The Solar System

The sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids and
meteoroids form the solar system.

The Sun
The sun is in the centre of the solar system. It is huge and made up of extremely hot gases. It
provides the pulling force that binds the solar system. The sun is the ultimate source of heat and
light for the solar system. The sun is about 150 million km away from Earth.

Planets
There are eight planets in our solar system. In order of their distance from the sun, they are
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. All eight planets of the solar
system move around the sun in fixed paths. These paths are called orbits. Mercury is nearest to
the sun. It takes only about 88 days to complete one round along its orbit. Venus is considered
as ‘Earth’s-twin’ because its size and shape are very much similar to that of the Earth. Till
recently (August 2006), Pluto was also considered a planet. However, in a meeting of the
International Astronomical Union, a decision was taken that Pluto, like other celestial objects
(Ceres, 2003 UB313) discovered in the recent past, may be called a ‘dwarf planet.”

The Earth
The Earth is the third nearest planet to the sun. In size, it is the fifth-largest planet. It is slightly
flattened at the poles. The Earth’s shape is described as a Geoid. Conditions favourable to
support life are probably found only on the earth. It has water and air, which are essential for
survival. The air has life-supporting gases like oxygen. From outer space, the Earth appears
blue because its two-thirds surface is covered by water. It is also called a blue planet.

The Moon
Moon is the earth’s satellite. Its diameter is only one-quarter that of the Earth. It appears so big
because it is nearer to our planet than other celestial bodies. It is about 3,84,400 km away from
us. The moon moves around the earth in about 27 days. It takes exactly the same time to
complete one spin. As a result, only one side of the moon is visible to us on the earth. The
moon does not have conditions favourable for life. It has mountains, plains and depressions on
its surface. These cast shadows on the moon’s surface.

Origin

Theories of the Origin of the Earth

Various theories for the origin of Earth have developed over the period of time. Theories for the
earth's origin has been classified into two categories i.e., early theories and modern theory
which are as follows:

Early Theories: Early Theories explained how the earth was formed. The early theories were the
Gaseous hypothesis of Kant, the Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace, the Planetesimal hypothesis of
Chamberlin, Jean and Jeffery's tidal theory/Gravitational Theory, Russel's binary star
hypothesis, Hoyle's supernova hypothesis, and Schmidt's interstellar hypothesis.
Modern Theories: Modern theories stated that need to find how the universe has formed then
automatically we will be able to find the formation of the earth. Early theories focused solely on
the evolution of the earth and planets, whereas recent theories attempt to solve the questions of
the universe's creation. Big bang theory is an example of modern theory.

Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace

Kant's theory was revised in 1976 by mathematician Laplace. According to the nebular
hypothesis, the Sun was encircled by a solar nebula made up primarily of hydrogen and helium,
as well as dust.
The development of a disk-shaped cloud is caused by particle impact and friction.
Planets were formed from material associated with the young sun as a result of the accretion
process.

Criticisms of Nebular Hypothesis

The nebula's origins are not explained by the nebula hypothesis.
It was unable to explain the sources of nebula heat and motion.
According to the nebular hypothesis, because the nebula is gaseous, the planet should likewise
be gaseous, however, this is not the case. The hypothesis fails to explain how the development
of solid planets is caused by house gas nebulae.
The planets and satellites should all rotate in the same direction as the nebula, however, this
isn't the case.

Circumference

The circumference of the Earth is the length or distance measured around it. For example, if you
stand at a point on the earth and move around the earth in a straight path, and reach the same
point again, then the distance covered by you is the circumference of the earth. The
circumference of the Earth depends on how it is measured. When it is measured around the
equator, it is 40,075 km (approximately, 24,901 miles), whereas, if it measured from the north
pole to the south pole it is 40,008 km (approximately, 24,860 miles).

Size

As the largest of the terrestrial planets, Earth has an estimated mass of 5.9736 × 1024kg.
Its volume is also the largest of these planets at 108.321 × 1010km3
. In addition, Earth is the
densest of the terrestrial planets as it is made up of a crust, mantle, and core. The Earth's crust
is the thinnest of these layers while the mantle comprises 84% of Earth's volume and extends
1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the surface. What makes Earth the densest of these planets;
however, is its core. It is the only terrestrial planet with a liquid outer core that surrounds a
solid, dense inner core. Earth's average density is 5515 × 10 kg/m3
. Mars, the smallest of the
terrestrial planets by density, is only around 70% as dense as Earth.
Earth is classified as the largest of the terrestrial planets based on its circumference and
diameter as well. At the equator, Earth's circumference is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km). It is
slightly smaller between the North and South poles at 24,859.82 miles (40,008 km). Earth's
diameter at the poles is 7,899.80 miles (12,713.5 km) while it is 7,926.28 miles (12,756.1 km)
at the equator.

Shape
It has actually been known that the Earth was round since the time of the ancient Greeks. I
believe that it was Pythagoras who first proposed that the Earth was round sometime around
500 B.C. As I recall, he based his idea on the fact that he showed the Moon must be round by
observing the shape of the terminator (the line between the part of the Moon in light and the part
of the Moon in the dark) as it moved through its orbital cycle. Pythagoras reasoned that if the
Moon was round, then the Earth must be round as well. After that, sometime between 500 B.C.
and 430 B.C., a fellow called Anaxagoras determined the true cause of solar and lunar eclipses
- and then the shape of the Earth's shadow on the Moon during a lunar eclipse was also used
as evidence that the Earth was round.

Around 350 BC, the great Aristotle declared that the Earth was a sphere (based on observations
he made about which constellations you could see in the sky as you travelled further and further
away from the equator) and during the next hundred years or so, Aristarchus and Eratosthenes
actually measured the size of the Earth!

There is some controversy about the Earth, but it is accurate about the solar system. It has
maintained to follow and discuss the living Planet of the Earth. The Earth is shaped like a geoid,
and it is its own self size. According to some geothermal lists, it is like a sphere or ellipse. The
Earth has ended to facilitate the vision of its surface and surroundings. It has appeared to be a
vantage point to be closer to space. The ellipsoid has mended to form the shape referred to in
its context. It is an advantage that it is closer to its ellipsoid size. It has been adequately said
that the unique sale of the Earth has changed its surface. It has a model to the sphere that has
figures to satisfy the model’s production. It has been amended to follow the procurement of the
geographical process so that the Earth has maintained the figures. Therefore, I have a
satisfactory way to follow the purposes to maintain the area of the sphere.

Structure of Earth

At the earth’s center is an inner core, its radius is 1070 km. It is solid and very dense
because it exists under extremely high pressure; it is also magnetized, rich in iron and nickel
and very hot (5000˚ C). The inner core is surrounded by a transition zone about 700 km thick
which is in turn surrounded by a 1700 km thick layer of liquid material, together they form
outer core. The liquid material of the outer core is similar in composition to the inner core but
cooler (4000˚ C). The next largest mass of material of any of the layers (about 70% of the
earth’s volume). This layer is 2835 km thick; it is less dense than the core, still cooler (1500-
3000˚ C) and composed of magnesium-iron silicates. The outer part of the mantle is thought to
be rigid, while the inner region is deformable and flows slowly over the deeper mantle. The
earth’s outermost layer is the cold, rigid; thin (10-65km) that is the crust. The crust divided into
SIAL and SIMA layers. The SIAL is the upper layer contains mainly silicon and aluminium
elements. SIMA is the lower layer dominates silicon and magnesium elements. SIMA layer
forms the bottom of the ocean and is known as pyrosphere. The boundary between the crust
and the mantle is the Mohorovicic discontinuity named for it’s discover (Mohorovicic) and
usually called the Moho. The Moho is a boundary at which there is sudden change in the
chemical composition and the speed of seismic waves. The mantle just below the crust is rigid,
solidified, basalt-type rock, fused to the crust but at the same time separated from it by the
Moho. This rigid layer of crust and upper mantle is the lithosphere. The sub-region of the
mantle extending about 250km below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is
less dense than the asthenosphere, both continental and oceanic lithosphere float on the
asthenosphere. There is a fundamental difference between the crust under the land and under
the ocean both in thickness and composition. The continental crust averages about 35km in
thickness and the ocean crust averages about 11km including the overlying water. The main
rock type of the continents is grainite while that of the oceanic crust is gabbro. Grainites and
gabbros are both rocks that have formed from the cooling of magma. Continental crust has a
density of 2.8g/cm³ and oceanic crust has a density of 3.0g/cm³.

Solar system in ancient Indian literature.

THE ASTRONOMICAL calculations made in ancient India and recorded in Puranas and other
texts were not mythical but were based on scientific research which is corroborated even by the
modern science”, said eminent historian and epigraphist, Prof. TP Verma. During this period,
the Sun with its planets completes one circle of our galaxy, which is termed as Parameshthi-
Mandala in our ancient literature. A period of 14 such cycles of ‘manvantaras’ is estimated as
whole life of the earth”, he said, adding, “Notably, modern science believes the earth to have
come into existence 4.5 billion years ago, which is endorsed by the Atharva-Veda”.

1. Firstly, it’s important to note nothing in Vedic astrology is actually referred to as a

“planet.” Astrologers instead use the sanskrit term graha, which literally translates as
“that which grabs or holds.” Vedic astrology pays attention to nine grahas, which are
collectively referred to as the navagrahas, with nava meaning nine. They include the sun
(Surya), moon (Chandra), Mars (Mangala), Mercury (Budha), Jupiter (Brihaspati), Venus
(Shukra), Saturn (Shani), Rahu (north node of the moon), and Ketu (south node of the
moon).
2. Interestingly, the concept of gravity was understood by ancient Indians 5,000 years ago,
The concept was so prevalent and revered that references abound.For instance, the Rig
Veda-1-103-2 explains: “The gravitational effect of Solar System keeps the earth stable.”
3. The ancient Indian scholar Varahamihira said: “Planet earth being surrounded by various
stellar bodies situated in space, is similar to an iron sphere remaining suspended
between two magnets.”
Gravity is a concept that can be traced to the Sanskrit words of Gurutva and
Gurutvakarshana from ancient Indian history.The root word Guru denotes heavy, big and
 influencing and Akarshana, means, “the power of attraction.”The power to attract,
Gurutuva, is present in all the natural bodies.
Indians not only knew of the concept of gravitational pull and had given the word
Gurutva to it, as a precursor to the English word “gravity”, but also understood the effect
of gravity on earth and its inhabitants.
4. Varahamihira further explains Guru as the name for the planet Jupiter, which is the
largest and heaviest in the Solar System, exerting maximum influence on all the other
bodies in the Solar System.
5. Rig Veda 10.22.14
"This earth is devoid of hands and legs, yet it moves ahead. All the objects over the
earth also move with it. It moves around the sun."
Rig Veda 10.149.1
"The sun has tied Earth and other planets through attraction and moves them around
itself as if a trainer moves newly trained horses around itself holding their reins."
Yajur Veda 33.43
"The sun moves in its own orbit in space taking along with itself the mortal bodies. like
earth through force of attraction."
Nomenclature: Bhugol (bhumi- earth, Gol- circle ) stating that shape of the earth was observed
by ancient Indian scholars right before modern technology.
Jagat(jiski gati hai ) was also a word to refere earth meaning which is not stationary, but is
moving, states that the earth is not stationary but constantly moving.
Surya Malika - (surya- solar, Malika - garland) meaning the celestial bodies moves around the
sun.

The accurate prediction of distance from Earth to Sun:

It was written in Hanuman Chalisa, “Yug Sahasra Yojana Par Bhanu, Leelyo taahi Madhura
Phal jaanu”. It does mean that Hanuman has travelled a far distance such as Yug x Sahasra x
Yojana to meet Bhanu, the sun thinking it to be a sweet fruit. Now, the terms Yug, Sahasra,
Yojana are the words which determine the distance Hanuman has traveled to meet the Sun.
The ancient Indian scriptures have given names to distances, weights, and numbers up to a
huge extent that the modern day people can never imagine.

According to ancient calculations, as mentioned in Hanuman Chalisa,

1 Yug = 12,000 years

1 Sahasra = 1,000

1 Yojana = 8 Miles

Yug x Sahasra x Yojana = 12,000 x 1,000 x 8 miles = 96,000,000 miles

Where 1 mile = 1.6 Kilometers

96,000,000 miles x 1.6 kilometers = 153,600,000 Kilometers to Sun.

This is exactly the distance calculated by NASA to reach Sun from the Earth. It is really
incredible to know that ancient Indians were so talented to calculate the distance between Earth
and Sun without any kind of modern-day instruments or calculators.

For heat budget refer this link

https://www.studyiq.com/articles/heat-budget-of-earth/