s a de , 3 , 4 05 .
philo ophic l l s a e a n in g s of , 3,
r c iv
e e ed by P h ilip Au us us g t ,
5 49

3 , 4 05 6 -
.
or d r e ed to t r i to di p ut en e n s a

not p rm itt d to mov from

e e e t io ns with P blo Chr i t i n i a s a .

p rov in to prov i c 3 4 06ce n e, , . 3 , 6 02 .

 I N D EX .
2 85

F ran ce , ut h e rn , t h e
so J e w s of F ran co , ( C h ri s t o va l ) Mor d c a i e

( co ntinued) o b t a i n ,
t he a bro Me n des ,
Ma rr a n o in Ho l
g a t io n of t h e l aw on b dga e s, l a n d, 4 , 66 7 .

3 , 6 12 .
F r n c N i c l p p l n u cio
a o, o o, a a n ,

p r c ut d i t h fo urt th
e se e n e ee n urg th I q ui itio n
es for e n s
c n t ury 4 5 3
e , ,
.
M rr o 4 3 1 0a an s, , .

duri g t h n P to ur ux ri e as ea s
Fr n co S m u l K bb li t 4
i g 4 5 6—
a , a e a a s
, , ,
n 7 , ,
.
4 05 .

m cr d
as s a th ch rg of
e on e a e
Fr n c n ia
a o th e J e w of s s uff e r
h vi g c u d t h Bl ck
a n a se e a
duri g n
,

the R in dfl e is c h
,

p er
D th 4 1 02
ea , ,
.

se c ut io n 4 , 35
ho tility to w ar d 4 1 32 , .

s s, ,
.

privil g gr t d to 4 25 9e es an e
o M ri I duk of U r b i h d 4 25 9 —
, , .

F ra n ce s c a a , e
an s 60 e
bi o bri g M l h , , .

P LO
n ,
n s o c o e
a tt ck d by L uth r
a p e e an eas
ro 4 5 01
sa , , .

t 4 5 42
an s,
Fr n M ri a I I duk of U r , .

a ce s co a e
,
p r c ut d 5 5 29
e se e
bi o D vi d d P m i d di
n , a e o s e
F r n k E v d ught r of J cob
a a,
,

a
, .

e a
t book to 4 6 5 7
ca e s a , ,
.

Fr k 5 28 9
,

an
F ra n i I c sof Au tri mp ror ,
s a, e e ,
F r n k J a b rog u ry of 5
a
,

co
, .

e
impo r trictio se s th es ns on e
27 2
, , , ,

J w
.

5 5 08
e s,

t h J w u d r 5 5 23
e e s
,

n e
.

j oi t h S bb ti
ns 5 27 2 e a a an s , ,
.

i tol r c of 5 5 7 9
n e an e
, , .

a cc pt I l m 5 27 2
e s s a , ,
.

,
K bb li tic vi w of 5 27 3
.
,

F ra n c i I f Fr c p t ro of a a s e s , ,
.

s O an e, a n

H br w l r i g 4 4 7 3
e e
,

ea n n
co i d r d
ns i c r tio of
e e an n a na n
,
M i h 5 27 3 27 4
.
,

th
( Mi orit )
e e ss a
F ra n i th , , , .

n c s ca s n es e,

or d r of or igi t i t h
,
l d r f t h Pol i h S bb
ea e O e s a a

5 27 3 —
e ,
n a es n e

Fo urth L t r Co un cil 3 a e an , ,
ti an s, 4 , .

5 09 .
pr y r ddr d t 5 27 4
a e s a e sse o, , .

p e rse c utio ns by , in s o ut h r e n
e migr t to T urk y 5 27 6
a es e , ,
.

Fr c 3 an e, 5 19 a dvi h i follow r t
se s cc pt s e s o a e

Chr i ti ity 5 27 8—9 28 4

, .

in t h e Maim un i st co n trov e rs y s an , .

—
, ,
,

3 , 5 42 3 .
i v i t d to r t ur t Po doli
n e 5 e n o a,

j udg of th T lm ud 3 5 7 5
es e a 283 .

—
.
, ,

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a e ,

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293 —
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, ,

mock t t h Dom i ic a3 e n an s , , 641 .

4 .

obj ct t e y gogu o a s na e on F r nk l
a J na fo u d r of t h
e ,
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.

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.

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e ,
a a a

D m w o rtho dox l d r omp r d

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2 86 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

Fr n k l Z ch
a e ,
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co f r c 5 6 8 5
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se nd a e e se n r pr t tiv to M xi
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.

my tic th r tor tio

s , on e es a n s ub mi t di p ut to t h Poli h s es e s
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a e e 69 7
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p titio for m cip tio 5

e n e an a n,
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465 —
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.

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5 0—
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,
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5 41 .

4 , 29 9 3 00 -

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t hr t ea ened w it h xp ul io e s n, 4, at e O f ,
or d r t h e s e s u rr e n de r
of I I e b re w book s 4 4 29 .
2 88 H STO R I Y OF TH E J EW S .

Fre de ri ck II ,
e mp ror e , J e w s un Fr e de rick V ( conti nued) ,
wif of e ,

de r, 3 , 5 1 6 . 5 ,
26 7 .

in tro duc es the J ew b dg a e in to r i t t

e ns a es E i b e sc h ut z , 5 ,
26 8 .

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e e of Pr u i
I s s a, J e w s

1 9 0—
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,

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3, u d r n e , 5 1 , .

5 19 . an d th e Al u pr y r en a e , 5 ,
19 1 ~

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a ea n n , , .
2 .

corr po d with es J wi h n s a e s x rt him lf i b h lf of

chol r 3 5 65 —
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a s n s e
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r pro ch d with h t ro doxy

e a e e e , th e b an , 5 ,
194 5 .

3 , 5 67 , 5 80 .
co urt J w -
e ess of , 5 ,
21 9 .

excl ud es J e w s from p ublic Fr d ri c k I I

e e , th e G r t f Pr u ea , O s
o ffi c e s, 5 67 .

s ia , at war with Au tri 5 s a, ,

c uren s es Fr e de rick the V al
25 1 .

i a n t , 3 , 5 69 .

r p ut
e ed p tro
a n Of th e J e w s, 5
e x c ut t h d cr
e of t h es e e ees e
25 1
,

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.

a e an n , ,
th e J e w of B rli s e n un de r , 5,
5 69 .

29 4
y impo t upo J wi h im
.

la s s s n e s

migr t 3 5 6 9 i llib r l ity of 5 29 6

e a , ,
.

forc I oc t I V to r t ir to
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an

nn
s,

en
, .

e e
po try of critici d by M
e , se en

de l s so l m , 5 3 02
Lyo 3 5 8 4 n s, , .

s u mmo ns
,

Me n de l s s oh n
.

to
th J we p r c ut d ft r t h
e s e se e a e e
San s S u o ci 5 , 3 02 3 —
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ea , ,
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.

a es en e ss n a
F r d ri c k I I I
e e mp ror h e e as a

J wi h f vorit
e 4 224 s a
,

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,
j ud 5 3 04 e, , .

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tip thy of to J w 5 3 04
.

a cc io of 4 24 9
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,
bj ct to M d l oh
, .

J w u d r 4 29 3 4
O e s en e ss n as a
e s n e ,
-

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, .

cl im t h J w of R ti bo
a s e e s a s n,
e e e e n a

4 , 3 00, 4 1 6 .
e my 5 , , 3 08 .

or d r e s Is r l Br u
ae na s
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en r g a ed a g i t a ns V ol t ir a e, 5 ,

4, 3 03 3 39 .
.

def r I r l Br u
e s x u s ae na s
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tio n 4 3 04 , , .
d t f th
en rchiv 5 3 5 1 o e a e s, ,
.

prot ct t h J w of R t i bo i nn d of mo y 5 3 96
ee ne

c ult ur u d r 5 4 1 0—
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4 3 05 —
, , .

6 11 e n e , , .
, .

r comm
e d th J w to h i en s e e s s pop ul ri z Fr ch lit r t ura es en e a e,

so n , 4 , 413 .
5 ,
411 .

dau ght r of e , 4 , 4 28 ,
tr tm t of
ea en th e J e w by s , 5 ,

Re uch l i t n a th e co urt of , 4, 4 1 4, 4 15 .

4 33 . Fr e de r ic k th e V a li nta ,
ar ch duk e

enn obl es Reu chli 4 4 3 5 n, of t ri J wi h A us a, e s t at ut

s e

f 3 5 67 —
, .

F r d rick
e e V ,
of D m rk d en a , an o 9, , .

t h e E ib e sc hu t co n trov r y z e s ,
i tro duc d i to n umb r
n e n a e of

5 , 26 5 , 26 9 , 27 1 . oun tr i 3 5 69 6 1 3 1 4
c e s, , ,
-
.
 I IJ LHZXL 2 89

F re de ri ck th e V al i an t ,
J e w i sh F m a n Lo dg t h fir t
re e so s
’
e, e s

t ut f ( ntinu d)
s at e o co e , co n J wi h h rt h of t h R
e s , ea e e

firm d by R udolph of H b
e a s form mov m t 5 6 7 4 e en , , .

b urg 3 63 5 , , . F r i b urg t h J w
e f pro ,
e e s o ,

co firm d i Pol d 4 1 1 1
n e n an , ,
. t t d duri g
ec e th Bl ck n e a

Fr d ri c k l ctor p l ti n cor
e e , e e a a e, D th p r c utio 4 1 06
ea e se n s, , .

r po d with Abr h m Z
es n s a a a b ur t 4 1 07 n , , .

c uto L u it o 4 67 8 s an Fr c h t h in N pl 4 3 8 4
r —
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.
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dmit
e a th J w i tos e e s n
Fr c h l i t r t ur ttr ct t h
en e a e, a a s e
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.
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e 5 41 1 an e s, , .

F r d ric k t h W i
e e l ctor of e se, e e
F r n h R v ol ut i t h ch r c
e c e on , e, a a
S xo y p tro
a of L uth r 4
n , a n e , , t e riz e d, 5 4 29
, .

469 .
o utbr k of 5 4 3 5 ea
c commi io r t by of 5 4 3 6—
, , .

F re de ri k , ss ne se n
exc e sse s 7 ,
Lo ui Pio u to Ag b rd
, .

th
s e s o a ,
progr of 5 441 e ss , , .

3 , 1 66
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e s a e no a n e a
Fr e de rick F ran z duk of M ck ,
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citi of 5 4 5 0 es
m cip t r ctio n from 5 4 7 7 —
, , .

l b urg
en th e an a es e
8
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J w
, , .

5 5 07
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Fr n c h t r n l t i n
e of t h a s a o a, e
F r d ri c k W i l l i am l ctor f
e e , e e O
Bibl proj ct d 5 4 4 9 e e e
,

Br d n b urg i vit J w
an e ,
n es e
F r nk
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s, ki t t h e e
,

an
,

s
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s, e
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M
. .

1 7 3—4
,
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urg J w
.

t ti
s pl an th no e, es e e s
F r d ri ck W il l i m I of Pr u i
e e a ,
ss a,
to t udy T urki h 5 6 6 4
s s
co urt J w f 5 21 9 e O , , .

F ri dl an d r B arm n n prom i
e e a
, , .

F r d ri k W il l i m I I of Pr u
e e c a s
, ,

is a, d th m cip tio
an e e
,

an a n
t K ti ig b rg J w 5 3 97
n en n s e e , , .

of t h J w 5 4 1 4 4 1 6
e e s,
F ri dl an d r D avi d ( 1 7 5 0
e e ,

Mi r b u a Pr u i u d r 5
ea on
,

ss a
,

n
.

e
promot t h r viv l mo g es e e a a n

J w
, ,
.

5 3 97
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419
ucc or to M d l oh 5
.

en n,
a brog t t h poll t x 5 4 64
a es e -
a , ,
.
s e ss e ss ,

412
F r d ri c k W il l i m I I I of Pr u
e e a s
.

is a, t uto r of 5 3 7 2
,
u rg es the a bol itio n of th e
,
wi h poll t x 5 4 1 4
.
,

J
a tt d B r z l ct ur 5 4 06
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’
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e s -
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,
r pr t tiv of t h B rli
.

gr t om p oli t i l right to
an s s e ca s
e ese n a e e e n

J wi h comm u ity 5 4 1 5
J w
e s n
5 5 07 5 08 , , .

e s, , , .

n ul l ifi th m cip t io of an a n
dir ctor of t h
e B rli Fr e e n ee
es e e

th J w
e 5 5 24 e s,
School 5 416 , , .

, .

i t rr upt
n e th R form mov s e e e
m diocrity of 5 4 1 7
e , ,
.

m t i B rli 5 5 6 3
en n e n, d plor
e t h d c y of mor lity
es e e a a
, .

forbi d J w t b r Ch ri ti
s e s o ea s an
mo g J w 5 4 1 9
a n e s, , .

na m 5 63 0 e s, , .
m k a ov rt ur
es t o th e es e

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-

,
.

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chil dr of b pt iz d 5 4 22
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ea tt ck J ud i m u
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Fr en ch N tio l A a na sse mbly ,

w r d 5 4 69
an s e e , ,
.

5 , 439 .
co ult d by J acob o 5 5 02
ns e s n, ,
.
2 90 H I ST dR Y OF T H E J EWS .

F ri e dl an de r D ,
a vid ( co n t in ued) F uri n l Mi r y i m P ur im of
a -
z a ,

e fi o rt s of f ,
or the e m an cip a C i ro 4 3 9 6 a , , .

tio n O f the J e w s, 5 ,
5 08 .
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a ,
a a , e e
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p e rs e c u M l h rb
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on the h ep, hep ! commi io 5
a es e es
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tio 5 5 3 4 ns , .
432 .

i flu c f
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.

a r pre e se n t tiv Fr ch
a e en J ew ,
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5 43 6
.
,

f ollo w r of critici d by B r
,
.

e se e
s
de u p ty of Fr ch
y 5 5 7 4—
th e J e w s, 5
,
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43 8
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an an n e e

m mb of t h Soci ty for
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.

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e st an , ,
.

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rdl pl y d by duri g t h
e a e ,
n e

R vol utio
, .

5 483
J o t di ci pl of 5 5 9 5
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s a s e ,
pr i d t of t h A mbly f
.
,

Fri dl a d r M y r promi t
e n e ,
e e ,
nen
es en e s se O

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e 5 4 87 s a e s, ,
.

, .

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e n de r ,
W ol f ,
promi n en t sp ch of i
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K iin ig s b e rg J ew 5 39 7 imp ri l commi io r 5 e a ss ne s,

—
,
, , .

Fr i e dr i ch f l d D v i d
s e ,
a ,
o ne of 4 89 90 .

the Me a s fi m , 5 ,
4 00 .
s p chee es O f, b for e e th e Sy n
r f ut V Sw i d 5 4 5 4
e es an e en, ,
.
h e drio n , 5 ,
49 5 , 49 7 .

Fri d of R form S oci ty

en s e
”
e vi ew h l d by of
e J uda i m s , 5 ,

of t h 5 6 7 5 —6
, ,

e, ,
. 496 .

Fri J
e s,F tt ck t h J w . .
,
a a s e e s, i form
n pol o of ti J w s Na e n an -
e

5 ,
5 21 .
i h gi t tio 5 4 9 8
s a a n, , .

Fr i l e s a n d, E as t , J e w liv s e in , 4 , F urth t h J w of i di ff r t
, e e s . n e en

6 65 .
to t h co fi c tio f H e n s a n O e
F ro h b a ch , as tro omic l work n a
br w book 4 4 3 8e s, , .

by , 4 , 638 .
r b b i of Pol 5 1 7
a s e s,
, , .

F ron to g u r di ,
a an of J e ru l m sa e .

J wi he xil from V i
s e es enn a
2, 311 .

ttl i 5 1 7 3
se e n,
F u ro j uz g V i igothic co d , .

e o, s e,
i t r dict M d l oh
tr l t d 3 5 9 4—
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5
an s a
t t u h tr l tio 5 3 3 1
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a e c ans a n,
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C
)
,

gr t citi z hi p to J w
N o

an s ens e s,

3 , 29 2 .
T lm ud ch ool of clo
a s ,
s e d, 5
5 67
F ul fi l l m n t of Proph cy Th e e e,
.

by Pi rr J u i u 5 1 7 6 e e r e
,

r bbi of ppo
a th R form , O se s e e

m ov m t 5 571
,
.
,

d N ui l ly pr ch t h en
F ul k
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, .

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ea es e

thir d cr u d 3 4 05 sa e, ,
ho or ho w to Cr emi ux t
n s n e a .

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a, pro an a an , se
5 ,
66 8

l yt 2 1 3 6 21 5 F ut ur li f e e, th e , d octri ne of 1,
4 04—
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,

F un t h J w of tt ck d 4
es , e e s , a a e , ,
6 .

78 . in t h e Mi sh n a , 2, 47 3 .
2 92 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

Ga i ll ee ( co nt i nued) , r tor es ed to Ga lil e e, th e J ew s o f ( co ntinued) ,

J udae a , 2 , 7 joi xp ditio g i t

n an e e n a a ns

de cl r a es in f vor of A tigo
a n n us , th Chri ti
e of Ty r 3 20 s a ns e, , .

2, 85 . G lil
a t
eo, ch r of J o ph D l ea e se e

s ub due d by H ro d 2 8 7 e , , .
m digo 5 7 5e , , .

giv en to H ro d A tip e n as, 2, G l l ai

a E li h a
co , S e E li h G al s . e s a

1 19 .
l icoa .

R om troop i to fight J u
an s n, G l l i nu
a e mp ror w i th O d n a
s, e e e

d th G lil
as 2 1 26 e a aea n , , .
th u 2 5 28 s, , .

u d r H ro d A tip
n e 2 137 e n a s, .
G a l lipol i th J w of i t h
, e e s , n e
,

l ck of ul t ur i 2 1 4 8
a c e
'

n, , .
tw lfth c t ury 3 4 24
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mor lity i 2 1 4 8 n,
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s, e e a a n
a , .
, ,

l g u g of 2 1 48 —9
an a e , , .
g i t th P r i
a a ns 2 5 68 e e s a n s, , .

J u i t h to w
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,

a M i h from t
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no a e a
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b l e , 2, 1 61
Syri th a,t urb ul n t on e e

2 25 0—
.

giv to A gripp I 2 1 7 7
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rr g d mo n tr tio
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i
pilgr im from m ur d r d a an es a e s a n n

6 6 2 25 1 —
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comm u ic t io wit h t h e
.

i n
un de r comm of J o n a n
the an d se

p h u 2 27 2 2 7 8 —
9s,
P c p rty 2 25 7
ea e a , , .

d p uty to J r u l m
,
.
,

se n d s a e e sa e
divi d d i to Upp r d Low r
,
e n e an e ,
2 , 25 7
2 , 27 2
.

civil w i 2 282— c mp ig of r J ru l m
.

a a n nea e sa e

2 26 4 —
, ,
3 ar n, , .

6
str gth of brok by J o
en ,
en se
r tr t 2 266—
e
,

7
e a s,
.

p h us , 2 , 28 5 , 28 6
, .

bj ct to om
su e R e , 2 , 28 8
.

lo of 2 267
ss e s , , .

d th of 2 28 4
.

ea
Z lot of po
ea s , s se s s thr ee forti G ma V
a co da i d d by J as
, , .

a e O
fi d pl c
, ,
2
e a es, 289
d of t h R om
en e
,

an
.

co q u t of n es
ph V Se i h i tr um t ec n o s
’
ns en s,
,
4 , 3 67 .

2 , 29 0
f ugitiv
.

from ru l m
Ga m l a a, c pit l of
a a G aul a n it is ,
es in J e sa e

2 , 29 1
, ,
t k a en by Al x e a n de r J an

n aeus , 2, 4 5
.

r cov r u d r wi h gov r
.

J
e e s n e e s e
bi rthpl c a e Of J uda s t h e G a i l
or 2 3 3 3
n s, , .

l aea n , 2 , 1 25
t of t h
.

th Sy n h e drio n , 2 ,
e se a e
foc u of i s n su rr ctio e n in G a i l
45 8
l e e , 2 , 27 3
.

B bylo i
a t ud t i t h n an s en s n e
i mpr g bl e na e po itio s n of , 2,
c d mi of 2 5 1 1
a a e es , , .
27 4 .

fir t ch urch i 2 5 65
s es n, , .
r f ug of
e e th e B bylo n i a an J u
J w ei h bit t h citi of i
s n a e es , n da e
an s, 2 , 27 5 .

th i xth c t ury 3 1 2
e s en r volt from Agripp I I 2 27 5
e s a

2 28 9 —
, , .
, ,

pr v l c of my tici m i 4
e a en e s s n, , t k by V p i
a en 90 es as an , , .

61 7 .
G a m l i l I t h E l d r gr
a e d o , e e , an s n
Ga lil e e, th e J ew s of j oi n th e of H ill l pr i d t of t h e es en e

2 1 9 2—
, ,

P r e s ia n g ene r l a , 3 , 19 . Sy h dri n 3 e on, , .

 I N DE X .
29
3

G ama l i el I ( continued) , g n tl
e e Ga m a l i l I I I ( ntin u d) adv i
e co e , se s

r form of 2 1 9 3
e s c utio n i i t rco ur wi th
a n n e se

2 4 67 —
, , .

gr t h th
an th s right of ea e ns e t h R om e 8 an s , , .

gl n i g 2 4 7 8
ea n , ,
. an d A bb A r k 2 5 12 a -
e a, , .

G m li l I I
a a P tr i rch pr i
e , a a , es Ga m l i l I V P tri rch c t
a e ,
a a , s an

d t f t h J m i Sy h
en O e a n a n e k o w l dg of t h L w of
n e e e a ,

drio 2 334 n, , .
2, 5 3 2 .

tri t r co c il t h chool
es o e n e e s s Ga m li a P tri rch ucc
el V , a a , s es

of H ill l d Sh mm ai 2 e an a r to H ill l I I 2 6 1 2
so e , , .
, ,

3 35 , 33 6 8 — .
Ga m li l V I ( B t r h 37 0
a e a aa ,

h um ity of 2 3 3 6
an , ,
.
l t of t h P tri a rch
as e a s, 2,
r g ul t
e th c l d a es e a en a r, 2 , 3 3 6, 612

35 6 .
d ig it i
n es b tow es ed o n, 2, 6 1 7
j o ur y of 2 3 36
ne s , ,
.
18 .

c h r ct r of m i un d r too d
a a e , s e s ,
phy ic i 2 6 1 8
s an , , .

2, 336 .
l t of t h ho u of
as e se H ill l e , 2,

i n ui q r i to t h ch r ct r of
es n e a a e
61 8 .

st ud t of t h L w 2 3 3 8
en s e a , ,
G an s , D avi d . S ee D vi d a Gan s .

9 .
G an s , E dw ard, a po t t s a e, 5 ,
5 5 1,
5 87
use s e xcomm u ic n at i o n, 2, 339 .

4 0, 3 47
fo u d r of t h So i ty f r Cul
n e e c e o

t ur 5 5 83
.

c on t e st of w ith o hu J s a b en
e, ,
.

3 4 0—
Ch an a n y a , 2 ,
,

2
se lfi h of 5 5 8 5
s n e ss , , .

r pro ch J w
.

e th a5 5 86 es e e s,
de po d 2 3 4 1
se , , .

d ir esprof or hip 5 5 8 7
es a e ss s
, .

j ct Mo bit mmo ,
.
,
re e an d A n
s a es
comp r d w ith R i r 5 600
a e e ss e
it pro lyt , .
,
as 2, 3 43
es se e s, .

comp r d w ith St i h im 5
a e e n e
re co c il d with
n e J o hus a, 2,
, ,

344 5 — 6 07 .

G ao n , titl of t h pri cip l f

e e n a O

9 0—
i t t 2 345
re n s a e d, , .
the S o ra A c d my 3 1 a e , , ,

oppo E li z r b se s e e en H yrc an us , 93 .

2, 3 4 7 .
of th e pri cip l of n a the Pum
de ath of 2 3 5 0 4 04 4 7 9 , , , , .
be di t h c d my a a a e ,
3 , 93, 17 7 .

i tro duc
n t pr ay r 2 3 63
es se e s, , .
of I s a a c I b n Sa k n i , 3 , 28 5 -
.

suppo d r l tio of to t h
se e a n , e of th e h e ad of the B gd a ad col
J wi h Chr i t i
e 2 37 9
s s an s , ,
.
l g
e e, 3 , 4 29 .

an d Ak yl a s 2 , 3 8 5 , .
o f Sa mu l e b en Al i H al e v1 3
j o ur y of to R om 2
ne , e, ,
387 . 43 8 .

an d Fl vi u Cl m n a s e e s, 2, 3 87 , of E ib h ut 5 e sc z , ,
2 89 .

3 89, 3 9 1 . of E li j h W il a n a, 5 , 3 89 .

in fl u c N rv 2 39 2
en es e a, , . S ee a l s G o t o a o n im
na e, t h e ; Ge ,

f u r l of 2 404
ne a , , . th e ; Pum b di t h th c d e a, e a a

s o of 2 4 04 4 7 9
ns , , , . e my of p ri c ip l of ; Sor
,
n a s a,

G am al i l III e P t ri r h ,
a a c ,
in th e a c d my of pr i c ip l
a e ,
n a s

t ru t i
s of h i f at h r
c ons s e to, of .

2, 466 . G ao n of C a ti l s e, I s aa c C mp a an

re c omm e n ds t rades, 2 , 4 67 . t o n , 4 , 23 0 .
2 94 H I STO R Y OF TH E J EWS .

G ao n a t e, the, An an b e n D v id
a G a ul an it is ( continued) , give n t o
ho t il to 3 1 3 0s e , , . Philip 2 1 1 9 , , .

E urop d A fric J w
e an an an e s giv to Agripp I I
en a , 2 , 24 5 .

in d p d t of 3 208 21 0
e en en , , , . a fi l d i giv toe n, en J uda h II,
d clie of 3 23 1 25 3
ne , , , . 2 , 4 82 .

Se al e G o ; G o im th
so a n e n , e .
l bo dy g u r d f Cl op tr
G au s , -
a O e a a,

G a rc i l o Sp i h mbas dor I
,
an s a as sa giv to H ro d 2 1 03
en e , , .

to R om oppo t h Port u e, se s e G yo d
a R i ti S e Moa b e . e se s en

gu M rr o 4 3 7 9
e se a an s, , .
I c d R i ti
saa a e .

G as co n y t h J w o f un d r ,
e e s ,
e G y
a Mae t r S I
o, b s o . ee sa ac en

H ry I I 3 4 09
en , , .
Mor d c i e a .

b i h d 3 646
an s e , , .
G a z a Phili ti
,
por t 1 5 4 s ne , , .

dur i g t h P to ur ux ma
n e as ea s l ft i po
e io of t h Phil
n sse ss n e

cr 4 5 6
sa e s, ,
.
i st in e s , 1 , 1 1 7 .

G t a e of H av n T h K a bb e e ,
e, a
fro ti r tow n of I r l 1 1 29
n e s ae .

l i ti work by Abr h m d
s e a a e
t k by N cho 1 29 7
a en e , , .

H rr r 5 54
e e a, , .
t k by Al x d r t h G r t
a en e an e e ea ,

G at e th s,of t h co d T m e, e se n e
1 , 412 .

p l e, 2, 1 1 1 .
b ttl of 1
a e , ,
417 .

Ga th Phili ti c ity
,
s ne , 1 , 5 4, 8 0 .

Gr k c itiz
ee en s of r i t , es s J o

s urr d r d to t h en e e e Is r lit
ae e s,
sep h 1 , 4 25 .
,

1 , 1 17 wi h pr i o r ol d t t h
J ne
.

e s s s s a e
r t ur
e ned to the Phili ti s n e s, 1, l v m rk t of 2 4 1 9
S a a
—
e e s , ,
.

1 17 18 .

procl im d t h H oly City f

a e e o
co q u r d by H z l 1 221
n e e a ae , , .
th S bb ti e 5 1 32 a a an s ,
co q u r d by Uzzi h 1 23 1 , .

J w of fl b for N pol o
n e e a , ,
.

e s ee e e a e n,
G th r r T h (H M
,
a e f) e e, a -
e a ss e
, ,
5 45 9
H br w jo ur l 5 3 99 , .

a na
e e , , .

Ga z a, t h e di s t i t rc of, ov rr u by e n
ditor of 5 4 00
.

e s

i t r t i 5 4 03 4 04
n e es
,

n,
, .

l x dr J
A e u 2 an e a n n ae s, ,
40 .

, ,
urr d r to Ptol my
.

s en e s e V III,
co trib utor to i B rli 5
n s , n e n, ,
2, 40 .

411
G a t i no , E
.

zr a. S ee E zr a G at ifi o .
t k a en by A l x e a n de r J an n aeus ,

2, 41
G auce l i n , de , lor d s of Lii n e l ,
.

J e w s un de r , 3 , 396 .
Ga z a ra , fort ifi ed by B ch id ac e s,

1 , 49 1
G au , l ea rly J e wi h s se ttl m n t e e s
.

in , 3 , 3 5
s u rr e n de r s . to Si mo n Th a rs i,

35—
.

1 , 5 23
l
G au , t h e J
w of 3 e s 40
.

, ,
fortifi by mo n
.

ed Si Th arsi , 1,
na m bor by 3 3 6 es ne , , .

5 24
i t rm rry with Chri t i
n e a s an s ,
.

3 , 30 .
the so n of Simo n Th a rs i at , 1,
5 25
O b y th e e i t ry l w
d e a a s, 3 , 36 .
.

tr t d w ith ho tility 3, 37 cl im
a ed by An i t och u s Side t e s ,
—
ea e s ,

40 .
2, 4 5 .

Gaul an i t i s ( G a ul o n it is ) , i n va d a Sy n h e drio n es a t bl i h s ed at ,

ed by A l x e a n de r J an n a
e us ,
2, 7 1 .

2 , 44 , 4 5 . Ge ba . S ee G i b e ah .
 u
2g5 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

G ent z Fr d ri c k v n
, J w e e o ,
on e Geri z i m M un t ( nt inu d)
,
o co e ,

i h w om s 5 413 en, , . T mpl of d troy d 2 8

e e , es e , , .

i mmor lity of 5 4 23 a , , . t mpl to J upit r

e 2 4 22
e e o n, ,
.

r ctio ry l d r 5 4 7 7 5 1 2
ea na ea e , , , . G rl ch
e rchbi hop of M y
a ,
a s a

G on i m t h
e b gi i g of t h
,
e, e nn n e c bt i J w
en e, O rvi a ns e s as se

poch of 3 9 0 1
e , ,
-

. ca m e rae ,
”
fi

4 , 1 28 .

hi tory of d rk 3 9 2
s , a , ,
. Ge rm an -
Fr ki an sh e mp i r e, the .

duti of 3 9 3es , ,
. S ee Fr k an s, t he, th e e mpir e

po w r of e vi w d by t h , as e e e of .

J w of di t t l d 3
e s s an an s, , Ge rm n l n g u g
a a a e, the, ca rri d e

1 00 t o Pol d by an Ge rm an J w e s.
—
.

d ci
e io of bi di
s g 3 1 1 8 19 ns , n n , , . 4 , 4 21 .

oppo d to t h E xil r h 3
se e a c s, , Ger m m rch n t
an t go i z e a s an a n e

137 .
J w i Pol d 4 6 3 2
e s n an , , .

lit r ry work f i t h i th
e a s O n e n n G rm n tr n l tio
e a f t h B ib l a s a n o e e

c t ury 3 1 7 8 —9
,

en , ,
. by L uth r 4 4 69 4 7 5 e , , , .

f vor ci tific p ur uit 3

a s en s s, , by S ch 5 6 9 3 a s, ,
.

1 87 .
G rm n tr n l t i o n
e a f th P n a s a o e e

r po
es of cr itici d 3 n se s ,
se , , 1 98 .
t t uh by
a e M d l hn c en e sso .

chro icl of by Sh rir

n e , e a, 3, S e und r P
e t t uch t h e en a e ,
e .

23 3 .
G rm n
e th implicity of 4
a s, e s , ,

T lm udic work of urp

a , s as s e d 4 22 .

by Sp i h T lm udi t an s a s s, 3, p urity of , 4 , 4 23 .

28 2 G e rm a n us , Mo s e s p ro s e lyt e 5
—
.

, , ,

S ee a l so o t th ; Ga o n ; Ga n a e, e 17 7 8 .

Pum b dit h th c d my
e a, e a a e G erm an y J w i h mi gr t , e s e an s

of pri cip l of ; Sor t h n a s a, e from h l d up i Lomb r dy e n a

3 6 3 8—
,
, ,

ac d my of pri ci p l of
a e , n a s .
9 , .

G eo rg II of E gl d r tifi
e ,
n an , a es r f ug of t h J w b i h d
e e e e s an s e

th t ur li z tio
e f th
na a a n O e from E gl d 3 6 4 6
5 337 —
n an , , .

J w e 8 s, , .
pr f rr d to Sp i by t h
e e e a n e

Ge org of H e, for b d t h e sse , i s e Ash e ride s 4 , 9 0 9 6 , , .

u of
se t c i th a se n en e n e re a dmit J w oo ft r t h s e s s n a e e

Bl ck D th 4 1 27 —
-

Al u pr y r 5 1 8 5
en a e , , .
a 8 ea , ,
.

Ge org b i hop of Sp y r tri

e, s e e , es Fr ch xil enttl i 4 1 7 7 e es se e n, ,
.

th R uchli
e H oog tr a t e n s en xil from t k r f ug i P
4 4 5 4—
e es , a e e e n 0

c ase , 5 , .
l d 4 26 3an , , .

Ge p i da t h ov rr u R om 3
e, e, e n e, , exil from form co gr g
es , a n e a
27 .
ti o i Co t ti opl 4
n n n s an n e, ,
Ge r as a, b i g es e ed by A l x e a n de r 4 02 .

J a n n zr us 2 , , 45 .
prof or hip for H br w i
e ss s s e e n
Ge r e ha k t r u pro lyt
-
Z e de , e se e s, t it ut d i
s 4 47 1 e n, , .

i th
n d ily pr y r 2 3 84 e a a e s, , . M i n ic hop
e ss a co ct d es nne e

Ge ri z im Mo un t d criptio of
, , es n , wi th Solo mo M l h i 4 n o c o n, ,

1 , 45 .
497 .

the Sa m r it a an T mpl e e on, 1, Port ug u es e Ma rr an o s p e r ish

3 90 . i n , 4 , 5 09 .
 I N DE X . 2 97

G e rman y ( continued) ,
r li gi o u
e s Ge rm y t h J w of ( c t in u d)
an , e e s on e .

p rti i a es n, 5 ,
25 . privi l g of 3 l 7 1 8 e es , ,
Ji -

th S bb ti
e a a an mov m t e en in , 5 m cr d u d r H ry V I 3
as s a e n e en
—
, , ,

4 18 1 9 .

Ch a y im Ma l a ch in , 5 ,
21 4 . high mor lity of 3 4 1 9 a , , .

f li g of oli d rity
ee n s a de v lop
e ed littl ff ct d by t h Fo urth
e a e e e

I n, 5 , 5 15 . L t r Co u cil 3 5 1 6—
a e 17
an n , , .

th e rom tic mov m t an e en in , 5 , h vily t x d 3 5 1 7

ea a e , , .

5 15 -
16 . na i v f ith of 3 5 49
e a , , .

de bt of to Bor ne an d He i n e, a cc u d of i di g J ghi
se a n en s

5 80—
,

5 ,
5 56 . Kh 3 1
an , , .

S ee a l so Fr k an s, the, t h e e m ch rg d w i th t h bloo d cc u
a e e a

pir of e . tio 3 5 83—5 63 5

sa n, , , .

G e rm an y , th e J ew s of, in t h e p r c ut d a ft r Fr d rick
e se e e e e

ixth c t ury 3 40— d th 3 6 1 1 1 2

’
s en , ,
1 . Il s ea , ,
-

a dv c d u d r Ch rl m g
an e n e a e a ne, a ddr Solomo
e ss b A dr t n en e

3 , 1 41 . for r ligio u d ci io 3 e s e s n s, ,

yi l d pr c d c to t h J w
e e e en e e e s 620 .

of Sp i 3 23 6 a n, , . in t h e Maim un is t co n trov e r s y ,

u d r t h S xo
n emp ror 3 e a n e e s, 3 , 624 .

—
,

24 1 , 24 2 3 .
p i ty of
e , 3 , 6 25 .

comp ll e ed to be tr a de s m en , 3, d t rm i
e e ne to migr t e a e, 3 , 6 3 4,
24 2 3 — . 63 7 .

l ck of c ultur mo g 3 24 3
a a n off er om M r of R oth
to r an s ei

b urg 3 63 9—
e , , .

no t cr t iv e i t h l v th
ea n e e e en en 40 , , .

c t ury en 28 1 p r c ut d by R i dfl i h 4
e se e n e sc ,
—
, .
,

occ up t i o n of 3 28 1a s , , .
35 7 .

comp r d w i th t h Ch ri ti
a e e s an s , ne gl ct t h T lm ud i t h
e e a n e

3 , 28 1 fourt th c t ury 4 9 6 e en en

u d r Lo ui I V 4 9 6—
, .
.
,

devot d t t h t udy of t h
e o e s e n e 7 s , , .

T lm ud 3 28 1 41 9
a dur i g t h A rml d r p r
n u e e e e se c

97 —
, , , .

suff r duri g t h cr u d
e 3 n e sa es, t io 4 8 n s,

297 3 5 1 —
, , .

4 , duri g t h Bl ck D th p r
n e a ea e
—
.

u d r H n ry I V 3 29 8
n e e , , .
se c ut i o n s , 4, 1 05 1 1 1 .

exp ct t h M i h 3 29 8
e e ss a in t ll ct l d c y mo g 4
e e ua e a a n

1 3 3—
e , , . , ,

d p e d t enth mp ror 3 en on e e e , ,
4 .

3 08 . e ff ct of p r
e c ut io 4 1 66 e se n on, , .

gloom d b igotry of 3 3 09 an , , . u d r Sig i m u d 4 2 1 8

n e s n , , .

d b t ow i g to r p udi t d by
e s n , e a e privil g of co firm d 4 21 9
e es ,
n e , , .

th pop 3 3 49
e e, , . lit urgy of compil d by M h ,
e a a

b com
e rv i m r
e 8 se ca e ae , ril 4 , 225
3 5 6—7 4 1 6—
, , .

1 7 5 1 6 5 69 f t as r g t h H u it w r
du i n e ss e a s,

4 225 —
, , , .

d gr d t i o n of 3 3 5 7
e a a , , .
,6 .

i n th t w lfth c n t ury 3
e e gl ct t h T lm ud i t h fi f n

4 1 6—
e , ,
ne e e a e

21 . t th c
eent ury 4 227 en , , .

p ro t ct d by t h mp ror h tr d of i cr 4 248 ; 5
—
e e e e e s a e , n e as e s , , ,

dur i g t h c ru ad 3 4 1 6
n e s es, ,
. 5 28 , 5 32 3 .
2 98 H I ST O R Y o r TH E J E W S .

G e rm an y , t h e Jof ( cont inu d) ew s e , Ge rm an y t h e J w f ( continued),

e so ,

b r t h xp
ea of t h e e e n se s e h lp t h J w of Pol d 4
e e e s an
—
, ,

Co u ci l of Co t c 4 248
n n s an e, ,
. 7 07 8; 5 ,
16 .

un d r A lb rt I I 4 24 9
e e , , . i t rc
n e e de for the J e w of s Vi
t rrifi d by J oh of C pi
e e n a s e n n a, 5 ,
17 1 .

tr o 4 25 8 an , , . pov rty of 5 205

e , , .

urg d to migr t to T urk y Dohm pology b g i th

’
e e a e e s a e ns e

m cip tio of 5 3 5 6—
,

—
—
4 , 27 1 3 . e an 7 a n , ,
.

un de r Fr e de rick I I I , 4 , 29 3 4 , a ft r M d l oh
e d th 5 en e ss n s
’
ea

3 95 —
, ,

413 . 6 .

i flu c
n en e the J e w of I t ly s a , 4, a ttr ct d to Fr ch lit r t ur
a e en e a e,

29 4 . 5 ,
411 .

s p k ea a corr upt j rgo a n, 4 , 388 po t y mo g 5

a s as a n , ,
4 20 .

d c y of mor lity
e a a a mo g n ,
5 ,

repr t tiv of 4 4 1 4
e se n a e , ,
. 4 22 .

u c rt i
n e lot of u d r M xi
a n n e a m cip t an a ed by the Fr ch en 5
mil i I 4 4 1 4—
, e , ,

w ll tho ugh t of 5 4 61 —
15 an , ,
. 45 9 .

fi d n r f ug i Pol n d 4 4 1 8
a e e n a , , , not e 3 , ,
.

4 20 . subj ct to t h poll t x 5 4 6 4
e e -
a , ,
.

c arry t h G rm l g u g to e e an an a e i th
n co tit utio dr w n up
e ns n a

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. by H umbol dt 5 5 1 4 , ,
.

e xp ul io of propo d 4 4 27
s n se a tt ck d by J F Fri 5 5 21
a e e s,

d r of 5 5 21 — 3 5 3 3—
.
, , , . .
, .

or d r d to ubmit th ir book
e e s e s d f e en e4 s , , , .

to Pf fi rk r 4 4 29 e e o n, ,
. th
“
h p h p!
e p r c ut io e e e se ns

of 5 5 28—3 2
,

citi z of t h H oly R om
en s e an

writ r mo g 5 5 3 4—
, , .

E mpir 4 443 e, ,
. e 5 s a n , ,
.

th xt rmi tio of pl
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a a an e

4 4 6 2—
, , , , .

,
3 . u d r Poli h i fl u c
n e 5 558 s n en e, , .

n rrow mi d d
a of 4 4 7 9
-
n e n e ss , ,
. es tr g d from J ud i m 5
an e a s , ,

dh r t of A h r Lam m l i '

a e en s s e e n, 5 60 .

4 , 4 83 .
i fl u c d by B r y
n en d e e na s an

s uff e rthro ugh t h Prot t t e es an M h im r 5 5 8 2

an n e e

5 4 2—
, .
,

R ef orm tio 4 3 a n, , . e ff ct of t h
e J uly R vol utio e e n

s ubmit q u tio to t h Poli h es ns e s on , 5 ,

5 9 8 , 600 .

T lm udi t 4 6 3 9
a s s, , . forc to r form 5 6 28
ed in e s, ,
.

s ubmi t di p ut to t h Sy o d s es e n an d th D m c u ff ir e a as s a a ,

of t h Fo ur Co u t ri e4 n e s, , r upt ur mo g 5 67 2 67 4 e a n , , ,
.

6 44 .
G rm
e y thanJ w f m n i ,
e e s o ,
e a e

du in r g th e C tholi r ctio
a c ea n,
p t i n of
a S Em o cip . ee an a

4 , 6 5 2, 6 5 3 . tio of t h G rm n J w e e an e s,

see k r f ug e e in A m t rd ms e a ,
4, the .

680 .
Ge rm n y r b b i f i ymp
a ,
a s o ,
n s a

in t h e se v t en een th c t ury en , 4, thy wi th Solomo P tit 3 n e , ,

69 4 5 -

627
r M tthi 4 7 00—
.
.

un de 1 a as , , . of 4 1 3 3
i n s ig n ifi c an ce , ,
.

an d t h Thi rty Y r W
e ea s
’
a r, 4, w illi g to xcomm u ic t
n e n a e Luz
7 01 . z at t o , 5 24 1
, .
3 00 H S OR I T Y o r TH E J EW S .

G h i n ucci , Ge r on i m d c r di o e, a Gi l e a d, t h e i n h a i an bt t s of , pro s

n al , an d th e Port ug u I e se n of 1 64
p e rit y , , .

q uis i t io n , 4 , 5 07 , 5 1 6 , 5 20 . a pp l to J ud M cc b
ea as a a ae us ,

G h i ro n di , a i a dua , r bb of P 1 , 4 7 4—
5 .

chol r 5 622
s a , ,
. migr t to J ud
e a e a
e a, 1 , 47 6 .

G h uz z T urki h trib ,
lli s e, a ed Gi lg l c mp of t h
a ,
a e Is r lit
ae e s.

w ith t h J w of Khor e e s a san , 1 , 3 2, 4 0 .

3 , 434 . Sa m u l h ol d pop ul r me s a a sse

G ibb thon D it city

e u an e o cc bli t 1 78 es a ,
—
.
, , ,

pi d by t h Phili ti
e 1 1 89 e s n e s, , . S ula t 1 8 5 6 a , , .

tt ck d by E l h
a a rmy 1 e a
’
s a , , th trib p y hom g to S ul
e es a a e a

192 . at , 1 , 90 .

O mri cho se n ki g t 1 1 9 2 n a ,
. Sa m u l r prov e e es Sa u l at , 1,
—
,

Gib e ah ( Ge b ) Phili ti g rri

a ,
s ne a 92 3 .

so n o f, kill d by J o th e na an , D vi d a met at , by th e me n of
1 , 85 . J uda h 1 1 46 1 4 7
, , , .

l c p it l 1 8 9 9 1
Sa u
’
s a a , , , . an a ss oci tio of proph t
a n e s at,

i h bit t of fl b for t h
n a an s , ee e e e 1 , 205 .

Phili ti 1 1 04 s n e s, , . vi it d by E l j h 1 208
s e i a , , .

Gib J o hu v ictor y t 1 d v lopm t of t h p r p h t i

’
n eo s a s a e e en e o e

3 4—
, , ,

5 . l chool t 1 23 4
ca s a , , .

t of high pri t 1 1 20
se a a es , ,
. G il i n E v o g l 2 37 8
, an e s, , .

G ib n iteo th ubmi t to J o h u e s, e, s s a, G i l N un j
-
bi hop of P lm oz ,
s a a,

1, 34 . ch rg t h J w with t h
a es e e s e

m cr of u d r S ul l 9 4
a s sa e , n e a , ,
. bloo d cc u tio 4 24 6 a sa n, ,
.

m ur d r t h d c d t of e e es en an s G i lo bi rthpl c of A hithoph l
, a e e ,

S ul 1 1 23
a , , . 1 , 1 23 .

u d r E zr
n 1 3 67
e a, , . G im s o , xpl ti o of 2
e an a n 33 0 .

G i b ra lt ar t h fortr of k d , e e ss , as e S ec E mm u a s .

r f ug for M rr o 4
as a e e a an s, ,
G i n ae a , m ur d r of G lil e a aea n s at ,

28 2 . 2 , 24 3 .

G ide o n j udg d liv r t h I

, e, e e s e s G irg h i t as e s, th e, s u d b ivi io of s n

r l it
ae from t h Mi di it es e an e s, th C e a n aa n it e s, l 3
—
, .

1 , 62 3 of forc d
Gi s ch al a , t h e J udae a n s e

i to i urr ctio 2 27 2—
.
,

the i d a l of e O liv r Crom w ll

e e , n 3 ns e n, , .

5 ,
26 . in po io n of t h Z lot
sse ss e ea s,

i
G h on , riv r w t of e es J e ru l m sa e , 2 , 28 9 .

1 , 114 .
t k
a by T it u 2
en s, ,
29 0 .

Gi lbo a mo u t ,
n , de s criptio of n ,
1, th J w e of i e s , n the tw lfth e

44 . c t ury 3 4 27 en , , .

b ttla e of b tw S ul , e een a an d G i ul i c r di l o, a na , an d R e ub e n i ,

th e Phili ti 1 1 03 s n e s, , . 4 , 49 2 .

Gi le a d, b l m of wh r fo u
a , e e n d, G iz a, t ch r of t h L w fl
ea e e a , ees

1 , 43 l uri g K b d p r c utio n
’
. ( n o a s e se s,

cript io of 1 5 0
de s n , , . 3 ,
4 .

fir t c s of E lij h
s ene a
’
s a ctivity , pri cip l of n a th e S or a a c a de my ,

1 , 200 . 3, 5 .
 I l J LHZXL
30 1

Gi z a ( contin ued) Sab ure a n 3, 6 Gn o tic

s s, the ( co ntinued) the
—
.
, , ,

commit s t h e T a lm ud to writ Go d of 1 , 37 5 6
—
, .

in g , 3 , 6 7 . i flun en ce E li hs a ben A u b y a,

s ucc or to t k o w 3 7
e ss s , no n n, , . 2, 37 7 .

G la di to ri l comb t i tro duc d

a a a s n e t mp r with
a e the Se pt u gi t a n ,

i to A tioch 1 4 44
n n , ,
.
2, 38 6 .

Gl a p h yr d ught r of A n a, a e rc e ho tility of cc t u t t h
s , a en a es e

l u of C pp doc i wif of
a s a a a, e l g l ch r ct r of J ud i m
e a a a e a s ,

Al x d r 2 1 12
e an e , , .
2, 47 1 .

se co d d thir d h u b d d
n an s an an G o d, th e na m e of , not pro
n o un c e d,
of 2 1 28
so n , ,
.
2, 413 .

Gla w rk i g
ss -
occ up t io of
o n ,
a n
G o da d, r an d th e e m c ip tio an a n

th A tioch J w
e 3 4 26 n e s, ,
.
of the Fr ch J en e w s, 5 ,
443 .

G l i g th
e an n ight of gr t d , e r , an e
God fl -
e sh , F r n c i coa s . S ee A s tr uc
R a im uc h
to h th 2 47 8 ea e n s,
.

,
o bi hop of Wurzb urg
.

G df re y ,
G l im
e dmir Ph d a5 es aa o n ,
” s ,

3 07
, ,
gr t privil g to t h
an s e es e

J w
.

4 25 9 e s,
l pr ie t i t r t d i po
b i h t h J w 4 25 9—
G Na , .

e y, s ,
n e es e n
an s 60 es
l o Sy h dri 5
e n s
’
n e on, 49 4
e e s .

f Bo ui l l n t k
.
,
G df r y
o e J o o a es e
G l g u t h J w of m cr ,
o a e e s a ss a e d,
rus a l e m ,
, ,
3, 3 08 .

4 , 111
O h yo n at 5 21 8
a
.

G o e h e, t ad m ir es Ph ae do n , 5 ,
, , .

3 07
J w f rom ttl i Br n d .

e s se e n a en

b urg 5 1 7 4
,
e xpr e s se s r g r d for S olom
e a o n
, , .

Ma imo n 5 4 09
G l ri u S t n or t h I m g , ,
.

o o s o e, e a e
rom tici m of 5 4 23 an s
of N b uch d zz r Th ” , , .

e a ne a , e,
pr j udic e of g i t es a a ns the
by M h b I r l 5 a n a s se en s ae ,
J w 5 4 61 4 62
,

—
,
e s, , , .

37 8
G ol db rg S m u l L ab fo u n de r
.

e a e
G l o ry to th e V i rt uo u s, d r m a a
f th K r m Ch m d
, ,
”

by L uz z a t t o , 5 , 24 2 4 — .
o

6 21
e e e e e , 5 ,

Gl y n n , Lor d Ch i f J u t ic e s e, on
G ol db rg e s, th e, He br w tyl of e s e
Crom w ll commi io for
,
’
e s ss n
5 ,
617 .

t h J wi h q u tio e 5 43 e s es n, , .
G o de n l B ull ” th e, i s s ue d at
,
Gn o si s t h high r k owl dg of
,
e e n e e th e Di t of e Nu r mb rg e e 4,
,

G o d, 2 , 3 7 4 .
1 28 .

G n o s t i ci s m , s pr e ad of 2, 3 7 4 “G o l den Pe n n ” th e, t a x im
y,
—
.
,

sect of 2 3 7 5 s po se d on the J ew s 4 96 7 ,
y t m of 2 3 7 5 —
, , .

s s 7 e , , . 1 66 .

i flu c
n of J ud i m
en e , on a s , 2, G o ds hl c m i dt ,
Mo rit z fo u ,
n de r
37 7 , 3 80 1 -

. of t h e Is r liti ch
ae s e Al
A i k b d pr c t a e e a es t h e in flu c en e l i an z , 5 , 7 03 .

of 2 3 82 , ,
. G o l ds m i d br th r t h i o e s, e, n th e
G n o s t i cs , h o ophi t 2, D m c u ff i r 5 6 4 5
—
th e , t e s s s, a as s a a , , .

37 4 7 . Go l g t h t h pl c of k ull
o a, e a e s s 2
m y st ic -
a ll go ri l n gu g
e c a a e of ,
1 65 .

2 , 37 4 .
t mpl
e e to V en us on, 2 , 4 22 .
3 02 H I STO R Y o r TH E J E WS .

G ol ia t h Phil i t i ,
s ne ch amp io n, 1, Go th t h J w of duri g t h
a, e e s , n e

95 . Bl ck D t h p r c utio
a ea e se n s,

kill d by D vi d 1 9 7
e a , , . 4 , 1 09 .

G m z a rchbi hop of Tol do

o e ,
s e ,
at Go h s,t th e, in v a de the R om an

th B urgo di p ut t io
e s s a n, 4, mpir e e, 2, 5 27 .

1 40 . i R om
n e, 3 , 27
Go m z e to i E n r i q u z d
,
An n o e e .
G tt in g n
o
'

e , J e w tol
s e ra e d t in , 4 ,
S P E ri q u E ri q u z d
ec az ,
n e n e e . 68 6 .

G om z D u rt
e S,
U qu S l a e . ee s e, o Go tt ch l k cr u d r
s a ,
sa e , an d th e
omo n . J w 3 29 8
e s, , .

G m z I aac d S a Ma rr
o e ,
o s , e os ,
an Go z oppo t of L
e, n en e ss n i g , 5 ,

po t 5 1 1 3 e , , .
326 .

G n a l v d C r d va v i c roy of
o s o e o o ,
e Goz o l as , na m bor e ne by Ga llic
N pl mploy a J wi h
a e s, e s e s J e w s, 3 , 36 .

phy ici 4 384 5 s an , ,

-
. G ra ci an . S ee So l o m o n G ra c i a n .

d c esd nt of en J wi h a , a e s G ra di s , D avi d m mb r of M l ‘

,
e e a es

uthor 4 3 8 5 66 6 ; 5 5 4
a , , , ,
. h rb comm i io 5 4 3 2
e es
’
ss n, ,
.

oppo t h b i hm n t of t h
se s e an s e e re pr t tiv Fr ch J w 5
e se n a e en e , ,

J w 4 385e s, , . 4 3 6, 4 3 8 .

di mi l of 4 3 8 5
s ss a , , . G ra e s, O rt ui n de ( O rt uin us
G n o g L udov ic duk
z a o, m o, e, e r t in ) i pir
G a ti J w s ,
ns es an -
e

ploy J wi h phy ic i 4 s a e s s an , , i h p mphl t

s 4 4 24 a e s, ,
.

28 7 . wr it t h Mirror for Ad
es e

Gon z c
ago , duk of M Vi en z o , e an mo i tio 4 4 25 n n, ,
.

tu p rmit t h u of t h
a, e s e se e h lp Pf ff rkor with Th
e s e e n e

xp urg t d T lm ud 4 6 5 9
e a e a , ,
. E my of t h J w 4 4 28
ne e e s, ,
.

Go n zal z L ui M rr o tri
e ,
s, a an , es tool of H oog tr t 4 45 0 s a en, ,
.

to uppr ths I q ui itio n e ss e n s , L tt r of O b c ur ti t

e e s s an s s

4, 3 29 . di r ct d g i t 4 46 1
e e a a ns , ,
.

Gon z l d S t M ri
a o of e an a a a, so n G r m m ar a H b r w
a by S ,
e e ,
aa

Solomo L vi B dic t K I I I di h i Ar bic 3 1 9 0

’
n e , en e s a n a , ,
.

g t 4 21 6 21 7
a en , , , . by Ab ul i S h l b M s ar a a en az

G oo d F ri d y S E t rtid a . ee as e e . l i h Koh 3 204

ac en, ,
.

G d N w of t h M i h f r by S m u l I b N g r l 3 261 n a e a,
—
oo e s e e ss a o a e -

,
.

I r l by P ul F lg n
s ae ,
”
a e e by I b n J m ch 3 2 6 2 3 -
a a , ,
.

h u r 5 36 a e , , . by Yi h k i 3 27 3 z c a , ,
.

G rg i
o Syrias , g r l i an ene a ,
n by Abr h m I b E z r 3 3 7 1 a a n -
a, ,
.

v d J ud a 1 4 67 es ze a , , . by D vi d Kimch i 3 3 9 4a , ,
.

t E mm u
a 1 4 68 a s, , . by Pr fi at D ur 4 1 9 1 o an , ,
.

d f et d by J ud M cc b u
ea e as a a ae s, by J ud h b Y h i l 4 28 9 a en ec e , ,

1 , 4 68 —
9 , 47 6 . 90 .

rom tic i t 5 5 1 6
G o rres , an s , , . by I b G b ir l 3 267 n -
e o , , .

Go h n s hom of t h I r a lit
e , e e s e es by R uchli 4 4 3 4 e n, ,
.

i E gypt 1 7
n , , . by E li L vit 4 4 7 2 as e a, ,
.

i th n Zo h r 4 23 e a , , . G r mm r
a H br w th t udy
a ,
e e ,
e s

Go p l s th fo ur tr l t
e s, e , an s a e d f t im ul t d by K r i m
o , s a e a a s ,

i to H br w 4 1 43
n e e , , . 3 , 1 36 .
3 04 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

G r a t u V a l eri u fo urth
s, s, pl
‘

o G r e ek g m a es , in tro duc ed in to
c ur tor of J ud
a 2 ae a , ,
1 35 ,
“

J udae a , 1 , 4 4 5 .

1 37 G r eek is l an ds , th e, t he S p a n is h
—
.

G re a t A sse mbl y ( Ke n e s e t h ha e xil es on, 4 , 3 63 4 .

G e do l ah ) , the, un de r E zr a G r eek J udae an s , t h e, b com e e

an d h mi h 1 3 8 1 Ne e a z r Na a 2 21 9—20 221 e n e s,

tt ck t h L w 2 22 1—
, .
,
, .
,

a p rme t r ligio u co u cil

an e n e s n , a a 2 e a , ,
.

1 , 394 .
Gr k l n g u g t h pok n by
ee a a e, e, s e
tr ditio l l
a na aw s as crib ed to ,
J ud n i H mo a
ea n s n as n ae a
2, 1 9 .
tim 2 1 5 e s, , .

r t A mb l y t h
G ea th s se ,
e, e
t udy of forbi dd by t h
s , en e
co urt of t h E xil rch 3 05 e a , ,
.

t ch r of t h L w u d r
ea e s e a n e

Gr c J w f rom form
ee e, e s ,
a co n
H dri 2 4 00
a an , , .

g g ti re i Co t ti opla on n n s an n e,
c q uir m t of p rm itt d by
a e en ,
e e
4 , 4 02 .
J o ch a n an b ar N ap a ch a , 2,
G r c ee e, th e J ew s of, c l br t
e e a e
494 .

two da y of s th e ne w moo -
n,
s pok en by t h J w of I t ly e e s a
2, 3 63 t w lfth c t ury 3
in th en
.

e e , ,
auto omy of 3 27
n , ,
.

4 23
occ up tio of 3 1 7 5
.

a ns , , .

G r e ek l e a rn i n g th e, of t h e A l x
e
t p rmitt d to hol d ffic
,
3,
no e e O e,
r i J ud
an d an ae a n s , 1 , 5 05 .

17 5
Gr k ph i lo oph y a id to
.

ee s an
in the tw lfth c t ury
e en 3,
Chr i t i i ty 2
,

—
,
s an , ,
37 3 .

4 24 5
G r k po m by m rit
.

ee e s, a Sa a an
in th e s ixt e en th c t ury en ,
4,
and a J udae a n , 1 , 5 1 7 .

4 06
mol t d by t hes e
.

e G r k ee Cat h o
G re e k t ran s l t io n a of t h e S ri c p
li 4 5 5 2—3
e s,
tu r es, by Ak yl as , 2, 3 8 5 , 3 8 6
, .

7
G r k art u d r J oh E yr .

ee n e n oa

n us , 2, 1 4
,
or d r e ed to b r d i e ea n th e s y na

by J u ti i
.

un de r
ro d 2 1 1 8 He g o g ue s s n an I , 3 , 14
, , .

15
Gr k Ch ri ti n comm u iti .

ee s a n es,

t bli h d by P ul 2
es a s e a
S ec a l so Se pt u gi t t h a n , e .

227 —
, ,

8 .
G r e ek t ran s l tio n
a of H br w s e e

G r eek Chr i t i s an s , th e , de s pi se
work s, 2, 35 9 .

th e J udae a n Chri ti s an s, 2, Gr k w ee o rds in t h e Mi s h n a 2

23 1 .
461 .

i r c b tw
d ff e en nd J u es e een , a G r k ee s, t h e, ch r ct r i tic of
a a e s s ,

d Chri ti
aea n 2 23 2 s an s , ,
.
1 , 411 .

S P g Chri ti
ce a an s ans i fl u c of
n en e on th e J udae a n s
—
. , ,

Gr k c lo n i i J ud 1 4 1 9
ee o es , n ae a , ,
.
9 .

G r k c ult ur i J ud i th i n J udae a , h t a e the J udaea n s

—
ee e, n aea n e ,

thir d c t ury 1 4 26 4 27 —9 en , , , .
1 , 4 3 4 ; 2 , 24 6 7 .

c q ui r d by J w i t h Am
a e n o l r J ud i m thro ugh t h
ea n a s e

S pt u gi t 1 5 1 2—
e s e

r im p rio d 2 5 3 7 —
a 8 e , , . e 14 a n , , .

G r k c u tom
ee mo g t h J u s s, a n e b yo d t h J or d ho til to
e n e an , s e

dae a n s , 1 , 427 , 5 27 . J udae a , 2 , 7 .

 I N DEX .

30 5

G re e k s , t h e ( co nti nued) c ult ur , e d, G r gory I X pop ( nti u d)

e
, e co n e ,

oppo se d to Chri ti ity s an ,

2, t bli h t h I q ui itio i
es a s es e n s n n

229 Fr c 3 5 4 2 an e,

w c o tr t d 5 7 06—
.
, .

and J e 8 s, n as e , , .
l g t of i t h M i mu i t
e a e , n e a n s

G reg i ro Ab b e i fl u c d by
e, , n en e co trov r y 3 5 42
n e s , , .

E h im 5 4 01
ns e , , .
r i e u-
th
ss J wi h es t it u e e s co n s
ch mp io of t h J w 5 4 3 2
a n e e s, ,
.
tio of I oc t I I I 3 5 6 4
n nn en
comp t for t h M t z pri z
, , .

e es e e e
r pro ch Fr d rick I I with
e a es e e
on th J w i h q u tio 5 e e s es n,
h t ro doxy 3 5 6 7
4 34—
, e e , , .

5 .
or d r cr u d 3 5 7 0
e s a sa e,
N t io n l A mb ly 5
, .

in t h
d pr c t comp ul ory
e a a ss e , , e th
e a es e s
4 3 5 , 440 .

b pti m of J w 3 5 7 0
a s e s,
xhort t h J w to obt i , .

a n
e s e e s
th T lm ud cc u d b for 3
e a a se e e,
n t ur li z tio —
,
a 5 43 6 a a n, ,
573 4
.

i t rc d for t h Al ti
.

n e e es e sa an
or d r t h co fi c t io of t h
e s e n s a n e
J w
t rt i
5 4 37
e s,

di tort d vi w f
, .

T lm ud 3 5 7 4—
a 5 , , .

en e a ns a s e e O
G r g ry X pop
e o prot ct J w e, e s e s
J w i h hi tory 5 5 9 3
,
e s s

G r go ry I
e pop prot ct t h e,
, ,

e
.

s e
g i t forcibl b pti m 3
a a ns e a s
‘

,
63 5
J w eg i t forc d co v r
s a a ns e n e
.

pop forbi d t h
G re g o ry X I I I e, s e
io n 3 25 3 3
s s, , , .

mploym t f J w i h phy
e en
,

O e s

4 6 5 3—
forbi d J w to w l v 3s e s o n s a es, ,
i i 4
s c a n s, .
,
3 3, 34
p ut t h J w u d r t h I
.

n e e n
remit t h l s e an d -
t ax of co n
s e e s

v rt 3 3 3
e s,
q ui s it io n , 4 , 6 5 4 .

,
or r co fi c t o of t h
.

de s t h e n s a i n
pr i R
a se s r e cc a ed for h is a tt i e

t ud tow r d e a s th e J e w s, 3,
T lm ud 4 6 5 4
a , , .

3 4, 46
i tit ut
ns rmo f r J w es se ns o e s,
.

4 , 65 4 5 , 7 06 —
G re g o ry V II ( H il de br a n d)
.

pop e, on th e v ena l ity of th e

,

G re go ry , bi hop of To ur s s,

cl rgy
e , 3 , 28 7
ch rg a po t to c l br t
es a e e e a e

chi v m t of Avit u
.

an d
th e a e e en s s,
th e J ew s, 3 , 29 3 , 298 .

3 , 39
forb id J w t hol d ffic i
s e s o O es n
.

Chri ti co u tri 3 29 3—s 4 an n e s, , .

Gr i m an i D m i n i c c r di l
,
o o, a na ,

tri to rr t t h i fl u c f
es a es e n en e o
mpl oy J w i h phy ici
e s a e s s an ,

th J w e t th C til i e s a e as an
4 , 41 1 .

co ur t 3 29 4 , , .
in th e Reu chli n -
H oog t r t s a en

G r g ry I X
e o pop p rmit t h e, e s e
c ase , 4 , 45 8 .

Mo rde c a i
,

b ur i g of t h T lm ud 4
n n e a , ,
G ro dn o , J af a r bb i
a at ,

4 60 .
4 , 64 5 .

ho til to t h J w 3 5 1 9 5 20
s e e e s, , , .
Gr o b ur i l gro u d of t h
e de , a n e

enforc t h d cr of t h
es e e e es e D utch J w t 4 6 7 2 e s a , ,
.

Fo urth L t r Co u cil 3 a e an n , ,
G ro n i n g M rt in v n tr
en , a o ,
an s
“
5 21 .
l t th
a es Aug pi g l e ens e e ,

b a n is h
philo ophic l w rit
es s a 4 , 4 60 .

i g from t h U iv r i ty f
n s e n e s o t
G ro i us , H ug o , s t udi es He br ew,

P ri 3 5 28
a s, , . 5 , 21 .
3 06 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EWS .

t
G ro i us , H ug o ( co nti n ued) , i tro
n G ui de of t h P rpl x d Th e e e e , e

duce d to M a n as se h b en Is ( c nt i nu d)
o co d m d by e ,
n e ne

r l ae 5 22 Abr h m b D vi d 3 4 9 0
a a en a ,

l tio of 3 4 9 0—2
.
,
,
.
,

G run d, C h ri t ian dvoc t of s ,

a a e H br w tr
e e an s a n , , .

J w i h m n cip atio
e 5 4 63
s e a n, il d by
a ss a t i M im u i t
e an -
a n s s,

4 65 —
, ,

6 .
3 , 5 23 .

G u rin i work of tr a
a ,
l t d 5 , ns a e , ,
satir iz d 3 5 3 8 e , , .

114 .
d o u c d by Solomo n P e t it
en n e ,

G uds o , p p l l g at pr i a a e e, es de s 3 , 6 26 .

ov r t h Co u c i l of V i n a
e e n en ,
s t udi ed by t h e I a ia n J e t l w s, 3,
629
3, 611 .
.

b
G ue res , neo -
P r e s ian s . S ee Sa s
or d r e ed to be b ur n t at A ccho ,

3 , 63 1
s a n ide s
.

f d d by Sh m Tob F a l
.

de
l l m o di P rt l n e I t l i
G ug i e o a eo a an
en e e -
a

phy ic i 4 28 7 s an ,
,
qu r 3 63 4
e a, ,
,
tt ck d by A ro n b n E l ia
.

a e
G ui d of t h P rpl x d Th a a e
e e e e e , e
N ic o m e di, 4 , 9 5
( Mo ré h N e b uch im , D al a l at
.

al ri ) r ligio u p h i lo
B ai n e s
ne gl cte p in i ed in S a n th e fo ur
th c t ury 4
,
t 1 43
ophic l work by Maimo n een en , .

—
,
s a

i de s , 3 , 47 7 8 5 .
s t udi d by Moe I ses s se rl e s , 4,
638
r
a dd e s se d to J o ph se I b n Ak
.

by M n d l oh
-

n in , 3 , 47 8 .
s t udi ed e e ss n, 5,
29 5
co nne ct m n d ph ilo
s J uda is a s
.

Mai mo n
op yh 3 4 7 8 —
9 4
, 8 5 —
6 , , .
s t udi ed by S olomo n ,

5 4 07
e xpl i t h J w i h doct rin
a ns e e s e
Gui do
,

Ub al d duk of Urb i o
.

o, e n
of t h u i v r 3 47 9
e n e se , , .

p rmit M rr o t l iv in
e s a an s o e
,

on th i fl u c of G d n t h
e n en e o o e
P ro 4 5 69 5 7 8
esa
u iv r of titi 3 4 80 1 , , , .

n e se en e s,
b ni h M rr o
3 4 8 1—
-

,
th 4
.

a s es e a an s,

5 8 0—
,
on t h n t ur of i
e a2 e s n,
1
.
,

i t ll ct u l d mor l
.

n th
o e n e e a an a
G ui d n o phy ici n o v rt t s a c n e o
pow r of m 3 4 82 3
e s an , , .
I l ms a
,

mploy d to co v rt e
,

e n e

S b b t i Z v i 5 1 5 3—
proph t i f c ulty n d
,

n th

proph t 3 4 82—
o e e c a a ’

a a a 4 e , ,
.

th 4
J w of un d r
e e s,
G ui n n th
.
, e e, e e s , e
on mir cl 3 4 8 3 a e s,
ry I I
3 4 8 3—
, .
H en 3 4 09
n Mo
, , .

3 4 8 4—
o ses,4 , .
w ll of poi o d 4 5 7
e s , s ne , , .

n r v l tio 5
G ui l d an t a go iz t h J w
o e e a n, ,
th
.
s, e, n e e e s
s uppl t l l oth r J w i h r l i
an s a e e s e
i nFr kfort 4 69 5 6 6 an 9 .
, , ,

g io ph ilo oph ic l y t m
ns -
s a s s e s,
an t go n i z
a th J w in e e e s
3 , 48 6 ; 4 , 47 9 .

W orm 4 69 8— 9 s,
ct of n t h M hom t
, .

e ff e , o e a e an p r c ut t h J w i n Pol an d
e se e e e s ,

d Chr i ti an worl d 3 4 8 6
an s , ,
.
5 1
, .

L a ti tr n l t io n of 3 4 8 6
n a s a , , , a ro u p io n g i t t h
se as s a a ns e

5 4 2 3 ; 4 , 6 0, 4 7 4 J w of Pr u i 5 1 9 1
e s ss a ,
—
.
, .

w k ea n e ss O f , 3 , 48 6 7 . G ul db rg v n D
e i h mi i t r ,
o ,
an s n s e ,

co d m d by M hom t 3, d M d l oh P nt ’
n e ne a e an s , an en e ss n s e a

488 . t uch tr n l tio 5 3 3 3

e a s a n, , .
3 08 I T
H S OR Y OF TH E J EWS .

r
H a d i an , mp ror ( c nt inu d) e e o e , H al ( H aaja , H ay a ) b e n Sh e ri ra
p r c ut t h Chri ti
e se 2 es e s an s , , ( co nti nued) t h e , h e ad of J u
430 1 v-
. da i s m 3 , 2 5 2 , .

de ath f 2 4 32 O , , . r v iv
e es the a c ade my of Sora ,

d cre of r vokees , e e d, 2, 433 . 3 , 25 3 .

edict f r v iv d O , e e ,
23 . logi
e u es o n , 3 ,
25 3 .

H a g a dah , t h e g d th . S ee A a a, e . B ar G o n a . S ec H ai b e n Sh e ri ra
’

H g n u th
a e duk
a of J w of e e e s H a i da m a k s , th e , r v ga a es of
8—
, , ,

A l c trib ut ry to 5 3 4 8
sa e a , ,
. a mo g Poli h
n s J e w 5 s, 10
—
, .

H a g g ai J wi h m of R ob rt
,
e s na e e 1 1 12, 3 8 8 .

de R e din g g e , 3 , 6 4 1 . S ee Co ck t h s sa s, e .

Ha gg i proph t urg
a ,
th e , es e H k i m F t i m id c liph d cr
a ,
a e a , e ee s

compl ti o of t h co d
e n e se n th co v r io of J w to
e n e s n e s

T mpl 1 3 5 9
e e, I l m 3 24 7
s a

or d i J w b dg 3 24 7 —
, .
, , .

e xtol Z r ubb b l 1 3 60
s e a e , , . a ns 8 e a e s, , .

Ha gg i S al Ch g g
a . ee so a al . xp l t h J w 3 24 8
e e s e e s, ,
.

Ha g g t h w if
e f D v id 1 1 3 5
, e O a , ,
. i tio of 3 24 8
a s s a ss n a n , ,
.

Ha g i n ( C h ay im ) D n l r e ac e s , H a l a ch th or l t chi g 2
a, e, a ea n , ,

chi f r bbi of E gl d 3
e a n an , , 3 28 , 3 29 .

644 . k owl dg of c q uir d by p

n e e , a e a

H a iog g ra p h th comm t a, e, en a g 2 3 84
an s, ,
.

ri by Solomo b Y
es o n , n en e c ultiv t d by R bb b r N ch
a e a a a a

ruch a m , 3 , 206 . m i 2 576 578

an , , , .

by J o ph K r 3 se a a, , 3 46 . ne gl ct d u d r Th o do iu I I
e e n e e s s ,

H i b n D vid ( 89 0 Ga o
'

a e a n 2 , 6 23 .

of Pumb dit h 3 e a, ,
1 83 . S ee a l so L aw , t h e or l ; Mi h a s n a,

H a l ( H aaja , H ay a ) b e n S h e ri ra the .

( 9 69 chi e f j udg e 3 , , Ha l ach a ,

t h e, th e st udy of ,

23 3 , 25 0 . s cor n ed by th e N z r a a en e s,

Ga o n of Pum b e di t h a , 23 4 , 2, 3 7 1 .

25 0 . de cli n es in J udaea , 2 , 5 4 0 .

pop ul rity of 3 23 4 25 0
a , , , . n ew m tho d of i tro duc d by
e , n e

authori ty of riv l d by G r , a e e J ud h b E z ki l 2 5 45
a en e e , ,
.

hom b n J h ud 3 244
s e e a s,
’

, . s t r gth
en th j udgm t 2 ens e en

ch r ct r d tt i m t of
a a e an a a n en s ,
625 .

3 , 25 0 . H a a l ch as, th e, Ga m li l I I a e

comp r a ed w ith Sa a diah , 3, m i t ia n a ns th e a uthority of ,

25 0 . 2 , 338 , 339 .

co ns ult s
P t ri rch of t h the a a e a rr g m t of by
an e en , A kib a, 2,
E t r Ch ri ti
as e 3 25 0 n s an s , , . 35 3, 3 5 4 .

co ult t h Kor 3 25 1
ns s e an , , . coll ct e ed by th e h lf T a -
a n a it e s ,

comm t ry th T lm ud
en a on e a 2, 47 0 1 -
.

by 3 25 1 S ee a l so L aw , t h e or l ; Mi h n
a s a,

my tici m 3 25 1 —
, , .

d ou c
en n 2 es s s , , . the .

co ult d by A fric
ns d Eue an an Ha l ch i c
a de v lopm n t e e th e, of
w 5 7 23 —
,

r p T lm udi t 3 25 2
o e an a s s, , ,
t h e La 4, ,
.

260 . Ha l ach o t h ” by Alf a ,

s si, 3 , 28 6 .
 I N DE X .

309

H a l ach o h G e do l o t h , t by Simo n Ha l e v i, mu l S S mu l Sa e . ee a e

of C i ro 3 1 7 9 a , , . b A br h m I b C h d 1 ;
en a a n -
as a

H a l c h th K t u t h
a work byo e o ,
S mu l ba A l i H l vi ; S m e en a e a

J ud h t h Bli d 3 1 3 6 a e n , , .
u l H l vi ; S m u l H l vi
e a e a e a e

uppl m t d by H l chot h
s e en e a a I b n N a g re l a -

G e do l o t h , 3 , 1 7 9 . Ha l e v i , S e ra ch y a . S ee Se ra ch y a
Ha l ah , t h e Te n Tr ib es colo iz n ed Ha l vi e Ge un d ; r i Se ra ch y a
i n , 1 , 26 5 .
Ha l di l vi e Sa a n .

Ha l b r t a dt t h T lm ud chool H alf n A z ri d S olomo

'

e s e a s e , a a an n,
,

of clo d 5 5 67
,
se , ,
.
r bbi t D m c u ch rg d
a s a a as s, a e

H l b
a e S ee A l ppo. e .
with r i t u l m ur d r 5 6 3 8 a e , , .

H a l v i A ar n
e S e A ro n H
, o . e a a
or d r d to tr l t e e u pi a ns a e s s

l vi e .
c io n T lm ud p g 5 s a a ss a es, ,

64 0
H al vi Ab r h am S ee A b r h m
e ,
a . a a
.

Ib D ud H l v in -
a a e
l c z K r it i 5 1 8 2
Ha i ,
a a es n, ,
.

H al l S ee W l f h
.

A ar n e, o o so n,
H al e v i , A b u S ai d b en Ch al f o n .

A ro
.

S ee A b u Sa d i a n .

H al l di t ri ct of P ri
.

es th s a
H al e v i , A l i S ee Al i H a l vi e
, e, s,

ppo t h m cip tio of

. .

O se s e e an a n
Ha l evi, E l z ea ar b en J o el . S ee
th J w 5 4 45e e s,
E l aze ar b en J o l H l vi e a e .

H m d n (F r ) c
a a t r of t h
a a s
,

en
.

e e

1 4 9—
Ha l e vi , E ia, l Fr ch J w i h
en e s
J udg h it 3 50 an e s,
,

po t e , 5 ,
4 60 .

th comm u ity of x mm u
e n
,

e co
.

Ha l evi , E l ia s . S ee E ia s H a l l vie .

n ic a t e d, 3 , 1 94
,

H al
.

e vi , I S ee I s a ac b en
s a a c.
the w of in t h tw lfth
J e s e e
As h r e Ha l vi ;
e I s aa c Ha l vie .

c t ury 3 4 3 4
en
,

ob b en M Mel i n
, , .

H al e vi , J
H am t h i h bit t of
ac o s es
th
.
a e n a an s
S ee J a cob b Mo en se s .
colo i z d i S m ri 1 28 5
,

n e n a a a, , .
,

H al e v i , J eh uda . S ee J eh uda H a mb urg ttl m t f J w se e en o e s

4 68 5 —
,
Ha l vie .
i 8
n, , .

H a l e vi , J ep h e t I b n Al i -
. S ee th L uth r
e of bj ct to e an s O e
,

J ep h et I b n Al i H a -
l vi e .
J w 4 6 8 5 6 8 7 69 1 3
e s, , , ,
-
.

H al e v i , J ose ph be n E p h r im a r fu e p rmi io to G rm
se s e ss n e an
I b n Be n v e n i s t e
-
. S e J o ph e se J w to ttl th r 4 6 8 5
e s se e e e, ,

b en E phr im a I b n Be n ve n i s t e
-

6 .

Ha l vie h rbor Port ug u J w

a s e se e s as

68 6—
.

H al e v i , J o s ep h b en Me i r ‘

I bn “ tr
d r 4 7 a e s,
”
, .

Mi g a s h 8 66 J o se p h . b en admit J w u d r r t i s e s n e es r c

Me i r I b n Mig a s h -
.
tio 4 6 88 n s, ,
.

(H a l ev i , J o s ep h A m ark al a . S ee b k of uppo rt d by J w
an , s e e s,

J o ph se Am a rk al a H a e l vi 4 , 68 9
y gog u t 4 6 89—
.
.

Ha l e vi , Mei r b en B ar uch . See s na 90 6 9 1 es a , , , .

Me ir b en B r uch a Ha l vie .
G rme J w i 4 69 1 an e s n, ,
.

H al e vi , Mei r b e n To dro s . S ec po t of ho or occ up i d by

s s n e

Me i r b e n T o dro s H a l vie . J ew s -
i n , 4 , 6 92 .

H al e v i , Mo se s U ri . S ee Mo se s c lla ed
“ i l ttl e J e ru s al e m ,
”
4,
U ri H a l e vi . 693 .
3 10 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

H a m urg b
( co nt inued) , J o ph se Ha m n Mo o ,
se s ( conti nued) , dis
D e l m e dig o a t , 5 , 7 8 . po th s es e s ult a n f vor
in a

the Sa bb ti a an mov m t e en 1 11 of t h M e e n de s f mily 4

a , ,

5 ,
1 3 9 , 1 4 0 1 , 1 5 0, 1 5 1 , 1 5 5 -
. 575 .

t g tio of tr d i 5 1 49
s a na n a e n, , . H an a m l co u i ee ,
s n of J e r mi h
e a ,

J w from ttl i Br d
e s ,
se e n an en 1 , 290 .

b urg 5 1 7 4 , ,
.
H an an e l , g t a e, to w r e at , in J e

Port ug u J w of w lthy e se e s , ea , rus al e m , 1 , 23 1 .

5 ,
205 .
H an an i a . S ee C h a n an y a .

r bbi f Pol 5 206

a s O e s,
H an a n i a h , i form N h m i h
L i g t 5 3 1 9—
, n e e a
.
, s
e ss n 20 a , , .
of th e di tr of t h J u
s e ss e
th R form mov m n t
e e e e in , 5,
5 6 3—
dae a n s , 1 , 37 2 .

4 .
comm a n de r of th e Bir ah 1,
T lm ud chool of lo
,

a s c s e d, 5
, , 3 82 .

5 67 .

H an a u, olomo n t ch r of
S ea e
the D y im of oppo t h
a an , se e
We ss e ly 5 3 67
,

form T mpl 5 5 7 0 5 7 3 , .
,
Re e e,
H a n a u, J w p rmi tt d to t
.
, ,
e s e e se
“
th e h p h p! p r c ut io n
e , e
”
e se
t l e i n , 4 , 69 5 .

in , 5 , 5 7 3
B r n y ppoi t d to
e a s a
.

n e t h e rab
r bbi of oppo
a , se s th e R e form
b i t of 5 5 7 6 7na e -
mov m t 5 e en , ,
57 1 .

H a n di c r f t J w g g
, .
,
a s, e s en a e in , 3 ,
c o n fl a g ra t io n in , 5 ,
67 4 .

4 01 , 4 25 , 4 26 , 4 27 , 606
S ee al so Re form T mpl U n io n e e
.

th e .
,

J e w forbi dd
s en to en g g a e in ,
4 , 203 , 205 , 21 6
H am urg , th e b
J ews of , de
.

s i ed J cr b by oh n Mill e r, 4,
d i cu
s s se d by th e Fr ch en Sy n
h e drio n , 5 4 97
69 0 , .

wi h to s se ttl e in E n gl an d , 5 ,
rt i
S ee A ; Tr d sa n s a es .

18 H n d p i g l ” by Pf
a s e e e ff e rkor n
—
.
, ,

e m cip t an a e d, 5 , 5 06 .
R u hl i r ply to
e c n s
’
e ,
4 , 44 6 8 .

Ha -
Me as s e f ,
br w j o ur l
a He e na ,
H an n a Ba ch a ri Be y , oppo nen t
5 , 33 9 . Se G th r r Th
e a e e , e .
” of th e D m cu a as s J w e s, 5 ,

Ha mm a, J e w t l r t d in 4
s o e a e , ,
6 3 3 , 63 5 .

686 .
H an n a h , moth er of Sa mu l e ,
1,
H am mun a , fr i d of Ch mi en a na 73 .

b r Ch m a2 45 6 a a, , .
H an o v e r, th e fl a g e l l an t s in , 4 ,
H m
a I aa
on , phy ic i i s c, s an n 111 .

Gr ad pow r of 4 3 44
an a, e , , . J w tol r t d in 4 6 8 6
e s e a e , , .

H m n
a J o ph
o phy ic i , to se , s an Oh yo a t 5 23 1 n a , , .

S lim I 4 4 01e , , . th J w of d priv d of c i v i l

e e s , e e

H am n M o phy ici , to os es, s an r ight 5 5 1 2 s, , .

S olym n I p tro of J w i h a , a n e s H an To w n t h ob j ct to t h
se s, e, e e

lit r t ur 4 401 e a e, , . m cip t io of t h J w

e an a n e e s,

f mily of x mpt from t x

a , e e a e s, 5 ,
5 19 .

4 , 4 02 . H an s e T o wn s , t h e, t h e J ews o f ,

prot cto r of e the T urk i h s em ci p t d un d r Fr n ch

an a e e e

J w 4 553 e s, , . i flu nc
n 5 5 06 e e, , .
3 1 2 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

Ha z l of D m c u t w r
ae ,
a as s, a a He br w le an g uag e , the ( co n
with J hor m of I r l 1 e a s ae , ,
t inned) , use d in t h e b i tori s

21 0 . wr it i g 2
c al n s, , 16 .

g i a ns t rritory from J h u 1 e e mi pro o u c d i

s n n e n Ga lil ee, 2,
220—
, ,

1 . 1 49 .

a t w r w i th J ho h z a d e a a an of t h Mi h 2 461 e s n a,

pok i J ud 2 4 6 1—
, .

J o h 1 22 1as , , . s en 2 n aea , , .

H a z or r llyi g pl c of t h C
,
a n a e e a l r t by O rig n 2 4 8 8
ea n e , , .

m n it a 1 37 n e s, i n th Amor im p ri o d 2e a e

5 3 8—
, .
, ,

H a th
e th vi w h l d by of
en , e, e e ,
9 .

J ud d J ud i m 2 203
ae a n s a n a s ,
i t r t in u d r T h o do iu
n e es , n e e s s

dopt J ud i m 2 2 1 5 —
.
,

a 19 a s , , . I I , 2 , 6 23 , 625 .

di g u t d with t h
s d ifi
s e ti e e ca on J w forbi dd n to t ch Chr i
e s e ea s

of h um b i g 2 228 an e n s, ,
. ti 2 624 an s, ,
.

J ud forbi dd n t o d l
aea n s e ea r v iv d u d r Ar b i fl u c
e e n e a n en e,

with 2 27 0 , , . 3 1 1 1—
12 , .

j oi t h B r C h b r b llio
n e a -
oc a e e n, f ur i h d with vo w l po in t
n s e e s,

2, 410 . 3 , 1 12 .

in t rco ur with r g ul t d by
e se e a e ne gl ct e ed in t h e n n i t h c tu en

2 4 7 6—
,

th Mi h e 8 s n a, ,
. ry , 3 , 15 7 .

i t rco ur with i t r dict d t udi ed by M ch m b e n Sa

—
n e se n e e s en a e

2 4 7 6—
,

by T rt ulli 7 e an , ,
. ruk , 3 , 224 5 .

p rmitt d to gl
e 2 47 8 e ean , promot d by t h co trov r y e e n e s

u d r Ch a d 1 I b —
.
,

p urch from p rmitt d by

as e s e e n Sh p rut
e s a n a

J ud h I I 2 4 83 — 226—
, ,

4 a , ,
. 3 7, .

b com c q u i t d w ith J w
e e a a n e e improv m t i n in t h tw lft h e en , e e .

i h li t r t ur
s 2 5 02 e a e, , . c t ury 3 3 1 7
!

en , , .

r l xi g of t h l w ag i t t ught m n for
v r io 3 5 97 6 40—
e a n e a s a ns ,
a a as ea s co n

2 , 5 25 . e s1 ; 4 24 5 n, , , , .

He b r e , th e K n it e e, i n C h aris i
’
s wor d of u d by Sp n i h
s , se a s

T a ch k e m o n i , 3 , 5 5 9 . tir i t 4 1 8 1
sa s s, , .

H eb e rt , se s t up t h e re l igi o of n st udy of i tro duc d in to G r , n e e

R e as o n, 5 ,
45 0 . m y by R uchli 4 4 3 2
an e n, , ,

Hebr w lph b t t h A yr i
e a a e , e, ss an 4 33, 434 .

ch r ct r of l 3 9 5
a a e s p gyri
an e by R uchl i 4 c on, e n,

4 3 3—
, , .
,
“H br w Chr tom t h ” by
e e es a 4 4 36
y , , .

A d m M rti t 5 6 28 6 29
a a ne , , , . s t udy of t t h G rm u i , a e e an n

H br w g ra mm a r
e e S ee G r m . a v r it i
e dvi d by R u h
s es a se e c

mar . l in , 4 , 4 4 3 .

He br ew l an g ua g t h ch r e, e, e s t udi ed by E gi dio de V i t rbo

e ,

i sh e d by t h B bylo i an x e a n e 4 , 45 7 .

i l e s, 1 , 3 4 0, 3 6 4 . prof e ss or hip for s s , in s i t t ut e d,

g n or t of
J udae a n s i an , 1 , 3 86 .
4 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 3 , 47 4 .

c ult iv t d u d r t h
a e n e e H a s mo s t udi ed by Chri t ia s n s, 4 , 47 1
n an 2 1 4—
ae 15 s, , . 4 , 65 1 .

ca ll d N w H br e w
e e -
e ( N e o He -
w id ly t udi e s ed in Ho ll an d , 5,
br e w ) 2 1 5 , , . 21 .
 I N D EX .

313

H e b re w l an g u g t h ( con a e, e He bro n ( con t inued) A b s a lom , de

ti nu d) oci ty for t h e pro
e s e c l a re d ki g i n n, 1 , 1 39
motio of 5 3 98—
, .

9 n , , . ow n ed by I dum ae a n s , l ,
435 ,
a bo d for t h n J w of w t e e s es 47 4 .

r E urop
e n 5 4 02 e, ,
. J wi h pri o r ol d t t h
e s s ne s s a e

lov of pr v t po t a y 5
e , e en s a s s , , l v m rk t of 2 4 1 9
s a e a e s , , .

4 20 . M imo id i 3 4 5 7
a n es n, , .

import c of i t h J w i h an e , n e e s occ up t io of t h J w of 4a ns e e s , ,

lit urgy 5 5 62 , , . 75 .

omi io n of from t h div in

ss ,
e e Sa bb at a1 Z vi e at , 5 , 1 28 .

rvic obj ct d to 5 5 64
se e e e , , . H ech al , th e H oly Pl c a e, 1,
Port ug u pro u ci tio n of e se n n a , 1 65 .

a dopt d i H mb urg 5 5 7 1 e n a , ,
. He g l e ,
in flu c en e Of, on Ed w rd a

r t i d i
e a ne th Vi n T m n e e na e Ga n s , 5 , 5 8 3 .

p l e , 5 , 5 80 . on Yo u g n Is r l ae , 5 ,
5 85 .

re n a s s a n i c e of th ro ugh , Er t er , He id l b rg
e e , th e J e w of p r s e se
—
,

5 , 613 , 61 6 ; c ut e d 5 , , 5 30 1 .

b an i s hm n t of from e ,
the l it H e i de lb rg e ,
t h e U n i v e rs i y t of ,

urg y p ropo d by H se ol dh e im, on co fi c tio H th e n s a n of e

5 ,
68 0 . br w book 4 4 37 4 4 1
e s, , , .

a bol it io n of , in th e l it urgy Sp i n o z o ff r d a prof or a e e e ss

discuss e d, 5 ,
68 5 . h ip t 5 1 08
s a , ,
.

S ee r mm r
al so G a a ,
He br w ; e H id n h im W l f
e e of t h e ,
o , one e

L it r at ur J w i h
e e, e s . M fi m Ma or ti e as t udi , ss e c s es

H e b re w l i t e ra t ure , a ll go rie e s of 5 4 00
—
, , .

in , 1 , 1 5 8 9 . H i lm n n
e r bb i oppo t of
a ,
a , n en

u d r H z k i h 1 27 9
n e e e a , , . E ib e s c h u
t z , 5, 262, 263 , 268 ,
duri g t h B bylo i
n e a n an C ap 269
6 3 4 0—
t ivit y 1 3 3 4—
.

2 , , , . H e i l p e ri n , J e ch i el ,
h i tori an s , 5,
i th
n P r i p io d 1e e s an er , , 4 10 202 .

11 . H e i n e , H e i n ri ch ( 1 7 9 9 as

t ran s l at
o Gr k 2 3 5 9 ed in t ee , ,
.
a J ew , 5 ,
5 3 6, 5 4 4 .

S ee a l so Lit r t ur J wi h ; e a e, e s as a Ge rm an 5 5 37 .

J uda G r k lit ra t ur ; P po t 5 5 3 7
thi k r 5 5 44—
eo -
ee e e o as e .
, ,

e t ry as a 5 n e

h r ct r of 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 —
. .
, ,
“H e b re w Ph si ci an Th e , by 6
y a
—
, c a e , , , .

D v id da e Po m is 4 , 6 5 6 7 , . lov of f r h i moth r
e , o s e , 5 ,

H e b rew B i t e s , Th e ”
by L eo 5 45
7 1— —
, .

Mo de n a , 5 ,
2 1 80 , . J w i h duc tio
e of
s e a n , 5 ,
5 45 6 .

H eb re w w ri t in gs S . ee Co n fi sca pr id of i h i r c e ,
n s a e, 5 , 5 46 .

tio n an d b ur in g n of He br w e att it ud of tow r d e , a s J uda i m s ,

b ook s . 5 ,
5 46 .

H e b ro n , k i g of de f e at e d by in ue n fl c of B rl in J wi h
o h u 1 3 4—
n ,
e e e s so

J s 5 a, , . c ie t y o n , 5 , 5 46 .

ch i f city of J ud h 1 38
e a , , , 77 . j o i t h Soci ty for t h C ul
ns e e e

r id n of D v id 1 1 09 t ur of J w 5 5 47 e e s,

5 5 47 —
es e ce a , , . ,
.

D a v id l v 1 1 1 4 ea e s, , . c ri t i c i th J w 8se s e e s, , .
3I4 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

H e in e , H e in r ich ( c o nt in ued) , co n He i p l o ol i ( O nio n ) di tr ict ns , s co

t mpt f f r po t t 5
e ( f o a s a e s, t i i g t h T mpl of O i
a n n e e e n a s,

5 48—9 5 1—
, ,

2 ,
5 . 1 , 5 08 .

g l rifi o J wi h hi tory i th
es e s s n e r v u of d vot d to
e en es , e e th e
R bb i of B ch r ch
a 5 a a a
”
T mpl 1 5 08 e e,

5 4 9—
, .
, ,

50 c ll d t h Ar bi a prov i c
a e e a n n e, 1,
b pti m of 5 5 5 0—
.

a s1 5 10 .

,
.
,

ch r ct riz
a J ud i m
a nd e es a s a H e l i s a ch a r, i cit
n es th e s o ns of
Chri ti ity 5 5 5 2 s an Lo ui t h Pio u i s e s g
a a ns t
5 5 2—
, , .

on Shylock 5 3 th ir t p moth r 3 1 66
e s e -
e

5 5 5 3—
.
, ,
, , .

on Mo 5 se s, , .
He lki of O i I V g n
as , so n n as , e

i pir d by J w i h po try 5
ns e e s e , ,
r l id with Cl op tr
e a , s es e a a,

555, 694 .
moth r f Ptol my V I I I 2 e O e , ,

” 1 0, 12
on the h e p , h ep ! p e rse c u
.

tio n s, 5 , 556 .
de a th of 2 4 1 , , .

d bte f o the J e w to 5 5 5 6
s
He l l ttor y l v i bl ckm i l
, a ne , e es a a

J w of Al c 5
, , .

th
d bt of rm y to 5 5 5 6 on e e s sa e,
e Ge an , ,
.
,

3 49
o n I c B r sa a e na y 5 577 s,
.

,
pr v t d btor from p y i g
.

o n Mo Mo se s se r 5 5 83 ,
e en s e s a n

J w
, .

5 35 0
on th j o ur e na l of t h Soci ty e e
e s, , .

for C ult ur 5 5 8 6 e,
b i h d 5 35 0
an s e , , .

H ll b li f i d r iv d f ro m
, .

E dw r d G u po t y ’ e , e e n, e e
o n a a s s a s as

5 , 5 87
,
M gi i m 1 4 03a an s , , .

H l l ni m th tt ck of
.

e e s e a a s ao
comp ar ed w i th S t e in h im e 5 , ,

607
, ,
tu t th
ce n l g l ch ar t r a e e e a ac e

comp r
.

a ed w ith E rt r e 5 615
of J ud i m 2 4 7 1 a s , , .

,
H l l ni t im of 1 4 3 5
,
e e th s s, e, a s , ,
16 .

6
on He ll e n is m an d J uda is m , 5 ,
On
.

i I I I ppo as O se d to 1 , 43 7 .
,
688 .

p r c ut O i
e se e n as III, 1 , 43 8 9, -

Be j a s, the J e w ttl i 3 5 4
s se e n, ,
.

444
r bi orth r
.

S ee A a a, n n
e .

co n de m ned by J es us Sirach
j r th M hom t flight —
,
He i
’
a, e, a e s
1, 4 40 1
from M cc 3 7 3
.

e a, , .

i vit
n e t h e in t rf r c of
e e en e Ah
H l m th
e a b t tl of t h Ar e a e e a
, ,
t io ch us I V 1 , 4 44
mm n d f t d t 1 1 27
, .

a s e ea e a , ,
.

i tro duc g m
n d gym n a e a es an
H l n qu
e e of Adi b pro een a en e ,
i i to J ud 1 4 44—
s
, s a 6 n ae a ,
lyt 2 21 6—1 7
, .

e e, , .
r f u to crific to H rc ul e
e se sa e e s,
vi it J r u l m 2 21 8 224
s s e sa e , , , .
1 , 446 .

gift of to t h T mpl 2 21 8 e e e, proc ur J o e as n s

’
dis mi s sa l 1,
4 46—
.
, , ,

m u ol um of 2 21 9
a s e , , .
7 .

H l ico n f vorit of C l ig ul
e , 2 a e a a, , di pprov of M
sa e ene a l us as h igh
1 87 . pri t 1 44 7 es , , .

H e l i o do rus , r r of S l u
e a su tr e e e t k r f ug in
a e e e th e A cr a, 1,
tr t o forc h i w y
c us I I ie s , e s a 45 4 .

i to t h nT mpl 1 4 3 8 e e e, , . b tr y t h hi di g pl c
e a e n a es of

m ur de r S l uc u 1 443 s e e s, , . th Ch a i dim 1 45 7 8
e ss , ,
-
.
3 16 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

H en y I I , r
of C a t il ( c nti nu d) s e o e , H en ry I V of C til ( c ntinued) , as e o

d cr J w b dg
e 4 139
ees e a e s, ,
. ppo t h t bli hm t of
O se s e es a s en

di crimi s t g i t J wi h na es a a ns e s th I q ui itio
e 4 3 10 n s n, , .

cr ditor 4 1 3 9 e s, , . He n ry I of E gl d gr t , n an , an s

forc J w i to r ligio u d
es e s n e s e privil g to t h J w 3 e es e e s, ,

b t 4 1 40 a e s, ,
. 5 04 .

J w i h co urti r of 4 1 5 6
e s e s , ,
. H en r y I I of E gl d t h J w , n an , e e s

d th of 4 1 5 6
ea , , . pro p ro u u d r 3 4 09
s e s n e , , .

J w h t d u d r 4 1 67 He n ry III of E gl d t h
u d r 3 5 7 0—
e s a e n e , ,
.
, n an , e

H n ry I I I
e of C til di cor d ,
as e, s J w e s 1 5 87 n e , , ,

rly i t h r ig of 4
mi ority of 3 5 87 —
ea n e e n , ,
92 .

1 67 .
th e 8 n , , .

re g t for q u ll t h riot
en s , e e appoi t chi f r bb i 3 5 8 8
n s a e a , ,
.

ag i t t h J w of S vill
a ns e e s e e, r tr i
es th i tol r c of
a ns e n e an e

4 , 1 68 .
th Ch urch 3 5 8 8
e , ,
.

co f r n ig iti upo
e s d n es n S olo summo J wi h P rl i
ns a e s a a

m n L vi 4 1 8 4
o e , , .
m t 3 5 8 9—9 0
en , , .

e mploy J w i h phy ic i s e s s an s, 4, r f u t h J w p rm i io
e se s e e s e ss n

1 8 5 , 1 90 .
to l v E gl d 3 5 9 1 ea e n an , ,
.

vi d t to mploy J wi h
ad se no e e s d poe E li of Lo do 3
se s as n n,

o ffici l 4 1 8 5 a s, , .
5 91 .

J w u d r 4 193
e s n e , , .
prot ct e s th e J e w of Lo do
s n n,

d th of 4 1 9 3 1 9 6
ea , , , .
3 , 5 92 .

ppoi t Solomo L vi x u
a n s n e e ec H e n ry V I I I of E gl d ov r ,
n an , e

t or f h i will 4 1 9 4 o s , , .
throw C tholici m 4 5 4 1 s a s , ,
.

H n ry I V
e of C til t h J w ,
as e, e e s H en ry I I of Fr c O b di h d
,
an e, a a e

u d r 4 27 4—
n 6 e , , .
S for o d dic t n hi work e a es s s

pl u d r t h ho u of J w
n e s e se s e s t o , 4 , 411 .

d M rr
an o 4 27 4 a an s, , .
tr t ea s N ea poli t an J e w k i dly
s n .

mploy J wi h ffic i l 4
e s e s O a s, ,
4 , 5 44 .

27 5 .
co n fi s c a t e s th e Me n de s prop
forb id w to dr l ux
s th e J e s e ss e rt y , 4, 574
uri u l y 4 27 5 —
.

6
o s , , .
re fu se s to p y a th e Me n de s
di prov s th ch rg of chil d
es e a e N a s si f mily a h is de bt , 4,
m ur d r g i t t h J w of e a a ns e e s 5 96, 5 97 .

Sp i 4 27 6a n, , .
H en ry of Fr c \ S III ,
an e . ec

p u i h t h m ur d r r of t h
n s es e e e s e H ry of A jo u
en n .

J w of M di
e d l C m po
s e na e a s, H en ry I V of Fr c d M n , an e, an a

4 , 27 8 . u l Pim n t l 4 6 7 2
e e e , ,
.

t t ut book of
s a ig e low , ass ns a H n ry f O ra g
e w ll di po d
o n e, e s se

po itio to t h J w 4 27 8
s n e e s, , .
t ow r d J w 4 67 8 a s e s, ,
.

d po d 4 27 8
e se , , . H en r y d Tr t m r S e as a a e . ee

r pro c h d with p rti lity to

e a e a a H ry I I of C til
en as e

w r d t h J w 4 27 9 —
.
,

a 8s e e s, ,
0 . H en r y I rchb i hop of M y ,
a s a

prot ct t h M rr o of V l
e s e a an s a nc
e prot ct t h J w dur
e, e s e e s

l a do l id, 4 , 28 1 i g th n co d cr u ad 3 e se n s e,

3 5 2—
,
.

de a th of , 4 , 283 . 3 .
 I N DEX .
317

H e n ry , bi hop of R t i bo n n
s a s , e r
H e de r ( co n t i nu d) e , a v r io of
e s n ,

. I c rc e s ti J wi h r t ri
an -
e s es c to J ew 5 4 62 s, , .

tio 4 3 01n s, H e re s y , ig
m r t d by
s f ns O en u e a e

3 15 —
, .
,

a t t mpt to o v rt
e s c n e the J e w s, th e 4I q ui itio
16
n s n, ,
.

4 , 3 01 . He rm n d d t h u io of Sp m
a a , e, n n a

ch rg a I r l Br un w ith
es s ae a i hs tow forc ti ns , en es an

chil d m ur d r 4 3 03 -
e , ,
. J wi h m
e ur 4 25 1
s e as e s, , .

urg n i q ui ry
es g i t th a n a a ns e He r m n n I I I b i hop of C
a , s o

J w 4 3 04
e s, , . l gn
o prot ct t h J w
e, e s e e s

H n ry J ul i u
e duk of Br u s, e ns dur i g th fir t cr u ad 3
n e s s e, ,

wick xp l t h J w 4 , e e s e e s, , 3 04 .

65 2 . H er m an n t h e C arp nt r l e e , e a de r
“H e ”
cry g i t of fir t cr u d i
p , h ep ! the, a a ns th e s sa e n Co
—
,

w
th e J e s, 5 , 5 28 3 2 . l o g n e , 3 , 3 03 , 3 06 .

Ra ch l L vi
e e n on, 5 ,
5 34 . H er m i t ag ” ( St iib l ) t h e e , e

H ep , h e p ! p e rs e u i o n s , t h e , c t Z ddik room 5 3 8 2
a
’
s
—
, .
,

BOrn e o n , 5 , 5 42 3 . He rm n ( A ti L b
o o ) mo u n -
e an n , n

H e in e on, 5 , 556 . t i d criptio n of 1 44

a n, es , , .

in H a mb urg 5 5 7 3 , , . J es us at , 2, 1 5 8 .

H ep h z i b h wif of
-
a , e He z ki h
e a , H e ro d I ( 37 so n of An t ip a
1 , 28 0 .
t e r, gov r or of e n Ga lil ee, 2,
H e ra cl i us , mp ror of t h E t
e e e as 77
z ki 2 7 7—
, .

s ue s for p c w i th Ch ru ea e os b
s u due s E e 8 a s, , .

I I , 3 , 19 . ho or n ed by S xt u C r e s aes a , 2,
a lli es h im lf with se the J e w s, 78
3 , 21 —
.

2 .
b for
e e t h e Sy n h e drio n , 2 , 7 8
m k p c w ith t h P r
a es ea e e e 9 .

i 3 22
s an s , , . gov r n or of C l yri 2 7 9
e oe e s a, , .

p r c ut t h J w of P l
e se es e e s a es i t M l ich 2 8 0
3 22—
a s sa ss n a e s a , , .

ti 3 47
ne, , , . b t roth d to M ri m 2 8 1
e e a a ne, , .

forbi d J w to n t r J ru s e s e e e sa t t r rch of J ud
e a 2 81 ae a , ,
.

l e m , 3 , 23 . oppo d by t h P rthise 2 e a an s , ,

H e rcul e s d E s t e Ik of F r ’
, du e e 82 .

r r p tro of Abr h m
a a, a n a a c p to R om 2 8 3 8 6
l 4 4 1 2—
es a es e, , , .

F ri a 13 ss o , , . f vor d by A to y 2 8 6
a e n n , ,
.

He r ul d E t I I duk of F r
c es
’
s e , e e procl im d k i g of J ud by
a e n aea

r r f ri d of t h J w 4
a a, en e e s, , th R om n S e t 2 86 a en a e, ,
.

5 44 .
str uggl of with A tigo u e ,
n n s,

prot ct e s the Marr an o s 4 5 69 , ,

-
. 2 , 87 .

prot ct e s G r a ci a Me n de s i a 4 m r ri M r i m 2 8 7 ne,
—
, , a es a a ,
.

575 . b i g J ru l m
es e 2 87 8 es e sa e , ,
.

H e rcul es , chi f of t h J wi h e e e s h A t igo u b h d d 2

as n n s e ea e , ,

comm u i ty of A rt 3 4 24 n a, , . 89 .

He r ulc d mi g d J
es , o e -
o , as n sac pol icy of 2 , ,
89 .

rifi c e s to, l , 446 . kill t h Sy s e n h e dris t s , 2 , 89 .

H e rde r, ad m ir “P ”
ppoi t A n an e l h igh pri t
es h ae do n , 5 . a n s es ,

3 07 . 2 , 90 .
3 18 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

o
H er d I ( con t inued) tri to , es oh l He r od I ( con t inued) , e x c ut
e es

lit r t h i I dum e a e s ze a n de Ma ri a m n e I
’
s s o n s, 2, 1 1 3 .

c t 2 90
s en , , . co pir cy g i t 2 1 1 3
ns a a a ns , ,
.

f r H y r u d Ari t
ea s can s an s ob u appoi t H ro d A tip n s e n as h is
l us (III ) ,
2, 90 1 — . ucc or 2 1 1 4
s e ss , , .

bri g n s H y rc a n us to J er us a co t t of with t h Ph ri
n es e a se e s,

2 , 1 1 4—
,

l e m, 2, 9 1 15
tt mpt uici d 2 1 1 5 —1 6
. .

procl im A ri tob ul u
a s s s (III) a e s s e, .

high pri t 2 , 9 1 es , . ex c ut A tip t r 2 1 1 6

e es n a e , , .

h ashi m m ur d r d 2 9 2 e e , , . or d r x c utio for t h d y

e s e e ns e a

a cc u d b for Cl op tr
se e e e a a, 2, of h i d th 2 1 1 6 s ea , , .

92 3 -

. d th of 2 1 1 7
ea , ,
.

or d r e s th e m ur d r of M e a t rritory dd d to J ud by
e a e aea ,

ri a m n e , 2, 93 2, 118 .

will of 2 1 1 9—20
.

th r t ea en ed by a i t r of
s s e An , , .

t ig o n us , 2 , 9 4 d gi ft
se n to Ath
s 2 193 s e n s,
—
.
.
,

at w ar wi th M lich a , 2, 9 4 5 . p l c of torm d by t h
a a e , s e e

or d r t h e of Hyr
s e x c utio e e n Z lot 2 26 0ea s, , .

c u I I 2 96
ah s , , . p l c of i G lil d troy d
a a e , n a ee es e

co fi n M ri m i Al x
n es a a ne n e an by J o ph u 2 27 9 se s, ,
.

drio 2 96 n, ,
. H ro d I I broth r of Agripp I
e , e a ,

appoi t H ill l pr i d t of
n s e es en . pr tor d pri c of Ch l
a
e an n e a

th e Sy n h e drio n , 2 , 9 6 , 9 9 . c is , 2, 190 .

a ppo t in s Me n a e de u , 2 , h m p ty lli d with Agri pp I 2 1 9 6

a e a , ,
.

1 00 . oppo C u p iu F du 2 1 9 7
se s s s a s .

r c iv d with f vor by O ct
e e e a a ask for tr uc 2 1 9 7
s a e,

vi 2 1 01 —
, .

2
n s, ,
. tit ul r ki g of J ud
a 2 198 n ae a , , .

t rritory of i cr
e d 2 1 03 , n e as e , , . d th of 2 1 99 23 5
ea , , , .

ex c ut M ri m 2 1 04
e es a a ne, , . wi dow of 2 23 5 , , .

q u ll Al x dr
e ditio n 2
s e an a s
’
se , ,
H ro d b n G m al
e p rt i
e of a a, a sa n

1 05 . R om 2 27 4 e, , .

s bmit to
u s Au us us g t , 2, 1 05 . H ro d b n Mi ar p rti
e e of , a sa n

or m t na en s Se b t as e an d C ae s a R om 2 27 4 e, , .

re a , 2 , 1 06 .
H ro d ( A tip )
e of Cl p n as , so n eo a

exh u t a s s th e p opl by t x
e e a a t r of J r u l m
a d H ro d e sa e an e

tio 2 n, ,
1 07 . I di i h rit d 2 1 1 9
, s n e e , , .

d gr d
e a es th e high pri thoo d es , H ro d ( Philip )
e n of M , so a
2 , 1 07 .
ri m II
a d H ro d I di
ne an e s

m rri M ri m n I I 2 1 07
,

a es a a e , , .
i h r it d 2 1 1 9
n e e , ,
.

r q ui r
e o th of ll gi c
es an a a e an e wif of 2 1 7 3e , , .

from h i ubj ct 2 1 08 s s e s, , . H ro d A n t i p
e ( A t ip I) n as n as , so

r mo d l t h T mpl 2 1 09
e e s e e e, , of M l t h d H ro d I a a ce an e ,

11 . ucc s or to H ro d I 2
e ss e , ,

d i tr u tf ul of
s s h is f mily
a , 2, 1 14 .

1 12 .
r ul r of e Ga lil ee an d P rm e a, 2,
a ppoi t n s An i t p at r e h is s uc 1 19 .

c or ess , 2 , 1 12, 1 1 3 . en vio u of Arc h l s e a us 2 , , 1 20 .

32 0 H S OR I T Y OF TH E J EW S .

H e s ch el s , L eb , r abbi oppo , se s H ig h pri s t t h ( c nt i nued) e s, e o ,

E ib e sch iit z , 5 ,
2 6 2, 263 , 26 8 , h d of t h Co u ci l f
ea s e n o

26 9 . S v ty 1 3 9 4
e en , , .

H e s y ch ius , l r g t co n su a a en , ao co i d r d poli t ic l chi f 1

ns e e a e s, ,

c us e dby G m li l V 2 6 1 3 a a e , , .
418 .

H es s, H rm n ch c llor of
e a n ,
an e
t ll d by t h R om pro
in s a e e an
th U iv r ity of M y c
e n e s a en e,
c ur tor 2 1 29 1 3 7 a , , , .

d th
an co fi c tio of H e n s a n e
v tm t of k pt i t h AD
es en s e n e
br w book 4 4 3 7
,

e s, , .

to i 2 1 29 n a,
i tro duc M d l , .

H I aa
es s , s c, n es en e s
cho by t h R om gov
se n e an er
oh t o L i g 5 29 7
s n e ss n , , .

n o r, 2 , 1 7 2, 1 9 7
J w f d priv d of
.

H th
ess e , e e s o e e

civil righ t 5 5 1 2 s,
,
cho se n by H ro d I I 2 1 9 8 e , ,
.

m cip t d 5 601
e an a e
, .

cho se n from c rt i f m il ies e a n a ,

, , .

2 , 237
H tm ( At t m ) Co ck .

e an a an ss a

h i ft i 5 2
C e a n,
,
f ud mo g 2 23 7
e s a n , , .

,
pow r of u d r Agripp
.

n e a I I , 2,
H wn t H a l l m t i g pl c
e ,
e -
s on e ,
ee n a e
24 6
of t h Sy h dri n i J r u e n e o n e
.

l m 2 23 9
sa e
short t rm of 2 e s , ,
24 9 .

d p uty to 2 3 3 0
.
, ,

H x pl
e ap r ll l t xt of Bibl
a, a a e e s e
e , , .

v r io by O rig 2 4 88—
e s ns 9 en , ,
.
S ee a l so Aa ro n i de s ; Pr i t es s .

H z k i h ki g of J ud h vir
e e a n a g
Hi h pr i e st s, th e, li t of
s

t u of 1 266—
, ,

es 7 A r a o n, J e h i ki m
o a

limi t d po w r of 1 267 —
, , . ,

e 8 e , , .
A b i th r a a , J o ase r,

A c h it ub J o h an a n , so n of
b i h i dol try 1 267
an s es a , , .

A l c i mus,
,

J i o ada,
c l br t t h P ov r 1 268
e e a es e ass e , ,
.
Al x d r J
e an e an J o a id a,

lli d w ith E gypt 1 27 0

a e , , . mua
n J o na th an b en
ur
a ss S ch rib of h i
es enn a e s A m zi h ( B th l )
a a e e , A n an ,

ubmi io
s 1 27 4 ss n,
A f t h f mi
n an , o e a J o na th a n H ap h us ,

l y S th
, .

e J o se p h , o f th e
r f u to urr d r to S
e se s s en e en
A f th f m
n an , o
,

e a i h o use of Cu ~

n a c h e ri b , 1 , 27 4 5 -

. ly A n an , m y th ,

ill of 1 27 6
n e ss ,
A l
n an e ,
J o se p h C i ph a a as,

A i
, .

J hu f th
r cov r 1 27 7
e e s, , .
n an as,

A tig u
os a,

f mil y f Ph b i
o e

ho or M ro d ch b l d
n sm e a a a an s e
’
n
Ari t b ul u I
on s, a o a ,

b y 1 27 8—
hu
-

s o s , J os f th a, o e
9
as s , , .
Ari t b ul u I I
s o s , f mil y f Si
a o e,

m rri g of c l br t d 1 27 9
a a e , e e a e ,
.
Ari t b ulu I I I
s o s , J o sh ua b e n D am
Az ri h
,

H br w lit r t ur
e u d r
e 1 e a e n e
a a ,
n a i,

27 9
, ,
Az ri h b Z
a a en a J o sh ua b e n G am
d k a l a,
.

o
b uri l of 1 28 0 a , , .
El zrea a
,

,
J o sh ua , so n o f J e

H ib t l l ha S N th
-
a i l a . ee a an e . El i ,
h o z e de k ,

H i l of B th l f rt ifi
e J r icho e e o es e
E li h i b
as ,
J udas Ma cc b'

a ae us,
,
El i i
o na Man asse h
1 , 201
, ,
.

H ilki h a Matth i as b e n Th e
i ron y m u S c J rom
,

H e s . e e e .
Hy u I J h
rc a n s , o n o p h i l us,
H i g h p ri t th t of i es s, e, se a n Hy u II
rc an s , Me ne l aus t h e B e n

Shiloh 1 4 1
,
I hm l I I
s ae ,
j a itm e,
, ,
.

J add ua O n as i I
dig ity of r i d un d r J o h , ,

n , a se e as ,
J a so n , On i II
as ,

1 , 21 9 . J e h o ada, i On i II I
as .
 I N DE X .
32 1

H i g h p ri e st s , t h e , li t of s ( con Hi l l l I ( c ntinued) j u t ifi t h
e o , s es e

ti nned) or l l w 2 9 8
a a , , .

i
Ph n e as , im f B 6 S o n , so n o O j u tifi s w l w 2 99
es ne a s, , .

Ph in e a s b e n Sa m th u s, ena ct t h Pr b l 2 1 00
s e os o , ,
Si m
.

ul e , Th i on ars ,
follow r of w r ll gi c e s s ea a e an e
S r i h U ri h
,
e a a a

Si m I
on
,

Z ch ri h b J a a
,

a en e
to H ro d 2 1 08 e , , .

d th of l m t d 2 1 30
,

S m
I II
on b i d
. o a a, ea , a en e , ,
.

Z dk a o . d c es d t of pr i d t of
en an s , es en s

H i gh r d t h k i g b uilt by t h e Sy n h e drio n , 2 , 1 3 0, 1 9 2
’
oa s, e n s,
—
- .

S olomo 1 1 7 1 2 n, , .
s pr e a ds t h e n w ed e the k o l g of
H i g h T w r Th dr m by Law i n J udae a , 2 , 1 49
mo d l of J u 2 1 49—
o e e, a a .

L uz z at t o , 5 23 5 th e 50 e es s, , .

,
.

H i l ch e t h a G ab ri at h a , T lm ud a q uot d by Philo 2 21 3
e , , .

comm t ry by en a Sa mu l I b e n comp r d with Philo 2 21 4

a e , , .

N a g re l a , 3 , 2 5 9 .
follow r of uppor t t h P c e s , s e ea e

H i del br an d . S ee G r gory V I I e .
p rty 2 25 6
a , , .

H i l de ri c of N is m gov r o r of
e s, e n th fo u d r of T lm udi J u
e n e a c

Se p t im an ia , r volt e g i t s a a ns da i sm , 2 , 3 27 .

Wa mb a , 3 , 1 04—
5 .
l w of
a s in t rpr t tio n by
e e a , 2,

pr omi se s th e J e w s re l ig i o u s 3 27 , 3 3 8 .

lib rty e , 3 , 1 05 . l w a of in t rpr t t io by

s e e a n ,

H il des h e i m , J e w s t ol e rat e d in , s uppl m t d 2 3 3 1 3 5 6

e en e , , , .

4 , 6 86 .
re v r c p i d to t h h o u of
e en e a e se ,

th e J w of d p rive s , e ed of ci v il 2 , 3 60 .

ri ght 5 5 12 s, ,
.
comp r a ed wi t h A bb a Are k a,

H il de sh e i m e r, th e Fr kfort an 2, 5 17 .

de u p ty
to th e Sy n h e drio n , e nd of th e ho u of se , 2, 61 8 .

5 ,
4 97 .
Hi ll el , di sc i pl f es o ,
d i tis n

H i l dui n , in i ct es th e s o ns of g uis h e d, 2 , 1 3 1 .

Lo ui t h P io u g is e s a a ns t co c ptio of
n e nM i h h ld
th e e ss a e

th i r t p moth r 3 1 66
e s e -
e , , .
by 2 1 44 , , .

H il k i tra, ur r of t h T mpl eas e e e e, mor lity of 2 1 5 1a , , .

voy t N ro 2 248
en o e , , . H il l l t h e h ,
l f 2 1 01 e sc oo o , ,
.

H il k i ah high p rie t ch rg d
,
s , a e co cili tory 2 1 3 1
n a , , .

w i t h t h r p i r of t h T m e e a s e e di p ut s w ith t h ch l f es e s oo o

p l e , 1 , 289 Sh mm i u d r G m li l I I
a a n e a a e

2 3 3 3 3 3 6—
. ,

fi Book f t h L w 1 292
n ds t h e o e a , , .
,
8 , .

cou l J o i h 1 29 3
n se s s a , , . d ductio
e of co d m d b v ns ,
n e ne

to r of E z r 1 3 6 5
a n ce s a, , . J o hu b Ch sy 2 35 0 a en a n an a, ,
.

H i l l l i ol d t opy of t h Bibl
a , es c e e estim tio of by t h N z a n , e a a

i n Sp i d t roy d 3 3 87 a n, es e , , . re n e s , 2, 37 2 .

H il l l Ie ppo i t d pr i d t of
,
a n e es en e xt e n ds th e a ppl ic at io n of t ra
t h e Sy n h e dri o n , 2 , 9 6 , 9 9 . d itio n, 2 , 4 62 .

dis c ipl of
e Sh e m a ya a n d Ab l
H i l el I I , broth of J udah I I
er ,

t al io n 2 , ,
96 . c en s ur e d f o r i rr l igi o u n es e s s,

c h aract e r o f ,
—
2, 9 6 7 -
. 2, 48 0 .

maxi m s of , 2, 97 8 . Ag a dist , 2, 4 8 7 .
 32 2 H S ORY OF I T TH E J EW S .

Hi ll l e II ( co nt i nued) ,
m xim of a ,
H in n om t h e v al e of ( cont inud)
, e ,

2, 487 . Moloch wor h ip i u d r s n, n e

co n su lt ed by O rig 2 4 8 7 en , ,
. J hoi ki m 1 1300
e a , , .

v r e sed in the Script ur e s, 2, giv it esm to h ll 1 4 04 s na e e , ,

.

4 87 , 488 . H ip p i u tow r i t h w ll of
c s, e n e a

P tri rch
a a , un s e l fi sh n e s s of ,
2, J r u l m r f ug of t h R
e sa e , e e e O

5 60 . m g rri o 2 260
an a s n, , .

de f m a ed by J o ph se the a po s l ft u d moli h d by Ti t u 2
e n e s e s, ,

t t a e, 2 , 5 66 . 3 09 .

a dopt s a fix ed c l a e n da r , 2, Hi ppo drom t h i J r u l m e, e, n e sa e

—
,

572 4 . occ upi d duri g t h di t urb e n e s

ho or d by J uli t h Apo
n e an e s c by S b i u 2 1 23
an e a n s,