TH E W ER N ER

I N T R OD UC T OR Y

G E G A H Y
'

H OR A C E S T A R BE L L , A M . LL D. .

S UPER I N T EN D EN T O F SC H OO LS, PR OV I D EN C E, N .

DEPA RTMEN T OF ED UC A TI ON
LELAN D STA EFC RD JUN I OR UN I VER SI TY

W ER N ER S C H OO L B OO K C O M PA N Y
N E W Y OR K C H I C A GO BOST ON
 P R E FA C E .

IN this boo k an eff o rt has be e n made to p rese n t the f ac ts of ra h

g g p y
e o in such
“

an o r de r an d by s u ch a se e c l tion that the l abo r of me mor iz ing may be the le ast

po ss ibl e , whi l e the e xe r c ise of the imagina ion t and o f the po we r of inf e re nce shal l

be as g rea t as the age a n d ad v a n c e me nt of the p up il s will pe rmi t .

T he prin c ipl e , wha t i s true of the whole i s true of the p a r ts, has go ve r ne d the
orde r o f r e se n tation T he boo k is in du c tiv e in the e a r lie r par ts , b u t ma inl
p .
y
d e du c ti v e in the late r . T he el e me ntary no tions f o unde d u p on i
e x pe r e nc e and 3

o bse r va t i on i n tr oduc ed at the be gi nning T hese ar e f oll owe d by a study of the

ar e .

me tho ds o f re p re se ntin g geogr aphi c al f ac ts .

W he n the c hil d be come s ac q uai nte d wi th the geographical f ac ts that may be known
t hro ugh his own e x pe rience at his h ome and in its vic ini ty he nee ds to l e arn ho w ,

th e se f ac ts a re r e prese nte d u pon maps in or de r t ha t f rom maps he may l ear n the

,

g ge o rap h ica l f ac ts r e la ting to othe r l ocal i t ies W h e n he c a n do this he is r ea d

.
y to ,

st ud y ge ogr a p hy f r o m a boo k .

A t t h is po i n t o f his ad v anc eme nt the e ar th r e p r e se nte d by the g l obe is p re se nte d, ,

to his v ie w as a un ity to be stu di e d and t h e re a f te r his stu dy is l ar ge ly a de sc e nt f r o m

,

the ge ne r al to the partic u l ar .

T he l o c a ti o n si ze an d dir e c t i o n f r o m e a c h o th e r of the se v er a l imp o r t ant bodi es o f

, ,

l a nd a nd wa te r h a ve bee n in tr odu ce d e a r ly so tha t inf or ma ti on ga ine d l a t e r mig h t

,

find th e min d r e a dy to r ece i v e a nd distr ibu te it to p r op e r c e nte rs U nusua l p r o mi .

ne n c e h as b e e n gi v e n to th e c o s i e at i n o f c l
n d r o im a —
te its de pe nde nce u p o n l ati t u de ,

e l e va t io n p r,e v a ili n g w ind s e tc a n

,d it s i n fl
.u e,n c e u p o n p l a n t a n d a ni ma l li f e a n d ,

to a l arge e x t en t u po n h u man li f e as we ll .

T he ca uses wh ic h h a ve p r o d uce d the e ff e c ts d isc ov e re d a re p o in te d o u t so f a r as

they can be appr e he nde d by children Some times a d ir e c t sta te me nt of a f ac t u pon
.

which ma ny thi ngs de pe nd has be e n gi ve n witho ut e x p l anat i o n of its c a u se o r r e as o n ,

wh e n the ca u se or r e aso n mi gh t no t be readil y u nde rstoo d by the p u pil .

W h il e the de t ail s to be memorized h av e be e n re du c e d to a nu mbe r mu c h small er

than usual in su c h boo ks ge ne ral princ ipl es an d impor tant ge ne ral f acts h a ve rece ive d
,

8 t
4 P REFAC E .

mnus ual
g g p
e o r a hy ”p r o

.
mine nc e . T h e re is v e ry l ittl e of wh a t D r . H ar r is so ap tly c all s sa il or

P hy s i og ra p hy , or e e l me ntar y h
p y sic a l g e og r a p h y , is made the f o u nda ti on of the
s ud
t y . R e l ie f is gi ve n its due p romine nc e , bu t tte nt i o n ; whil e i ndus
n o t e x c ess ve a i
tr ial an d c o mme rc ial ge og rap hy d e pe n de nt lar ge l y on p hysic al g eogr ap hy a nd c l ose ly
,

c o nne c te d wi th hu man in t e r e sts a re made mo r e r o m in nt P o li ti c a l h i

p , e g g p y
eo ra s .

tr e a te d with l e ss th a n the u su a l f u l ne ss be c au se the o cc as i o n of its f ac ts cann ot be

I re a di l u nd rs t o o d e x c e t f r o m a s t u dy o f b o th hy i l n d n m i h n
y e p , p s c a a e c o o c g g p y
eo r a o

t he one h and a nd o f h isto r y o n the o th e r .

C hil dr e n are i nte re ste d in h o me l if e so the l if e o f the pe op le in t he ir ho mes has

,

b e e n t r e a t e d q u it e f ully in thi s firs t boo k o f the se r i e s .

T he spe l ling o f ge o gr aphi c a l name s ado p te d in this bo o k is that o f T he U nite d

S ta te s B oar d of G eogr a phi c N a mes ; the pronunc iat i o n tha t o f T he C e n t u ry C y clo

p e d i a o f N a m e s .

T he thor and pu bli shers are under deep obligation to Superi ntende nt C B G il bert of
au . .

S t P aul Mi nn and to Mi ss F Li li an T ayl or of G alesburgh I ll s who re ad both M S and p roof

.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.

a nd made many va l uabl e sugge sti o ns ; al so to H on O rv il l e T B r i ght S up e r inte nde nt o f Sc h oo l s

. .
, ,

C oo k C o Ill s who r e ad the p roo fs and gav e the au thor the be nefit of his wi de k no wl edge of
.
,
.
,

s c h oo l s and te xt book s T he t reatment of map drawing both text and ill u strati ons was p re
- .
, ,

p a re d by Mi ss T ayl o r we ll k no wn i n h e,r o wn sta te as i nst r uctor i n i ns titu t e s T h e re li e f .

map s we re drawn by Mi ss Lou ise B ar wi ck f or some ti me instr uctor in geogr aphy in the ,

C hicago N ormal S chool Ill s , .

T he dr a wi ngs f o r the ill u st rations of thi s boo k we re made by M r T r ue W illi ams of .

N e w Yo rk and the e ngr av i ngs by M r J ohn F R i c h ar dson o f Boston M as s

, . T he re sult
.
,
.

o f the e xce ll e nt tast e a nd skill o f th e se ar tis ts wil l be app re c i ate d by a ll .

T he We rne r S c hoo l Book C ompany has sh own grea t libe rality and gi ve n unstinte d pe r
s ona l assi stance in e ve ry sta ge of the p re pa ra ti on o f thi s boo k T he arti stic c ha racte r and .

mec hani cal pe rfec ti on of the book a re p roofs of ca re ful fore thought a nd l arge e xpe ndit ur e on
the p ar t o f the pu bli sh e r s .

T he a uth o fee l s his obli gati on to ma ny te ac he rs not name d h e re i n f o r h e lp and su gges

r
ti ons . B ut in the p re pa rati on of the te xt and in the se l ecti on of the ill ustrati ons he has been
a i de d c hi e fly by his dau ghte r Mi ss M a rth a T arbe ll A M ,
who f o r five y ears has g i v en her,
. .
,

time and th ou ght to thi s wo r k and to whom its me rits are l arge ly due .
 T A BLE OF C ON T EN T S .

TA G! PA “
I N T R OD U C T OR Y .
P lants of the T e mpe rate Zones (3 1 ) . 46
Geography (1 ) . Ani mals of the Te mpe ate Zones r .

D irecti on (2) ( )
3 2
Fi gi d
.

Poi nts of tlie C ompass (3) . Pl ants and A ni mal s of the r

Di stance (4) . Zones ( 33) .

Ti me (5).

MA N K I N D .

P lai ns
Ci vili zati on (34)
.

S lo pes H ill s and Mountains (7) .

, ,
Occupations (35)
.

Valley s B rook s a nd R i ve rs (8)

.

,
Comme rce (36)
.
,

Soil .

R aces o f
.

M en ( )
3 7
More abou t R i ve rs (1 0 )
.

G ove rnment
.

38
( )
L and and W V ate r For ms ( )
1 1
.

Othe r Fo rms o f Land and Water .

N OR T H A M E R I C A .

( )
1 2 Reli ef M ap of
T he M aki ng of Maps ( 1 3) . Relie f and Drai nage .
( )
39
M ap D ra wi ng ( 1 4) .
Political M ap of
T he Gl obe .
Animal s
Motions of the Ea rth (16 )
.

. C ountrie s (41 ) .

C onti ne nts and Oceans (1 7) .

T he F i rst I nhabita nts of (
42)
C o nti ne nt s (1 8) .

T H E U N I T E D ST A T Es
O ceans ( 1 9)
.

M ap of 68, 69
Li ne s on G lobe s and M aps (20 )
Se ttl eme nts (43 )
.

B ai ly 70
D rawi ng the C o nti ne nts 2
( )1 .

A ir 2 2
D iv isi ons and E xte nt (44) 71
( )
.

Waves T i de s, and C ur re nts Relief (45) 71

( )
23
.

, .

Forms of Water .
Ri ve rs and R i ver Basins (46 ) . 71

E ff ects of H eat o n A i r (25) .

Produc ts (47) . 73

T e mpe ratu re 2
Sections (48) 73
( )6
.

M ap of 74
Eflects of the Su n s H eat
'

( )
2
’
7 .

Zones (28) .
T he N e w E ngl a nd S tate s .
( )
49 74
M ap of 76
PLA N T A N D A N I M A L L I F E T he Middl e A tl anti c St t a es ( )
50 79
.
.

P l ant Life M ap of , M ap of 80
P lants of the T inrid Zone (29 )
-
T he Southeaste rn St t ( 51 85
)
. a es .

Animal s of the T orrid Zone (30) . M ap of 81

6 T A BL E OF C ON TE N T S .

PA C ! P LO!

T he S outh we ste rn S tates .

( )
5 2 Spa i n and Portu gal (81 ) .

M ap of Be l giu m (82) .

T he C e nt ral State s (53) . T he N e the r l a nds ( )

83 .

T he E ast Ce ntra l S tate s (54) . T he Scandi na v i a n C ou nt ri e s (84) .

M ap of T he R u ssi an E mp i re 8
( )5 .

T he We st C e nt al States r .
( )
5 5 T he L app s 8
( )
6 .

M ap o f
Mou nta i n a nd P l ate au S ta tes (56) .

M ap of Reli e f M ap of
T he P ac ific State s .
( )
5 7 Positi on and Relie f .
( )
87
M ap Of Political M ap of
A l as k a (58) .
Cli ma te (88) .

A ni mal s (89 )
BR I TISH A M ER IC A
.

( )
59 .

Co unt ri e s .

T he P o l a r R e gi o ns ( )
60 .

Chi na and the Chi ne se (9 0 ) .

T he E ski mos ( )
6 1 .

J a pan and the J a panese (9 1 ) .

M E ! I C O A D C E N TR A A M E R I C A
N L .
( )
6 2 I ndo—C hi na (9 2) .

WE S T I ndi a and the H i ndus (9 3)

IN ( )
63
.

D I Es .

A ra bi a and the A rabs (9 4)

A M ER IC A
.

S OU T H .

P e rsi a and the Persi a ns (9 5) .

Po litical M ap o f T urke y and the T urk s (96) .

Reli e f M ap of E as t I ndi a I sl ands and the Mal ay

P osition and Form (64) .
Peopl e (97 ) .

Re lie f (65).

H i story ( )
66 .
A FR IC A.

A ni mal s .
Politic al M ap of

Cou ntries and P roduc ts (6 8) .

B e lie f M ap of

E U R OP E .
Re lie f Cli mate and P roducts (9 8)
, ,
.

Politi c al M a p o f A nimal s (9 9 ) .

Re lie f M a p o f P eopl e (1 0 0 )
.

Positi on and Re lie f .

( )
69 Di vi sio ns ( 1 0 1 ) .

Cli mate (70 ) .

E gypt and the E gypti ans (1 0 2) .

P roducts (7 1)
A U STR A L I A
.

A ni mal s (72) .
.

C ount ri e s (73) .
Politi cal M ap o f
T he B r iti sh I sl e s ( )
74 .
Re lie f M ap of
S wit ze r l and (75) .
Re lie f Cli mate and Produc ts (1 0 3)
, ,
.

F rance (76) .
Ani mal s (1 0 4) .

G e rmany (77) .
C ol oni e s (1 0 5) .

A ustri a Hungary (78) -

N EW ZE A L A N H AW A I I ( )
1 06
.

D AN D .

T he Balk an Pe ninsu l a ( )
7 9 .

Ita ly (80 ) . A PPE N D I !

 TH E WER N ER
I N T R OD U C T OR Y G E OG R A PH Y .

Y ou lre ady k no w much ab ou t ge og

a
I
ra h Y k o w th a t the ga rde ns
.
u n
p y . o ,

field s a nd yo u r pl ayground s areland

:
G E O G R A PH Y tell s you a bo u t the , ! ,

e a rth on which y o u live a nd o f a nd y o u r h o me a nd sch oolh o u se are

the things th a t may be found o n O I I the l a n d . Y ou a l so kno w where

the ea r th I t tell s y ou a bo u t pl a nts
. there is water , either so me stre am
a n d a ni ma l s ; and a b o u t people s , Of wa ter or so me b ody o f water .

where a nd ho w they li v e their cit ie s

, Y o u k no w a b ou t the a ir which we
a nd co un trie s their fa r ms and mill s
, , bre a th e a nd in which we move The
, .

their ship s and ra ilro a ds . birds fly in the a ir the clo uds fl oa t

,

7
8 TH E W ERN ER I N T R O DU CTO R Y G EOG R APH Y .

in the a ir The l and the wa ter a nd the boy poi ntin g

.
, I n which di rc o
,
?

the a ir ma ke u p the gre at world in tion doe s ea ch road r un ?

which we live . The sun rise s in the e ast and se t s ,

in the we st R e me mberi ng thi s w il l .

help y ou to k no w which way is e a s t

2 D irection
.
a nd which is we s t
.
The sh ad ow o f .

W he n you st udy a bou t peo ple and a po st or of a ny u pright object at , ,

pl ac e s upo n thi s e a r th yo u wil l wi sh n oon po i nts to

,
the north ; and a
to k no w a mo ng other thi ngs which l ine fro m the
,
foot of the obj ec t
,

way they ar e fro m you a nd ho w f a r to the e nd of ,

the sh a do w w ill
awa y they a re . be a no rth a nd so u th li ne .

So me plac e s a re no rth of us so me ,

a re so u th so me a re c a st
, a n d so me ,

a re we st . D o yo u k no w which way
is north ?
The words north a nd sou th east ,

a nd we st tell which way pl a ce s or

,

thi ngs a re fro m other pl ace s o r thi ngs ,

W he n you fac e the cas t you r righ t
I n Which
,
a nd a re c all ed dir ec tions .

ha nd is to wa rd the south yo ur left ,

directio n does you r schoolhouse fac e ?
h a nd to wa rd the north and yo ur bac k
C a n y o u me nti o n a nythi ng th a t is
,

to wa rd the west .

north of the sch o olho u se ? So uth ?

Ea st ? W e st ? Whic h is the north si de of your sc hool
roo m T he so u th si de T he e as t si de
T he we st s i de P oint to the east ; the

no rth ; the we st ; the sou th .

If you fac e the no rth and turn to the

o ppo s ite d i re c ti on in whi c h di r ec ti on will y o u
,

the n fac e If y ou fac e the north and tu rn

a q uarte r way r ound to the r i ght in whi c h ,

di re c ti o n will y ou th e n face If you fac e

the no rth in whi c h di r ec ti on will y ou face
,

whe n y ou t urn to the l e ft a qu arte r way

D I R EC T I ON O .

rou nd Whi ch dire ction is opposi te no rth

In thi s country scene the sun Whic h direc tion is opposite east South
j ust risi ng I n which d irectio ns
. We st
 P OI N T S OF T H E C OM PA SS . 9

whi c h di rec ti on is the b from the cyli nder ?

cu e

Points of the Compass

P l ace the cyli nder one i nch sou th of the cu be
3
.

.
.

Poi nt to a pl ace on the de sk th at is north of

th e c yli nde r a nd so uth of the c u be
The directions n o rth sou th e a st .

On whi c h si de o f y o u doe s y ou r sh ado w

, , , ,

a nd we st a re so met ime s ca lled p oin ts

, fall as y ou come to sch oo l on a bri ght mor n
of the comp ass bec a u se we u se a n in
,
ing On whi c h si de of y ou doe s y o ur sh ado w

str u me n t ca lled a com as s to Sh o w u s

fa ll as y ou go h ome at the c l ose o f sc hoo l at
p noo n ? A t the c l ose of sc hoo l in the afte r
these points o r d irections .

noon I n whi c h di re c ti on d oes y ou r sh ad ow

H ere are fall in the mo rni ng
pictu re s o f I n whic h di r ec ti o n
from y ou i s the sun
c o mp a sse s .

at th at ti me At
D o yo u see wh at ti me in the day
the poi nt s of doe s the sun se e m to

the co mp ass be the as t of y ou

so u

Whi c h way doe s your

sh ado w fall th e n At
their fa ce s ? wh at ti me i n the day
doe s the sun se e m to
I n wh a tever
THE P
M A R I N ER 'S C OM AS S “ .
“ M T be south we st o f y ou
90 0 K OO PASB
positio n the Whic h way doe s your
compass is pl a ced the needle a l ways sh adow fall the n
, I n whic h direc ti on from

p o in ts n e a rl y n o r th a nd so u th .y ou i s th e su n a t noo n ?

S a ilors u se a c omp ass to tell the m

Long ago peopl e had no clock s no r,
in which directio n they a re sa ili ng
wa tche s They told the ti me of day by
.

T he
.

directio n h a lf way betwee n

-

no tici n g the sh ad o ws c as t by the sun .

n orth a nd e ast is c a lled no rthe ast .

Y ou h a ve le ar n ed ho w to tell di
Poin t to the no r th ; the e ast ; the north
recti o n in the d ay time by the sun .

e as t Po i n t to the e a st the sou th ; the

.

I n the n ight the N o rth Sta r sho ws

so u the a st Poi nt to the so u th ; the
Y o u mu st a s k
.

which way is no rth .

west ; the so uth we st Po i nt to the

so me o ne to Sho w y o u the G re a t D ip
.

north ; the we st ; the n orth we s t .

per in the sky a nd the two po i nt ,

I n whi c h d i rec ti on do y ou go wh e n on y o ur e rs which poi n t o u t the N orth S ta r .

way to sc h oo l ? Whe n o n y our way h ome

This sta r seems a l way s to be in the
P lac e a cyli nde r and a c ube on your desk
sa me pl a ce a nd all the o the r stars
so th at th e c ube i s no rth o f the c ylin de r .
,

P lace the cylinder east of the cube I n in the north see m to go ro und it
. .
10 T HE WERNER IN T R O D UCT O RY GE O GRAPHY .

Poi nt to the G rea t D ipper a nd the H ow l ong will it tak e y ou to walk a mile
T r y it some ti me and fi nd o ut D o y ou
N o rth Sta r in this pictu re .
, .

k now of a ny pl ac e abo ut fiv e mile s from

he re ? Ho w many mil e s from home ha ve
!

y o u e v e r be e n
‘
W h e re di d y o u go ?

5 . T ime .

Y ou ca n te ll the ti me by a clock .

H o w do the ha n ds o f a cl o ck sta n d
a t n oo n ? H o w a t mi dn ight ? Whe n
d oe s Mon da y e nd a nd T ue sday begi n ?
THE GR EAT D I PPER .
H o w ma ny h o u rs fro m mid night to
n o on ? Fr om no o n to mid night ?
W he n pe o ple either the sun
c a n see n
Fro m mid n ight to mi dn ight a ga in ?
no r the st a rs a nd wh e n they wi sh
H o w ma ny h o u rs in a day ? H o w
,

so me thi ng mo re co n ve n i e n t to S h o w
ma ny day s in a week ? I n which
e x a ct directio n s they loo k a t the c o m
mo n th is yo u r birth day ? H o w ma ny
,

d ay s a re the re in th a t month ? H ow
4 D istance
. . ma ny d ay s in a ye a r ? H o w many
mo nth s in a y e a r ?
D ra w li ne a n i nch lo ng D ra w
a
W hich a re the co ld mo nth s W hich
.

?
bes ide it a li ne a foo t l o ng W hich
a re the wa r m mo n th s
.

? I s it colder in
is the l o nger a n i n ch or a foot ? H o w
su mmer o r in wi n ter ?
,
W h a t se a sons
ma ny feet lo ng is a y a rd stick ? The
a re there be s id e s summe r a nd wi n ter ?
i nch the fo ot a nd the ya rd a re u sed
H o w ma ny se a so ns a re t here in a ye a r ?
, ,

to me a sure short di sta n ce s D o yo u

W h a t a re the mo nth s in e a ch se aso n ?
.

k no w wh a t me a su re is u se d for l o ng
D id yo u ever se e the su n ri se ? A t
dista n ce s such as the di stance fro m
wh a t t ime in the morn i ng did it ri se ?
,

o n e t o wn to a no th e r
?
D oe s it a l wa y s ri se at j u s t th a t ti me ?
H o w f ar from the schoo lhouse do y ou li ve To se e the sun ri se mu st y ou get u p
W ho li ve s a q uarte r o f a mil e from the e a rl ier in the su mmer o r in the wi nter ?
sc h o o lh o u se ? W ho li ve s h alf a mile fro m
the sc h oo lh o u se ? N ame so me thi ng that is W he n the su n ri se s e a rly d oe s it,

a bo u t a mil e d i sta nt .
se t e a rly or l a te ? A re the d ays
 P LAI N S . 11

lo nger in su mmer or in wi nter ? I s with g rass upon which herds o f ho rse s

i t c older u sua lly in the d ayti me or
, ,
a n d c a ttle feed On other pra irie s
.

i n the night ti me ? Do you thin k

'

.
gre a t field s of corn a nd whe a t gro w .

the lo ng su mmer d ays make the

we a ther wa r mer th a n it wo uld b e
if the days we re sho rt ?

6 . Plains .

D o you k no w wh a t the word level

me a ns ?
You r schoolho use floor is level and
,
A ! m m0 0 ° - T OWN

the s chool gro und s a re n e a rly level .

On o me of the pra I ri e s there are

s

pra irie dog to wns like the one shown

-
,

in thi s pict ure Pra irie dogs look a

.

little like ra bbits They a re called .

d o gs beca use they ma ke a b a rki ng

n o ise a s a dog doe s D o y ou se e how .

close together they bu ild the mo unds

A S C H OO LH O US E.
in which they live ?

A broa d piece of l a nd level or ne a rly

level is ca lled a p la in I n this picture.

the sch oolhouse stand s o n a pla i n .

Pl a in s a re c a lled by di ffere nt name s

in diff ere nt p a rt s of the e a rth .

Pl a i ns th a t are very high a re c alled

p la tea us or t
,ablela nds T h e se a re
.

cold pl a i n s f or the a ir su rro und

,

in g the e a rth is colder the higher

it is .

Some very l a rge pl a ins in the cen Pl a i ns th at a re very wet a re called

tra l pa rt of o ur c ou ntry a re called swa mp s, or ma rshes . W ha t do yo u

r a iri es M a ny of the m a re covere d in thi s pictu re of swa mp ?

p . se e a
12 T HE WERNER I N T R OD U C T OR Y G E OG RAPH Y .

Very dry pla i ns called deser ts

a re .

Su ch pla ins a re ba rr e n pl a ce s ; for 7

‘ Slopes, H ills, and Mountains .

pla nts cannot gro w withou t mo i sture . l a nd is either level or sloping

All .

Some deser ts a re so l a rge tha t people L and ne a rly level a s you h ave le a rned
, ,

A D ES ERT .

tra veli ng across the m a re many d ays is called a pl a i n Sloping or sl a nt ing .

, ,

o n the j o u rn ey a nd h a ve to
, ca rry l and is ca lled a slap e .

wa ter f o r the mselve s a nd their a n i I s y o u r sc ho olho use situated o n a

mal s to drink . D o you su ppo se th a t pl a i n or o n a slope ? D oe s the la nd
ro a d s a re made in the de sert ? G ive ri se in a ny direction fro m it ? I s
re as o ns f o r yo ur answer . there a ny high gr o und nea r yo u r h o me
Y o u mu st not thi n k of the se difie r or schoolh ouse to which y ou c a n go a nd
c u t ki nds of p la i ns a s be ing perfectly se e ve ry f a r a way ?

level and h a vi n g no uneve n pl a ce s in La nd considera bly high e r tha n the

the m Whe n they a re very l a rge the su rro unding l a nd is calle d a hill If
. .

gre a ter p a rt of their y o u go to the very

su rfa ce is level but

, tap or su mmit of

there are perh a p s

in the m ma ny ele f a r a way much f a r ,

va tio ns ,
or pl a ce s ther tha n fro m the
higher th a n the re st . b otto m of the hill .

I n a gre a t de sert Whe n y ou go d o wn

HI L
A L
fro m the su mmI t
0

t here ar e occa si o n
.

a lly l a rge ele vatio ns su rro u nde d by o u p a ss over the s i de or slope o f the
y
l an d th a t is lo wer and so me wha t leve l hill u ntil you c o me to the foot or
.
,

N a me the difie re nt kind s of pl a i ns base of the hill The b a se of the hill

.

a nd de scribe the m . is a t the l o wer e nd of the slope a nd ,

 S LO PE S , H I LLS , A N D M OU N T AI N S .

is the pl ace where the lope begi s ns T he mmits

su hi ghe st mountai ns
of the
a re c o v e re d with sno w th r o ugh o ut the y e a r
to ri se .

VVlI at do y o u k no w abo ut the a i r u po n

.

I “ the p i ct u re Of 3 hl n o n the O PPO

0

moun tai n summits H a ve y ou se e n any

!
’

s ite p a ge po i nt to the fo ot or ba se
,
. hill s mountains or slo pe s
, ,

Thi s pict u re sho ws you

a mo u nt a i n sy ste m two ,

mou nta i n r ange s a very ,

poi nted pe a k a river a nd , ,

a pl a i n Poin t to e a ch
. .

W ha t other pictu re s Of
mo unt a i ns b ills or pl a i n s
, ,

ca n yo u fi n d in t hi s bo o k ?

B r i ng
hoo l if y o u can
to sc ,

pic ture s o f mountai ns b ills , ,

or pla i ns or a ny oth e r pic,

ture s tha t will ill ust rate what

A M O U N T A EN S YS TE M .

y o u a r e stu d i n g Sh o w by y our
y .

pic ture s and those whi c h othe r

,

P oint to the su mmit To the slope . . p upil s h ave brought th at y ou kno w the dif
,

A l a rge mass of l and w ith steep fe re nce be twe e n a hill and a mounta i n a ,

mou ntai n a nd a pl a te a u a r ange a nd a

lope s rrow top is c alle d ,
s an d a na a
sy ste m De sc ribe th e se pi c tu re s and te ll
.

moun ta in .
the di ff e re nc e s be t we e n th e m .

A mounta i n difie rs fro m a hill in W ith a littl e sand o r sa wdust o r c l ay, , ,

o u ma b u il d u p n y u l a t m l d
be i n g higher It di ff ers fro m a pla y y o o r s e o r a o

i ng boa rd a mode l of a hill If y ou buil d

.

-
.

te a u in h a vi ng a na rro wer to p a nd u p a mo de l o f a hill a n d fl a tte n the to p ,

steeper slope s M o un ta i ns a re u su
. w h at may y ou c all
the l e ve l pl ac e o n
a lly in r o ws o r ra nges T wo or more .

to p
ran ge s side by si de ma ke a mo unta in He is i
re a p c

sys te m . tu re whi c h sh ows

Si ngle mo unta i ns sta ndi ng alo ne o r y ou ho w moun
ta i ns h o u l d be
s
in r a n ge s a re so meti me s ca lle d p ea ks
dr awn P o i nt o ut
.

So me pe a k s a re poi nted a nd o thers the mou nta i n sy ste m T he mo u nta i n . r ange .

are ro u nded .
D raw a mou ntai n sy ste m .
14 TH E WERN ER IN TR OD U C T OR Y GE OG R AP H Y .

The c urre n t of wa ter washe s away

8 . V alley s, Brooks, and Rivers .
the soil first on one side of the ra vi ne
Y ou ha ve see n how quickly a he a vy a nd the n o n the other bro ad e ni ng and ,

sho wer washe s the dir t fro m the ro a d s deepe ning it u ntil a t l ast it beco mes
,

i n to the g utters and wh a t a muddy

, so wide th a t it is c alled a va lle
y .

stre a m po u rs a lo n g by the s ide Of the Strea ms o f wa te r which flo w thro ugh

ro a d way a fter a ra i n E ach drop of
. .
va lley s a re cal le d br ooks o r r ivers A .

wa ter in the strea m is filled wi th l ittle river is a stre a m of wa ter l a rger th a n

p a rticle s of d ust or sa nd or cl ay a nd , a brook The ra i n falli ng on the l a nd
.

a ct s a s a ti ny b o a t to c a rry its lo a d ma ke s the stre a m a nd the stre a m digs,

ou t the v alley .

H a e y ou se en a b ook ? A r i ve
v ? Dor r

t
s re a ms flow i n a t i ght li ne th rou gh the
s ra

l and Y ou may
? S h o w by a d r a wi n g ho w a

r i v e r fl o ws .

Ha ve
y opictu res th at sho w r i ve rs
u a n
y
P oi nt to the ri ve rs ; the val l ey s Sh o w the .

mai n v all ey ; the si de vall ey .

W hile the bee n fo r mi ng

r I ve r ha s
the ma i n v a lley the sma ller stre a ms
A VA LL EY .
, ,

c alled tr ibu ta ries r unni ng i nto it h a ve

, ,

to so me lo wer pl a ce where it ma y pu t
, e a c h bee n c utti ng a way its si de va lley ,

it do wn This littl e lo a d it has gath

. a nd thi s wi de n s the ma i n v alley T he .

ered up fro m the gro u nd over which v a lley s of so me gre a t ri vers h a ve bee n
i t fl o we d .Ta ki ng a way the se little forme d in a no ther way as y o u will ,

lo a d s ha s l e f t a h ollo w in which the le a rn l a te r but e ve n in the m thi s pro

,

wa te r r uns If the stre a m r un s thro u gh

. ce ss o f so il c a rryi ng is still go i ng 0 11
- .

sa nd o r lo am or mu d th e n the soil o n
, W he n the v a l le ys o f two la rge
the sid e s of the st re a m is loo se ne d a nd stre a ms a r e no t f a r a p a r t the ri dge ,

fa ll s i nt o the wa te r a nd is ca rrie d
, o f l a n d b e t we e n th e m is so meti me s

a way by the c u r re n t I f the wa te r

. c u t a c r o ss by the sid e stre a ms or trib u

r uns over so ft ro c k it will a t l e ng th ta ri e s o f th e se ri v e rs Thi s ch an ge s .

ma ke f o r it self a de e p a nd na rro w the ri dge i nto ro unde d e l e v a tion s o r ,

co u r se c alle d a r a vine
. . hill s I n thi s wa y mo st o f o ur hill s
.
 S OI L .
15

have bee n made d uri ng the very lo ng po undi ng it with a hammer I f roc ks
°

t ime tha t the r i vers h a ve bee n c utti ng are ro lled a bo u t by a stre a m of wa ter ,

down their va lleys Fro m thi s it may

. wh a t ch ange is made in their sha pe ?
be see n tha t all the l and betwee n the W h a t beco me s of the p a r ticle s th at
hill s was o nce as high as the to ps of ha ve bee n gro u nd o ff
the hil ls or higher and th a t the wa te r
, I f muddy wa ter runs more slo wly
has c ut it o u t a nd c a rried it a wa y to or beco me s stil l in a po nd wh a t hap
‘

so me lo wer pl ac e Al most all na rro w

. pe ns to the pebble s the sa nd a nd the , ,

valley s h a ve bee n ma de by the stre a ms mud which it was ca rryi ng a long ?

which r un thro ugh the m . All ou r so il is ma de fro m rock It .

is cr umbled rock So m e so il is fo u nd
Doe s the r idge betwe en vall ey s become .

wi de r o r narrowe r y ea r by y ea r ? on the spot where it wa s ma de by the

D o the si de v all e y s grad ually bec ome c rumbli ng of the rock a nd so me ha s ,

l onge r or sh or te r ? W hy
bee n ca rried to its pre se nt pl a ce by
If the si de all e y of one stream has the
v
‘

s i de vall e y of ano th e r st e am o ppo site it and

r w i n
,
d ice or w a,ter ,
.

bo th strea ms ke e p di ggi ng bac k the h e ads o f All l and is rock or soil re sti ng u po n
,

th e valley s wh at will fi nally h appe n

,
rock .

-
I f si de st eams c ut ac ross the r idge
r
H o w f ast soil fo r ms depe n d s ma i nly
between two mai n stre ams i nto what wi ll ,

the ri dge be c h anged u po n the ki nd of rock for s o me ki nds ,

of rock bre a k u p i nto soi l much more

9 Soil
. .
rea dily th an others On steep rocks .

T a ke a t a ll glass j a r ; get a h andful the soil is washed o ff a s fa st a s for med ,

of soil fro m the field s or ro ad side a nd su ch rock s are usua lly ba re

. .

Ma ke the soil fine by rubbi ng it in S o il s a r e of di ff ere nt ki nd s depe nd ,

yo ur h and s Fill the j a r ne a rly full ing o n the ki nd of rock from which
.

of water a nd the n stir in the soil

, they h a ve bee n ma de and on the
.

Mo st o f the so il a nd a ll the pebble s ch a nge s th a t h a ve ta ke n pl ace in the m

, .

the co a rse gra vel the fine gra vel a nd So me kind s o f rock whe n worn do wn
, ,

the sa nd si nk q u ickly to the botto m

, prod uce sa nd othe rs clay T he se a re
, ,
.

while the muddy wa te r re ma i ns a t the two ma i n ki nd s Of soil W he n .

the to p We re y o u to po und up the the se two kind s a re mi xed they ma ke

.
,

p ebble s they w o u ld m a ke co a r se gr a vel a s oil .th a t is better th a n ei ther of the m

G ra vel can be made i nto sand by alo ne Suc h a mix ture made ferti le .
16 TH E WERN ER IN TROD U C T ORY GEOG R AP H Y .

10 . More A bout
Riv ers .

I f you should fol

lo w ri ver until you
a

ca me to its sour ce ,

o r the pl a ce from
which it begi ns to
T H E SO UR C E MIDD L E CO U RS E A ND
. .
flow y ou would pro b
M O UT H O F A R I V ER .
,

a bly find a li ttle

by d e c ay e d vege t a ble ma t spri ng of wa ter bu rst

ter is usually c all e d loam , ing o ut o f the ground .

a nd is the be st ki nd O f The ra i n si nk s i nto

S o i l f o r r a i s i ng c r o ps . the gro und u nt il it
Wh e re ca n y o u find is stopped fro m go
sa nd ? Cl a y ? L oam ? ing fa rther by so me
T hrou gh which does the wa ter run thing thro ugh which it can no t pass ,

more e a sily sa n d o r cl ay ? W h a t a re
, rock perh a ps The wa ter co llects in
.

so me o f the u se s of sa n d ? So me of the e a rth u ntil there is no lo nger

the u se s of clay ? W ha t di ff ere nce s roo m e nough for it a nd the n it force s
,

bet wee n sand an d cl ay do y o u k no w ? itself out in a b ubbli ng spring T he .

W h a t ki nd Of soil wo uld you find ti ny stre a m flo ws do wn the v alley ,

in a ga rde n ? other sma ll streams join it and at ,

Soil su ppor ts pl ants which gro w in it . l ast all of the m unite to fo r m a gre at
I t both hol ds the pl an t a nd feed s it . river A river may be sma ll at its
.

G ood so il wa rmt h sunlight a nd moist

, , , so u rce bu t so meti me s it is ma ny mile s
,

ure a re the thin g s th a t pl a n t s speci ally wide a t its mou th where its wa ters
,

need . Soil s th a t co nt a in a l a rge amo unt flow i nt o so me other stre a m or body

of pl a n t food a re ca lled fertile ; th ose
-
of water .

tha t c onta in very little a re ca lled sterile . The gro und over which a river runs
Soil is so meti me s ca lled ea rth ; the is c all ed its bed ; th a t p a rt of the
gre a t bal l on which we live is c alled bed in which mo st o f the wa ter runs
the Ea rth . is c a lled its cha nnel .
 MO RE A B O U T R IVER S .
17

Y ou k no w th a t a stre a m is kept in direction the l and is higher but the ,

its bed by its banks which a re the wa ter a l way s fi nd s its way to the
,

l a nd on e a ch side of the stre am The lo wer level . .

r ight ba nk of a river is the b a n k o n H ol d y ou r book so as to re pre sent a ‘

the r ight h a nd a nd the lef t ba nk is va ll e y with its th re e sl o pe s Let the v all e y

,
.

l pe from you Le t it slope to ward y o u

s o . .

Whe n the book is so h el d be fore y ou as to

h ave the mai n sl ope to ward y ou is the ri ght ,

bank o f the st re am on y our ri ght hand or

your l e ft H o w is it whe n the book is he l d
so t hat the sl op e is fr om y ou

The ridge o f l and which divides o ne

AD lV l D E .

v alley fro m a nother is ca lled a divide

,
.

the o ne the left ha nd as y ou go

on .

, So meti mes al so it is calle d a wa tershed

d o wn the river If you sa il up a river
.
, or a wa ter pa rti ng W hy ?
- .

is the right b a nk o n you r right h a nd

o r o n yo u r left ?

Is the re some st re am of wate r ne ar y our

s c h ool ? Poi nt out its bank s its be d its , ,

c h an ne l . I n whi ch di re c ti on a nd wh e re i s its
s o u ce ?
r I ts mo u th H as it a ny t ribu ta r i e s ?

Y ou may sh ow with the c h alk ho w a r i ve r

wi de ns as it fl ows D raw a narrow li ne at
.

fi rst th e n h o l d the c h alk with a fi rme r gras p

,

so that the li ne sh all gradua lly be come

b r oade r and stro nge r S how t ributari e s flo w
.

i n g i nto thi s ri v e r Draw a ri ve r and mark

.
,

i ts so urc e mou th r i ght bank l e ft ba nk

, , ,
.

E very river v a lley must ha ve three

l pe s ; o ne of the se slope s is do wn to
s o
R A P!0 8 .

the right b a n k o f the river one do wn , When rai n fall s u po n the r oo f of a hou se ,

to the left ba n k an d one to wa rd the

,
the i dge or the hi ghe st p art of the
r ,
roof ac ts
,

as a wat e r sh e d c ausi n g p ar t o f the wate r to

m ou th of the river T he l ast is ca lled ,

ru n down o ne si de and p ar t down the othe r

.

t he ma i n slope of the v a lley Some .

Hol d y ou r book so as to repre se nt a wate r
t i me s th ese slo pe s a re so n e a rly level she d H ow many sl o pe s has a wate rsh e d ?
.

tha t it is diffic ult to se e in which 1 R ep resent : to sho w, to bring be f ore the mind .
18 T HE WERNER I N T RO DU CTO RY GE OG RAPHY .

D o th e l p a vall e y un ite at th e ir u ppe r

s o e s of H e re is a dra wi ng whi c h s hows a i
r ve r

or th e ir l owe r e dge s T he sl o pe s of a wa te r sy stem and a si ngl e r i ve r . Y ou may co py

sh e d I ll ustra te with you r book . it and the n sk e tc h faint
T he ri dge o f a hill is the wate r sh e d f o r line s to show the r i dge of
the stre ams th at run on e ith e r si de o f it . land or the di vi de be
, ,

twe e n the str eams of

A ma in river with its
tributa rie s is wate r .

called a r ver system The l a nd dra i ned C an y ou te ll wh e th er

i

the l and thr o u gh whi c h

by a river sy ste m is ca lled the basin of th ese ri ve rs flow slop e s
the ma in r iver of the syste m .
toward the gu lf or away
Y o u you rselve s ca n te ll wh a t r ap ids from the gulf ?
ar e a nd wh a t a wa terf al l is A sma ll .
Wh ich side of the r i ve r has the t pe r
s ee

sl ope

11 . Land and Water Forms .

As tre a ms flow a l o ng over the

s

grou nd they someti me s find hollo w

pl a ce s i nto which they run a nd which ,

they fill with wa te r D o y ou k no w

.

a ny su ch pl a ce s ? A b o dy of wa te r
filling a lo w pl a ce in the l and is
ca lled a p ond A very sma ll po nd
.
,

su ch as u so metime s se e in the y a rd
y o

a fte r a r a i n is c all e d a p u ddle

, A .

very l a rge p o nd is ca lled a la ke .

I s a po n d or a l a ke su rrounded by
l a nd ? W ha t is the l a nd under it c alled ?
The l a nd a long the side of a pond or
a l a ke is c a lle d its shor e .

Alo ng the sh o re of a pond the gra ss

wa terfa ll is o meti me s ca lled a casca de
s ,
Ofte n gro ws v e ry high an d so me tM es ,

a nd a l a rge waterfa ll a ca ta ract , .

there a re r ushe s a t the edge of the
wa ter W h a t a n imals do yo u e x p ect to
.

Do e s the wa te r de sc e nd mor e pi dlyra in

a wate rfall or in ra pi ds What k ind of
fi nd o n the sh o re o f a pond ? W ha t
l pe
s o cause s ra pi ds livi ng thi ngs ca n you fi nd in a pond ?
 L AN D AN D WA TER FORM S . 19

Some l a ke s are very l a rge I n the . the rock s trees a nd house s While the
, , ,

no rthern pa r t Of ou r co u ntry there a r e se c o n d merely rep re se n ts the l a n d and

l a ke s so la rge th a t sa ili ng vessel s are the wa te r .

Often out of sight of shore f o r days Some i sl ands

whe n cro ssi ng the m . a re very small ,

W ith sa nd or so me o ther ma teri a l bei ng perh a p s m ap o r i s

. AN D I S LAN D .

a s you r te ac her d irect s repre se nt a , only a big roc k in the wa te r while ,

moun ta in a nd a pl a i n ; repre se nt a val othe rs are l a rge e no ugh to be the

ley with a stre a m Of wa ter in it runni ng ho me Of ma ny thousa nd s o f people .

to a l a ke Ma ke dra wi ngs to Show

.

the sa me things W ithi n the l a ke .

sh o w two bodie s of l a nd L et one .

of the m stan d alo ne in the wa ter .

La nd e ntirely su rrou nded by water is

ca lled an isla nd Co nnect the other
.

body of l a nd to the l a nd at the side

of the l a ke by a little neck of l an d .

L and ne a rly surrou nded by wa ter is

C O R AL I S LA N D
ca lled a p enins ula Lan d connecting a
.
.

pe ninsul a with the ma inl and is ca lled Th e re are so me

isl a nds
th a t ha ve
an is thmus .

be e n bu ilt by li t
H ere a re two
pict u re s e a ch of which , tle a ni mal s c al l ed
repre se nt s the sa me i sl and l a ke an d , , p yp
o l s T hese littl e
.

a ni ma l s ta k e i n th e

lime th at is in the
wate r T hi s lime
.

forms soli d wall s

withi n the i r bo di e s Th e se wall s are call ed
.

co ra l
. A fte r c o untl e ss nu mbe rs of y e ars ,

d uri n g whi c h co u ntl ess n u mbe r s Of po lyp s

h av e li v ed a nd di e d e ac h l ea vi ng the c ora l
,

th at had be e n for me d in its bod y the mass ,

P CT UR E
I OF LA K E AND I LA ND
S .
of c o ral fi nally r e ac he s the s u r fac e o f th e
wate r a nd th u s a n i sl an d is mad e
, .

land a round the l a ke The first pic .

T he wa ve s b rea k u p the c o ral o n the to p of

ture al so sho ws yo u t he b are groun d , the i sl an d and l ea ve u pon it b its of fl oa ti ng
20 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU CTO RY GE OG RAP H Y .

wood and seawe eds, whi c h dec ay , and toge ther wa ter is ca lled a strait W ha t body .

with h e ll s and brok en co ral fo rm a

s soil u po n
Of wa ter doe s a n i sth mu s re se mble ?
the cora l fou ndati on T he winds the wave s , ,
W hy ? So me la rge bay s are ca lled
.

and th e bi r ds b r i ng see ds some o f whi c h

,

g ro w .T h e bi rds ma k e th e ir ne sts u po n the u fs

g l G
. u lf s b ay s a nd l a kes
, a re ,

i sland and afte r l ong ages it bec ome s fit to

, so meti me s ca lle d seas .

be the h ome of man .

12 . Other Forms of La nd and Water .

The shore s of a body of wa ter a re

no t every where stra ight I n so me .

pl a ce s the la nd ex te nd s in to the wa ter ;

in others the wa ter e x te nd s i n to the
l and A poin t Of l a nd e xte ndi ng in to
.
PI CT UR E O F DAY A N D ST R A I T .

the wa ter is called a cap e A high .

Wh at do th e se two

c ape is ca l led a p r omontory .

pic ture s sh o w y ou H ow
doe s o ne di ff e r fro m the
o th e r ? Whe re are the
N A P OF D AY A N D
S T RAIT .
c a pe s

If a s tra it were through a n

cut

isth mus ,
W ha t wo uld the pe ninsu l a
beco me ?
Y oumay c opy thi s d rawi ng, and w rite
by e ach for m o f l a nd its na me . W ite r the
PIC T UR E OF PEN I NS U LA AN D I S T M US
H .
na me o f eac h form Of wate r

sh o wn W h at fo rms of
'

What ca n
y ou se e in l and not sh o wn in thi s
both of th e se pi ctures dra wi ng c an y ou na me
Wh at doe s the fir st one What fo r ms of wate r no t
sh ow y ou th at the se c on d sho wn ? I n wh at di rc o
“AP O F PE NI N S U LA AND doe s
I TH M U S
S .
o ne not ti on doe s the r i ve r run ?

On whi c h b ank of the r i ve r

A body of wa ter e x te nd ing into the is the mou th Of its t r ibu

l and fro m a l a rger body of wa ter is tary D O you thi nk thi s

is a swift flowi ng r i v e r
-

c alled a bay a nd the na rrow b ody of

,
M ak e anoth e r drawi ng showing an isl and,
water co nnecting two l a rger bodie s of a st ra it a pe ni nsu l a a nd an i sthmus
, , .
 TH E MAK I N G OF MAP S .
21

R EV I EW Q U ES T I O N S
.
tween the be d of i
a r ve r and the bank s of a

Be tween the be d of a ri ver and the

r i ve r

[ T o the P up i l — R ead over th ese que sti ons c ha nne l of a r i ve r What is a divi de I s a
and th ink wh at answe r s y ou woul d gi ve if y ou r
di vi de usually hi gh l and or lo w l and W ha t
teac h e r shoul d ask th em .If y ou cannot gi ve i s the di ff ere nce betwee n a r ive r and a r iver
a good answe r tur n to the p age wh er e th e
, sy ste m Be tween a r i ver sy ste m and a
informati on can be fo un d and stu dy it onc e ri ve r basi n W h at is the di ff e re nce be
,

more Y ou must thi nk out f or your se lf the t wee n r apids and a waterfall ? Be tween a
.

an swe r s to some of the que sti ons f or the boo k

, c asc ade and a c a tarac t
doe s not gi ve the answer s to th em all ] .
What i s the di ff ere nce be tween a brook
I n whi ch di rec ti on doe s a sh adow fal l at and a pond Be twee n a pond and a lake
noon Doe s a shadow fall in j ust the same Be tween an isl and and a pe ni nsul a Be
di rec tion at sunr i se e ve ry day in the y ear t wee n a p en insul a and a ca pe B et ween a
N oti ce wh ere the sh ado w of some obj ec t peni nsu l a and an i sth mus
fall s at sunset on di ff erent day s and see , C ompare a pond and an i sl and a gulf or ,
wh eth e r the sh adows al l fal l in e xac tly the bay and a p e nin sul a an i sthmus and a stra it
, .

same line .
What is the di ff ere nce be tween bank s and
I n wh at season of the y ear is the noon sh or e s Whic h of the obj ec ts r efe rred to
sha dow o f an Obj ect sh o r te st Longest in the que sti ons above h ave y ou seen
Does the sun e ve r cast a shadow to ward the
sou th

What is the Opposite di rec tion from north

13 T h e Ma king of Maps
east From southeas t From south west . .

From north west N ame something north

east Of y ou .
H o w lo ng is the top o f yo u r de s k ?
What is a pl ain ? Wh at k i nds of pl ai ns H ow wide ? Ma k e a dra wi ng of the .

c an y ou me nti on What is a plateau A re

top of yo ur de sk I s the picture you
.

swamps u su al ly ne ar a body of wa te r or a
h a ve dra wn a s l arge a s the top of
str e am of wate r ? A r e de se r ts usually near

a body or a stream of water you r desk ? Draw the pictu re one

What is the di fi ere uce bet ween a hill and fou rth as long and one-fo urth a s wid e
a mounta i n Be twee n a moun tai n and a
as you r de s k If y o u r de sk is t w e n ty
p l a te au ? B e t w ee n a h ill an d a pl a te au ?
.

What is the sl ope of a hill or mou ntain ? i n che s lon g h o w, lo n g will your pic
D o p l ateau s ha ve sl ope s D o meadows tu re be ?
What is the difle rence between a mountain
On the n e x t page is a pictu re of a
range and a moun ta i n sy ste m

What is a brook ? A r i ve r ? A vall ey ? s choolr oo m a n d a l so a pl a n of th e

Wh at is the diff erence betwe e n a vall ey and same schoolroom A re j u st a s many .

a pl ain Be twee n a vall ey and a ravine de sks re prese nte d in o ne as in the

H ow many sl o pe s has a vall ey H ow are
ot h e r ? A re the pl a tfor ms an d the
v all e s mad e
y W h at i s a s pr ing ? W h at
is a tribu tary What i s the difi erence be windows in the same pl a ce in ea ch
22 T HE WERN ER IN T RO DU CTO RY GE OG RAP H Y .

H o w long an d how wide isyour given you the scale of the several
s choolroo m ? D r a w a p la n of the dr a wi n gs W h a t w as
. y o u r fir st sc a le ?
floor of yo ur schoolroo m and sho w the [A ns One inch repre se nted 4 i nche s ]
,

te a cher s table and

’
W h a t wa s you r
the de sk s of the se c o n d sca l e ?

pupil s in the ir W h a t was yo ur

proper pl ace s Let . third sc ale ?
o n e i nch in you r If you d r a w
dra wing repre se nt t h e schoolho use
f our fee t of the gro un d s w il l y ou
,

schoolroo m . u se the sa me scal e

Ma ke upon the which y ou used

A OO OO
SC H LR M
boa rd a dra wmg whe n y ou dre w
.

f ou r ti me s a s long a nd fo ur t ime s a s the floor p lan of yo u r schoolro o m ?

wide a s the o ne yo u h a ve l a st dra wn W hy ?

u po n you r sl a te H ow many feet of

. D ra w the boun d ary of the school
the sch oolroo m doe s one i nch of yo u r ho use ground s and let one i nch in,

bl a ckboa rd dra wi ng repre se nt ? you r dr awi ng r epre se nt twen ty fo ur -

M a ke a pla n of the feet of the bou nda ry

floor of you r school . l ine W h a t is your
.

ho use . sc a le ?

I n the dra wi ngs yo u If y ou live in a

h a ve a lre ady ma de ,
city ma ke a drawing
,

ho w ma ny in che s a lon g of some Of the block s

yo ur de s k did one i nch or square s a bout the
of the drawing of you r school ro und s If o u
g y
.

desk repre se n t ? H ow li ve in the cou n try ,

many feet a lo ng the draw the schoolhouse

floor did one i nch of M M O“ w m m
or s oo
gr o
ou nd s a nd the roads

your floor pl an r e pre

-
lea ding to it with ,

se nt ? H o w ma ny feet did e a ch inch some o f the fa r ms o n e a ch side of the

Of yo u r hou se pl a n repre se n t
- ? ro ad
The answers to the se que stio ns ha ve The se dra wi ngs may be called map s .
 M A P D R A WI N G . 23

H e re is a picture and a map of This is a picture and a map of a

a rt of a city sch oo l di strict in the co untry

p
.
.

PIC T U RE or mat or A c rn .
PI CT U RE OF A COU NT R Y D I ST RI CT .

! A P O PART
F OF A C IT Y . MAP OF A COU NTRY D IST RI CT .

A pict ureho ws how thi ngs ap

s 14 ° M ap D rawing .

”
pe a r ; a map or pl an sho ws where H ere i s a map divi de d
th ings a re and their di sta nce and in o t h alf - h e l l S quares
H ow P “lu ? mche s
f
all y
directio n fro m one another M aps .

doe s I t con ai n t
a re u sually dr awn so th a t the top o f Each ha lfi nc h s ands t
the map repre se nts the nor th the ,
f or one h undre d mil e s .

H °W many mi19 3 10 1‘8 do

botto m the south the right hand ,
y ou think eac h stream
S I de the e ast a nd the left h a nd S I de
, ofwate r r ep re se nte d i s
the west . Shoul d y ou go in a boat
24 TH E WERN ER I N T R O DU CTO RY GE OG RAPH Y .

from the sou rce of the longe st ri ve r to its I I D raw a river flowi ng sou theast in to
.

mouth ho w f ar woul d y ou t rave l ? I n what

, a bay . C ompl ete the map by showing a
di re cti on woul d y ou go moun ta i n sy ste m and a ri ve r sy stem T e ll .

I f y ou sh oul d go from th e l ak e to the the di rec ti on o f the c oas t l ine and of th e

oc e an in a car r i age wou l d most of you r
, mounta i n s Whi c h way doe s the l and l pe
.

j ourne y be up hill or down hill ? Why ? I I I Draw an isl and in the north wester n
.

I n wh at di recti on do the mounta i ns e x p art Of the map Let thi s i sl and be se p

.

te nd ? I n wh at di re c ti on doe s the t r ibu ar ate d f ro m the l and by a st rait D raw a .

tary flo w whi c h has its mouth in the l e ft r i ve r r i si ng in a l ak e an d fl owi ng i nt o th e

bank of the ri ver ? oc ean e ast of the str ait Sho w two pe ni n
.

I D raw a coast line e xte ndi ng ne arly

. sul as o ne i sth mu s two l ak e s and four tr i b
, , ,

no rth and so u th , sh o wi n g a bay a pe n i n

, uta rie s . T e ll what you c an about thi s map .

sul a and an i sth mus

, . E ast of the c oast li ne
wr ite the word sea . D raw two i sl ands Off T he fir st b
map sh ows some of the
a o ve
the coast se p arate d f rom the l and by st raits . st r ee ts of Washi ngt o n one of th e beau ti ful
,

Le t a p romo ntory e xte nd f rom one of the c iti e s of our c ount ry N oti ce the scal e in the
.

i sl ands i nto the oc e an . u pp e r r i gh t h and corne r

- A bou t how many
.

Dr aw a range Of mounta i ns e xtending sq uare mil e s ar e re p re se nte d in thi s map

from north e ast to south we st I n the south

. T he second map r e p re se nts the e nti re c ity
we ste rn p art of the map dr aw a l ak e Le t
. of W as hi ngt o n I s the scal e the same as in
.

t hi s l ak e be the sou rce of a ri ver whi c h the fir st map

fl ows into the oc e an . Wh at part of the thi rd map is oc cupie d
Draw one tr ibutary fl owi ng north and , by the map of Was hi ngton H ow doe s the
anoth e r fl o wi ng e a st .
scal e c omp are with th at in the second map
 T HE GLO B E — MOTIO N S O F T HE EAR T H . 25

Fi nd Washingto n mark ed on the l ast map the sta rs H o w l a rge thi s b a ll is you
.
.

H o w i s it r e p resented H ow many oth e r

c a n h a rdly re ali ze but u c a n k no w
c iti es are r e p re se nt e d H o w are the moun y o
,

tai ns r ep resented H ow many squa re mil es th a t it is ro und a nd has people livi ng

,

ar e sh own i n thi s map o n it a nd tra veli n g over it in ma ny

D o all ma p s o f the
sa me si ze r e p rese nt e q ually l ar ge bo di e s of
directio ns by wa go ns ca r s a nd ship s , ,
.

land or wate r
On pa ge 7 is a picture of thi s ea rth ,

a nd o u c an se e its sh a pe
15 T he Globe
. .
y .

The ea rth bei ng a big ba ll is often

Y ou h a ve st udied for some ti me repre se nted by a sma l l b all ca lle d a
a bo ut a little spot of e a rth n e a r yo u r
s her e or glo be whic h is of the sa me
p ,

schoolho u se a nd yo u r ho me s
sh a pe a s the e a rth
.

The l and and wa ter tha t you h a ve

see n a bo u t y ou a re a p a rt of the gre a t 16 Motions of the Earth
. .

e a rth o n which y o u d well . I f you thro w a ba ll i nto the a ir it ,

Y ou will underst a nd ma ny thi ngs will t urn a s it move s Try it a nd se e

.

better if y o u now study a bo ut thi s W hether this is tr ue .

e a rth a nd le a rn to thi nk of it as a The ball which yo u throw has two

hu g e b all of l an d a nd wa ter sur motio ns one for wa rd and one tur ni ng
,

r oun d ed by a ir a nd movi ng a mo ng
, in the air .
26 TH E WERNER I N T R O DU CTO R Y GE OG RAPH Y .

T he ea rth ha s two motions like The rth t urns on its axis once
ea

the ball in the a ir ; one a for wa rd in t wenty fo ur ho u rs which ma ke a

-
,

motio n a rou nd the sun the other a tu rn ,

day . Some ti me s the word day me ans
ing mo tio n like th a t of the ho ur s bet wee n sun
a wheel or b al l or top . r i se a nd sunset a nd ,

The e a rth goe s th en night me ans the

a ro u nd the sun o nc e ti me fro m su nset to
a ye a r . su n r i se So meti mes .

da y mea ns twe nty

stars in the hat go sky t f o ur h our s and in cl u de s
arou nd the su n j ust as the
both daytime and n igh t
e ar th doe s Some go fas te r
ti me
.

and some go sl o we r than

.

the e ar th Most of the stars whi ch we se e in

.
the sky are l ik e our su n but are mu ch far th e r ,
away fr om u s th an th e sun is and so do not
appea r so l ar ge and br i ght
I t is the t ur ni ng of the e a rth on
its a x i s th a t ma ke s the sun a ppea r
,
to rise a nd set W here doe s the sun
.

ri se ? W here does it se t ? W hich way ,

There are two poi nts on the su rfa ce o f the n doe s the e a r th turn ?
,

the e a rth which do not tu rn but around , On wh a t pa r t of the e a rth is it

which or a ro und the li ne co nnecting
, d ayti me ? N ight ti me ?
them a ll pa rts of the e a rth move
,
.

These two point s a re ca lled the p oles

of the e a rth a nd the li ne tha t con 17 . Continents and Oceans .

ne ots the m is c a l led the e a rth s axis

’

the ne x t page a re two maps of .

On
One of the pole s is c alled the no rth the globe Ea ch of the se map s shows .

pole the other the sou th pole

, o ne side o r one h a lf o f the globe
.
.

R un a k n itti ng nee dl e or wi e th ou gh an H a lf o f a globe

r or sphere ris c a lled a

o ran ge and thi nk o f the o r ange as r e p ese nt

, he mi sphere The map on the r ight
r .

ing the e a th a nd the wi e as e p e se nti ng its

r
h an d is of the E a stern H e misphere
r r r
,
a xi s Le t a l amp re p e sent the su n an d h ol d
r
nd the other is of the W e stern H e mi
.
,

the ora nge in the li ght of the l amp as is

a

sh own y ou in thi s pi c t u e T he p art o f the sphere

r . .

o a nge o n whi c h th e li ght fall s w ill e p e se nt

r
The d a rk po rtio ns repre se nt l a nd
r r
,
the p a t of the ea th wh e e it is day and the
r r r
w
,
a n d the ligh t portio ns a te r
p art in the sh adow will repre se nt the part ,
.

wh ere it is i gh
n t .
P oi n t o ut the l a nd ; the w a ter .
 CONT I N EN T S T HE OC EAN S .
27

ca lled oce a ns and h a vethe mselve s

18 Continents .
pa rtic ul a r na me s
.
.

H ow many masse s of l an d a re There is a n oce an a ro und ea ch pole .

na med on the ma p of the he mi The one around the north pole is c alled
sphere s ? The six l arge st divi sio ns the A rctic O ce an a nd the o ne around ,

oi l and are c alled co ntine nts T he the south pole is ca lled the Anta rctic
.

co ntinent s ma k e three l a rge bodies O cean Poi nt o ut the se two ocea ns .

of l a nd Eu rope A sia a nd Africa on the map

.
, ,
.

to gether ma ke the l a rge st body of There a re two oce a ns one e ast of ,

la nd o n the e a rth North A merica a nd A merica and o ne we st which e x

.
,

Sou th A merica te nd bet ween

ma ke the ne x t the two pol ar
la rge st body . ocea ns W ha t .

A ustr a li a is the na me is give n

sma lle st o f the to the oce an

c on ti n e nts . e as t of Amer
E urope A sia , ,
ic a ? T o the
and A f r ic a oce a n we st of

a r e so meti me s i t ? W h a t l an d
w n m m “ TE R E M I P ERE
zsve u ! s eu
u s I! H S H
ca ll e d the O ld is on the e ast
.

W orld . N ort h A meric a a nd Sou th of e ach oce an ? On the we st of e a ch

A merica a re ca lled the N e w W orld oce an ? W ith which ocea n do they both
,

because they were not k no wn to the connect on the north ? On the so uth ?
eople o f E urope un til di sc o vered by Ther e is a l so a nother p a r t of the
p
Col umb us in 1 49 2 On which c on . oce a n th a t lie s between A sia and the
tine nt do y o u live ? An ta rctic O ce an Na me thi s pa rt of .

the oce a n W h a t l a n d is we st of it ? .

The gre a t oce a n ca lled Pacific

19 T he Ocea ns
,
. .

(pe a cefu l
) cover s m ore th an o ne ,

The gre a t body of wa ter coveri ng th ird of the surfa ce of the whole
’
a bou t thre e fou rths o f the ea rt h s su r
-
ea rth an d is a bo ut as l a rge as all the
.
,

f a ce is c a lled the Ocea n For c onv en other ocea ns toge ther W ha t l a nds
.
t

ie nce certai n parts of the O ce an a re border it ? W h a t ocea ns jo in it ?

,
28 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU CT O R Y GE O GRAPH Y .

Bo und it pointi ng o ut o n the ma p

,
c a n re mai n at anc h or with ou t be i ng e xpose d
to sto rms S uc h pl ac e s are c alle d h ar bor s
the conti ne nts a nd connected oce a ns . ,

h b iti u su a lly gr o w
.

a n d at the go o d a r o r s c e s
T he n bou nd it fro m me mory .

N otice how the A tl antic O cea n nar

r ows betwee n So u th Americ a and A f

rica a nd wide ns n orth and south of

,

thi s p a rt Bo und the Atl a ntic O ce a n

.

a s yo u did the Pa cific .

Bound the I ndi an O ce an .

O f wha t use to ma n a re the oce ans ?

Ship s c ro ss A HAR BO R .

the oceans and

c arr y pe opl e up . Of wh at u se to a c ity is a harbo r

and p roduc ts D o y ou k now any c ity th at has a good ha r
from one co un bo r N oti ce the l ong dock s in thi s pic tur e
try to ano th e r o f a h ar bo r .

mu c h m o r e A ship wh e n it is out in the o pe n se a i s

, ,

c o n v e n i e n tl y q uite safe e ve n in a storm ; bu t when it i s

,

and ch e aply near a c oast the sail o rs mu st be ve ry su r e

,

than the y can j ust wh e re th e y are or the wi nd may dr i v e

,

be i by l and
c ar r e d . Wh e n ships reac h the the ship on sh ore .

shore , the y ne d to e h ave pl ace s wh e re th e y T o h e lp sa il o r s l oca te the i r ship s li gh t , !

 T HE OC EAN S . 29

houses are pl ac ed at dangerous po i nts a long show him the dee p c hanne l Y et in spite of
.
,

the coast On the to p of each li ghth ous e

. al l th e se p rec auti o ns v e sse l s are o fte n dr i v e n
,

is a l an te rn ; and from sun se t to sun ri se ash ore and wrec k e d .T o h e lp ship wrec k e d
the l amp in the la nte rn is k e pt bur ning . sa il o rs
, life-savi ng stati ons and c re ws are
The re are re d li ghts and whi te li ghts S ome . pl ac ed al ong da nge rous c oasts T he surf .

se e m to ily Othe rs se e m to flash

b urn ste ad . man walk s al ong the sh ore W he n he se e s .

bri ghtly and then di sappear to flas h aga in , a v e sse l sa iling to ward a dange ro us pla ce ,

and di sa ppear re gul ar ly and the sail o rs c an , he war ns it off by si gnal s If he finds a
.

count the numbe r o f ti me s th a t the li ght ship wr ec k e d o r i n d i st r e ss he h urrie s to

,

flash e s in a mi nute and so find out whic h , the stati o n and te ll s his c o mpani o ns The y .

lightho use it is T he li ghthouse s h e lp th e m

. h asten to the wre ck with thei r life boat and -

L I G TH O U
H S E
. B E LL B U OY
- . L I F E AVIN G TATI O N
-S S .

l by day f or e ach one is pai nted pe cu li ar ly

a so , o th e r life sav i ng a pp arat us ge t a ll the ship
-
,
,

pe rha p s red o r white or stripe d h o ri zontally wrec k ed p e o pl e ash ore i f p ossibl e a nd th e n

'

, , , , ,

or lik e a ba r be r s po l e S o me li ghtho use s

’
.
ta ke the m to the stati on whe re th e y a re care d
,

al so h a ve c l oc klik e mac hi ne ry to r i ng a f o g f o r u ntil th e y c an p roce e d on th e i r j ou rney .

bell o r make a great f og whi stl e bl o w

,
- . I n thi s way many li ve s a re sav e d e ve ry y e a r
A t a dange rous ree f or sh oa l 0 3 the land o n the c o ast s o f the U nit e d St a te s a nd o th e r
l ’
,

a li gh t ship i s so me ti me s sta ti o ne d ; so me
- c o u n t ri e s .

ti me s a be ll b uoy o r a whi stli ng b uoy is

- - De sc ribe the th re e pi cture s on thi s page .

anc h o re d Wh e n the sail o r b ri ngs his ship

.
Wh at are conti nent s N ame the six co n
i nto the harbo r the re are re d b uoys at his
, ,
tine nts . Wh at th ree conti ne nts are unite d
r i ght h and and bl ac k b uoy s a t hi s l e ft to
, , ,
Wh at two
1 B eef : a c ha i n of roc ks a t or nea r th e surf ac e of
N ame the oc eans Bound e ac h W
. V h ic h is the .

l a rge st oc e an T he small est Whi c h oce a n

Shoa l sh allo w p lace .
has most i sl ands i n it ? W hic h h as fe we st
30 THE WE R N ER IN T RO DU CTO R Y GE OG RAPH Y .

N ame the ar ms of the A tl antic on the Pl a ces betwee n the equa tor a nd th e
we st ; on the east . N ame two seas a nd a
n orth pole are sa id to be in north l a ti
bay borde ring the I ndi an O ce an .

W hat are harbo rs W hat are li ght tude Pl a ce s bet wee n the equa to r a n d
.

house s Wha t are be ll b uoys -

the so u th pole a re in sou th l a tit ude .

Si mil a r l ine s are d ra wn up on ma p s

The gre ate st depth of the oce an has for the sa me p u rpo se The se l ine s .
,

be en fo und to be abo u t fiv e mile s .

yo u m u s t re m e mber ar e o nly o n
, t h e

T he height of the highe st mo unta ins is globe s a nd the map s a nd not u po n ,

a little mo re the ea rth bu t ,

th a n five mile s . we so meti me s

A r o un d th e spe a k of th e m

border of ea ch a s tho ugh th e

y
conti ne nt the were o n th e
ocea n is a s a , earth itself .

rule no t more
,

tha n fro m a U pon the ma p

po int out th e
f ew h u n d r e d
no rth po l e ; th e
M WT HE I OPH ER EO I O AND M ERIDIAN O
H PA RA LLI L
feet to a mile
.

sou th po l e ; t h e

deep Fa rther o ut there is a steep

. e q uato r ; th e p ar a ll e l s ; the me r i d i ans .

de sce nt i nto the deep ocea n v alley .

Poi nt out as nearly as y ou can where y o u
li ve .

Tu rn to the map on page 6 0 and trac e ,

the me d a s
r i i n an d th e p a r a ll e l s. P o i nt ou t
20 . Lines on Globes and Maps .
so m e pl ac e o n t h e m a p; a n o th e r pl ac e di
re c tly e ast o f it ; di re c t ly we st o f it ; n o rth
For co n ve nie nce in fi ndi ng pl a ce s o n of it ; sou th of it .

the globe certa i n li ne s are dra wn upo n

, S e lect a pl ace and name anoth er north eas t
,

it so me from e ast to we st and so me

, ,
of it ; o n e so u th e as t of i t ; o n e s o u th w e s t of

it ; one no rth we st of it I s the re more l and

'

fro m north to sou th The l ine s dra wn

.

north of the e q ua tor or south of it

.

a ro un d the globe fro m e as t to we st a re

ca lled p arallels a nd those fro m north

,

21 D rawing the Continents

to sou th ar e c a lled mer idia ns
.

T he
.
.

li ne e xte ndi ng e a st and we st a ro un d H ere a re ma p s of the co ntinen ts ,

the globe j ust mid wa y bet wee n the which yo u to copy ca r e fully
a re and

pole s is called the equa tor . to co nti nue co pying u ntil you c an
 DRAWIN G THE CON TI NEN T S 31

ma k e th e m

q u ickly Copy.

them unt il
o u c an e asily
y
d r aw t h e m
w ithou t look
in g at th e
boo k .

Before you copy the map s dra w li nes The map belo w sho ws the e a rth f o r
o n yo u r p a per a q ua rter of a n i nch a p a rt a certa i n di st a nce north a n d so u th of

as they a r e in this ma p . Each side of the equa tor but no t a ll the way to the
,

e a ch little sq ua re repre sent s a tho usa nd pole s It is made a s thou gh it were a

.

mile s K no wing
. p a rt of the c ov
th is you can ering of a globe
te l l ho w l a rge pulled OE an d
e a ch co ntinen t is ,
stretched a t the

and ho w much edge s so a s to lie

l a rger the l a rge fla t
.

c o n t i n e n t s are S uch a map is

th a n the sma ll c a lled a Merca tor
on es ma p a nd sho ws
M ER CATO R M AP
.
,
.

better th an a ny
H OW many mil e s ap art ar e the northe n r “
other ki nd of map the direc tion of
most an d so uth e nmost po in ts of Asi a ? T he
r
1a ce s fmm 0 ne a noth e r 0 ‘ er tb 9 W h 0 19
P
7

e n r m
mo st aste and the o st e ste rn ? A s e
w n wr

i
s m aril q u e t
s io s a
n bo u t the o th
r e c o nti ne nt
. s e a rth. I t doe s n Ot S h o w the true
sha e
p of the
c o n tinents as
we ll a s othe r
ma p s do
.
32 T HE WERNER I N T RO DU CTO R Y G E OG RAPH Y .

eac h c on tinent is from eac h of the othe r con R EV I EW Q U EST I O N S .

ti ne nts, eac h ocea n f rom eac h of the oth e r Wh at is the sh ape of the earth
oce ans, e ac h c o nti ne nt fr om e ac h ocean
.
What is a he mi sph e e r

Wh at are conti ne nts Oc eans

Wh at th re e ti ne nts are u nited Wha t
c on

two ? W h at co nti ne nt is not unite d to any

oth er ?

What motions has the earth

W hat is the e a th s axi s Wh at r
’
,
ar e the
p l
o es ? I n whi ch di r ec ti on doe s the e a rth
turn Ill ustrate thi s by a gl obe or a ba ll
? .

What are p arall e l s ? Me ridians W h at is

the e q uato r Whic h way is north u pon most
maps

Be l o w is a small ma p of N orth Ame ri ca .

C opy it care fully and the n sk e tc h South

,

Ame ri ca be side i t in its p ro pe r pl ace C opy .

The a ir is a ll a bou t us W e re .

it agai n and sk e tc h E uro pe in its p ro pe r

, there no a ir to bre a the we co uld no t ,

pl ac e C opy it onc e
.

live The a ir is so metime s still a n d

.

mo re and the n sk e tc h
so meti me s in motio n
,

A si a in i ts prope r pl ac e .
W i nd is a ir .

A gain c opy it and ,

in motion W e re y o u ever ou t i n
.

sk e tc h in th e i r p ro p e r a n d did y ou feel the

a stro ng wi nd ,
pl ace s S outh A me rica
E urope and A frica
,
a ir pre ss a ga i nst you ? H a ve y o u
, .

Prac ti ce doi ng thi s f re see n tree s blo wn do wn by the w in d ?

q u e ntly w h e n y o u h a ve D id yo u e ver sa il in a boa t blo w n

a f e w mi nu te s o f sp ar e
a lo n g by the w i nd ? If yo u h a ve
ti me A fte r e ac h sk e tc hi ng l oo k at the map
.
,
n oticed the se a nd other su ch fa ct s
a nd see wh e re y o u r sk e tc h ca n be i mp ro ve d .
,

B e l ow is a map of E ur ope .
y o u m u st k no w th a t a ir is a very

C opy it care fully and sk e tc h be si de it

, re al and importa nt pa rt o f this world .

A si a C opy it again and sk etc h A fr ic a

The a ir surro und s the solid ea rth on
. .

A gai n c o py it a nd sk etc h
,

N orth Ame ri ca .
a ll side s a n d re a che s ma ny mile s ( fifty

Y ou n e e d n ot wait to do or mo re ) a bove it .

all th a t thi s l e sso n di re c t s

be fore y ou l ea rn oth e r le s
so n s A l most e ve ry day f or
. 23 . Wav es , T ides, and Currents .

se ve ral mon th s tu r n b ac k to thi s l e sso n an d ,

The wa te r Of the D e eat] 1 3 ne w
ma k e some of the drawi ngs whi c h a re h e re fm ?
s ugge ste d still So met i mes the w d blows i t
.

.
 WAVE S TI DE S , , AN D C URREN T S .
33

into great wa ve s tha t co me d ashing in w idth a nd is war mer

th an the
u po n the shore s. Bu t eve n where water on either side of it It ma ke s .

there is no wi nd the wa ter s of the the wi nds th at bl o w over it from the

o c e an ri se a n d fall regu l a rly t wice in we st wa r m a nd moist a nd so the cl i ,

a little more th an o ne da
y Thi
. s r is ma te of W e ster n E urope is more wa r m
ing and fa lli ng of the wa ter is c a lled a n d mo i st th a n it wo uld other wi se be .

the tide I n the mid dle of the oce a n

. A si mil a r c u rre nt sweeps pa st the
thi s tide ma ke s a ch ange of o nly two i sl and s on the e a st of A sia a nd north
o r three feet in the depth of the wa ter , e a stwa rd a cro ss the Pacific to the shores
bu t a t the of America .

s hore s a nd Th is ma ke s
in bay s a nd the we stern
river s c on sh o r e s o f

n ec te d wi th A me r ic a
the oce a n wa r mer an d
the ch a nge more eve n
fro m high in te mpera
1
t ide to low t u re than
W TIDE
LO TIDE
I'I I O H
tide ma ke s
. .

the easter n .

in so me pl a ce s ma ny feet of diff ere nce

of Water .

in the depth of the wa ter .

Be side s the wa ve s a nd the tides Y ou

k no w th a t we t clothe s hung in
there a re c urre nts in the oce an th a t the a ir beco me dry th a t the po nd s by ,

a re like v a st river s r unn i ng in the the roa d side dry up th a t the wa te r in ,

mid st of the wa ters One of the se

.
pitchers and p a il s drie s a way D amp .

gre at c u rre nt s flows fro m the G ulf of thi ngs dry fa ster in wa rm we ather
Me xico alo ng the e ast co a st of North th an in cold Y ou k n o w the se fa c ts ;
.

A merica a f e w mile s fro m the shore ,

bu t y o u may not k no w th a t the
a nd a t le ngth crosse s the A tl an tic wa ter fro m the clothe s the po nd a nd , ,

O ce a n to the we stern shore s of Eu the pa il s goe s i nto the a ir in a for m

Stre a m .
”
rope This cu rrent is c alled the Gulf
.
which we ca nnot se e ; yet so it is

1 E ven i n temp era tur e

.

having only sl ight changes

T his cu rre nt of water is many mile s f rom hot to cold or cold to hot .
34 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU CT O R Y G E OG RAPH Y .

I f you l ook the spou t of a tea

at T he a moun t of por the a ir c an
va

ke ttle of boili ng wa ter yo u will notice, conta in depends ch iefly upo n its
th a t noth ing can be see n clo se to the wa r mth T he higher the te mpe ra
.

spo ut bu t th a t steam appe a rs in the “

t ure the gre ate r the a mo unt of va p o r
, ,

a ir a l ittle way fro m the spout . the air w ill hold in the in visible f o r m .

The wa tery v apor th a t co me s fro m W he n a ir tha t is f ull of mo i stu re

the spou t of the kettle is pa rtia lly is c ooled it le a ve s so me of its mo is
,

cooled in the air a nd so ma de visible 1

. tu re in the for m of dew upon a ny
There is al way s so me wa tery v a por su rfa ce cooler th a n the a ir On a .

in the air It ri se s fro m the sur

. su mmer n ight the a ir n e a r the g ro u n d

fa ce of every e x po sed bit of wa ter and so meti me s co nt a i ns ne a rly all the wa te r

fro m everythi ng th a t is beco mi ng it can hold If the night is clea r a n d

.

dry W he n wa ter drie s up or ta ke s

. c ool, dew w ill be for med C lo uds .

the for m of va por we say it evap o ,

keep the he at fro m lea vi ng the e a r th ,

r a tes . W he n by cooli ng it ch a nge s a n d thi s preve nt s its bei ng c o o l e d

a ga i n i n to a vi sible for m or when , e nough to con de nse the i nv is ib l e
it ch a nge s fro m mi st or clo u d in to wa tery v a por i nto de w W hen it is
.

drops of wa ter it is sa id to con , cold e no ugh to free ze the dew f ro z e n ,

de w or f r ost is prod uced .

If cold pl a te or k nife is pl aced

a When the va por of moist a ir is
in the ste am e scapi ng fro m the tea con dense d a t a co nsiderable heig h t
kettle its su rface beco me s covered with
, from the groun d it forms clo u ds
,
.

drops of water This water is the

. W hen the con de nsa tio n ta kes pl a c e
ste a m co nde nsed . ne a r the ground mist or f og is
,

I f a pitc he r of ice water is allo wed for med .

to stand in a wa rm roo m it soon be , Clo ud s are so meti me s se e n re st in g

come s moi st upon the ou t side and , a ga i nst a mo un ta i n side as in the p ic
,

drops of wa ter will finally trickle tu re shown on the ne x t page W e r e .

do wn its side s Thi s water doe s not

. we at the pl ac e where the cloud tou ch es
co me through the pitcher bu t is con , the mounta i n we wou ld say we we r e
,

de nse d fro m the va por in the sur in a fog ; bu t if we sho uld climb abo v e
r oundi ng air . the fog we could look do wn u po n
,

1 Visible that is visible which ca n be see n. T he higher the te mpera ture , the warmer it is .
 F O RMS O F WA T ER .
35

the clou ds W ould not this be a

. to the oce an I n th at case we shou ld
.

strange sight ha ve no wa ter to dr in k no mo istu re for ,

Ra i ndr op s a re formed whe n a c u rre nt the pl ants no rivers for ships a ll

,

of colder a ir mee ts a wa r mer c u rre nt , the wa ter wo uld be in the oce an ,

j ust as drop s were a ll the l a nd wo uld

formed o n the cold be dry ; no pl ants

dish whe n it me t c ould gro w no a ni ,

the wa r m v a por . mal s cou ld live ,

The moi stu re fir st n o people co uld

cond e n s e s i nto live a nd this ,

cl oud s ,a n d the n , would be a dea d

if the c o n de nsa world .

tion is co ntinued ,
But the gre a t
into ra i n . su n which is as ,

W he n it ra i ns , n ece ssa ry to u s as

the wa ter fall s the e a rth it self ,

upon the l a nd or lifts the little par

upo n the wa ter . ticles of wa ter ih
Some of the wa ter to the a ir the ,

falling u po n the O N A M OU NTA I N

C LO U DQ
p a rticle s cool a nd
I E
land is dried up un ite i nto clo u d s
S D .

by the s un ; th a t the wi nd blo ws the c lo ud s over the

is it goe s b ack i nto the a ir
, l and .

aga i n
. So me of the wa ter si nk s W he n cold a ir strike s the war m
into the l and a nd re a ppea r s in clo ud s the particles of water of which
,

spri ng s The ra i n th a t doe s no t si n k

. the c l ouds are made fall in ra in and
-
, ,

i nto the l a nd ru ns do wn the slope s the wa ter begi ns to run b a ck to the

into the stre a ms and joi ns the wa ter oce an a ga i n On its way the thir sty
.

from the spri ngs It flows in brook s

. soil a b sorb s it thirsty pl a nt s a nd ani
,

and river s a nd so me o f it fi n ally re a che s ma l s a re refre shed by it an d man u ses ,

the ocean . it in many way s .

W ere it not for the ra i n all the The rain prepa res this ea rth to be
wate r on the l and would quickly r un
-
co me the home of l ife .
36 T HE WERNER IN T R OD U C T OR Y G E O GRAPH Y .

cold wa ter and war m water are poured

25 Efiects of H eat on A ir
. .
i nto a pa il which sin k s to the b o tto m ?
,

If fire is lighted on the hearth

a , W hy ?
the s moke will go u p the chi mney If . A ir is lighter th an wa ter Th at is .

y o u drop light piece s of p a per ne a r the why b ubble s ri se thro ugh water a nd ,

why the a ir is above the wa ter i n s te a d

of the wa ter bei ng a bove the a ir If .

we po u r wa ter into a p ail it will go to ,

the botto m a nd p ush u p the a ir th a t

is there a nd a s the wat er fil ls the
,

p a il it will lift the a ir o ut

,
.

The h e a vier fl uid get s u nder the

A BO N F IR E .

lighter o ne a nd he a rs it up Y ou .

fire they will be dra wn into it and

, k no w oil w ill floa t u pon wa ter an d ,

c a rried up wa rd j ust a s the a rro ws in

, a ir u po n oil ; so light a ir flo a t s u po n ,

thi s pictu re sho w yo u the wi nd is o r is h e ld u p by he a vy a ir

,
.

dra wn to wa rd the bo nfire and up The he a vi e st a ir is ne a re st the e a r th ;

wa rd w ith the he a ted smoke W hen . the lighter a ir ri ses a bove the he a vier .

a stove dra ws ho t a ir is ri si ng thro ugh

,

the pipe a nd cold e r a ir is co mi ng in

,

to feed the fire .

Fill a pa per bag W ith a ir tie it ,

tightly a nd the n ta ke it i nto a cold

,

pl ace The a ir i nside wil l contrac t or

.

occupy le ss spa ce tha n before H old .

the ba g to the fire a nd the a ir i nside ,

will e xp a nd an d perh a p s will stretch

,

the bag u ntil it bu r st s .

H ea t cau se s a ir a nd mo st other sub

n n
s ta nce s to swell 0 1 e x p a nd
se or o r A 1 ! c u a e ur e
H e nce °
.
.

he a te d a ir is lighter th a n cold air Ne a r the e arth ho t a ir which is light .

, , ,

When cold a ir a nd wa rm a ir co me to is pushed u p by the cold a ir which is ,

ge ther which ri se s to the top ? W he n he a vy H igher up the wa r m air cool s

, .
,
.
 T E M PERAT URE .

In the l ast picture you se e the e ff ect is pl a ce d on the wall in a schoolroom

o f ope n i ng the d oor o f a wa rm roo m j ust about wa rm e no ugh for c omf o rt
o n a cold da y . W hich way doe s the and hea lth it will st an d at 70 degrees
, .

c o ld a ir move ? T he wa rm a ir ? W ha t c fiec t will holdi ng the the r

momete r in you r hand h a ve if it mar k ,

70 degree s to begi n with ? W il l put

26 T ernperature
ting sno w on the thermo meter cause
. .

C a n you te ll by the thermo mete r the me rcury to rise or to fall ?

ho w w a r m it is ? W he n we say the a vera ge tempe ra
A the rmomete r is a tube of gl ass ture of a pl ace is 50 degree s we me a n ,

with a b all or b ulb a t the bo tto m th at a ther mo meter ou t of door s in the

, ,

filled with me r shade shows an a vera ge of 50 degrees .

c u ry Si nce ih
. I s 50 degree s colder or wa rmer th a n
cre ase of he at whe re you liv e ?
causes objects to
e x pan d the mer
2 7 Efiects of the Sun s H ea t
, ’
. .

cury W ill e xpand ,

a nd therefore rise Y ou kno w th a t some thi ngs are

in the t ube when more e a sily he ated tha n others
, .

ever the the rmom A s you go out in to the sun shi ne

eter is made wa r m on a wa r m day notice which things
er So by seei ng feel wa r me st ; the woo d the gr a ss
.
, ,

how high the me r the soil the rock o r the me ta l I n

, , .

cury stands we can the even ing whe n t he se thi ngs ha ve

, ,
A T ERM O M ETE
tell ho w wa rm it is cooled which fe els colde st ?
H R .

.
,

Betwee n the free zing and the boili ng T he sun s rays go thro ugh so me
’

po i n ts there a re 1 80 degre e s ma rked on sub sta nce s wi thou t bea ting the m A ir
, .

the meta l plate be side the tube If the is a su bstan ce but l ittle hea te d by the
.

thermo meter is put i nto wa ter tha t is sun s direct ray s ; but when the se ray s
’

j ust free zing the merc ury w ill go do wn ha ve he ated the ea rth then the e a rth
, ,

to the poin t ma rked 32 degre e s I f it is .

gives o fi hea t ray s that warm the air .

pl aced in boiling wa te r the merc ury will T he a ir is hea te d by the ea rth more
,

rise to 2 1 2 d egre es If the ther mome ter than by the d irec t rays of the sun
. .
38 TH E WERNER IN T RO DU CT O RY GE OGRAP HY .

D u ring the dayti me in su mmer the to the i nh abi tants living be twee n C
sun heat s the l and more tha n it hea ts and D The line s B repre se nt the
.

the water so tha t in the afternoo n

,
rays fro m the sun whe n the sun is
,

the l an d o n the seashore is wa r mer 3 n e a rer the hori

l
th an the water The l and heats
. zon .

the air a bove it more th a n the water N ot ic e

tha t the
h e a t s the a ir a bove it so th a t the ,
rays B spre ad
a ir over the wa ter is cooler and over more of the
h e a vier than the a ir over the l an d . e a r th s su rface ’

U nle ss preve nted by a stro nger wind , tha n the ray s A

the sea a ir will flow in u pon the l and he nce fe wer fa ll
'

u nder the a ir th a t re sted u po n the bet ween C a nd D ’

.

l an d and there will be a sea bree ze

,
. T h e r e fo r e le ss
D u ring the night the l and cool s hea t reache s the
'
faster than the wa ter a nd to wa rds , ea rth bet wee n C
mornin g the l an d beco me s cooler a nd D fro m B
than the wa ter The air over the U RAY D IRECT A ND
'
O H O S.
w he n the su n is
O BL IQ U E
.

l and is no w cooler and hea vier tha n ne a r the horiz o n ,

th a t over the water and so it flo ws , than fro m A when the sun is overhe ad .

out over the wa ter and ta ke s the W e should re me mber th at the

pl ace of the lighter a ir T his ma ke s . e a rth is al ways cooli ng or sendi n g ,

a l an d bree ze . hea t o ff i nto space a nd th at were it

,

All wind s are ca used by the a ir bei ng not for the he a t which i t co nst an tly

he a vier in o ne pl a ce th an in a nother . receives from the sun the e a rth wou ld

,

The diflerence in the weigh t of the air soon become too cold to live u po n
’
.

is ma i nly due to a difierenc e in the We k no w how mu ch the e a rth cool s

’

wa rmth of the a ir . in a f e w hou rs of d a rk ne ss so th a t ,

The sun is the gre a t so urce of he a t before sunri se in the mor ni ng it is

for o ur ea rth . us ua lly mu ch coo ler th a n it wa s the

The circle in this figu re repre se nt s eve ning before .

the e a rth a nd the li nes A repre se nt

, I n the Winter se aso n we feel the
ray s of light and heat from the sun ,
Th e hor izon is th e place wh ere the earth a nd sky
whe n the su n is directly overhea d se e m to meet .
 Z ON E S . 39

l oss of the he a t whi ch the earth has means cold The re are two frigid
.

se n t o u t in to the gre a t cold space in z one s on e sur ro u nding each pole

, T he .

which it moves ; a nd did no t the sun belt s between the torrid zone and the
r is e highe r a bove the hori zo n in sp rin g frigid zone s are call e d the temper
a nd su mmer th a n it d oe s in w i n te r , ate zone s beca use they a re nei the r
,

we shou ld h ave a never e ndi ng winte r

-
,
v ery hot nor very c old O f course .
,

which would gro w c older and colder , tho se pa rt s of the te mpera te zones
u ntil noth ing co uld live . near the torrid zo ne a re q u ite wa rm ,

But whil e we a re h a vin g ou r W i n te r , much lik e the torrid zo ne and those ,

the sun is shi ning hot upon the peopl e pa rt s of the te mpera te zo ne ne ar the
who liv e sou th of the eq uato r a nd ,
frigid zo nes a re q uite cold So we .

they are h av ing thei r summe r W he n . h av e a war m tempe rate zone and a
it beco mes su mmer with us aga in it , c ool te mpe ra te z o ne n orth of the equa

is winte r with the m . tor a nd a wa rm te mper a te and a cool

,

te mperate zone south of the eq ua tor .

H ow ma y zo ne s are th ere W h a t are

28
. Z 6 . n
the l l SlOD S of the te mperate zo ne s ?
The sun gives most hea t to tho se A s we go fro m the eq ua tor north or
par ts of the ea rth nea r the e qua tor , so u th wh a t cha nge in te mpera ture
,

a nd le ast to those n e a r the pole s . will we usually find ? W e see tha t

H ence the ea rth nea r the equa tor is a diff e rence in the l a titu de of pl a ce s

hot and ne a r the poles cold ma kes a diflerence in the te mperature

’

.
, ,

The belt of l an d and water nea r of the pl ac es .

the eq ua tor is a l way s hot The belts. I f we cli mb a high mo u nta i n we ,

a ro und the pole s a re very cold f o r find tha t the a ir gro ws colder to wa rd
a g re a t p a rt of the ye a r Bet wee n . the to p O fte n high mounta ins ar e
.

the hot belt a nd e ach of the cold covered with snow at the t0 p eve n ,

bel ts there is a belt of l and a nd though they are in the torrid zone .

wa ter no t so hot as the o ne n or so Y ou h a ve lea rned th a t the higher a

c old as the other Zo ne me an s belt
.
,
re gion is the colder it is
,
.

and torr id me a ns hot so we ca l l the

,
Y ou will le a rn more a bo ut zo nes
hot belt which lie s on e ach side of
, and where they a r e by loo king at

the equa tor the torrid zo ne

, Frigid . the ma p s on the ne x t page .
40 T HE WERN ER I N T R OD U C T OR Y GE O GRAPH Y .

R EV I EW Q U EST I O N S .

Wh at is wi nd What is wate ry
p
va o r W hen is vapor s aid to be i n
v i sibl e What are some of the names
g i v e n to v i s ibl e wa te ry v a por

What doe s evap orate mean Wh at

doe s co ndens e me an
Doe s ho t air h ol d more or l e ss
wa te ry v ap or th an col d air I f air
c oo l s doe s it gi ve o ff or t ak e u m i
, p o s

t ure Doe s de w for m on c l ear ni ghts

o r on c l ou dy ni ghts W h at i s the
d i ff e rence be twe e n f og and c l ou d
D e w and f rost E xpl ai n the cause o f
l and bre e ze s and se a bre ezes Whi ch .

i s the mo r ni ng b ree ze the l an d b re e ze

,

o r the se a b re e ze Why
A t wh at ti me s in the day is the sun
ne ar the h o ri zo n ? D o y ou th ink the
s p ac e be t wee n u s an d the moo n is
war m or c ol d ? I Vhich h eats fas te r
’
,

l and or wate r ? Whi c h cool s f aste r ,

l and or wate r I n the summe r seas o n

i s the l a nd o r the wate r the warme r ?
I n the wi nte r se a so n is the l and o r th e
wate r the c o l de r W hi c h v arie s mos t
in t e mpe rat ur e th rou gh the y ear l an d ,

o r wa t e r A r e the c h ange s from h ea t

to c o l d gre ate r in the i nte ri o r o f a c o n
tine nt or o n its c o ast s Whe re i s the
hot b e lt of the e art h “ Th e r e a r e the
co l de st re gi on s W h at i s the te mpe r
a tu re o f the r e gi o n s be t we e n th o se h o t

te st and tho se col de st

A re the h otte st summe rs and the
c ol de s t wi nt e r s on the sh or e s o f th e

c o nti n e n ts or t i te i o ? Why
i n he n r r ?

Wh at are the col d zone s ca lle d

T he hot zone Draw a map showi ng
the zo ne s . Write i n eac h zone i ts
name . I n whi c h zone woul d y ou pre
f e r to li ve
 P L AN T L I FE .
41

Thi s ma p of pl ant life sh ows y ou more in a f ew pl aces and th at othe rs are wi dely
,

c l e a r ly th an a map o f the zo ne s c ou l d wh e re sca tt e r e d gro wi ng in r e gi o ns whi c h are f ar

,

pl ants of difi ere nt ki nds gro w . se p a rate d and difi e r muc h in t e mp e rat u re.

N oti ce that ce rtain ki nds of pl ants are C onsult thi s map whe neve r y o u re ad about
f o und toge th e r th a t so me pl ants grow only
,
plants .

many kind s of pl ants fin d home well

a
29 . Plants of the T orrid Zone .
su ited to their gro wth a nd here there
,

L ook the ma p s on pa ge 40 and

at ,
a re the riche st a nd de nse st fore st s of

se e wh a t p a rt of e a c h co nti ne n t is the world .

w ithin the torrid zo ne W hich conti

. The t re e s of thi s zone a re chiefly
n e nt has no l a nd withi n the torrid pal m tree s whic h do no t lose their
,

z o ne ? le a ve s regul a rly every ye a r a s mo st

,

N ot o nly is thi s the ho t zone of the of o ur tree s do .

world but it is a l so the zo ne where the

, The pl a nts which give foo d to the
mo st ra i n fall s . pe o ple o f thi s ho t regio n a re di ff ere nt
I n th is zo ne o f conti nua l su mmer fro m mo st of tho se ra is ed ne a r yo ur
42 TH E WERNER IN T R O D UCT O RY GE OG RAPH Y .

”
h o me s . this region the people live
In I t p roduce s th ree c rop s a y ear T he frui t .

Ofte n we i gh s four p o u nds I t is lik e a st r aw

mo s tly u po n banana s bre a dfr ui t a n d
.

, ,
be rry in shape but ha s a r ind like a Pi
,

coco an ut s .
a ppl e W hen bak e d in a pit or oven it
.
,

The bana na is the ma i n food Of a re se mbl e s wh e at b re ad .

l a rge p a rt Of the people who live in

tro pica l So uth
A merica a nd
o n the i sl a n d s

o f the Pa ci fic ,

where every
ga rde n has i ts
b anana tree s .

An a cre Of

b a nan a tr e e s
prod uce s more B R EA D F R U IT
BA N A N A T R E E
.

th an a hu n
.
_

The coco a n ut pa l m gro ws a bout -

dr e d ti me s a s much food a s an a cre
Of whe a t .
eighty f e et hi h a n d is cro wned w ith a
g ,

t uft O f l e a ve s e a ch o f which is fou r to ,

A b anana t e e has beautiful b road l e a e s se ve n y a rd s l o ng

r v
.

whi c h l ook some wh at li ke th o se f a c all a o

lily It grows f o m te n to fifte e n and e e n

. r
The fr u it h a ng s
v

twe nty fe e t hi gh \Vh e n two y e a s Old the in cl u s te rs a t the

. r ,

t re e be a rs f uit and the n di e but a numbe b a se O f the le a ve s

r s, r
.

Of y o un g sh o ts s p i ng u p a r o u nd th e Old st m
o r e .

E e n the t unk is of u se f o i t c ontain s a

v r ,
E ve y p a t Of thi s
r
r r

fib e r al mo st as ft a s silk
so ,
whi c h can be t re e is Of g a
r e t u se .

wo v e n i nto fi ne mu sli n .
T he k e rne l o f the nut
g i v e s f o o d a nd Oil th e ,

Ou r b an a na s co me fro m Ce ntr a l milk is a re fre shi ng

dr i nk the sh e ll s a re
Ame ric a the W e st I ndi e s a n d Fl o ri da
,
,

made i nto dri nki ng

, ,

the so uthe a s te r n p e ni nsul a Of the c u p s the fi be rs Of th e

,

U n i te d St a te s See ma p p a ge 41 .
, . h u sk s e nc l o si ng the
The br e a dfru it tre e is fo und chie fly fr u it a re t wi ste d i nto
ro p e T he l e a v e s a re u se d f o r th atc hi ng
On the i sla nds Of the Pa c i fic It gro ws
.

h o u se s a nd are wo v e n i nto mats and b ask ets

, ,

to a he ight Of fo rty or fifty fe et .

whil e the t r u nk Of th e tr e e furni sh e s ti mbe r .
 P L AN TS O F T HE TO RRI D Z O NE . 43

The spice s as pepper cl o ve s nu t

, , ,
sa me t ime . Is this tru e Of ou r fru it
meg cin na mo n a re a ll na tive s Of trop
, , be a rin g tree s ? N u t me g is the seed

ic a l c o un trie s T hey ar e Obta i ned chie fly

. Of the fr u it .

B LAC PE PPER
K . N UT M EO . C O FF EE .

fro m the i sl a nd s so u th e a st Of A si a Coff ee is the fru it Of a tropic al pl a nt

.

Pe pper is the dried fru it Of a cli mb th a t is r a i sed mostly in Bra zil a nd the
ing shru b The fr u it Of the r e d pepper Ea st I ndie s See map p a ge 41
. .
, .

is d r i e d gro u nd mi x e d w ith flo u r a nd
, ,
After the pl a n t re a c he s a h e ight of
,

ba k e d i n to ca ke s The c a ke s a re the n six fe et o r a lit tle mo re its top is c ut

.
,

grou n d into very fin e po wder Off The tre e bea rs small whit e fl o wers
. .

Clove s a re the dri e d b u ds Of flo wer s f o r eight mo nth s The f r u it is ga th

. .

The clove tre e grows v e ry high The ere d three ti me s . ye a r T he se e d s .

word clo ve co me s fro m a no th e r wor d or c o ff ee b ea ns ,

me a n in g a n a il a re ga thered .

C a n yo u se e a n d t he n pre
t h a t a c l o v e p a re d f o r ma r
loo k s like a na il ke t by b e i ng
?

C in na mo n is pu t o n ma t s to
the dri e d b a rk dry in the su n .

Of c i n n a mo n T e a is the
tre e s d r i e d l e a v e s Of
.

LOVE G S . A n u t m e g a pl a nt th a t
tree lo o k s v e ry mu c h like a n o range gr o ws i n b o t h
tree . U pon a nu t me g tre e flo we rs tr o pic al a nd t e mp e ra te re gio ns It is .

a n d fru it a r e f o u nd gr o w i n g a t the c ulti va te d in Chi na J a p a n sou ther n , ,

44 T HE WERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY GE O GRAP H Y .

A si a , a nd so me o ther cou ntrie s . See The lea ve s a re wove n i n to ma ts a nd

map p a ge
,
41 . b ags the le a f stalks i nto b askets a n d
,
-
,

E ac h l e af is f lly pick e d roaste d

c are u ,
on the woo d is u sed in ma kin g h o use s .

n o ve r a fi r e a nd ro ll e d by h and T o do I n n o rthern A fric a the seed s Of the

pa s .
,

i
th s r e q u i r e s a g r e a t d e a l o f w o rk a n d te a
,
da te s a re r oaste d an d u se d as coff e e
i
ra s i n g p a y s o nl y w h e r e l a b o r i s c h e a p .

T he pi c t u re o n p a ge 4 3 sh o w s y o u a J a p a
R ice is the ma i n foo d Of a l a rge p a rt
n e se ga th e r i ng te a l e ave s ; Of the people Of e a stern a n d so uthe a st
e J a pan
e rn A s i a a nd Of p a rt s Of S o u t h A fri ca
, ,
.

r is c he a p .

I t is a l so c ul ti va ted in the so u thea stern

pa r t Of the U n ite d
Sta te s .

R ice g ro ws be st u p o n
lo w l ands th at are so me
ti me s u nde r wa te r a nd

wh e r e the c li mate is
wa r m an d h owe rs a re
s

fre qu e nt L and u p o n
.

wh ic h r i c e grows wi ll
r a i se b ut littl e e l s e ,

a nd so in re gi o ns w h e r e
R IC F E D
E I L .

it gro ws it bec ome s the

the ho t a nd the mai n arti c l e o f food .

wa r m be lts d a te s a nd
,

rice a re i mpo rta n t a rti

cl e s Of fo od T he da te
.

pa l m gr o ws in v e ry
W IN G R I C CO E
dry soil s ; rice grows
.

in very moi st so il s The d a te is Ofte n .

c alled the Bre a d Of the D e sert f o r it pl a n t s co tto n is ,

”
N e x t to the fo o d
,

is the chief fo o d in the de sert re gio ns the pl a n t Of gre a t

Of norther n Africa a nd so u th we stern e st u se to ma n It .

A sia A d a te p al m will be a r fr uit f o r is a tro pica l pl a n t

.
-

more th a n two hu ndred y e a r s D a te s ra i sed in Bra zil .

,

a re e a t e n both fr e sh a nd dried W i ne I n di a Egypt a nd the U n ite d Sta te s

.
, ,
.

a nd vin e g a r is ma de fro m the f u i t Fi nd the se co un tri e s o n the ma p

r . .
 P L A N TS OF T H E TO RR I D Z ONE . 45

I t is gro wn more dantly a unb in So uthern State s than anywhere e lse

o ur .

H e re the pla nt is a n a nnua l 1

,
but the tr e e cotto n Of So uth A merica a nd
A fr ic a is Obta i ned fro m a pl a nt which live s many ye a r s .

I n the pic ture of the co t ton fi el ds , y o u c an see ho w co tto n

fi be r th e m a re pic ked by h and and ta k e n to

a ro und ,
a

g in w
,
hi c h by m ea ns o f sa wdik e te e th dr a ws a way

the fi be r fro m the se e ds T he fi be r o r c ot to n

.

lin t is pac k ed in ba l e s a nd se nt o ff to be manu

f ac tur e d i nto co tto n c l oth T he fi ne s t c o tto n
.

is c a ll ed sea i sl and c o tto n ; se wi ng th re ad i s

- -

ma d e f rom its fi be r T he fi be rs o f the s ta l k

.

o f th e co tto n pl a nt a r e wo v e n i n to b a ggin g o r

mad e i nto pul p f o r fi ne wri ti ng pa pe r a nd ,

th e se ed s Of th e

us e f ul Oil .

L D NG
OA I cor ms .

l
c al e d l
u p a nd

c o tto n . T hi s ,

as the na me

te ll s y ,
o u is
g ro wn on the

l an d bac k of

the l o wl a n ds
mc xmo COT TO N . ne a r the A tl a n.

tic a n d G u l f
.

T he s e tw o k inds o f c o tto n “s e a
c o a s ts .
,

i sla nd a nd u p l a nd a rc n a ti ve o f N o r th A me r
,
!
s

ic a , an d a r e the k inds pr f e rr d hv ma nuf ac tu re rs

e e .

C o tt o n ca n be c u l ti va te d w ith i n ma ny p a rts Of
su c c e s s

the wo r d l . I t w a s fi l s tJ '
a is c i l in I nd ia mo re th a n two tho u
s a nd y e a rs a go . T he I nd ia n s o f A me r ica u s e d c o tto n b e f o re
the t i me of C olu mb u s . a nd made o f i t ga r me n ts a nd c o v e r n g i f or

c o r ra n m
-
c xs ne m ' th e i
e ansr b u.
s

T he fi r st suc c e ssful c ott on facto ry i n the U nite d St ates was e stab

li sh e d i n 1 7 9 0 T h ou gh
. co tto n i s g r o w n i n th e so u th e r n p a r t o nly Of the U n it e d St at e s it i s ,

ma nuf ac tured mostly in the north e aste r n p art .

1 A nnua l : a p la nt living bu t a season .

46 T HE WERNER I NT RO DU CTO RY GE O GR A PHY .

che stnut the wal nut the maple I n

, ,
.

30 ’ A mmals Of the T ow d Zone .

the cooler pa r t Of the north temper
Inthe torrid zone live the l a rge st ate zo ne mo st O f the tree s a r e pi ne ,

a nd fier ce st a n i mal s There a re the lion

. spr uce a nd he mlock ,
.

L ION . E L EP ANTH .

a nd the pan ther the gre a t eleph a nt Of

, The chief food pl ant s a re su ga r
the pl a i ns Of Asia and A frica and the ca ne co rn whe at oa ts and pota toe s
, , , , ,
.

ca mel Of the pl a ins a nd de se rt s Y ou .S uga r c a ne gro ws o nly in the wa rmer

-

will le a r n more a b o u t the se an i mal s pa rt Of thi s belt ne a r the torrid z o ne .

whe n y ou study W he a t gro ws be st

the c o un t r i e s in the ce ntral pa rt
where they live . Of the north te m
I n thi s zo ne are pera te zone C orn .

b ir d s Of the mo st thrive s best i n a

be au tiful pl uma ge cli ma te wa r mer ,

a nd i nsect s Of bril an d c a ts in a

li a nt h ue s as well
, c l i ma te c o o l e r ,

a s the mo st da n th an tha t su ited

ro u s sna ke s a nd to w he t
g e a .

other reptil es S uga r is ma de

C AM
.

ELS .

fro m suga r ca ne -
,

3 1 Pla nts Of the T etnperate Zones

. beets a nd the sap Of the ma ple tree
. ,
.

Inthe se zo ne s there a re f e w p a l ms T he sa p is p re sse d o ut Of the s ga ca ne

u r-

,
t lk s by
s a h i ng th e m be t we e n heav y roll
c ru s
b11 t mste a d gro w th9 fore st tree s W 1tll
'

e r s and the n it is bo il e d till sugar is for me d

,
.

which yo u a re fa mili a r the oa k the , , Mol asses is anoth e r produ ct of sugar cane - .
 PL AN TS O F T HE T EM PERAT E ZON E .

Suga r ca ne grows
-

in I ndia a nd the
E ast I ndie s the ,

W e st I ndie s So uth ,

A merica the H a
,

w a na n I sla nd s a nd ,

the southern pa rt Of
the U nited Sta te s .

Fi nd the H awa ii a n
I sl a nd s on the map ,
U AR CA N E A RV T W EAT S G - H ES H
p a ge 41
.

.
m n w co : e .

Corn req uir e s a

w a rm clima te with much su nshi ne
,

a n d man y sho wer s .

I n the U n ited Sta te s it is ra i sed

chiefly in the centra l p a rt It is also .

r a i se d in Sou th Ame ric a in so uth ,

e a stern E urope a nd o n the shore s Of

,

the I ndi a n O ce a n .

Thi s pl an t is a nativ e Of A me rica ,

a n d wa s the o nly gra in c ultiv a t e d by

the In dia ns whe n the N e w W o rl d was

d is covered ; he nce i t is O f te n ca lled
I ndia n cor n .

Whe a t is
the pri nci pa l gr a i n e a t e n
b y the people Of the U nit e d Sta te s
a n d Of E urope L a rge q uantiti es Of
.

w he a t ra ised in the U n i te d Sta t e s a re

s e n t to E uro pe every y ea r .

O a ts grow well in a soil l e ss fe rtil e

t h a n is requ ired for wh ea t or c o rn .

I n ou r c o unt ry they ar e r a i se d ma i nly

i n the norther n pa rt H e re th ey are .
48 TH E WERNER I N T R OD U C T OR Y G E OG RAP H Y .

us ed chiefly as food for hor se s The be

. s t in the w a r m te m pe ra te zo n e s ,

people Of northern E urope use l arge tho ug h it can be gro wn in the coo l
q u an titie s of oa t m e al for f o od . te m per a te I ts qua litie s depe n d v e ry
.

The po tato is a n i mportant a rti much upo n the so il and the cli ma te .

Ole Of food . A s mu c h
T here a re toba c c o i s
two diff er raise d in
cu t pl ant s the U n ite d
kno wn as State s a s in
pota toes . the rest Of
The sweet the worl d .

p o t a to gr o ws

in our so u th Th e re a e r

se ve ra l k i n ds
em st ate s ,
mm mm of to b ac c o I n .

a nd in so me
,

thi s co u n try
loca litie s fa r ther north It re quire s a
.
it is a b ro ad l e av e d Pl ant-W ith a th iC k j u i
, c y
st e m gro wi ng from thre e to six fee t o r mo e
wa r mer cli ma te th a n th a t ad a pted to , r

in h e i ght .

the Iri sh pota to .

The Irish pota to is ra i sed l a rgely Flax is a plant Of gre at v a l u e .

in the n orthern sta te s and C anad a . From its fiber s l i ne n is

T ho ugh a na tive Of Americ a it is more , wove n W hile
,
the se e d
e x te nsively cultiva ted in no rther n fu rn ishe s li nseed Oil a n ,

E ur ope and in the Briti sh I sle s th an Oil u sed in mix i ng p a i n ts

'

, .

in the U n ited Sta te s . See map p 41 ,

. . H emp is a pl a nt so me
Twelve ti mes as ma ny b ushel s of wh a t like fla x ; but i ts
pota toe s ar e rai sed in Europe every fibers are co a rser a n d
yea r as a re ra i sed in the U nited stronge r .

Sta te s . Both he mp a nd fla x
Toba cco is one Of the pl ants tha t a r e gro wn chiefly in Eu

was c ultiva ted by the I ndi ans in thi s rope but t hey are al so c ultiv a ted in
,

country before its di scovery by C O the U nited St a tes .

l umb us W hite people le a rned the use

. T he pri n cipal fr u it tree s Of the c o ol
of to bac co fro m the I nd ians I t grows te mpera te zon e a re the a pple pe ach
.
, ,
 P LAN TS AND AN I MA LS OF T HE F R IG I D Z O NE S . 49

ea r pl um and cherry D O you k no w bec a use they a re Of u se to him N a me

p , ,
. .

a ny tree s th a t be a r nu ts ? so me o f the m a nd tell in wh a t wa ys

,

The fru its Of the wa r mer localitie s they a re u se ful .

a r e the orange le mo n pi ne a pple a n d

, , ,

33 Plants and A nima ls of the

Olive
.
.

Frigid Zones .

The frigid zo ne s are ne arly de sti

t ute O f fo od pla n ts O nly mo sse s a nd
.

st u nt e d shr ub s a nd,

tree s like the willo w

g r o w there .

The re is a n i mal
D RAN C ES .

life in the se fro ze n

regio ns for the se al s a re pro tecte d
A nimals of the T emperate Zones
,
32
fro m the cold by soft f u r the d uck s
. .

the te mpera te zo ne s the re a re f e w

In
wild a n i ma l s f o r in the se zon e s which
,

a r e m0 s t l y
thickly se ttled
by man mos t Of ,

the more h a r m
f ul wild a ni ma l s
WH \ LE
.

h ave bee n killed .

by do wny fe a th e rs , a nd the wh a le s by
gre a t store s Of f at .

RE V I EW Q U ES T I O N S .

I n wh at pa r t Of the wo r d l tar e the de nse s

fo re sts ? t at are some Of the i mpo r ta nt
tree s Of the tr opica l re gio ns W h at pa rts Of
ma l s which a re c a red for by ma n wh a t c o nti ne nt s a re be t we e n the t r o pi c s ?
,

Wh at a re the i mport ant t re e s Of the no rth

te mpe rate zone
W h at are the grai n foo ds of the torr id
zo ne ? Of the warm te mpe rate ? Of the
c oo l te mpe r a te
 T HE WERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY G E OG RAPHY .

Wh a t are fr uits Of the to r ri d zo ne

the z one s T he fri gi d zone D O we go to the
Of the warm te mpe ra te Of the cool tem nort h or to the so uth f or fur s What rea sons
f or thi s I n wh at
De sc ribe the coc oa pal m .

T hebana na T he dat e . .

W he re ar e spic e s fo u nd?
Wh e nce do we ge t ou r c o f
f ee ? T ea ?
W he re is i
r ce gr o w n ?

T ell wh at y o u c a n about

W h at a re wil d an i

mal s ? Wh at are do
me s tic i mal s ? A re
an

w il d ani mal s n ume ro us

wh e re me n a re nume r
ous
?
A re th e te mpe r a te ,

the to rri d o r the f ri gi d

,

zo ne s m o s t d e n s e l y I tud y i ng
n s

p o p u l a te d “?Why I n
a bo ut the p eo ple
whi c h o f th e se zo ne s a r e
fo und the most wil d who l ive in d i ff er
a ni mal s ? DO e n t pa r ts Of the
th i nk th a t sma ll
wo rl d y o u will find th a t they
i s l a n d s h a ve
ma ny l a rge d ifi e r v e ry much in the w ay
wil d b e as ts ?
hey l iv
Sa va ge P eop le . So me o f the na
tive s o f Af ri c a live in ca ve s a nd h o l es
in the g ro u nd o r in l i ttle h u t s mad e
,

th o u t t o ol s a n d th e ir o nly f o od is w ild
,

p la n t s a n d a n i m als . S uch pe o ple a re ca ll ed

M an o f the e o pl e who live o n the

sa va e s
g .
y p
i sl a nd s in the Pa c i fic O ce a n a re sa v a ge s .

B a r ba ro us P eop le .
— O th e r tribe s in A fri ca
live in mo r e c o mf o r ta bl e h u ts c ultiva te the so il
, ,

H OMES a n d h a v e fl o c ks a nd he rds . They h a ve a d

“ t f li n a re so me Of the mal s
a ni
v a nc e d b e o nd the sa v a ge
y st a t e bu t we ca l l
,

Of th e to rr id z o ne ? T he te mpe rate th e m b a rb a ro us p eopl e b ec au se they h a ve n o t

 OCC UPA TIO N S .
51

et lea rn ed how to d o many thi ng s W hi c h are country h ome s

p le ? W hi ch
y
is a h ome i n a v ill age ? W hi c h is a h ome
s k illfully o r ho w to live co mforta bly
in a c ity
,
.

There a re ma ny ba rba rous tribe s in

35 Occupations
A s i a an d A frica and a l so a mo ng the
. .

A merican I ndi a ns . The wan ts of the sa vage or o f the

The grea t diff ere nce bet wee n sa va ge ba rba ria n a re very f e w H e ma ke s .

a n d ba rb a ro us pe o ple is th a t b a rba ro us f or hi mself a f e w we a po ns with which

ople h ve le a rned to c u ltiva te the to h u nt a nd a f e w u te nsil s in which
p e a ,

s o il a nd keep do me stic a n i mal s D o to c o ok or store his foo d

. If he has .

o u suppo se thi s flock herd

y a o r ,

ma ke s life more he wa nders fro m

c o mforta ble for one pl a ce to a n

the m I n wh a t o ther in se a rch

z o ne do mo st o f p a stu ra ge f o r

sa v a ge people his a n i mal s .

proba bly live ? H e le a rns to

W hy ? ma ke te nt s th a t
C ivilized P eo ca n be
p ut u
p
l Mo st of or t ke do w

”
p e.
a n n

the people of the q u ickly

N R HE R N E U R O
.

H O UB! l N O T
w orld h a ve l aws
.

W ha t are
a n d ruler s to govern the m ; th e y h av e so me of the wa n t s of civili zed peopl e ?

sc hool s a nd chu rches factorie s and

, To satisfy all these wa nts the civil ,

sh o s
p r
, a ilro a d s a nd telegra ph li ne s iz e d w. orld has beco m e a gre a t work
They manufa cture ma ny kind s of shop of b usy people .

good s so me of which they e xchange

, The fa r mers culti va te the crops
f o r the prod u cts of foreig n co untrie s a nd ca re for the a n i ma l s
. th a t f ur
They ha ve book s ne wspa per s and pic nish fo od clothi ng a nd service The
, , , ,
.

t u re s a nd live in co mforta ble home s miners obta i n the ore s a nd meta l s

, .

A ll such people a re civili ze d . fo und in the ea rth The manuf a c .

tur e rs t u rn the materi al s obta i ned

Which o f the homes shown on th ese two
th f sa age pe o pl e Whi ch of fro m the m i n e s fro m tree
,
s pl a nts , ,
p g
a es a re o se o v ,

ba rbarous pe opl e Which of ci vili ze d peo o r a ni mal s i nto usefu l a r ticle s which
, ,
62 TH E WERN ER IN T RO DU CTORY GE OG RAPHY .

whe re riv e rs fu r ni sh ab un d a nt
wa te r p o we r o r where coal
,

ca n be o bt a i ne d f o r s te a m
o we r Citi b u ilt u po n riv e rs
p . e s

o r l a ke s c a n b e co me the c e nters

o f tr a de with o th e r p a r ts o f the

c o u n tr a nd c i ti e s h a vi n fi n e
y
.
g
h a rbo rs c a n ca rry o n t ra de w ith
c o u n tr i e s a c ro ss the o ce a n . T he
o c c u pa ti o ns o f the pe o ple of a ny

pl a c e de pe nd u po n its l o catio n a nd
n at u ra l reso u rce s .

MA N U FACTU RI N G M I N I NG G RAZ IN G
, , , A ND FARMI N G S C E N ES .
36 . Commerce .

the tra ders di stribu te to tho se who use N0 o ne cl ass of people can rai se or
the m . manufa ct ure all the nece ssitie s o f lif e .

W ha t a re the pri ncipal occ upa tio ns Peopl e must either e xch a nge good s
ca rried o n in the p la ce where y ou live with o ne a nother or se ll so me of
,

W here the l and is very fertile a g ri their o wn prod uct s to purchase the
culture is the chief i nd ustry W here . pro d ucts o f others To a id in this
.

the e a rth is rich ia v a l uable o res o r e xcha nge ma ny people ma ke it their

,

meta l s mi ni ng is e x te nsi ve ly c a rried occ upa tion to buy a nd sell goods .

on . M a nufa ctu re s ca n flo u ri sh only S uch people a re e nga ged in trade or

 C O MM ERC E . 53

commer ce . G ood s
a re co n sta ntly be
ing se n t fro m dif
f e rent pa rts of ou r
co untry to oth e r
pa rts which n eed
,

the m bu t do no t pro
duce the m M a ny
.

thi ngs a re a l so se n t
o u t of o u r c o un try

to other co u ntrie s ,

and many things

a re bro ught from
ot her co un trie s to
LOGG IN G C E N E
S .

ou r own .

Co mmerce which is
c a rried on e n on bet wee n place s in difi er e nt co un
tir e ly wi thi n
a co un try is c a lled do trie s is ca lled f or e ign commer ce .

mes tic commer ce Co mmerce c a rried

. Go od s which a re se nt o u t of a cou n
try a re called its ea:
p or ts Th o se which
.

a re bro ught i n to it

a re c a lled its im
or ts
p .

W h at i s co mme rce
Why is it nec e ssa y f o r r

so me pe o pl e to e n ga ge

in mme rce
co Wh at
i s do me stic c o mme r ce
Wh at is fo re i gn c om
me rc e Wh at are e x
p or ts Wh at are im
p t or s ?

Wh e re do the peopl e
e ngage in farmi ng ? Is

e mp p ms .
farming ca rr i e d on
54 TH E WERNER I N T R O DU CTO R Y G E OG RAPHY .

mor e in the te mp e rate or in the fri gid zo ne mo st of the people of ou r co u ntry

Why ? A re th e re mo r e far me r s i n the te m
belong and is the r a ce most ad va nced
,
pe r a te o r in the tor r i d zone Why I s
in civ ili za tio n T h e pe o ple o f thi s r a ce
farmi ng carr ie d on l a rge ly in mount ai nous .

re gi o n s What are at lly

n u r a th e o c c u p ti
a o n s a e
r o f v a rio u s co m ple x i o ns b ut a ll ,

o f pe o pl e in mou nta i no u s re gi o ns
whether light o r
Whe re are manufac tu re s like ly to be most
abu n dant H o w i s p o we r obt ai ne d to mo ve
d a rk a re q
, u ite

mac hi n e r y C a n a c o u n t r y w ith n o c o a l di ff ere n t in c o lor

mi ne s be a gre at manu fac t ur i n g cou ntry fro m the other
Whe re must c iti e s be l oc ate d to h ave gre at
ra ce s
mme rc e
.

co

A the re any ki nds o f busi ne ss not

re me n The pe o ple of
tione d in thi s l e sson Wh at are th ey the white r a ce a re
the mo st in te lli
37 Races of M en Y E LL OW M AN
ge nt in the world
.

. .
.

The people of diff ere nt p a rts of the They live mo re co mfo r tably th a n the
world v a ry gre a tly no t o nly in the , pe o ple o f other r ace s a nd su pport ,

way they live bu t a l so in a ppe a ra nce

, , ch urch e s a n d sch ool s Mo st of the
.

in si ze in for m in the c o lo r of the

, ,
pe ople of N o r th a nd So uth Ame rica ,

ski n a nd i n the sh a pe of the he a d

,
. o f E u rope a nd of so u ther n a nd w e st
,

Pe o ple much a like in the se re sp e c ts , e rn A s i a belo n g to thi s r a ce They are

.

bu t unlike a ll o ther pe o pl e a re g ro uped , i ncre a si ng in nu mbers a nd thro ugh ,

toge ther a nd c alled a r a ce . their i nfl ue nce so me o f the other r a ce s

There a re five a re b e c o mi ng mo re civili zed .

ra ce s o f me n . The Chi ne se a nd the J a pa ne se a re

The white race , the be st spe ci me ns o f the y ell o w ra ce .

the y ell o w r a ce , Mo st of the p e o ple o f thi s r ace live in

the bla ck r a ce , no r th e r n a nd ea st e r n A si a Th e ir .

the re d ra ce a n d ,
dr e ss a nd ma nner of livi n g a re v ery
the b ro wn r a c e . di ff e re nt f ro m o u r s a n d they a r e in
,

E a ch ra c e r e ma ny r e s pe ct s v e ry i ntere sti ng T he se .

W I H TE M A N
c e iv e s its me p e o ple a re i ncre a si ng in n umber s a nd
.

na ,

fro m the c o l or of the pe o ple be lo ngin g ma ny o f t he m a re i mita ti ng the c u s

to it . to ms a nd d re ss o f the whi te ra ce .

The white r a ce is the o ne to whi c h T he n e gro e s b e l o ng to the bl ack r a ce .

 GOVERN MEN T .
55

T h ose in thi s count ry are c i v ili ze d many , in the I ndia n and Pa cific O ceans are ,
o f th e m are e duca te d and th ey li ve and dre ss

li k e the whi te r ac e
,

They are de sce ndants of

.
i nh abi ted by a r ace of people called
p e o pl e wh o we re b rou ght f ro m A f r i c
a to be
the brown r a ce .

sl a ve s to the e a rly Y o u will le a rn ma ny i ntere s ti ng

i nh abitants of thi s thi ngs a bo ut the race s as yo u stu dy
a bo ut the di ff ere n t co un trie s in which
the ne groe s in the
so u th e rn p art of they live .

we re l u ntil
s av e s 38 . Government .

the Ci vil W ar ,

wh e n th ey we re D o y ou live in the co untry , or in a

B LA C K MA N . se t f re e .
vi ll a ge , or in a city ?
The bl a ck ra ce occupie s the ce ntral A pl ace w here there a re no t many
a nd so uthern pa rt of Africa so me , ho use s ne a r one a nother is c alled
p a rts of Australi a a nd so me o f the ,
c o untry pl a ce .

P a c ific I sl a nds . If there is a

The A merica n I ndi ans are the red cl uste r o f se v
r a ce . W he n people o f the white eral ho use s ne a r
r a ce fir st ca me to A meric a the I n to g e th e r, the

di a ns they fo und pl ace is ca lled a

here were b a rba r vill a ge ; a nd if
ous S o me o f . there are a gre a t B R OWN M AN .

the m a re b a rba r many ho use s a nd people in a pla ce it ,

o u s still bu t ma ny , is c a lled a to wn or city .

of the m h a ve bee n Pe o ple mu st h a ve l a ws to go ve rn

e d uca ted in sch o ol s the m ; they must h a ve o fficer s to se e
and h a ve beco me tha t the l a ws are obeyed a nd th a t
civili ze d They . thi ngs needful for the ge nera l goo d
R ED M A N .

h a ve bee n grad u a re do ne . M a ki ng and ca rryi ng o ut

a lly drive n we st by the white people , the l a ws is governme nt The pl a ce .

u n til the re a r e no t ma ny of the m left where the l a ws for a co untry ar e

in the e a ster n p a r t of o u r co untry . ma de is ca lled its ca pi ta l ; the b uild
The Mal a y pe n insul a at the sou th ing in which the la w ma ker s asse mble
-

ea st o f A sia a n d ma ny of the i sl a nd s
, is ca lled the ca pitol .
56 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU CTO RY G E OG RAPHY

e who ma ke their
l aws o r h a ve the m
ma de by their
o wn r u lers
form a na tion .

e terr itory Of
a n i ndepe nde nt na tio n

is ca ll e d a c o u n try The .

n a ti o n to whi c h we belo ng is

the U n i te d Sta te s o f Americ a a nd ,

l a rge a nd s tro ng na tio n it is .

T he U n i te d St a tes Fra nc e a nd S wi tzerl a n d

,

in E u ro pe a n d mo s t o f the co untri e s Of So u t h
,

A me ri ca a re R e p ubli c s ; th a t is they a re ,

c o unt r i e s wh e re the pe ople c hoo se thei r o wn

O ffi c e rs a n d the me n who ma ke their l a ws .

T he c hi e f O ffice r o f a re pu blic is c a lled the

P re si de n t Who is . the pres ide nt Of the

U n ite d Sta te s ?
CI COU N R Y AND V I LLA G E
TY , T , .

There a re other
co u ntrie s which a re c a lled Mo na rchie s where the ,

o ne who is a t the he a d Of the governme nt the ,

mo na rch is n o t ch ose n by the people bu t i nheri ts

, ,

his ri ght to r ule Thi s mona rch is ca lled a K ing

.

o r a Qu ee n in Spa in a n E mperor in G er ma ny
,
a ,

S ul ta n in T u rk ey a C za r or a C za rin a in Ru ssia a
, ,

Mik a do in Ja pa n a Quee n o r a K i ng in E ngla nd

,

The ma n who rule s a sa v a ge o r a b a rb a ro u s

tribe is call e d a chi e f .

A c o u ntry go verne d by a ki ng o r q uee n is ca ll e d

a K i ngdo m .

A co un try gover ne d by a n e mper o r or e mpre ss A C HINE SE O FF IC AI L

.

a c za r o r c za ri na a su lt a n o r a mik a do
, is c a lled a n E mpire
, .
 GOVERN MEN T .

T he re are many portio ns the of

R EV I EW Q U EST I ON S .

world th a t a re no t i ndepe nde nt They .

What is a sa v age Wh e er are savage s

be lon g to so me na tio n more po werful found W hat are th e i r wants H ow do

they li ve ?

tha n they a re The se depe nde nt

.

Who ar e barbarou s peopl e H o w do c i v i

regio n s a r e us ua lly c a lled colo n ie s o r l ize d pe o pl e di ff e r from savage s and barba rous

provi n ce s .
pe opl e What are the di ff e re nt r ac e s of
me n ?
There are a f e w i nd e pend e nt co un W h at do farmer s do Mi ne rs M anu
trie s in Afric a bu t most Of thi s c o n
, f ac tur e r s T rade rs ? U p on what doe s the
tine n t is di vided in to v a rio us r e gio ns occ u pati on of a pl ac e de p e nd ?

tha t belo ng to na tio ns in E u rope W h at is a country pl ac e A v ill age A

c ity ? i s a c ity go ve rne d W h at i s
.

Ho w ?

Austra li a is divided i nto se vera l col g o v e r n m e nt W h a t i s the d i ff e r e n c e b e t w ee n

oui e s th a t belong to the Brit ish a ca pita l and a c a pito l ? h pit l

[T e ca o i s a t

Empire The na tio ns Of E urope h old Was hi ngt on the capital of the U nited State s )
, .

W hat is a nati on
.

What is a c ountry T o
control Of ne a rly al l the i mport a n t
wh at nati on do we be l ong W h a t i s a re p u b
isl and s Of the world e xcept J a pa n .
lic A monarchy

CZA R OF R USS IA . H I KA DO OF APA N

J . Q U EE N O F E NG LA N D . I N DIA N C H IE F .
58 T HE WERNER I N T R OD U C T OR Y GE O GRAPHY .

R E L IE F M A P O F N O RT H
 RE LI E F AND DRA I NAGE . 59 .

N OR T H AM E R I C A .

R efer to the se map s co ntinually as

39 ° R ehef an d D ramage .
u re ad the tex t the qu e stio ns
a nd
y o .

Y ou ha ve studied the contine nts a s T he H ighla nds — W here is the grea t

.

to their s i ze and sh a pe a n d h a ve ,
mou n ta i n sy ste m Of N orth America?
learn ed where they a re N ow yo u . Where is a smaller sy st e m ?
will l e a rn a bo u t W here doe s the
their mo un ta in sys Rocky Mo unta in
tems their pl a i ns
,
sy ste m lie n e a re st

and lo wla nd s and ,

the Pa cific Co a st ?
their river s . W h e r e f a r t h e st
A stu dy Of the ele fro m it ?
vatio ns an d slope s The Appa l a chian
of the l a n d ma be sy ste m in the e a st
y ,

called a st u dy Of e r n p a rt Of N orth

relie
f
,
a n d a stu dy A meric a is sh o rter ,

of riv e r s a nd the a nd lo wer th an the

basms which they Rocky Mo un t a in

dra in may be c a lled sy s te m I s it the
.

a st udy Of dr a ina e sa me di st a n ce fro m

g .

A re lief ma p is one the oc e an in its

which sh o ws the n orthe rn a nd its
highl a n d s lo wl a nds a nd sl o pe s o f the
, , so ut he r n p a rt s ?

land . T he L o wla nds a nd D r a ina

ge Ba
On the oppo s i te p a ge is a relief ma p sins .
— T he
gre a t ce ntral pl a i n e x te n d s
of N orth A merica a n d above is a key
,
fro m the G ul f of Me xico o n the so uth
map on which a re the na me s Of the
,
to H u dso n Bay a n d the A r c tic O c e a n

pa rt s of th e relief ma p . o n the n orth A lo w divi de se p a ra te s

.
 A M ER I C A
SC A LE OF M LES I
(i 1 00 6 00 100 0
°
0 C o mp umm c A re a

I
co mmon

M
Wes t f ro m G ree nwic h 4 ,
5n
“
on /r
AlM
A
1 17 [ Ug m
’
0
97 o 8: 9 4
i 7:
v

A
.
r
1, a Cfl d
 AN IM A L LI FE OF N O RT H AM ERIC A .
61

t he wa ters ru n n in g so u t h fro m th o se Of w h a t b asi n mi ght th e M i ss i ssippi b as i n

be call e d a p a rt
r u nnin g n or th a nd e ast in thi s ce ntr a l
Whic h of the dra i nage basins of N orth
p l a i n .

Ame r i ca is the l argest N ame two r i ve rs of

On the ma p Of N orth A meric a trace the Atlanti c sy ste m N ame one i mportant .

w ith a pen cil fro m the right ba n k Of t r ibu tary of the Mi ssi ssippi o n the e ast an d

one on the we st Fi nd two i mpo rtant r i ve rs

the Mi ssis sippi at its mo u th a rou nd to of the Pac ific b asi n Wh at is the c hi e f riv e r
.

the left b a nk Oppo site the pl ace of of the A rcti c bas in I n whi c h basi n are the
s t a rti ng witho u t cro si g a y
s n n stre m
a G r eat L a k e s

or body Of water See map pa ge 58

.
,
.

The li ne you ha ve traced sho ws the 40 . A nimal Life of N orth A merica .

w a tershed Of the Mi ssi ssippi Enclo sed .

by thi s wa ter shed is a ll the l an d dra i ned Many of the a ni mal s in the north
by the Missi ss ippi R iver Thi s is the .
e r n p a rt Of N orth A meric a su ch a s ,

ba sin Of the Mi ssissippi Sho w on the .

the se a l the pol a r be a r the sa ble
, , ,

map where this b asin co me s ne a re st to: and the A rctic f ox are h u nted for ,

the Atl an tic O ce an W here ne a re st

.
their v al uable f ur .

to the A rctic O ce an W here ne a re st

.

to the Pa c ific O ce an .

N orth America has a n Ar ctic b asi n ,

3. H ud son Bay b a sin a St L awre nce ,

.

bas in a n Atl a ntic and G ulf b a sin a

, ,

M i ssi ss ippi basin a Pa cific ba si n and

, ,

a l so so me smaller b a si ns .

Trace e a ch Of th e se b a sins as you

d id the Mi ssi ssippi ba si n .

S EA L S .

T he di v i de whi c h parate s the St Law

se .

r e nc e bas i n fro m the Mi ssi ssippi b as i n is so Se al s live together in herd s They .

l o w th at a c anal has be e n c ut fro m L ak e

a re so meti me s c a rried so u th wa rd fro m
M i c hi gan to a tr ibuta ry of the Mi ssi ssippi .

T he h e ad wate r s of the R e d R i ve r of the

the pol a r regions upo n block s Of ice
N orth almost mi ngl e with th ose of the Mi ssi s which h a ve broke n Off fro m the
s ippi Se e map p age 68
.
,
.

ma in body Of ice a nd a re ca pt ured

,
T h e H udson B ay basi n and the St L aw
Off the co asts of N e wfo undl a nd a n d
.

r e nc e bas in mi ght be con si de re d p ar t o f th e

A tl anti c b asin.
Labrador .
62 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU CTO RY GE O GRAPHY .

T he s kins of sea s a r e l made i nto l eathe r

it is f o r thi s bl ubbe r a nd the .
a nd
T he Oil mad e f om the i r l ay e s o f f at o r
wh aleb o ne foun d in its month th a t it
r r ,

bl u bbe is u sed in tanning and in maki ng

r,
is h u n ted a n d
soa p T he se al s wh ose f ur is v alu abl e a e
.
r

found in Be i ng Sea r .killed .

The pol a r be a r so meti me s c alled The s ki n Of

,

the white be a r is the l a rge st Of all the m usk o x so -

,
,
n a me d fro m its
b e a r s It is a .

Odor is ma de
very hea vy ani ,

in to cloth in g GR I ZZ L Y AR DE
ma l we ighi ng
.

so me ti me s as
by the pe o ple Of the A rctic r e ion s
g .

The fierce st a n i ma l Of ou r c o nti

much as te n
P LAR B EAR n e n t i s the gri zzly be a r who se ho me is
O
me n together
.

,
,

but it is a good swi mme r a nd diver ,

a nd in the icy wa ters Of the f a r north

it dive s f or the fi she s which it e ats .

It wil l watc h manyho urs at a h ol e in

the ic e u nde r whi c h it k n o ws a se a l has
c ome f or a ir and th e n with o ne p o we r fu l bl o w
, , B LA C K DE AR .
WO LF
Of its p a w will kill the se al as it c ome s u p

to the su rfac e of the ic e .

in the R ocky and Sierra Neva d a moun
ta i n regi o n It is strong e nough to
.

The wa lrus is a h uge a ni mal th a t kill a n o x a nd c a rry Ofi its he a vy body .

live s On the ice a nd the shore s ne a r by .

O th e r wi ld a ni mal s
It is ca ptured a re a fr a id of it .

mostly f or its
i vo ry tusk s . T he g i z ly be ar has r z

I ts thick ski n
l on g h ai a m i xtu re r,

Of b o wn bl ac k and r , ,
is u se ful for w hite i n o l o c r
WA R U
.

L S
ma ki ng tough B l ac k be a s and
.

w ol li i th
le a ther f o r harne ss wh ile the bl ubber s e
,
n e ve v

no rth e n fo e st s n un m n r r R OC KY o
-
ra eo
u nder ne a th its ski n yield s a v a l uable
. .

O il . A mo ng the Ro cky Mo unt ai ns there

The wh a le ha s a much thicker a re fl o ck s of wild sheep a nd go a ts .

l a ye r Of bl ubber th an the wa lrus H erd s Of bi so n h uge a ni mals re , ,

 AN IMA L LI FE OF N OR T H
‘

A MER IC A .
63

mbling o xe n a nd c o m , Dee r a nd a n

mo uly c a ll e d b u ffa te lo pe s a rel oa s

l o e s o nce ro a me d
, f o und in thi s
ov e r the p l a i ns c o nti ne n t The se
.

ve ry gra ceful B IBO N .

in fo r m a nd
ver
y ti m id a n d swift The hor n s Of.

d e e r a re shed every ye a r and a nother ,

p a ir grows very qu ickly wh ile those ,

Of the ante lope gro w

slo wly an d a r e no t shed .

I n every conti ne nt e x cept ,

B EA V E R B A N D T IR WO R K
HE .

Au stra li a so me deer a nd
,

N orth A me ri c a . b ut an telope s a re fo u nd .

they a re no w fo und o nly The ea gle is the swifte st

in p a rk s a nd zoologi ca l a nd fierce st

g a rde ns . Of N o rth
I n C a na d a be a vers b u ild house s Of
, A merica n bird s .W hy
t ree s br ush and sto ne pl a s
, ,

tare d together with mud .

Th e se ho use s a re qu ite a s the U n ited Sta te s ?

skillfu lly ma de a s the a bode s I n co untrie s a ro un d
o f so me sa v a ge tribe s Of me n the G ulf Of Me x ico li ve .

fierce reptile s c alled EA G L E

T he h ou ses are bu ilt
.

in the wate w ith the e u allig a tor s r,H ard pl a te s pro tect the .

t ranc e be l o w the su rfac e .

T o k e e p the wat e r hi gh
e nou gh in su mme r the ,

be av e rs Ofte n buil d dams

ac r o ss the st re a m Th e i r .

DE ER .
food is the roots of wate r A LL I G ATO R
lil i es and othe r pl ants
.

and the bark and te nde r twi gs of the t ree s

,
b ac k and sid e s Of the se rep tiles L ike .

wi n by the l ake or r i ve r sna k e s a nd t u rtle s a lliga tors lay their

gr o g . ,
64 T HE WERNER I N T R OD U C T OR Y GE OG RAPHY .

eggs in the san d and lea ve the m there A meri ca . th e re many i sl ands near N orth
A re

I n the dry
Ameri ca ? H ow many large gu lfs and ba ys
to be h a tched by the sun
are th e re ar oun d N orth A me r i ca W hat
.

se a so n they bury themselve s in the

, two lar ge bodi e s of wa te r are the re be twee n
mud and sleep . N or th Ame r ica and S ou th America F i nd
fiv e pe ni nsul as o f N orth Amer i ca N a me.

the m and te ll where eac h is I s th ere a gulf.

or bay near eac h

41 Countries of N orth A merica .

L ook the ma p and name the

at

countrie s Of N o rth America W ha t 42 T he

.

country occupie s the best pa r t Of N orth A merica .

Americ a ? W h a t country is north of

it ? So uth ?
The pe ni nsul a Of Al a sk a in the
no rth we ster n pa rt Of N or th A merica

is a p a rt Of the Un ited State s .

Ce ntr al A meric a is n o t o ne co untry ,

but co n ta i ns sever a l i ndepe nde nt co un

trie s .

The ca pital Of the U nited St a te s is tha t he had

W ashi ngto n ; th at Of the D omi n ion Of CO L U M B U discovered a S .

C a na da is O tta wa ; and tha t Of Me xico ne w world but tho ught he had come ,

is the City Of Me x ico .

to I n di a in the e astern pa rt Of Asia , .

Poi nt out the se citie s o n the map H e therefore c alled the people who m
and te ll where e a ch is s it ua ted he found I ndian s and by this name
.
, ,

G ree nl a nd is a l a rge isl and belo ng all the na tive people Of N orth an d
ing to D e nma rk an d so is Ofte n ca lled Sou th Americ a h a ve si nce bee n ca lled
, .

D ani sh Americ a Find D en mark on

.
The se I ndian s were qu ite unlike
the ma p p 1 23 ,
. .
a ny people Of the O ld W orld They .

were reddi sh brown o r copper c olored-

,
R EV I EW Q U EST I O N S
and he nce were c alled Red Me n
.

What p art of N orth Ame ica is in the They p a inted their fac e s a nd bodie s so
r

torri d zone I n the te mpe ate zone I n the

r

f ri gi d zon e B ou nd N orth Ame ica th a t they we re hideo u s l oo ki ng

r .
O n .

N ame two i sl ands th at be l ong to N orth their hea d s they wo re fea ther plume s ,
 TH E F I R ST IN HA B IT AN TS OF AM ERI C A .
65

a round their bodies a girdle and short ta ught the re d men ho w to use fire
skir t
, o n their l eg s le a ther legg in gs , a r ms ; soo n the se sa v a ge tribe s were

and upo n their feet shoe s Of soft using fire a rms so e ff ectively in wa r

leather which they ca lled mocc a sin s

,
. fa re amo ng the mselve s as well as
Sometime s they put o n lo ng robe s of a ga i nst the white men th a t their ,

buff alo o r deer skin which O f te n ha d

, n umbers were g r e a t l y di min i shed .

a deep fri n ge made of h a ir ta ke n fro m A fter a ti me many Of the m lea rned

the he a d s Of the me n who m how to cultiv a te the soil and
they had killed and to ca re f or flock s and
sca lped . They were herd s a nd gra dually
,

savage s y o u se e
, , they settled do wn
but th e y we re to a pe acef ul
very sk illf ul in life .

making bo ws I ndi a ns a re
and a rr o ws and no w fo und in
bi rch ba rk
-
ca ne a rly a ll p a rt s

noe s
, in h unt Oi So u th A mer

ing and fi shi ng ,

ica e specia lly
,

and in fi ndi ng in the secl uded

their way thro ugh v a lley s and dense
dense fore st s They
. fo re sts and in the ,

knew mu ch abou t the u se we ster n p a rt Of N orth

of the pl a nt s and herb s th a t
m “ m“ o, m “ m“
cu c
A
,
meric a .

gre w in the fore sts They .

H ow many of h ave e ve r se en
y o u

were stro ng and co uld e nd ure a grea t ,

a n I ndi an ? Th e re a re no t ma ny t ribe s li vi ng
,
e ast o f the Mi ssi ssippi R i ve r bu t p erh ap s y ou
am ount O f fa t i gue or pa i n W i tho ut ,

h ave seen thei r encampments I n summer and

BhOW in signs Of su fi e rin
g a ny g have bought some Of the i r p re ttily woven
When the people fro m the difie rent bask ets .

Europe an co untrie s ca me to N orth In the India n Territory a re people

America and settled in colo nies ,
be lo ngi ng to the I ndi an tribe s who
wars a ro se a mong the colo nie s a nd , a re a s i ntellige nt a s the people O f

the white me n asked the I ndi ans to other pa rts Of our co untry I n some .

help the m in thei r ba ttles They . o f o ur we ste rn st a te s there are other

66 T HE WER NER I N T R O DU CTO RY GE O GRAPHY .

he r baby ,
whi c h
is ca ll e d a pa

p o ose , to a

qu e er sort of
c r ad l e
.

It is a pi e ce
o f boa rd w ith a

slip o f wood at

the bo tt om f o r
the baby s fee t
’

to re st u p on a nd
I ND IA C R D L E
,
N A
to thi s he is
.

bo und so ti ghtly that he c annot move

hands or fee t A ro und his head a h oo p
.

o f woo d is pu t to k ee p it st e a dy an d ,

fro m the hoo p are so me time s hu ng be ll s ,

feathe rs a nd b ri ght r ags to amuse him

, .

S ometime s the papoose is l e ft h angi ng

in h is c rad l e from the li mb o f a t r e e or ,

is c arr i e d u pon his mo the r s bac k a nd ’

W I GWAM .
su pp o rte d th e re by a b road band p as s e d

arou nd he r h e a d I n some tr ibe s w h e n

tribe s who a re still sa v age s I n summer
.
,

a baby d i es the mothe r fill s h is c radl e w ith

.

they live in wh a t th ey ca ll wigwa ms ,

bl ac k feath e rs and carr i e s it a round o n h er
,

te nt s made Of cloths or b a rk stretched b ac k f o r a wh o l e

y e a r afte r wards
over pOle s For winter th ey b uild hu ts
.

S ome t r ibe s on
Of l o g s o r wood .
ou r no rth we st

e rn c o ast st ra p a

In Al as k a ,
i n f r o nt bo a rd o r bag Of
Of so me I ndi an sand to the fo re

h o me s a re st r a nge h e ads of th e i r
l ooki ng po l e s c a rve d , p apoose s so as
with fac e s o f me n to mak e t he i r
a n d b e ast s . h e ads sl ant bac k
T he se to te m po l e s ,
wa rd to a p e ak ,

as the I ndi a ns ca ll as t he y do n o t

th e m re p re se nt the
,
thi nk tha t r o u n d
sto ry Of t he i r li v e s h e ads a re p re tty
I N DIAN M OTHER A N D PAPOO E
. .

S
U po n thi s p a ge is a TO T E M
.

T he pi c tu re on PO I

pic t ure of two suc h p ol e s H o w hi gh do y o u

. the ne xt p a ge sho ws y ou ho w it is do ne .

thi nk th ey are T he I nd i a n boy l e a r ns to sh oot an d to r i de ,

I n so me I ndi a n t ribe s the mothe r st ra p s and he i s v e ry h a ppy in r unnin g rac e s wr e st ,

 TH E F I R ST I NHA B IT AN TS O F A M ER IC A .
67

ling, sw imming h unti ng and fishi ng T he

, ,
. wh at we re they skillful D o th e y li v e ne w
gi r l l ea rns to se w
,
to ski n a n i ma l s and to as th e y li ve d i n the ti me of C ol u mb us

cook the m to hoe in th e garde n and to ta k e

, , W he re are th ey now found ? What is a
down and p ut u p the t e nt s wh e n the family W i gwam A t ot e m p o l e
moves to a noth e r camp . H ow do some I ndi an moth e rs tak e care of
H ow did the In di ans ge t th e i r name ? H o w th e i r babi e s ? Wh at doe s the I nd ian boy
did they l oo k H ow did th ey dre ss ? In l earn to do ? T he I ndi an gi rl ?

PA POOS E OF F LAT H AD TRI B E

- E .
 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRAP H Y .

TH E U N I T ED S T AT E S .

ne w the U n i te d St a t e s ,
thirtee n se p
a ra te c ol o ni e s
. T he se thirtee n c o l o
M any o ther v oya ge s b e si de s th ose n i e s a ll fi nally c a me u nder the c o n trol

Of Col u mb us we re ma de to t hi s n e w O f G re a t B ri ta i n the c o u n try O f the

,

wo rld by bold sa ilo rs f ro m a c ro ss the E ngli sh in E ur o pe The col o n is ts

.

A tl a ntic who e x pl o r e d the c o un b e ca me di sc o nte nted at the w ay

try a little t h ey w e r e
a nd the n r e gove rn e d ,

turn ed ho me .
a nd fi na ll y a

The se e x wa r ca ll ed ,

p lo re r s too k the A m e ri

ba ck good can R e v o lu
a cc ou n t s Of tion a r o se ,

the co un try betwee n the

they ha d vi sited a nd a fte r a colo nie s a nd G re a t Brita in T he
I N DEPENDE N C E
.
,

while people bega n to co me o ver HA L L .

thirte e n colon ie s u nited to for m a
here to ma ke thi s l a nd the ir ho me ne w na tion and called themselve s the
.
,

The fir st to wn in o u r co un try wa s Un ited St a te s Of A merica It was o n .

b u ilt by the Spa nia rd s (pe o ple Of the 4th Of July 1 776 tha t the p e o , ,

Spa in) at St Augustine Fl o rid a Fi nd ple decl a red they wo uld no lo nge r be
.
,
.

thi s pl a ce on the map See p a ge 84 govern ed by Engl a nd H o w do we

. . .

La ter the Engli sh c a me to thi s co u ntry celebra te th a t day

,
.
?

The E ngli sh co nti nued to co me Abo ve is a pictu re Of I ndepe nde n ce

to thi s co u ntry in gr e a t n umber s , H a ll Phil a d e lphia Of the roo m wit hin
, ,

a nd people fro m other na tio n s Of Eu the H all where the D ecl a ra tion of
rope al so ca me u ntil there gre w I ndepe nde n ce was signe d a nd o f the
, .

up , in the e a ster n p a rt Of wh a t is bell th a t wa s r ung to te ll the ne ws .

 RE LI E F OF T H E UN IT ED STA T E S .
71

44 . D ivisions and Extent . 45 . Relief of the United States .

T he U n ite d Sta te s con si st s Of no w Tur n to the relief ma p Of N orth

f o rty five sta te s fi ve territorie s a nd
-
, ,
A merica p 58 ,
. .

o n e di strict W here is the ca pita l ?

. I n the we s tern pa r t of the U nited
T he chief O fficer Of ou r na tion is the Sta te s is a br oa d belt of high l a nd con ,

P re s i de n t who is elected by a body Of

,
si s ti n g Of a pl a te a u u p on which a r e

m e n chosen by the pe o ple . many r a nge s Of mo un ta i ns .

I n e a ch sta te the chief O ffi cer is the This highl a nd is ne a rly o ne tho u

over n or w h i e lec ted b the people san d mile s broa d a n d occ u pie s a bo ut
g o, s
y .
,

I n the territorie s the go vernor s a r e o ne third Of the U nited Sta te s

-
.

a ppoi n te d by the pre side n t . W h a t highl a nds a re there in the

I n mo st Of the sta te s the sma ller e astern pa rt Of the Un ited Sta tes ?
p a rt s i n to which they a re divided a r e H o w do the e a ster n highl a nd s c o m
c a l led co untie s W h at a re the se divi
. pa re in width with the we ster n high
s io n s c a lled in yo ur s ta te ? l a nd s ? I n height ? I n length ? W hat
T he U nited Sta te s e x te nd s fro m the lie s betwee n the e a stern and the we st
A tl a ntic O ce a n to the Pa cific O ce a n ,
e r n h ighl a nd s ? H o w wide is the gre a t

a bo u t three tho u san d mile s a nd fro m , ce ntral pl a i n fro m e ast to we st ? H ow

C a n ada to the G ulf Of Me x ico abo ut ,
long is it fro m n orth to so ut h ?
t w elve h undred mile s W ith the e x . Bet wee n wh a t fou r dra i na ge basins
c e p tio n Of Al ask a it is wholly within
,
doe s the Appa l achi a n sy ste m lie ?
t he n o rth te mpera te zo ne It has a .

re a t v a riety Of su rf a ce soil cli ma te

g , , ,

a n d prod u ctio ns
46 Riv ers and Riv er Basins
.

. .

RE V I EW Q U ES T I ON S
T he chief ri ver is the Missi ssippi
.

,
What ve ge tabl es now wi de ly u sed were first
which dr a i ns the gre a t ce ntr al pl a i n
Ameri ca
.

f o un d in
W h e re was the first se ttl e me nt in Ame ri ca The Mi ssissip pi a nd its tributa rie s
mad e By wh om re se mble an i mme nse tree The M is .

W h e n was the Re vol uti ona y Wa r r With s issi i is the tr un k with its root s in
pp
w ha t ty
c oun r H ow many l i too k part
c o on e s
the G ulf Of Me x ico a nd its bra nche s
in it H ow many t t
s a es and te r rito r i e s are ,

th e r e now which a re its trib uta ries stretc h ,

72 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU CTO RY GE OG RAP HY .

o ut wa rd to the Ro cky and

the Allegh any M ounta i ns .

I n wh at ge nera l directi o n
d o e s the Miss issippi R iver
flo w ? I n wh a t directi o n
do its we ster n trib u ta rie s
flo w ? I ts e a stern ? N otice
wha t a l o ng river the M is
so u ri a nd the Mi ssi ssippi
together make the l o nge st
,

river in the world .

The so u rce Of the Missis

sippi is in a small l a ke in

the northern p a rt of the

U n ited Sta te s in a regio n from which
, ape a ke Bay Florid a ? Bet ween
and

wa ters flo w in several directio ns . Florid a and Me xi co ?

Fin d thi s regio n o n the ma p and Tra ce the O hio basin H ow f ar .

tell wh a t rivers ha ve their source s e a st d o es it e x te nd ? N orth ? South ?

there a nd in wha t directio n e a ch
, Tr a ce the A ppal a chi a n wa tershed .

flo ws See map page 9 3

.
,
. W here is it broke n thro ugh ? Trace
I n wh a t ge nera l directio n do the the Rocky Mount ain wa ter shed from
C ana d a to the grea t be nd in the R io
G ra nde A re there a ny bre a k s in th is
.

wa tershed ? Find fo ur l a rge rivers

.

ri si ng nea r toge ther in the R oc ky

Mo unt a i n syste m Trace the ir waters
.

to the oce a n .

Wha t pa rt Of the United S ta te s is in

the St L a wre nce basin ? W ha t p art
.

is in the H u d so n Bay b a sin ? W hat

A LA E N EAR OU R C E O F MI SS I SS IPPI
pa rt is dra ined by strea ms flowing into
K THE S THE .

i ers betwee n the Bay Of F undy and

r v the Pa cific O ce an ? W h at by strea ms
flo wi ng into l a ke s without an ou tl et ?
Che sa pea ke Bay flo w ? Bet ween Che s
 PR O DUC TS .
73

N a me so me the princip al mi n ing

Of
47
° Products .
re g io ns Of the U n ited St a te s .

I n the gre a t ce n tral pl a i n the l a nd I n the A pp a l a chi a n r e gio n a re fo und

is ge n erally level a nd v e ry fe rtil e . iro n a nd coa l in the R ocky Mo u nta i n
,

The cli ma te v a rie s fro m wa r m in the re gion gold sil ve r q u ick silver l e a d
, , , ,

so uth to c ool in the no rt h a n d th e re ,

a n d so me iro n a nd c o a l .

is su ffi cie n t r a i nfa ll f o r gro wi ng pl a n ts . W h e re is ma nufa ctu ri ng more e x

W h a t do y o u thin k wo uld na t urally te ns ive in the A pp al a c hi a n Or in the
,

be the chi e f i ndu s Ro c ky M o un ta i n

try Of the p e ople regi o n ? G iv e thr e e

of t h i s p a rt of the re a so ns f or y o u r
U n ited Sta tes a ns wer .

I n the no rthern Th e a e th e er r r e

pa rt o f this pl a in p a t s o f th e U n i te d r

whe a t is the gre a t

St a te s in whi c h ma ny

of the p e opl e a e r
prod u ct ; in the e nga ge d i n fi shi ng .

ce n tr a l cor n a nd
,
Whe e a e th e se r r

tobac c o ; in the p a ts r

Whi c h p a ts f the r O
sou thern n e a r the
.

U nite d State s a b st re e

G ulf cotto n a nd
, ada pte d f ma nu f ac or

tu es ? I Vhy ? Whi h
’
suga r ca ne
- .
r c

a e m t suita bl e f o r os r
I n the wes te rn
A F I N G B OA
IS H T
co mme ce W hy r

part o f th is pl a i n
.

, A e graz i ng e gi ns r r o

clo e to the ba se of the Ro c ky M o u u

s a s P P
O U I O S as fa r miHn g e gi o n s ? A e fa mr r r

mg re gwns as P p u lou s 3 8 W annf ac m ng o fl

ta i ns the r a i n is no t su ffici e n t f or go o d
A e m n ng e g ns l k ly to h a ve
, . .

e gi o ns r r i i r io i e
cro ps thou gh grass gro ws sca ntily a nd a ve ry l a ge pop ul ati on ? G i ve e asons f or
, , r r

su
pp o r ts herd s o f c a ttle .
y ou a ns we s r r .

Mi neral s a re fo und in the r o cks .

It is e as ier to dig i nto the ro ck s in

the side of a mo un ta in th an to dig i nto On page 74 is a ma p Of the
the r ocks be ne a th the soil Of a v alley U nit e d S ta te s divide d in to se ctions
. .

Fo r t his rea so n mi nera l s a r e us ua lly H o w ma ny sec tion s do y o u find ?

,

mine d in the mo unta i ns . Th a t which is t r ue a bout a sectio n

74 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU C T O R Y GE O GRAPHY .

is ge nera lly tr ue a bo u t a ll the sta te s ma p a nd see where the se ctio n is

w ithi n the se c tio n . It will be much l o ca te d .

ea sier to le a rn a bou t e ight section s

than a bo ut fo rty five sta te s
-
.
49 . T he N ew Engla nd States .

W hich secti o ns bo rder the A tl a n tic ? T he t t

s a esthe no rthe aste rn sec
in
W hich the G ulf Of Me x ico ? W hich
, , ti on of the U n i ted Sta te s receive d the
the e aste r n ba n k Of the Missi ssi ppi ? n a me Of N e w E ngl a n d fro m the e a rly

Which the we ste rn b a n k

,
?
W hich se ttl e r s who ca me to thi s pa rt o f o ur

se cti o n is cro ssed by the R o cky c ou nt ry fro m En gl a nd .

M o u nta i ns ? I V hic h se ctio n b o rde rs N me the N w E n gl a nd Sta te s H o w many

a e .

the Pa cific ? W hich sections bo r t t

s a e s can y o u fi nd th a t a r e as l ar ge or l a rge r

th an N e w E n gl and ? Whi c h states of this

de r the G re a t La k e s ? W hich bo r
g r o u p t o u c h C a na da ? W h i c h s ta te s h a ve a

de r C a na da ? Tell why ea ch se c ti o n se ac o as t Whic h state is wholly inland

is c a lled by the n a me gi ve n i t . As I V h ic h is the l a rge st sta te T he sma llest ?

y o u st u dy e a ch secti o n t u r n to th i s T he mo u nt a i ns o f N e w E ngl and are

 THE N EI V ENG L AN D ST ATE S .

in the wi n te r , a nd v e ry hot in the su m

me r .

The so il is ro cky a n d poor e xcept ,

in the riv e r v a ll e y s The C o nnectic u t

.

va lley is very fe rtil e a nd in its l o wer

,

p a rt much toba cco is r a i sed .

T here a re l a rge pi ne fore st s in M a i ne

a n d N e w H a mp shire a nd ma ny o f the
,

people o f these state s a re l u mbe r me n .

O N THE C OAS T O F MA I N E .

Du ri ng the win
no t ery f ar
v
te r the woodc u t
te rs li ve in the
f r o m the co a st ,
fore st Some fe ll
.

a n d the su rfa ce the tree s and ,

i s hilly ; he nce o th e r s dr ag the

the rive rs ar e
l ogs o ve r the snow
to the ne ar e st
n ea rly all short
ri v e r. In the
a n d swift . sp r i n g the l ogs
a r e fl oa te d do wn
Wh erever the
th e st re a ms to
w a ter tumble s
th e s a w mi l l s .

d o w n a hill or S ome time s the

f a ll s over a l ogs get c ro wded
d a rn it c an be
,

ma de to f ur
C NN E I C T RI V ER
ON T H E O C T U .
“
j m
a
”
toge th er in a
at so me

n is h wa ter po wer to t u r n ma chi nery .

A s wa te r po wer is che a per th a n ste a m

p o w er ,
m a ny to wns a n d citie s w ith

b u sy facto ries h a ve bee n bu ilt clo se

b y r a pid s a n d wa te rfa ll s a n d th us the
,

r i v er s Of N e w E ngl a n d h a ve ma de thi s

p a rt Of the coun try the chief ma nu

fa c tur i ng section .

The cli ma te Of the se sta te s e spec i ,

a l ly in the norther n p a rt s is v ery col d,

N E W EN G LA N D
ST A T E S
SC A LE OF N I LE]
 T HE N E W EN G L A ND ST A T ES .
77

narro w pl ac e and the n the d r i ve rs who

, , T o which mo un ta i n y ste m
s do these
ha ve be en fo ll o wi ng in a ca noe must wa lk
ou t on the l o gs and pry th e m a pa r t to ge t
,
mo un ta i ns b elo ng ?
the m sta r te d a gai n A numbe r o f lo gs f as
. N ew H a mp shire is fa mo us f o r the
be a u tiful s c e n e r y
a mo ng its mo u nt a i ns ,

a nd many people
fro m other sta tes go
there to spe nd the
s u mme r . Mo un t
te ned to ge th e r W a shi ng to n, the highe st pe a k is ,
is cal l ed a ra ft .

o ve r a mil e high .

RAFTS OF LOG S
Vermo nt is a good gr a zi ng sta te
.

The Pe noh .

sco t is the chief l umberin g stre am . It is noted f o r its fi ne horse s she ep , ,

I n M a ine N e w H a mp shire a nd V er
, ,
a nd c a ttle a n d a l so
, for its maple
mont there a re ma ny me n e mpl oyed su g a r .

in the gra nite a nd ma rble q ua rrie s T he su ga ma pl e t ee gro ws in the no rth e n

.
r- r r

I n M a i ne a nd in M a ssa ch usett s pa t of the U nite d S ta te s and in the sou th e n

r r

p art o f C a na da
there a re ma ny fi sher me n who ca tch .

cod mackerel a nd herri ng Off the

, , Ma ssa ch u se tts Rh o de I sl a nd a nd , ,

coasts The fish a re

.

sal ted d ow n a n d ,

se n t to other sta te s .

The s e fi sherie s a re
the mo st i mpo rta nt
in the U n i ted Sta te s .

I n N e w H a mp
shire a re the W hit e

Mo u nta i n s a n d in
,

Ver mo nt the G ree n

Mo u n t a i n s C an.

yo u tell by th e i r

na me s w hich mo u n

tai n s a re the hi h e r ?
g TH E GREE N M O U NTA I N S .
78 T HE WERNER I N T R OD U C T OR Y ‘

GE O GRAPHY .

A FI H I NG V I LLAGE IN
S
M AM H US ETT S .

“I f
,
C o nne c ti c u t a re m a n u f ac t u ri ng

st a t e s V a st q ua n tities of go ods
.

a re ma n u f a c tu r e d e very y e a r i n the

c o tto n a n d wool e n mill s .

D id y o u e ve r v s i it a
tton mill to se e co

l made
ho w c o th is ? I n a l arge s to re r oo m
a re b a l e s f ra w c o tto n that is matte d wi th
o

ti k s di rt a nd se ds
c , . T hi s c o tto n is c l e a ned
e .

ma h ine ry a nd the n the p u re whi te p u ff y

c ,

r u gh a mac hi ne ca ll e d the
I o

c a t d e r wh i c h c o mb s o u t the fi be rs so th a t th e y lie
-
,

st ra i ght . A no th e r mac hi ne the spi nne r t wi st s the fibe rs i nto th read s and a l oom we a v e s
, , ,

th e se th reads i nto c l o th . U nra ve l a

pi ec e o f c a li c o a nd se e ho w the th r e ad s

cr o ss r u nni n g i n a nd o ut o ve r a nd
, ,

un de r o ne a no th e r .

In the se sta te s more cloc ks ,

fire a r ms se wi ng ma chi nes b o a t s

, , ,

boots a nd sh o e s thre a d an d
, ,

ry a re ma de th a n a ny wh e r e
j e wel
el se in the U n ite d S ta te s .

T he p e o pl e Of t he se st a t e s
ma n ufa c t u re a l so li n e n go o ds ,

pa pe r l o c o mo ti ve s
, fa r mi ng
, TH E W H IT E M O U NTA IN S .
 TH E MIDD LE A TL AN TIC STA T E S .
79

to o l s , a nd kind s Of h a rd wa re l oc ate d in o ne ar c iti es ? Why ar e more

a ll ,
r

g d s m a n u f ac tu ed in the sou th e n N e woo

p i a n o s a n,d f u r n it u re .
r r

E ngl and State s th an in the no rthe n

W ha t ra w ma te ria l s a re u sed in
r

N ame the N e w E ngl a nd State s A e the se . r

ma k in g the se di ffere nt ki nd s Of ma nu s ta t s l a rge A e the y r i c h and p pu l ou s e r o

f a c t u re d a rticle s ? I s the c oas t f N e w E n gl a nd r e g u l a or o r

i e gul a ? A re mo e h a bo s f ormd wh e re rr r r
M as sa ch usett s has ma ny grea t citie s
r r

the c o ast is r e g ul a or wh e e it i s i rre u l ar

.

r, r
g
Bo s to n W or ce ster F all R iver
, a nd , I s N e w E ngl and a r ou gh o r a l e v e l sec
,

Lo w e l l a re tio n ? W h e re ar e the pi ne fore st s ?

T he m pl e g o e ? T he q uarr i e s T he
its l a rge st
a r v s

fi h i e s N me th p itals Of the N ew s er a e ca
c it i e s .
E ngl a nd S ta t Whi c h e the l a ge st es . ar r

P r0 vi c iti e s ?

de n ce is S e l ec t all
rge st
th e l a that is said
a bou t V e r
city 0 f mont thus ,
R h o de I s I ts posi
la n d , a nd tio n moun,

Ne w t
Ha Lo uc r s u o ws '
H OU S E AT m o mm a .
tai ns c li ,

mate so il , ,
ve n is the l a rgest city of C on quarr ie s ,

n e c tic u t . f or wh a t
note d A dd .

any th i n g
RE V I EW Q U ES T I O N S .

e l se o u
y
W h e re ar e the N ew E ngl an d S ta te s may k no w
abo ut V e r
W h at i s th e i c li m t r a e ? A re th ey goo d
fa r mi ng state s A re the y good g razi ng mont ,or

sta t e s ? Wh at is the di ff e re nc e be t we e n ca n l earn

u m mn m from the
far mi n g and grazi ng H ave the se state s s u xz a u . o o s ur .

any i mpo rta nt mi ne s

m ap ; a r range th e se t opi c s in a goo d o r de r ;

W V hic h is the gr e a te st l umbe r i ng state th e n wr ite a de sc r ipti on o f V e rmo nt .

I V h ich sta te s h av e i mpo rtant fishe ri e s ? W rite wh a t

y ou kn o w a bo u t e ac h O f the

N e w E ngl and Sta te s

I V h ic h r a i se s most to bac co ? .

I Vh ich i s the G r ee n M ou nta i n S tate T he

I V h ite M ou nta i n S tate H o w hi gh is M ou nt
50 T he M iddle A tlantic States . .

W as hingto n T he G r e e n M oun ta i ns a nd
the Wh i te Mou nta i ns a r e a p ar t Of whi c h N ame the state s of thi s se c ti on .

sy ste m W hi ch are the l arge st sta te s Whic h is

Why are manufac turi ng e stabli shme nts the small e st one Whic h bo rde r the A tl antic
 TH E MI DD L E ATL AN TIC S T AT E S . 81

I n wh at dr ainage bas ins do the se sta te s The se sta te s a re better f o r fa rmi ng

lie Wh at mou ntai n sy ste m c rosse s th e m th a n the N e w E ngl a nd Sta te s ar e a nd
Wh a t moun ta ins i n N e w York be l ong to ,

thi s sy ste m W hat are the l ong r ange s

’ the fa rmers ra ise gre at crop s o f hay ,

f ar th e r so uth c all e d ? cor n oa ts an d po ta toe s

, , .

C oa l a nd ir on a re fou nd in this sec

I n the Adirondack Mo unta i ns rise s t io n , and wa ter power is a b und an t
-
.

the H u d son R iver the most be a u t ifu l

, There are a f e w fine ha rbors a lon g the
river in our cou ntry W ha t gr e a t city is
. A tl an tic coa st a nd rivers ca na l s a nd
, , ,

situ a te d a t the mo u th Of the H u d so n ? ra ilroa d s connect the se h a rbor s with

W here doe s the D ela wa re River ri se ? the sta te s fa rther we st The peo ple .

In to wh a t a re l a rgely
bay doe s it e nga ged in
flo w ? W h a t ma n uf a c tu r
l arge city i s ing mi n ing , ,

on the D el a and com

wa re merce .

Fi nd the There are

so u r c e Of ma ny be a u
the Po to mac tiful l a ke s in
R iver I nto. N e w Y o rk .

NIAGARA FAL LS.

wh a t ba y On its we st
doe s it flo w ? W h at l a rge city is o n e rn border a re two Of the G re a t La ke s ,

the Po to ma c ? E rie a n d O n ta ri o The se two l a ke s

.

I n the sta te s th a t b o r de r the oc e a n a re c o n n e ct e d by the N i a ga ra R iver ,

the l a nd al o ng the sh o re is le v el a n d in which a re the gre a te st f all s in

in so me pl a ce s ma rshy F a rther fro m the wo rld W h e re doe s all the wa ter
. .

the sh o re a re rolling l a nd s a nd ro unde d c o me fro m tha t is c onsta ntly po uring

hill s a n d b e yo n d t he m a re the l o ng o ve r N i a ga r a F all s
,
?

range s Of the Bl u e R i dg e the All e , A t B u ff a l o o n L a ke E rie b e gi ns the

, ,

g han
y a n d,
other m ou n ta in s E.ri e C a n a l w hich ,c o nn ect s the l a ke
The clima te Of N e w Y o r k is much like with the H u dso n R iver at Alba ny .

tha t of N e w E ngl and I V ha t is the cli On thi s c a n al a v a st a mo u n t Of gra i n

.

mate Of the s ta tes tha t lie fa rther so u th ? is c a rried in boats which are towe d ,
82 T HE WERNER I N T RO DU C T O RY GE O GRAPHY .

a lo n g by hor e
s s H o w l o n.g do y o u thi n k it w o u ld t a ke to cro ss thi s w id e

sta te in su ch a way ?

La ke Cha mpl a i n is a bea u tif ul sheet Of wa ter separ a ti ng N e w Y o rk a nd

V e r mo n t a nd e x te ndi ng i nto C a na d a .

The re a re mo r e pe opl e in t his s ta te th a n in

a ny o th e r a nd i t ha s ma ny l a r ge a nd flo u r
,

ishing c iti e s W h e n the D ut c h se ttl e d o n the

.

i sl a nd whe re N e w Y o rk
City sta nds thc y bo ught ,

the l a n d fro m the I n U N R V R H D SO I E .

di a ns f o r a bo u t t we n ty
l a rge st c ity in t h e
U n i te d Sta t e s is here .

w I t ma n ufa ct u re s mo re
e C AM !
!

g o o ds a n d h a s m o r e c o m m e rc e w i th o th e r

na oti n s t ha n a n y o th e r A m e r ic a n ci t y A dj o i n .

ing its fi n e h a rb o r a r e se v e r a l o t h e r g r e a t

w m a s la citie s Brooklyn bei ng the l arge st

e .
,
.

?
L o ng I sl a nd is a pa rt Of the st a te Of N e w Y o rk W here is it situ a te d .

I n Pe nnsylv a n i a there a re ma ny c oa l a nd ir on mi ne s a nd petroleu m well s .

We ll s ha ve bee n bo i nto the r oc k s f ar down in

re d

th e e a r th and u p thro u gh th e se we ll s the p e t ro l e u m

,

r ush e s with g re a t fo rc e F rom pe t role um k e ro se ne

.
, ,

o r co a l Oi l is mad e
, B e si de s k e ro se ne wh at e l se is
.
,

u se d to fu r ni sh li ght ? I n ma ny pl ac e s wh e r e th e r e
a r e Oil we ll s natu ra l gas ha s b ee n fo un d
, .

This pi ct u re sh ows a tr ai n o f tank ca rs whi c h

a re be i n g fill e d with Oil f r o m pip e s .

Many ma ny th ou sands o f y e a rs a go thi s re gi on

, ,

was c ov e r e d with mo nste r tr e e s fe r ns bu sh e s and

, , ,

sh ru bs i n de n se masse s whi c h d i e d a nd de c ay e d in
,

the s wa mpy gr o un d wh e re th e y had gro wn A fte r

TAN K CA RS
.

l o ng age s thi s mass o f v e ge tati o n se ttl e d T he wa te rs

.

co v e r e d it l e a v i n g d e p o s it s Of sa nd a n d p e bbl e s whic h h ar de ne d i nto r oc k

, U nder the p res
.

su re Of this de po sit the ve getable mass was gradu ally ch ange d i nto the c oal now fo und
so f a r be l o w the su r fac e o f the e a rth .
 T HE MIDD LE A TL AN TI C ST A T E S .
83

Pe nnsy lva ni a Ne wa rk the l a rge st city

, in N e w Je r
iro n a nd st e e l se
y,the most i mpor ta nt ma nu
is o ne o f

sh i f t in citie i the U ited St te

p s a re a c u r
g s n n a s .

built a nd , I n M a ry l a nd e a st Of the Che sa ,

p e a ke B a
y there a re l,a rge
pe a ch o rch a rd s Toba cco .

is ra i se d but the mo st ,

pro fit a ble i ndu stry Of

this st a te is the fish
eries of the bay .

The oy ster be ds are

the fi ne s t in the
world Fi nd out how .

P AC E
E
MON U M E N
T .
oy s ter s a r e Obt a i n e d .

Ba ltimo re is a l a rge
v a rio u s a rticle s ma nufa ct uring a nd c o mmer
E W HIT E H O U E
TH S
ma n u f a c By me a ns of a
.

a re cia l city .

tu r e d Of iro n . Phil a delphi a the l a rge st ca nal a cro ss D el awa re ship s can go
,

c ity in P e nnsyl va n i a is o ne h u ndred fro m thi s city to Phil adelphi a

,
.

m il e s fro m the oce a n ; but l a rge oce a n The D i strict of Col umbi a c on ta ins
s t ea mers re a ch the city by way Of W ashi ngto n o ur na ti onal c apital
,
.
,
.

D el a wa re Bay a nd R iver H ere a re

.

gre a t iro n and steel a nd woole n ma nu A b o e are pi c t u e s o f

v th e W hi te H o u se
r

(th e h o m e o f th e P e s i d e n t o f th erU n ite d

fa ctorie s a nd the city is k no wn a s the Sta te s Of o ne f the fine monume nts Of the
,
) ,
o

gre a te st ca rpet ma nu fa ct uri ng city in c ity and o f the dome of the C apitol
-
, .

the world .

I n P ittsb u rg there a re ma n u fa ct u re s I n V irgi ni a a nd Pe n nsylv a n i a l a rge

Of iron a nd gl a ss W here is thi s city qu a ntitie s O f t o ba cc o a re ra i sed I n
. .

s it u a ted W e st V irgi nia a re co a l mi ne s Oil well s ,

-
,

The pe o ple Of N e w Jersey a n d Del a fire cl ays salt a nd gre a t fore st s

-
, , .

w a re ra i se ma ny pe a ch es a nd sma ll R ich mond ha s l a rge iro n wo rk s ,

fru it s and vegeta ble s which a re se nt tobacco fa cto rie s a nd flo ur mill s

, ,
.

to the n orthern ma rket s . W here is it sit uated ?

 TH E S O U T HEA ST ERN ST A T E S . 85

RE V I EW Q U ES T I O N S .

51 . T he Southea stern Sta tes .

Wh e re Mi ddl e A tl anti c S t
ar e the ta e s ?
N ame the sta te s o f thi s se c tion .

Why so c all e d ? H o w ma ny a re th e re ?
Whic h o f th e se state s bo rde r on the A tl an
Name the m Desc ribe the se ac oast of th e se tic On the G ulf o f M e x ico On the Mi ssi s
.

sta te s I Vh ic h i s the only l ar ge c ity on the sippi R i ve r W hi c h e x te nds far the st sou th
'
.
?

sea c oa s t
I n wh at dr a i nage basi ns a r e th e se sta te s
D O y o u think th e r e a re goo d h a rbor s in T rac e on the ma p the A l abama R i ver .

the se sta te s south of N e w York T he T e nne sse e R i ve r On thi s p age y ou

.

N ame the r iv e rs Of thi s se cti on W he re h a ve a pic tu re of the T e nne sse e R i v e r as it

.

is N i a gar a F a ll s N ame th re e l ake s bo rde r fl o ws pas t C hattanoo ga .

ing N e w Yo r k F ind two i mpo rta nt bay s

. .

N ame some ad v an ta ge s W hi c h N e w Y °rk has The cli ma te Of thi s sectio n is wa r m

f or t r ade
a nd mO I S t I n wmt e r 1 t I s e spec i all
. i

I Vh at a r e th e c hi e f oc c u p a ti o ns o f th e y
peo pl e of the M iddl e Atlantic Sta te s ? pl e a sa nt a nd ma ny pe o ple fro m the
,

I V h ic h is the
minin g sta te ? Wh at
ki nd of mi ne s has
it ? W h at ca n y o u

say of i ts c hi ef
city ?
In whi c h t t
s a es

is c oa l Oil or , p e t ro
leum ,
fou nd
I V ha t a dv anta ge s
has P ittsbu rg f or
manu fac tu r i n g i ron

thi nk it a g d
o o

pl ac e f or manufac tu r i ng co t to n
I Vhic h ar e l a rge st o f
th e th e se
wi n ter
re si de nce .

sta te s I n whi c h Of th e se state s do the p e o pl e The lo w co a st b elt which be gi n s at

.

ra i se to b ac c o I V hat a re the p ro du c ts o f
N e w Y o rk a n d e x t e n ds al o ng the A t '

N e w J e r s e y and D e l a wa re Wh y a re th e se
d t i d i th t
s a te s ?
l a n tic O ce a n a n d G ulf of Me xi c o to
p r o u c s r a s e n e s e

I n whi c h sta te a re many o f th e p e o pl e e n the Mi ssi ssippi b a si n a n d b ey o nd is ,

g g
a e d i n fi s h e r i e s ? N a me the c i ti e s in the w ide r in t hi s se c ti o n tha n it is fa r the r
M i ddl e A tl anti c Sta te s not e d f o r bo th c o m
n o r th I t c o v e r s a ll o f Fl o ri da a n d
me rce and manu fac tu re s N ame thre e that
.

a b o u t ha lf o f e a ch of the o t her s ta te s
ar e mo re i mp o r ta nt f o r th e i r ma nu fac t u r e s

than f o r the i r c o mme rc e . borderi ng o n the A tl a n tic a nd the Gulf .

86 T H E WERN ER IN T R OD U C T OR Y GE O G RAP H Y .

In the sh allo w w a te r s a lo n g the fine grove s of ora nge s lemons and , ,

co a st there is a ch a in of lo ng lo w ba nanas a nd field s o f pi nea pple s

, , , .

na rro w i sl a n d s th a t h a ve bee n for med

by the wa ve s of the Atl a n tic .

So uth C a rolina a nd G eorgi a pro

d uce l arge q ua n titie s of rice .

Ba ck o f the lo w swa mpy co a st l and,

in the se sta tes a n d in N o rth C a roli na

, ,

is a strip o f sa ndy l a nd o n wh ich pi n e

tree s gro w Fro m the sa p of the se
.

tree s pitch t u rpe nti ne ta r and ro si n

, , ,

are ma de For wh a t a re the se prod

.

ucts u sed ?

Still fa rther a way fro m the coa st is PINEAPPL E GR W I N G S O .

a hilly co un try where c o r n cotton

, , ,
A tl an ta the l a rge st city o f G e orgia
to b a cco a nd sweet p ota toe s a re ra i sed
,
.
, ,

is a n i mp o rta n t r a ilr o a d cen ter

All the sta te s o f thi s sectio n r a i se
.

Ch a rle st o n is the l a rge s t city of

cotton S uga r ca ne is r a i sed in the fi ve
.
-

So u th C a roli n a W here is it ? W hat

so u ther n st a te s
.

do y o u thi n k its e x po rt s a re ?
A l a bama ha s coal a nd iron mi ne s .

Cha rle st o n a nd S a v a n na h ha ve the

o nly go o d h a rbo r s o n the Atl a ntic
coa st of thi s se cti o n Mobile ha s the .

o nly o n e on the G ulf coast The se .

ha rb ors ar e in river mou th s .

REV I EW Q U ES T I O N S .

I Vh e r e ar e S o uth e aste r n Sta te s Name

the
th e m N ame th e i r c api ta l s Po int ou t the
. .

sou th e r n e n d o f th e A pp a l a c hi an M o un ta ins .

H o w wi de i s the c oast b e lt o f thi s se c ti on ?

A re th e r e many go o d h ar bor s in thi s part
ON A F O R I D A R I V ER
L .

o f th e U n it e d S ta t e s ?

‘V ha t i s r a i se d al o n g the A tl anti c c oast ?

In Fl o ri da there a re ma ny l a k e s a nd Wh at do we ob ta i n fro m the pine trees of
gr e a t cypre ss swa mp s Th e re a re a l so . so me o f th e se sta te s
 T HE W ERNER I N T R O DU C T O RY GE O GRAP HY
’
.

Wh at is produ ce d a l o ng the s i de s of the H ow has the l and about the mou th of the
hi ghl ands Mi ssissippi bee n fo rme d ?
Wh a t a re the c hi ef c iti e s of thi s sec tion M uc h o f thi s l a nd is so low th at b anks
c all e d
“ l e ve e s h a ve be e n b u ilt a l o n g the
r i ve r to k e e p the wa te r f ro m o v e r fl o wi ng
52 . T he S outhwestern States .
in sp r i n g. A t th a t ti me o f the y ear th e s now
me lt s in the no rth and h e a vy ra i ns oc c u r so
In thi s secti on there a re t hree sta te s , ,
,
that a gre ate r tor re nt of wate r th an u sua l r ushes
L ou i si a na Te xa s and A rk an sa s a nd
, , , a l o ng to the G u lf . So gr e at i s the fo rc e o f the
two territorie s I n di a n T e rrito ry a nd
,
wate r so me ti me s th at it b re ak s th ro u gh these
, ,

O kl a ho ma .
l e ve e s and c o ve r s the fe rtil e pl antati o ns .

\V h ic h of th e se sta te s b o de o n the G u lf r r The three sta te s ha ve the sa me prod

o f M e xi co ? Whi c h ts as the oth er

AT TH E D OC K S
L EAN
,

N EW OR
IV E R
S

o n t he M i ssi ssippi
THE MI I IPPI R SS SS
.

R i ve r ? I n W hat drai nage baS inS are th e se G ulf Sta te s W h at a re the se prod u cts ? .

sta t e s and te rr itori e s ? Wh at l arge r i ve r

Lou l sl a n a ra i se s more su ga r ca ne -
e nt e r s the Mi ssi ssippi in A r k a nsas ? What
o ne i n L o u i si a na ? W h at ri ve r se parate s and mo re rice th a n a ny o ther s ta te .

T e xas f rom M 9 3 0 0 ? N e w O rle a n s is the l a rge st so u thern

T he l a nd in thi s sectio n is low o n city a n d a very i mpo rtan t se a port It .

the c oast a nd n e a r the Mi ssi ssippi bu t is the gre a te st cotton a nd suga r ma rket
,

it is higher in the no rth a nd we st in the souther n sta te s . .

N orth we stern Te x a s a nd O kl aho ma A rk ansa s ha s fi ne fore st s a nd in the ,

a re a high p la te a u n orther n p a rt o f the sta te there a re

.

Lo u i si a na like Florid a ha s many mi ne s o f coal iro n and le a d W h at

, , , ,
.

lake s a nd swa mp s . o ther so u ther n sta te ha s no se a co a s t ?

 T HE S O U T HWE ST ERN ST AT E S .

TAH L EQ U AH .

Te x as is the l a rge st o f the O kl ah o ma Territ o ry wa s epa

s

sta te s On its pl a in s gre a t herd s of

.
ra ted fro m Indian Territory o nly a f e w
ca ttle horse s an d She e p a re ra i sed
, , . ye a r s a go It ha s go od fa r ming l and
.
,

a n d is gro w i ng r a pi dly in pop u l a tio n .

Th e se h erds roam abou t the c o u ntry and

are a l mo st wil d T wi c e a y ea r the a ni mal s
V I EW Q U ES T I O N S
.

RE
are dri v e n i nto a n enc l o su r e c all e d a co rr a l
.

whe re with a hot i ro n the y o u ng co lts a n d

, ,
Wh e re ar e Sou th we ste rn S tate s N ame
the
cal ve s a re gi ve n a p ec u li a r ma rk th at sh o ws th e m . Wh at te rr ito ri es are i nc l u de d in thi s
to wh o m th e y b e l o ng . secti o n D esc r ibe the su rface of thi s se c ti on .

I ndian Terri
tory is a fertile
regio n se t a p a rt

by the U n ited
Suue s as the
home of the I n
dians . So me of
the tribe s a re
civili ze d a n d h a ve
T E A CA
! S T TL E RAN C H .

citie s, vill a ge s a n d well c ultiv a te d

,
Wh t a c an y o u s ay a bo u t Loui si a na N e w
farms O ther trib e s a re pa rtly su p
.
O rl e a n s A k an
r sa s T e xas I ndi a n T e rri
to ry O kl a ho ma
po rt e d by the gov e r n me n t .

N am e t wo i
r ve r s in t h is i
se c t o n . N ame th e

Tahle q uah is the l a rge st to wn . ca pital c iti e s o f thi s i

se c t o n .
 TH E C EN T RA L AN D EA ST C EN T R A L S TAT E S . 91

Gre at Lakes ? N ame the G re at Lak e s .

53 . T he Central States . W hi ch l ake is wh olly in the U nite d

State s W hic h state s borde r on the M is
In the norther n Pa r t of the M is ‘

si ssipp i R i ve r ? W hi c h on the Ohi o R i ve r ?

sissipp i b a si n lie the Ce ntra l State s . W hic h state is borde re d by the Appal ac hian
The we stern po rtion of thi s grou p has a hi ghlands
much severer cli ma te th a n the e astern . W i sconsin prod u ces l a rge titie s q uan

Every where e x cept in the e x tre me we st

,
o f l u mber I ts chief agricu ltura l prod
.

ern p a rt there is
,
uc ts a r e ha y o a t s , ,

ab u n d a nce o f r a in . and co rn M ilwau .

The surfa ce of kee its l a rge st city

, ,

the se sta te s is gen is a gre a t manuf a c

era ll
y l e ve l a nd the
,
t uri ng city produc ,

soil is deep a nd rich . ing l a rge a mounts

Thi s is the chief of clothi ng and
farmi n g regi o n of machinery .

the U nited Sta te s . Michigan is di

H e r e is the gre a te st v ide d by La ke
whe a t gro wi ng re
-
Michiga n i nto two
g io n o f the w o rld ; p e n i n s u l a s The .

an d here a re a l so u pper p e n i n s u l a ,

va st field s of corn n e x t to Mo nt ana is ,

and o a ts . the gre ate st copper

PI CT U R E D R OC A K E U PERI O R
KS , L S
W here corn is pro ducing region o f
.

ra ised hogs a re kep t to be fa tte ned

, the wo rld It produ ce s more iron ore
.

upo n the cor n The Ce n tra l Sta te s a re

. th an a ny other sta te The lo wer pe ni n
.

the gre a t pork pro duci ng states -

. sul a is a fa rmi ng regio n I n its north
.

T he Mi ssissippi R iver divide s the e r n p a rt l u mber is c u t a nd sa lt ma nu

Ce ntra l St a te s i n to a n e a s ter n a nd a f ac tu re d .

we stern sectio n . Illin oi s I ndi ana and O hi o a r e the

, ,

gre at whea t a nd cor n prod uci ng sta te s

-

54 T he Ea st
. Central States .
o f thi s sectio n The l arge st city of
.

Na me the sta te s o f this gro up .

the Ce ntra l State s is Chicago Loca te .

Whic h of these state s borde r on the it on the ma p N o other city in the

.
92 TH E W ERNER IN T R O DU C T O RY GE O GRAPH Y .

wo rld has gro wn so ra pidly a s Chica go . Lo u i sville gre a t t o b a cco ma r k e t

is a .

Fifty ye a rs a go it was a v ery small I n the ce ntra l pa rt o f the s t a te is

to wn a n d no w it is the seco nd city
, Ma mmot h C a ve su ppo sed to be th e
,

in the U n ited Sta te s a n d the gre a te st , l a rge st ca ve in the world .

gra i n provi sio n and l u mber ma rket

, ,

of the wo rld It ha s more ra ilro ad s

.
REV I EW Q U EST I O N S .

than a ny other city in the world .

Wh e re ar e C ent ral State s W h y s o
the
call e d ? R o und the C e nt ra l Sta te s
N ame the l ak e s and r i ve s betwee n Chic ago r
.

and the A tl anti c O c e an .

pa rall el se parate s th em from the S o u th e rn
State s
N a t ura l gas is fo un d in I ndia na De scr ibe the c li mate of th e se state s T h e i r .

sur face T h e ir
a nd O hio
.
.

so il Wh a t i s t h e
I llinoi s a nd
.

l eadi ng occ u p a
O hio h a ve the ti on of th e p e w
be st coa l mi ne s p l e ? H o w d o

of thi s sectio n th e se sta te s c o m

,
pare with o th e r
a ltho ugh soft
sta te s i n a mo u n t

c o a l is fou n d of whe at co rn , ,

a nd oats r a i s e d ?
in a ll the E a st
W hi c h re q u i r e s
Ce ntra l S ta te s ,
the w ar me r c l i
e xce pt Wis mate whe a t o r ,

consi n .
c o rn ?

I n Ohio there
W h e r e ar e t h e
TON E Q UARR Y S E a s t C e n tr a l
a re fin e f a r ms
.

, Sta te s ? N a m e
a nd very ma ny sheep a re r a i sed O hio the m Whi ch is the most north ern of th e s e
. .

wa s fir st settled by people fro m the sta te s ? T h e most sou th e n r ? W hi c h is th e

Lak e State ? B e t wee n whic h Of th e se sta te s

N e w E ngl and S ta te s .

do e s the O hi o R i v e r r un ?
Cinci nna ti Clevel a nd a n d I ndi a n
, Wh at is sai d o f Wi sc onsin Mi c hi ga n
,

apol is a re l a rge citie s W here is e a ch O hi

.
o ? Illi n o i s ? I n di a n a ? K e n t u c ky
C hi cago
sit u a ted
I n whi c h o f the E a st C e ntral Sta te s i s c o a l
K e nt u cky is a fa rmi ng a nd gra zi ng fou nd N ame the Gre at L ak e s in orde r fro m
st a te a nd is noted for its fi ne h o r se s
,
we st to e as t . .

It pro du ce s ne a rly half the tob a cco W h at i s the gr e at state of thi s se c ti o n

T he great c ity N ame the capital s .

tha t is r a ised in the U n ited S ta te s N ame two c itie s o f Ohi o

.

.
94 T HE WERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY G E O GRAPHY .

N o rth D a kota So uth D a k o ta N e

, ,

55 . T he W est Central States .

bra sk a a nd K an sa s a re all fa rm in g
,

N a me the t t
s a e s of thi s secti o n .
a nd s tock ra i si ng sta te s
-
.

Whi c h of the se sta te s bo rde r the Mi ssi s If y ou meas ure a map of the U nite d S ta te s ,

sippi R i e r
v ? Whic h borde r the W este rn and dra w li ne s th rou gh th e ce nte r e as t a n d ,

State s ? Whi c h are in the vall ey of the we st and north and sou th y ou will see th a t ,

Mi ssou ri ? B e twe e n whi ch two state s doe s th e se li nes me et in K ansas .

the M i sso u r i r un Wh at state s doe s it

c ross H ow doe s the l a nd in thi s d i vi si on V I EW Q U ES T I O N S
RE .

sl o p e ? W h e e are the We st C e nt ral S ta tes

r N a me
th e m N ame the first ti e of sta te s r we s t of
This is a pra irie sectio n and wel l
.

the Mi ssi ssippi T he sec on d. .

su ited to fa r mi ng a nd gra zi n g .
De sc ribe the surfac e of thi s re gi on . TV h ic h
Mi nne sota co n ta ins the highe st l and
betwe e n the G ulf of Me x ico a nd the
A rctic O ce a n I nto wha t three river
.

sy ste ms do its wa ter s flo w ? There

a re th ou sa nds of be a u tif ul little l a ke s

in the st ate I n the n or ther n p a rt a re

.

I Vha t two other

’
gre a t pine fo rest s .

Ce ntral Sta te s h a ve l a rge fore sts ?

Mi nne so ta is n oted as a gre a t whe a t
prod uci ng st at e .
FL OU R MI LLS .

Mi nne a poli s a nd St Pa ul h a ve the

.
is the gr e at t t
thi s secti on T he gre a t
s a e of

l a rge st flo ur mill s in the wo rl d W here .

c ity N ame the c apital s .

W h at mi ne s in Mi sso u ri
'

a re th e se citie s ?
W h a t is sai d o f M i nnesota ? K ansas
Io wa ra i se s more corn th a n a ny N eb rask a T he D akotas I owa ?
? ?

other st a te .

I n Mi ssou r i iro n is a b unda n t a n d ,

le ad a n d c o a l a re a l so mi ne d .
56 . Mountain an d Platea u States .

St L o ui s si tu at e d in the c e nte r o f
.
, Monta na Wyo mi ng Colorado N e w
, , ,

the Mi ssi ssi ppi ba sin ne a r wh e re the

, Me x i c o Id a ho a nd U ta h a re cro sse d
, ,

Mi ssou ri joi ns the Mi ssi ssi ppi is a l a rge

, by the Ro cky Mo unta i ns and to gether ,

city ca rryi ng o n a n e x te nsi ve c o m with N e v a d a a n d A ri zo na who se su r ,

merc e bo th by wa ter a nd by ra ilro ad . fa ce is mounta i no us form the gro up ,

 M O UN T A I N AND P L A TEAU ST A T ES .

lyi n g so o th h a ve a wa rm
f ar s u ,

cli ma te A l mo st all their ra in

.

fa ll s in J uly A ugu st a nd Se p
, ,

te mber .

The Pl a te au Sta te s north of

the se a re mu ch colder Tho ugh .

the su mmers a re wa rm there ,

is no other p a rt o f the U n ited

St a te s where the wi nters a re
so severe .

A ll the mo u nta i n regions

I RR I G AT I O N C E NE
S .

a re to o broke n rocky a nd , ,

of Mo un ta in a nd Pl a te a u Sta te s cold for cultiva tion e x ce pt in so me nar

.
,

N ew Me x ico a nd ro w v a lley s .

A ri zona a re terri T hi s is o ne of
torie s . the riche st gold
Which a re the a nd silver regi on s

state s lyi n g o n the o f the wo rld Co al .

,

easte r n S lope of iro n le a d bora x , , ,

the R ocky Mo u n a n d sa lt a re a b u n

tai ns ? The cli d a nt .

mate of the se A lthou gh thi s is

state s is like th a t the l a rge st sectio n
of the Ce ntral of the Uni te d
State s n e a r the m A R I Z O N
S A DE
. ERT Sta te s ye t it has
, ,

though so me wh a t colder a n d drier I the smalle st n u mber of i nh a bit a n ts

. .

L arge pa rt s o f N ev ada A ri zo na
, ,

and N e w Me x ico ar e de sert l a nd

fro m l a ck of ra i nfa ll The winds

.

which bl o w fr o m the P a cific le a ve

their mo is t ure o n the we st e rn

slo e of the Sierra N ev a d a Mo u n

p
tains . A rizona a nd N e w M e x ico , A HE R D m mm
o r on r u r,
'
o a.
 MO UN T A I N AN D P L AT EAU STA T E S .

The pe ople a re mi ners stock ra isers or

,
-
, Wyo ming co ntains the Y ellowstone
fa r me r s
. Na ti ona l Pa rk This magnifice n t pa rk
.

I n so me p a rts of thi s sectio n ditche s

, is a mo un ta i nou s
ha ve bee n dug to c a rry wa t e r fro m region in the ba sin
o f the Y ello wsto ne

R ive r a trib uta ry

,

which other wise wo uld be of the M is so uri .

I t ha s ma ny na tu
T his me thod o f wa te ri ng r a l wo nder s H ere .

is ca lled irriga tio n

. a e nu mer ou s boil
r

ing spri ngs a nd ,

gey ser s gu rgling , ,

ste a mi ng roa ri ng , ,

a nd e xpl odi ng a t
i nterva l s H ere too
.
, ,

dee p go rge s o r ca nyo ns ,

be a utiful l a ke s a nd lofty
,

mo unta i n pe a k s .

Ne a r the ce nter of Col

o ra do a re so me of the
hi ghe st pe a ks of the R ocky
M o u nta i ns a nd the sce nery
,

e re is very gr a n d .

T he G ra nd C a nyo n Of the 0 0 10
r a do is a wo nde rf ul g o rge whic h the

r i ve r ha s c ut thro ugh the pl a te a u of

n o r th we s te r n A r i zo na. H ere for two

I n I V y o min g , U ta h, hu ndre d mile s the river d ashe s a lo ng
and N e w M e x ico
the re a re its r o cky be d a nd o n e ither si de o f
,

more fa r mers a n d st o ck ra i sers-

the stre a m ris e wa ll s of r o ck so me ,

than there a re mi ners but in the other

, ti me s six th ou sa n d f e e t high curio usly ,

state s there a r e more mi ner s . c a r ved by the a ctio n Of the wa ter .

98 T HE WERNER I N T RO DU CTO R Y GE O GRAPHY .

M any of the pe ople in N e w

Me x ico spe a k the Spa ni sh la n
g ua ge The y a re de sce nda n ts o f
.

the nati ve I ndia ns a nd of the S p a n

ia r ds who fir st se ttle d thi s p a rt o f
the coun try .

U tah ha s more i nh a bita nt s t h a n

a ny o ther st a te o f thi s divis i o n
e xcept C o lor a do I n U ta h is G re a t
.

S alt La ke a ga llo n o f whose wa te r

,

S C ENE I N THE GARDE N O F THE 0 0 08 .

D e n ver is
the l a rge st city in thi s
se ctio n a n d the c a pit al of Colora do .

N ot v e ry f a fro m D e n v e r is a sp ot c all e d
r

the G a de n o f the G o ds wh e e r e d
r , oc k s
r r

tower in s pi re s i
an d c u r o u s s ha pe s .

E C E L I OR
! S O EY S ER .

co nta i ns abo u t a q ua rt of sa lt A n .

o ther l a ke in thi s s ta te c o n t a i n s so
much a lk a li tha t its wa ter r e se mbl e s
very st ro ng so ap sud s -
.

N e a r G re a t S a lt L a ke is Sa lt L a ke
City Mo st o f the peop le of thi s city
.

a re Mor mo ns o r L a tt e r D a y S a i n t s as
,
-

they call the mselve s They h a v e an.

imposing te mple a l arge t abern ac l e

, ,

G RA N D C A NYO N O F T HE C O LO R ADO .
an d fin e scho o l b u il din g s .
 T HE PA C I FI C ST AT E S . 99

R EV I EW Q U ES T I O N S.
ley s bet wee n the se r a n ge s r e a ch i n g ,
.

W h ere are the We ste rn State s Whi c h lie fro m Me x ico to C a nad a are shelte re d ,

mai nly on the eas te rn sl ope of the Rocky fro m chillin g wi nd s a nd ha ve a delight
M ou nta in s Whic h f ul cli ma te and
ar e c ro sse d by the

Ro c ky Moun ta ins prod uctive soil .

“Wh i c h lie in the pla So uthern C ali

te a u we st of the f orn ia is very dry ;
R oc ky Mounta ins bu t the amoun t of
W hi c h borde r the Pa
c i fi c Oc ean
r a i nf a ll i n cre a s e s

W hi c h of these regul arly n orth

s ta te s ar e a i d ( ve y
r r
wa rd to W ashing
d y ) Why ? W hic h
r ?

a e
r wa m sta te s
r
to n w here it
, i s

W h i c h are c ol d very gre a t .

W hic h a e the r
T his is o ne of
stoc k -r ai si ng and

a g r i c u l tu al
r sta te s ?
the f a vored re

\Vh ic h are the min gio n s of the w orld .

i n g s ta te s for the soil is very

W hic h is the great fertile I n W ash .

s ta te o f thi s se cti on
i ngton a nd O re
T h gre at c ity ? W h a t
e

i s the ca pi ta l of eac h o n there a re im

g
s ta te What is sai d me nse fore sts of
o f W y o min g ? C ol o

ra d o N e w M exi co
pi ne a nd fir a nd ,

U t a h ? N e va da ? v a s t c a tt l e a n d
A ri zona ? sheep ra n che s In .

C aliforn i a the re
57 . T he Pa cific a re gra in field s ,

States .
v in ey a rd s or a nge ,

W i th i n the s e SA L T LA EK TEM PL E B OC A LT A K m
C ITY L K. S
g r ove s a nd fr ui t
L E c
,

G
. .

sta te s a re three R AT A T E K E
S L LA .
orch a rd s produc
r a n ge s of mo un t a i ns : the C a sca de Ran ge ing grea t quantities of pe aches prun e s , .

in W a shi ngto n a nd O rego n the Sierr a pl ums a nd o ther f ruits

, ,
I n So uthern
.

N ev ad a in C a lifornia a nd the Coast C aliforni a flower s bloo m in the ope n

,

R a n ge lying fa rth er west . The val air in all se asons o f the y ear .
 T HE PA CI F I C ST AT E S .

W h a t rivers dra i n
the se v alley s ? C alifornia is the most populous
I n wh a t p a r t o f the sta te is the we st of the Rocky Moun ta i n s .

dr a i na ge to l a ke s witho u t o u tlet s ?
T he l a rge st river is the Col umbia ,

w hi ch ha s its he a d wa te rs in the
R o cky M ou nt a ins a nd bre a k s thro ugh
th e Coa st a nd C a sc a de Ra n ge s to re a ch
th e oce a n . On this river a re very va l
u a b le sa l mo n fisherie s a nd c a nnerie s .

P u ge t Sou nd is the ce nter o f a gre a t

tr a de in l umber The l umber mill s
.

here a re the l a rge st in the world .

G old wa s discovered in C a liforn ia in

1 848 . H o w ma ny ye a r s a go was tha t ?
Before th at ti me there were only I n
d i a n s a nd a f e w Sp an i sh a nd Me x ic a n
s ettler s in C a lifor n i a but withi n two
,

ye a r s a fter the di scovery of gold

CA LI FO R NIA T R EES .

At fi st
l and se e me d fit only f o r graz
r the
in g a nd it was th ou ght th at fa rmi ng c o ul d
,

no t su cc e e d b e ca u se o f the l ac k o f r a i n du r i n g

th e summe r B ut far me r s l e a rne d th at by

.

pl owi ng the l and in the sp ri ng and so wi ng

the se e d afte r th e fi rst fall r ai ns a n ab u n da nt ,

h a r ve st c oul d be rai se d N ow al mo st as mu c h
RAINI ER w m
.

mu nr nor o u
wh e at is r ai se d in C a l ifo r ni a as in any oth e r
o , ss .

pe o ple had go ne the re fro m o th er p arts sta t e W hi c h a r e the gr eat wh e at gr o wi ng

.
-

st at e s ? M any farme r s i rri ga te th e i r l a nd

o f the U n it e d Sta t e s a n d eve n fr o m
.

N o o th e r p a rt o f the worl d p r odu c es su ch

So u t h A meric a E uro pe a nd A si a
, , a v ar i e ty o f. fruit as grows in C a lifo rni a
102 T HE WE RN ER I N T RO DU CTO RY GE OG RAPHY .

T he peac he s pears grape s figs plums cher

, , , , , W ha t of the cl i mate of the Pac ific coas t?
ri e s
,
nec tar in e s ap r ic ots o ranges
, l emons , , , Wh at can y ou say of go ld in Cali forni a
o li ve s whi c h gro w he re ar e sent to the e ast
,
t Farmi ng Fru it ra i si ng
-

e rn c iti e s The re are factor i es f or dry ing

.

and ca nn in g the fr uit T he grape s ar e made

. 58 . A laska .

into wi ne and i nto r ai si ns .

There are l arge t ree s i n C aliforni a some Al aska is the pen i nsul a in the n orth
,

of th e m fr om 200 to 2 7 5 fe e t hi gh . we st e r n p a rt of N orth A merica .

Sa n Fra nc isco , Fran ci sco Bay on Sa n ,

Thi s territory is more tha n sev e nty
ha s the be st h a rbor of the P a cific co a st ,
ti me s l a rger th a n M a ssach usetts but ,

a n d it ha s therefore a l a rge foreig n

, ,
there a re seventy ti me s a s many peo
co mmerce T o wh a t co un trie s c a n
.
ple in M a ssach u setts as in Al as k a .

v essel s go fro m there ? A long the sou ther n coa st betwee n ,

the oce a n a nd the co ast ra nge the ,

cli ma te is mild So u thern A l as k a is

.

wa r mer in w inter th an Illi noi s o r N e w

Yo rk I n o ther po rtions Of A l as ka
.

the wi nter s a re e x tre mely cold .

The Y u k on R iver is o ne of the l a rg

e st river s o f the wo rl d Mount Sa int .

Eli a s is one o f the highe st mou nta i ns

in N orth A merica .

CA L I FO RNIA F R U IT FARM .
G old a nd silver are found in Al aska .

The mo st v al u a ble pro d uct of thi s re

V I EW Q U ES T I O N S
RE .

gion is the f ur of the se a l W h ales .

W he re a e th e
r P ac ific State s ? N ame
a r e c a ught in Beri n g Se a
th em In W h at l atitu de a e th e y ? Whi h
.

. r c

i s the mo st i mp o rtant s a e t t T he most i mp or Th ou san ds of se al s li v e t oge th e r in roc k

t ant c ity I V hat is th e capita l o f e ac h sta t e e r i e s whi c h th ey themse l v es di vi de into
Wh at mountai n range s a re the r e in the se se c ti on s,
on e f or the mo th e r s and th eir
sta te s What i mportant r i ve r v all ey s I n pu ppi e s another f or the r e st of the sea l s
, ,

wh at r e sp e c ts a re th e se v all e y s favo r e d r e whil e th e r e i s a h ospi ta l sec ti on f or the

g i o n s W h a t r i ve r s flow th r ou g h th e m si c k se a l s o r th o se h u rt in th e fi ghts co n
,

Wh at v al uabl e p r oducts h ave th ey stan tly go i ng o n a mo ng th e o l de r o ne s In .

What is the gre at r i v er o f the P ac ific wi nte r the sea l s go fa rth e r sou th bu t l ate ,

co ast W h at fi sh e r i e s has it What arms in the sp r i n g th e y all r e tur n T he best .

of the P ac ifi c on thi s co ast Wh at can y ou ski ns c ome fr o m th e seal s th at are be t wee n

say o f P u ge t S oun d two and fiv e y ear s ol d T he ski ns afte r be

.
,
 B R ITIS H A M ERI C A . 103

ing re moved, ar e salte d dr i e d and ta k e n to

, , Wh e re is A lask a ? W h at li mate ?
i s its c

San F r anc i sco a n d fro m th e re se n t to Lon don

, C hi e f r i ve r I ts mo st va l u abl e p r odu ct
to be dy e d fi n i sh e d and so l d
, ,
.

RE V I EW Q U ES T I O N S .

Wh ich a re l umbe ri ng re gi ons o f the

the
U n ite d State s ? W hi c h are the whe at re
g i o n s ? T h e c o r n ? C o tt o n ? S u g a r ? R i ce ?
Wh e re are so me o f the c oal mine s T h e ?

i r on ? G ol d ? Sil ve r ? Le ad ? C oppe r ?
Wh ic h ar e the mai n fi shi ng r e gi ons TV hich
a re the sh e e p r ai si n g se c ti o ns ?
- W h e r e do
or an ge s gro w ? S ma ll fruit ?
Whic h is the mo st i mp ortant o f the N e w
E ngl and State s Mi ddle Atl anti c States
E ast C e t al \ e st C t al
n r ? V e n r ? S outh east
e r n S ta t e s South we ste rn State s Moun
ta i n State s P ac ific State s
W hat is the chi e f c i ty of the N e w E ngl and
Sta te s ? M i ddl e A tl anti c ? E ast C e nt ral
We st C e ntr a l ? S outh e aste rn S ou th we st
e rn ? M o u nta i n ? Pac ific ? L oc ate e ac h of
th e se c itie s .

59 . British A merica .

After C o l u mb us ha d ma de his first

v oy a ge to A meric a a n E ngli sh me r ,

ch a nt n a med C ab o t sa iled along the

, ,

e a stern co a st o f No rth A merica a nd

cl a i me d all th a t regi o n f or E ngl and .

The n c a me the French who settled ,

a lo n g the St L a w re n ce R iv e r a nd the
.

G rea t L a ke s Aft e r o ne h undre d a nd

.

fifty yea r s they were oblige d to give

u p thi s l a n d to the E n gli sh Mo st of .

the pe o ple in the co u n try a lo n g the

GO L D MIN IN G .
St La wre nce R iver a re the de sce nd ants
.
1 04 TH E WERNER I N T RO DU CTO RY G E OG R A PHY .

of these French settler s a nd they still , There are many hun ters who ro am
spe a k the Fre nch l a ngua ge . o ve r thi s cold regio n in se a rch of the

A ll of thi s l a rge tra ct of co un try otter min k bea ver and othe r a n i
, , ,

north of the U n ited S ta te s e xcept the ,

mal s who se f u r is so v a l ua ble .

pe ni nsul a of Al ask a is ca lled Briti sh

,
W e st of the R ocky Mounta ins th e r e
A meric a . It is l a rger th a n the U n ited a r e l a rge co a l field s a nd v a lua ble g o ld

S ta te s witho ut A l ask a but it ha s o nly

,
mi ne s . Coa l and iro n a re a l so fo u n d
a bo u t o ne thirtee nth a s ma ny people
-
,
in the f ar e a st o n the pe n i nsu l a o f
for much of the l and is to o co ld to be N ova Scoti a .

inha bited The state o f N e w York

. M any of the people along the e a st
co ast a nd o n the G re a t La ke s a re fi s h
er me n ; fa rther a way fro m the co as t
they a re enga ged in l umbering a n d
fa r mi ng A ltho ugh C a nad a is so co ld
.

th a t eve n in the sou the rn part sn o w

so meti me s cover s the gro u nd for s ix

mo nth s of the yea r yet the summe rs ,

a r e u su a lly lo ng e n o u gh in the St .

La wre nce ba si n a nd the so uth we s tern

p art of the H udso n Bay ba s i n to
W INTE R PO R T IN CA N A D
S S A .

ripen cor n whe a t pota toe s oa t s ba r

, , , ,

al o ne co nta ins more pe o ple th a n all ley rye the gra sse s a nd ha rdier fru its
, , , .

British A merica British A merica

. The soil there is fertile and the fa r m ,

co ns i sts o f the D o mi n io n of C an ad a e r s a re very i n d ustrio u s .

a n d the colo ny of N e wfo un dla nd . E a ch of the two chief provi nce s of

— —
M o st of C a nada is a rolli ng pl a i n . C ana d a ,Quebec an d O nta rio de ,

W h a t high mounta i ns cro ss the we st s ire d to h a ve the c a pit a l o f the D o mi n

e rn pa rt ? There a re ma ny l a rge river s io n in its o wn territory a nd whe n the ,

in C a nad a bu t so me o f the m a r e o f
, Quee n of E nglan d wa s asked to
little use beca use the co untry thro ugh
,
decide the q u e stio n she cho se a spot ,

which they flo w is so cold th a t they o n the b o undary bet wee n the two
a r e fro ze n over for a go o d p a rt of the provi nce s a n d thu s O tta wa became
,

ye a r . the c apita l .
 TH E P OL AR RE GION S . 1 05

H o w doe s the Domi ni onC anada com of

pare with the U nited State s in si ze I n

p op ul ati on Wh at par t of the i nh abitants
of C anada ar e F re nc h W hi ch are the two
l e ad i ng p ro vi nce s ? Wh at is the capital ?
De scribe the c li mate .

I s C anada a goo d a gr i cu ltu ral c ount ry

Wh at are rai se d Wh at parts of the c ountry
ar e be st f o r agri c ult u r al p u rpo se s ? W hat
is sa i d of the fo re sts T he fish e ri e s
Whe re is coal found ?
De sc ribe N e wfoundland W hat fish are .

ca ught th e re

60 . T he Pola r Regions .

pproa che s the north pol a r

As o ne a

M ON T R EA L .
regio ns by way of the A tl a ntic Oce a n ,

M o n tre a l is the mo st importa nt city he meet s fra g me n ts of ice borne south

o f C a na d a . O ce an ste a mers a sce nd the wa rd by the cu rre nt H uge masse s of .

ri v e r a s f a r a s this city . ice weighi ng perh a p s millio ns of to ns

, ,

T he ste a mers fro m the l a ke s o n flo a ti n g in the oce an are ca lled ice ,

th e ret u rn trip a v o id the r a pid s of bergs G re a t icebergs a re co nti nu

.

th e St Law re nce by p assi ng

.

th ro ugh a c anal th at ha s bee n

b u ilt a ro u nd the m .

The isl a nd o f Ne wfo undl and

is cold and foggy o n the co a st ,

b u t in the i nteri o r it is
more ple asa nt .The we a lth
of thi s i sl a nd co nsi sts in its
cod a nd herri ng fi sherie s

V I EW Q U ES T I O N S
RE .

Whe re is B riti sh A me ri ca Wh at
is the gre ate r pa rt of it c all e d LA CH I N E R A PI DS . S T . LA WR E m
106 TH E WERNER IN T RO DU C TO RY GE OGRAPHY .

a lly bre a ki ng ofl fro m the wonder its immense ma ss i nto the sea . The
f ul ice rive r s th a t a r e fo und o n the wa ter holl o ws it o ut under nea th a nd , ,

we ster n co ast of G ree nl a nd . U sua lly fi na lly a portion sudde nly bre a k s
,

they floa t as f a r sout h as the B a nk s of a wa y fro m the ma i n ma ss a nd thi s

,

I C E S ER OS .

Ne wfo undl and before they melt , iceberg is ca rried so uth wa rd by the
a nd

o fte n they get i nto the wa y of ships gre a t A rctic c u rre n t .

cro ssing the A tl a ntic . W ithi n the A rctic region a re ma ny

D O yo u k no w ho w the se ice rivers l a rge i sla nd s G ree nl a nd is the l a rge st
.

a re ma de ? The i sl a nd in the wo rld .

su n s rays pa rtly T o wh a t co u n try

melt the sn o w o n in E urope h a ve
the mo unt a i n su m y o u le a r ned th a t
mits into a gra n it b elo ngs ?

u l a r ma ss. Thi s I n the sou th

d e sce nds to the v a l we s tern pa rt o f
l ey s a nd is th e re this i sl a nd the

”
, ,

ch anged by the in shore s a re covered

W '“
te nse cold int o a s
with v e g e t a t i o n .

so lid ma ss of ice c alled a gla cier

a w o n
The i n te ri o r is c o vered by a sheet of
.

The gre t eight f s o w behi nd it ic e so meti me s calle d the ,

“ ice c a p
- .
”
c o nsta ntly forc s the gl a cier o n wa rd The o nly settle me nts of the isl and a re
i

towa rd the c oa t till a t l as t it p ou rs n ea r the coa st s

, .
 T H E ES K IMOS . 107

T he firs t white man who ll e d it by thi s name in o rde r to attrac t

vi s ite d G ree nl and ca

se ttl e r s Ba fli n the di sc ove re r of Bafli n Bay c all e d it the L an d of D e so l ati o n

.
, ,
.

It is u sually th ou ght that the po l a r re gio ns are al way s c ove red with snow ; but e ve ry su m
me r the sno w di sa ppe a rs on the we ste rn co asts o f G re e nl an d I n A p ril the roc k s a pp e a r ; in .

M a y the fl a ts a re ba re ; a nd in J u ne e x te nsi v e me ado ws yi e l d fo rage f o r h e r ds o f r ei ndee r an d

mu sk o x en
- .

F l owe rs a re so nume rous th at in so me spots the ground is y e ll ow o r bl u e o r carmine or , , ,

white with the b ri ght fl o we rs

,
S va rms of mosq uitoe s ap pe ar in the e ve nings
. . .

6I . T he Eskimos .

A l o ng the h
no rt e rn c oas t of A me ric a, from
Al G re e nla nd, d we ll the
'

a sk a to L ab rado r a nd

w e TEAM . S U MM ER T E NT . AY A K
K .

E sk imos The i r na me is a o r r u pti o n f a n I ndi a n

. c o

na me mea ni ng ra w fle sh e a te r - -
.

T h e E s ki m os a r c b r o a d s h o u l
-
d e re d a n d t h s,
e i n o

w
no rth e s e t r n B r i ti s h A m r i c a e a r e v e r
y s h o r t i n

t t
s a u re Th
. o s e i n no r t h r n A
e l as k a a r q u i t e t a
e l l .

mos t o f th e m be i ng a bo u t s ix f e t i n he ig ht T h y e . . e

h a v e r ound swarthy fac e s small t wi nkli ng e y e s “ m m M OW ER “ ' N O C H LD

, , , ,
m m“ u °F

sm a l l,
fl a t n o s e s thi c
,
k lip s a n d
,
s t r a i g ht c o a r s e h a
, i r .

T h e me n and wo me n d re ss mu c a h lik e i n h o o d e d ,
j a c k e t s t r o u s e r s a nd b oo, t s m a d e o f de,
e r

ski f
n s o r urs nea tly se ew d t o g e t h e r w i th th r e a d m a d e o f s i n e w T h e s ki n s a r.e p r e p a r e d f or

i
se w n g by b i
e ng c h e we d s o f t by t h e w o m e n I n t h e w a r. m f u r h oo d o f th e m o th e r th e b a by i s

i
car r e d a o u b t o r it,
i s l e f t s l ee p gi n in t h e h u t i n a b a g o f f e a t h e r s .

i
T h e r hu t o r igloo i s u ,
b,
ilt o f s t o n e s a n d to e n t
,
e r it o n e m u st c ra w l o n h a n d s a n d k n ee s

th ro u gh a t unne l lik e p assage I n the ve ry f a r no rth th e se i gl o o s a re b uilt Of bl oc k s o f sno w

- .

or ic e .
S ti
o me me s th e y a r e m a d e by co v e r i n g a f r a m e w o r k o f w h a l e s b o n e s w ith e a rth ’
.
108 T H E WERNE R I N T RO DU CTO RY G EO GRAPHY .

Most i gl oo s h a ve only one roo m and that is ta ught to dr aw the l

s e dge s of the E skimos
no t fu rni shed lik e any roo min y our h ous e
, .

. T he dog whic h r uns al one at the head of the

Around the side s of the hu t e xte nds a broad line is c all ed the l ead e r, and he is al way s a
se a t whi c h se rv e s as ta bl e c h ai rs and beds , ,
ve ry c l ever an i mal .

f or the wh o l e family and is the favo r ite spo t ,

T he l ong nar ro w canoe or ka ya k o f the , ,

f or numer ou s small do gs as we ll . Eskimos is ve ry light and strong I ts frame .

Thi s seat is co vered with warm ski ns bu t ,

work i s of bo ne or wood c o ve re d ti gh tly with
if y ou sho ul d l ook unde r them y ou woul d see se al ski ns and se al ski ns a re al so se we d o ve r
,

bl oc k s of hard frozen snow or ice ,

. th e top so that it is who lly wa te r ti ght - .

A ll the li ght in thi s i gl oo and all the fir e ,

f or cooki ng or f or warmth comes from a ,

soa p stone l amp Thi s l amp is sha ped lik e a

.
RE V I EW Q U EST I O N S .

de e p pl atte r and i s full of oil made from the

, Wh at is l
g acai e r ? H ow i s a g l ac i e r

f at o r bl ubbe r Many wi ck s made of moss

. f ormed W hat ar e i ce bergs H ow are the y
fl oat in the oil and ove r the l amp hangs a , made
c oo ki ng pot - . W h at i sl and north eas t of N o rth Ame ri ca
T he di sh e s and the we apons made by the be l ongs to De nmark ?
E ski mos a re e ith e r of bone or of soap stone . De sc ribe G e enl and Why has it not
r .

S oapstone wh e n fir st taken from the quarry many ri v e rs ?

is so ft a nd e asily work e d bu t it q ui c kly , W h e re do the E sk i mos li ve Desc ribe
h arde ns u pon e xposu re to air o r h e at . thei r fi gure s the i r fac es H o w do the y
and .

I Vhat h a ve y o u l e a rne d abo ut the su mme r dre ss ? D e sc r ibe th e i r h u ts D o th ey h av e

‘
.

month s in the Arc tic r e gio ns W h e n w a rm su mme r h ou se s W h at furnitu re have the i r

we a the r c ome s the wall s of th e i gl oo s begi n
, i gl oos ? W h at do the p eo pl e eat ? H ow do
to dr ip and the E ski mos l ea v e th e m f o r te nts
, th ey trave l ? De sc ribe the i r boats .

c o ve re d with ski n s .

T he E ski mos se l dom eat anythin g but

ani mal foo d F r o m t
. he se.
a th e y g e t m a n y
62 Mexico and Central A merica
k i nds of fish and al so whal e s se al s wal ruse s
. .

, , ,

n ar wh al s whil e on th e l and th e y h u nt r e i n
,

dee r ha r e s foxe s and occ asi onally a bea r

Withi n the torrid zo ne lie Cen tr a l
, , ,

o r wolf I n su mme r many bi rds suc h as

.
A merica the W e st I ndie s a nd th e
, ,

duc k s pe t re l s a nd oth e r s th at li ve on fish

, , , sou thern h a lf of M e x ico The se co u n .

fly north to the po l ar re gi ons .

trie s a re called Spa ni sh A merica be

S ome ti mes the E ski mos partly dry the
fl e sh of the sea ani mal s f or wi nter u se oc ,
ca use they were settled by Spa nia rds ,

c as ionally th e y roast it w ith o u t sal t b ut , a n d the people still spe a k the Spa n i s h
muc h of it th ey eat raw T he littl e E ski mo .

l a nguage .

c hil dr e n e at a pi ece of r aw se a l o r of bl ubbe r

as e a ge rly as y ou e at c an dy . A y e ar s after the v oy a ge of C ol um

f ew
N o h o rse c oul d li v e i n thi s c ol d cou ntry , bu s a Sp ani a rd name d C o rte z reac h ed th e
,

a nd so the nati v e s u se do gs i nste ad M any . c o as t of Me x i c o ne ar wh e re its c hi e f sea po r t

, ,

dogs ar e f astene d toge th er by strap s an d

“
Verac ruz, no w stan d s. H e waged se ve r e
 M E ! I C O AND C EN T RA L A MERIC A .

and cr ue l wars with the

ti ve s and con na Me xico like all co untrie s in the
,
,
que red the country f or Spain It r emai ned torrid zone ha s a we t a nd a dry se a
.

in the po we r of Sp ai n f or 300 y e ars Si nce ,

.

so n ; bu t its pl a te a u is so h igh tha t

1 822 it has be e n an inde pe ndent co u nt ry .

I n wea lth and po pul ati on it rank s second it has no t the he a t of tha t zo ne .

only to the U n ite d State s among the N orth

The lo w coast pl a in is hot a nd un
Ame rica n countries .

he althful but the pl a te au ha s the ,

Me x ico lie s be t ween the U nited mild he althf ul clima te of te mpera te ,

Sta te s a nd Ce ntra l A merica a nd e x regions while the high mounta ins

, ,

tend s fro m the G ulf of Me xico to the are e x tre mely cold The vege ta tion .

Pacific O ce a n . a nd the pr o d

Witho u t the uc ts v a ry fro m

l ong narro w
, tho se o f the
p e n i n su l a of t o rrid zo ne to

Lower C alif o r tho se of the

nia o n the we st ,
frigid zone .

Me x ico is like The wi nd s

a corn ucopi a in here a re ma i n
sh ape . W ha t ly fro m the

p e n i n su l a is w e s t a n d they ,

the re o n the bear along

southe a st ? cloud s he a vily
A lo ng the ME I C A N PA C K TEA M !
l a d e n w i th
.

coasts of Me xico there a re na rro w moi st ure fro m the Pa cific Oce an , .

marshy pla i ns The ce nter is a high .

Wh at e fi ect on these c l ouds doe s th ei r

p l ate a u The side s o f thi s pl a te au a re
st r iki ng the c ol d hi ghl ands p rod uc e
.

borde red by mo un ta i n ra nge s which On w hi ch s ide of t he m o unta in s do e s most

g r a d u a lly i n cre a se in height a s they o f th e a i n fa ll ? I s the in te r i o r pl a i

r n mo i s t
o r dry
exte n d so uth wa rd The high e st pe a k s
A re the moi st wi nds f o m the G ulf o f
.

r
of these mo un ta ins a re volca noes Me x i c o a ff e cte d in the same way ?
1

that ha ve frequ e nt er uptio ns D o y ou see why the c oast s ar e warm and

.

moi st, the i nte ri or col d and dry

1 V olcanoes are mou nta ins f ro m which melte d I n wh at pa r t of M e x i c o doe s the grea ter
matte r ste a m s moke gas es e tc are th ro wn ou t
p ortion o f its po pul ati on li ve
.
, , , . .
,

The thro wing out of these su bs ta nces is ca ll ed an

eru tio n
p .
Why do the pe opl e p refe r to li ve th ere
1 10 TH E WERNER IN T RO DU CTO RY GE O GRAP H Y .

In N orther n Me x ico ho r se s a n Od is
cor n ca ke and beans ,

ca ttle ra ised Sil ve r min

a re .
-
co o ked with red pepper .

ing is a v e ry i mpo rt a n t T hey live in a dobe

i nd ustry G o ld a nd q uic k
. h o use s ; tha t is ho uses ,

silver a bo und M ahoga ny .

,
ma de of brick s dried
r o se woo d a nd v a ri o us dy e
. in the sun a n d not
b u rn t li ke o u r bricks .

The City of Mex

ic o the ca pita l of
,

Me x ico is in a ,
‘ “

bea utifu l v a lley sev

e ra l tho usa n d feet
a bove the sea Most .

of its ho us e s are
flat roofed o n e story
-
,
-

stone b u i l d i n gs .

Ga rde ns an d orange
grove s su rro u nd the
M E I CAN
! BO Y .

city while beyond ,

wo od s the se a re b e a utiful l a kes an d still ,

M E ! I CAN ADO E H OU E
S S S .

f o u nd fa rther a way the sno w c rowned mo un -

the fore sts of the lo wl ands and , ta i ns .

the prod uct s of the G ulf Sta te s Veracru z on the G ulf ha s a l a rge
, ,

r a i sed W h at a re the se prod

.

uc ts ? W e receive coc o a fro m

Me x ico and also the v an il la

,

be ans fro m which vanill a e x

tr a ct is made .

The gre a ter pa rt of the

pe ople of Me x ico a re I ndi a ns
an d h alf breed s
1
Their chief
-
.

H alf -b re eds, p p
e o le of white and In
di an b l ood .
ME CA N VI LLAG E H OWIN G
!I , S C A C T US F E NC ES .
 WE ST INDIE S . 111

L E N I CARAGUA
AK . GU ATEM A LA
. NATIVE CA B IN .

commerce I s its cli ma te a hea lthful

. U nited Sta te s bet wee n N orth Amer
,

or ple asa n t o ne ? ic a a nd So u th A merica H e took .

C entr a l A merica Central A merica

.ba ck to Spa i n so me of the people
exte n d s fro m Me x ico to the I sth mus
who m he fo und there The people .

of Pa na ma a nd co nsi st s o f
, severa l
he c alled Indians The i sl and s were .

republ ic s a nd one Bri ti sh colo ny Acalled W e st I ndie s

. Fro m pa ge 6 4 .

railro a d cro sses the I sthmus of Panama

y o u c a n le a r n why the se n a me s were
.

A can a l is pl anned through which the give n to the se isl an ds a nd the people .

largest ships may pass from the C a rib T here are a bo ut one thousa nd of
bea n S e a to the Pac ific O ce an the se i sl a nd s some of the m rugged
La ke .
,

N i ca ra gu a is to be ma de a p a rt of this
a nd mo un ta i no us others low co ral ,

cana l. reefs Wh a t ha ve y o u lea rned a bo ut

.

The relief prod u ct s and people of

, cora l i sl a nd s ?
,

C entr a l A merica a r e s i mil a r to tho se

The pr od ucts of the se i sl a nd s a re
of M e x ico like tho se of Mex ico
W h at can you tell ab o ut
.
— v aluable wood s , ,

the m tropic al fru it s suga r co ff ee spice s and , , , ,

There a re ma ny volcanoe s in thi st o b a cco .

regi o n . C ub a is the l a rge st isl and and its

c a pita l H a bana is the gre a te st suga r
, ,

ma rket of the world

6 3 West I ndies
.

The ra ce of In di ans which Col umb us

.

On his fir st voyage to the N e w fo und there has ne a rly disappe a red ,

World Col umb us e xplored several of and now the people a re de scend a nts
the isl and s lying so u the ast of the of Sp ania rds a nd negroe s .
1 12 TH E WERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY GE OG RAPH Y .

mo ano man e, CU BA .
mu m .
er a s er sc e ne, manna .

RE V I EW Q U ES T I O N S .
the two se a po rts of M e xi co H o w d o y o u
.

ac c ount f o r th e re be i ng no nav i gabl e r i v e r s in

Wh e re is M exico Wh at is its r e li e f ? M e xi c o D oe s Me xi co h ave mu ch comme rc e

De sc ribe its cli mate . W h e re is C e nt ral Ame rica ? I s thi s a
If a trav e l e r sh oul d p ass from the coast c ou nt ry o r a gro u p of c oun t ri e s

to the inl and pl ate au wh at c h ange s in c li

, W h at is its relie f W hat are its prod u c ts
mate woul d he find ? If one sh oul d c li mb Wh e re are the W est Indie s Wh a t is
the moun t ai ns wh at c h ange in c li ma te woul d
, sa i d of th e i r c li ma te What sea li es be tw e e n
he e x pe r i e nc e them and C e nt ral and S outh A me ri ca W h a t
Wh e re are Me xic o s two pe ni nsul as I Vhat
’
ar e th e i r p rodu c t s I Vh ic h i s the l ar ge s t o f
are the p rodu c t s o f the lo w coa st l ands I Vh at the se i sl ands Fo r what is H abana no te d
mi nes in the moun ta i ns H ow did the W e st I ndie s re c e i v e th e i r
D esc ribe the C ity of Mexico P oi nt out . na me
1 14 TH E WERN ER IN T R O DU CTO RY G E OG RAPHY .

RE L IE F M AP O F SO T A M ERI CA
U H .
 P O S ITIO N AN D FO RM — RE LIE F.
115

S OU T H AM ER I C A .

64 Position
. and Form .
I n wh at d ir e cti on from North Ame ri ca is
South A mer i ca ? I n what zo ne s doe s it lie
Wha t l ar ge c ity is near the Tr opic of
Sou th A meric a be co me s na rro wer as
it e xtend s sou thwa rd . O nly a small
portio n of it is in the south te mpera te
zo n e
. Co mpa re it with N orth A merica .

C apr i corn
I n wh at l atitu de is
the mo uth of the A m 65 . Relief .

azon R i v e r

Wh a t are the Y ou otice tha t

n
wate r s whi c h bound
Sou th A me ric a ?
the we ster n high
l and s of Sou th
So u th A meric a A meric a an d tho se
is v ery si mple in of N orth A merica
for m a nd its coa st
, for m one lo ng
line is no t much ch a i n a long the
bro ke n I n thi s re
. Pa cific co ast The .

spec t it re se mble s ea stern h ighl a nds

the other so uth of Sou th A merica
ern c o n ti ne nt s a nd
, a re in two divi
is v ery di ff ere n t sio n s, o ne north ,

fro m the northern the other sou th ,

co nti n e n t s which
, of the A ma zo n ,

ha ve co a sts broke n by ma ny p j
ro ec a nd ar e broa d pl a te aus cro ssed by
tio ns and inde ntatio ns . range s of modera te height The
.

no rther n is c a lle d the H ighl a nd s o f

Whi c h conti nents h ave pe ninsul as Whic h
have not Whic h are northe rn continents Gu i ana ; the so u thern, the H ighl ands
Which ar e sou the rn conti nents of Brazil .
1 16 T HE I VE R N E R I N T R O DU C T O RY GE O GRAPHY .

I n what p t is the re li e f o f So n
re s e c s in etchi ng fro m nor th to
s tr
Ame ri ca li ke th a t o f N o rth A me r s o u th n e a rly the e n tire le n gth
ica ? Wh i c h sy st e m is the mo re
o f the co n ti ne n t
b rok e n the A nde s o r the Rocky
,
.

T he river syste ms of
So ut h A merica a re those
the O ri noco the A ma zon , ,

a n d La Pl a t a .

The se three sys

te ms a re sepa rated
o nly by lo w divid es ,

a s a re so me of the
sy ste ms in N orth
A meric a In dee d the .
,

CA RR N G WAT ER
YI
w a t e r shed bet we en

A IV ABI N
.

N T E C .

the A ma zo n a n d the
Ori n oc o is so slight th a t a river con
ne c ts the two sy ste ms se ndi ng o ff a ,

bra nc h to e ac h a nd fl owi ng i n t o the

,

o n e l e ss floo de d Certa i n trib u ta ri es

.

T he pe a ks a ls o o f the A ma zo n a nd La Pl a t a rise

the A nde s a re n e a r e a ch othe r ; so th a t by b ei ng

A R OAD IN THE ANDE S .
,

h igh e r th a n c a rrie d a sh o rt dista n ce a ca noe ca n ,

tho se o f the Rocky Mou n ta ins but the ,

p as s f ro m o ne syste m to the other .

pl a te au s u p on which t hey re s t a re na r A reth e re any l a r ge r i ve rs fl owing west

r o wer . wa rd i n S o u th A me r i c a ? A r e th e r e any in

T he A nde s a ff ect very gre a tly the N o rth Ame r ic a

N ame the th re e p ri nc ipal ri ve r sy ste ms of
cli ma te o f S o uth A me ric a They shu t .

S outh A me ri ca T rac e the basi n o f eac h I s

. .

Off the w i n d s whic h bl o w fr o m the it e asy to find the d i v i de s be t we en them ?

Pa cific W hile the g re a ter p a rt Of the

,
Wh at doe s thi s sh ow as to the sur fac e of
S o u th Ame ric a ?
c o ntine nt is o p e n to the W i nds fro m
the A tl a n ti c a n d the C a ribb ea n Se a . T hegre a t ce n tra l pl a i n of South
I n S o u t h A me r ic a a s in N o rth
,
America is di v id e d i nto three secti ons
A meric a the r e is a g re a t l o wla nd
, h a vi ng di ff e r e n t na me s a nd di fierent
 RE LI E F .

pro d ucts I n the no rth a re the ll a no s

.
, A ma zon is many mile s w ide a nd c on

or p la ins o f the O ri no co e xte ndi ng , t a i ns numero us low i sl and s S a ili ng .

fro m the highl and s of G ui a na to the u p the river we p a ss r u bber tree s w it h ,

foo t o f the A nde s The se a re lo w . gray tr un k s a nd shi n i ng gree n le a ve s ,

fro m which o ur i ndia r ubber co me s

-
,

c a c ao tr e e s f ro m who se se e ds c h o c ol a te

is ma d e a nd i mme nse tre e s which yie ld

,

va l ua bl e dy e woo ds a nd gums Fa r .

the r a wa y f ro m the b an k s we see

ma ho gany t re e s f o r ty f e e t hi gh pe r
,

h a ps a nd fo ur o r fi ve f ee t in di a mete r
, .

T he se f o re st s a re
the de n se s t in the
S E LVA S .

wo rl d T he t r e e s
.

pl a i ns marshy in
,
a re so i nte rl a c e d
the we t se a so n a nd ,
wi th c l imbi ng pla nts
p ro d uc i ng gra sse s tha t the fo re sts in
in a b u nd a nce bu t ,

be a r i ng f e w t re e s .

T he se l va s c o v e r LLA N O S .

a la r ge pa r t O f the

b a s i n O f the A ma zo n T he wo rd sel .

vas me a ns fo re s ts a n d te l ls the n a tur e ,

of this re gi o n .

So uth we st o f the pla te a u o f B ra zi l

a re the p a mp a s Th e se a re rolli ng .

pl a in s covered with g rass so me wha t ,

like Our pr a irie s They aff ord fine pa s so me p a rt s a re i mpa ss able Gay c olo re d
‘

. .
- l

tura ge f o r ca tt le h o r se s a n d Sh ee p ,
p a rrots ch a tteri ng mo n key s fierce
,
.
, ,

The Amazo n R ive r sy ste m is the w il d b e a sts a nd poi so nou s reptile s ,

l a rge st in the wo rl d T he river a nd ma k e th e ir ho me th e re D uring the

. .

a ll its trib u t a rie s a re e ntirely w ithi n ra i ny se aso n the river overfl o ws an d

the trop i c s T o wa rd s its mo u th the c o v e rs a l a rge e x te nt Of l a nd
. .
1 18 T HE I VE R N ER IN T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRAPHY .

bu t kno wn in the te mpera te regio ns

un
66 H istor y
o f the U n ited S ta te s a nd C a na d a
. .
.

W he n the Spa n ia rd s discovered the I n a ll p a rt s of the torrid zo n e mon

N e w W orld they ca me fir st to the

,
key s a re fo und bu t so me of th ose in
,

W e st I ndie s then a lon g the G ulf

,
S o uth A meric a
coas t to the mai nl a nd of Me x ic o .
diff er fro m a ny
After wa rd they co n qu e red the Pa ci fic in the O ld
co ast of S ou th A me rica a nd the v a l I V o rld .

le y of La Pl a ta A t the pre se nt day

The i r ta il s are
.

the gre a ter pa rt of the people of al mos t as se r v i c e

So uth A merica e x cept in Bra zil a re

, ,
abl e to th e m as
TAP IR S
a r ms o r l e gs f o r
.

the se ta il s a re so l ong and strong th a t the

monk ey s c an t wi st th e m a rou nd a b ranc h of a
t re e and thus susp e nd th e mse l ves
,
.

The ta pir is a n a ni mal liv i ng I n the

de nse fore st s Of S o uth A merica a nd
Ce ntra l America .

I ts hi de i s ve ry thi c k a nd to u gh This .

hi de wh e n tanned i s a l mo st white an d it ,

mak e s th e fi ne st o f l e a th e r wh e re g re at
MON K EYS . st r e ngth is r e q u i r e d I n B razil it is mad e
.

i nto h alte rs and la riats .

l

the de scend an ts of the se Span ia rd s of ,

the na tive I ndi a ns of the co nti ne nt ,

T a pir s l ive upo n fr uit s a n d le a ves .

a nd o f the A fric a ns who were im Their chief e ne my is the j a gua r one ,

po rted as Sl a ve s .
of the stro nge st
The wild I ndi a ns ar e now fou nd a n d fierce st of

o nly in the vas t i nterio r fo re sts .

W ild a n i ma l s It .

ha s a fi ne a nd

h a n d s o me l y
67 . A nimals .

spo tted f u r .
JA GUAR .

Sou th A merica ha s ma ny a n i mal s 1 Lar iats , long thin rope s used in ca tc hing ca ttle
th a t a re co mmo n in tro pica l A meric a , and ho rses .
 AN IMA L S .
119

T he puma is another fierce ani mal but th ey kill the ir pre y by windi ng th em
se l v e s abo u t it and squ e e zi ng it to death
found thr o nghou t S0 u th A me rica .
.

Thei r j aws and sk in have suc h a wonderf ul

Th e ar ma po wer of expansi on that they often devour ,

dil lo is a sma ll animal s much l arger th an themse l ve s and then ,

lie stupi d and sl e e p f or a l on ti me afte r wards

q u a d r 11 P e (I y g .

h a vi ng a bony
case co veri ng
all its body I ts .

hea d legs and , ,

tail a re protected by bo ny pl a te s .

I t has fe et we ll fitted f or burro wi ng and ,

whe n p u rsued it can qu i c kly b u ry itse lf in

the gr ound . Sh oul d y ou
be i nv ite d to a fin e di nner CO NDO R PA RR OT .

in S outh A me r i ca pe r hap s ,
The l a rge st fly ing bird is the c o n -

y ou w o u l d be se rv e d with
roaste d armadi ll o .
dor found only in the Ande s Mou n
,

ta ins I ts body is abou t fou r feet long

T his c uriou s looking a ni ma l is the ,
.

a nd whe n its wi ng s a re o u t stretched

ant be a r
-
whi ch feed s u po n ants and
they me a sure nine or te n feet from
,

the i nsect s found in

tip to tip
the b a rk of tree s It
.

Meas ure hoo l roomt u pon

'

has a very l o ng red ofl ten f ee the sc

,
floor to see ho w l arge some o f th e se bi rds
tong ue th a t re se mble s
ar e
. T he condor fe e ds u p on liv i ng or de ad
a h u ge e a rth wor m m m .
a a .

animal s and is so p o werful th at it ca n c arry

,

The ski n of the OE sh ee p and cal ve s S he ph e rd dogs are

.

tr ained to bark whenever one appears in

boa c onstr ic to r is
the ai r .

us ed in ma ki ng
boots and sa ddle s .

A n a c o n da s a r e
l a r g e sn a k e s ;
so me of the m a r e

thi rty feet lo ng .

H U MMIN G B IR D - . TOUCA N

Th ese se r pents The fore sts of Bra zi l a re ful l of

.o A -c o us r
'
mc f og ,
ar e not po i sonou s ,
be aut i f ul hummi ng b i rd s -
a nd pa rrots.
1 20 TH E W ERNER I N T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRA PHY .

The to ucan is a pecu lia r loo ki ng -

bird h a vi ng a n e no r mo us be a k .
68 . Countries an d Products .

T he pe ng ui n is a we b footed swi m S o uth A merica is divided i nto ten

-

ming bird fo und o nly sou th o f the

-
republics a nd three small po sse ssio ns
eq uator I ts wi ngs h a ve
. of G re a t Brita i n The N etherl and s , ,

o nly one mova ble joi nt a nd Fra n ce

, .

th at a t the sho ulder T hey . The l a ngua ge spoke n by the greater

a re u sele ss for flig ht but , p art of the people of So uth A merica is
ma ke goo d pa ddle s . Sp ani sh I n Bra zil Po rtugu e se the .
, ,

l an g ua ge o f its fir st set tlers is u se d

On l and the p engui n sits
,
.

u p i ght
r It al so walk s and The people of the c o un trie s w hi c h
.

PE N GU N
uns e re c t e xc e pt wh e n fr i ght occupy the pl a i ns of So uth A merica
. .

e ne d ; th e n it dro p s for wa d and u si ng i ts r

a re chiefly e nga ged in a gricult u re a nd
, ,

wi ngs as fo rel e gs mak e s gre at sp e e d D ur i ng

,
.

stock ra i si ng -
th e h atc hi ng se as o n vast nu mbe r s fl oc k s o f
.

thi ty o fo ty th ou sand li ve togeth e in

r r r , I n the An de s Mou nta i ns a re ri ch r

rook e i e s c h oosi n g f o r th e se the mo st de so

r ,
mi ne s of silver copper merc u ry (q uick , ,
l ate i slands
silver a n d gold The se mi ne s h ave
.

) , .

A mong the do mestic a ni mal s the been worked for more th an three hun
ll a ma is very useful I t ha s lo ng dred yea r
.

s .

woolly h a ir a nd so me wh a t re se mble s
,
Q u i ni n e i s m ad e fro m the b a rk o f
a sheep a ltho ugh it is much l a rger
,
trees which gro w in Peru a nd Bolivia .

T he ll a ma is use d as a be ast o f b u de n in Fro m the sho res of small isl and s off
r

the An de s its small h oo fs e spe c i a lly fitti n g

the c o ast of P e r u g ua no a v al u able
,

it f o mo untai n c li mb r
, ,

i ng It be longs to the fertili

.
zer is collected a n d s e n t to o u r ,

came l fa mily and lik e co untry and to E urope , .

the c ame l it h as a
The mo st i mportant co un trie s of
stomac h so a rr a nge d
So uth A meric a a r e Bra zil A rge ntina
that it can d i nk su f r , ,

m U-
A fic ie nt wate r at on e a n d Chile .

ti me to supply it f o a l ong j ou ne y r
Bra zil is the l a rge s t co untry of
r .

T he Americ an o strich is sma ller th a n So u th America It is ne a rly as l arge .

the o strich o f the Old W orld I ts a s the U nited Sta te s . .

pl u me s a re no t o r na men ta l a nd a re One h alf o f a ll the co ff e e u sed in

.
-

therefore u sef ul only f o r fe a ther d uste rs the world is ra ised in Bra zil S ugar . .
 C O UN T R I E S AND PR O DU C TS . 12 1

ca n e c otton van ill a ca c ao rice a nd

, , , , , l a rge st city of the world so uth of the
the b a n a na a re al so cu ltiva ted Nu ts . equ ator .

and o ther fr u its a bo u nd . Chil e is the be st gover ned country

N e a rly a ll o u r i ndi a ru bber c o me s - o f S o u t h A meric a a n d its people a re
,

the mo st i nd u striou s and

pro spe ro us Th ey a re e n
.

a ged in mi ni ng i n c u lti
g ,

v a tin
g w h e at cor n
, a n d ,

f r ui ts a nd in re a ri ng he rds
,

o f hor se s a nd c a ttle V al .

a ra i so is a fl o u ri shi ng se a
p
p ort . S a n ti a
go a l a rg e,city
in the c e n te r o f Chile is ,

its c a pital .

R U BB ER T REE S . B A I
R Z L .

fro m Bra z il W h a t a r ti
.

cle s a re ma nu f a c tu re d f ro m
i n dia r ubbe r
- ? Br a z il ha s
mi ne s o f dia mo nds i ro n , ,

a n d sa lt .

The ca pi ta l Of Br a zil is
R io Ja n e iro the seco nd city
CO A I O N B R AZ I L
,
FF EE P ANT T L

o f So u th A merica W here is it sit ua ted ?

.
,

A rge nti na is a bo u t o ne third the si ze Chi le is a s lo ng fro m north to sou th

-

of the U nited St a te s I ts cli mate a nd a s the U n ited St a te s is fro m east to

.

prod u ct s re se mble tho se o f ou r co un try vve st . .

It e xports grea t qua ntitie s of hid e s V a lp a ra i so and B ue no s Ayre s a re

,

ho rn s an d wo o l whea t a n d cor n
, ,
c o nnecte d by a r a ilro a d W hy is this .

B ue no s Ayre s its c a pita l is the ro ad i mporta nt ?

, ,
1 22 TH E WERNER I N T RO DU C T O R Y G E O GRAPHY .

Ame ric a fi st f
r m
ro the e as t fro m the
or
REV I EW Q U ES T I ON S
.
west I n what country is P ortu gue se spo k en
Where is S outh Ame i ca
r Where is it H ow la r ge is B raz il ? Wh at does it e x port ?
wi de st ? Is it as long as North Ameri ca ? Where in S outh A me ri ca is stoc k rai sing -

De sc ibe the
r r e li e f o f S o u th A me rica
. H ow ex te nsively c a rri e d o n

do the A nde s M ountai ns di ff e r from the R o cky Wh at c ountr ie s of S outh Ame r ica e xport
M oun tai ns qui ni ne W hence do we ge t most of our
Into what secti ons is the great ce ntral co fi ee I ndi a r ubbe r
-

pl ai n of S outh Ame ri ca di vi de d D esc r ibe Wh t a i s t h e c a pital of B razil ? Where is

eac h se cti on . it situate d ? Wh at city near the mouth of
W hat wou l d y ou see in a voy age up the the A ma zon I s the A maz on o f as mu ch serv
Amazon U p the Mi ssi ssippi ? ic e as the Mi ssi ssippi to co mme rc e Why ?
H o w do the A nde s M ou nta ins aff e c t the Wh at can y ou say of Chile ? Whe re is
c li ma te o f S o uth A me r i c a g u an o fo u n d
I n what p ar t of S outh A me r ica i s S pani sh Wh at ani mal s o f S ou th A me ri ca ca n you
s po k e n ? D id the Sp ani ards ente r S outh name De scr ibe those y ou name .

I ND IAN FAMI Y
L . ARGENTI NA.
[24 T HE WERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY G E OG RAP H Y
.
 P OSI T I ON AN D RE LI E F . 1 25

EU R OP E .

69 . Position and Relief .

N a me the three so u thern peni nsula s
Wh at a th ree di vi sions of the easte rn
re th e o f E u rope .

co nti ne nt W hic h is the small e st Wh at

?
There a re three i mporta nt river s
for m the bo unda ry line be
twe e n Europe and A sia
L ook at the ma p of

Eu rope an d se e ho w
very irregu l a r its c o ast
lin e is H as a ny other
.

co n tin e nt so many bays ,

gulfs and se as
,
? The
Ba ltic a nd the M e dite r
ra n e a n Se a s w hich a r e
,

bu t a r ms o f the A tl a n tic
Oce a n e x ten d i nto the
,

l an d so f a r th a t they
see m like i nl a n d se a s .

I n E u rope the Alp s

wi th their e x te nsio n s
east wa rd a nd we st wa rd for m the chief t ha t ri se ne a r one a nother in the Alp s .

mo u n t a in syste m O ther mou nt a i n

. One the D a nu b e is lo ng flo ws to wa rd
, , ,

sy s te ms a re the Sc an di n a vi a n Mo u n the e as t an d has gre a t whe a t field s

,

ta i n s a nd the U ral Mo u nta i ns runn i ng n e a r its b a n k s Tell where it ri se s

.
,

ne a rly a t right a n gle s to the A lp s . th ro ugh wh a t co untrie s it flo ws a nd ,

N orth of the Alp s is a gre a t pl a i n into wh a t it e mptie s .

stretchi ng to the N ort h Se a the B altic , The Rhine ri se s ne a r the so urce of

Se a a nd the A rctic O ce an
, . the D anube flo ws north wa rd thro ugh a
,
1 26 TH E WERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY GE O GRAPHY

bea utiful country a nd ha s vi ney a rd s

70 Clima te
,

a nd ma ny fa mo u s c a stle s o n its b a n k s
. .
.

Through wh a t co untrie s doe s it flo w ? The cl i ma te of W e ste rn Europe is

I nto wh a t doe s it e mpty ? more mild a nd moist th a n tha t o f
the U ni te d Sta te s ;
but R ussia in Ea s t
,

e rn E urope is so ,

f a r fro m the oce a n

tha t it has a n e x
tre me cli ma te v ery ,

ho t in su mmer a n d
cold in wi nter .

Sou th of the A lp s
the clima te is a bo u t
as wa r m a s t ha t o f

o ur G ulf Sta te s ;
n or th of the A l ps

to the North Se a ,

it is abo ut like th a t of
o u r N orthern St a te s .

thi rd one o f thes The co u n trie s lyi ng

rive rs the R h o ne fl o ws
, , n orthe a st of the
so u th. I t is a sh o rt r i ve r, N orth Sea a re c o ld
a nd h a vi ng its so u rc e hi gh u a wa y fr o m the co a st
in the mo u n ta i ns it is th o ug ht to a n d a r e n o t very fertile .

be the mo s t r a pi d ri v e r in the wo rl d .

7 1 P ro du cts
Thro ugh wh a t c o untry d oe s thi s r i v e r . .

flo w ? I nt o wha t doe s it e mpty 7

‘
T he p rod u ction s o f N orther n Eu
Find o ne mo re ri v er the l onge st ro pe a re si mil a r to tho se o f a ll oth e r
,

in E u ro pe which flo ws thro u gh a cold regio n s

, . The ce ntral portio n is
gre a t pl a i n i n to the l a rgest sea in the the gre a t agricu ltu ra l region where ,

wo rld which ha s n o ou tlet

, N a me whe a t b a rley rye an d po ta toe s
.
, , , ,

three o ther river s of Eu ro pe . gra p e s f o r wi n e fla x f or linen he mp

, ,
 AN IM A LS — T HE C O UN T RI E S OF EUR OPE . 1 27

for ro pe s a nd beets for su ga r a re

, ma ke their ho me kin of the
. The s

raised I n the wa r m s o u thern pe n i n

. ch a moi s fur ni she sthe re a l ch a mois
sul as fru it s a re every where a b und a n t , le a ther .The ibe x ha s l o ng h o rns .

— o ran ge s le mo ns olive s figs a nd

, , , ,
It is beco mi ng ra re .

r
g pa es There. a l s o m u l berry tree s a re

g ro wn u po n ,w h os e le a ve s the little
silk worms feed
-
.

Altho u gh mu ch gra i n is r a i sed in

Europe yet the a mo u n t is n o t e no ugh
,

for a ll its i nh abita n t s Our co u n .

try se nd s to the m whe a t a nd co rn ,

as well as cotto n beef co al o il a nd , ,

-
, OH A M OI B . I BE!
other prod uc ts Fro m E u ro pe we re
.

ce ive ma ny ma nu fa ct u red go od s . 73 .

E urope is no t much l a rger th an

72 . A nimals .
the U ni ted Sta te s b u t it ha s ne a rly
,

six ti me s a s ma ny people .

Wolve s fo x e s a nd d e er si mil a r to
, ,
All the white people in o u r c ou n
those of N orth A merica a nd bro wn ,
try are Eu rope a ns or their de scen d
be a rs , which
a n ts.

a re k no wn
un
I n E u rope there a re ma ny i mpor
on o u r co n ti
ta nt co untrie s The six mo st im
.

n e n t a re f o u n d
,
po rta n t one s c alled the Six G rea t
,

in E u rope but ,
Po wers o f E uro pe a re G re a t Bri ta i n
, ,
mo st of the Ger ma ny Fra nce Austr ia H u nga ry -
, , ,
a n i ma l s are
REIN D EE R .
Ru ssi a a nd Ita ly .

do me stic C a n .

tell why thi s is so ? Le t us i magi ne ou rse l ve s on a moun ta i n in

you
S witzer l and and l ooki ng o ve r E uro pe T o the .

I n the n o rthern p a rt the rei ndeer no rth we st li e s F r anc e and e ast wa r d f rom
,

thrive s on the mo ss like pl an ts under - F ra nce lie in orde r B e lgium T he N e ther ,

the sn o w Amo ng the ra gged cli ff s

.
l ands Germany A u str i a and Russi a Away
, , ,
.

to the sou th we st is the p e ni nsu l a o f S p a i n

of the Alp s the wa ry ibe x a n d a be a n
and P o rt u ga l S outh of u s is Italy and
.
,

tiful swift an i mal ca l led the cha moi s

, sou th e ast th e B a lk an P e ni nsu l a i n whi c h lie ,
1 28 TH E WERNER I N T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRAPHY .

Turk ey and G reece T he c ount rie s in the

.
N o other cou ntry prod uces so much
no rth e r n pe ni nsu l as a r e S wede n N orway , ,
co a l ; and o nly the Un ited Sta tes p ro
an d D enma rk We st of the conti nent are
.

the B r iti sh I sl e s the mo st i mpor tant c o unt ry

,
d uce s mo re iron N o o ther co u ntry has
.

of E ur o pe .
so ma ny colonie s so l a rge a na vy su ch
, ,

e x te nsive co mmerce , such a v a ri e ty of

74 T he British I sles
. .
manu fact u re s , no r, co nsideri ng its s i ze ,

The Briti sh Isle s co mpri se two la rge so ma ny l a rge t o wn s a s ha s E ngl a n d .

isl a nd s a nd ma ny sma ll o ne s ne a r The l a rge st of these to wn s an d the ,

the m T he la rg
. l a rge st city in
e st isl a nd is the world is Lon
G rea t Brita i n . do n I t ha s ove r .

T he so u thern fo ur million in
p art of this h a bita nt s a bo ut ,

i sla nd is Eng as ma ny as N e w

l a nd the ho me
, Yo rk Chica go , ,

of the E ngli sh a nd Phila del

people an d the , phia co mbi ned .

n orther n p a rt is The co mmerce

S c o t l a n d the , of L o ndo n is
ho me of the v ery grea t .

S cotch Irel and .

, London is so
the ho me of the v ast a c ity and ,

h as so many mag
I rish is the l a rge
,
nifice nt and inte r
i sla nd we st of e sti ng b uil dings ,

G re a t Brita i n .
mu s e u ms and ,

These isla nds ,

c h u r c h e s th at a ,

st range r must stay

with ma ny po s
the re a l ong ti me
se ss io ns o n a l l to se e th e m all .

the co ntine nts for m the Briti sh Em

,
On the ne xt pa ge is a pi c tu re of W indso r

pire the l a rge st riche st a nd mo st C astl e wh e e Qu e e n V i c to r i a the p e se nt ul er

,
r ,
r r
, ,
o f thi s gre a t ki ngdom li ve s muc h o f he ti me
,
r
po werf ul ki ngdo m in the world
.
,
.

The shipping of Engl a nd is grea te r Most of the ste ame rs fro m N e w York
th an th a t of a ll the re st of the world to Engl and l and at L ive rpool the sec
.
,
 T HE B RITIS H ISLE S .
1 29

ond grea t sea port The gre ate st man

. gre at commercial and ma n uf a c
T he .

uf ac tu rin city of the world is M a n tu ri ng city o f Scotl an d is G l as go w

g .

cheste r . Edinb u rgh the ,

Scotl a n d is a ca pita l ha s f a ,

coun try of gra n d mo us school s .

sce nery There

. Irel a nd has
are many i nlet s the moi st wind s
of the sea a nd fro m the A tl an
oce a n e x te ndi ng tic an d its v egs ,

into the l a nd so , ta tio n is so gree n

tha t no p a rt of th a t it is o fte n
the co untry is c alled The Em
mo re th a n forty e ra ld I sl e
W I ND O R C A T E
.

S S L

mile s fro m salt

.

There are how ,

wa ter The l a rge st of the se i nlets o f the ever l a rge tr a cts of l a n d c a lled bog s
.
,

sea a r e c a lled fir ths H o w ma ny fir ths th a t a re bro wn a nd d ull bu t the se bogs

.
,

do y o u se e on a re very u sef ul because the t urf or

the map ? pe a t c a n be dr ied a nd u sed for fuel .

Scotl a nd is
a very mo un

ta ino us co un
try an d has ,

ma ny be a u ti
f ul rive rs a nd
l a ke s The .

su r f a c e of

Scotl and c on
S l S tS Of the m c ur rm o ou r u
s as s u e .

highla nds and

the lowl a nds . Many of the pe ople fi nd it so
mm n mo r sco o
Wha t pa rt of h a rd to get a livi ng there th a t they
'

the U nited Sta te s re se mbl e s Scotland e mig ra te in l a rge n umbers to o ur

in its moun ta ins an d coa st ? country and to A ustralia .
1 30 TH E WERNER IN T RO DU CTO RY G E O GRAPHY .

I reland ha s a be au tiful ca pita l D ub Berne The word B erna mea ns be ar s,

.
,

lin . This city has wide streets a nd a nd there a re many i ma ge s o f be a r s

magni ficen t pa rk s .a bo ut the city M agn ifice nt pe ak s o f .

The M a nche ster of Irel an d is the Alps c a n be see n from thi s pl a ce .

Belfast . G e nev a o n La ke G en eva is note d , ,

f or the be a u t ifu l wa tche s th a t a r e

Wh e re are the B ritish I sl e s N ame two
of th e m .
m a de there .

Which is the l ar ge st c ity in the wo l d ? H ow doe s S witze l and difi e r from th e

r r

Desc i be it Wh e e is Li ve pool M anc he s o th e r cou nt ie s of Eu ope What attrac t s

r .
? r r r r

te r ? For wh at a re Li ve rpoo l an d tra ve l e rs y ye ar to S wi tze r

e ve r

Manc h e ste r h note d eac Wh at are the e x ports o f

I n wh a t re spec ts doe s E ng Wh at is th e
l and surpass other nati ons
Wh ere is Scotl and
N ame two c itie s of S cot
l and .

76 . France .

Wh ere is I re l and ?
Why is it c all e d the
”
.

France is one o f
E me ral d I sl e ? Wh at
ar e
“ bogs ? Wh at is the grea t countrie s
mea nt by sayi ng T he “ of E uro pe I t is

”
.

MM C he Ste r Of I re l a n d is f or tu na te in h a vi ng
Be lfas t h W ere i s D ub
lin ?
hore s o n the Atl a n t i c
O c ea n an d o n the Me di
75 . Switzerland .
terrane an Sea I ts bo un d
A V I LLAG E
.

IN SW I TZ ER LAND
Switzerl and is the o nly im
.

a rie s a re na tu r a l o ne s o f
porta nt i nl and coun try of E urope , a nd wa ter a nd mo un ta i n s e x cept in the ,

it is the most moun ta i nou s . n orthe ast where it joi ns Belgi u m a n d

,

It has be en call ed the pl ay gr ound o f Eu .

.

Ge rma ny T he Fren ch people h a v e

.

ro pe be c a u se so many p e o pl e go th e r e to se e
, ha d ma ny wa rs W ith the E nglish a n d
its wonde rfu l mou nta i ns a nd l ak e sc e ne ry .

W ith the G erma n s a nd e a ch na tio n ,

Switzerl and se nd s to o u r co untry ha s a l a rge a r my .

watche s a nd clock s c u riou sly c a rv e d , Silk cotto n a nd wo olen good s a re

, ,

woo den a rticle s wove n silk s cotto n s, , . ma de in Fra nce The Fre nch a l so
.

a nd v a rio us ki nd s o f chee se . ma ke mo re wi ne th a n the people o f

The c a pita l o f S wit zerl a nd is ca lled a ny other co un try .
 GERM A NY .
1 31

The Fre nch a re a gay ple asu re lo v ,

-
level , but in the cen ter a nd sou th it
ing pe ople No city in the world has
. is high a n d ha s many fa mou s mo i m
,

so much t ha t is i n tere st ing a mu si ng , , ta i n ra nge s I n the se mo unta i nous

.

and be a u tif ul a s P a ris the c a pit a l of , regio ns a re mine s of silver ir on co al , , ,

France . c o pper zi nc a nd q ua rrie s of ma rble

, , .

London is c all e d the busi ne ss c apital of G e rmany lik e E ngl and has a gre at num
, ,

the wor l d and P ar i s the pl e as u re ca pital

,
. be r of l a r ge and be au tif ul c iti e s M ost of .

All ove r P ari s are small ope n squ are s , the se c iti e s are ve ry old a nd contai n quai nt
,

whe re the h appy F re nc h c hil dr en pl ay Th e r e . l ooki ng buildi ngs built many centuri e s ago .

is a l arge ga rde n M a n y o f th e
conta i n i ng many smal l t o wn s are

kinds of animal s , note d as h av i ng

and th e re a re be e n the birth

many parks, be au pl ac e of a famou s
tif ul with statue s poe t or p ai nte r
and fl owe r s and or mu si c i an or
fou ntains .
ge n e r a l o r e l se ,

f or so me gr e a t
Lyo n the is i
s e ge or battl e .

second city of I n th e old G e r

France i n pop
man to wns the
t
s re e ts y ar e ver
ula tio n It is a nar ro w and wi nd
.

grea t sil k man ing, and so me

uf ac tur in city U NTER DEN L IN D EN B ER L I N ti me s the top sto
g
.
.
.

r i e s o f the h ou se s

Find F ranc e Look at the

on the g lobe . a l mo st touc h f o r e ac h sto ry p roj e c ts far th e r
,

ri ve rs o n the r e li e f ma
p and s e e whi c h way ,
i nto th e st ree t th an the o ne be l ow it T he .

the l and sl o pe s Wh at doe s F rance p ro duc e

. roo fs o f the h ou se s a re of re d til e s and are ,

I n wh at c ity is a gre at de al of silk manu o fte n moss grown .

f ac tu re d
Wh at wou l d y o u like to se e in P i
ar s The l a rge st city a nd the ca pita l of
the G er ma n E mpire is Be rli n Lo ndo n .

a nd P a ri s a re the o nly citie s o f E u rop e

77 . Germa ny .

th a t h a ve more inh abita nt s tha n Berlin .

Germany like the U n ited St a te s is

”
, ,
Be rli n ha s be e n c a ll e d
“
o a si s o f sto n e
an
acou ntry co mpo sed o f se ve ra l sta te s .

an d b r i c k i n a S a h a r a o f sa nd bec a use the ,

The chief of the se sta te s is P ru ssi a .
c ity w ith i ts b e a u tifu l b uil di n gs h as b e e n

I n the north the l a n d is lo w a nd built in a v e ry l e ve l sandy r e gion ,

I ts .
132 TH E WERNER IN TRO DU C TO RY G E OG RAPH Y .

t t
s re e s l ong and br oad T he one th at
a re .

has the most be autifu l p a l ac e s i s b road e r

than most stree ts in thi s count ry and is ,

cal l e d U nte r de n Li nde n ( U nde r the Li me H unga ry is sit ua ted in

A ustria -
th e
T re e s) be cause it is pl ante d with four rows
, middle of E u ro pe W h a t coa st li ne
. ha s
of li me t re e s .

it ?It ha s a d ou ble n a me be ca use th e

H ambu rg is the most i mp o rt an t two sepa r a te c o untrie s A u stri a an d ,

port of G erma ny H ere the gre a t .

H u ngary a re u n ited u nder one r uler
,
.

e st a mou nt oi c o mme rce is ca r ri e d on .

Bre men is the

s econd port .

Fro m Bre me n the

mo st of ou r G er
ma n i mmigra nt s
co me .

Cologne on the ,

R hine is fa mou s
,

for its ca thedra l

and for its C o
logne wa ter .

H a ve you he a rd
S C E N E S IN GER MAN TOWNS
abo u t a ny other
.

Germa n city ? Mo un ta i n s n e ar ly surro und

the e a st , n orth , a nd we st .

Wh e re Ge r many ? I n wh at r e sp e ct s
is
doe s it re se mbl e the U nite d St ate s De scr ibe F i nd o n the map the i
r ve r s o f thi s country .

the su rfac e of G e rmany “Th at mine s are in

.
I Vhi ch is the l ar ge st one
Germany Wh at r i ve rs in G ermany I n wh at p art of the c ountry are the be st

N ame a l arge c ity on e ac h De sc ribe the .

farmi ng l ands ? W he re do you suppo se the
str e e t s in many o f the o ld G e r ma n to wn s .
mi ne s are
What is the c apital of G e rmany N ame I Vh at se a doe s it bo rde r
I ts c omme r c e i s mostly u pon the D anube
f our oth e r G e rma n c iti e s a nd te ll some ,

and B l ac k S e a
thi ng abou t e ach A t wh i c h G e rman c ity
.
.

wou l d y ou fi nd th e gr e ate st amou n t o f Sh o uld y ou tr a vel thro ugh Au stri a

s hippi n g
?

W hy i s a li ne of ste amships be t we e n N e w H u nga ry yo u wo u ld he a r ma ny lan

,

Y ork a nd B re me n ne ce ssary gu a ge s spo ke n .

 T HE B A LK AN PEN I N S U L A .
1 33

O nce there were ma ny small and

79 T he Balkan Peninsula
we a k n a tio ns there but no w they a re
. .

un ited a n d str o ng . The e aster n of the three sou the rn

The ca pita l of Austri a H unga ry and -
pe n i nsu l a s of E urope is occ upied by
al s o of the kin gdo m of Au stri a is Tu rkey a nd G reece a nd severa l ,

V ie nna o n the be a u tiful D a nube R iver

,
. sma ller sta te s th a t h a ve rece ntly bee n

I t co nta ins ma ny h and so me p ublic for med fro m T u rkey .

b u ildi ngs a nd is one

, T h e c a p i ta l a nd
o f the fi n e st ci tie s in chief city of Tu rkey is
E u rope . Con st a ntinople It is .

On an i sl a n d in the sit ua ted o n the str a it

r iv e r is the fi n e st p a rk le a ding to the Bl a ck

in the world . Se a , and ha s a fi ne
B ud ape st is the h a rbor C o nsta nti no
.

ca pit a l of the kin g ple is built upo n seven

do m of H unga ry It . hill s a nd with its pal
,

co n si sts of two citie s a ce s rivers an d

, ga r ,

on Opp o site sh o re s of dens see ms fro m a ,

the D a n ube Which a re , d i s t a n c e the mo st ,

co n ne cted by a fine -. be a utiful city in the

bridge . world I ts street s
.
,

A nother be a u tif ul ho wever a re f or the ,

city is P ra gue which ,

most pa rt very dirty
ha s so ma ny t o wer s O F A U PEA BA N T B S T R I A H U N GA R Y
a n d cro wded with be
g
.

th a t it is k no wn a s The to wn of the ga rs a n d h ungry d o gs .

hu n dred to wers . S o u th we st o f T urkey is the little

country of G re e ce which has mo re
,

I Vh e r e is A u st i a ? W h eH unga y ?
r re is r
co a st li ne in p ro p o rti o n to its si ze th an
A re the se one nati o n or two nati ons N ame
an o th e r c o u n try of E u ro e It h
two o f A u st i a H un ga y s g e a t
r -
i e s De r
’
r r v r . y p a s .

sc r ibe its ca pital . I Vh a t a re th e oc c u p ati ons ma ny mo u nt a i ns a nd very fe rtile v a l

of th epe opl e l ey s T ho usa nds o f a cre s o f l a nd a re
.

Bo th capita l s ar e o n wh at r i ve r
W hich c apita l 1 8 comp ose d of
“t wi n c o v e re d w i th c u rr a nt vi n e s G re e ce .

citi e s is fa mo u s f or its scu lpture s a nd a rchi

1 34 TH E WERNER I N T RO DU C TO RY G E O GRAPH Y .

tecture . A the ns, its ca pi ta l is a

,

bra te d city . In it a r e ma ny r ui ns
th a t tell o f its for me r glory .

Wh e re is T urk e y C o nsta nti

no p le ? D e sc r ibe C ons ta ntino ple.

Wh e r e i s G re e c e W h a t
c a n y o u say a bo ut its c o a st

l i ne I s a cou ntr y with s u c h

a cw t li ne a l e ve l o r a mo un

ta in o us c o u n try C o mpa re it
with N o r way in thi s re spe c t .

Fo r wh a t i s G re e c e f a
mo u s ? W hat is its capita l

CO N STA NT I N O PL E .

I taly the ce ntra l

is
o ne o f the th re e so u th

e rn pe ni nsul a s o f E u ro pe I ts .

n o r th e rn bo u nda ry is the A l p s ,

md o n a ll o the r s i de s it is su r
r o u n de d b
y t h e se a W h a t do e s
.

it r e se mbl e in sha pe ? Wh at
l a rge isl a nds a re n e a r Italy ?
T he n o rthe rn pa r t o f Ita ly
is a v e ry f e r tile pl a i n thr o u gh ,

whi c h the r i ve r Po r u ns M ul .

be r ry tre e s a re h e re gr o wn .

T UR K I H A R
S H EM A r a nge o f mo u n ta i ns ca lled
 IT AL Y — S PAI N AN D P O R T UGAL .
1 35

the A pe nnine s ex te nd s thro ugh the intere sti ng ch urche s a nd pal a ces I t .

l ong pe n in sul a .
ha s c ana l s i nste a d of street s for the ,

The re are se vera l vol ca noe s in Italy One . city is bu ilt u po n many i sl and s .

of th e m V e suv i us nea r N a pl e s l on a o b ur i e d
, , g g ,
I t see ms strange to u s that the pe ople who
two c iti es by an e ru pti o n On one o f the
have l way s li ve d in
.

a
small is l ands in the M e di te r ra ne a n i s a vo l

”
Veni c e h av e ne v er
.

ca no al way s b urn i ng a nd k no wn a s the

se e n a h or se but
,

Lighth ou se of the M e di te r rane an ,

the y thi nk it
.

Italy was o nce o cc u st range that all

pied by the mo
22 2?£ ;
10

0 8
po w erful n a ti o n
p re tty boats or ,
of the W 0 rl n d l whi h
go o as ,c

a nd it i s a th ey u se on th eir
cana l s
c oun try .

which peo Th ? m o s t

ple e ager be a u t i f u l c i ty
ly vi s it be o f It a ly 13

”
cause of its N a ple s It is .

many f a a l so l a rg
the .

mous cities e st a t)
with their Wh ere is Italy ?
W
1 11
wo nderful W 0
Of a r t a n d r ui ns
a i es h iz2 2 3r ; 3
r i ve P o ? What moun r

of a ncie nt ti me s ins in I ta ly ? W l y do
.

I
i
R o me its c a pit al wa s
vii ia i i i j i;
(i
e an

s u i
o
’ ’
vi sit Ital y ? i
o nce the l a rge st a nd mOS t W “m“
P v ol ca noe s i n I ta ly
O “
De scribe Rome ;
e rf ul city in the world It is . Ve ni ce ; N a pl es .

now a wo nderfu l city where every

m
,

broke n col umn a nd a l o st every sto ne 8 1 S pa m a n d P o r

° tu g a l .

has a story to tell . The nati ons o ccu pyi ng the sou th
I n G e noa many ship s a re b u ilt an d we stern pe n i nsul a of E urope were once
furnitu re silks a nd l a ce s are ma de the riche st and most powerful na tions
, ,
.

C ol umbu s wa s b o r n ne a r there of the world bu t no w they a re f a r he

.
,

V enice is a c u riou s old city with hi nd most of the co untrie s of E urope .

1 36 TH E W ERNER I N T R O DU C TO RY GE OG RAP H Y .

In thi s pe nin sul a a re two na tio ns Spa i n

, a nd Portu gal .

It was I sabe ll a the que en ,

of C astil e , a ki ngdom of Sp ai n ,
who furni sh e d C ol um b u s
with me ans to star t o ut
o n his v oy age o f disc o v

e ry . Sp ani sh adve ntu r

e rs c on q u e re d M e xi c o
and P e r u .Portu gue se
sa i l o r s fi rst sa i l e d
ar ound the C a pe o f
Good H ope the south ,

e rn po i n t o f A fri c a .

The regions o f
Sp a i n al ong the
sh o re s a r e very fer

tile while in the ce n

,
N A P E A ND VE U VI U L S S S .

te r there a re gre a t ,

ba re tablel ands The Spa n ish people say th a t swa llo ws crossi ng thi s ta bl e
.

l a nd must c a rry prov isio ns with the m .

Mo st of the people a r e fa rmers They c u lti .

v a te be side s the gra i ns the olive and mu lberry

, ,

tree s an d vi ney a rd s Mo st of ou r c o rk s co me
,
.

fro m cork tree s which gro w in Spa i n Meri no .

wo o l co me s fr o m Meri n o sheep which a re ,

na tive s of Sp a i n There are rich mi ne s of i ro n .

,

co a l copper le a d a nd qu ick silver in Spa in

, , , .

Most o f the towns of Sp ai n are many ce ntur i e s old ,

and a re qu ai nt pl ac e s with c u r i o us i nte re sti ng b u il d i n gs,

.

T he A lh amb ra o r re d p a l ac e is o ne o f the mo st be a uti

, ,

f u l bu il di ngs in a ll E urop e .

The c a pita l an d l a rge st city is M adrid .

If y l d v i sit thi s pl ac e some su mme r afte rnoon

ou shou ,

A “as “ m ! w a s . y o u wo u l d se e th e w o r k me n lyi ng as l e e p i n th e s t re e t ,

u nde r th e sh ade o f the t re e s o r by the fo un ta i ns ,

It is .

so ho t the n th at no wor k is done till l ate in the afte rnoon .

Po rtugal lie s a long the Atl antic s a e boa rd . I ts people , its s oil , a nd its
 B E LGI U M — TH E NET HER L AN D S . 1 37

prod ucts gre a tly re se mble a ndbe au tiful l a nd .

Spa i n L i sbo n its ca pita l

.
, , France a re mo stly
beautiful city b u ilt o n a
n umber of hill s .

Why do y ou thi nk of Spai n

whe n y ou thi nk of C ol umbus
Wh a t part of Spai n is f e r
til e W h at part is barr e n
W ha t ar e the p roducts of Spai n
De sc r ibe the Sp aniar ds I n what .

re s pec t s is P o rt u ga l li ke Sp a i n

82 . Belgium.
Belgium has bee n c alled

”
T he B a ttle fie ld o f Eu -

THE A L HAM B RA
”
ro pe “ The G arde n o f
.

Eu rop e “ One L a rge To wn W ha t F re nch ; ne a r The N etherl an d s Du tch ,

.
,
.

Br ussel s is the c a pi ta l a n d l a rge st city

o f Bel gi um H a ve you hea rd of Br us
.

sel s l ace an d Bru ssel s c a rpet s th a t

a re ma de here ? A n t werp is a l a rge

city a nd c a rrie s on a n e x te nsive f or

,

e ign tra de .

Wh at ar e so me of th e na me s gi v e n to B e l

g i u m ? I s it a l a r ge c o u nt ry N a me two

c iti e s o f B e l gi u m . N a me some thi ngs manu

f ac tu re d in one o f th e m .

83 . T he N etherlands .

The N e therl a nds is the h o me of the

D u tch It is a v e ry i n te re sti ng co un
.

S E LL IN G n e w, BE GI UM
L .
try to vi sit f o r it is q u i te di ff ere n t
,

phra se s te ll y ou a bo ut fro m a ny p a rt o f o u r o wn co untry .

T he l a nd is so lo w a nd fla t th a t the
1 38 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU CTO R Y GE OG RAPHY .

to the c ana s l . Th e se
wi ndmill s ar e a so u se d l
to sa w l ogs , gr n d c i
o r n ,

e tc . One can u su a ll y
te ll how we althy a f ar
me r i s by c o un ti ng th e
nu mb er of wi ndmil l s
he o wn s .

I n the to wns one s e e s

boats p assi ng th rou gh
the st re e t s and r ed ,

br i c k h ou se s sh owi ng
th rough de nse fo li age .

During two or th re e
month s o f the y ea r th e
ca na l s are fro ze n ov e r .

Th e n eve ry one sk a te s ,

S C EN E IN TH E N E THE R LANDS .
e ve n the sma ll e st c hil

se a overflo w mu ch
wo uld o f it did n o t dre n on th e i r way to sc h o o l Th e y gre a tly
.

e nj oy th e i r ic e bo a t s whi c h a re moun te d o n
the people b uild wall s to keep the ,

r u nne r s a n d dr i ve n al ong by sa il s .

water o u t .
H e r e a re f e w poor p eopl e E ve ry on e .

se e ms c on t e n te d a n d h a ppy T he D utc h a l l
.

Th ey dr i ve two rows of l ong pil e s de e p i nto wor k h a rd . Th ey k e e p th e i r h ome s v e r y

the gr o und o ne r ow withi n the oth e r a nd fill ,
c l ean an d a r e fo n d o f se e i ng ev e ry thi ng br i gh t
,
,
the sp ac e b e t we e n with h u ge bl o c k s o f gra n
i te The se wall s are ca ll e d di ke s T he y a re
. .

ba nk e d u p with e arth a nd o n the t p a re,

o

o fte n r o ad s t re e s , ,

a nd e v e n b uil d
i n gs Someti me s
.

the se a su cc e e ds

i n breaking
t h r o u gh t h e se
dik e s a nd h un ,

d r e ds o f pe o pl e
a re dr o wn e d .

C a n al s h av e to o the r c o u n r es ti .

be en du g ov e r the
l a nd and h u ge,
of T he N e th e rl a nds ?
wi nd mill s b uilt to
p u mp the wate r A mste rda m is the l a r
f rom the l and in D I K E O F TH E N E TH ER L NDS
S A .
ge st city , a nd ca rrie s
 T HE SC A N D I N AVI AN C O UNTR IE S . 1 39

on a gre a t tra de with other co u n there is a nothe r which jute out n orth
trie s . wa rd fr o m G er many Th is pe n insu l a
.
,

M a ny of the i l ds o f the Ea st I n
s an !
with the island s ne ar it in the B altic
di e s a n d of the W e s t I nd ie s belo ng to Se a is D e n ma rk
,
.

T he N e therl and s . T he D a ne s who live in D e n ma rk the

, ,

S wede s of S wede n a nd the N or wegia ns

,
I V he r e i s T he N e th e l ands
r l a rge
Is it a

c o u n t ry De sc ribe its surface Wh at are .

of N o r way a re ca ll e d Sc a ndi navi a ns
, .

d i ke s H o w a re th ey made ? W ha t a r e the y f o r ?
? The se pe o ple re se mble o ne a nother
in ma ny w ay s a nd ,

they spea k l a n g ua ge s
th a t a re much a like .

A l mo st a ll of the m
h a ve bl ue eye s fa ir ,

sk i n a n d light h a ir, ,

a nd they a re a
stro ng light he a rted ,
-
,

i nd ustrio us pe o ple .

N o r wa y — The .

N o r wegi a ns h a ve a
be a u tif ul mo u nta in ,

o us c o u ntry L oo k .

at the map of N or
A N O R W EG I A N F I O R D
way , a nd ho w
.

se e

C omp are T he N e the rl ands and S wit ze rl and the oce an r e a che s a s if wi th l o ng a r ms
.

,
T e ll all y ou can abo ut the D utc h c alled fior ds i nto the l an d ; n otice
.

the ma ny i sl a nd s a ll al on g the c oa st ;
84 T he Sca ndina v ia n Countries
.
o u will t he n se e wh
.
the N o r we gi a ns
y y
The l a rgest pe ni nsu la of E uro pe is h a v e a l way s be e n t e mpte d i nt o bo a ts ,

in the n orthwe ste rn p a rt It is c a l le d a n d why th e y h a ve b e e n su c h go od

.

the Sc a ndi n a v i a n p e n i ns ul a a nd c o n ,
sa il o r s M o st o f the pe o ple who a re
.

t ai ns two ki ng do ms N o r wa y a nd Swe no t sa il o r s a re e ng aged in fi shi ng or

, ,

de n sep a ra te d fro m e a c h o the r by in felli ng the tre e s o f their ri c h f or

,

mou nt a i n s S o u th of thi s pe n in sul a e s ts o r in t a ki ng c a re o f their c a ttle

.
, .
1 40 T HE WERNER I N T R O DU C T O RY GE O GRAPHY .

N or way l o ng ti me belo nged to

for The ca pita l o f S wede n is S tockh ol m
a .

D e nma rk The pe o ple ce lebra te the

. D enma rk — The l a nd o f the D a n e s
1 7th o f Ma y the a nn ive rsa ry o f th e ir is very lo w a n d fla t
,
The we s te r n .

sep a ra ti o n fro m th a t c o u n try in 1 81 4 pa r t o f the pe ninsu la is co ve red w ith ,

with c a nn on fi r ing fire wo rk s a n d p ro -

san d a n d is i nh a bit e d o nly by fi sh e r
, , ,

ce ssi o ns j u st a s we c e l e bra t e the 4th me n

,
.

o f J uly N o rwa y a nd S wede n h a ve

. The D ane s h a ve a b o ut the sa me
sep a ra te g o v e r n me n t occ upa tion s a s the S we de s ,

a r e under the sa me ki bu t thei r d a i ry fa r ms

W ha t two o ther re mu c h l a rger a n d ,

cou ntrie s o f Eu a re f a mo us f o r
rope h a ve but their fine bu tter
o ne r u ler ? The a n d chee se .

c a pita l o f N or The ca pita l o f

way is K ri s De nma rk is C O
tia n ia .
p e n h a en
g .

Sweden — . Swe the Fa r ou t in

de n is a c ou n try . A tl a ntic ar e ma n y
f o r the mo st pa r t isl a nd s which be
level a nd so me po r
, long to D e nma rk .

ti o ns o f it a re very W h a t h a ve y o u lea rn ed
tile . S o me o f the S we de s a b o u t G ree n la n d
?

a re fi sh e r me n a nd Others n w
A NT H O ME
,
n
I c ela n d — O ne of the is
i nv as io or s
S
'
e e te
.
PEA s

l u mber me n lik e the N o r we l a nds b el o ngi ng to D e nma r k

‘

gi a ns bu t mo st o f th e m a re o c c u pi e d is Icel a nd It ha s a cli ma te like tha t

, .

w ith c u ltiv a ti ng t he ir s ma ll fa r ms o f the e x tr e me n o r th o f E u rope . .

It is a c ol d b a r re n c o u ntry O n l y ,
.

I n wi nte wh i c h l s ts f u r,fi e month s a o r or v

a v e ry f e w st u n te d t re es gro w ther e ,
.

the c h il d e n h a e g at f u n i n c
r ti ng a n d v re oas
T h e i sl a n d is n o te d f o r its man y v o l
sk a ti n g b uil d i n g sn o w f
, t g i n g n l i gh o r s, o o s e

r i de s ,
e e n i n sa il i ng o e
or v the f o n l ak e s c a no e s a nd ge y se rs
v r r ze .

in ic e y ac hts .

Th e ir me rry maki ng at C h ri stmas ti me l ast s

- T he l a rge st gey ser wh en qui e t is a l a r g e
two w e e k s A t thi s ti me the fa r me r s ne ve r f o r
. p ool of c l e a r wate r A fte r se ve ral qu i e t
.

ge t to p u t o u t a s h e a f o f gr ai n f o r th e bi r d s . h ou r s sounds o f e xpl osi ons u nde r the gro u n d

,
 TH E RU SSI AN E MPI RE .
1 41

are h ea r d , te r be gi ns to boil and soo n

the wa , , W o ul d c o rn g ro w we ll in
the i r l and ?
l ike a gr e a t founta i n the hot wate r is thr own
, H o w doe s S we de n di ff e r f ro m N o r way
f om th e c e n te r of the poo l a h und re d fee t o r
r De scr ibe De nmark .

more i n to th e ai r Thi s l as ts a bout te n mi nute s

.
, T e ll about the gey se rs o f Ic e l and I Vhat .

and th e n th e gey se r i s still a ga i n Other s . a e the e x po rt s o f I c e l a n d

r ?

of the h o t s p r i ngs a re c o n st a ntly b oili n g .

85 . T he Russian Empire .

The l a n d of the R u ssians is a v a st

coun try e xte ndi ng thro ugho ut the cen
,

tral a nd norther n p a rt of Eu rope an d the ,

n o rther n p a rt of A si a Tha t pa rt of
.

A I B E R IA N V I LL G E
S A .

this country which is in Eu rope is ca lled

Ru ssia ; th at p art in A si a Siberia ,
.

Ru ssi a is l a rger th a n the re st of E u rope ,

a n d Siberi a t wice a s l a rge as R u ssi a

A GEYS ER IN I C E LAND
.

Fis h wool a nd horse s are the chief The R u ssian E mpire is a gre at pl a i n ,
, ,

ex port s of Icel a nd .
h a vi ng la rge ba rren regio ns i mme nse ,

fertile gr a i n field s a nd the l a rge st f or

,
R EV I EW Q U EST I O N S .

e sts in the wo rld e x cept tho se of the

W hic h a e the S candi na ian count ie s
r v r
,

D e sc ri be the S candi na ians v .

A ma zo n . Thi s pl ai n is cro ssed by
Wh at l e ads many N o we gi ans to become
r eight very long rivers W hy must .

il o r s
sa
the se ri ver s be l ong ? M uch of Sibe
W hy do they e at rye bre ad rath er than
r ia is c o vered with sno w a nd ice a nd
wh e a t b re ad ,

[ y
R e gr ows f ar th e r no rth th a n wh e at ] is not i nh a bited .
1 42 T HE W ERNER I N T R O DU CTO RY G E O GRAPHY
'
.

The r uler o f thi s gre a t e mp ire is three co un trie s do the Lapl a nders be
ca lled the C za r a n d his will is la w lo ng
, .

There a re ma ny rich people in Russi a Their ho me is a blea k dre a ry region , ,

bu t the pe asa n ts a re very po o r a nd o f sno w cove r ed mount ai ns a n d level -

ignoran t . wa ste s The Lapp s who live a lon g the .

St Peter sbu rg the c a pita l is a coas ts are fi sherme n but mo st L apps

.
, , ,

wa nder a bo u t a mo ng the mo u ntai ns

with their r e i ndeer .

A La pp who has a h e d of re i nde e is a r r

li ve s u pon re i nde e r milk and

i h
r c man . H e

fl e sh his cl othi ng and te nt a re made ,

from the ski ns o f r e i nde er and ,

wh e n he wants to go any
wh e re r e i nde e r dra w his
S l e dge D o y o u wonder .

th at in su mme r when ,
w M m n w
th e mosqu ito e s on the
x e: RE L , o s co .

pl ai ns torme nt the rei n

very l a rge city It co nta i ns .

de e r the L app s go with ,

ma ny mag nifice nt b uil di ngs .
them to the col d moun
T he r i ve r o n whi c h the c i ty
t ai ns to l i v e ? U p on what

do the r e i ndee r fe e d
b uilt is f ro ze n o ve r f o r about fo ur mo nths
T he Lapp s do not p ut bi ts
o f th e y e a r T he pe opl e wra p th e mse l ve s
.

LAP A ND L EDG E in the mouth s of the re indeer

L S .

in f urs and gre atly e nj oy th e l ong win

but gui de th e m by c or ds ti e d ar ound thei r
te r with all the sp ort s o n sno w and ic e
, .

h orns .

Mo sco w is an old city an d was once T h e L a pp s a r e v e r y s h o rt i n s tature .

Th e i r huts or house s a re small and low

the capita l , , ,

h a vi ng only a si ngl e r oom with no wi ndows

.

It has a most be autiful citade l call e d the n o r c hi m n e y s Th e re is a h ol e a t the top .

K r e mli n wh ere e ac h C zar goe s to be c ro wne d

,
f o r t h e s m o k e to e
.
s c a p e Sh oul d y ou like .

to li ve in s uc h a dark and smo ky pl ace

?

Thick sods c ove r the b ut on the outside

so as to k e e p it wa rm
86 T he Lapps . .
.

W ithin th ere are re i nde e r skin s on the

I n the norther n pa rt of E u rope fl oo r o n w hi c h th e L
,
a pp s si t a n d s l e e p For .

the b aby th e r e is a littl e boa t sh a pe d cradle

fro m the shores of N orwa y to the
-

of woo d li ned with dry moss S ometimes

W hite Se a is Lapl a nd the home of thi s cradl e is hun to the si de of the hut by
.
,

, ,
g
the La pps or Lapl ander s To wh a t cords and some times the mother carr ies it on
.
,
 T HE LAPP S .
1 43

her back su ppo rti ng it by a b and around he r

, V I EW Q U ES T I O N S
RE .

f oreh ead as the I ndi an wome n d° °

Wh e e is Eu ope Wh at se parate s it f om
r r r

Wh e re i s R u ssi a ? H ow l arge i s it ? What A si a F om A f i ca ? N ame five seas bor

? r r

are the tw o p a r ts o f the R u ssi a n E mpi re de r i ng E uro pe and te ll b e twe e n wh at b odi es

l and e ac h lie s
of .

Wh at i sl ands north
we st of E u ro pe W h at
se a se p arate s th e m fr om

D enmark ? B e t w e e n
wha t se as i s D e nmar k
F i nd th ree p en insulas in
the sou th of E u ro pe and ,

two i n the no rth of E u

ro p e .

De scribe the re li e f of
E urope N ame fi ve riv
.

e r s o f E u ro p e W h a t is .

r a i se d in th e n o rth of

E uro pe I n the ce nte r

“EN E !I ND
“W I
I n the sou th C omp ar e
D esc ribe the su r face of Ru ssi a . De sc r ibe the E u rope wi th the U n ite d S tates as to si ze ;
capital o f R ussi a. Wh at is sai d of Moscow as to p o p u l ati on N ame the six G re at P o we r s
. .

C ompare Sibe ri a and C anada . C omp are N ame the c e ntr al countr i es T he countri e s .

Asi atic and European R ussia Wh at are the

. of the no rth e rn p e n i nsul as T he c ou ntr i es
. .

seaport s of R u ssi a of the sou th e rn p e ni nsul as T he i nl and

.

Wh ere is L apl and ? T o wh at country does co u nt r i e s T he i sl a nd c ou nt ry

. T e ll wh at
.

the l arge r p or ti o n o f it be l on g ? De scribe y o u l e a r ne d abo u t the c iti e s of E u ro p e .

Lapl and . H o w do the L apl a nde r s li ve Wh at country of E urope woul d you like
What peo pl e do th ey re mi nd y ou of be st to vi sit

A LA PP CR A D L
E .
144 TH E WERN ER I N T R O DU CTO RY GE O GRAPHY
.
 P OSITIO N AND RE LI EF . 1 45

A SI A .

In Eu rope wefound a ce ntral high

87 Posrti on and Rebei
‘ .
l an d (the Alps , with a gre a t pl a i n
Asia is the l a rge st of the l a nd sl opi ng nor th and three pen i nsul a s
ma sse s o f the world Both in a re a sou th
. .So it is in A si a .

W e Sh a ll get the be st
vie w of the principal
highl ands of Asi a i f we
begi n with the Pamir
or R oo f of the W orld ,
”
,

a n d ob serve the r a nge s

e x t e n d i n g fro m this
ce nter .

The grea t pl a in no rth

of the ce n tra l high
l a nd s e x te nds a cross
Europe and A sia fro m
the Ba y of Bi sca y a l mo s t
to the Pa cific Oce an ,

with t he Sligh t brea k o f

the U ra l Mou nta i ns a ,

and elev a tio n it is the gi a n t o f co n ti lo w a nd u ni mporta n t ra n ge .

ne u ts
. It is l a rger th an the two Tra ce the sou thern edge of this
America s a nd it is n e a rly eq ua l to pl a i n a cro ss the two con ti ne nt s
, .

Europe A f rica and Au stra lia combi ned

, ,
. F ro m the centra l highl and of Asi a
Asia joi ns E u rope in a broa d north grea t river s ru n to the sou th to the ,

ern pl a i n and is u n ited to A fric a by

,
ea st and to the no rth Wha t a re the
,
.

the I sth mus of S ue z . chief dra i nage b asi ns o f A sia ?

 AN IMA LS .
1 47

tha t there is much ra in fall ne a r their

88 . C limate .
so u rce s T hey a re l a rge a l so beca use
.

I n the sou thern p rt of Ce ntra l A sia

a they dra in such a n i mme nse regi on .

the H i ma l a yas e x te ndin g east a nd

, Wh ic h ar e in the warme r lima s the
c ,

we st pre se n t a sl o pi n g su rfa ce to the

, sou r ce s or mou ths of
the th e se r i vers S pring
sun a nd thi s ma ke s the clima te of the
,
fr eshe ts star ting from
the he ad wate r s run
co un trie s so u t h o f t he m very wa rm
o ve r the fr o ze n l owe r
.

Asi a sou th of the H i ma l ayas is very ho t stretch es of the

in the su mmer an d the he a t br ings
,
r i v e rs. Wh at e ff ec t
on th e p r oduc ti v e ne ss
the wi n d s f ro m the I n di a n O ce an so M U K—DE ER
,
of N orth ern Sibe ria S .

tha t d ur i ng five mo nth s o f the ye a r doe s thi s h ave ? I Voul d y ou lik e to li ve in

this is a regio n of he a vy r a infall . th at cou ntry
In sp r ing Wh at parts of Asia ar e thic kly se ttl e d
What parts ar e thi nly settl e d What reas ons
the r ivers of c an y ou gi ve f or thi s

Sou thern an d
Ea stern A s i a
89 . A nimals .

ca r r y g r e a t
flood s he a vily The an imal s of Asia north o f the ,

l a den with so il . ce ntra l pl a tea u a re like tho se of Eu

,

WI L D A E
SS S .
W h a t e ff e c t ro pe in the Same l a titu de .

upo n the soil a lo ng their lo wer cou rse s The mu sk deer va l ua ble for
-
,

doe s thi s h a ve ? its sa ck of perf ume is fo und ,

N orth of the H i ma l ay a s is the grea t in Ce n tra l A sia The .

ce ntral highl an d and beyond thi s high

, wild a ss a very swif t
,

l an d are the bro a d pl a ins of Siberi a ,

a n i mal a nd , the ga
slopi ng n orth wa rd The highla n d is
. zelle be au tifu l as well
,

ve ry cold a nd is subjec t to ex tre me a s swift i nhabi t the

,
GA E LL Z E
.

ch ange s o f te mper a ture on acco unt of so uthern regio ns .

its elev a tio n its distance fro m the

,
The an i ma l s of Sou thern Asia used
se a, a nd its dry a t mo sphere Siberi a
. as be ast s of bu rde n a nd f o r r idi ng are the

is cold on a cco unt of its l a titu de and ca mel the yak the eleph ant the zebu
, , , ,

its slop e n orth wa rd . a nd the b uff a lo W ha t d iff ere nce do

.

T he gre a t rivers of Siber ia prove o u n otice bet w ee n the zeb u a nd the o x ?

y
1 48 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU CT O RY GE O GRAPHY .

In the de sert as an avera g e

regions o f So u th man . They li ve

in herds in the
we ster n A si a the for e sts u sua lly ,

A ra bi a n c a mel ,
wh e re th e re i s a

or dro me da ry is ma rsh W he n the .

,
nati ve s wi sh to
of gre a t v al u e .

ca tc h a wil d e l e ph ant th e y tak e with th e m ta rne

,

I ts bro ad fee t h ave thic k sol e s to p rotec t e l e ph ant s to go ne ar the wil d one s a nd k e e
p
the m f rom the bu rni ng sands of the de se rt ; th e m fro m noti ci ng what the me n are tryi ng
in its nost r il s a re val ve s whi c h it ca n c l ose to do The n th e y faste n the e l e ph ant by
.

to k e e p ou t the sand bl ast s ; th e r e ar e gre a t r o pe s to tr e e s T he e l e ph a nt th us c au ght i s

.
, ,

pouc hes in its two stomach s whic h re tai n ,

furi ou s and struggl e s seve ral day s but wh e n ,

wate r f o r a long ti me ; and one h ump on i ts wo rn ou t and h u n gry it is ta me d a nd ta u g h t,

bac k is mostly a store of f at whi ch e n to do all th at a h o r se

a bl e s it to go a l on g time with ou t food . doe s and many thi n g s ,

D o y ou not thi nk thi s a ni mal has be si de s

”
.

been we ll named the “ T he bu ff a l o doe s n o t

ship of the dese rt ? h av e a hump on its bac k
C o uld pe o ple e asily as the A me r i c an bi s o n

tra ve l ov e r the de se rts has I ts h orn s a r e .

with ou t the came l ? ve ry l a r ge and c roo k e d

and tu r n o u t ward whil e ,

The w ild y a ks
f ar mall e r and tu r n
h a ve the i r ho me o n s

inwar d . T he e bu f _

the high p] of E EPHANT L AT wo nx .

f al oe s il y ma n
a re eas

Ce ntra l A sia a nd feed upo n the

,
a ge d . I n the j un gl e s of India wil d bufi aloe s ,

coa r se gra ss fo un d there The y a ks .

v e ry fi e rc e and da nge r ou s’ ab mm‘l '

th a t h a ve be e n ta med supply their g

The t i ger is a fierce a ni ma l Of th e

0

o wn ers w ith milk fo o d a nd cl o thi ng

, , ,

be side s be i ng u se d a s be a sts o f b u rde n .

ca t ki nd found o nly in A sia , It . ,

d e v ou rs c attle deer wild hogs sma ll , , ,

S o me e le
han ts of A si a buff al o e s a n d ,
p
a re t wi ce as hi g h occ asi onally hu

D R O M E DA RY O R A R A B I A N CA M E L . TI G E R . B UFFALO OF IN D IA .
 C H I NA AND T HE C H I NE S E . 149

man be ings . I ts f ur is
triped v ery s , olde st one in the world It is l a rger .

soft a nd be a utif ul ; fr o m it h a nd so me th a n all the c o u ntrie s of Eu rope N o .

robe s a n d ru gs are ma de . other c o untry co n ta ins so ma ny peo ple ,

Other fierce wild a ni ma l s o f So uth no r do the people el se where live so

e rn A si a are clo sely together a s in Chi na .

the l i o n a nd There a re t we nty eight citie s in the

-

the le o pa rd . U nite d Sta te s th at h a ve mo re than one

The leopa rd h u ndred thou sa nd i nha bita nts Chi na .

belongs to the ha s more th a n fifty of su ch l a rge citie s

EO PA R D
.

sa me fa mily a s Peki ng is the ca pital L ike mo st citie s

.

the lio n . I ts yello w f u r is thickly o f Chi na it issu rro u nde d by a wa ll and

, ,

spo t ted with bl a ck o r deep bro wn spot s . is co mpo sed of two ci tie s a for tified wa l l
,

E T R A N C E GAT E PE K I N G
N , . W IT I N THE C ITY O F PE K IN G
H .

sepa ra ti ng the m The one is the com

.

90 . China and the Chinese .

me rc ial city a cti v e full of sh o p s and
, ,

Chi na o r the Cele sti a l E mpire a s the

, ma rket s The o ther is the o fli c ia l ci ty
.
,

Chi ne se ca ll th e ir co u ntry is kno wn to , where a re the o ffi ce s a nd b u il dings of

us a s the l a n d o f te a a nd o f the silk wo r m . the go ver nme n t H ere in the mid st of
.
,

I t is the l a rge st e mpire of A si a a nd the ,

a v a st p a rk is a pa l a ce of the e mpe ro r
,
.
1 50 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRAPHY .

bone s thi ck lip s thi n be ards and coars e

, , ,

black hai r sha ve d in front and braided in a

q ue ue be hi nd The i r dre ss is pe culi ar c on
.
,

si sti ng o f a ki nd of l oose j ac ke t or tuni c

, ,

fi tted cl osely around th e i r neck s wi de ,

tro u se rs and sh oe s o f c otton or sil k

,

with thi ck fe lt sol e s .

T h e se Chi name n a re u sually

from the l owe r c l asse s and they,

see m to u s so i gno ra nt th a t it i s

d i ffic u lt f or us to re ali ze wh at in
te llige nt and skillf u l p e opl e th e
C hi ne se really are and th at mo r e
,

th an two th ou sand y e ars be fo r e

ou r conti ne nt was di sc ove re d
C H I N ES E f
O FFI C I A L.
.
.
th ey we re a c i vili ze d pe o pl e .

T he Chi ne se o f to day ar e
-

It is l a rge r ve ry pati e nt e conomical

, ,

a nd c l e a ne r tha n

mo st o th e r Chi ne se H O U S ES m C HM

ci ti e s W he re is it
. s i tua te d ?

C hi ne se ho u s e s a re o ne o r two s to r e s i
hi gh , a nd a r e made o f s ma ll
l ue b ri k o f b c s.

mud and st ucc o o f st ra w o r o f o th e r c h ea p

, ,
B O Y AND G I R L
mate ri al T he r oo fs are th atc h e d with
.

st ra w o r co v e re d with til e s Mo st of the i ndu st ri ous skill

.
,

h ou ses c onta i n th re e o r fo ur roo ms not more f u l a nd c l e ve r in ,

th a n te n fe e t sq u are A t ni ght doo rs a nd i mitati ng a rti cl e s

.
,

wi ndo ws a re c l o se ly Sh u t bu t the C hi ne se but th e y h a ve no

,

se e m to th ri ve wit ho u t a ny ve ntil ati o n ability to i n ve nt .

T he st re e ts i n C hi na a re v e ry fi lthy a nd a n y t h i n g ne w ,

na rro w o fte n
, bl oc k e d with do nk ey s a nd a nd in ch a racte r
l oade d wh e e l barro ws -
. th ey a re c o wa rdly
Many Chi ne se h a ve gone to A u st rali a a nd a nd u nt ruthful .

C ali f orni a bu t th ey a r e y s e x pe c t to re t urn T he C hi ne se o f

‘ '
,

to thi s “ Fl o we ry Land to spe nd th ei r mo ney the hi gh e r c l ass

a nd to d ie . a r e the o nly p e o p l e
C H I N E E LAD Y S .

I n a l mo st a ll o f o u r l ar ge c iti e s t he re a re who c rippl e the fe e t o f the i r gi rl s by ba nd

C hi ne se l a undry me n and y o u a re fa mili a r a gi ng th e m ti ghtly Of c ou rse thi s is ve ry pai n
,
.

w ith th e i r ro und y e ll o w fa e s b lac k b e ad

,
f u l but th e y thi nk the po o r d e for me d foo t f ar
c , , ,

lik e e y es with sl anti ng li ds hi gh c he e k p re tti e r tha n o ne whi c h is la rge e nough to

,
 C H INA AND TH E C H I NE S E .
1 51

walk pon comf ortably H ave y ou e ve r see n

u . H o w wo u l d y o u lik e to s pe nd te n y ea rs
one of the ti ny s h oe s whi c h th e y we a r a t sc h oo l i n l e a rni ng to r ea d and to wr ite ?

T he C hi ne se l ad i e s o f the we a lthy c l ass T hi s is what the C hi ne se boy mu st do f or ,

wea r a l o ng r obe of b ri gh t c o lo re d silk be a u he has a f a r h a rde r l anguage th an o u rs to

-

tif ul ly e mb ro i de re d a nd a gre a t amo unt o f

, l ear n H is language has no alphabe t but e ac h
.
,

j ewel ry suc h as pi ns in the i r ha i r he avy e ar wo rd is re p re se nte d by a d i ff e re nt char acte r

, , .

ri ngs fi nge r r i ngs a nd brac e l e t s

,
- Th ey se l do m A s the re are from forty to sev e nty thousand
,
.

leave the ho use and whe n the y do they are wo rds in the C hi ne se l angua ge no one k nows
, ,

seate d i n a se da n c h ai r with c u r ta i n s c l ose ly j ust how many y o u see wha t a h ard task he ,

drawn .T he ch a i r is c a rr i e d o n the sh o ul has be fo re him .

ders o f se ve ral me n . T he words are wr itte n i n c o l umns and ,

f ro m ri ght to l e ft on the page .

R ice is the food Th e i r w r iti ng is d o n e w ith a

s mall b r u sh and I ndi a

upo n which the peo i nk .

ple m a in ly l i v e They .
T he mo ne y whic h the
do no t e a t beef Milk .
,
Chi ne se u se is ve ry in
c o nve ni e nt Th ei r silv e r
butter and cheese
,
.

usually c o me s in bl oc k s
are u n kno wn They .
we i ghi ng f ro m fou r to
have no field s of five pou nds ; a nd it ta k e s

g
p
r

a
a

s
s

t
s

u re
n

s
o r c
A
a

t
ttle
t h
in

eir
a
“c ash
doze n
”
str i ngs

o r pi ece s o f c o p
,
of

p e r o ne h,u n d r e d pi e c e s
meal s they do no t u se ou a st r i ng to mak e o ne,

do ll ar o f o ur mone y .

ivory or woode n stick s ca ll e d P ape r money lik e the ,

C HINE E PA PE R M O NE Y
bill s sh o wn on thi s p age ,
chop sticks I t is fro m China tha t
.
S
c an be had ; bu t e ve ry
.

mo st of o ur te a and mu ch of our silk pl ac e has its o wn pa pe r money One pl ac e .

will not take the pape r money o f othe r pl ac e s

come D elica te emb roiderie s c arv .

Wh ere is Ch ina ? H o w l arge is it ? D o

.
,

ings o f ivory engra vings on wo od and

,
sc r ibe i ts c a pita l What is the c hi e f comme r
.

sto n e a nd l a cq u ered wa re s a r e a l so
, c ial c ity De sc r ibe the C hi ne se as to appear
se nt to u s .
anc e and d re ss ; as to c h a rac te r De sc ribe .

th e i r h ou se s H ow do l adi e s of the wealthy

The Chi ne se are skillful fa rmers
.

,
c l ass dr e ss What is the pr i nc ipal food of
and c u ltiv a te the sa me ki nd s o f crop s the Chi ne se D o the C hi ne se u se h orse s
th a t a re ra i sed in o ur so uthern st ate s . wh e n th e y tra ve l ?

T e a is gr o wn o n the hill side s a nd e x What are the main e xports from Chi na ?
,
Wh at do the far me rs rai se ? W h at can y ou
ported in gre a t q u a n titie s O ther prod .

te ll about the Ch ine se l anguage What can

ucts are sa lt opi um and c a mphor
, ,
.
y o u te ll abou t the money of China
1 52 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRAPHY .

bon e s not so pro mi ne nt They ar e f a r .

91 J apan and J the apanese.

.
mo re in t e llige n t a nd wi de a wa ke to o , ,

Five l a rge i sl ands a nd a grea t n um tha n th e ir n e ighbo rs .

ber of smaller o ne s off the e a st e rn c o ast

T he J ap ane se wome n are ve ry p re tty ;
of A sia for m the E mpire o f J a p an or ,
a nd i n th e i r wi de s l e e v e d gay c o l o r e d flo w
- -
, ,

i ng dre sse s th ey a re a ve ry pl e as i ng si ght

, .

T he littl e babi e s a r e ne ve r d re sse d i n

white f o r th at i s the c ol o r u se d f or mo u rni n g
,

in J a pa n bu t in b ri ght r e ds a nd y e ll o ws
, .

Th e ir h e ads a re k e pt sh ave d u ntil th ey

are ol d e nou gh to go to sc h oo l .

I V he n the littl e J a p a ne se b aby is o nly a

f e w we e k s old it i s ti e d by l o n g bands o f
,

c l oth to the b ac k o f so me o l de r s i ste r o r

b roth e r to be carr i e d abo ut whil e its moth e r

is b usy . O fte n the littl e nu rse is o nly five
o r si x y ea r s o ld a nd b aby s littl e smoo th
’
,

b rown h e ad swi ngs bac k a nd forth as the

littl e c hil d ru ns and j ump s about Thi s doe s .

no t see m to u s v e ry co mfo r tabl e f o r e ith e r

the n u rse o r the baby ; but the baby so on

l e arns to c li n g ti ghtly wi th h ands and fe e t ,

a nd the littl e
nu r se fli e s kite s
APAN
J ES E LADY .
or pl ay s hop
sc otc h j us t a s h e
the L and of the R i si ng Sun , as it is wo u l d with o u t
ofte n ca ll e d T o ky o the c a pita l ha s any ba by o n h i s
, ,
.

more th an one a nd on e h alf milli o n - bac k .

T he o l de r p eo
i n habita nt s.

l e i n J a p a n r i de
p
On th e se i sl a n ds a r e a b o u t fo rty mil ab ou t in a j in r i ki

li on people . T he J a p a ne se l oo k so me
wh a t like th e ir ne i ghb o r s the Chi n e se
k m n

i age a so t of
c a s a,

r
or

,
” a -

r
r

,
b uggy o n two ,

f o r th e y b e l o n g to the y e ll o w r a ce a nd wh e l s d wn by e ra

h a ve a y e ll o w co mpl e x i o n c oa r se h a ir a man i n ste d o f

, ,
a

a n d lo w sta t u r e bu t t he ir bro ws a r e
by a h se Thi s or
APA N E E G I R L A N D B A B Y
.

,
ma n is n t u nwill
J S .

o
h igher th e ir f a c e s mo re o v al th e ir in to o fo ty fifty mil e s a da H o w ma ny
, ,
g g y r or .

eye s not SO sl a n ti n g a nd th e ir c he e k mil e s c an ou h o e s t av e l day afte r day

, r rs r
 J APAN AN D T HE J A P A NE S E . 1 53

On the 3d M arc h c o me s the Fe a s t

of

o f D ll s the g rea t y e a rly h li d a y f r a ll

o ,
o o

th li tt l e gi rl s
e T he b oy s h a ve the i r h o li
.

da v o n the 5 th o f M ay a nd thi s is a s till ,

m r impo r ta nt ti me
o e H o w ma ny b y s . o

u n de r s e v e n y e a r s o f a ge th e re a re i n e a h c

ho us e c a n be t l d th e n by the n u mbe r o f
o

hu g e p a pe r fi sh o f a ll c l o r s th a t o

fl t f ro m the to p o f a ham
oa

b o l e n e ar by
oo
p .

T he h o u ses in J a p a n
are lo w, wo o de n
b u ildi ngs ,
wi th
fla t he a vy
, r oo sf .

T he re a re no

o d buil d ta k e s o ff h is
g o
s hoe s or s an
i ng -s to ne s i n ‘

d a l s , a nd l e a v e s
J a pa n an d
the m
,
in th e
th e h ouse s
e n tra nc e h a ll
mu st be lo w
.

T he doo r is a
be c ause hi gh
slid ing s c re e n,
bu ildi ngs a re
hi r e a te
an d pape r
g r
s c r e e n s s e r ve f or
da nge r f ro m
wi n d o w s ; bu t
th e a rth q ua k e s
e

whi c h so o fte
h e re
t a re s li di n g

O cu
c th e re
r
sh u tte rs hi c h ca n
w
c lo s e d a t n i ght o r
.

g h e a v y r a i ns I n .

the re a re p a ne l s that

g r o o ve s, so tha t the o ne

l a rge r o m o f
o the ho us e can q u ic kly be
d ivi de d into se v e ra l co mpa r tme nts .

T he re is no fu rnitu re w i thi n , no c ar

p e ts , no s to ve s o r f u r n ac e s . T he floo r
is c o ve re d w ith ma tting, a nd on thi s
the J a pa ne s e s it wi th th e i r le gs be nt
u nd e r the m . s i tti ng in thi s wa y ,

the ir f o o d, i
c o n s is t ng c h ie fl y of i
r ce

a nd fi s h, is b ro u g ht to the m . Th e i r
be d i s on ly a bl a nke t th ro w n on th e
ma tting ,
w h ic h in the day ti me is

SC ENE I N APA N
S J .
ro ll e d up and p u t a wa y .
1 54 T HE WERN ER I N T R OD U C T OR Y G E OG RAPHY .

do th e J apa nese diff e r from the Chi

ne s e H o w a re th e i r babi e s
c a re d f o r I n wh at d o
the J ap ane se r i de
D e scribe the h ou se s
in J a pan .

What can y o u
te ll abo ut the r i c e
fie l ds About th e
sh op s and t radi n g ?

A PA N ES E H O U S E S
J .

92 I nd China -
. o .

I n the c o u n tr y , me n a nd

wo me n wo rk in the r cei The l a rge sou t h

fi e l d s al l day s t n di n g a nkl e
,
a
e a stern pe ninsul a
dee p in the s ti ky mu d ; th e e c s
of A sia is ca ll e d
fie l ds a re k e pt fl oo de d with wate r most
C RRY I NG TEA L EAV E I n d o C h i na o r
of the ti me
A S. -
.
,

T he sh o p s o f J ap an are ve ry di ff e rent f o m Fa rther India The Briti sh a nd th e

r .

sto re s in ou r l a ge c iti e s r It tak e s a l ong

Fre nch h a ve e x te ns ive po sse ssio ns o n
.

ti me to mak e a pu c hase and no one see ms r ,

in any h u r y r Y ou e nte r wh a t see ms lik e a

.
thi s pe n i nsu l a .

c o ve re d pl atfo m sit do wn u pon the mat Si ngapore a Bri ti sh city is one o f

“

r , , ,
ti ng and a boy off ers y ou some te a A c l e rk the gre at ce nters of tra de in the f a r
, . .

c ome s and we l co me s y ou f o r the J a pane se ,

ar e v e ry po lite p e o pl e ; he p u sh e s a c h a rcoal
e a st .

b razi e to wa rds y ou so that y ou can li ght one

r There are al so indepe ndent sta te s
o f the ti ny pip e s whi c h J ap ane se me n a nd
here I n the middle of the pe ninsul a .

wome n ofte n c a y abou t with them ; and th e n

rr
is the ki ngdo m of Si a m The na tive s
y o u i nq ui r e f o r W h at y ou wa nt Littl e boy s .
.

are se nt ac ro ss to th e w a re h o se o t e oth e
u n h r bel o n g to the yello w r a ce the r a c e ,

si de of the pl atfo rm f o the goods wante d r to which the Ch inese a nd J apane se .

I n the sma ll sto re s a ll goods are withi n the

belo ng
re ac h o f the p ro p i e to a nd his c usto me rs sit
.

”
r r,
B n gkok i t h c a pita l f Si am
o n the e dge o f th e pl a tfo m If y ou li ve in a r
a.
s e o .
.

la rge c ity y ou sh ou l d v i sit a J a pane se b azaa

, I t is c a lled the V e nice of the East r .

and see wha t a e the a ti c l e s whi c h the J a pa

r r
A grea t pa rt of the city is bu il t .

ne se se nd ove r f o u s to b uy r
a mboo
.

in a river o n h uge b ra f ts
Wher e is J a pa n H o w f a a l ong the coast r
.

of A si a doe s J a p an e x te nd The se ra ft s which a re bo und togethe r ,

1 An ear th n b e d i h f ull
or f li c
rassl by
s i m m e n seo ch a i
ve nsoa sa r.
e moore d to ,
 I ND I A AN D THE H I NDU S . 1 55

gr ea t po le s drive n i nto the bed of the Brit a i n belo ngs to the Britis h Empire
, .

ri ver The se fl o ati ng h o use s ca n be

.
Quee n V ictori a is E mpre ss of I ndi a .

rea ched o nly by bo a t f or there a re no , Thi s gre a t c o untry is b o unded on

foot way s as in V e nice . the no rth and p a rt of the e a st a n d
,

we st by mo u n ta i n s a nd is el se where
, ,

A white l phant a v e ry ra re ani mal is

e e , ,
su rro unded by the I ndi a n O ce a n It .

worsh i p ed i n th i s c o untry o f S i am as we ll ,
1 8 a s h u ? a s the Un l te d Sta te s
as i n B u rma an oth e r d i v i si o n o f I ndo C hi na
,
- .
g .

T he e l e ph ant is k e pt in a ma gnifi ce nt te mpl e The h i ghe st moun ta i ns in the

With n a Pal m ga r de n
i
nd 1 8 Q u d f or by a
: w orld a re no rth of

Eoz e n
i
p ri e sts W ho
,
thi s pe ni nsu l a I ts .

wea ve wre ath s f or him f e r tl le Pl a ms a re

and si ng songs in his wa tered by ma ny
p s T h e tal l f
rivers A mon g its
f
r ‘ e
' s 9

thi s sacre d a ni mal i s

.

a l a rge roo m cov e re d

r i ver s a re three
wit h a ma t of p ure , very l a rge o ne s the ,

“based go l d and the!

Bra hmap u tra a nd
trough s from whic h he o
.

the G ange s W h 10 h
dr i nks are of pu re gol d ,

al so
.
e nter the he a d of
Whe re Farth e r
is the Bay Of Be nga l
Indi a ?
Why is it by a gre a t many
ca l le d F arth e r I ndi a ?
months a nd the I n
”
,
Why I nd0 on m a 9
.

W hat E u ropean
tions c ontro l pa rts of it ?
“3 wmre '
su mmer o r ar m
the Ara i a n Se a
.
duS , W hI C
b
I
l flOW S l ntO
.

W h e re is S i am ? W h at
is its c apital ? I n the se river v a lleys c rop s of ric e
De sc ribe it
a nd cotto n a nd o Piu m f or the C hi ne se
What is sai d of the white e l e ph ant of
Siam ? a re r a i se d ; su g a r c a ne co ff ee a nd te a -
, ,

a re c ultiv a ted ; silk is ma nufa ct ured .

9 3 I ndia and the H indus

‘
The fore st s of I ndi a are very e x te n
.

The pe n i nsul a o f H ind usta n or sive and the tre e s a re giga ntic
, ,
.

I ndia is ca lled by the E nglish people

“
,

the pe a rl o f the Briti sh cro wn ”

The pal m is the one most f re
que ntly see n a nd it is e x ceedi ngly use
.
,

Al mo st all thi s p a rt of A s ia fiftee n f ul to the na tive s for it fu r ni she s the m

, ,

ti me s as l a rge as the i sl and o f G re a t with both food and shel ter The dense .
1 56 TH E WERNER I N T R O DU C TO RY GE O GRAPHY .

j ungle s a re the ho me s or unbur nt bric k s and roo fs

ha tc he d with st r aw T he
fi e rce a ni mal s a n d po i so n
.

h ouse furnitu re is v e r y
o us sn a ke s which kil l a mat se r v e s
, p ;e

th ou san d s of pe ople e a re

no tabl e s and th e
e very ye a r The ,

p eopl e u se th e i r
.

elephan t is ma de finge rs i nstead o f

very u sef ul a s ,
k n i ve s a nd fo rk s .

T he h ou ses of th e
the picture here
ri c h a re bui l t
a nd the on e on
c e nt r a l
ar ou nd a

p . 1 48 ho w
s y ou .
Op e n c o urty a rd o u t .

of whi c h l eads a
T he word H industa n mall e r y ard whe r e
me ans
the
“the c ou nt ry of
Hindus e re .
”Th wo me n
a p art me nt s of th e

. H e re the wi n
so many di ff e r e n t r ac e s do ws a re ver y mall ,
s an d

c l asses amo ng the H i nd us th at it is pl ace d too hi gh up in the wal l s

T R AVE I NG IN I N D I A L
imp o ssibl e to gi v e a de sc r ipti o n f o r a ny o ne to l oo k ou t T he
.

th a t will be tr u e of all The y va ry in c om l ad i e s of rank in I ndia v e ry se l dom l ea v e

.

pl e x ion from o li v e brown to al most bl ac k the i r h o me s and wh en th ey do they ar e

- .
,

Th ey all we ar l ong li ne n or mu sl in r obe s al way s c l osely ve il e d , .

those of the we althi e st cl ass be i ng beau A H i ndu sc h ool is ofte n h e ld outdoo r s ,

tif ul ly wo rk e d in sil v e r and gol d On the i r un de r the sh ad e o f b e au tif ul p al ms

. T he .

heads they we ar gay tu rbans made by boy s with th e i r te ac h e r s be fore the m

, ,

twi sti ng se ve ral y ards o f c l oth ski n s ,

i nto fol ds They are v e ry

. pal m
fo nd of j e we l ry and h u ge , th ey mak e
e a r r i ngs n o se ri n
-
,
- n the grou n d

l ac e s finge r ri ngs ank

,
-
, with the ir fi nge r s and ,

l e ts and to e ri ngs a re
,
-
wh e n th ey c a n do thi s
o fte n se e n . we ll th e y a re gi ve n a
Th e re a re many p al m l e af sl a te and a -

g ra n d t e mpl e s a n d p a l s h o r t sh a r p p o i n te,
d -

ac e s a nd c o mfo rt abl e i ron r od with whi ch

h ome s in I ndi a but , to wr ite E ac h boy .

mo st o f the p e o pl e li v e p ay s a ce nt a mon th
in mud h o u se s roo fe d wh e n h e fi r st goe s to
with til e s the li ght co m
, I ; b ut a fte r be
ing i n th r ou gh the doo r a n d c o mi n g mo re ad vance d he ,

the f e w h o l e s i n the wall S o me .

p a y s a hi g h e r p r i c e f o r h i s

o f the h o u se s h a v e wa ll s o f li ht i n t ti n
g A V I L AGE I ND I A L
s r uc
IN
o
.
.
 IND I A AND T HE H INDU S . 1 57

The people of India a re divided i nto a llpl ac es on the Gange s ,

is a s l o on e

severa l cl a sse s or ca ste s a n d a ma n of

, , of the olde st of citie s .

one ca ste wil l never e a t fo o d th a t ha s

At ti me of fe sti val s its pop ul ati on is
th e
been prepa red by one o f a lo wer caste so me ti me s do ubl e d by the pil gr i ms who co me

than he .
to ba th e in the r i v e r and to v i sit the te mpl e s
, .

Among the poor people there is much The l a rge st city in I ndi a is C alcu tt a .

misery The a vera ge wa ge s f o r a ma n

.

The fi ne st modern city in Asia is Bom

and his fa mily is o nly a bo u t five ce nt s
bay .

a da R ice is their chief f o od Mil

y . .

Ne a rly every city in I ndi a is fa mo us

lio ns o f H i nd us h a ve never tasted for its
pecial wa re
s . Be autif ul r u gs
me a t They will no t ea t beef f o r
.
, a n d sh a wl s a re wo ve n fin e e mbro id ,

they co nsider co ws to be sacred ani erie s worked wood and stone very ,

mal s a nd it wo uld be a cri me to kill

, skillf ully c a rved di she s spo o ns c a ndle
, , ,

one . So ma ny a n imal s a re sa cred tha t stick s bell s idol s etc in e ndle ss

, , , ,
.

they a re see n every where ; flock s o f v a riety a re h ammered o ut of brass

,

parrots fly ing a bo ut ma gnifice nt pea , a nd c o pper These a rticle s ar e all

.

cock s perched on fe nce s and monkeys ,

fo und in the na tive b a za ar s where the ,

pl ayi ng in the wood s a nd devou ring the H i nd u merch a nts sit on the floor with
crops in the field s E ve n the de adly .

their pipe s be side the m and their

cobra is a llowed to go un di sturbed .

wa re s piled up a roun d the m .

The G ange s is the sacre d river of

W he re is I ndi a ? la rge is it Wh e re
H ow
the H in d us Fro m all p a rt s of I ndia
.

are i ts hi gh e st mo unta i ns Wh at is its

pilgri ms co me to b a the in its wa ters sh a p e ?
, N ame i ts three c hie f ri ver s What .

f o r they thi nk th a t by thi s a ct they a re r ai se d in th e se r i ve r val l e y s ? W hat

i s sai d o f the fo re st s and j ungl e s ? W Vh at
will obta i n forgive ne ss f or their s i ns
a r e j ungl e s I Vhat i s a nothe r name f or
.

M any h e n v e ry ill a e b o ght to e

w ,
r r
,
u th I n d i a W h a t a r e th e i n h a bit a n ts o f Indi a
banks of the Gange s T o die the re is the call e d ?
.

gr ea t e s t des i r e o f a ll H i nd u s wh e th
, e r p r i nc e s W h at is the c o mpl e x i o n o f the H i ndu s ?

or p e asant s T he pi gri s oft e n carr y l o ng

l m H o w d o th e y d r e ss D e s c rib e th e i r h o u se s .

“
.

pol e s ith a bag su sp ende d from the to p

w i n D e s c r ib e a H i n d u sc h o o l T h a t i.s m e a n t by
whi c h ar e the as h e s and b on e s o f some re l a c a s t e WV h a t c a n y o u te ll a b o u t t h e w a g e s

tive th us b rought to be th ro wn i nto the o f w o r ki n g m e n ? A b o u t th e i r f o o d W h a t

sacr e d r i v e r .
a r e so m e o f th e s a c r e d a n i m a l s o f I n d i a ?
W V ha t c an y ou say abo u t the G ange s R ive r
Be na res one of the most sacred of
, T e ll about B enar e s ; B ombay .
 T HE WERNER I N T RO DU CTO RY GE O GRAPHY .

A ra bs ca lled Bedo u ins a word

a re ,

”
which me a ns “ D wellers in the D e s
ert .

O ver thi s de sert a hot stifling w i nd ,

c alled the si moo n so meti me s blo w s ,

a n d while it l ast s the tra v eli n g Bed

ou in s pre ss their f a ce s i n to the sa n d

in order to bre a the .

The Bedo ui ns a r e divided i nto ma ny

i ndepe nde nt tribe s a nd ea ch tribe is
,

rul e d by a sheik They h a ve thei r

.

su mmer a nd w i n ter c a mpi ng gro u n d s -

in o ase s of da te pal ms wh e re t h ey
-
,

li ve in te nt s an d c a re f or their herd s
of sheep c a mel s goa ts a nd horse s
, , ,
.

They c ul tivate a little rice a nd a f e w

vegeta ble s a nd e a t honey locust s a n d
, , ,

eve n li zard s .

B E DOU IN
S .

The Bed ou i ns a re d a rk ski nned a n d -

fier ce looki ng
- Perh ap s their h ab it
.

94 A rabia and the A rabs

. .
of const a ntly fro wni ng to protect the ir
The so uth we stern pe ni nsu l a of Asia eye s fro m the gl a re of the sun gi v e s
i s c alled A r abi a
. r f
Pa t s o it belo ng the m thi s fierce look The se de s
.e r t
to the T urki sh E mpire .

The so uth we ster n pa rt o f A rabi a is

fertile a nd here the settle d Arab s live
,

in their cities a n d vill a ge s I t is in

.

this regi on th a t the be st co ff ee in the

wo rld gro ws .

M o st of A ra bi a is a dry de sert ,

c o u ntry ,where the A ra b s ca n live

o nly by mo v i ng wit h their herd s fro m
pl a ce to pl a ce . The se wan deri ng m w “ m e, c ! .
 PER SI A AND T HE PER SI AN S .
1 59

wanderer s very ignor t

a re an and dis the hil dre n
c , goa s, a n d t dogs all tumble hap
pily abou t
hone st a nd they rob a nd pl un der
.

whe never they h a ve a ch a nce The c amel c a ra va ns u sually tra vel

.

The set tled A rab s a re te mper a te by n ight a nd re st by day The le a d .

and h o spita ble very ki nd to their

,

little bl ack e yed d usky childre n a nd

,
-
, ,

e ve n more ki nd to their be a utif ul ,

swif t A r a bi a n hor se s wh ich a re their

, ,

grea t prid e .

There a re f e w c o untrie s where so

littl e ch a nge ha s be e n ma de by the
pe o ple a s in A r a bia D e scriptio ns .

whic h the Script ure s give u s of the

ma n ner s a nd c ust o ms of the p e o ple
tho u sa n ds of ye a r s a go a re true of CA M E L T R A PP NG I S .

the A r a b s a t the pre se nt day ing c a mel al wa y s a ma je stic a n i ma l

.

, ,

de co ra te d with a ma ss o f c o lore d tas

T he wo me n do mo st o f th e wo k a tte nd r ,

to the h e ds we a ve c l ot h f
r the t e n t s o se l s a nd ji ngli ng bell s c a rri e s his he a d
or r ,
, ,

pro udly al of t .

I Vhe re i s
‘
A abi a
r T o w ha t c o un r ty do e s
it be l o ng ? I V ha t p a r t i s fe rti l e W hat is
r a i se d h e r e W ho a re the Be do u i ns T e ll
a ll y o u c a n a bo u t the m “ h at is the si moo n
.

T e l l a bo u t the A rabs of the v ill age s .

95 . Persia d the Persia ns

an .

Pe r si a the r pl a t e a u of d e se rt s
is a no

a nd o a se s s i mil a r to th o se o f A ra bi a .

It is a v e ry dry c o u ntry a n d the .

so u t he r n p a r t is e x c e e di ngly wa r m .

A R AB S H E I K .
T e li c ra n is the c a pita l wh e re the ,

ind c o rn in h and mill s ; whil e the me n r ul e r o f Pe rsi a or Sha h a s he is ca lled ,

gr -

lounge a rou n d smo ki ng o r d r i nki n g c off e e a nd ,

live s .
160 TH E WERNER IN T R OD U C T OR Y GE O GRAPHY .

T he ma ll
s towns o f Pe r si a a re much alik e .
g ue st ba re he a ded wo uld be c on si dere d
-

The y ar e built ne a r a gro ve of date t ree s and v ery i mpo lite N e x t to the Chin e se
c o n ta i n a squ ar e fo r t the s h e ik s h o u se a f e w
.
’ ,
, ,

oth e r h o u se s o f ston e a nd many of mu d o r o f

,
the Pe rsians a re the mo st co urte o us
mats ma de from date l eaf sta lk s T he fi ne r
-
. people of the Ea st .

h o use s ar e bu ilt around c e n t ral c o urts in ,

whi c h a re l o v e ly ga rde ns fou nta i ns a nd, , Lik e most E as te rn pe opl e s ,

the P e s i an s a
r re

some ti me s l a r ge gro ve s o f fru it and sh ade e xc e e di n gly filthy ; w ate r is sc a rc e an d c o n

t ree s N o wi ndo ws l ook ou t u p on the st re e ts

. . ve n ie nc e s f o r its use a re f ew . Th ey ar e n o t

a. no bl e p e o pl e
In l a nds like Persia .

c hoo l b ui l di ngs a e o p e n
,
e s r
A r a bi a or T urkey
, to wa rd the st e e t a nd th e r ,

Asi a where there a re

,
hoo lmaste can gl anc e r

no good ro a d s a nd
at the p a sse rs hy as -

,
we ll as at h is pu pil s
tra vel is ma i nly who a re sea te d o n
,

by sad dle hor se s th e i r h e e l s in o w s r

a nd be a sts of b e f o e h i m T h e r .

b u rde n a pa l l e sson s whi c h h e

,
te ac h e s a e rea d r
a u qui n t a ke s i ng writi ng u l e s r
, ,

the pl a ce of ou r of be h avi o th e r,

K o an ( whi ch i s
ca rri a ge . It is r

th e i sac e d boo k ) r r
made of reed s and
,

the po e t s and h e to i c ,
r r .

wicker work a n d is
-

v e ry light a n d by n o
,
Fro m A pril to D e
mea ns so u nco mforta ble c e mbe r r a i n nev e r ,

as
y o u m ight t h i n k f all s in th e ir co un try ,

fro m the pict ure . many occ u pa t io ns a r e

E I A N PA LA N U I N
The Persi a n is r a ther P RS
ca rrie d on o u t o f d oo r s
Q .

fi ne lo o ki ng
-
sle n der
, d a rk ski n ne d I n the street s the b a k e r k ne a ds a n d ro ll s
,
-
,

w ith da rk h a ir a n d eye s a n d reg ul a r his bre a d pre sse s the d o u gh i nt o thi n , ,

fe a t ure s H e delights in gay c ol o rs l o n g sheet s o n his b a re a r ms a n d a fte r

.
, ,

a nd dre sse s in lo o se robe s o f c o tt o n the l o a v e s a re b a ked l ay s the m o n a , .

or of silk wit h a sa sh a r ound the wa i st wall by his sho p f o r sal e The b a zaa r s
. .

H is t urb a n or l a mb ski n c a p whi c h is a re Op e n a nd a r e v e ry a ttra ctive with the

,

v ery h igh a n d w ith o u t a bri m is a wa re s a nd e sp e ci a lly w i th the e mbro id

, ,

very i mpo rta nt a r ticle ; to r e ce iv e a e rie s f o r which Pe rsi a is so famo u s .

 T URK EY AND T HE T UR K S . 161

A bo u t third of the P ersia ns wa n

one -
The mmer s in T u rkey a re very
su

de r fro m pl a ce to pl a ce ha vi ng no per , ho t a nd the w i nters mil d, he n ce the

,

ma ne nt h o me s Their . o live a nd ma ny o ther ki n ds of fr u it

foo d is e a sily prepa re d , gro w gre a t a bu nda nce

in .

f or it co nsi st s mo stly H e re a s well a s in I ndia a nd P ers ia

, ,

o f sou r milk a n d da t e s . t he re a r e l a rge r o se ga rde ns fro m the

O ccasiona lly they r o se peta l s a tta r o f ro se s is ma de .

e a t br o ok tro u t w hic h ,
T he r o ses arethe re d be fo re the morn i ng
ga

a b o u nd in the mo u n de w i s gone a nd ar e th en di still e d It ta k e s

, .

t a i n strea ms or sa l abou t fou r th o u sa nd po u nd s o f r o se p e ta l s to

,
make o ne po und o f thi s oil
mon fro m the C a spi a n
.

A P ER IAN
.

S .

S myr na and D a masc us ar e the l arg

W h e e is P e si a ? I n wh at e pe c ts is it
r r r s
e s t ci tie s in A si a tic T ur ke y Fr om
lik e A abia W h a t is the capita l ? .

H w a e the sma ll t own s o f P e rsi a u sually

o r S m yr n a c o me so m e of o u r be a u tif u l
bu i l t W hat is a pal anqu in r ugs a nd ca rpets D a mascus is the .

De sc i be the Pe si ans T e ll wh at y ou ce nter o f a l a rge ca r a v a n tra de I n

r r .

k no w a bou t the Pe si n sc h ool r a s .

W hat oc c upati o ns a e c a i e d o n in the

r
th a t c o u ntry t he r e a r e no g oo d r o a ds
rr ,

st e e ts o f P e si an t own s
r r a nd a ll merch a n di se is ca rri e d fr o m

pl a ce to pl a ce by c a ra v an s
‘ .

9 6 T urkey and the T u rks

.
T he fa mo u s co u nt ry of Pa le sti n e
.

The E mpire of the T u rks i ncl ude s li e s al o ng the Me diterra ne a n co a st .

l a rge pro vi nce s in A si a a nd A frica a s Mo st o f the ev e nt s me ntio ned in the ,

w ell as the gre a ter p a rt of the B a lk a n Bibl e occu rre d in Pa le sti n e M any .

P en i nsu l a in E u ro pe . pilgri ms co me to Jeru sa l e m every

The pe ni ns ul a in A si a which e x ye ar .

te nd s bet wee n the Bl a ck a n d the Me di W ha t h a ve y ou le a r ne d a bo u t C o n

terra nea n Se as belo ngs to the Tu rks sta n tin ople the ca pita l o f T u rkey ? , ,

a n d a l so two l o n g na rr o w belt s o f l a nd There a re many be a utif ul ch u rche s,

on e alo ng the R ed Se a a n d a noth e r o r mos q u e s in T u rki sh citie s a n d o n ,

stretchi ng p a rt way d o wn the Pe r si a n the b alco n i e s o f the ir tall spire s a ,

G ulf T wo l a rge rive r s the Tigri s a n d ma n a ppe a rs severa l ti me s a day to

.
,

the E u phrate s flo w thro ugh the sou th c all the people to prayer W he n his
,
.

easter n p o rtion of the T urki sh E mpire sa d wa ili ng voice is he a rd a ll the .

, ,
1 62 T HE WERNER IN T R O DU C TO RY GE O GR A PH Y .

peo ple no ma tte r wh a t th e y may be

,
of the wome n, is se parate d by a ga l
l e ry f r om

doi ng pro stra te the mselve s o n the the re s t of house

the .

,
On the stree t the wome n al way s hi de th e ir
gro und with th e ir fa ce s to wa rd their fac e s behi nd l on g bl ac k v e il s .

holy city of Mecca an d repe a t the ,

T he T urk we ar s a t urban o r a f e z a c a p , ,

sh a p e d lik e a t u mbl e r wi de t ro u se rs ga th e r e d
prayers which ha ve be e n t augh t the m .
,

at the a nkl e and l oo se ro be s of s i lk fas te n ed

,

at the wai st with a gi rdl e .

The re are ma ny gyp sie s in thi s part of

A si a .

GY PS I ES AND THEI R H OM E .

Q U ES T I O N S .

A bo ut how f ar B l ac k Sea from the

is the
M e dite rrane an F rom the C aspi an
I V he r e i s T u r k e y Wh at othe r c ou ntry
is p artly in E u r o p e an d p a rtl y in A si a ?
Wh at p art of A si a be l ongs to T urk ey T o
CA LL IN G TO P AY E R
R .
R ussi a ? I Vhat l a r ge r ive rs in A si ati c T u r
ke y I Vh ich are the l a r ge st c iti e s o f A s i a ti c
T he h ome s of the poor a re v e ry wretch e d ,
T u rk e y ?
bu t the we althy h ave l u x uri o u s o n e s T he . I V e re is D a masc u s
h P al e sti ne ? J e r u
fl oors are c o ve re d with soft thi c k c ar pe ts and
, ,
sal e m Fo r wh a t a re th e se pl ac e s no te d ?

the re is a div an a ki nd o f hi gh se at ru nni ng

, ,
Wh at are ca ra v ans W hy do me rch ants
a rou n d th e wal l o f the r o o m u p o n whi c h a r e trav e l in c ara vans
matt re sse s a nd many soft be a u tif ul c u shi ons
, . De sc ribe the h ome s of the ri c h T urk s ;
H e re the T u rk lik e s to l ie wi th a pipe i n his th e i r dr e ss W h a t is sai d o f the c all s to
.

mou th N e a r by i n wi nte r th e re i s a b ra
.
, ,
p r ay e r ?
zi e r to k e e p hi m war m At me al ti me he sits
.
- I V hat c an y ou say o f th e c h a r ac te r of th e
c ro ss l e gge d o n th e
-
c arpe t wi th hi s face , T u rks ? O f the c li mate and the pl a nts o f
toward the e ast T he ha re m o r apartme nt
.
,
T u rk ey
 T HE EA ST I ND I A ISL AND S AND T HE M A LAY PE OP L E . 1 63

the m a re v e ry inte lli

ge nt while others
m
,

a re a o ng the low
e s t o f sa v a ge s .

Ja v a is the mo st
impo rtant of the
many i sl and s f o r ,

its pe o ple a re the

mo st n u me rou s and
the most highly
civili zed a nd ,

its prod ucts

are the be st .

From this
i s l a n d co me
Ja v a c o f f e e
a nd te a ; su ga r

a nd rice a re
Betwee n the two con ti ne nts of a l so e xported
C E N E IN AVA
.

S J
A sia a nd Austr ali a lie s the l a rge st a nd
.

T he vill age s are al most hi dd n by th e l u x u

mo st ferti le gr o u p o f i sl a nd s in the e

r i ant ve ge t ati o n sa go— p al ms banana pl ants , , ,

world . The gr o up is c alled the Ea st and cocoanut t ee s T he tidy o ne sto y r .
-
r

India I sla nd s They h a ve a ho t mo ist h ou se s a re made of bamboo and th atc h ed

.
,

clima te a n d their pro d uct s a n d a n i mal s

,
w ith p a l m l e av e s a n d wil d g a ss I n fr o n t r .

th e i s o fte n a wi de op e n ve anda h un g
er r
a re l ike tho se of So u ther n Asi a
a o u n d with bi d c a ge s an d thi s i s the sitti ng
.

r r ,

The l a rge st i sl a nd is Bor neo the o om and wo k shop I V ithin the h ouse a e
, r r . r

third isl a nd n the wo rld in si ze

i t h e p a l
.
o a n d s l e e pi n g o o m
r s arn d b ac k o f -r
,

The people o f th e se i sl a nd s a nd al so th e se is the kitc h e n whi c h c n si st s f o nly ,

o o

a ro f supp o te d by p ol e s
,
o r .

o f the M a l ay P e n i n su l a the l o n n
, g ar
T he me n and wo me n d e ss i n v e y b i ght
, r r r

ro w pe n i nsu l a o f I n do Chi na belo ng to

-
c ol o s T he c otto n c l oth u se d i s ma de by
r .
,

the wome n with th e i spi n ni n g wh e l s an d - e

the M a l ay or b r o wn r a ce The pe ople r
.

l oo ms T he chil dre n ofte n go wholly nake d

.
,
of this r a ce h a ve bro wn flat fa ce s th e i h eads be in p ote c te d from the sun by
, ,
g r r

projecti ng che ek b o ne s a n d very bl ack an u mb e ll a o pe haps by only a banana

, r r r
1 64 T H E WERN ER IN T R O DU CTO RY G E OG RAPH Y .

l eaf . T he J avane se do no t c u t th e i r hai r ; De sc r ibe the M al ay s .

the me n t wi st it a rou nd u po n the c ro wn o f T ell what y ou can abo ut J ava ; about th e

the h e ad whil e the wo me n we ar it in a l arge vill age s and h o use s ; the d re ss o f the me n a n d
,

k not at the bac k o f the h e ad . wo me n ; the food o f the p e o pl e .

M any of the nati ve s e at nothi ng bu t ri ce ,

What si ngul ar food is e xporte d from J a v a
fish an d f ruit s e x ce pt u p on gre at fe sta l occ a
, ,
to Chi na ?

si on s Th ey ha ve as many ki nds o f bananas

.

as we h a v e o f a ppl e s C ocoanuts are eate n

.

wh e n gre e n be fo re the white p ar t be c o me s

, RE V I EW Q U ES T I O N S .

hard T he wate r c ontai ned in the nut is

.

the i r commo n dr i nk . W h at ca n y ou say o f the i

s ze o f A si a ?
N otice in the picture of the bany an t ree I n wh a t fi ve di v i si o ns may it be studi e d
ho w many sh oo ts h a v e be e n se nt down from W hat ti
c o u n r e s a re in e ac h of th e se d i vi

the b ra nc he s a nd h a ve t ak e n r o ot in the so il . i
s on s

S ome ti me s thi s t re e cov e rs se ve ral acre s . N ame th re e the rn pe ni nsu las N a me

so u .

M ultitude s of bi rds ne sts built by a ki nd the we ste rn p e ni n su l a N ame the two easte r n
’
, .

of swall o w are se nt fr o m thi s i sl and to Chi na ;

,
pe ni nsu l as .

the Chi ne se thi nk th e m de li c i ou s food . N ame two r i vers o f Chi na .

Wh e re is the M al ay Peni nsul a ? Wh e re W ha t i mportant isl a nds eas t of A s i a

ar e the E as t I ndi e s ? W h e re a re the We st N ame th re e i sl ands of the E as t I ndi e s a n d ,

I ndi e s N ame th re e i sl ands of the We st te ll so me thi ng a bout e ac h .

I ndi e s Th ree o f the East I ndi es Wh at

. . Wh at is the sac re d r i ve r of I ndi a ? T he
conti ne nts do the E as t I ndi e s lie b e t we e n ? sac re d c ity

T he W e st I ndi e s ? Th e se i sl ands see m lik e Whe re are the hi ghest mountai ns o f th e

ste ppi n g st o ne s
-
be twe e n the conti ne nts . worl d ?
What othe r se ri e s of i sl and s connecti ng What is the l and of the white e le pha n t
co nti ne nt s ca n y ou fi nd ? What c i ty is the Veni ce of the E ast
1 66 TH E WERNER I N T R OD UC T OR Y GE OG RAPHY
.

RE L E
I F “AP 0? AF
R IC A
 R E LIE F, CLI MA T E
, AND PR O DU CT S .
167

AF R I C A .

98 . Relief Climate
, , d P roducts
an .

A fr ic a is the seco nd co ntine nt in of the conti ne n t the space bet wee n the
s i ze
. W h a t co nnects it with Asia ? highl a nd s nea r the coasts is filled with
By wh a t wa ters is it su rrou nded ? I ts a n eleva ted ta ble la n d or pl a te a u
, . On
gre a te st le ngth is the northern bo r
fi v e t h ousand der of thi s pl a te a u
mile s ,
a nd its there is a ste ep
gre a te st width a l desce nt to the lo w
mo s t as much . l a nd s of N orthern
Lo o k at the map Afric a E x a mi ne
.

o f A frica a n d se e the map and de

ho w reg ul a r its cide whi ch a re the
co a st li ne i s It
. chief river sy s
ha s f e w h a rbors . te ms of Af rica .

A f rica has its D e scribe three of

ch ief mo unta i n these sy ste ms as
sy s te m on the to loca tion and
ea st
. Beginning e xte nt .

w i th the pl a tea u The i n terior of

o f A by ssi n ia it e x A f r i c a is c o m
t e n d s to the C a pe p o s e d o f v a st
of G ood H ope I ts highe st pea k s a re
. pl a te aus th a t de sce nd by terra ce s to
n e a r the equ a tor On the we st and
. the coast . U po n the edges of th is
n o r th a re other mo unta i ns . pl a tea u are severa l moun ta in ranges ,

There is in A frica no v a st low pl a in , a nd in the ce ntra l region rise the

e x te ndi ng fro m nor th to sou th as in ,
chief rivers o f Africa
‘

the Americas I n the southern ha lf

. I nto the M editerrane an flo ws the
1 68 TH E WE R N E R I N T R O DU CTO RY G E OG RAPH Y .

N ile ; i nto the Atl a ntic O ce a n flo ws the

99 A n imals
K o ngo which ne x t to the N ile a nd
, ,
’ .

the A mazo n is the l a rge st river of the

, W he n people cross the grea t des
world It ca rrie s su ch a flood of wa ter
. ert of A frica , they tra vel with ca m

I-
I I PPO PO T A M U8 . II
R I- N OC ER OS . ANT E LO PE.

th a t it keep s the su rfa ce of the sea fre sh els W ha t h a ve you le a rned a bo ut .

f or ma ny mile s The N iger no w na vi . thi s an i ma l ? ,

ga ted by British ste a mer s a l so enters W ild a ni ma l s are more nu mero u s in

,

the A tl an tic W here is the Zambe zi ? A fric a tha n in any o ther co ntine n t
. .

Al most a ll A frica lie s in the torrid The wild eleph ant a nd the h uge hippo
zo ne a nd it therefore d o e s n o t h a ve
, p o ta mu s a r e h u nted for their ivory .

the e xtre me s in te mpera ture or the The forehe a d of the Af rican elepha n t
va rietie s of prod u cts which a r e fo u nd ha s a di ff ere nt sh a pe fro m th a t o f the

OSTRI CH . AFRI CAN E L E P A NT

H . AS IAT C E L E P ANT
I H . G R A FF E
I .

in Eu rope or Asia Coff ee coco a cere .

, , Asi a tic elepha nt and its e a rs a re mu ch
,

a ls ,date s cotton a nd india rubber

, ,
-
,
l a rger The Af rican elepha nt is se l
.

sa lt gold copper di a mond s a nd ivory

, , , , dom t amed a nd made to work as the
ar e the chief e x ports . Asi a tic elepha nt is .
 AN I M A LS . 1 69

There a re al so vast herd s of a nte they e nter vill a ge s a t night a nd carry

lope s of many ki nd s ; prettily striped o ff do me stic a n i mal s .

ze br a s ; a gre a t I n Africa a re ma ny l a rge serpe n ts

thick ski nned a n d crocodile s

a n i ma l ca lled a tha t re se mble

rhi nocero s ;the the a lliga to rs
talle st o f a ni of ou r so uthern
mal s the gi sta te s ,
C R O C O D I L E .
.

Z B RA E
r a ff e ; and the
.

There a re many kind s of a pe s in the

l a rge st o f bird s the , fore sts A mo ng them .

ostrich . a r e the c hi mp a n zee a nd

Lik e the el e ph ant the the gorill a which look s ,

,

hippo potamu s and the mu ch like a h u ma n be

rhinoc e r os h a e thi ck v
ing a nd is fou nd o nly ,

hi de s w ith out h ai and r,

in A frica
they li e upo n h e bs a nd
.

v r

pl ants and l e a e s of t ee s
v r .
A gre a t p l a g ue of
T he gi aff e f e d s u pon
r e Ce ntral a nd S o uthern
l e a e s th at g ow hi gh up
v r
A frica is a ki nd of fly
o n tr e s and so it nee ds a
e ,
ANT HI LL - .

v e y l o ng ne c k
r I t is n ot
.
( t set se fly
) w ho se bite ,

a bea utif ul a ni mal b ut i ts c oa t o f li ght fa wn

,
kill s h o rse s a nd so me
c ol o c o ve r e d with b ro wn spo ts i s v e ry
r,
ti me s ca ttle , .

p re tty .

In Africa there l o the fierce a re a s

a n i mal s of —
the fore sts the lio ns
a nd p a n ther s —
or leop ard s th a t lie
,

in wa it f o r pr ey .

C HIMPANZ EE . G O R I LLA .

Red a nd white t b o u nd
an s a in a por
t io n of thi s re gio n The white
.

H YE N A . AC A L
J K .
a n t s b u ild gre a t mo u nd s th a t

The j a ck al s a nd hye na s live chie fly co nta i n ma ny to n s of e a rth .

TS ET E F LY S .

1
upo n ca rrio n bu t whe n very h ungry
, Onthi s p a ge is a pi c t u re o f an ant hill - .

I C arrio n, dead mals

ani . S ome ti me s th e se ar e thi rty o r fo rty fe e t in
1 70 T HE WERN ER IN T R OD U C T OR Y G E O GRAPH Y .
!

di ame te r and te n or fi fte e n

fee t hi gh One .
smalle st of the h uman ra ce , others
o f th e m wo ul d fi ll y o ur sc h oo l r oo m
a mo ng the l arge st a nd stronge st
.

Whic h of the animal s of Afri ca are al so

.

found in S outh ern A si a ? So me live wholly na ked in ca ve s and

A re the animal s of Afri ca found in N orth hole s a nd subsi st upo n r oot s an d
,

e rn A si a ?
sma ll a n i ma l s O thers live in settled
.

villa ge s and cultiv ate their fa rms ;

100 People
they ma ke ir on a nd copper u te nsil s
. .

Thi s v ast co nti ne nt is divided i nto spe a r s a xe s

,
k nive s n eedle s ; they
, ,

ma ny regions over which severa l Eu

,
spi n ,
we a ve and ma ke net s , .

r ope a n na tio ns h a ve The se tribe s are alik e

ga i ned control But a .
in h a vi ng bl a ck woolly ,

l a rge pa rt of the co nti h a ir d a rk eye s a nd ,

n e nt is occupied o nly ski n bro a d fla t no se , , ,

by the na tive tribe s .

thick protr uding lip s .

It is tho ught th a t H idden away in the f or

there a re two hu ndred e st s o f C e nt al A f i c a ar e r r

h e small e st of all pe o pl e
million people in A fri t ,

the P i gmi e s T he me n are

I n wh a t p a rt s a re
.

ca
a bou t fou r fe e t o ne to e i ght
.

the mo st people ? i nch e s in h e i ght a e we ll , r

Ignora nt people who f o rm e d a n d th e i r w h o l e ,

live in f a r o ff cou ntrie s

-
b o d i e s are c o v e re d with
sh or t coar se h ai r Th ey are , .

thi n k th at all A meri fie rc e br ave and c un ni n g , ,

.

ca ns are I ndi ans a nd we ,

Th ey do not li ve in v il
shou ld ma ke a s i mil a r
l age s bu t wande r abou t ,

U DAN E E M OTH E R AN D C I L D S the fore st s in small ha nds

S H
mi sta ke if we were to
.
.

They dig pitfall s whi c h ,

suppo se th a t a ll A fric a ns a r e negroe s th ey c a e fully cove r with boughs and

.
r

O f the people in A fric a one third l e av e s a nd

,
th e n c li m b t re e s ,a n d wa tc h
fo the i b ig game the wi l d e l e ph ant
r r
belong to the whi te ra ce ano ther third Wh e n an e l e ph ant has fall en i nto th e i r , .

a r e of a mi x ed r ac e a n d the v a rio u s , pit th ey kill him with sp e a s and the n r

, ,

tribe s of the bl a ck ra ce ma ke u p the buil d th e i littl e huts around so th at th ey r

can st ay th e re as l on g a s the e l e ph ant l as ts

rema in i ng third T he se tribe s diff er
th e m f o f o o d
.

r .

gre a tly in si ze stre ng th ch a racter a nd

, , Whe n one of th ei n umbe r di e s they
, r ,

i ntellige nce .So me a re a mo ng the eat his body T he c apti e s take n in war . v
 PE O P LE . 1 71

fare l kill e d and eate n S uch savage s

are a so . ti vate . T he onl man doe s
y work whi c h a

who eat h uman fl e sh we call c annibal s . du r i ng the y ear is to ge t his fie l d of mille t

I n C e nt ra l A fri ca are many oth e r t r ibe s ,
sta rte d H e c ho p s off all the bo u gh s fr om
.

who are al way s at war fare with one anoth e r . the t re e s whi ch co ve r his future fie l d and ,

They are a th oughtl ess and conte nted pe o pl e

.
,
se ts th e m on fi re as th e y lie on the ground .

f or th eir wants ar e f e w Bo w a nd ar r ows

.
,
A fte r a rai n has wash e d the ashe s into the
e ar th he h oe s the ground li ghtly scatte r s the
, ,

s e e d a nd his y ea r s wo rk is o ve r N o w he
’
, .

c a n l o u nge a nd s mo k e o r e n a e i n h unti n
V

g g , g
a nd fishi ng whil e the w o me n do the h ard
,

HOU S ES IN A FR ICA .

a pi pe and a ro ugh k nif e a re th e i r o nl y n c e

, o s

siti e s
. One sti c k p oi nte d mak e s th e m a
s pe a r two sti c k s r ubbe d to ge th e r s ta r t a fi r e
, ,
wo rk .Th ey po u nd the mill et se e d in a mor
se ve ral sti c k s ti e d to geth e r and c o v e re d ta r mi x it with wat e r and th e n the taste
, ,

with l e av e s mak e th em a hu t T he b a r k
. l e ss do ugh is re ady to eat O fte n the ne gro .

p e e l e d f rom the bo u gh s f u rn i sh e s th e i r st r ip war ri o r sc o r ns to so w the see d hi mse lf a nd ,

o f c l othi ng a ro und the wai st . hi s wife with the se e d in a b ask e t u pon her
,

Fo r foo d th ey li ve u pon wil d fruits a nd h e ad a hoe ove r he r sh o ul der and a baby ti ed

, ,

he rb s an d u po n mill e t see d whi ch they cul

, , to he r bac k goes to thi s l abor in the fie l d
,
.
1 72 TH E WERNER IN T R O DU C TO RY G E OG RAPHY .

Many ill a ges h ave th ei r h uts built in

v ar my are many women l di e rs T he cour t
so .

a c irc l e. T he hu ts themse l ve s are roun d . of the k i ng is p av e d with hu man sk ull s and ,

T he framework of fl e x ibl e pol e s is ti ed his p al ace wall s are or name nte d with the m

”
.

toge th e r at the top

with monk ey rop e a -
,

s tout vi ne that stre tc hes

from tre e to tre e and ,

ree d or bark th atc hi n g

c ov e rs the p ol es In
.

the c ente r o f thi s l ar ge

c i rc l e of h uts is the
hou se f or pu bli c de
hate s , or p al aver
house as it i s call e d .
THE NI LE
.

Oth e r village s h a ve
rec t angul ar sh a pe d flat roo fe d
-
,
house s built
-
, 10 1 . D ivisions .

o n bo th si de s o f a wi de str ee t Some ti mes .

the h uts ar e dome sh a pe d and decorate d with

-
,
the northea ste rn p a rt of A frica is In
in with many c o l o re d be ad s
- A f e w mats
the famo us river N ile a nd the l a nd of
.
,

baskets e arthen po ts and weapons are all

, ,
E gypt abo ut which we re ad in the
th at the h uts contai n .
,

Bible The i nh abited region along the

Oth e r t ribe s li ve in .

g r as s h u ts an d M edi te rra ne an Sea re se mble s Eu rope

h a v e ,

l arge fl oc k s and h e rdsmuch mo re th an it doe s the r e st o f

n e a r th e gr ea t l a k e s o f

C e ntra l A f ri caA fric a .

.

So u th o f thi s i nh abited region is a

Pe rha p s the mo s t

pla in which is n e a r
ly as l a rge a s Eu
rope a nd is al most
wholly b arren Thi s .

pl a i n is c a lled the
De sert of Sa hara .

Y ou h a ve l ea rned
th a t A rabia an d
Per sia are f o r the
AN OA I I N D E E RT S S THE S .

mo st pa rt de se r t
c ue l o f th e nati ve A f i c a ns a e th o se k no wn
r r r

as the D ah o me y t ribe They a e c onsta ntly

.
l a nd s There r
is a gr e a t de sert bel t .

maki ng ai ds u p on th e i r ne i ghbors I n th e i
r str e tchi ng fro m the A tl a ntic O cea n
. r
 E G YP T AND T HE EGYPT I AN S .

to the tral highl and s of Asia W h a t

ce n . Mediterranea n and ta ke back manu
,

wa te r way s brea k thi s de sert ? f a c ture d good s su ch as cotto n cu tlery

, , ,

The D e sert of S aha ra co nsi sts of a a nd a ll ki nd s of tri n kets f o r the na

vas t sa ndy a nd stony tablel and H ere . tives in the i nterior .

and there a re gree n pl a ce s ca lled o a se s ,

I n the sou thern pa rt of A frica is
C a pe Colony which belongs
,

to the British E mpire .

I n thi s pa rt o f A fric a im
me nse flock s o f sheep a re
ra ised T here a re e xte nsive
.

o strich farms .

T he littl e ostri ch chi ck s a re

v e ry p re tty with th e i r l ar e ey e s
, g
and pl ump littl e bodi e s A t five
.

y e ars old they a re fu lly grown ,

and are v e ry awk wa rd q ue e r ,

looki ng spec i me ns afte r the i r

fe athers have been pl ucked .

There a re copper mine s

here worked a t a gre a t
,

depth V a l uable di amo nd

.

field s a re al so worked A .

f e w r a ilroa d s h a ve bee n
bu ilt to these mines but ,

AN O T R I C FAR M
S H .
the chief me a ns of tra vel
is by gre at c a nv a s covered -

where the d a te pal m grows a nd where

-
,
wa go ns dra wn by o xen .

r ice
, corn a nd barley are so meti me s
,

c ulti va te d There a re ro utes a cro ss

102 Egypt and the Egyptians
.

. .

the de sert tha t are tra veled by ca ra

v a ns of c a mel s . The se ca ra v a ns To looki ng at the ma p of
o ne

ca rry o strich fea thers go ld d ust and

, ,
A frica E gypt see ms to occu py a l a rge
,

i vory n orthwa rd to the por ts on the s a ce in the no rthe a s ter n p a rt

p but ,
 T HE WERNER I N T R O DU C TO RY GE OGRAPHY .

Egypt , a nd the n the country prese nts

a str a nge sight The towns a nd v il
.

l age s loo k like little isl a nd s in the

mid st of the waste of wa ters a nd the ,

delt a of the N ile is o ne v a st l a k e .

W he n this wa ter fa ll s it leave s a coa t

,

of rich soil over the l a nd whic h ma ke s ,

it v ery fertile The n the E gyptian s

.

sc a tter their seed s of whe a t rice cor n , , ,

b a rley suga r c a ne cotto n i ndigo a nd

,
-
, , ,

toba cco fro m which they ga ther abu n

,

da n t h a r ve sts.

Fo r ma ny ce n tu rie s before Chri st ,

this fertile N ile v a lley was filled with

IN U NDATIO N O F THE NI L E .
citie s a nd p al ace s v ast te mple s a nd
,

the re a l E gypt is only the na r ro w v al ma gnifice nt tomb s The l a nd is ofte n

.

sp o ke n of a s the
“ cra dle of civili za
ley of the river N ile with its delta .

East a nd we st o f thi s ri ver a re des tio n H ere writi ng astronomy ma th

.
, ,

ert region s i nh a bited o nly by a f e w

wa nderi ng tribe s
“
A n a n cie nt hi sto
.

ri a n c alled Egypt the gift of the N ile ,

”
for only wh e re the N ile over flo ws is
the l a n d fe rtile .

I n E gypt ra i n is a l mos t u n k no wn ,

a nd f o r a l o n g ti me it wa s a gre a t

my ste ry why thi s riv e r sh o u ld over

flo w in s umme r .The N ile is o ne of
the l onge st riv e r s in the world ho w ,

ever a nd its wat e r s co me fro m a l a rge

,

highl a nd b a si n cl ose to the equa tor ,

where th e re is a n a b un d a n t r a i n fa ll in
the w i nt e r mo nths It ta ke s severa l
.

mon th s f o r t his wa ter to r e a ch lo w er ON TH E NI L E .

 E GY PT AN D T HE E G YP TI AN S . 1 75

e matics, medicine che mi stry a rchi

, , t eet s a re so na rrow tha t two camels
s r

te ctu re , sc ulp tu re were first k no wn

, . ca n sca rcely wa lk side by side .

If you
Be si de s the came l s and the donkey s there
h ave bee n in a re ca rr i age s p re ce de d by a r unne r who waves

N e w York s
’

a white wand to c l ea r the wa ; A rab s l e ad

y
grea t pa rk ing th e i r h orse s ; wo me n r i di n g wh ose e y es ,
,
on ly c an be se e n gl ea mi ng fro m th e i r white
y o u h a v e mask s ; wome n on foo t with nake d chil dre n
see n a ta sitti ng as t ri de th e i r sh ou l de r s ; wate r car r i e rs -

peri ng mon with goatsk i ns fi ll e d with wate r ; or gi rl s

with wate r j ugs po i se d o n th e i r h e ad s ; gayly
u ment
-
co v
dre sse d G reek s ; T u rk s i n th e i r fl o wi ng robe s ;
ered with and me n and c hil dre n be i n f o r bak sh ee sh
gg g ,

str a nge look -

o r mo ne y .

ing mark s C a me l s and donk e y s a r e e ve ry whe re see n

.

i n C a i ro T he donk e y s h a v e b ri ght r e d sad

This mo nu dle c l oth s and th e re a re ma ny ji n li n coi ns
.

-
, g g
me nt c alled around th e i r ne ck s T he A rab donk ey boy s
, .
-
,

an obeli sk w h o r u n
,
a l o n g b e hi n d to h u rr y th e do n k e y s

o n w ith a sti c k c an r u n f o r mil e s with out

ca me fro m ,

O D ELI S K I N C E N RA L PA R K
T N Y g e tti n g o u t o f b re ath Th e y ar e c.l a d i n bl u e
,
. .

Egypt a nd
is a bout three thou sand ye a r s old .

E gypt has many y old monume n ts

ve r .

Th e re are se ve nty great pyrami ds lik e those

i n the pi c t ure Th e se a re h u ge pil e s of sto ne s
.

fas tene d toge the r wi th c e ment th at is h arde r

th a n the stone s th e mse l ve s Th e se py ramids .

a r e th o usands of y e ar s o ld a nd are su pp o se d

to be roy al to mb s T he G re a t Py rami d c o ve r s
.

mo re th an thi rte e n ac r e s .

fro m o ne o f the pyra mid s is

N ot f a r
the Sphi nx a n i mme nse st one fig ure
,

which the A r a b s c a ll The Fa ther of

T error It has the b ody of a lion
. PY RAMIDS AND P IN
S H !
.

a n d the he a d of a ma n .

go wn s, or th ose whi ch we re once white

in ,
The capital of Egypt a nd the l a rge st a nd th e y h a v e b ri ght c o l o re d h a ndk e rchi e fs
-

c ity in A fric a is C a ir o So me of its . wou nd around th e i r h e ads .

1 76 TH E W ERN E R I N T R O DU C T O RY GE O GRAPHY .

I n the cou ntry a mo ng the pa j m

,
H OW doe s the N il e be ne fit E gyp t ? Wha t
tree s a nd o ra nge tree s a re ma ny mu d p s do
c ro the E gyptians ra sei in the va lley of

the N il e
hovel s wit h o nly a hole in the roof for
a chi mney a nd a nother o ne in the wa ll
, ,
Why
zatio n
”
is
?
E gypt ca lle d the
Fo r wha t p ur pose
“c radl e

is
ofi i li
c v

it suppo sed
for a wi ndo w T he se ho vel s serve a s
.
the P y rami ds we re be ilt ?

Wh e re is the c apital of E gypt ?

h a b i ta t i o ns no t o nly for hu ma n be i ngs
but a l so f o r dogs a nd go a ts pigs a nd
chicke ns The Egyptia ns may be see n
.
,
Wh at may be seen in the st reets of C ai ro
, Wh at may be see n in the country on e ith e r
S i de the r i ve r ?

Q U EST I O N S
R EV I EW .

G i ve the po siti on of A frica W hat are its .

boundi ng wate rs W hat i sthmus c onne c ts it

with A si a ? H o w l arge is A f ri c a ? De sc ri be
the re li e f of A fr i c a N ame its four pri nc ipal
.

i
r ve rs .

Wh at famous i ve and cou nt y in the

r r r

no rth e ast o f A f i c a
r ?

Wh e re is the De se t o f S aha a H ow
? r r

l arge is it ? De sc ribe it W ith wha t o th e r

.

PLOWI NG I N EGY PT .

de se rts isit ne arly c onnec te d

What B riti sh po sse ssions in Sou th e rn
pl o wi ng with a poi nte d stick drawn Afr ica ? W hat a ni mal s are e xte nsi ve ly
by ca mel s or by a ca mel and do nkey reared he re Wh at mi ne s are h e re
,

h t zo ne i s a l a r ge part o f A fr i ca
yoked together or perh a ps by a ca mel
,
I n w a ?

W h at are the p roduc ts of the vall ey s A re

a nd a co w . Cre a ki ng wheel s are ll he peo pl e of A f rica ne roe s W hat dif
a t g
slo wly tu r ned to r a i se the wa te r fro m f e re nt rac e s are to be found in A f ri ca W h at
the river j ust a s wa s do ne age s a go di ff e re nt de grees of c i vili za ti on among the
.

bl ac k s
W e e is E gypt ? W at part is fe rtil e
h r h ? W hat ca n y ou tell about the P igmie s
Why doe s the N il e o ve rflo w ? W hat ap About the pe o pl e i n C e ntral A frica ? D e
pe ar an c e doe s th e ov e rfl o w gi ve l o we r E gypt sc r ib e th e v ill a ge s T e
. ll a bo u t D ah o me y .
1 78 TH E WERNER I N T R OD U CTO RY GE OG RAPHY
.
 A U ST RA LI A 1 79

A U S T R AL I A .

10 3 . Relief Clima te
, , and Products .

Au stra li a the sma llest of the c o n

is Be side s the Eu rope ans there a re no w
tine n ts It is a bo u t the si ze of the
. ma ny Chin e se a nd a f e w tho usa n d na
U n ited Sta te s . tive bl a ck people in A ustra lia The se
.

n a tive s a r e lighter in color th a n the

By what oc e a ns is it surrounde d W ha t
l arge gulf on the no rth and wh at l a rge bay A frica ns They a re very ig nor a nt an d
.

on the so uth W hat i sl ands

lie be twee n it a nd A si a In
wh at zone s do es it lie ?
Whi ch are the warme r its ,

no rth e r n or its sou th e rn

c oasts ?

Thi s l a nd has bee n

ca lled the N e w l Vo rld
of the E astern H e mi
sphere because it wa s
,

no t k no wn to the pe o

ple of Eur ope till l o ng

a fter o u r c ou ntry wa s

di scovered The English

.

people cl a i med it be
ca use they di scovered it ,

a n d a t fir st they u sed i t

a s a gre a t j a il to which they bro u ght

, h a ve no se ttl e d h omes
.
.

their pri soners a nd lef t th e m A f te r Aus trali a ha s its chief mou nt a i n sy s

.

gold was disco vered a mo ng the hill s te m o n the e a st an d sou the a st a nd

, ,

the free pe o ple of G re a t Brita i n other mou nta ins o n the we st and
c a me over in grea t nu mber s a nd north we st Betwee n the se mounta i ns .

founded flo urishing colonie s is a bro a d lo w pl a i n ; it is mo stly a

.
,
1 80 THE WERNER I N T R O DU C TO R Y GE O GR A PHY .

de sert fro m l a ck of moistu re a nd is , o ther co nti ne n ts . The l a rgest an imal

bu t little k no wn . is the k a nga ro o .

The e astern regio n is the mo st T he k angaroo has sh ort and small fore
productive a nd populo us pa rt of the l e gs
, but l ong a n d po we rfu l hi nd l e gs It .

u se s its fo re p a ws al mo st lik e h ands

conti nent H ere .

to pl uc k the l ong grasse s and p ut

a re found th e m in its mo nth W ith its hi nd .

l e gs it mak e s wo nde rfu l l ea p s a l o ng

of co al be the gr o u nd I t c a n l e ap many mil e s
.

,
wi th o u t s to p pi ng T he pic ture o p
side s gold
.

o site sh o ws o u a k an garoo sit

p y
a nd other ti ng o u i ts hind l egs a s it is in ,

precious h abi t o f d i ng I n thi s po siti on

o .

the m a re ta ll e r than a man

me t a l s .
.

The o nly T he duck mole -

a nd

l a rge ri ver
is the M urray .
the ha t, the w ild dog ,
“ n or di go ” ,

There a re ma ny
l a kes but mo st of
,
pec u liar to
the m a re sal t .
thi s con
tine nt
On the fin e pa st a
.

u re l an d milli o ns o f T h e d uc k

she e p a r e r a is e d f o r t he ir w o o l .
mol e swi ms
in p ond s
H o rse s a nd c a t tl e a re al so and qu i e t
i
r vers an d

c ultiva te d f o r wi ne a n d r a i si ns al so e as ily
.

c li mb s tre e s
There a re ma ny pe c u li a r t re e s li ke wa
ne a r the
,

the o ne sh o wn in the ill ustr a tio n .

te r . It di gs
There a re a lso tr e e fe r ns tha t h a ve
- a bu rro w
sla nting u p
le a ve s s ix o r seve n fe e t l o ng a nd ,
s c e ne s m A ust e n -m .

wa r d, many
gro w a s high a s fif ty feet .

fee t l ong in the ba nk wh e r e it mak e s its ne st

,

o f d ri e d g rasse s an d l e a v e s .

104 A nimals
. . B at s are c o ve re d wi th h ai r not wi th ,

fe athe r s as bi rds a re and th e i r wi ngs are

M any of the a ni ma l s of A ust ra li a ,

q uite unlik e th ose of bi rds T he wi ngs co n .

a re su ch a s a re n o t f o u n d o n the si st o f v e ry thi n ski n th a t i s s tre tc h ed o v e r

 AU ST RALI AN COL ON IE S . 1 81

long thi n bones I n our c ountry bats sl e e p

,
.
N ew Sou th W a le s is a flourish
through the wi n te r hangi ng by the c l aws of ,
ing colo ny Strangers who visit its
thei r hi nd fe e t h e ads do wnward in some
.

, ,

holl o w tree o r from some be am in a ba rn In .

fine c a pita l Syd ney say that it
, ,

Australi a howe ve r whe re there is no wi nte r

, , , see ms j u st like a n En gl ish city an d ,

tha t it is difficult to rea li ze they a r e

many thou san d s of miles from Eng
la nd .

V ictori a is a small bu t very i mpor

tant co l ony I ts ca pit al is Melbo ur ne
D UC MO L E ,
.

K- .

the l a rgest city in Australia Fif ty .

the bats h ave a l ong sl ee p T he bats

do not
yea rs ago the wild k anga roo had its
.

the re are muc h l arge r th an th o se in our

co unt ry They al way s hide the mse l ve s in
.

the dayti me and fly about at du sk o r a t

ni ght .

T he di ngo is the onl y ki nd o f do g th at is

found both wild and domesticate d T he wil d .

di ngo is ve ry fie rce and is a great e ne my o f ,

the sh ee p f or whi c h Austra li a is famo us

KAN GA R OO DI GO
.

. N .

Crocodile s li za rds a nd sna ke s live

, ,
ho me where thi s bea utif ul city now
in the river s .

sta nd s It ha s gr o wn v e ry r apidly
A ustra lia ha s bir d s . .

So uth of V ictori a is the isl an d of

of be au tiful pl u ma ge .

T a sma n i a which for ms a nother A us

The lyre bird is one of - ,

tra lia n colo ny

the mo st bea u tiful This
.

sh
y bi rd is a bo u t the
Wh e e is Aust ali a A bout how f ar is it r r

si ze of a s ma ll fo w l f om A sia ? I s it a c onti nent o r an isl and ?

, r
LYR E B I R D
-
a n d ma ke s its ho me
.

i H o w l ar e i it ? T wh t n ti n d it
n g s o a a o o e s

th e de nse thic kets

be l ong ? W hi c h is the more fe rtil e p o rti o n

Wh e e a e the go l d mi nes W he re are the r r

sh e e p a nc h e s N ame the th ree l arge st c iti e s

r

sou th o f the e q u a to
10 5 A ustralian Colonies
r .

. .

N ame the easte rn p o vi nce s W hat is r .

sa i d o f N e w S outh Wal e s an d i ts ca pi ta l
A ustrali a belon gs to the Briti sh
Wh i c h is the most fl our ishi ng p rov ince
E mpire . It is divided into severa l Whi ch e x ports most o l d What have ou
g y
c o lo n ie s . learn ed about M elbourne
1 82 TH E WE RNER IN TR O DUC T O R Y GE O GRAPH Y .

10 6 . N ew Zea land, N ew Guinea , and H a waii .

N ew Zea la nd — If tra ight li ne . a s N ew Gu inea . N or th of A ustra lia

were dra wn fro m the British I sl a nd s is the i sl and o f N ew G ui ne a the ,

thro ugh the cen ter of the globe it , l arge st i sl a nd in the world e x cept ,

would co me ou t on the other side G ree nl and It is divided a mo ng Eng

.

ne a r a grou p of isl a n d s c a lled N e w l an d The N etherl a nd s a nd G ermany

, ,
.

Ze a l a nd The N e w Zea l an ders a re

. Scattered over the Pa cific a re a
therefore sa id to be the antipode s of the gre a t n umber of other i sl a nd s So me of .

E ngli sh W ha t doe s a ntipo de s mea n

. the m a re calle d a tolls co nsisti ng of a ,

The se i s l a n d s reef of cor a l th a t

“
a re ca lle d The s u r r o u n d s a la

So uth ,
”
B r i t a i n of the
f or the
goo n .

H a wa zza n Is
cli ma te there is The H a la nds —

mu ch like th a t of wa iia n I sl a nd s a re
the B r i t i s h I s in the P a c i f i c
l a nds th o u gh le ss
,
O ce a n ne a rly o n ,

ch a nge a ble N e w . the l i n e sepa ra

Zea l a nd is o ne of C E N E IN S W Z EA LAND
NE .

ti ng the t o r r i d
the ma ny p oss e ssio ns o f G re a t Brita i n . fro m the north te mpera te zo ne .

There a re many ho t l a ke s a nd The cli mate is ple a san t a nd he alth

spri ngs a nd the na tive s who live ne a r
,
f ul .The soil is fe rtile G rea t qua n .

the m co o k their fo o d by pl a ci ng it in titie s of suga r a re pro d uced .

the hot wa ter o r by c o veri ng it with ,

V I EW Q U ES T I O N S
RE
hot e a rth .

M o st of the people no w on the se Wh e e is N e w Z e al and Why is it so me

r

ti me s c all e d
“T he B rita i n of Sou th
the
i sl a nd s a re Briti sh They e x po rt to .
Wh at a re ports of
the ex N e w Z ea l and
other co un trie s wo ol tall o w hide s , , ,
\V he re is N e w G ui ne a
T o wh a t nati on s doe s it be l o ng ? W h e r e
sheep ski n s pre serve d a nd fr o ze n me a t s
, ,
is the G u lf o f G ui ne a Wh e re is G ui ana
a nd d a iry pr o d uct s They a l so mine .

Whic h a re the th ree l arge st i sl ands in the

g old sa nd co a l . wo rl d
 AP P EN D I ! .

P R ON U N C I A T I O N O F G E O G R AP H I C AL N A M ES
.

K in : f a t, f ate , fi r, ran, tu t, f i re ; m e t, m é te , h er ; p i n , p i n e ; n o t, n Ote , mo ve , n Or ; t u b , m fi to,

p il l ] ; l e i su re ; th i n , th e n .
1 84 APPEND I ! .

'
ls -land

E urOpe

Jama ica ja- m a h ka

Jamesto wn j a m z
’-
to un
'
Japan i p
a - a n
’-
Java j ti va
°

Je rusa le m j e —rO ' -as -le m

Juan Fernandez '

hO iin f e r-na
- m
de th

E c uad or '
ek -wa-d or

cd n-b u r—
’-
Edinb urgh 0
Egy pt 6 -i
j pt H indoostan
Elbe '
e l -be H obart
England ing -gland H ongkong
E nglish C h annel ’-
ing glish c ha n '
H onolulu
el H udso n
can H uro n
 APPENDI! . 1 85

Pa nama

Paragua y

Parana
1 86 APPEND I! .

POP ULA T I O N OF ST A T E S A N D T E R R I T O R I ES .
 A P P EN D I ! .
1 87

POPULA TI ON O F C I TI ES O F T H E UN I TED ST AT ES A B OV E

C EN SUS or 1 890 .

Pi ttsburg, Pa .

A R EA S O F C O N T I N EN TS A N D O C E AN S .

I ndian
A ntarc tic
A rc tic
I nland Waters

LAN D A R E A O F STA T E S A N D TE R R I TO R I ES O F T H E UN I T ED ST ATE S .