Introduction to Islam

"O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its
mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah,
through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed Allah is ever, over you,
an Observer." (Surah An-Nisa', 4:1)

Islam is a monotheistic religion that was founded in the Arabian Peninsula by the
Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. The fundamental beliefs and practices of
Islam are based on the teachings of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, and the
Hadith, the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Muslims believe that
Islam is a complete way of life that encompasses all aspects of human existence.

Key Beliefs of Islam:

Belief in Allah: The central belief in Islam is the belief in one God, Allah. The
Islamic concept of God emphasizes his oneness, uniqueness, and transcendence.
This is expressed in the following verse of the Quran:

"Say, 'He is Allah, [who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor
is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent.'" [Quran 112:1-4]

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 02

 Belief in Angels: Muslims believe in the existence of angels, who are spiritual
beings created by Allah to serve him and carry out his commands. This is
expressed in the following verse of the Quran:

"Those who believe say, 'Why has a Surah not been sent down? But when a precise
Surah is revealed and fighting is mentioned therein, you see those in whose hearts is
hypocrisy looking at you with a look of one overcome by death.'" [Quran 47:20]

Belief in Prophets: Muslims believe in all the prophets and messengers of Allah,
including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. The final prophet in Islam is
the Prophet Muhammad, who Muslims believe received the message of Islam
directly from Allah. This is expressed in the following verse of the Quran:

"The Prophet is closer to the believers than their selves, and his wives are [as] their
mothers. And those of [blood] relationship are more entitled [to inheritance] in the
decree of Allah than the [other] believers and the emigrants, except that you may do
to your close associates a kindness [through bequest]. That was in the Book
inscribed." [Quran 33:6]

Belief in Divine Books: Muslims believe in the divine books revealed by Allah to
the prophets, including the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran. Muslims believe that
the Quran is the final and complete revelation of Allah. This is expressed in the
following verse of the Quran:

"This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of
Allah." [Quran 2:2]

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 Belief in the Day of Judgment: Muslims believe in the Day of Judgment, when all
people will be judged by Allah for their deeds in this life. This is expressed in the
following verse of the Quran:

"And those who disbelieve say, 'The Hour will not come to us.' Say, 'Yes, by my Lord, it
will surely come to you. [Allah is] the Knower of the unseen.' Not absent from Him is an
atom's weight within the heavens or within the earth or [what is] smaller than that or
greater, except that it is in a clear register." [Quran 34:3]

The Life of Prophet Muhammad:

The founder of Islam

"There has certainly come to you a Messenger from among yourselves. Grievous
to him is what you suffer; [he is] concerned over you and to the believers is kind
and merciful." (Surah At-Tawbah, 9:128)

"And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds."
(Surah Al-Anbiya', 21:107)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 04

Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE to a prominent family of the Quraysh
tribe. He lost his parents at a young age and was raised by his uncle. As a young man, he
worked as a trader and was known for his honesty and integrity. At the age of 25, he
married Khadijah, a wealthy widow who was 15 years older than him. They had a happy
marriage and had four daughters and two sons, but only one daughter, Fatima, survived
to adulthood.
Prophet Muhammad began receiving revelations from Allah through the Angel
Gabriel at the age of 40 while meditating in a cave on the outskirts of Mecca.
These revelations continued for the next 23 years of his life and were compiled into
the holy book of Islam, the Quran. Prophet Muhammad preached the message of
Islam to the people of Mecca and faced opposition from the wealthy and powerful
leaders of the city who felt threatened by his message. Despite this opposition, he
continued to spread the message of Islam and his followers grew in number.

In 622 CE, Prophet Muhammad and his followers were forced to flee Mecca and seek
refuge in the nearby city of Medina. This event, known as the Hijra, marks the beginning
of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Prophet Muhammad established a community of
Muslims and became the leader of the city. He continued to preach
the message of Islam and defend the Muslim community against attacks from Mecca.
Prophet Muhammad was not only a religious leader but also a political and military
leader. He led his followers in battles against the Meccans and other enemies of
Islam.However,healwaysemphasizedtheimportanceofmercyandcompassion,
even in times of war. He also established a constitution that guaranteed the rights
of all citizens, regardless of their religion or ethnicity.

05
 Teachings of Prophet Muhammad
"Say, [O Muhammad], 'If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will
love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.'" (Surah
Al-'Imran, 3:31)

Tawheed: The central teaching of Prophet Muhammad was the oneness of God, or
tawheed. Muslims believe that there is only one God, Allah, and that he is the
creator and sustainer of the universe. This is expressed in the following verse of the
Quran:

"Say, 'He is Allah, [who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor
is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent.'" [Quran 112:1-4]

Mercy and Compassion: Prophet Muhammad was known for his mercy and
compassion towards all people. He taught that Muslims should be kind and just
towards others, regardless of their religion, race, or social status. This is expressed
in the following verse of the Quran:

"And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds."
[Quran 21:107]

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 06

 The Quran: The holy book of Islam

"Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian."
(Surah Al-Hijr, 15:9)

"The Most Merciful has taught the Qur'an. He created man and taught him
eloquence." (Surah Ar-Rahman, 55:1-4)

The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, containing the words of Allah as
revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years.
The Quran consists of 114 chapters or surahs, which are divided into verses or ayat. It is
considered the literal word of Allah and the final revelation to humanity.
The history of the Quran can be traced back to the time of Prophet Muhammad,
who began receiving revelations from Allah at the age of 40 while meditating in a
cave on the outskirts of Mecca. These revelations continued for the next 23 years
of his life and were compiled into the holy book of Islam, the Quran. The Quran
was not written down during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad but was
memorized and recited by his followers.
After the death of Prophet Muhammad, a process of collecting and compiling the
Quran began. The first step was taken by Abu Bakr, the first caliph after the death
of the Prophet, who appointed a committee to collect the Quranic verses. The
committee, which included many companions of the Prophet who had memorized
the Quran, compiled the verses into a single volume. This volume was then handed
over to the second caliph, Umar, and later to the third caliph, Uthman, who
standardized the text and had multiple copies made and distributed to the Muslim
world.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 07

 The Quran is a sacred text that is revered by Muslims around the world. It is
recited daily during prayer and is considered a source of guidance and inspiration. The
Quran contains teachings on a wide range of topics, including belief in Allah, the
importance of good deeds, the concept of the afterlife, and the treatment of others.
Interpretation of the Quran can be a complex and nuanced process. Muslims
believe that the Quran is a clear and straightforward text that can be understood by
anyone who reads it. However, they also acknowledge that the Quran can be open
to interpretation and that different scholars and commentators may have different
views on its meaning. The interpretation of the Quran is guided by the principles of
tafsir, which is the process of explaining and understanding the meaning of the
Quranic text.

The Quran is significant to Muslims in a variety of ways. It is a source of guidance

and inspiration for individual believers, providing them with a moral framework
and a sense of purpose. The Quran also serves as a unifying force for the Muslim
community, providing a common set of beliefs and values that transcend national,
ethnic, and linguistic boundaries.

Good Deeds: The Quran emphasizes the importance of good deeds and the importance
of performing them with sincerity. This is expressed in the following verse:

"And whatever good you put forward for yourselves - you will find it with Allah. It is
better and greater in reward." [Quran 73:20]
ۚ

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 08

 Hadith
"Your companion [Muhammad] has not strayed, nor has he erred, nor does he
speak from [his own] inclination. It is not but a revelation revealed [to him]"
(Surah An-Najm, 53:2-4)

"And whatever the Messenger has given you - take; and what he has forbidden
you - refrain from. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is severe in penalty." (Surah
Al-Hashr, 59:7)

Hadith refers to the collection of sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad, which
were transmitted orally by his companions and later written down. Hadith is considered
to be the second most important source of Islamic knowledge, after the Quran. The
sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad are considered to be authoritative and
are used as a guide for individual behavior and social conduct.
The importance of Hadith in Islamic tradition can be traced back to the time of the
Prophet Muhammad. During his lifetime, the Prophet was regarded as a moral and
spiritual leader by his followers, and they sought guidance from him on a wide
range of issues. The Prophet's sayings and actions were recorded by his
companions, who memorized them and transmitted them orally to future
generations.
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, a process of collecting and compiling
Hadith began. Hadith collections were compiled by scholars who traveled
throughout the Muslim world, collecting and verifying Hadith from reliable
sources. The most famous collections of Hadith are those compiled by Bukhari,
Muslim, Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, and Ibn Majah.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 09

 The Hadith collections contain a vast amount of information on a wide range of topics,
including Islamic beliefs, practices, and ethics. They provide guidance on individual
behavior and social conduct, as well as the interpretation of the Quran. Hadith also
serves as a source of inspiration and motivation for Muslims, who
strive to emulate the example of the Prophet Muhammad in their daily lives.
Interpretation of Hadith can be a complex process. There are many Hadith that are
considered weak or unreliable, and scholars use a variety of methods to determine
their authenticity. The most widely accepted method of Hadith authentication is the
science of Hadith criticism, which involves examining the chain of transmission
(isnad) and the content of the Hadith to determine its authenticity.

The significance of Hadith in Islamic tradition can be seen in its role as a source of
guidance and inspiration for Muslims. Hadith provides practical advice on how to
live a virtuous life and encourages Muslims to be kind, compassionate, and just. It
also emphasizes the importance of sincerity and intention in all actions and teaches
the value of seeking knowledge and understanding.

Following the Prophet: The Quran emphasizes the importance of following the example
of the Prophet Muhammad in all matters of life. This is expressed in the following verse:

"Say, [O Muhammad], 'If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will
love you and forgive you your sins.'" [Quran 3:31]

Obeying the Prophet: The Quran emphasizes the importance of obeying the
Prophet Muhammad and following his guidance. This is expressed in the following
verse:

"And whoever obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah." [Quran 4:80]

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 10

 The Five Pillars of Islam
"The month of Ramadhan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance
for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion. So whoever sights [the
new moon of] the month, let him fast it; and whoever is ill or on a journey - then an
equal number of other days. Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you
hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that
[to] which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful." (Surah Al-
Baqarah, 2:185)

Islam is built on the foundation of five fundamental obligations and practices, known
as the Five Pillars of Islam. These pillars are the core beliefs and practices that define
the faith and provide a framework for Muslim life.

Shahada:
The first pillar of Islam is the Shahada, which is the declaration of faith in Allah as
the one true God and in Prophet Muhammad as His messenger. It is a simple
statement of belief that expresses the central tenet of Islam. The Shahada is recited
in Arabic as follows:

"There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, and Muhammad is the

Messenger of Allah"

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 11

 Salat (Prayer):
The second pillar of Islam is Salat, which refers to the five daily prayers that
Muslims are required to perform. These prayers are performed at specific times
throughout the day and are a means of connecting with Allah and seeking His
guidance. The importance of prayer is emphasized in the Quran:

"Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and the remembrance of

Allah is greater. And Allah knows that which you do." [Quran 29:45]

Zakat:
The third pillar of Islam is Zakat, which is the giving of a portion of one's wealth to
those in need. It is a means of purifying one's wealth and of fulfilling one's social
responsibility towards the less fortunate. The importance of charity is emphasized
in the Quran:

"And establish prayer and give Zakat, and whatever good you put forward for
yourselves - you will find it with Allah. Indeed, Allah of what you do, is Seeing."
[Quran 2:110]

Sawm:
The fourth pillar of Islam is Sawm, which is the fasting that Muslims observe
during the month of Ramadan. Fasting is a means of spiritual purification and of
developing self-discipline and self-control. The importance of fasting is
emphasized in the Quran:

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 12

 "O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon
those before you that you may become righteous." [Quran 2:183]

Hajj:
The fifth pillar of Islam is Hajj, which is the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca
that Muslims are required to undertake at least once in their lifetime, provided they
are physically and financially able to do so. It is a means of seeking forgiveness
and of strengthening one's connection with Allah. The importance of Hajj is
emphasized in the Quran:

"And [due] to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is
able to find thereto a way. But whoever disbelieves - then indeed, Allah is free
from need of the worlds." [Quran 3:97]

The History of Islam

Verily, those who conceal the clear proofs, evidences and the guidance, which We
have sent down, after We have made it clear for the people in the Book, they are
the ones cursed by Allah and cursed by the cursers." (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:159)

Indeed, those who disbelieve and die while they are disbelievers - never would the
[whole] capacity of the earth in gold be accepted from one of them if he would
[seek to] ransom himself with it. For those there will be a painful punishment, and
they will have no helpers." (Surah Ali 'Imran, 3:91)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 13

Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad in the 7th
century in the Arabian Peninsula. The religion emerged in a time of social,
political, and economic upheaval, and quickly gained a large following. Over the
centuries,
Islam spread to other parts of the world, and today it is one of the largest religions
in the world, with over 1.8 billion followers.
The Quran, the holy book of Islam, played a significant role in the early
development of the religion. The Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad over
a period of 23 years, and it contains guidance on all aspects of life, including
spiritual, social, and legal matters. It was through the Quran that the fundamental
beliefs and practices of Islam were established.

One of the key events in the early history of Islam was the Hijra, or migration, of
Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. The Hijra
marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar and is considered a turning point in
the history of Islam. In Medina, Prophet Muhammad established a community of
Muslims and laid the foundations for an Islamic state.
Over the next few years, Islam continued to spread throughout Arabia, and in 630
CE, Prophet Muhammad and his followers conquered Mecca, the birthplace of
Islam. The conquest of Mecca marked a major turning point in the history of Islam,
and it led to the rapid spread of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula.
After Prophet Muhammad's death in 632 CE, his followers, known as the Sahaba,
continued to spread Islam throughout the world. They carried the message of Islam
to other parts of Arabia, as well as to neighboring countries such as Syria, Iraq, and
Egypt. Within a few decades, Islam had spread to Spain in the west and to India in
the east.

The spread of Islam was not just due to military conquests, but also due to the
peaceful preaching and example of the early Muslims. They established trade
routes and cultural ties, and they treated the people they encountered with kindness
and respect. Many people were drawn to the message of Islam, which emphasized
the importance of belief in one God and the equality of all people.

Islam has played a significant role in shaping the course of world history. Its
contributions in the fields of science, philosophy, art, and literature have been
immense, and its influence has been felt across the globe. Today, Islam continues
to be a major force in world affairs, and its followers are found in every corner of
the world.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 14

 The Golden Age of Islam
"Thus, We have made you a just community that you will be witnesses over the
people and the Messenger will be a witness over you. And We did not make the
qiblah which you used to face except that We might make evident who would
follow the Messenger from who would turn back on his heels. And indeed, it is
difficult except for those whom Allah has guided. And never would Allah have
caused you to lose your faith. Indeed Allah is, to the people, Kind and Merciful."
(Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:143)

The Islamic Empire, which emerged after the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE,
was one of the most significant empires in world history. It spanned three continents,
from Spain in the west to India in the east, and lasted for over 600
years. During this time, the Islamic Empire made significant contributions to world
civilization, particularly in the areas of science, medicine, philosophy, and the arts.
One of the key factors that contributed to the success of the Islamic Empire was its
tolerance of different cultures and religions. The Quran emphasizes the importance
of respecting the beliefs and practices of others, and this message was reflected in
the policies of the early Islamic rulers. As a result, people of different faiths and
backgrounds were able to live and work together in peace and harmony.

Another factor that contributed to the success of the Islamic Empire was the
establishment of a strong administrative system. The early Islamic rulers were
known for their wisdom and fairness, and they established a system of governance
that was efficient, just, and effective. They also encouraged the development of
scholarship, and many of the greatest thinkers of the Islamic Golden Age emerged
during this time.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 15

 One of the most significant contributions of the Islamic Golden Age was in the
field of science. Muslim scientists made groundbreaking discoveries in the areas of
astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, and physics. They developed new theories and
techniques, and their works were translated into Latin and other languages, influencing
the development of science in Europe and other parts of the world.
The Islamic Golden Age was also a time of great artistic and cultural achievement.
Islamic art, with its intricate geometric patterns and calligraphic script, is renowned
for its beauty and sophistication. Islamic literature, poetry, and music also
flourished during this time, and many of the greatest works of Arabic literature
were produced during the Islamic Golden Age.

Despite its many achievements, the Islamic Empire began to decline in the 13th
century. A combination of internal factors, such as corruption and political
instability, and external factors, such as the Mongol invasions, contributed to its
decline. The empire gradually fragmented into smaller states, and by the 16th
century, the Ottoman Empire emerged as the dominant Islamic power.
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of remarkable achievement and innovation
that left a lasting impact on world civilization. The Islamic Empire was
characterized by tolerance, wisdom, and a commitment to scholarship, which
allowed it to flourish for over 600 years. Its contributions in the fields of science,
medicine, philosophy, and the arts were significant, and its legacy continues to be
felt around the world today. As the Quran says:

"Indeed, Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change what is
in themselves" (Quran 13:11). The Islamic Golden Age is a testament to the power
of faith, knowledge, and wisdom to transform societies and change the course of
human history.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 16

 Sunni and Shia Islam
ۚ

"Indeed, those who have divided their religion and become sects - you are not
[associated] with them in anything. Their affair is only [left] to Allah ; then He will
inform them about what they used to do." (Surah Al-An'am, 6:159)

"And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided. And
remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought
your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the
edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus does Allah make clear to
you His verses that you may be guided." (Surah Al-Imran, 3:103)

Islam is the world's second-largest religion, with over 1.8 billion followers, and is
divided into two major branches: Sunni and Shia. The division between these two
branches dates back to the early days of Islam and revolves around differences in
beliefs and practices. Despite these differences, both Sunni and Shia Muslims share a
fundamental belief in the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad.
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, accounting for around 85% of all
Muslims. Sunni Muslims believe that the first four caliphs, who ruled the Islamic
Empire after the death of Prophet Muhammad, were the rightful successors to the
Prophet. They also believe that religious leaders should be chosen by the people,
based on their knowledge and piety.

Shia Islam, on the other hand, is the second-largest branch of Islam, accounting for
around 15% of all Muslims. Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet's cousin and
son-in-law, Ali, should have been the first caliph, and that the leadership of the
Muslim community should have remained within his family. They also believe in
the concept of Imams, who are believed to be divinely appointed leaders with
special knowledge and authority.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 17

 One of the key differences between Sunni and Shia Islam is the way in which
religious authority is established. Sunni Muslims believe in the concept of
consensus (ijma) and give greater weight to the hadiths (sayings and actions of the
Prophet Muhammad) as sources of religious guidance. Shia Muslims, on the other
hand, believe that religious authority is vested in the Imams, who are believed to
have been chosen by God.
Another significant difference between Sunni and Shia Islam is the way in which
the two branches approach the practice of Islam. Sunni Muslims place a greater
emphasis on the importance of community (ummah) and believe that the practice
of Islam should be based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his
companions. Shia Muslims, on the other hand, place a greater emphasis on the
importance of individual interpretation and believe that the practice of Islam
should be guided by the teachings of the Imams.

Despite these differences, both Sunni and Shia Muslims share a fundamental belief
in the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad. The Quran emphasizes
the importance of unity among Muslims, saying:

"And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided"
(Quran 3:103).

ۚ
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims believe in the importance of prayer, charity, fasting,
and pilgrimage, which are known as the Five Pillars of Islam.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 18

 Sufism
"Verily, in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find rest." (Quran 13:28)

"Say: 'Truly, my prayer and my service of sacrifice, my life and my death, are (all)
for Allah, the Cherisher of the Worlds.'" (Quran 6:162)

"Allah is with those who restrain themselves." (Quran 16:128)

"O you who believe! Seek help with patient perseverance and prayer, for Allah is
with those who patiently persevere." (Quran 2:153)
ۚ

Sufism is the mystical and spiritual aspect of Islam. It emphasizes the inward
search for the divine and the development of the individual's inner spirituality,
rather than focusing on the external practices and rituals of Islam. Sufism has been
an important part of Islamic tradition for centuries and has contributed greatly to
the spiritual and cultural diversity of the Muslim world.
The roots of Sufism can be traced back to the early years of Islam. Sufis believe
that the Prophet Muhammad was not only a messenger of God but also a spiritual
guide who taught his followers the path to God. They see themselves as following
in the footsteps of the Prophet Muhammad and the early Muslims who lived
simple, pious lives dedicated to God.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 19

 One of the key principles of Sufism is the idea of tawhid or the oneness of God. Sufis
believe that everything in the universe is connected to God and that the ultimate goal of
human life is to realize this connection and achieve a state of unity with God. They
believe that this can be accomplished through a variety of spiritual practices, including
prayer, meditation, fasting, and contemplation.
Sufism places great emphasis on the inner life of the individual and the
development of a personal relationship with God. Sufis believe that the divine can
be experienced directly through the heart, and that this experience is essential for
spiritual growth and enlightenment. They also believe that the true nature of God
can never be fully understood or expressed in words or concepts, and that the only
way to truly know God is through direct experience.
Sufi orders or tariqas, are an important part of Sufi tradition. These are spiritual
communities led by a spiritual master or sheikh who guides his or her followers on
the path to God. Each tariqa has its own unique practices and traditions, but all are
united in their focus on spiritual development and the search for the divine.
Some of the most famous Sufi poets and mystics include Rumi, Hafiz, and Ibn
Arabi. Their writings and teachings have had a profound impact on the spiritual
and cultural history of the Muslim world.

Islamic Law
"So if they believe in the same as you believe in, then they have been [rightly]
guided; but if they turn away, they are only in dissension, and Allah will be
sufficient for you against them. And He is the Hearing, the Knowing." (Surah
Al-Baqarah, 2:137)

"So when you have accomplished your rites, remember Allah like your [previous]
remembrance of your fathers or with [much] greater remembrance. And among the
people is he who says, "Our Lord, give us in this world," and he will have in the
Hereafter no share." (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:200)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 20

 Islamic law, also known as Shariah, is a comprehensive legal framework that governs
the religious, social, and personal aspects of life for Muslims. It is derived from the
Quran, the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad, and the consensus of the Islamic
community. The principles and practices of Shariah have been developed over the
course of Islamic history, and its application continues to
evolve in modern times.
One of the central themes of Islamic law is justice, which is emphasized
throughout the Quran. For example, in Surah Al-Maidah, verse 8, Allah says, "O
you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for
Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives. Whether one is rich
or poor, Allah is more worthy of both." This verse highlights the importance of
standing up for justice, even if it is against one's own interests or those of loved
ones.

Shariah encompasses a wide range of topics, including personal conduct, family

law, business transactions, criminal law, and international relations. One of the
foundational principles of Islamic law is the preservation of human life and
dignity. In Surah Al-Maidah, verse 32, Allah says:

"Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a soul
unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain
mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind
entirely."

This verse highlights the sanctity of human life and the importance of avoiding violence
and aggression.
One of the most well-known aspects of Shariah is its criminal law, which includes
punishments for offenses such as theft, adultery, and blasphemy. However, it is
important to note that these punishments are subject to strict procedural and
evidentiary requirements, and are only applied in limited circumstances. In Surah
Al-Baqarah, verse 178, Allah says:

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 21

 "O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution for those
murdered - the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the
female. But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a
suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation
from your Lord and a mercy. But whoever transgresses after that will have a
painful punishment." This verse highlights the importance of fairness and
proportionality in the application of legal punishments.

Another important aspect of Shariah is its emphasis on social justice and the welfare of
the community. In Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 195, Allah says:

"And spend in the way of Allah and do not throw [yourselves] with your [own]
hands into destruction [by refraining]. And do good; indeed, Allah loves the doers
of good." This verse encourages Muslims to contribute to the betterment of society
through charitable giving and good deeds.

In modern times, the application of Shariah has been a subject of debate and
ۛ
controversy. Some Muslim-majority countries have implemented Shariah-based
legal systems, while others have adopted a secular legal framework. Critics of
Shariah argue that it is incompatible with modern values and human rights, while
proponents maintain that it offers a comprehensive and just system of law that is
adaptable to changing circumstances.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 22

 Islamic Art and Architecture
"Say, "Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has produced for His
servants and the good [lawful] things of provision?" Say, "They are for those who
believe during worldly life [but] exclusively for them on the Day of Resurrection."
Thus do We detail the verses for a people who know." (Surah Al-A'raf, 7:32)

"And who is better in speech than one who invites to Allah and does righteousness
and says, "Indeed, I am of the Muslims." (Surah Fussilat, 41:33)

Islamic art and architecture have a rich history that spans over a millennium, and is
characterized by intricate geometric patterns, calligraphy, and other forms of decorative
art. The significance of Islamic art and architecture is rooted in the religion's emphasis on
the beauty of creation and the importance of reflection and contemplation.
Islamic calligraphy, which is the art of writing Arabic script, has been used to
express the words of the Quran since the religion's inception. The importance of
calligraphy in Islamic art lies in the belief that the written word is sacred, and that
the beauty of the script can elevate the meaning of the words it represents. Quranic
verses such as

"Allah is the light of the heavens and the earth. His light may be compared to a
niche in which there is a lamp" (24:35)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 23

 Have been widely used as decorative motifs in Islamic calligraphy, emphasizing
the importance of light and illumination in both a spiritual and aesthetic sense.
Geometric patterns are another important element in Islamic art and architecture.
The use of geometric shapes such as circles, squares, and polygons is seen as a
representation of the order and harmony in the universe, as well as a reflection of
the infinite nature of Allah's creation. This is exemplified in Quranic verses such as

"Verily, We have created everything in proportion and measure" (54:49).

Arabic textiles, ceramics, and metalwork are also prominent forms of Islamic art. The
intricate designs and patterns in these pieces often include references to Quranic verses
and Islamic symbols, such as the star and crescent. Islamic architecture, characterized
by features such as domes, arches, and minarets, also incorporates decorative motifs
and calligraphy in its design.
Islamic art and architecture have had a significant impact on the cultural and
artistic heritage of many regions, including the Middle East, North Africa, and
Spain. The Alhambra in Granada, Spain, is a prime example of Islamic
architecture, with its ornate geometric patterns and calligraphic inscriptions. The
Great Mosque of Cordoba, also in Spain, is another example of Islamic
architecture, with its horseshoe arches and intricate patterns.
Islamic art and architecture continue to be a source of inspiration and beauty for
people around the world. Its incorporation of Quranic verses and Islamic symbols
in decorative motifs is a testament to the religion's emphasis on the beauty of
creation and the importance of reflection and contemplation. As the Quran states,

"Say, 'Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has brought forth for His
servants and the good things of provision?'

Say, 'They are for those who believe during the worldly life but exclusively for
them on the Day of Judgment'" (7:32).

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 24

 Women in Islam
ۚ
"O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its
mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah,
through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed Allah is ever, over
you, an Observer." (Surah An-Nisa, 4:1)

"And do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you exceed others.
Men will have a share of what they have earned, and women will have a share of
what they have earned. And ask Allah of his bounty. Indeed Allah is ever, of all
things, Knowing." (Surah An-Nisa, 4:32)

Islam has been subject to much scrutiny and criticism regarding the role of women
in Islamic society. However, a closer look at the teachings of the Quran and the
examples set by Prophet Muhammad show that Islam elevates the status of women
and gives them important rights and responsibilities.
One of the key verses in the Quran that highlights the status of women is Surah
An-Nisa (Chapter 4), verse 1, which states:

"O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its
mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah,

ۚ
through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed Allah is ever, over
you, an Observer."

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 25

 This verse recognizes the equality of men and women and acknowledges that both were
created from a single soul. It also highlights the importance of family and the role of
women in procreation. Additionally, the Quran gives women important
rights in terms of marriage, inheritance, and education.
Prophet Muhammad also set a positive example for the treatment of women in
Islamicsociety.Hemarriedasuccessfulbusinesswoman,Khadijah,whowashis
employer before they got married. He also encouraged women to seek knowledge
and education, stating that "Seeking knowledge is an obligation on every Muslim,
male and female" (Hadith).

However, there are cultural and societal practices that have been wrongly attributed
to Islam, such as female genital mutilation and forced marriages. These practices
are not condoned by Islamic teachings and go against the principles of equality and
respect for women.
In recent times, there has been a growing Islamic feminist movement that seeks to
promote gender equality within the framework of Islamic teachings. This
movement seeks to challenge patriarchal interpretations of Islamic texts and
traditions and promote the inclusion of women in all aspects of Islamic society.
One of the key figures in the Islamic feminist movement is Amina Wadud, who
made history in 2005 when she led a mixed-gender Friday prayer in New York
City. This event sparked controversy and debate within the Islamic community, but
it also served as a powerful symbol of the need for greater inclusion of women in
Islamic worship.

One of the verses from the Quran that highlights the importance of women is Surah
Al-Ahzab (Chapter 33), verse 35, which states:

"Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing
women, the obedient men and obedient women, the truthful men and truthful
women, the patient men and patient women, the humble men and humble women,
the charitable men and charitable women, the fasting men and fasting women, the
men who guard their private parts and the women who do so, and the men who
remember Allah often and the women who do so – for them Allah has prepared
forgiveness and a great reward."

This verse highlights the equality of men and women in terms of their roles and
responsibilities as Muslims.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 26

 Islam and Science
"Say, 'Travel through the land and observe how He began creation. Then Allah will
produce the final creation. Indeed Allah, over all things, is competent.'" (Surah Al-
Ankabut, 29:20)

"Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance of
Allah.Unquestionably,bytheremembranceofAllahheartsareassured."(Surah Ar-
Ra'd, 13:28)

"And We gave to David and Solomon knowledge, and they said, 'Praise [is due] to
Allah, who has favored us over many of His believing servants.'" (Surah An-Naml,
27:15)

Islam has a rich history of scientific achievements and contributions to various fields of
study. Islamic scholars played a significant role in the development of science and
technology during the medieval period. The Quran itself emphasizes the importance of
knowledge and urges Muslims to seek it in order to better understand the world around
them.

In Surah Al-Ankabut (29:20), Allah says:

"Say, [O Muhammad], "Travel through the land and observe how He began
creation. Then Allah will produce the final creation. Indeed Allah, over all things,
is competent."

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 27

 This verse highlights the importance of observation and study in order to gain
knowledge.

One of the most significant contributions of Islamic scholars was their work in
mathematics. They introduced the concept of algebra and made significant progress in
trigonometry and calculus. The Arabic numerals that are used today in mathematics
were also developed by Islamic scholars.

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:3), Allah says:

"Who created seven heavens in layers. You do not see in the creation of the Most
Merciful any inconsistency. So return [your] vision [to the sky]; do you see any
breaks?"

This verse emphasizes the order and precision in the universe, which is one of the
key principles of mathematics.

Islamic scholars also made significant contributions to astronomy, building upon

the knowledge of ancient Greek and Indian astronomers. They developed new
methods for measuring the positions of stars and planets, and made significant
progress in the study of celestial mechanics.

In Surah Al-An'am (6:97), Allah says:

"And it is He who placed for you the stars that you may be guided by them through
the darknesses of the land and sea. We have detailed the signs for a people who
know."

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 28

 This verse highlights the significance of stars as a means of guidance and navigation,
which is crucial in the field of astronomy.

Islamic scholars also made important contributions to medicine, building upon the
knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman physicians. They developed new treatments
and cures for various illnesses, and made significant progress in the study of anatomy
and physiology.

In Surah Al-Isra (17:82), Allah says:

"And We send down of the Qur'an that which is healing and mercy for the
believers, but it does not increase the wrongdoers except in loss."

This verse highlights the healing power of the Quran, and emphasizes the
importance of medicine in healing the sick.

Islamic architecture is also a significant aspect

of Islamic art, with notable examples including
the Great Mosque of Mecca and the Alhambra
in Spain. Islamic architecture emphasizes
geometric patterns and calligraphy, often
incorporating verses from the Quran as
decorative elements.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 29

 In Surah Al-Hajj (22:46), Allah says:

"So have they not traveled through the earth and have hearts by which to reason
and ears by which to hear? For indeed, it is not eyes that are blinded, but
blinded are the hearts which are within the breasts."

This verse highlights the importance of reason and understanding in appreciating

the beauty of Islamic architecture.

Overall, Islamic scholars have made significant contributions to various fields of

study throughout history. Their work has had a lasting impact on the world and
continues to influence modern science and technology. The Quran emphasizes the
importance of seeking knowledge and understanding the world around us, and the
contributions of Islamic scholars serve as a testament to this principle.

Jihad
"So kill them wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in
wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer,
and give zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and
Merciful." (Surah At-Tawbah, 9:5)

"And do not think of those who have been killed in the cause of Allah as dead.
Rather, they are alive with their Lord, receiving provision." (Surah Aal-e-Imran,
3:169)

"And fight against them until there is no fitnah and [until] the religion, all of it, is
for Allah. And if they cease - then indeed, Allah is Seeing of what they do." (Surah
Al-Anfal, 8:39)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 30

 Jihad is a term that has been misunderstood by many non-Muslims and Muslims alike.
The word jihad comes from the Arabic root "jahada," which means to strive or to exert
oneself. In Islamic terminology, it is used to refer to any struggle, physical or spiritual,
in the cause of Allah. However, the term "holy war" is not a correct translation of the
word jihad, as the concept of holy war does not exist in Islam.

In the Holy Quran, Allah encourages Muslims to engage in jihad in the following verse:

"And fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed,
ۚ like transgressors." (2:190)
Allah does not

This verse makes it clear that the concept of jihad in Islam is not about aggression
or violence against innocent people, but about defending oneself and one's
community against oppression and injustice. In fact, the Quran also commands
Muslims to seek peace and to avoid aggression, as seen in the following verse:

"And if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also] and rely upon Allah. Indeed,
it is He who is the Hearing, the Knowing." (8:61)

Throughout Islamic history, there have been many examples of jihad being used in the
defense of Islam and the Muslim community. The most notable example is the Prophet
Muhammad's defensive wars against the Meccan tribes, who were persecuting and
oppressing the Muslims. These wars were fought to establish justice and to protect the
fledgling Muslim community from harm.
However, the concept of jihad has also been misused by some extremist groups
who use violence and terror in the name of Islam. These groups do not represent
the true teachings of Islam, as violence against innocent people is strictly
prohibited in Islamic law.
In modern times, the concept of jihad has been debated and discussed extensively,
with many scholars and Muslim leaders advocating for a broader understanding of
the term. Some argue that jihad can also refer to non-violent struggles, such as the
struggle against poverty, ignorance, and oppression.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 31

 The Islamic concept of jihad is rooted in the Quranic teachings of self-defense and
the protection of one's community. It is not a call for violence or aggression against
innocent people, but rather a call to strive for justice and to resist oppression. As
Muslims continue to navigate the challenges of the modern world, it is important to
maintain a clear understanding of the true meaning and purpose of jihad.

The concept of jihad in Islam has been widely misunderstood and misinterpreted. It
is important to understand that jihad is not about aggression or violence, but about
self-defense and the protection of one's community. Muslims must strive to uphold
the true teachings of Islam and resist those who use violence and terror in the name
of jihad.

Islamic Education
"Righteousness is not that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but
[true] righteousness is [in] one who believes in Allah , the Last Day, the angels, the
Book, and the prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives,
orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves;
[and who] establishes prayer and gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their promise
when they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and
during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the
righteous." (Verse 96 from Surah Al-Baqarah)

Islamic education has been an essential component of Muslim society since the time of
the Prophet Muhammad. The importance of seeking knowledge is emphasized in
several verses of the Holy Quran, such as

"Read in the name of your Lord who created" (96:1)

"Are those who know equal to those who do not know?" (39:9).

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 32

 Islamic education encompasses various areas of study, including Quranic studies,
hadith, Islamic law, theology, history, literature, and language. It is often delivered
through a combination of formal and informal methods, with mosques, madrasas, and
universities serving as centers of learning.
The primary source of Islamic knowledge is the Holy Quran, which Muslims
believe to be the literal word of God. The Quran contains guidance on all aspects
of life, including moral and ethical principles, social and political issues, and
personal spirituality. Its teachings are intended to shape the behavior of individuals
and society as a whole.

In addition to the Quran, Muslims also rely on the Hadith, which are the sayings
and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. The Hadith provide guidance on a wide
range of topics, including Islamic law, ethics, and personal conduct.

Islamic education has a long and rich history, with centers of learning such as the
famous Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, dating back centuries. These
institutions have produced some of the most renowned scholars in Islamic history,
including Imam Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Ibn Rushd.
Today, Islamic education remains a crucial aspect of Muslim life, with various
institutions and organizations dedicated to providing quality Islamic education to
Muslims around the world. Many Muslim-majority countries have established
Islamic universities and madrasas, while Islamic schools and institutions have also
been established in Western countries to serve Muslim communities.

Islamic education also plays a critical role in the development of Islamic identity
and the preservation of Islamic heritage and culture. By learning about their faith
and history, Muslims can develop a greater understanding of their beliefs and
values, strengthening their connection to their religion and community.
Islamic education is a crucial aspect of Muslim life, providing individuals with the
knowledge and guidance necessary to live a fulfilling and meaningful life in
accordance with Islamic principles. The Holy Quran and the Hadith are the
primary sources of Islamic knowledge, and institutions of learning have played a
critical role in preserving and developing this knowledge throughout Islamic
history. Through Islamic education, Muslims can deepen their understanding of
their faith and heritage, strengthening their connection to their religion and
community.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 33

 Islamic Festivals
Indeed, Safa and Marwah are among the symbols of Allah. So whoever makes
Hajj to the House or performs 'umrah - there is no blame upon him for walking
between them. And whoever volunteers good - then indeed, Allah is appreciative
and Knowing. (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:158)

Islam has several important festivals that are celebrated by Muslims worldwide.
These festivals commemorate significant events in Islamic history and provide an
opportunity for Muslims to reflect on their faith and renew their commitment to
Islamic teachings.
Eid al-Fitr, also known as the "Festival of Breaking the Fast," is celebrated at the
end of Ramadan, the holy month of fasting. Muslims around the world gather for
communal prayers, exchange gifts and greetings, and share meals with family and
friends. The celebration is meant to remind Muslims of the importance of
self-discipline, charity, and gratitude.

Eid al-Adha, also known as the "Festival of Sacrifice," commemorates the

willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, Ismail (Ishmael), in
obedience to Allah's command. Muslims perform a special prayer, sacrifice an
animal, and distribute the meat to the poor and needy. This festival is meant to
remind Muslims of the importance of obedience to Allah's commands and the need
for sacrifice and compassion.
Mawlid al-Nabi, also known as the "Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad," is
celebrated on the 12th day of the Islamic month of Rabi' al-Awwal. Muslims gather
to recite praises and blessings on the Prophet Muhammad and reflect on his
teachings and life. This festival is meant to remind Muslims of the importance of
following the Prophet's example and teachings.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 34

 One of the verses from the Holy Quran that relates to the Prophet Muhammad is:

"Indeed, Allah confers blessing upon the Prophet, and His angels [ask Him to do
so]. O you who have believed, ask [Allah to confer] blessing upon him and ask
[Allah to grant him] peace." (Surah Al-Ahzab 33:56)

The Night of Power, also known as Laylat al-Qadr, is considered the holiest night
of the year. It falls during the last ten nights of Ramadan and commemorates the
night when the first verses of the Holy Quran were revealed to the Prophet
Muhammad. Muslims spend this night in prayer and reflection, seeking forgiveness
and spiritual renewal.
One of the verses from the Holy Quran that relates to this night is:

"Indeed, We sent the Quran down during the Night of Decree. And what can make
you know what is the Night of Decree? The Night of Decree is better than a
thousand months." (Surah Al-Qadr 97:1-3)

These festivals are an integral part of Islamic tradition and serve as a reminder of
the importance of faith, obedience, and compassion in the life of a Muslim.

Islamic Ethics
And do not deprive people of their due and do not commit abuse on earth,
spreading corruption. That is better for you, if you are believers. (Surah Al-Qasas,
28:77)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 35

 O you who have believed, let not a people ridicule [another] people; perhaps they
may be better than them; nor let women ridicule [other] women; perhaps they may
be better than them. And do not insult one another and do not call each other by
[offensive] nicknames. Wretched is the name of disobedience after [one's] faith.
And whoever does not repent - then it is those who are the wrongdoers. (Surah Al-
Hujurat, 49:11)

Islamic ethics is a central aspect of Islamic tradition that encompasses a set of

principles and values that guide ethical behavior. Islamic ethics is derived from the
teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah, which provide guidance on how to live a
moral and ethical life in accordance with the will of Allah.
One of the key principles of Islamic ethics is the concept of Taqwa, which refers to
the fear and awe of Allah. The Quran teaches that Taqwa is the foundation of all
moral and ethical behavior, as it is only through a deep and abiding reverence for
Allah that one can truly strive to live a righteous life. As the Quran states:

"O you who believe, fear Allah as He should be feared, and do not die except as
Muslims [in submission to Him]" (3:102).

Another important principle of Islamic ethics is the concept of Adl, or justice.

Islam places a great emphasis on justice and fairness, and encourages Muslims to
always act with justice in all aspects of life. The Quran teaches that

"O you who believe, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah,
even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives" (4:135)

Islam also emphasizes the importance of compassion and mercy towards all of
creation. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was known for his
kindness and compassion towards all, and the Quran teaches that

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 36

 "And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds"
(21:107).

In addition to these principles, Islamic ethics also emphasize the importance of

honesty, humility, gratitude, and accountability. The Quran teaches that

"Indeed, Allah orders justice and good conduct and giving to relatives and forbids
immorality and bad conduct and oppression. He admonishes you that perhaps you
will be reminded" (16:90).

Islamic ethics also places a great emphasis on the importance of personal

accountability and self-reflection. The Quran teaches that each individual is
responsible for their own actions and will be held accountable for them on the Day
of Judgment. As the Quran states:

"Whoever does righteousness, whether male or female, while he is a believer - We

will surely cause him to live a good life, and We will surely give them their reward
[in the Hereafter] according to the best of what they used to do" (16:97).

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 37

 Islamic Finance
Islamic finance is a rapidly growing industry that operates according to the
principles of Islamic law, or Shariah. This system of finance is based on ethical and
moral principles that promote fair and just dealings in all transactions. Islamic
finance has gained popularity in recent years, particularly in Muslim-majority
countries, but also in other parts of the world where the industry is regulated and
allowed to operate.

The principles of Islamic finance are rooted in the Quran and the Sunnah, the
teachings and actions of Prophet Muhammad. In the Quran, there are many verses
that emphasize the importance of honesty, justice, and fair dealing in business
transactions. For example, in Surah Al-Baqarah, Allah says:

And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and
aggression. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is severe in penalty. (Quran 5:2)

This verse emphasizes the importance of cooperation in righteousness and piety,

and avoiding cooperation in sin and aggression. It also reminds us of the
importance of fearing Allah and the consequences of violating His commands.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 38

 Islamic Terrorism
Islamic terrorism is a term used to describe violent acts committed by individuals
or groups who claim to act in the name of Islam. These acts of terrorism have had a
profound impact on global politics and have led to the widespread perception that
Islam is a violent and dangerous religion. However, it is important to recognize that
these extremist groups represent a small minority of Muslims, and their actions are
not representative of the majority of Islamic teachings and practices.
The Quran clearly states that taking innocent lives is forbidden in Islam. Verse 5:32
says:

“Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is
ۚ
as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved
mankind entirely.”

This verse emphasizes the sanctity of human life and underscores the severity of
taking an innocent life. Similarly, verse 2:190 states:

“Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah
does not like transgressors.”

ۚ
This verse makes it clear that self-defense is permissible in Islam, but only within
the limits of what is necessary and justifiable.
The rise of Islamic terrorism can be traced back to the 20th century, when political
and economic factors in the Middle East and other Muslim-majority regions
contributed to a sense of frustration and disenchantment among some Muslims. In

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 39

 the 1980s and 1990s, groups such as Al-Qaeda emerged, espousing a violent and
extremist interpretation of Islam. These groups were responsible for a number of
high-profile terrorist attacks, including the 9/11 attacks in the United States.
The vast majority of Muslims reject the ideology of these extremist groups and
condemn their violent actions. In fact, many Islamic scholars have spoken out
against terrorism and have emphasized the importance of promoting peace, justice,
and tolerance. For example, verse 2:256 states:

“There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion.”

This verse emphasizes the importance of free choice and highlights the fact that
Islam does not advocate the use of force or coercion.
Despite the condemnation of terrorism by the majority of Muslims, the actions of
extremist groups continue to have a significant impact on global politics.
Governments around the world have implemented a range of measures to counter
the threat of Islamic terrorism, including increased surveillance and security
measures, military intervention in conflict zones, and efforts to counter extremist
propaganda.
In recent years, some Muslim-majority countries have taken steps to combat
extremism and promote a more moderate interpretation of Islam. For example,
Saudi Arabia has launched a campaign to counter extremist ideology and promote
a more tolerant and moderate version of Islam. Similarly, the United Arab Emirates
has implemented measures to combat extremism and promote religious tolerance.

Islamic terrorism is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a nuanced and
thoughtful approach. While the actions of extremist groups have had a profound
impact on global politics, it is important to recognize that these groups represent a
small minority of Muslims and do not reflect the teachings and values of the
majority of Islamic tradition. By promoting education, tolerance, and dialogue, we
can work towards a more peaceful and harmonious world for all.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 40

 Islam and the West
ۚ

"O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you
peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you
in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and
Acquainted." (Quran 49:13)

"There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course
has become clear from the wrong. So whoever disbelieves in Taghut (false gods)
and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy handhold with no break in
it. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing."(Quran 2:256)

Islam and the West have a long and complex history, spanning centuries of
interaction and conflict. While there have been periods of peaceful coexistence and
cultural exchange, there have also been times of war and misunderstanding.
In the early centuries of Islam, the Islamic empire extended from Spain to India,
encompassing a diverse range of cultures and civilizations. During this time,
Islamic scholars made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics,
astronomy, and medicine. Islamic art and architecture also flourished, with
mosques and palaces featuring intricate geometric patterns and calligraphy.

In the medieval period, Islamic civilization began to decline, while Western Europe
experienced a period of growth and expansion. European explorers and colonizers
began to encroach on Islamic lands, leading to a sense of resentment and resistance
among some Muslims. In the 19th and 20th centuries, many Muslim-majority
countries fell under Western colonial rule, further exacerbating tensions between
Islam and the West.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 41

 In recent decades, Islamic extremism and terrorism have become major concerns for
Western countries, particularly since the 9/11 attacks in the United States. Some
Western politicians and media outlets have portrayed Islam as inherently violent and
incompatible with Western values, while some Islamic leaders have accused
the West of cultural imperialism and prejudice against Muslims.
Despite these challenges, there have also been efforts to promote dialogue and
understanding between Islam and the West. Interfaith initiatives, academic
exchanges, and cultural programs have all played a role in fostering greater mutual
respect and cooperation.
In the Holy Quran, there are many verses that speak to the relationship between
Islam and other cultures. For example, in Surah Al-Hujurat, it is stated:

"O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you
ۚ
peoples ۚ may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you
and tribes that you
in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and
Acquainted." (49:13)

This verse emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting diversity

among different peoples and cultures. It also highlights the principle that
righteousness and piety are the most important factors in determining one's worth
in the eyes of God.

Another relevant verse is found in Surah Al-Kafirun:

"Say, 'O disbelievers, I do not worship what you worship. Nor are you worshippers
of what I worship. Nor will I be a worshipper of what you worship. Nor will you be
worshippers of what I worship. For you is your religion, and for me is my
religion.'" (109:1-6)

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam 42

 This verse affirms the right of individuals to follow their own religious beliefs and
practices, without imposing them on others. It also emphasizes the importance of
mutual respect and tolerance, even in the face of religious differences.
The relationship between Islam and the West is complex and multifaceted. While
there have been periods of conflict and misunderstanding, there have also been
times of cooperation and cultural exchange. As the world becomes increasingly
interconnected, it is more important than ever to promote dialogue and
understanding between different cultures and civilizations, in order to build a more
peaceful and harmonious world.

Islamic knowledge and history of Islam

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