Ministry of Education

Metropolitan Adventist College

Matter: science

Task:  Investigation # 2

Teacher: Luis Rodríguez

Student: Edgar Tenorio

Date: 09/29/2021

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 Most scientifically accepted theories that attempt to explain the
origin of the solar system and our planet.

We have on the one hand the nebular hypothesis, which began in the XVII, by
the hand of Descartes, although century, by the Swedenborg, Emanuel Kant
and Pierre-Simon Laplace who, a century later, would advance in its
formulation.
Since then, explanations have emerged and continue to emerge that attempt to
replace it, but for the moment this explanation continues to expand and seems
to prevail as the most plausible theory.

According to the nebular hypothesis, the solar system began to form

approximately 4.6 billion years ago due to the collapse of a part of a gigantic
molecular cloud.

It is believed that the shock wave from a supernova caused the core of the
nebula to start attracting cosmic dust particles, causing the body's gravitational
pull to increase until the nebula collapsed.
The cosmic cloud began to rotate faster and faster, and its rotational force,
gravity, and gas pressure, along with other factors, caused most of the mass to
gather in the center.
In this area, the temperature increased drastically and a protosol appeared,
which in time would become the Sun we know. The rest of the mass flattened,
forming a protoplanetary disk where the protoplanets were formed, which
would evolve into the current planets, their satellites and the other bodies of
the solar system.
From these origins, the solar system has continued to evolve to this day and,
of course, will continue to evolve until, billions of years from now, the end of
our planetary system comes.8

Another of the best-known theories is about the big bang:

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It began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, when the Universe was
small, warm, and dense.
Then, in a micro-fraction of a second, that universe expanded a billion times
through a process called "cosmic inflation."

Then came the "graceful exit", when inflation stopped. The universe continued
to expand and cool, but at a fraction of the initial rate. For the next 380,000
years, the universe was so dense that not even light could move through it -
the cosmos was a superhot, opaque plasma of scattered particles.
What is the "Great Gap" of the solar system (and what does it tell us about the
origin of life on Earth)
Radiation erupted in all directions and the universe was on its way to
becoming what we see today, with vast swaths of empty space dotted with
clumps of particles, dust, stars, black holes, galaxies, radiation, and other
forms of matter and energy.

here you can see what the big bang hypothesis believes

people believe that when the big bang happened it brought everything into the
universe
 The formation of the solar system and its planets. (inner planets and outer
planets)

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The formation of the solar system
Our solar system began to exist approximately 5 billion years ago. The Sun,
planets, and other objects in the solar system formed around the same time.
The main hypothesis regarding how they were formed is called the nebular
hypothesis.
The planets
Since gravity pulled the heavy material toward the center, the inner planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are made of rock and metal. The outer
planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) condensed farther from the Sun
(Image below). Therefore, they are made up of lighter materials, such as
hydrogen, helium, water, ammonia, and methane. Outside Jupiter and beyond,
where it is very cold, these materials created solid particles. Small planets,
comets, and asteroids also formed.

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 Formation of the planets

The planets
Since gravity pulled the heavy material toward the center, the inner planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are made of rock and metal. The outer
planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) condensed farther from the Sun
(Image below). Therefore, they are made up of lighter materials, such as
hydrogen, helium, water, ammonia, and methane. Outside Jupiter and beyond,
where it is very cold, these materials created solid particles. Small planets,
comets, and asteroids also formed.

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 The formation of the earth and the moon

The early Earth was formed by the collision and fusion of smaller rock
fragments, the so-called planetesimals. For this reason, the elements of the
primordial Earth had to be distributed in a relatively homogeneous way, but
this homogeneity had to change: the Earth was warming due to radioactive
decay, due to the increasing pressure in its interior and, also, due to
bombardment. of particles from the Universe.
This eventually led to the melting of iron, which as the heaviest liquid element
sank into the center of the primeval earth and formed the earth's core. After
the cooling of the outer earth's crust, the first continents appeared.
Earth's crust. It is made up of 70% liquid surface and 30% solid land. Its
current appearance is the provisional result of permanent alterations, for which
different forces, both internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous), are
considered responsible.

Characteristics of the land

Earth, our planet, is a sphere approximately 13,000 km in diameter. It makes
one complete revolution each day around an axis that has an inclination of
23.5 ° with respect to the plane of the ecliptic and takes one year to make one
revolution around the Sun. The annual revolution with respect to the Sun,
combined with the inclination of its axis of rotation, produces the seasons of
the year. When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, that area of
the Earth receives more heat and gives rise to summer; and the northern
hemisphere "lies" on the opposite side of the orbit, away from the Sun,
causing winter.

Creation of the moon

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The moon is the only satellite on earth, Some theories have been asserted that
presume that the proto-Earth did not have large moons at the beginning of the
formation of the Solar System, 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth was basically
rock and lava. Tea, an early protoplanet the size of Mars, struck Earth in such
a way that it ejected a considerable amount of material away from Earth. A
part of these ejections escaped into space, but the rest consolidated into a
single spherical body in orbit around the Earth, creating the Moon.
The standard giant impact hypothesis suggests that the Mars-sized body,
called Tea, impacted proto-Earth, creating a large ring of debris around Earth,
which then grew to form the Moon. This collision also resulted in the Earth's
23.5° inclined axis, thus causing the seasons. The Moon's oxygen isotopic
ratios appear to be essentially identical to Earth's.
Some theories have been claimed that presume that the proto-Earth did not
have large moons at the beginning of the formation of the Solar System, 4.6
billion years ago, the Earth was basically rock and lava. Tea, an early
protoplanet the size of Mars, struck Earth in such a way that it ejected a
considerable amount of material away from Earth.

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 Conditions that allowed life on our planet.

The existence of life on Earth is supported by five great pillars: the distance
from the Sun, not too close and not too far, enough for there to be liquid
water; the magnetic core, which protects the atmosphere from the dragging of
the solar wind and life from cosmic radiation; the atmosphere itself, whose
greenhouse effect prevents the water from freezing; naturally, water, universal
solvent of life; and finally oxygen, which allows us to breathe.

But for all this to progress, the presence of water is essential. Traditionally it
has been proposed that the fiery early Earth was a dry ball and that the water
came aboard the meteorites and comets that fell on the planet in its early days.
However, a recent study suggests that, despite the contribution of these
possible impacts, in reality most of the terrestrial water was formed from
hydrogen and oxygen that the Earth already carried from the factory.

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 Conclusion

In my conclusion, our earth was created by God, but there are people who
think that it was created like this from nothing, one of those theories is that of
the big bang and that they were created from nothing, this research seemed
interesting to me because some things about I did not know the theories, also
because the subject of how the universe was created is interesting, there are
many things that we must learn about our solar system and our planets