Índice

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2

2. REPORTED SPEECH ......................................................................................................... 5

2.1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. .............................................. 5

2.2. PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY......................................... 6

2.3. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH .................................. 7

2.4. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH ............................................................................ 7

2.5. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY ................ 8

2.6. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH ............................................................................ 9

3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 13

4. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 14

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 1. Introduction

The following work aims to help us how to use grammatical verbs and being troughout the
research, and we also define about connectors and with their examples and we will also talk about
their importance.

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What are connectors?

Connectors in English grammar are basically conjunctive words that are used for connecting
similar elements present in a sentence. There are different connectors in English that can be used
for expressing your thoughts in a better way. Smart use of linkers can omit the requirement of
single sentences and help in connecting the sentence in a more logical way.

Connectors in English Grammar

There are different types of connectors in English and each of those has a different use. So, how
to use connectors

Eg:

Illustration Connectors in English Grammar

Where linkers are used? Check out the table below with examples

Connector words Example

Such as There are many famous railway stations in the state of West Bengal such as
Howrah, Sealdah, Ghum etc.

In this case In this case, emotion will matter more than logic.

For one thing He dedicated his entire youth for one thing only.

Illustrated by The entire story was illustrated by Mr Sameer in a very clear manner.

Clause Connectors

Clause connectors are connector words used for connecting or joining clauses to create a
grammatical and logical sentence.

There are three groups under clause connectors:

 Subordinator/ subordinating conjunction

 Coordinating conjunction
 Sentence connector

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Subordinator/ Subordinating Conjunction

 After
 Before
 When
 While
 Because

Coordinating Conjunction

 And
 But
 Yet
 Or
 Nor
 For

Sentence Connector

 Furthermore
 In addition
 Besides
 Moreover
 However
 Nevertheless
 Otherwise
 Consequently
 And therefore

Importance of Connectors in English Grammar

Connectors are important because they make any phrase more logical and understandable. As a
result, any transcriptionist who is transcribing audio files or other taped materials should constantly
be conscious of the use of conjunctions. Consider the existence of the coordinating conjunction to

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denote reason in the following sentence: “I walked to the office because my car was being
repaired.”

While it may be tempting to add or change terms to make a phrase appear more genuine and proper,
transcriptionists must resist the temptation since some contractors are passionate about the
language they record or use. What a transcriptionist can do is transmit the proposals that the
contractors have in mind. Respect is noticed and rapport is developed in this manner.

Relative pronouns

A relative clause introduces further information about the preceding noun or noun phrase, either
helping to identify what it refers to (in a restrictive clause) or just providing extra details (in a
nonrestrictive clause).

The relative clause comes after a noun or noun phrase (called the antecedent) and gives some
additional information about the thing or person in question. The relative pronoun represents the
antecedent.

Relative pronouns usage

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that’s used to introduce a relative clause. The main English
relative pronouns are which, that, who, and whom. These words can also function as other parts
of speech—they aren’t exclusively used as relative pronouns.

A relative clause introduces further information about the preceding noun or noun phrase, either
helping to identify what it refers to (in a restrictive clause) or just providing extra details (in a
nonrestrictive clause).

The relative clause comes after a noun or noun phrase (called the antecedent) and gives some
additional information about the thing or person in question. The relative pronoun represents the
antecedent.

2. REPORTED SPEECH
2.1.DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH.

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There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.

In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: He

said, “I have lost my umbrella.” Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and
a comma is placed immediately before

the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.

In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using
the

speaker’s exact words:

He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell +
object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc.
Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is
sometimes here to give a more dramatic effect.

When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.

2.2. PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY

A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person

except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me = him, her; my = his, her;
mine

= his, hers; we = they...)

She said, “he’s my son”. She said that he was her son.

“I’m ill”, she said. She said that she was ill.

B. THIS / THESE

This used in time expressions usually becomes that.

She said, “She’s coming this week”. She said that she was coming that week.
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This and that used as adjectives usually change to the.

He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.

He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother.

This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.

He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s bed”. He

said he had found them beside the king’s bed.

He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”. He said that they would discuss it (the

matter) the next day.

2.3. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:

2.4. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

today that day

yesterday the day before

the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next day/the following day

the day after tomorrow in two day’s time

next week/year etc. the following week/year etc.

last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc.

a year etc. ago a year before/the previous year

Eg:

“I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said. He said he’d seen her two days

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before.

“I’ll do it tomorrow”, he promised. He promised that he would do it the next day.

She said, “My father died a year ago”. She said that her father had died a year

before/the previous year.

B. But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary:

At breakfast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”. At breakfast this

morning he said that he would be very busy today.

C. here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant:

At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”. He said that he’d be there

again the next day.

Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:

She said, “You can sit here, Tom”. She told Tom that he could sit beside her.

2.5. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY

A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ... This is usual
when

we are:

a. reporting a conversation that is still going on

b. reading a letter and reporting what it says

c. reading instructions and reporting them

d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says that he’ll never get

married.

When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct

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speech without any change of tense:

PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi.

ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get

a taxi.

B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech
have

then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table.

2.6. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Simple Present

“I never eat meat”, he explained.

Simple Past

= He explained (that) he never ate meat.

Present Continuous

“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said.

Past Continuous

= He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.

Present Perfect

“I have found a flat”, he said.

Past Perfect

= He said (that) he had found a flat.

Present Perfect Continuous

He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”.

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Past Perfect Continuous

= He said (that) he had been waiting for ages.

Simple Past

“I took it home with me”, she said.

Past Perfect

= She said (that) he had taken it home with her.

Future

He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”.

Conditional

= He said (that) he would be in Paris on Monday.

Future Continuous

“I will/shall be using the car myself on the 24h”,

she said.

Conditional Continuous

= She said (that) she’d been using the car herself

on the 24th.

Conditional

I said, “I would like to see it”.

Conditional

= I said (that) I would like to see it.

Infinitive and Gerund

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Infinitive

After an adjective Example: The new computer is really easy to use.

After certain verbs (with to) Example: He refused to pay the bill.

• agree

• choose

• manage

• plan

Gerund

As the subject of a clause Example: Cycling is good for your health.

After a preposition Example: I did my homework before going out.

Verbs followed by Gerund Example: I enjoy cooking.

• allow

• can't help

• dislike

• enjoy

• finish

Demonstrative Pronouns

The four English demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. They are used to highlight
something that was previously mentioned or that is clear from the context.

Demonstrative pronouns “demonstrate” something; using them is the verbal equivalent of pointing
at something or someone. They draw attention to the thing or person you’re referring to.

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Demonstrative pronouns indicate number (singular or plural) and the relative distance of the thing
being referred to.

Examples of the demonstrative pronouns

Near (proximal) Far (distal)

Singular This is my friend Jamie. I don’t know about that. Let’s discuss it tomorrow.

Plural I like all kinds of chocolates, but these are my favorites. Those are my notebooks on
the desk.

Demonstrative pronouns vs. demonstrative determiners

The demonstrative pronouns are identical to the demonstrative determiners (often called
demonstrative adjectives instead). The same words—this, that, these, and those—are used for both
grammatical functions in English. The pronouns and determiners together can be collectively
referred to as demonstratives.

A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun, meaning that it stands alone as the subject or object of
the sentence.

A demonstrative determiner modifies a noun, meaning that it appears before the noun, telling you
something about it.

Examples: Demonstrative pronouns and determiners

That is a misconception. I recommend reading this article to understand the topic better.

These are very good chocolates, but I still prefer these peanuts.

I’m afraid I can’t answer that question. This is a classified investigation.

“Near” and “far” demonstratives

Demonstratives—both pronouns and determiners—are used to indicate the distance of the thing or
person being referred to from the person speaking or writing.

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This (singular) and these (plural) are the “near” (or proximal) demonstratives. They indicate
someone or something that is relatively close.

That (singular) and those (plural) are the “far” (or distal) demonstratives. They indicate someone
or something that is relatively far.

This can refer to literal physical distance—for example, contrasting the distance of two physical
objects, people, or locations from the speaker or writer.

Examples: Demonstratives referring to physical distance

These flowers in my hand are tulips. Those, over on the windowsill, are roses.

No, this is my uncle Bill. That’s my dad over there.

That’s the Van Gogh Museum in the distance, and this building on our left is the concert hall.

It can also mean distance in time, when you’re contrasting the past or future with the present.

Example: Demonstratives referring to distance in time

That was an era of unprecedented economic prosperity, whereas these days, we’re living through
a recession.

Finally, demonstratives may indicate a more abstract, figurative type of distance—for example,
referring to something that was previously said or to some idea, concept, or event.

Example: Demonstratives referring to figurative distance

She didn’t do anything wrong. That’s my opinion and I’m sticking to it.

This argument isn’t getting us anywhere. Let’s agree to disagree.

Two major events are often said to mark the beginning of modern European history. These are the
French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

3. Conclusion

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Connectors play an important role in English grammar as these help in forming sentences logically.
There are different kinds of complex sentence connectors or phrase connectors but each of those
has different relative pronoun is a pronoun that’s used to introduce a relative clause. The main
English relative pronouns are which, that, who, and whom. These words can also function as other
parts of speech—they aren’t exclusively used as relative pronouns.

4. Bibliography

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Oxford University Press,Walton Street, Oxford New York ,First published 1994.
Cambridge University Press, Raymond Murphy, Essential Grammar in use, Third edition,2007.

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