ASHRAE Principles of Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning, 6th Edition

© (2009), Am eri can Soci ety of H eati n g , Refri g erati n g an d Ai r-Con d i ti on i n g En g i n eers, I n c. (www. ash rae. org ).
For person al u se on l y. Ad d i ti on al reprod u cti on , d i stri bu ti on , or tran sm i ssi on i n ei th er pri n t or d i g i tal form i s
n ot perm i tted wi th ou t ASH RAE’ s pri or wri tten perm i ssi on .
PRINCIPLES
OF HEATING
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Ronald H. Howell, PhD, PE , Fellow ASHRAE, retired as professor and chair of mechanical engineering at the Univer-
sity of South Florida and is also professor emeritus of the University of Missouri-Rolla. For 45 years he taught courses
in refrigeration, heating and air conditioning, thermal analysis, and related areas. He has been the principal or co-prin-
cipal investigator of 1 2 ASHRAE-funded research proj ects. His industrial and consulting engineering experience ranges
from ventilation and condensation problems to the development and implementation of a complete air curtain test
program.
William J. C oad, PE , Fellow ASHRAE, was ASHRAE president in 2001 -2002. He has been with McClure Engineering
Associates, St. Louis, Mo. , for 45 years and is currently a consulting principal. He is also president of Coad Engineering
Enterprises. He has served as a consultant to the Missouri state government and was a lecturer in mechanical engineering
for 1 2 years and an affiliate professor in the graduate program for 1 7 years at Washington University, St. Louis. He is
the author of Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems (Van Nostrand Reinhold).
Harry J. Sauer, Jr. , PhD, PE , Fellow ASHRAE, was a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla. He taught courses in air conditioning, refrigeration, environmental quality analysis and control,
and related areas. His research ranged from experimental boiling/condensing heat transfer and energy recovery equip-
ment for HVAC systems to computer simulations of building energy use and actual monitoring of residential energy use.
He served as an advisor to the Missouri state government and has conducted energy auditor training programs for the
US Department of Energy. Dr. Sauer passed away in June 2008.
PRI N C I PLE S
OF H E ATI N G
VE N TI LATI N G
AN D
AI R C ON D I TI ON I N G
6th E d i ti on
SOLU TI ON S M AN U AL
Ron al d H . H owel l Wi l l i am J . Coad H arry J . Sau er, J r.
Am eri can Soci ety of H eati n g, Refri gerati n g an d Ai r- C on d i ti on i n g E n gi n eers, I n c.

IS B N 9 7 8 - 1 - 9 3 3 7 4 2 - 7 0- 0
©2 009 American S ociety of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1 7 9 1 Tullie Circle, N. E.
Atlanta, GA 3 03 2 9
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N otes to I n stru ctors
This manual contains solutions to most of the p roblems in the textbook, Prin c ip les o f Hea tin g, Ven tila tin g, an d A ir
Co n ditio n in g, which is based on the 2 009 A SHR A E Ha n db o o k—Fu n da m en ta ls . S ome of these problems require the use
of tables, figures, or equations in the 2 009 Ha n db o o k that may not be found in Prin c ip les o f Hea tin g, Ven tila tin g, and
A ir Co n ditio n in g.
The solutions in this manual are generally presented in abbreviated form, with some intermediate computations omitted.
Answers and solutions are included for the maj ority of the problems. The remaining problems are either those requiring
discussion or those whose solutions depend on arbitrary assumptions or data selected by the instructor.
R. H. Howell
W. J. C oad

C ONTENTS
S o lutions to
C hap ter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chap te r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chap te r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
Chap te r 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5
Chap te r 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Chap te r 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
Chap te r 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1
Chap te r 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9
Chap te r 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1
Chap te r 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3
Chap te r 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 9
Chap te r 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 3
Chap te r 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 5
Chap te r 1 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 1
Chap te r 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 7
Chap te r 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 1
Chap te r 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 5
Chap te r 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 5
Chap te r 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3
Chap te r 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 9

Solutions to
Chapter 1
BACKGROU N D

Chapter 1 —Background ⏐ 3
1 . 1 Estimate whether ice will form on a clear night when
ambient air temperature is 45°F (7.2°C), if the water is

placed in a shallow pan in a sheltered location where the
convective heat transfer coefficient is 0.5 Btu/h⋅ ft2 ⋅ °F
(2.8 W/m2 ⋅ K).
Heat in by convection = Heat out by radiation to space

(Assume space @ 0°R, Assume water is black body, ε = 1
4
h A (T
a ir
– T
w a te r
) = σεA T
w a te r
T
4
( 0.5 ) ( 505 – T ) = 0.1 71 4 ⎛⎝ w
⎞
→ by trial and error
w
1 00 ⎠
T
w
≈ 41 0 °R = –50 °F ∴ will freeze
1 .4 Estimate the size of cooling and heating equipment

that is needed for a new bank building in middle America
that is 1 40 × 220 × 1 2 ft high (42.7 × 67 × 3.7 m high). Be
c o n s erva tive.
2
Floor area = ( 1 40 ) ( 220 ) = 30,800 ft
3
Volume = ( 1 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 1 2 ) = 370,000 ft
2 3
From Table 1 .1 : 250 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft
2
30 , 800 ft
∴ Cooling:
2
= 1 23 tons
250 ft ⁄ ton
3 3
Heating: ( 370,000 ft ) ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft ) = 1 ,1 1 0,000 Btu/hr or 1 1 1 0 Mbh
1 . 5 Estimate the size of heating and cooling equipment
that will be needed for a residence in middle America that

is 28 × 78 × 8 ft high (8.5 × 23.8 × 2.4 m high).
2 3
From Table 1 .1 : 700 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu ⁄ h ⋅ ft
( 28 ) ( 78 )
Cooling: = 3.1 2 tons or 3.1 2 × 1 2,000 = 37,400 Btu/h
( 700 )
3 3
Heating: [ ( 28 ) ( 78 ) ( 8 ) ft ] ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft )
= 52,400 Btu ⁄ h
1 .6Estimate the initial cost of the complete HVAC

system (heating, cooling, and air moving) for an office
building, 40 × 1 50 × 1 0 ft high (1 2.2 × 45.7 × 3.1 m high).
40 × 1 50
Cooling unit:
3
= 1 7 tons
350 ft ⁄ ton
3
Heating unit: ( 40 ) ( 1 50 ) ( 1 0 ) ( 3 Btu/h ⋅ ft ) = 1 80,000 Btu/h
2
Air movement: 1 7 tons × = 6900 cfm or [1 .2 cfm/ft × 40 × 1 50 = 7200 cfm]
400 cfm/ton
Costs: Cooling system ($1 500/ton) × 1 7 tons = $25,500
Heating system ($2.50/cfm) × 6900 [ 7200 ] cfm = $1 7,250 [$1 8,000]
Fans/ducting ( $7.50 ) × 6900 [7200] cfm = $51 ,750 [$54,000]
Total = $94,500 [$97,500]
4 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i tion i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al
1 . 7 Estimate the annual operating cost for the building in
Problem 1 .6 if it is all-electric.
2
From Table 1 .2: 30.5 kWh / ft ⋅ yr
Energy = ( 40 × 1 50 ) ( 30.5 ) = 1 83,000 kWh
Cost = $0.08 ( 1 83,000 ) = $1 4,640
1 .8 Open-ended design problem.

Solutions to
Chapter 2
THERMODYNAMICS
AND PSYCHROMETRICS

Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics ⏐ 7
2.6 Two pounds of air contained in a cylinder expand

without friction against a piston. The pressure on the back
side of the piston is constant at 200 psia. The air initially
occupies a volume of 0.50 ft3 . What is the work done by
the air in ft-lbf if the expansion continues until the
temperature of the air reaches 100°F?
PV = mRT V2 =
mRT2
=
( 2 53.3 560
)( )( )
= 2.073 ft3
P2 200 144
( )( )
2
W = ∫P dv = P ∫ dv = P ( v 2 – v 1 ) = ( 200 144 2.073 – 0.5
)( )( ) = 45,300 ft lb f
⋅
1
2.7 Determine the specific volume, enthalpy, and

entropy of 1 kg of R-134a at a saturation temperature of
–5°C and a quality of 14%.
from R-134a tables:
ν (
1 )
3
= 0.14 0.083 + 0.86 1310 = 0.0123 m kg ⎛ ⎞
⁄
⎝ ⎠
h = 0.14 395.8 + 0.86 192.9 = 221.3 kJ/kg

( ) ( )
s = 0.14 1.7306 + 0.86 0.976 = 1.082 kJ/kg K

( ) ( ) ⋅
2.8 Saturated R-134a vapor at 42°C is superheated at

constant pressure to a final temperature of 72°C. What is
the pressure? What are the changes in specific volume,
enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy?
from R-134a tables:
1. 42°C = 315 K: P = 1.0721 MPa; vg = 0.0189 m3 kg ; h g = 420.44 kJ/kg ⁄
Sg = 1.7108 kJ/kg K u = h – P = 420.44 – 1.0721 10 6 0.0189 1000

⋅ ν ( )( ⁄ )
u = 400.2 kJ/kg
2. 72°C = 345 K: P = 1.0037 MPa; 1 = 42.0; h 2 = 453, s 2 = 1.81 ν
2
u2 = 608.3
⎛ 1 3
2 – ν 1 = ⎝ 42 – 0.0189⎠ = 0.0049 m ⁄ kg; h 2 – h 1 = 453 – 420.44 = 32.6 kJ/kg
⎞
ν
s 2 – s 1 = 1.81 – 1.71 = 0.10 kJ/kg ⋅ k; u 2 – u 1 = 427.5 – 400.2 = 27.3 kJ/kg

8 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i tion i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al
3
2.9 A tank having a volume of 200 ft contains saturated
vapor (steam) at a pressure of 20 psia. Attached to this
tank is a line in which vapor at 1 00 psia, 400°F flows.
Steam from this line enters the vessel until the pressure is
1 00 psia. If there is no heat transfer from the tank and the
heat capacity of the tank is neglected, calculate the mass
of steam that enters the tank.
Steam line: P = 1 00 psi ; t = 400 °F
Tank: P 1
= 20 psi, sat vapor
P 2
= 1 00 psi
200
ν
1
= 20. 09 ft
3
⁄ lb
m
⇒ m 1
= = 9. 955 lb
m
20. 09
V
m 2
=
2
and mihi = m u
2 2
– m u 1 1
by trial and error
ν
2
200
Try T
2
= 5 5 0 °F u 2
= 1 1 95 m 2
= = 3 3 . 9 lb
m
5.9
?
( 3 3 . 9 – 9. 95 5 ) ( 1 228 ) = ( 3 3 . 9 ) ( 1 1 95 ) – ( 9. 95 5 ) ( 1 082 )
29400 ≈ 29700 ∴ m i = 3 3 . 9 – 9. 955 = 23 . 95 lb

m
2.1 0 Determine the heat required to vaporize 5 0 kg of

water at a saturation temperature of 1 00°C.
Q = mh fg = ( 5 0 kg ) ( 225 6. 28 ) kJ ⁄ kg = 1 1 2,800 kJ
2.1 1 The temperature of 1 5 0 kg of water is raised from

1 5 °C to 85 °C by the addition of heat. How much heat is
supplied?
kJ ⎞
Q = mc p ( Δt ) = ( 1 5 0 kg ) 4. 1 80
⎛
⎝
( 85 – 1 5 ) K = 43 ,890 kJ
kg ⋅ K⎠
2.1 2 Three cubic meters per second of water are cooled

from 3 0°C to 2°C. Compute the rate of heat transfer in
kiloj oules per second (kilowatts).
Q mc p Δt = ---
V· c Δt ⎛ 3 m
3
⁄s ⎞
=
p = ⎜ ⎟ ( 4. 1 8 kJ ⁄ kg ⋅ K ) ( 3 0 – 2 ) K
ν 3
⎝ 0. 001 004 m ⁄ kg⎠
Q = 3 5 0,000 kW
3
or Q = m Δh =
⎛ ⎞
⎝ 0. 001 004 ⎠
( 1 25. 72 – 8. 3 9 ) = 3 5 1 ,000 kW
2.1 3 Consider 1 0 lb m of air that is initially at 1 4. 7 psia,

1 00°F. Heat is transferred to the air until the temperature
reaches 5 00°F. Determine the change of internal energy,
the change in enthalpy, the heat transfer, and the work
done for:
a. a constant-volume process
b. a constant-pressure process.
a. Closed system, constant volume process, perfect gas
ΔU = mc v t Δ = ( 1 0 ) ( 0. 1 71 ) ( 5 00 – 1 00 ) = 684 Btu
ΔH = mc p t Δ = ( 1 0 ) ( 0. 240 ) ( 5 00 – 1 00 ) = 960 Btu
Q–W= U Δ (closed system); w= 0 since constant volume
Q= U= Δ 684 Btu
b. Closed system, constant pressure process, perfect gas
U=
Δ ; H=
684 Btu Δ 960 Btu
p = c Q = mc p t = H =
: Δ Δ 960 Btu
Q–W= U Δ W= Q– u =(closed system) ; Δ 960 – 684 = 276 Btu
2.1 4 The discharge of a pump is 1 0 ft above the inlet.

Water enters at a pressure of 20 psia and leaves at a pres-
sure of 200 psia. The specific volume of the water is 0. 01 6
3
ft /lb. If there is no heat transfer and no change in kinetic
or internal energy, what is the work per pound?
From 1 st Law:
P – P2 ν 2 g z –z
w
ν
= 1 1
+ 1 2
J gc J
( 0. 01 6 ) ( 20 – 200 ) ( 1 44 ) ( 3 2. 2 ) ( –1 0 )
= +
778 ( 3 2. 2 ) ( 778 )
= – 0. 5 3 3 – 0. 01 3 = – 0. 546 Btu/lb
m
2.1 5 The discharge of a pump is 3 m above the inlet.

Water enters at a pressure of 1 3 8 kPa and leaves at a pres-
sure of 1 3 80 kPa. The specific volume of the water is
3
0. 001 m /kg. If there is no heat transfer and no change in
kinetic or internal energy, what is the work per unit mass?
2 2
m u +P + gz 1 ⎟ – ⎜ u +P + gz 2⎟ + Q – W =
⎛ ν ⎞ ⎛ ν ⎞
⎜ 1 1
ν
1
+ 1
2 2
ν
2
+ 1
0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
– ( 1 3 80 ) ( 0. 001 ) – ( 3 ) ( 9. 806 ) – W =
( 1 3 8 ) ( 0. 001 ) 0
W = –3 0. 66 J ( Note 1 J (Joule) = 1 N ⋅ m )
1 0 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i ti on i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al
2.1 6 Air is compressed in a reversible, isothermal,
steady- flow p rocess from 15 psia, 1 00°F to 1 00 psia.
Calculate the work of compression per pound, the change
of entropy, and the heat transfer per pound of air
compressed.
P 1
= t =
1 5 psi ,
1
1 00 ° F P 2
= 1 00 psi , t 2
= 1 00 ° F
RT ( ) ( 3 73 )
=
P = ( =
1 53.3 3
ν 9. 21 ft ⁄ lb
1 m
15 ) ( 1 44 )
1
P
= ν ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = ( ⎛ 15 ⎞
=
1 3
ν
2
P 1
2
9. 21 )
⎝ 1 00 ⎠
1 .38 ft ⁄ lb
m
P ν
Pν = constant ⇒ p= 1
ν
1
w = ∫P dν = P ν
2
dν = P ν
ν
⎛ 2⎞
1 1 ∫ ν
1 1
ln
⎝ν ⎠
1 1
w = ( 1 5 ) ( 1 44 ) ( 9. 2 1 ) ln
⎛1 . 3 8 ⎞
⎝ 9 . 21 ⎠
= – 3 7 , 8 00 ft ⋅ lb
f
⁄ lb
m
T⎞ P
Δ S = Cp ln
⎛
⎝ T ⎠ –R
2
ln
⎛
⎝ P
2
⎞
⎠
= ( 0. 24 ) ln
⎛3 7 3 ⎞
⎝3 7 3 ⎠
–( 53 .3 ) ln
⎛ 1 00 ⎞
⎝ 15 ⎠
1 1
= 0 – 1 01 . 2 =– 1 01 . 2 ft lb
f
⁄ lb
m
⋅ °R =– 0. 1 3 B tu ⁄ lb
m
⋅ °R
2.1 7 Liquid nitrogen at a temp erature of –2 4 0° F exists in
a container, and both the liquid and vapor phases are pres-
3
ent. The volume of the container is 3 ft and the mass of
nitrogen in the container has been determined as 44. 5 lb .

m
What is the mass of liquid and the mass of vapor present
in the container?
V= t f=
3
3 ft
3
= – 2 40 ° F
ν 0. 02 61 3 ft ⁄ lb
m
⇒
m = 44. 5 lb
m
= 220 °R
ν
g = 0. 07 5 0 ft
3
⁄ lb
m
ν = V ⁄m = 3 ⁄ 44. 5 = 0. 067 4 ft
3
⁄ lb
m
ν = ν f + χ ( ν g – ν f)
ν – νf –
x = =
( 0. 067 4 0. 02 61 3 )
=
g – νf –
0. 8 445
ν ( 0. 07 5 0 0. 02 61 3 )
m v = mx = ( 44. 5 ) ( 0. 8 445 ) = 3 7. 5 8 lb
m
vapor
mL = m( – x) = ( 1 44. 5 )(1 – 0. 8 44 5 ) = 6. 9 2 lb
m
liquid
Chapter 2—Therm od ynam ics and Psychrom etrics ⏐ 1 1
2.1 8 A fan in an air-conditioning system is drawing
1 . 2 5 hp at 1 7 60 rpm. The cap acity through the fan is
3
0. 8 5 m /s of 2 4 ° C air and the inlet and outlet ducts are
0. 3 1 m in diameter. What is the temperature rise of the air
due to this fan?
v V
2 2
D
2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ π
m h + – h + –w = A = =
1 2 2
⎜ 1
⎟ ⎜ 2
⎟ 0 0. 07 5 5 m
2 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
V·
m(h – h –w = V = --- = =
0. 8 5
) 0 1 1 . 26 m/s
1 2
A
1
0. 07 5 5
V = V 2 1
ΔT
since small and Δ P
m Cp ( t – t ) – w = ·
P V = m· RT
0
1 2
1 1 1 1
m· =
( 1 . 25 ) ( 0. 746 ) ( 1 01 . 3 ) ( 1 000 ) ( 0. 8 5 )
t –t =
1 2
= 0. 91 K = 1 . 02 kg/s
( 1 . 02 ) ( 1 . 005 ) ( 287 ) ( 294 )
2.1 9 Air is contained in a cylinder. Initially, the cylinder
3
contains 1 . 5 m of air at 1 5 0 kPa, 2 0° C . The air is then
compressed reversibly according to the relationship pvn =
constant until the final pressure is 600 kPa, at which p oint
the temp erature is 1 2 0 ° C . For this process determine:
a. the polytropic exponent n

b. the final volume of the air
c. the work done on the air and the heat transfer
( 28 7 ) ( 3 93 ) ( 287 ) ( 294 )
P = RT = = = =
3 3
ν ; ν 0. 1 8 8 0 m ⁄ kg ν 0. 5 61 m ⁄ kg
2 2 2 2 1
( 600 ) ( 1 000 ) ( 1 5 0 ) ( 1 000 )
ν n P n n
⎛ 2⎞
= ⎛ 0. 1 8 8 ⎞
= = n =
1 1 50
a. ; 0. 3 3 5 0. 2 5 ; 1 . 27
⎝ν ⎠
1
P 2
⎝ 0. 5 61 ⎠ 600
V V
m= = = = V = =
1 1 .5 2 3
b. 2 . 67 4 kg ; ( 2 . 674 ) ( 0. 1 8 8 ) 0. 5 03 m
2
ν 0. 5 61 ν
1 2
P V – P V R(T – T
W = ∫P dv = c ∫dv =
)
= 2 2 1 1 2 1
=–
–n –n
c. 1 06. 3 kJ
n
v 1 1
Q = W + m(U – U ) = – +( )(
2 1
1 06. 3 2 . 67 4 0. 7 1 8 ) ( 1 20 – 20 ) = 8 5 . 7 kJ
2.20 Water at 2 0° C is pumped from gro und level to an
elevated storage tank above ground level; the volume of
3
the tank is 5 0 m . Initially, the tank contains air at 1 0 0
kPa, 2 0° C, and the tank is closed so that the air is
compressed as the water enters the bottom of the tank.
The pump is operated until the tank is three- quarters full.
The temperature of the air and water remain constant at
2 0° C. D etermine the work inp ut to the p ump .

Wagainst air = ∫Pdv = mRT∫dvv = mRT vv ln

2
= P v vv
1 1
ln
2
1 1
= ( 1 00 ) ( 1 000 ) ( 5 0 ) ln ( 0. 25 ) = –693 0 kJ
Wto elevate = mg z Δ = (3 ⁄4)

( 50 )
( 0. 001 002 )
( 9. 8 ) ( 40 ) = 1 4670 kJ
Wtotal from pump = 693 0 + 1 4670 = 21 , 600 kJ
2.21 A centrifugal pump delivers liquid oxygen to a

rocket engine at the rate of 1 00 lb m/s. The oxygen enters
the pump as liquid at 1 5 psia and the discharge pressure
3
is 5 00 psia. The density of liquid oxygen is 66. 7 lb m/ft .
Determine the minimum size motor (in horsepower) to
drive this pump.
w· = m· ∫ dP = m· · P – P
ν ν(
2 1
)
⎛ 1 ⎞
= – 1 5 ) ( 1 44 ) =
8
( 1 00 ) ( 3 600 ) ( 5 00 3 . 769 × 1 0 ft ⋅ lb
⎝ 66. 7 ⎠ f
w· HP =
( 3 . 769 × 1 0 )
( 778 ) ( 25 45 )
= 1 90. 4 Hp
2.22 Air undergoes a steady-flow, reversible adiabatic

process. The initial state is 200 psia, 1 5 00°F, and the final
pressure is 20 psia. Changes in kinetic and potential
energy are negligible. Determine
a. final temperature
b. final specific volume
c. change in internal energy per lb m
d. change in enthalpy per lb m
e. work per lb m
P 1
= 200 psi t 1
= 1 5 00 °F P 2
= 20 psi
K– 1 –1
P
1 .4
K
T =T P
1 .4
⎛ 20 ⎞
a.
2
=
1
⎛
⎝
2 ⎞
⎠
( 1 960 )
⎝ 200 ⎠
= 1 01 5 . 2 R
1
RT ( 5 3 . 3 ) ( 1 05 1 . 2 )
=
P = =
2 3
b. ν 1 9. 469 ft ⁄ lb
2 m
( 20 ) ( 1 44 )
2
c. Δ u = cu T = Δ ( 0. 1 71 ) ( 1 01 5 . 2 – 1 960 ) = –1 61 . 6 Btu/lb
m
d. Δ H = cp T = Δ ( 0. 240 ) ( 1 01 5. 2 – 1 960 ) = –266. 8 Btu/lb

m
e. δ q– w= u=–
δ δ 1 61 . 6 Btu/lb
m
2.23 Air undergoes a steady-flow, reversible adiabatic

process. The initial state is 1 400 kPa, 8 1 5 °C, and the final
pressure is 1 40 kPa. Changes in kinetic and potential
energy are negligible. Determine
a. final temperature
b. final specific volume
c. change in specific internal energy
d. change in specific enthalpy
e. specific work
k–1
a.
P
T2 = T1 ⎛⎝ 2⎞⎠
140 0.286 = 563 K = 290°C
k
1088 1400 = ⎛ ⎞
P1 ⎝ ⎠
b. P2 2 = RT2 , R a ir = 0.0287 N m g K
ν ⋅ ⁄ ⋅
140 1000 2 = 0.0287 563 3

( )( )ν
2 = 0.115 m kg
( )( ) ⇒ ν ⁄
c. u 2 – u 1 = c v T2 – T1 = 0.718 290 – 815 = –377 kJ/kg

( ) ( )( )
d. h 2 – h 1 = c p T2 – T1 = 1.005 290 – 815 = –528 kJ/kg

( ) ( )( )
e. h 1 – h 2 – w = 0 ; w = 528 kJ/kg
2.24 A fan provides fresh air to the welding area in an

industrial plant. The fan takes in outside air at 80°F and
14.7 psia at the rate of 1200 cfm with negligible inlet
velocity. In the 10 ft2 duct leaving the fan, air pressure is
1 psig. If the process is assumed to be reversible and adia-
batic, determine the size motor needed to drive the fan.
[Ans: W = 5.1 hp]
m· =
Pv·
=
( 14.7 144 1200)( )( )
= 88.2 lb m /min
RT 53.3 540
( )( )
k–1 1.4 – 1
P
T2 = T1 ⎛⎝ 2⎞⎠ = 540
15.7
k
⎛ ⎞
1.4
= 550.25°R
P1 14.7 ⎝ ⎠
RT2 53.3 550.25 ( )( )

12.98 ft3 lb m
ν
2 = P = 15.7 14.4 = ⁄
2 ( )( )
V2 =
m 2
=
88.7 12.98
ν ( )( )
= 144.5 ft/min
A2 10 ( )
v ⎞
2 V
2
W = m h1 – ⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟ = m c p ( T1 – T2 ) + 2
⎛
2 gcJ ⎝ ⎠ 2 gcJ
= 88.2 60 0.24 540 – 550.25 – 2 144.5 60 2 ( ⁄ )
( )( )
32.2 778
( )
( )( )( )
= –13,020 Btu/h = 5.12 hp
2.25 If the fan in the previous problem has an efficiency

of 64% and is driven by a motor having an efficiency of
78%, determine the required power, kW.
HP a c tu a l =
HP Idea l
=
5.12
( )
= 10.3 hp
(η
fa n ) ( η m o to r ) ( 0.64 0.78 )( )
2.26 A fan provides fresh air to the welding area in an

industrial plant. The fan takes in outside air at 32.2°C and
101.4 kPa at the rate of 566 L/s with negligible inlet
velocity. In the 0.93 m2 duct leaving the fan, air pressure
is 102 kPa. Determine the minimum size motor needed to
drive the fan.
P 1 V· 1 ( 1 01 . 4 ) ( 1 000 ) ( 0. 5 66 )
m = = = 0. 65 5 kg/s
RT1 ( 287 ) ( 3 05 . 2 )
k–1 1 .4 – 1
P k
⎛ 1 02 ⎞
1 .4
T2 = T 2 ⎞⎠
⎛
= ( 3 05 . 2 ) = 3 05 . 7 K
P11⎝ ⎝ 1 01 . 4⎠
RT2 ( 287 ) ( 3 05 . 7 ) 3
ν = = = 0. 860 m ⁄ kg
2
P2 ( 1 02 ) ( 1 000 )
m ν2 ( 0. 65 5 ) ( 0. 860 )
V· 2 = = = 0. 606 m/s (small, neglect kinetic energy)
A2 ( 0. 93 )
W = m (h1 – h2 ) = m c p ΔT = ( 0. 655 ) ( 0. 71 8 ) ( 3 05 . 2 – 3 05 . 7 ) = 0. 24 kW
2.27 In an insulated feedwater heater, steam condenses

at a constant temperature of 220°F. The feedwater is
heated from 60 to 1 5 0°F at constant pressure.
a. Assuming the specific heat at constant pressure of
the feedwater is unity, how many Btu are absorbed by
each pound in its passage through the heater? [Ans:
90 Btu/lb]
b. What i s the c hang e i n e ntro p y o f the c o nde ns -
i ng s te am per p o und of fe e dwate r he ate d?
[ Ans : − 0 . 1 3 2 4 B tu/l b m⋅ R]
c. What is the change in entropy of 1 lb of feedwa-
ter as it passes through the heater? [Ans:
+0. 1 5 9 5 B tu/l b m⋅ R]
d. What is the change in entropy of the combined sys-
tem? Does this violate the second law? Explain.
[Ans: +0.0271 B tu/l b m⋅ R, No]
Q
a. Q lo s s s tea m = Q a ga in F . W. = m F. W. Cp ΔT ; ⎛ ---- ⎞
= C p ΔT
⎝ ⎠ m FW
Q
⎛ --- ⎞
= ( 1 . 0 ) ( 90 ) = 90 Btu ⁄ lb
m
⎝ ⎠
F . W.
m F . W.
Q
b. ( m Δh ) stea m = m FW⎛⎝--- ⎞⎠ Assume 1 . 0 lb feed water
m F. W. m
m FW( Q ⁄ m ) FW ( 1 . 0 ) ( 90 )
m stea m = = = 0. 093 2 lb
Δh
m
( 965 . 3 ) steam
Δ Sstea m = m s
s fg = ( 0. 093 2 ) ( 1 . 4201 ) = 0. 1 3 24 Btu ⁄ lb m ⋅ R
FW
c. Δ SFW = m FW( s f 1 5 0 °F
– sf 60 °F
) = 1 . 0 [ ( 0. 21 50 ) – ( 0. 05 5 5 ) ]
= 0. 1 5 95 Btu ⁄ lb ⋅ R
m
d. Δ s T = Δs FW – Δs s tea m = ( 0. 1 5 95 ) – ( 0. 1 3 24 ) = 0. 0271 Btu ⁄ lb

m
⋅ R
Does not violate 2nd Law; Δ S is positive.

2.28 Steam at 124 kPa and 96% quality enters a radiator.

The steam is condensed as it flows through the radiator
and leaves as condensate at 88°C. If the radiator is to have
a heating capacity of 1.85 kW, how many kilograms per
hour of steam must be supplied to the radiator?
Steam 1. 124 Kpa, 0.96 quality: h 1 = 444 + 0.96 2241 ( ) = 2595
2. 88°C liquid: h 2 = 368.6
Q = m h 1 – h 2 = 1.85 = m 2595 – 368.6
( ) ( )
m = 0.00083 kg/s = 6.6 lb m h ⁄
2.29Solve the following:

a. Air at 50 psia and 90°F flows through a restriction in a
2 in. ID pipe. The velocity of the air upstream from the
restriction is 450 fpm. If 58°F air is desired, what must
the velocity downstream of the restriction be?
Comment on this as a method of cooling.
b. Air at 50 psia and 90°F flows through an insulated
turbine at the rate of 1.6 lbm/s. If the air delivers 11.5
hp to the turbine blades, at what temperature does the
air leave the turbine?
c. Air at 50 psia and 90°F flows through an insulated
turbine at the rate of 1.6 lbm/s to an exit pressure of
14.7 psia. What is the lowest temperature attainable
at exit?
2 2
⎛ V ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞
a. ⎜ h1 + 1 ⎟ – ⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2 gcJ⎠ ⎝ 2 gcJ⎠
2 2
V1 V2 ( 45 0 ⁄ 60 )
2
Cp + ( T1 – T2 ) + = = ( 0. 24 ) ( 90 – 5 8 ) +
2 gcJ 2 gcJ ( 2 ) ( 3 2. 2 ) ( 778 )
V2 = 620 fps = 3 7 ,200 fpm

Not cooling since temperature will increase as fluid s lows down.
b. m (h1 – h2 ) – W = 0
m Cp ( T1 – T2 ) – W = 0 ; ( 1 . 6 ) ( 3 600 ) ( 0. 24 ) ( 90 – T2 ) = 1 1 . 5 ( 25 45 )
t2 = 68. 8 °F
c. Rev. Adiabatic for Minimum = Isentropic
K – 1-
P K
⎛ 1 4. 7 ⎞
0. 286
T2 = T 2⎞⎠ ⎛
= ( 550 ) = 3 88 R = –72 °F
P1 1⎝ ⎝ 50 ⎠
2.3 0 Liquid water at a pressure of 1 0 psia and a temper-

ature of 80°F enters a 1 in. diameter tube at the rate of 0. 8
3
ft /min. Heat is transferred to the water so that it leaves as
saturated vapor at 9 psia. Determine the heat transfer per
minute. [Ans: 95 ,800 Btu/min]
P1 = t1 = V· 1 =
3
1 0 psi 80 °F 0. 8 ft /min
P2 = 9 psi Sat. vapor @ 2
= A= =
2 2
Dia. 1 in. ⇒ 0. 785 4 in. 0. 005 45 ft
= v2 =
3 3
ν ≅ ν 0. 01 607 ft /lb 42. 3 67 ft /lb
1 f80 °F m m
h1 ≅ hf 80°F
= 48. 05 Btu/lb
m
h2 = 1 1 41 . 21 5 Btu/lb
m
V· ( 0. 8 )
U1 = 1 = = 1 46. 8 ft/min
A ( 0. 005 45 )
ν
⎛ 42. 3 67 ⎞
U2 = U1 ⎛⎝ 2⎞
= 1 46. 8 = 3 87 ,024 ft/min
v1 ⎠ ⎝ 0. 01 607 ⎠
U1 A ( 1 46. 8 ) ( 0. 005 45 )
m = = = 49. 78 lb
m
/min
ν ( 0. 01 607 )
1
U – U1 ⎞
2 2
– ( 1 468 )
2 2
Q· = m· ⎜ h 2 – h 1 + 2
⎛ ( 3 87024 )
⎟ = ( 49. 78 ) 1 1 41 . 25 – 48. 05 +
⎝ 2 gc ⎠ ( 2 ) ( 3 2. 2 ) ( 3 600 ) ( 778 )
= ( 49. 78 ) [ 1 093 . 1 65 + 83 0. 43 ] = 95 ,800 Btu/min
2.31 A refrigerator uses R-1 3 4a as the refrigerant and

handles 200 lb m/h. Condensing temperature is 1 1 0°F and
evaporating temperature is 5 °F. For a cooling effect of
1 1 ,000 Btu/h, determine the minimum size motor (hp)
required to drive the compressor.
@ x = 1 .0 t = 5 °F
h = 1 03 . 745 , s = 0. 22470
@ p = 1 61 . 05 psi, s = 0. 22470
h ≅ 1 20
· = m· ( h – h ) =
W 200 ( 1 20 – 1 03 . 7 ) = 3 260 Btu/h
1 4
· =
W
3 260
= 1 . 28 Hp [Minimum for mechanical vapor compression cycle. ]
2545
1 1
COP = = = 4. 4286
TR ⁄ TA – 1 5 70 ⁄ 465 –1
· =
W
1 1 ,000
= 2483 . 9 Btu/h = 0. 976 Hp [Minimum for reversed Carnot cycle]
4. 4286
2.3 2 A heat pump is used in place of a furnace for heating

a house. In winter, when the outside air temperature is
1 0°F, the heat loss from the house is 60,000 Btu/h if the
inside is maintained at 70°F. Determine the minimum
electric power required to operate the heat pump (in kW).
For minimum consider reversible Carnot cycle.
QR QR 1 1
COP h ea tin g = = = =
W QR – QA 1 – QA ⁄ QR 1 – TL ⁄ TH
1
= = 8. 83 3
1 – 470 ⁄ 5 3 0
QR ( 60 ,000 )
W = = = 1 . 99 kW
COP h ea tin g ( 8. 83 3 ) ( 3 41 3 )
2.3 3 A heat pump is used in place of a furnace for heating

a house. In winter, when the outside air temperature is −
1 0°C, the heat loss from the house is 200 kW if the inside
is maintained at 21 °C. Determine the minimum electric
power required to operate the heat pump. [Ans: 21 . 1 kW]
1 1
COP h ( m a x ) = = = 9. 48
1 – TL ⁄ Th 1 – 263 ⁄ 298
QR 200
Wm in = = = 21 . 1 kW
COP m a x 9. 48
2.3 4 Refrigerant-1 3 4a vapor enters a compressor at 25

psia, 40°F, and the mass rate of flow is 5 lb m/min. What
is the smallest diameter tubing that can be used if the
velocity of refrigerant must not exceed 20 ft/s?
3 1 3
25 psi, 40 °F ⇒ ρ = 0. 449 lb/ft ; v = = 2. 23 ft /lb
0. 449
2
V π d ( 20 )
5 ⁄ 60 = A --- =
v 4 ( 1 44 ) ( 2. 23 )
2
d = 1 . 70 ⇒ d= 1 . 3 0 in.
2.35 An R-1 3 4a refrigerating system is operating with a

condensing temperature of 8 6°F and evaporating temper-
ature of 25 °F. If the liquid line from the condenser is
soldered to the suction line from the evaporator to form a
simple heat exchanger, and if as a result of this, saturated
liquid leaving the condenser is subcooled 6°F, how many
degrees will the saturated vapor leaving the evaporator be
superheated? (Use tables. )
h 1 – h 2 = h 4 – h 3 40.5 – 38 = h 4 – 106.6
⇒ ( ) ( ) ( )
h 4 = 109.1 Btu/lb m
= 44°F
P4 = 36.8 psi t4
⎫
⎬
⎭
° SH = 44 – 25 = 19°
2.3 6 Ammonia is heated in the evaporator of a refriger-

ation system from inlet conditions of 10°F, 10% quality,
to saturated vapor. The pressure remains constant during
the process. For each pound, determine the changes in
enthalpy and volume. [Ans: 505 Btu/lb; 6.55 ft3 /lb]
t1 =10°F x 1 = 10% = 0.10 P1 = P2 = constant
Sat. vapor @ 2 v f1 = 0.02446 vg 1 = 7.304
v1 = 0.02446 – 0.10 7.304 – 0.02446 = 0.7524 ft3 /lb m
( ) ( )( )
v = 7.304 – 0.7524 = 6.552 ft3 /lb m

Δ
h f1 = 53.8 h g = 614.9
h 1 = 53.8 + 0.10 614.9 – 53.8 = 109.9 Btu/lb m
( )( )
h = 614.9 – 109.9 = 505 Btu/lb m

Δ
2.3 7 For a compressor using R-134a with an evaporator

temperature of 20°F and a condensing temperature of
80°F, calculate per ton of refrigeration
a. displacement
b. mass flow
c. horsepower required
b. 12000
105.9 – 37.978 = 176.7 = 2.94 lb m /min ton
q
· =
m
L
=
h
1 – h4
a. PD = m· v 1 ( )(
3)
3
= 176.7 1.4101 = 249 ft /h ton = 415 ft /min ton ⋅
c. · = m· ( h
w
2 – 1 = 176.7 117 – 105.9 = 1961 Btu/h ton
h ) [ ] ⋅
= 0.771 Hp/ton
2.3 8 For a compressor using an R-22 system operating

between 100°F condensing temperature and − 10°F evap-
orator temperature, calculate per ton
a. displacement
b. mass flow
c. horsepower required
b. 12000
103.45 – 39.27 = 186.9 lb m h ton = 3.12 lb m /min ton
q
m· = L
= ⁄ ⋅
h
1 – h4
a. PD = m· v 1 ( )(
3 )
3
= 186.9 1.6825 = 314 ft /h ton = 5.24 ft /min ton ⋅
c. · = m· ( h
w
2 – 1 = 186.9 125 – 103.46 = 4018.4 Btu/h ton
h ) [ ] ⋅
= 1.58 Hp/ton
2.3 9 An industrial plant has available a 4 cylinder, 3 in.

bore by 4 in. stroke, 800 rpm, single-acting compressor
for use with R-134a. Proposed operating conditions for
the compressor are 100°F condensing temperature and
40°F evaporating temperature. It is estimated that the
refrigerant will enter the expansion valve as a saturated
liquid, that vapor will leave the evaporator at a tempera-
ture of 45°F, and that vapor will enter the compressor at
a temperature of 55°F. Assume a compressor-volumetric
efficiency of 70% and frictionless flow. Calculate the
refrigerating capacity in tons for a system equipped with
this compressor. Plot the cycle on the diagram. [Ans: p-h
12 tons]
v ≅ 1.0 ft3 lbm ⁄ 110 – 44.9 = 65.1 Btu/lbm

q
L
=
compressor: · = 800
32 4 1 ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
4 1728
Vi de a l ( )
⎝ ⎠
( )
⎝ ⎠
3
= 13.09 ft lbm ⁄
· Va c tu a l (
3
= 4 13.09 0.70 = 36.65 ft min )( ) ⁄
·
capacity = 12000 = 36.65 60 65.1 12 tons
mq [( )( )] ( )
L
0.80 12000 ( )( )
≈
2 . 40A mechanical refrigeration system with R-134a is a capacity of 15 kW, determine:

operating under such conditions that the evaporator pres- a. the refrigerating effect per kilogram of refrigerant
sure is 160 kPa and the liquid approaching the refrigerant circulated
control valve is at a temperature of 41°C. If the system has
Chapter 2—Therm od ynam ics and Psychrom etrics ⏐ 21
b. the mass flow rate in kilograms per second per kilo-

watt
c. the volume flow rate in liters per second per kilowatt
at the compressor inlet
d. the total mass flow rate in kilograms per second
e. the total volume flow rate in liters per second at the
compressor inlet
a ) qe 389 – 258 = 131 kJ/kg

= h1 – h4 =
b )
1 = 0.0075 kg/s
m = 131
c ) V1 = mv 1 = 0.0076 0.126 1000 = 0.97 l/s
( )( )( )
d )
15 = 0.115 kg/s
m = 131
e ) v· = mv1 = 0.115 0.126 1000 = 14.4 l/s
( )( )( )
2 . 41A vapor-compression R-22 refrigeration system is

being designed to provide 50 kW of cooling when oper-
ating between evaporating and condensing temperatures
of 0°C and 34°C, respectively. The refrigerant leaving the
condenser is subcooled 3 degrees and the vapor leaving
the evaporator is superheated 5 degrees. Determine
a. ideal compressor discharge temperature, °C
b. refrigerant flow rate, kg/s
c. compressor motor size, kW
d. COP for cooling
e. compressor discharge temperature if compression
efficiency is 60%
h1 = 409 s1 = 1.76
h2 = 434 h3 = h4 = 237.7
a ) t2 i = 55°C
b 50
) m 409 – 237.7 = 0.292 kg/s
=
( )
c ) P = 0.292 434 – 409 = 7.30 kW

( )
d ) COPc = 7.3 50 = 6.85
e ) h 2 a = 409 + 4340.60
– 409
= 451 t2 a 75°C
( )
⇒ ≅
2 . 42For a line of ammonia compressors, the actual volu-

metric efficiency is given by:
va = 94 – 6.1(p d/p s), %
η
The compression efficiency is fairly constant at 82%. A
compressor in this line has two cylinders, each having a
92 mm bore and a 74 mm stroke. The compressor has
4.5% clearance and operates at 28 r/s. The system is being
selected for an air-conditioning unit and will therefore
operate between an evaporating temperature of 0°C and a
condensing temperature of 35°C. There is 5°C of
subcooling in the condenser and 10°C of superheating in
the evaporator. Sketch and label the system, including
appropriate values for the thermodynamic properties,
starting with state 1 at the compressor inlet. Determine
a. refrigerant flow rate
b. refrigerating capacity
c. compressor motor size
d. compressor discharge temperature
e. COPc
10.4, v 1 = 3.31 = 0.303 m3 kg

h1 = 252, s 1 = ⁄
1 = 0.123 t = 95°C
h 2 i = 700, v 2 i = 8.1 2i
h 2 a = 525 + 7000.82 – 525

= 738, v 2 a =
1
8.1 = 0.123
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
d) t2 a 110°C ≈
94 – 6.1 1.35 = 74.85% PD 2 0.092 2 0.74 28 = 0.0275 m3 s

π( )
av = =
⎛ ⎞
η
⎝ 0.43 ⎠ 4 ( )( ) ⁄
a) m= 0.7485
( 0.0275 = 0.0675 kg/s
)( )
0.303
b) Q e = m h 1 – h 4 = 0.0675 525 – –620.7 = 77.4 kW
( ) [ ( )]
c) W = m h 2 – h 1 = 0.0675 738 – 525 = 14.4 kW

( ) ( )[ ]
Q
e) COP = We = 77.514.4 = 5.4
An ammonia refrigerating system is operating with

2 . 43
a condensing temperature of 30°C and an evaporating

temperature of − 4°C. For the ideal standard vapor
compression cycle, determine
a. refrigerating effect
b. COP
Sketch and label a diagram showing values.
p-h
h
1 = h @ –4°C = 494
g
2 = 650
h
h
3 = 4 = –621.4
h
a) Q
e
= (h
1 – h4) = 494 – –621.4 = 1115.4 kJ/kg
( )
b) =
Q
e
= 1 – 4 = 1115.4 = 7.15
h h ( )
CO P
W
2– 1
h 650 – 494
h ( )
2 . 44 A single-cylinder R-22 compressor has a 50 mm

bore, a 40 mm stroke, and operates at 1725 rpm. Clear-
ance volume is 4%. Determine as close as possible the
actual refrigerating capacity, kW, and the required motor
size, in hp, if the compressor is used in a system operating
between 10°C and 40°C, evaporating and condensing
temperatures, respectively.
1. 1 = 408.3, 1 = 1.7349, 1 = 0.03462

h s v
2. 2 = 1.7349, 2 432, 2 = 681 = 0.0147

s h ≅ v
3. 3 = 256.1h
4. 4 = 256.1h
Estimated volumetric efficienty based on

re-expansion of TRAPPED GAS.
= 100 – 1 – 1 = 100 – 4 0.03462 – 1
⎛
v
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= 94.6%
η
v
cv
⎝v 0.0147
2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Piston Displacement 5 2 4 1725 = 0.002258 m3 s

=
π( ) ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
4 100 2 100 60
⁄
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
( )
Flow Rate = 0.9460.03462

0.002258 = 0.062 kg/s
(
(
)(
)
)
Q = 0.062 408.03 – 256.1 = 9.42 kW

e
( )
W = 0.062 432 – 408.03 0.746 = 1.99 Hp

( ) ⁄
2 . 45 For the lithium-bromide/water absorption refriger-

ation system shown below, determine
a. heat required at generator per ton of cooling
b. COP
c. heat rej ection ratio, ( Qabsorber + Qcondenser)/Qevaporator
State P t x h m
1. 1 0 mm 90 0. 5 0 –70 9. 85
2. 5 0 mm 1 50 0 1 1 28 0. 1 97
3. 5 0 mm 1 50 0. 5 1 –41 9. 65
4. 5 0 mm 1 01 0 68. 96 0. 1 97
5. 1 0 mm 52 0 1 084. 5 0. 1 97
m 2
= m 4
= m 5
=
60 ( 1 084. 5
1 2000
– 68. 0 )
= 0. 1 97
m 3
= ⎛ 0. 5 0 ⎞
⎝ 0. 5 1 ⎠
mi = 0. 98 m 1
m 1
= 0. 1 97 + 0. 98 m 1 , m 1
= 9. 85
m 3
= 9. 65
a) Qg = 60 [ ( 0. 1 97 ) ( 1 1 28 ) + ( 9. 65 ) ( –41 ) – ( 9. 85 ) ( –70 ) ]
= 3 0964 Btu/h = 5 1 6 Btu/min
b) COP =
1 2000
3 0964
= 0. 3 9
c) Qa = 60 [ 9. 85 ( –70 ) – 9. 65 ( –41 ) – 0. 1 97 ( 1 084. 5 ) ]

= 3 045 0 Btu/h = – 5 08 Btu/min
Qc = 60 ( 0. 1 97 ) ( 68. 96 – 1 1 28 ) = – 1 25 20 Btu/h = –209 Btu/m
QR ( 3 045 0 + 1 25 20 )
= =
Qe ( 1 2000 )
3.58
2 . 46 In the basic lithium- bromide water absorp tion
system, the generator operates at 1 7 0 ° F while the evapo-
rator is at 47 ° F. The absorbing temp erature is 7 5 ° F and
the condensing temp erature is 8 8 ° F. C alculate the heat
rej ection ratio for these conditions.
State P t x h
1. 8 . 2 mm 75 ° F 0. 47 –7 3
2. 3 3 . 9 mm 1 7 0° F 0 1 1 38
3. 3 3 . 9 mm 1 7 0° F 0. 62 –3 8
4. -- 88°F 0 5 6. 04
5. 8 . 2 mm 47 ° F 0 1 08 1 . 7 4
mx 1 1
= mx 2 2
+ (m – m 1 2
) x 3
m( 1
0. 47 ) = ( m – 1
1 . 0 ) ( 0. 62 )
m 1
= 4. 1 6 , m = 3
3.1 6
Qe = ( 1 ) [ ( 1 08 1 . 7 4 ) –( 5 6. 04 ) ] = 1 02 5 . 7 B tu/lb
Per ton of refrigeration
m 2
= m 4
= m 5
=
1 2000
1 02 5 . 7
= 1 1 . 7 lbm/h
Qc = ( 1 ) [ ( 5 6. 04 ) –( 1 1 38 )] = – 1 08 1 . 9 6 B tu/lb Qc = – 1 265 9 B tu/hr
Qa = ( 4. 1 6 ) ( – 73 ) –( 3.1 6 ) ( – 38 ) –( 1 ) ( 1 08 1 . 7 4 ) = – 1 2 65 . 3 4 B tu/lb Qa = –
1 48 00 B tu/hr
Qg = (1 )(1 1 38 ) +( 3.1 6 ) ( – 38 ) –( 4. 1 6 ) ( – 73 ) = 1 3 2 1 . 6 B tu/lb Qe =1 5 460 B tu/hr
Qa + Qc
=
Qe 2 . 28
2 . 47 For the aqua- ammonia absorption refrigeration
system shown in the sketch below, comp lete the table of
properties.
3 200 260 0. 8 5 73 5
4 200 1 60 0. 5 4 40
5 200 1 60 0. 992 606
6 200 97 0. 992 75
7 25 20 0. 999 550
2.48 Solar energy is to be used to warm a large collector

plate. This energy will, in turn, be transferred as heat to a
fluid within a heat engine, and the engine will rej ect
energy as heat to the atmosphere. Experiments indicate
2
that about 200 Btu/h · ft of energy can be collected when
the plate is operating at 1 90°F. Estimate the minimum
collector area that will be required for a plant producing
1 kW of useful shaft power, when the atmospheric
temperature is 70°F.
p, t, x, h,
Point p sia °F lb NH3 /lb mix Btu/lb
1 25 80 0. 3 9 –48
2 200 260 0. 26 1 65
For minimum area, maximum efficiency, USE CARNOT CYCLE
QA 200
Δ s = = = 0. 3 08
TH 65 0
Q R = To Δ s = ( 5 3 0 ) ( 0. 3 08 ) = 1 63 . 24
W = QA – QR = – ( 1 63 . 24 ) =
2
( 200 ) 3 6. 8 Btu/h ⋅ ft
3 41 3
= =
2
area 92. 74 ft ⁄ kW
3 6. 8
2 . 50 A 20 by 1 2 by 8 ft (6. 1 by 3 . 6 by 2. 4 m) room c. dew-point temperature

contains an air-water vapor mixture at 8 0°F (26. 7°C). The d. mass of water vapor contained in the room
barometric pressure is standard and the partial pressure of
the water vapor is measured to be 0. 2 psia (1 . 3 8 kPa).
Calculate
a. relative humidity
b. humidity ratio
a) =
p
=
0.2 = 0.394 = 39.4%
0.5073
w
φ
p
ws
b) 0.62198 0.62198 14.70.2– 12 = 0.0086 lb m /lb air

p
= w
= ( )
⎛ ⎞
–
w
p p
⎝ ⎠
w
c) t
d
= t
s a t
@ 0.2 PSI = 53.15°F
d) 0.2 144 1920
1545 18 80 + 460 = 1.19 lb m
P V
( )( )( )
m = w
=
(R ⁄m )T ( ⁄ )( )
w
Given room conditions of 75°F (23.9°C) dry bulb

2 . 51
and 60% RH, determine for the air vapor mixture

the psychrometric charts
with o u t
a. humidity ratio
u s in g
b. enthalpy
c. dew-point temperature
d. specific volume
e. degree of saturation
a) 0.62198 0.62198 14.70.258 = 0.0111 lb m /lb air
p
= = ⎛ ⎞
– 0.258
w
w ( )
p
⎝ ⎠
a
b) h = 0.24 + 1061 + 0.45t w ( t )
= 0.24 75 + 0.0111 1061 + 0.45 75 = 30.2 Btu/lb m

( )( ) ( )[( ) ( )]
c) t
d
= @ 0.258 = 60.185°F
t
s a t
d) 53.3 535 3
14.7 – 0.258 144 = 13.72 ft /lb m
( )( )
= =
RaT
Pa ( )( )
e) = 0.62198
0.43
14.7 – 0.43 = 0.0187
⎛ ⎞
w
s
⎝ ⎠
= =
0.0111 = 0.593 = = 0.6 0.43 = 0.258
0.0187
w
μ (p φp ( )( ) )
w s
w
s
For the conditions of

2 . 52 (above),
the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart, find
Pro b lem 2 . 51 u s in g
a. wet-bulb temperature [Ans: 65.2°F (18.4°C)]

b. enthalpy [Ans: 30.2 Btu/lbm (70.2 J/g)]
c. humidity ratio [Ans: 0.0112 lb/lb (0.0112 kg/kg)]
a) t
wb
65.2°F
=
b) h = 30.2 Btu/lb m
c) w = 0.0112 lb m /lb air
28 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i ti on i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al
2.53 Using the AS HRAE Psychrometric Chart, complete the following table.
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity W, Enthalpy h, Relative Humidity φ, Specific3 Volume v,
°F °F °F lb/lbair Btu/lbair % ft /lbair
85 60 41 0. 005 4 2 6. 1 22 1 3 .85
75 60 50 0. 007 6 2 6. 4 42 1 3 . 65
74. 5 65 5 9. 8 0. 01 1 30 60 1 3 . 75
89. 5 70 61 0.01143 34 38 1 4. 1
99 85.5 82 0. 02 3 8 50 58 1 4. 6
2.54 Using the AS HRAE Psychrometric Chart complete the following table:
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific3 Volume,
°F °F °F lbv/lba % Btu/lbair ft /lbair
80 63 . 5 53.7 0. 008 8 13.8 40 28 . 8
70 55 43 0. 005 8 38 23 . 1 1 3 . 47
100 78 70 0. 01 6 39 42 1 4. 47
97 77 68 0. 01 5 7 40 40 1 4. 3
79 65 57 0.01 46 30 13.8
86 60 40 0. 005 2 20 2 6. 4 1 3 .86
40 29 11 0. 001 20 1 0. 3 1 2. 6
74 65 60 0. 01 1 60 30 1 3.7
85 70 62 0.012 47 33.8 1 4. 0
80 80 80 0. 02 2 4 1 00 43 . 8 1 4. 1
2.55 Complete the following table using the Psychro metric Chart.
°C °C °C kg/kg % kJ/kg m /kg
26.5 1 7. 3 1 2. 2 0. 008 7 0.86 41 49
21 13 7. 6 0. 006 40 3 6. 7 0. 8 4
38 25 . 4 21 0. 01 5 5 38 78. 2 0. 905
41 . 7 29. 2 25 . 2 0. 02 07 40 95 0. 92
22. 2 17 1 4. 2 0.01 60 48 0.85

32 16 4 0. 005 18 44. 5 0. 8 7
4 –2 –1 0 0. 001 20 6. 5 0. 78
3 9. 8 23 . 4 16 0. 01 1 5 26 70 0. 904
30 21 17 0.012 45 61 0. 8 7 5
27 27 27 0. 022 7 1 00 85.5 0. 8 8
2.56 Complete the following table.
°C °C °C kg/kg % kJ/kg m /kg
32 24 2 0. 7 0. 01 5 5 52 72. 2 0. 8 8 6
40 2 6. 3 21 . 2 0. 01 60 34 81 0. 91
3 8.8 2 4. 2 18 0. 01 3 0 30 72. 5 0. 90 2
33.8 28 . 1 2 6. 4 0.022 66 9 0. 5 0.9

7 7 7 0. 0063 1 00 23 0. 8 01
Without using the psychrometric chart, determine

2 . 57
the humidity ratio and relative humidity of an air-water

vapor mixture with a dry-bulb temperature of 90°F and
thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of 78°F. The baro-
metric pressure is 14.7 psia. Check your result using the
psychrometric chart. [Ans: W = 0.018 lb/lb, relative
humidity φ = 59%]
@ 90F
P g = 0.6989 PSI @ 78F Pg = 0.475 PSI
W* = 0.622 ws = ( 0.622 ) ⎛⎝ 0.4748 ⎞⎠ = 0.02077
P
P – P ws 14.7 – 0.4748
W = ( 1093 – 0.556 t * ) W* – 0.24 ( t – t * ) ( t∗ = 78, W∗ = 0.02077)
1093 – 0.44 t – t*
W = 0.018 lb m /lb air
Pw = ( P ) ( W) = ( 14.7 ) ( 0.0179 ) = 0.4119 psia
0.622 + W ( 0.622 + 0.0179 )
P w 0.4119
φ = = = 0.59 or 59%
P ws 0.6989

Solutions to
Chapter 3
BASIC HVAC SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS

Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations ⏐ 33
3 .1One of the many methods used for drying air is to cool

the air below the dew point so that condensation or freez-
ing of the moisture takes place. To what temperature must
atmospheric air be cooled in order to have a humidity
ratio of 0.000017 lb/lb (0.000017 kg/kg)? To what
temperature must this air be cooled if its pressure is
10 atm?
W= 0.62198 ⎛ Pw ⎞ Pw = W P – Pw )
⎝ P – Pw⎠
⇒
0.62198 (
0.000017 14.7 – Pw
Pw =
0.62198 ( )
Pw = 0.000402 – 0.0000273 Pw
–4
Pw = 4.02 10 PSI tsa t = –63°F [Table 3, Chap 1 HF]
× ⇒
10 ATM = 147 PSI Pw = 0.000017

0.62198 147 – Pw⇒ ( )
Pw = 4.02 10 –3 PSI
× ⇒ tsat = –27°F
3 .2One method of removing moisture from atmospheric

air is to cool the air so that the moisture condenses or
freezes out. Suppose an experiment requires a humidity
ratio of 0.0001. To what temperature must the air be
cooled at a pressure of 0.1 kPa in order to achieve this
humidity?
= 100% Pw = Pg : W = 0.0001 = 0.622 ⎛⎝ Pg ⎞⎠
φ →
0.1 – Pg
Pg = 0.0000161 kPa : T < –60°C
3 .3A room of dimensions 4 m by 6 m by 2.4 m contains

an air-water vapor mixture at a total pressure of 100 kPa
and a temperature of 25°C. The partial pressure of the
water vapor is 1.4 kPa. Calculate:
a. humidity ratio
b. dew point
c. total mass of water vapor in the room
V= 4 6 2.4 = 57.6 m3 ; P = 100 kPa ; Pw = 1.4 kPa
( )( )( )
a) W = 0.622 P Pw =
0.622 1.4 = 0.0088 kg kg ( )( )
– Pw 100 – 1.4 air( )
⁄
b) @ Pw = 1.4 kPa tsat = Dew point = 11.8°C

c) m a = PaV RaT = 98.6 57.6 0.287 298.2 = 66.4 kg
⁄ ( )( ) ⁄( )( )
m w = Wm a = 0.0088 66.4 = 0.584 kg ( )( )

3 .4The air conditions at the intake of an air compressor

are 70°F (21.1°C), 50% RH, and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa).
The air is compressed to 50 psia (344.7 kPa), then sent to
an intercooler. If condensation of water vapor from the air
is to be prevented, what is the lowest temperature to
which the air can be cooled in the intercooler?
@1 P 1 = 14.7, t1 = 70°F, φ = 50%

Pws 1 = 0.3632 Pw 1 = φ Pws = 0.1816
2 P2 = 50 psi
3 P3 = 50 psi, 3 = 100%, t3 = ? φ
0.622 Pws1 = 0.622 14.70.1816

Pw
W1 = = 0.00778 lb/lb
⎛ ⎞
1 – 0.1816 ⎝ ⎠
W2 = W1 = 0.622 50x– x = 0.00778 x = 0.618 psia

⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
→
φ
3 = Pw 3 ⁄ Pws 3 = 100 Pws 3 = Pw 3 = 0.618 t3 = 86°F
⇒ →
3 .5Humid air enters a dehumidifier with an enthalpy of

21.6 Btu/lbm of dry air and 1100 Btu/lbm of water vapor.
There are 0.02 lbm of vapor per pound of dry air at
entrance and 0.009 lbm of vapor per pound of dry air at
exit. The dry air at exit has an enthalpy of 13.2 Btu/lbm,
and the vapor at exit has an enthalpy of 1085 Btu/lbm.
Condensate leaves with an enthalpy of 22 Btu/lbm. The
rate of flow of dry air is 287 lbm/min. Determine:
a. the amount of moisture removed from the air (lbm/
min)
b. the rate of heat removal required
m· a = 287 lb m min ⁄ hw 3 = 22 Btu ⁄ lb min

ha 1 = 21.6 Btu lb m ⁄ ha 2 = 13.2 Btu ⁄ lb m
hw 1 = 1100 Btu lb m ⁄ hw 2 = 1085 Btu ⁄ lb m
W1 = 0.02 lb m lb air ⁄ W2 = 0.009 lb m ⁄ lb air
a) m· 3 = m· w 1 – m· w 2 = ( W1 – W2 ) m· a = ( 0.02 – 0.005 ) 287

m· 3 = 3.16 lb m ⁄ min
b) Q° = m° a [ ( h a 2 – h a 1 ) + ( W2 h w 2 – W1 h w 1 ) + ( W1 – W2 ) h w 3 ]
= 287 13.2 – 21.6
[( ) + ( 0.009 ) ( 1085 ) – ( 0.02 ) ( 1100 ) + ( 0.02 – 0.009 ) ( 22 ) ]
Q° = –5860 Btu min ⁄
3 .6Air is supplied to a room from the outside, where the

temperature is 20°F (− 6.7°C) and the relative humidity is
60%. The room is to be maintained at 70°F (21.1°C) and
50% RH. How many pounds of water must be supplied
per pound of air supplied to the room?
20°F t2 = 70°F
t1 =
1 = 60% φ
2 = 50% φ
W2 = 0.0078 lb m lb air ⁄
Pw 1 = φ Pg1 = 0.6 0.0505 = 0.0303

( )( )
0.62198 14.70.0303
P
W1 = 0.62198 1 = ( = 0.00128
( )
– 0.0303
)
Pg1 ( )
mw
m a1 w1 + m w = m a2 w2 → = w2 – w1
ma
mw
ma
= 0.0078 – 0.0013 = 0.0065 lb m lb air ⁄( )
Air is heated to 80°F (26.7°C) without adding water,

3 .7
from 60°F (15.6°C) dry-bulb and 50°F (10°C) wet-bulb

temperature. Use the psychrometric chart to find:
a. relative humidity of the original mixture
b. original dew-point temperature
c. original humidity ratio
d. initial enthalpy
e. final enthalpy
f. the heat added
g. final relative humidity
a) 1 = 49%
φ
b) ti * = 41 °F
c) W = 0.0054 lb m lb air ⁄
d) h i = 20.3 Btu lb m, ⁄
e) h e = 25.2 Btu lb m ⁄
f) q = 4.9 Btu lb ⁄
g) f = 25%
φ
3 .8 Saturated air at 40°F (4.4°C) is first preheated and

then saturated adiabatically. This saturated air is then
heated to a final condition of 105°F (40.6°C) and 28%
RH. To what temperature must the air initially be heated
in the preheat coil?
t2 = 101 °F
3 .9Atmospheric air at 100°F (37.8°C) dry-bulb and 65°F

(18.3°C) wet-bulb temperature is humidified adiabati-
cally with steam. The supply steam contains 10% mois-
ture and is at 16 psia (110.3 kPa). What is the dry-bulb
temperature of the humidified air if enough steam is
added to bring the air to 70% RH?
1. Air 2. Steam 3. Air
t = 100F x = 0.90 φ = 70%
t * = 65F P = 16 psia
h = 29.8 h g = 1152.1
W = 0.0052 h f = 184.5
·
ma 1 h 1 + m· s 2 h s 2 = m· a h 3 m· s = m· a ( W3 – W1 )
m· a ( h 3 – h 1 ) = m· s ( h s 2 ) = m· a ( W3 – W1 ) ( h s 2 )
h –h
h s = 3 1 = Δ h = ( 184.5 ) + ( 0.9 ) ( 1152.1 – 184.5 )
W3 – W1 Δ W
Δh
= 1055 Btu ⁄ lb m Using Psychrometric Chart
ΔW
through Pt. 1. along Δ h = 1055 and 70%

Δ W
tdb = 96°F
The conditions on a day in New Orleans, Louisiana,
3 .1 0
are 95°F (35°C) dry-bulb and 80°F (26.7°C) wet-bulb

temperature. In Tucson, Arizona, the air conditions are
105°F (40.6°C) dry-bulb and 72°F (22.2°C) wet-bulb
temperature. What is the lowest air temperature that
could theoretically be attained in an evaporative cooler at
these conditions in these two cities?
New Orleans 80°Fwb
Tucson 72°Fwb
Air at 29.92 in. Hg enters an adiabatic saturator at

3 .1 1
80°F dry-bulb and 66°F wet-bulb temperature. Water is

supplied at 66°F. Find (without using the psychrometric
chart) the humidity ratio, degree of saturation, enthalpy,
and specific volume of entering air.
Pw s
Pw 1 s @ t = 66F = 0.31636 PSI W*s = 0.62198 1 ⎛ ⎞
P – Pws ⎝ ⎠
W*s = 0.62198 0.31636 = 0.01368 lb m lb aire

( )( )
14.696 – 0.31636
( )
⁄
1093 + 0.556 t* W*s – 0.24 t – t*

( ) ( )
W=
1093 + 0.444 t – t*
W= ( 1093 + 0.556 66 0.01368 – 0.24 80 – 66 = 0.01044
( )( ))( ) ( )( )
1093 + 0.444 80 – 66 ( )( )
=
W = 0.01044 = 0.467
W 0.01368
μ
s
0.240 t + W 1061 + 0.444 t
h = ( )
= 0.24 80 + 0.01044 1061 + 0.444 80 = 30.65 Btu lb

( )( ) ( )( ( )( )) ⁄
v = RaT 1 + 1.6078 W = 53.3 540 1 + 1.6078 0.01044 ( )( )

P
(
14.7 144 )
( )( )
( ( )( ))
v = 13.832 ft3 lb m ⁄
3 .1 2An air-water vapor mixture enters an air-condition-

ing unit at a pressure of 150 kPa, a temperature of 30°C,
and a relative humidity of 80%. The mass flow of dry air
entering is 1 kg/s. The air-vapor mixture leaves the air-
conditioning unit at 125 kPa, 10°C, 100% RH. The mois-
ture condensed leaves at 10°C. Determine the heat trans-
fer rate for the process.
Pw 1 = φ Pg1 = 0.8 4.25 = 3.4 kPa
( )( )
W1 = 0.622 3.4
150 – 3.4 = 0.0144
⎛ ⎞
⎝ ⎠
W2 = 0.622 1.228
125 – 1.228 = 0.0062
⎛ ⎞
⎝ ⎠
m a ha 1 + m a W1 h w 1 – m a ha 2 – m a W2 h w 2 – m a ( W1 – W2 ) h f3 + Q = 0
m a [ ( ha 1 – ha 2 ) + W1 hg1 – W2 hg2 – ( W1 – W2 ) h f3 ] + Q = 0
Q = –1 [ ( 1.0035 ) ( 20 ) + ( 0.0144 ) ( 2556.3 ) – ( 0.0062 ) ( 2519.8 ) – ( 0.0144 – 0.0062 42.01 )( )]
Q = –41.0 kJ/s = –41.0 W

3 .1 3Air at 40°C, 300 kPa, with a relative humidity of

35% is to be expanded in a reversible adiabatic nozzle.
How low a pressure can the gas be expanded to if no
condensation is to take place? What is the exit velocity at
this condition?
Isentreopic S1 = S2
Pw 1 = φ
1 Pg1 = 0.35 7.384 = 2.584 kPa
( )( )
= 0.622
2.584
w1
300 – 2.584 = 0.0054
⎛ ⎞
⎝ ⎠
Pg2 ⎞
W1 = W2 if no condensate. ⇒ 0.0054 = 0.622 ⎛
⎝ P 2 – Pg2⎠
P2 = 116.18 Pg2
k–1
P 2⎞ k 116.18 Pg2⎞ 0.286
S2 = S1 ; T2 = T1 ⎠ = 313.2 ⎛⎝
⎛
P1 ⎝ 300 ⎠
Trial and Error → Try T2 = 17.2°C = 290.4 K ; Pg2 = 1.984
?
290.4 ⎛ ( 116.18 ) ( 1.984 ) ⎞
= 313.2
0.286
= 290.5
300
⎝ ⎠
P2 = 116.18 1.984
( )( ) = 230.5kPa
V2 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞ V2
h1 + 1 ⎟ – ⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟ = 2 = 1.0035 313.2 – 290.4
0 ; 2 1000
⎛
⎜
⎝ 2 g c⎠ ⎝ 2 g c ⎠ ( )
( )
V2 = 214 m/s
3 .1 4By using basic definitions and Dalton’s Law of

partial pressure, show that v = RaT/(p – pw)
RaT ⎫
⎧
va =
⎪
⎪
P ⎪
⎪
⎪ RaT ⎪
⎪ vs = ⎪
⎪ P – Pws ⎪
v = va + μ ( vs – va ) ⎨
W
⎬
⎪ ⎪
μ =
v = ( 1 – μ ) va + μ vs ⎪
⎪
Ws ⎪
⎪
W W w = 0.622 P
= ⎛⎝1 – ⎞⎠ v a + ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ ( v s )
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
Ws Ws ⎩ P – Pw ⎭
P w ⎞ ⎛ P – P w⎞ R a T W R a T RaT P P–P P–P
= 1– ⎛
P – P w⎠ ⎝ Pws ⎠ P
⎝
+ =
Ws P – Pws P – P ws
1 – ⎛⎝P – wP ⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ P ws⎞⎠ P ws + WW
w ws s
R a T P – P ws ⎛ P w ⎞ ⎛ P – P ws⎞ P w ⎞⎛ P – P ws⎞
= –⎝ (P – P
ws ) + ⎝ P – P ⎠ ⎝ P
⎛
P – Pws P P ws P⎠ ⎝ P – P w ⎠ w ws
⎠
R T (P – P ) (P ) (P – P ) – P (P – P )2 + P (P – P ) P
a ws ws w w ws w ws
=
P – Pws P ( P ws ) ( P – P w )
R a T PP ws ( P – Pws ) R T
= = a
P – P ws PP ws ( P – P w ) P – Pw
3 .1 5In an air-conditioning unit, 71,000 cfm at 80°F dry

bulb, 60% RH, and standard atmospheric pressure, enter
the unit. The air leaves the unit at 57°F dry bulb and 90%
relative humidity. Calculate the following:
a. cooling capacity of the air-conditioning unit, in Btu/h
b. rate of water removal from the unit
c. sensible heat load on the conditioner, in Btu/h
d. latent heat load on the conditioner, in Btu/h
e. the dew point of the air leaving the conditioner
1. 2. 3.
t80F = t = 51 F h ≈ 25
60%
φ = φ = 90% ( hf @ 57°F )
71000 CFM v = 13.2

v 13.9= h = 23.5
h 33.7= W = 0.009
W 0.0132 =
SCFM 71000 13.33

13.9 67900 h c 3 29.0
=
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
= =
ma
V 71000 60 306475 lbm h
·
( )( )
13.9 air
· = --- = = ⁄
v
a) m· a [ ( h 1 – h 2 ) – ( W1 – W2 ) h 3 ] = – Q
Q = ( 306475 ) [ ( 33.7 – 23.5 ) – ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) 25 ]
–
Q = –3,093,900 Btu/h = 257.8 tons

b) m· w = m· a ( W1 – W2 ) = ( 306,475 ) ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) = 1287 lb/h
c) Qs = m a c p ( t1
· 306,475 0.244 80 57
– t2 ) = ( )( )( – )
1,719,900 Btu/h 143.3 tons

= =
- or -
= 1.1 SCFM t1 t2 1.1 67,900
(
12000
)(
23 143.2 tons
– ) =
( )( )( )
=
d) QL = m w h fg
· 1287 1076 1,385,000 115.4 tons
( ) = ( )( ) = =
- or -
= 4840 SCFM w 4840 67,900 0.0132 0.009
(
·
)(Δ ) = ( )( )( – )
= 1,380,000 Btu/h 115.0 tons =
e) td = 54.2°F
Four pounds of air at 80°F (26.7°C) dry bulb and

50% RH are mixed with one pound of air at 50°F (15.6°C)
3 .1 6
and 50% RH. Determine

a. relative humidity of the mixture
b. dew-point temperature of the mixture
by graphical solution
m ix 52% φ =
tdp 55.5°F =
Air is compressed from 85°F, 60% RH, 14.7 psia to

3 .1 7
60 psia and then cooled in an intercooler before entering

a second stage of compression. What is the minimum
temperature to which the air can be cooled so that conden-
sation does not take place?
Pw Pw = φ Pg = 0.6 0.596
0.62198 P – Pw2
( )( )
W1 = W2 =
2 = 0.3576
W= (0.62198 0.3576
)( )
= 0.0155 lb/lb
(14.696 – 0.3576 )
0.0155 = 0.62198 60Ps– Ps

⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
⇒ Ps = 1.459 psia
td = 114.5°F
⇒
3 .1 8An air-water vapor mixture flowing at a rate of 4000

cfm (1890 L/s) enters a perfect refrigeration coil at 84°F
(28.9°C) and 70°F (21.1°C) wet-bulb temperature. The
air leaves the coil at 53°F (11.7°C). How many Btu/h of
refrigeration are required?
1. 2.
t = 84F t = 53F
t * = 70F saturated
v = 13.97 h = 22
h = 34 h f = 21.1
W = 0.01266 W = 0.00857
m· a [ –( h 1 – h 2 ) – ( W1 – W2 ) h f2 ] = Q
Q = ( 4000 60 34 – 22 – 0.01266 – 0.00857 21.1

)( )
( 13.97 )
[( ) ( )( )]
= 204700 Btu/h = 17.1 tons

Chapter 3 —Basic H VAC System Calculations ⏐ 41
3 .1 9Air at 40°F dry bulb and 35°F wet bulb is mixed with
air at 100°F dry bulb and 77°F wet bulb in the ratio of 2
lb of cool air to 1 lb of warm air. Compute the resultant
humidity ratio and enthalpy of the mixed air.
t1 =40F t2 = 100F
t*1 = 35F t*2 = 77F
m· 1 = 2 m· m· 2 = m·
W1 = 0.0031 W2 = 0.0148
h 1 = 13.1 h2 = 40.5
m· 1 h 1 + m· 2 h 2 = m· h 3 →
2 m· h 1 + m· h 2 2 ( 13.1 ) + 40.5
h3 =
3 m· =
3 = 22.23 Btu/lb
·
m· W + m· W = m W →
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 m· W1 + m· W2 2 0.0031 + ( 0.0148 )
w3 =
3 m· =
( )
3 = 0.0070 lb/lb air
3 .20Outdoor air at 90°F (32.2°C) and 78°F (25.6°C) wet

bulb is mixed with return air at 75°F (23.9°C) and 52%
RH. There are 1000 lb (454 kg) of outdoor air for every
5000 lb (2265 kg) of return air. What are the dry- and wet-
bulb temperatures for the mixed airstream?
m· o h o + m· R h R = ( m· o + m· R ) h m ix
h m ix = ( 1000 41.4 + 5000 28.5

)( ) ( )( )
= 30.65 Btu/lb
6000
m· o Wo + m· R WR = ( m· o + m· R ) Wm ix
w m ix =
( 1000 0.018
+ 5000 0.0096
)( )
= 0.011 lb/lb air
( )( )
6000
From Psych. Chart tm ix = 78.3°F ; t*m ix = 65.8°F
→
3 .21In a mixing process of two streams of air, 10,000 cfm

of air at 75°F and 50% RH mix with 4000 cfm of air at
98°F dry-bulb and 78°F wet-bulb temperature. Calculate
the following conditions after mixing at atmospheric
pressure:
a. dry-bulb temperature
b. humidity ratio
c. relative humidity
d. enthalpy
e. dew-point temperature
From Psych. Chart as graphical solution
a) tdB = 81.5°F
b) W = 0.0112 lb/lb
c) = 48.0% φ
d) h = 32.0 Btu/lb
e) tDP = 60.5°F
Solve the following:

3 .22
a. Determine the humidity ratio and relative humidity

of an air-water vapor mixture that has a dry-bulb
temperature of 30°C, an adiabatic saturation temper-
ature of 25°C, and a pressure of 100 kPa.
b. Use the psychrometric chart to determine the humid-
ity ratio and relative humidity of an air-water vapor
mixture that has a dry-bulb temperature of 30°C, a
wet-bulb temperature of 25°C, and a pressure of 100
kPa.
3.169 kPa
Pw 2 = Pg 2 =
W2 = 0.622 3.169 = 0.0204 ( )

100 – 3.169
( )
a) ma[ (h1 – h2 ) + w 1 h w 1 – w 2 h w 2 + W2 – W1 h f2 = 0
( ) ]
c p ( T2 – T1 ) + W2 ( hg 2 – h f2 )
W1 =
hg1 – h f2
w1 = ( 1.0035 25 – 30 + 0.0204 2442.3

)( ) ( )
= 0.0183 kg/kg
2556.3 – 104.89
P
0.0183 = 0.62189 100 –w1P ⇒ Pw1 = 2.86 kPa
w1
Pw1
2.86
φ =
4.246 = 0.67 67%
P g1
= ⇒
b) φ = 67% ; W = 0.018 kg/kg for 101.3 kPa ( )

An air-water vapor mixture at 100 kPa, 35°C, and

70% RH is contained in a 0.5 m3 closed tank. The tank is
3 .23
cooled until the water just begins to condense. Determine

the temperature at which condensation begins and the
heat transfer for the process.
0.7 5.628 = 3.94 kPa
P w 1 = φ P g1 = ( )
@ dew point : Pw2 = Pg2 ; W = constant ; v = constant

P w 2 v m w RT2 3.94 T
=
Pw1 v m w RT1
; Pw2 = Pg2 = 308.22
= 0.0128 T2
Trial and Error
Try T2 = 25°C : 4.246 0.0128 298 = 3.81 ≠ ( )
T2 = 30°C : 3.169 0.0128 303 = 3.88 ≠ ( )
By Interpolation T2 = 28.2°C
W2 = W1 = 0.622 3.94 = 0.0255 kg/kg ( )
100 – 3.94 ( )
P a V ( 100 – 3.94 ) ( 0.5 )

ma = = = 0.543 kg
RaT ( 0.287 ) ( 308.2 )
Q = m ( u 2 – u 1 ) = m a c v ( T2 – T1 ) + m a W2 u g2 – m a W1 u g1
= ( 0.543 0.7165 28.2 – 35 + 0.0255 2414.2 – 2423.4
)[ ( ) ( )] = –277 kJ
3 .24A room is to be maintained at 76°F and 40% RH.
Supply air at 39°F is to absorb 100,000 Btu sensible heat
and 35 lb of moisture per hour. Assume the moisture has
an enthalpy of 1100 Btu/lb. How many pounds of dry air
per hour are required? What should the dew-point
temperature and relative humidity of the supply air be?
Δh = Qs + Σ m· w h w = 100000 + 35 1100
( ) ( )
Δw Σm ·
w 35
= 3957 Btu/lb m
From Psychrometric Chart
sup ply = 90%
φ
tdp = 36°F
m· a h 1 + Q s + m· w h w = m· a h 2
Q + m w h w ( 100000 ) + ( 35 ) ( 1100 )
m· a = s
h2 – h1
=
( 26.6 – 14.3 )
= 11260 lb/hr
3 .25 Moist air enters a chamber at 40°F dry-bulb and

36°F wet-bulb temperature at a rate of 3000 cfm. In pass-
ing through the chamber, the air absorbs sensible heat at
a rate of 116,000 Btu/h and picks up 83 lb/h of saturated
steam at 230°F. Determine the dry-bulb and wet-bulb
temperatures of the leaving air.
V· a = 3000 cfm
Δh Q + m· h ( 116000 ) + 83 ( 1157 )
= s · w w =
Δw mw 83
2555 Btu/lbm
=
V· 3000 = 236.2 lb/min
m· a = 1 =
1 v1 12.7
m· a = m a 1 + m w 1 = 236.2 +
83 = 237.6 lb/min
2 60
116000
Qs = m· c p T
Δ t =
⇒ Δ
0.240 257.6 60 = 34°F
( )( )( )
t2 = 40 + 34 = 74°F
From Psych. Chart
twb = 64°F
3 .26In an auditorium maintained at a temperature not to

exceed 77°F, and a relative humidity not to exceed 55%,
a sensible-heat load of 350,000 Btu and 1,000,000 grains
of moisture per hour must be removed. Air is supplied to
the auditorium at 67°F.
a. How much air must be supplied, in lb/h?
b. What is the dew-point temperature of the entering
air, and what is its relative humidity?
c. How much latent heat is picked up in the auditorium?
d. What is the sensible heat ratio?
a) Q s = m· a c p ( tR – ts )
350,000
0.244 77 – 67 = 143,443 lb/h
m· a =
( )( )
m· 1,000,000 = 0.0099 lb/lb

b) Ws = WR – mw = 0.0109 – 7000 143,443 ( )( )
a
70% ; tdp = 57°F
φ =
c) 1,000,000 1100 h
m· w h w = g 90°F (people) = 157,100 Btu/h
( )
QL =
7000 ( )
( ) ≈
d) SHR = 350,000 350,000 = 0.69

( )
+ 157,000
( )
( )
3 .27 A meeting hall is maintained at 75°F dry bulb and

65°F wet bulb. The barometric pressure is 29.92 in. Hg.
The space has a load of 200,000 Btu/h sensible, and
200,000 Btu/h latent. The temperature of the supply air to
the space cannot be lower than 65°F dry bulb.
a. How much air must be supplied, in lb/h?
b. What is the required wet-bulb temperature of the
supply air?
c. What is the sensible heat ratio?
a) 200,000Qs
ma
0.244 75 65 81,967 lb/h
·
cp ( Δ t)
= = =
( )( – )
b) h v h g @ 85-95°F 1100 Btu/lb

≅ =
0.011 1100200,000
mw
81,967 0.0088 lb/lb
·
( )
Ws WR
ma
= – = – =
·
( )( )
From Psych. Chart t 65°F ; t* 58°F → = =
c) SHR 200,000 200,000

200,000 0.50
( )
= =
( + )
3 .28 A structure to be air conditioned has a sensible heat

load of 20,000 Btu/h at a time when the total load is
100,000 Btu/h. If the inside state is to be at 80°F, 50% RH,
is it possible to meet the load conditions by supplying air
to the room at 100°F and 60% RH? If not, discuss the
direction in which the inside state would be expected to
move if such air were supplied.
20,000 0.2
SHR 100,000 = =
Not possible to meet conditions with supply

since SHR doesn t pass through both room
'
and supply conditions. If used room becomes

warmer and/or less humid.
3 .29A flow rate of 30,000 lb/h of conditioned air at 60°F b. If a mixture of 50% return air and 50% outdoor air at
and 85% RH is added to a space that has a sensible load 98°F dry bulb and 77°F wet bulb enters the air condi-
of 120,000 Btu/h and a latent load of 30,000 Btu/h. tioner, what is the refrigeration load?
a. What are the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures in the
space?
a) Qs = m c p ( tR
·
– ts ) QL = m ( wR
·
– w s ) ( 1100 )
120,000 30,000 0.24
= ( )( )( tR – 60 ) 30,000 30,000
= ( )( wR – 0.0094 1100
)( )
tR 76.6°F
= WR = 0.01031 ⇒ hR = 29.7Btu/lb
twb= 64.5°F
maha
·
+ mRhR·
– ( ma
·
+ mR)hm
·
hm
40.4 29.7 35.05 Btu/lb
( ) ( )
2 m
+
= =
ma(hm
·
hs) ma( ·
0
wm ws h f
≈
Q 0 ) hs 24.7 Btu/lb m
60°F
– – – + = =
Q = – 30,000 35.05 24.7

( )(310,500 Btu/h – ) = –
25.9 tons =
3 .3 0An air-water vapor mixture enters a heater-humidi-

fier unit at 5°C, 100 kPa, 50% RH. The flow rate of dry air
is 0.1 kg/s. Liquid water at 10°C is sprayed into the
mixture at the rate of 0.0022 kg/s. The mixture leaves the
unit at 30°C, 100 kPa. Calculate:
a. the relative humidity at the outlet
b. the rate of heat transfer to the unit
a) W2 = W1 +
mw
= 0.0027 +
0.0022 = 0.0247
m a ( 5°C,50% ) 0.1 and 30°C
2 = 91 %
φ
b) m a [ h 1 – h 2 + ( W2 – W1 ) h f3 ] + Q = 0 h1 = 12.7 kJ/kg
h2 = 93.0 kJ/kg
Q = –0.1 [ 12.7 – 93 + ( 0.0022 ) 42 ]
= 7.94 kJ/s = 7.94 kW h f3 = 42.0 kJ/kg
3.31 A room is being maintained at 75°F and 50% RH.

The outside air conditions are 40°F and 50% RH at this
time. Return air from the room is cooled and dehumidified
by mixing it with fresh ventilation air from the outside.
The total airflow to the room is 60% outdoor and 40%
return air by mass. Determine the temperature, relative
humidity, and humidity content of the mixed air going to
the room.
Return Outside Air
t = 75°F t = 40°F
φ = 50% φ = 50%
h = 28.2 h = 12.5
W = 0.0092 W = 0.0026
m· R h R + m· OA h OA = ( m· R + m· OA ) h m
hm =
( 0.4 28.2
)( ) + ( 0.6 ) ( 12.5 )
1 ( )
hm = 18.78Btu/lb
m· R WR + m· OA WOA = ( m· R + m· OA ) Wm ⇒ Wm =
( 0.4 0.0092
)( ) + ( 0.6 ) ( 0.0026 )
( 1 )
0.00524 lb/lb
Wm =
From Psychrometric Chart tm = 54.5°F ; φ
m = 58%
3 .3 2A room with a sensible load of 20,000 Btu/h is main-

tained at 75°F and 50% RH. Outdoor air at 95°F and 80°F
wet bulb was mixed with the room return air. The outdoor
air, which is mixed, is 25% by mass of the total flow going
to the conditioner. This air is then cooled and dehumidi-
fied by a coil and leaves the coil saturated at 50°F, which
is on the condition line for the room. The air is then mixed
with some room return air so that the temperature of the
air entering the room is at 60°F. Find the following:
a. the air-conditioning processes on the psychrometric
chart
b. ratio of latent to sensible load
c. airflow rate
d. the percent by mass of room return air mixed with air
leaving the cooling coil
Qs
b) from Load line Q = 0.78
s + QL
Q s – 0.78 Q s 20,000 – 20,000 = 5640
QL = =
0.78 0.78
QL 5640
Qs
=
20,000 = 0.282
c) Room: m R h 3 + Q T = m R h R
mR =
20000 + 5640 = 5455 lb /h
28.2 – 23.5(
m )
d) 2 to 3: m R – m 1 h 2 + m 1 h R = m R h 3
( ) ( ) ( )
m1 =
h2 – h3
m =
20.3 – 23.5 m = 0.405 m
h2 – hR R 20.3 – 28.2 R R
m 1 = 40.5% of m R
An air-water vapor mixture at 14.7 psia (101.5 kPa),3

3 .3 3
85°F (29.4°C), and 50% RH is contained within a 15 ft

(0.425 m3 ) tank. At what temperature will condensation
begin? If the tank and mixture are cooled an additional
15°F (8.3°C), how much water will condense from the
mixture?
15 ft3
v1 = v 2 = 15ft3
85°F
t1 = t2 = ?
1 = 50%
φ
2 = 100% φ
P1 = 14.7 psia P2 = ?
ps1 = ( 50 0.596 = 0.288psi
)( ) p s 2 = p g2
m m
W1 = W2 ⇒ w 1 = w 2 ⇒ m w 1 = m w 2
ma1 ma2
pg
p s v = m w R w T ⇒ s 1 = 0.298 = 0.000547 = 2
p
T1 545 T2
Trial and error produces t2 = 63.2°F ; p g2 = 0.287 psia
t3 = 63.2 – 15.0 = 48.2°F ⇒ p gs = 0.0167 psia
0.622 14.70.298 14.4 508.2

T
W1 = ⎛ ⎞
= 0.0129 lb/lb pa3 = pa1 3 = ⎛ ⎞
= 13.42 psia
⎝– 0.298 ⎠ T1 545
⎝ ⎠
0.622 0.167
W3 =
13.42 = 0.00774 lb/lb
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
p a 1 v1 14.4 144 15 = 1.070 lb

ma = =
( )( )( )
m co n d = 0.00552 lb m
T1 (53.3 545 )( )
Air flowing at 1000 cfm and at 14.7 psia, 90°F, and

3 .3 4
60% RH passes over a coil with a mean surface temper-

ature of 40°F. A spray on the coil assures that the leaving
air is saturated at the coil temperature. What is the
required cooling capacity of the coil?
m· a = 1 = 1000 = 70.08 lb/min
V
v 1 14.268
Q· = m· a [ ( ha 2 – ha 1 ) + ( W2 hw 2 – W1 hw 1 ) + ( W1 – W2 ) h ws ]
= (70.08 60 0.24 40 – 90
)( )[[ ( )] – [ 0.0183 ( 1100 ) – 0.0052 ( 1074 ) ] + [ ( 0.0052 – 0.0183 ) ( 8.04 ) ] ]
= 111,840 Btu/h = 9.3 tons
An air-vapor mixture at 100°F (37.8°C) dry bulb

3 .3 5
contains 0.02 lb water vapor per pound of dry air (20 g/kg).
The barometric pressure is 28.561 in. Hg (96.7 kPa).
Calculate the relative humidity, dew-point temperature,
and degree of saturation.
p
W = 0.622 ⎛⎝p –wp ⎞⎠ = 0.2 ⇒ p w = 0.435 psi
w
From Chapter 1 p ws = 0.949 psi , Ws = 0.0432
p w 0.435
φ =
p ws = 0.949 = 45.8%
@ p w = 0.435 tdp = 75.3°F
W 0.02
μ =
Ws = 0.0432 = 0.463
3 .3 6Air enters a space at 20°F and 80% RH. Within the

space, sensible heat is added at the rate of 45,000 Btu/h
and latent heat is added at the rate of 20,000 Btu/h. The
conditions to be maintained inside the space are 50°F and
75% RH. What must the air exhaust rate (lb/h) from the
space be to maintain a 50°F temperature? What must the
air exhaust rate (lb/h) from the space be to maintain a 75%
RH? Discuss the difference.
a) Q s = Gs c p t0 – t1 [ ( )]
45,000 = 6250 lb/h

Gs = 0.245 30 ( )
b) Q L = GL W 1060 (Δ )( )
GL = 106020,000 = 4740 lb/hr

0.004 ( )
c) Supply conditions cannot maintain design for given Q s and Q L

3 .3 7Moist air at a low pressure of 11 psia is flowing

through a duct at a low velocity of 200 fpm. The duct is
1 ft in diameter and has negligible heat transfer to the
surroundings. The dry-bulb temperature is 85°F and the
wet-bulb temperature is 70°F. Calculate the following:
a. humidity ratio, lb/lb
b. dew-point temperature, °F
c. relative humidity, %
t = 85
t* = 70
1093 – 0.556 t* Ws –0.24 t – t*
a) W = = 0.0177 lb/lb
( ) ( )
1093 + 0.444 t – t*
W*s = 0.622 p w * = 11 0.739
0.739
0.491 = 0.0212 psia
0.491
( )( )
p – pw – ( )
p
b) W = 0.622 11 –wp = 0.0177 p w = 0.1915 psi = 0.39 in. Hg ⇒
w
From Table 2-1: tdp = 52°F
p 0.39 = 32%
c) = p w = 1.213 φ
ws
3 .3 8If an air compressor takes in moist air (at about 90%

RH) at room temperature and pressure and compresses
this to 120 psig (827 kPa) (and slightly higher tempera-
ture), would you expect some condensation to occur?
Why? If yes, where would the condensation form? How
would you remove it?
Yes. The air is heavily saturated @ Inlet,
the Compression Process would lower tdewpoint ,
condensation occurs in discharge pipe when exiting
discharge valve. Remove moisture in an aftercooler.
Does a sling psychrometer give an accurate reading
3 .3 9
of the adiabatic saturation temperature? Explain.

Normally within 1°F with a shielded thermometer
in air-water vapor mixtures, because Lewis
Relation is approximately equal to one.
Chapter 3 —Basic H VAC System Calculations ⏐ 5 1
An air processor handles 2000 cfm of air with initial

3 . 40
conditions of 50°F and 50% RH. The air is heated with a

finned heat exchanger with 78 ft2 of heat transfer surface
area and a UA value of 210 Btu/h·°F. Also, a steam spray
system adds moisture to the air from saturated steam at 16
psia. The outlet air is at 100°F and 50% RH. Do the
following:
a. Show the processes on the psychrometric chart.
b. Calculate the mass flow rate, lb/min.
c. Calculate the pounds per minute of steam required.
d. Calculate the heat added by the coil, Btu/min.
V· 2000 = 155 lb/min

b) m· = --- =
v 12.9
c) m a ( w 1 ) + m w = m a w 2 ⇒ m w = m a ( Δ W)
mw = 155 0.0208 – 0.0038 = 2.65 lb/min
( )
d) Qs = m a ( h 2 – h 1 – m w h w = 155 475 – 16.4 – 2.65 1152

) ( ) ( ) ( )
Q s = 1900 Btu/min
At an altitude of 5000 ft (1500 m), a sling psychrom-

3 . 41
eter reads 80°F (26.7°C) and 67°F (19.4°C) wet bulb.

Determine correct values of relative humidity and
enthalpy from the chart. Compare these to the corre-
sponding values for the same readings at sea level.
@ 5000 ft %RH = 53 h = 34.9 Btu/lb
@ Sea Level %RH = 51.5 h = 31.65 Btu/lb
The average person gives off sensible heat at the rate

3 . 42
of 250 Btu/h and perspires and respires about 0.27 lb/h of

moisture. Estimate the sensible and latent load for a room
with 25 people in it (the lights give off 9000 Btu/h). If the
room conditions are to be 78°F and 50% RH, what flow
rate of air would be required if the supply air came in at
63°F? What would be the supply air relative humidity?
Qs p eo p le = ( 250 25 = 6250 Btu/h
)( ) Qs to ta l = 6250 + 9000 = 15250
QL p eo p le = 0.27 1100 25 = 7430 Btu/h
( )( )( ) QL to ta l = 7430
Q s = m· c p Δ t Q L = m· h fg ( WR – Ws )
m· =
15250 = 69.5 lb/min 7430 = 69.5 60 1100 0.0102 – Ws
( )( )( )
( 0.244 15
)( )
ws = 0.00850 lb/lb @ 63°F
= RH = 70%
φ
A space in an industrial building has a winter sensi-

3 . 43
ble heat loss of 200,000 Btu/h and a negligible latent heat

load (latent losses to outside are made up by latent gains
within the space). The space is to be maintained precisely
at 75°F and 50% RH. Due to the nature of the process,
100% outside air is required for ventilation. The outdoor
air conditions can be taken as saturated air at 20°F. The
amount of ventilation air is 7000 scfm and the air is to be
preheated, humidified with an adiabatic saturator to the
desired humidity, and then reheated. The temperature out
of the adiabatic saturator is to be maintained at 60°F dry
bulb. Determine the following:
a. temperature of air entering the space to be heated, °F
b. heat supplied to preheat coil, Btu/h
c. heat supplied to reheat coil, Btu/h
d. amount of water required for humidification, gpm
Qs = 200,000
t3 = 60°F
W3 = w4 = 0.0093
t2 = 91.8°F
a) Q s = 1.1 CFM t t4 = 1.1200,000

(
7000 + 75 = 101 °F
)Δ ⇒
( )
b) Q PH = 1.1 CFM t2 – t1 = 1.1 7000 91.8 – 20 = 552,900 Btu/hr

( )( ) ( )( )( )
c) Q RH = 1.1 CFM t = 1.1 7000 101 – 60 = 315,700 Btu/h

( )(Δ ) ( )( )( )
7000 0.0093 – 0.002152 = 0.45 gal/min

d) m w = m a W = 13.33 ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
Δ
8.33 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Using the SI psychrometric chart at standard atmo-

3 . 44
spheric pressure, find

a. dew point and humidity ratio for air at 28°C dry bulb
and 22°C wet bulb
b. enthalpy and specific volume
a) W = 0.01403 kg/kg tdp = 19.5°C
b) h = 64.7 kJ/kg v = 0.872 m3 /kg
3 . 45 Using the S I chart, find:
a. moisture that must be removed in cooling air from
24°C dry bulb, 21 °C wet bulb to 1 3 °C dry bulb, satu-
rated
b. total, sensible, and latent heat removal for the pro-
cess.
1. 2 4° C db W = 1
0. 01 45 kg/kg
2 1 °C wb h = 1
61 kJ/kg
2. Assume S aturated
1 3 ° C db W = 2
0. 009 03 kg/kg
h = 2
3 6. 8 kJ/kg
a. Wa = W 2
ta = t 1
ha = 48 kJ/kg
mm
= (W – W ) = ( 0. 01 45 – 0. 009 03 ) = 0. 005 47 kg/kg
ma 1 2
qt = h – h = 1 2
61 – 3 6. 8 = 24. 2 kJ/kg
qs = ha – h = 2
48 – 3 6. 8 = 1 1 . 2 kJ/kg
qL = h – h a = 1
61 – 48 = 1 3 kJ/kg
3.46 An air-conditioned space has a sensible heat load of

200,000 Btu/h, a latent load of 50,000 Btu/h, and is main-
tained at 78°F dry bulb and 60% RH. On a mass basis,
25% outside air is mixed with return air. Outside air is at
95°F dry bulb and 76°F wet bulb. Conditioned air leaves
the apparatus and enters the room at 60°F dry bulb. The
fan must produce a pressure increase of 3.5 in. water to
overcome the system pressure loss. Fan efficiency is esti-
mated as 55%.
a. Draw and label the schematic flow diagram for the
complete system. (Hint: See Fig. 3-1)
b. Complete the table below.
c. Plot and draw all processes on a psychrometric chart.
d. Specify the fan size, scfm, and fan motor rating, HP.
e. Determine the size refrigeration unit needed, in Btu/h
and tons.
f. What percent of the required refrigeration is for (1)
sensible cooling and (2) for dehumidification?
g. What percent of the required refrigeration is due to
the outside air load?
Dry Bulb , Enthalpy h, W, m, vact

Point t, °F % Btu/lb lb/lb lb/ha scfm acfm
φ
OA 95 42 39.4 0.0150 11380 2528 2710 14.3

r 78 60 32.2 0.0123 34160 7590 7860 13.8
m 82.3 55 34.0 0.0130 45540 10120 10550 13.9
f 84.6 50 34.6 0.0130 45540 10120 10630 14.0
s 60 100 26.7 0.0113 45540 10120 10130 13.35
b) 0.75 32.2 + 0.25 39.4 = 34.0

( ) ( )
0.75 0.0123 + 0.25 0.0150 = 0.0130

( ) ( )
0.75 78 + 0.25 95 = 82.3( ) ( )
Ws = Wr – mmw = 0.0123 – 50,000 1100

45540 = 0.0113
⁄
a
m a = 0.244200,000
( 78 – 60 = 45,540 lb/h 10120 cfm
)( )
⇒
d) w f = 10120 3.5
0.55 6350 = 10.1 HP (
( )
)
h f = 34 + 10.145540
2545 = 34.6 ; W = 0.0130 ; t = 84.6
(
f
)
f
e) q 45540 34.6 – 26.7 – 0.0130 – 0.0113 28 = 357,600 Btuh = 29.8 tons
= [ ( ) ]
f) % sensible = 45540 0.244

357,600
84.6 – 60 100 = 76.4% ( )( )
×
g) % due to OA = 2528 1.10 95 – 78357,600

+ 4840 0.015 – 0.0123
[
100 = 22.5%
( ) ( )]
×
Solutions to
Chapter 4
DESIGN CONDITIONS

Chapter 4—Design Conditions ⏐ 57
4.8 For the person in Pro b le m 4. 7 (5 ft, 5 in. , 1 20 lb),

2
compute the body surface area (ft ).
=
0. 425 0. 725
Eq. (4-1 ): A 0. 1 08 m l
D
W = 1 20 lb l = 65 in.
= =
0. 425 0. 725 2
A 0. 1 08 ( 1 20 ) ( 65 ) 1 7. 1 ft
4.1 2 The living room in a home is occupied by adults at

rest wearing medium clothing. The mean radiant tem-
perature is 1 8°C (64°F). Determine the air temperature
necessary for comfort. [Ans: 3 0°C (86°F)]
t + MRT
t ≈ 75 ° F ≅
a ir
( St d . 5 5 : t = at + (1 – a )t )
2
o o a r
a = 0. 5
t
a ir
= 2 ( 75 ) – 64 = 86 ° F = 30°C
2
4. 1 3 A room has a net outside wall area of 275 ft with a
2
surface temperature of 5 4°F, 45 ft of glass with a surface
2
temperature of 20°F, 5 40 ft of ceiling with a surface
2
temperature of 60°F, 670 ft of partitions with a surface
2
temperature of 70°F, and 5 40 ft of floor with a surface
temperature of 70°F. If the air movement is 20 fpm and
light clothing is being worn, determine the air tempera-
ture necessary for comfort.
Assume occupants have equal view (i. e. , all angle factors are identical) of all surfaces.
St d . 55: t
r
= ∑ F
ρ – i
t
i
; ∑ A
i
= 2070
i =1
275 45 5 40 670 5 40
MRT = t = ( 54 ) + ( 20 ) + ( 60 ) + 70 + ( 70 ) = 64. 1
2070 2070 2070 2070 2070
r
t
o
= 75 ° F = 0. 5 t
a
+ 0. 5 t
r
= 0. 5 t
a
+ 0. 5 ( 64. 1 )
t
a
= 86 ° F
4. 1 4 Workers on an assembly line making electronic

equipment dissipate 700 Btu/h, of which 3 1 0 Btu/h is
latent heat. When the MRT for the area is 69°F, what air
temperature must the heating system maintain for
comfort of the workers if the air movement is 40 fpm?
700 Btu/h
Activity level = 2
= 2 met
1 9. 5 ft
89 + 69
Assuming light clothing (0. 75 clo): Fig. 4-3 ; t = 89 ° F; t = = 79 ° F
2
a o
Correcting for activity level: t

a
= 79 – 5 . 4 ( 1 + 0. 75 ) ( 2 – 1 . 2 ) = 71 ° F
2 2
4. 1 5 A room has 1 000 ft of surface, of which 1 20 ft is
to be heated, and the balance has an average surface
temperature of 60°F. The air temperature in the room is
68°F. The room is occupied by light clothed adults at rest.
Determine the surface temperature of the heated panel
necessary to produce comfort if the air velocity is 20 fpm.
[Ans: 243 °F? unfeasible]
880 1 20
Assume uniform view of surfaces: t = ( 60 ) + (t )
1 000 1 000
r p
t
o
= 75 = 0. 5 t
a
+ 0. 5 t
r
880 1 20
t = 1 50 – 68 = 82 ° F = ( 60 ) + t
1 000 1 000
r p
t
p
= 243 ° F
4. 1 6 Assume that in Pro b le m 4. 1 5 , the maximum allow-

able panel temperature is 1 20°F. The average temperature
of other surfaces in the room remains at 60°F and the air
temperature is still 68 °F. What panel area will be required
if the room is occupied by adults at rest?
( 1 000 – ) ( 60 ) + ( 1 20 )
= =
P P
t 82
1 000
r
=
2
P 3 67 ft
4. 1 7 In an auditorium, 1 7,1 5 0 students are watching

slides. The MRT is 80°F and the average room air temper-
ature is 72°F. Air enters the room at 5 7°F. Assume the
lights are out and no heat gain or loss occurs through the
walls, floor, and ceiling.
a. How much air (cfm) should be supplied to remove
the sensible heat?
b. Explain what must be done to remove the latent heat.
⎛ 3 90 ⎞
a. Q
s
= 1 5 0 ( 225 )
⎝3 3 0 ⎠
= 1 . 1 ( CFM ) ( 72 – 57 ) [ Chap. 7 ]
CFM = 241 7
b. Supply air must have sufficiently low humidity ratio since latent load
actually represents moisture added,
Q
L
M ≅
H2 O
1 1 00
4. 1 8 Two hundred people attend a theater matinee. Air is

supplied at 60°F. Determine the required flow rate (lb/h)
to handle the heat gain from the occupants if the return air
temperature is not to exceed 75 °F. [Ans: 1 1 ,475 lb/h]
q
s
= 21 0 Btu/person (Chap. 7)
q
s
= · m C
p
(t
r
– t
s
) = 200 ( 21 0 ) = · ( 0. 244 ) ( 75 – 60 )
m
·
· = · 1 1 475,
, = --- = =
V
m 1 1 475 lb/h V ( 1 3.33 ) 25 5 0 cfm

ν 60
Chapter 4—Design Conditions ⏐ 59
Determine the increase in humidity ratio due to 80

4. 1 9
people in a dance hall if air is circulated at the rate of

0.64 m3 /s (1350 cfm).
QL = 80 545 = 43 , 600 Btu/h Mw =
43 , 600 = 39.64 lb/h
( )
1100
W=
Mw
=
39.64 = 0.0065 lb/lb air
Δ
Ma ( 1350 60 0.075
)( )( )
4. 2 0Specify the MRT for comfort in a space where the

air temperature is 68°F and the relative velocity is 20 fpm,
for sedentary activity and light clothing. [Ans: 92°F]
From Fig. 4-3: MRT = 92°F [Assume medium activity is sedentary]
Specify completely a suitable set of indoor and
4. 2 1
outdoor design conditions for each of the following cases:

a. winter; apartment building; St. Louis, Missouri
b. summer; apartment building; St. Louis, Missouri
c. winter; factory (medium activity); Rochester, Min-
nesota
a. Inside: ti = 72°F, 30% RH; Outside: to = 4.1°F; Φo = 100%
b. Inside: ti = 78°F, 60% RH; Outside: 93.1 db/76.1°F wb
c. Inside: Assume 2 met, 1 clo ti = 75 – 5.4(1 + 1)(2 – 1.2) = 66°F, 30% RH
⇒
Outside: to = –15.2°F; Φo = 100%

4. 2 2The mean radiant temperature in a bus is 6°C lower
in winter than the air temperature. For passengers seated
without coats, determine the desired air temperature if the
relative air velocity is 0.2 m/s.
Assuming Icl = 0.5 with ta = MRT + 6
Trial and Error with Fig. 4-3
ta 28 C ≅ °
MRT 22 C ≈ °
For Atlanta, Georgia, specify the normal indoor

4. 2 3
design conditions listed below for

a. Winter: Dry bulb = ____°C; W = _______ kg/kg
b. Summer: Dry bulb = ____°C; W = _______ kg/kg
a. Winter: Dry bulb = 22°C; W = 0.004 kg/kg
b. Summer: Dry bulb = 25°C; W = 0.012 kg/kg
4. 2 4Specify completely indoor and outdoor design
conditions for winter for a clean room in Kansas City,
Missouri, having a 1.2 by 1.2 m radiant panel at 49°C on
each of the four walls. The room is 6 m by 4 by 3 m high
and the other surfaces are all at 22°C. Assume very little
activity and light clothing.
Assume uniform view for each surface: ∑ A = 108 ( )
tr =
4 1.2 1.2 49 + 108 – 4 1.2 1.2 22 = 23.4 C
( )( ) [ ( )( )]
108 108 °
Fig. 4-3 SI: for v = 0.2 m/s, MRT = 23.4 ta = 28 C ⇒ °
to = –16.3 C ° o = 100% a = 50%

φ φ

Solutions to
Chapter 5
LOAD ESTIMATING
FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals ⏐ 63
NOTE: Fo r th e pro b lem s in th is ch ap ter th e an swers m ay vary depen din g o n wh ich tab les are u sed fo r th e R an d k
valu es as well as th e assu m ptio n s in th e selectio n o f th e tabu lated listin gs.
5.1 With an 1 1 . 2 m/s wind blowing uniformly against

one face of a building, what pressure differential would
be used to calculate the air leakage into the building?
1 1 . 2 m/s wind 1 1 . 2 ⁄ 0. 447 = 25 mph
2
P = 0. 000482 V
v
2
at Standard ρ P = ( 0. 000482 ) ( 25 ) = 0. 3 02 in. H O
v 2
C = 0. 6 [ Fig. 5-5 at 0 ° ]
s
ΔP = 0. 6 ( 0. 3 02 ) = 0. 1 8 in. H O
in 2
5.3 A double door has a 1 /8 in. crack on all sides except

between the two doors, which has a 1 /4 in. crack. What
would be the leakage rate for the building of Pro b lem 5. 1 ?
From Pro b lem 5. 1 , assume 6 × 7 ft doors.
ΔP = 0. 1 8 in. H O Average crack width is 1 /8 in.

2
Fig. 1 4, Chap. 27, HBF → 3 00 cfm/door Two doors at 0. 3 in. H O

2
0. 5 5
⎛ 0. 1 8 ⎞
CFM = 600 = 45 3 cfm
⎝ 0. 3 0 ⎠
5. 4 Determine the heat loss due to infiltration of 23 6 L/s

of outdoor air at 9°C when the indoor air is 24°C.
23 6 L/s at 9 ° C with 24 ° C inside
5 00 cfm 48 ° F with 75 ° F
Q = 1 . 23 ( 23 6 ) ( 24 – 9) = 43 5 0 watts
s
or Q = 1 . 1 ( SCFM ) Δt = 1 . 1 ( 5 00 ) ( 75 – 48 ) = 1 4 , 85 0 Btu/h
s
* There is also a latent load.
5. 5 Give an expression for (a) the sensible load due to

infiltration, and (b) the latent load due to infiltration.
⎛ CFH⎞
a. Sensible Q = 1 . 1 ( SCFM ) Δt = 1 .1 Δt = 0. 01 8 CFH ( t – t ) , Btu/h
s
⎝ 60 ⎠ i o
⎛ CFH ⎞
b. Latent Q = 4840 ( SCFM ) ( ΔW ) = 1 .1 ( ΔW ) = 80. 6 (CFH ) ( W – W ) , Btu/h
L
⎝ 60 ⎠ i o
5. 6 A building is 75 ft wide by 100 ft long and 10 ft high.

The indoor conditions are 75°F and 24% RH, and the out-
side conditions are 0°F and saturated. The infiltration rate
is estimated to be 0.75 ach. Calculate the sensible and
latent heat loss.
Volume = 75 100 10 × × = 75 ,000 ft3
@ in Wi = 0.0046 CFM = NV 0.75 75 , 000 = 937.5
( )( )
60 = 60
@ out Wo = 0.0007875 Q s = 1.1 CFM t = 1.1 937.5 75 – 0
( )Δ ( )( )
Q s = 77 , 300 Btu/h
QL = 4840 CFM ( )(Δ W) = 4840 937.5 0.0046 – 0.0007875 = 17 , 000 Btu/h
( )( )
5. 8 A 3 by 3 ft ventilation opening is in a wall facing in

the prevalent wind direction. There are adequate open-
ings in the roof for the passage of exhaust air. Estimate the
ventilation rate for a 25 mph wind.
3 3 ft opening
× 25 mph 2005 HBF, Equations (27) – (29)
Q = C4 Cv A U
Q = 88 ( 0.55 ) ( 9 ) ( 25 ) = 10 , 890cfm
5. 9 A building 20 by 40 by 9 ft has an anticipated infil-
tration rate of 0.75 air changes per hour. Indoor design
conditions are 75°F, 30% RH minimum. Outdoor design
temperature is 5°F.
a. Determine sensible, latent, and total heat loads
(Btu/h) due to infiltration.
b. Specify the necessary humidifier size (lb/h).
Volume = 20 40 9 = 7200 ft3

( )( )( )
SCFM = NV = 720060 3 4 = 90 ( )( ⁄ )
a. Q s = 1.1 CFM t = 1.1 90 70 = 6930 Btu/h

(Δ ) ( )( )
Q L = 4840 90 0.0055 – 0.001 = 1960 Btu/h

( )( )
Q t = 6390 + 1960 = 8890 Btu/h

b. m w = Q L 1100 = 1960 1100 = 1.8 lb/h
⁄ ⁄
5.1 0 A small factory with a 10 ft high ceiling is shown.

There are 22 employees normally in the shop area and 4
employees in the office area. On a winter day when the
outside temperature is 0°F, the office is maintained at
75°F, 25% RH, and the shop is kept at 68°F with no
humidity control. Determine for each area
a. infiltration, cfm
b. minimum required outside air, cfm
c. sensible heat loss due to infiltration, Btu/h
d. latent heat loss due to infiltration, Btu/h
Office: 700 ft2 , 7000 ft3 CFM s u p p ly = 700 = Vp z o
Shop: 2900 ft2 , 29 , 000 ft3 CFM s u p p ly = 3600 = Vp z s
a. INFILTRATION
Office: 1/2 ach 7000 60 = 58 cfm (more if traffic)
× ⁄
Shop: 1 1/2 ach 29 ,000 60 = 725 cfm × ⁄
b. VENTILATION Std. 62.1-2004 ( Vb z = R p R z + R a A z )
Office: Rp = 5 R a = 0.06 Vb z = 5 4 + 0.06 700 = 62 cfm × ( )
Shop: R P = 10 R a = 0.18 Vb z = 10 22 + 0.18 2900 = 742 cfm × ( )
Assuming ceiling supply (floor return): Ez = 1.0 Vo z = Vb z Ez ⁄
Vo z = 62;
o ffic e
Vo z = 742 sh o p
Assume single system for both spaces:

Vo z 62 742
ZP = =
700 = 0.08 ZP =
3600 = 0.21 = max. Zp EV = 0.9
⎛ ⎞
⇒
o V ⎝
pz o
⎠ s
Vo u = = 62 + 742 = 804 cfm; Vo t =

Vo u
=
804 = 893 cfm
Σ
EV 0.9
c. qs = 1.10 CFM t × × Δ
= 1.10 58 75 – 0 = 4785 Btu/h

q s o ffic e × × ( )
q s sh o p= 1.10 725 68 – 0 = 54 , 230 Btu/h

× × ( )
d. qL = 4840 CFM W× @ 75 F, 25% × Δ Wi = 0.0046; ° } 0 F Wo = 0.00079

°
q L o ffic= 4840 58 0.0046 – 0.00079 = 1070 Btu/h

× × ( )
q L sh o p= 0 no humidifier
5.1 1 Specify an acceptable amount of outside air for

ventilation of the following:
a. 12 by 12 ft private office with 8 ft high walls
b. department store with 20,000 ft2 of floor area Table 5-9
a. Use 5 cfm/person + 0.06 cfm/ft2
∴ OA = 5 1 + 0.06 12 12 = 5 + 8.6 = 13.6 cfm
× ( × )
b. Use 7.5 cfm/person & 15 p/1000 ft2 + 0.12 cfm/ft2

OA = 7.5
20 , 000 15 + 0.12 20 , 000 = 4650 cfm
∴
1000 × × ( )
5. 1 2 A wall consists of 4 in. of face brick, 1 /2 in. of

cement mortar, 8 in. hollow clay tile, an airspace 1 5 /8 in.
wide, and wood lath and plaster totaling 3 /4 in. Find the
U-factor for both winter and summer.
R
Winter Summer
Outside air 0. 1 7 0. 25
Face brick, 4 in. 0. 44 0. 44
Cement, 1 /2 in. 0. 1 0 0. 1 0
Hollow clay tile, 8 in. 1 .85 1 . 85
Airspace, 1 5 /8 in. 0. 95 0. 95
Metal lathe and plaster, 3 /4 in. 0. 47 0. 47
Inside air 0. 68 0. 68
ΣR = 4. 66 4. 74
U = 1 /Σ R – 0. 21 5 2
0. 21 1 Btu/h/ft · °F
5. 1 3 The ceiling of a house is 3 /4 in. (1 9 mm) acoustical

tile on furring strips with highly reflective aluminum foil
across the top of the ceiling j oists. Determine the U-factor
for cooling load calculations.
R
Attic air 4. 5 5
Air gap (top) 4. 5 5
Air gap (bottom) 0. 92
Acoustical tile 1 .89
Room air 0. 92
U = 1 /Σ R = 0. 078 Btu/h/ft2 · °F
ΣR = 1 2. 83
5. 1 4 Calculate the winter U-factor for a wall consisting of

4 in. (1 00 mm) face brick, 4 in. (1 00 mm) common brick,
and 1 /2 in. (1 3 mm) of gypsum plaster (sand aggregate).
R
Outside air 0. 1 7
Face brick, 4 in. 0. 44
Common brick, 4 in. 0. 80
Gypsum (sand) plaster, 1 /2 in. 0. 09
Inside air 0. 68 U = 1 /Σ R = 0. 45 9 Btu/h/ft2 · °F

ΣR = 2. 1 8
5. 1 5 Find the overall coefficient of heat transmission U

for a wall consisting of 4 in. of face brick, 1 /2 in. of
cement mortar, 8 in. of stone, and 3 /4 in. of gypsum plas-
ter. The outside air velocity is 1 5 mph and the inside air
is still.
R
Outside air 0. 1 7
Face brick, 4 in. 0. 44
Cement mortar, 1 /2 in. 0. 1 0
Stone, 8 in. (1 / R = 0. 08 ) 0. 64 (assume lightweight aggregate)
Gypsum plaster, 3 /4 in. 0. 47
Inside air 0. 68
U = 1 /Σ R = 0. 40 Btu/h/ft2 · °F
ΣR = 2. 5 0
5.1 6 A wall has an overall coefficient = 1.31 W/(m2 ·K).

What is the conductance of the wall when its outside
U
surface is exposed to a wind velocity of 6.7 m/s and the

inside air is still?
---1- = ∑ R
1 1
= ---- + ---- +
1
U h C h
i o
1 1 1 1 1.63 W/(m2 K
1.31 =
8.29 + ---- + 34.08
C
C = ( ⋅ )
5. 1 7Compute the U-factor for a wall of frame construc-

tion consisting of 1/2 by 8 bevel siding, permeable felt
building paper, 25/32 in. wood fiber sheathing, 2 by 4
studding on 16 in. centers, and 3/4 in. metal lath and sand
plaster. Outside wind velocity is 15 mph.
R
Outside air 0.17
Siding 0.81 Neglecting Studs
Felt paper 0.06
Sheathing 2.06
Airspace 0.97
Lathe and plaster 0.10 = 1/4.85 = 0.206 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F
Inside air 0.68
U
ΣR = 4.35
5. 1 8For the wall of , determine if the

space between the studs is filled with fiberglass blanket
Pro b lem 5. 1 7 U
insulation. Neglect the effect of the studs.

corrected for insulation 4.85 – 0.97 + 11.0 = 14.88
R
= 0.067 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F U
5. 1 9 Rework including the effect of the

studs.
Pro b lem 5. 1 8
U
i
= 0.067; = 4.85 – 0.97 + 4.35 = 8.23;
R
s
U
s
= 0.12
= ⎛1.5 100 = 9.4%;
⎞
= 0.094 0.12 + ( 0.906 ) ( 0.067 )
S
⎝16 ⎠
( ) U
a v
( )( )
U
2
= 0.072 Btu/h· ft ·°F
a v
5. 2 0A concrete wall 250 mm thick is exposed to out-

side air at 15°C with a velocity of 6.7 m/s. Inside air
−
temperature is 15.6°C. Determine the heat flow through

14.9 m2 of this wall.
R
o
= 0.030 m2 K W
( ⋅ ) ⁄
2
= 0.120 m K W R = 0.25 0.55
i
( ⋅ ) ⁄ R
c o n
( )( ) = 0.138 m2 K W
( ⋅ ) ⁄
1 = 1 2 2
U =
∑ R
0.03 + 0.12 + 0.138 = 3.47 W m K = 3.47 W m °C ⁄( ⋅ ) ⁄( ⋅ )
Q = U = 3.47 14.9 15.6 – –15 = 1540 W

( A ) ( Δt ) ( )[ ( )]
5. 2 1 Find the overall coefficient of heat transfer and the

total thermal resistance for the following exterior wall
exposed to a 25 mph wind: face brick veneer, 25 /3 2 in.
insulating board sheathing, 3 in. fiberglass insulation in
stud space, and 1 /4 in. walnut veneer plywood panels for
the interior.
Neglecting Studs:
R
Outside air 0. 09 ⇒ HBF
Face brick 0. 44
Insulating board sheathing 2. 06
Airspace, 3 /4 in. 1 . 01
Fiberglass, 3 in. 1 1 .0
Plywood, 1 1 /4 in. 0. 3 1 U = 1 /Σ R = 0. 064 Btu/h · ft2 · °F

Inside air 0. 68
Σ R= 1 5.59
5. 2 2 What is the thermal resistance of 1 2. 1 cm (4 3 /4 in. )

thick precast concrete (stone aggregate, oven dried)?
R = =
2
( 0. 1 21 m ) [ 0. 76 (m · K)/W ] 0. 092 ( m ⋅ K) ⁄ W
or
R = =
2
( 4. 75 ) ( 0. 1 1 ) 0. 5 2 h · ft · °F/Btu
5. 2 3 A composite wall structure experiences a –1 0°F air

temperature on the outside and a 75 °F air temperature on
the inside. The wall consists of a 4 in. thick outer face-
brick, a 2 in. batt of fiberglass insulation, and a 3 /8 in.
sheet of gypsum board. Determine the U-factor and the
2
heat flow rate, per ft . Plot the steady-state temperature
profile across the wall.
R
Outside air (R1 ) 0. 1 7 U = 1 /Σ R = 1 /8. 61 = 0. 1 1 6
Face brick ( R 2 ) 0. 44
Fiberglass, (R 3 ) 7. 00 Ti = 75 °F, To = –1 0 °F
Gypsum board ( R 4) 0. 3 2
Inside air ( R5 ) 0. 68 q = UA ΔT = (0. 1 1 6)(8 5 ) = 9. 87 Btu/h · ft2

RT = ΣR = 8. 61
T1 = –1 0 ° F
R1 0. 1 7
T2 = T1 + ( ΔT) = – 1 0 + ( 85 ) = – 8. 3 ° F
RT 8. 61
R2 0. 44
T3 = T2 + ( ΔT) = – 8. 3 + ( 85 ) = – 3 . 9 ° F
RT 8. 61
R3 7. 0
T4 = T3 + ( ΔT) = – 3 . 9 + ( 85 ) = 65. 2 ° F
RT 8. 61
R4 0. 3 2
T5 = T4 + ( ΔT) = – 65. 2 + ( 85 ) = 68. 3 ° F
RT 8. 61
T6 = 75 ° F
5.24 Find the overall heat transmission coefficient for a

floor-ceiling sandwich (heat flow up) having the follow-
ing construction.
R
Upper air 0.61
Concrete, 2 1/2 in. 0.20
Airspace, upper 0.61
Airspace, lower 0.61
Acoustical tile 1.89
Inside air 0.61
Σ R = 4.53 U = 0.22 Btu/h·ft2 · °F
5.25 The exterior windows of a house are of double insu-

lating glass with 1/4 in. airspace and have metal sashes.
Determine the design U-factor for heating.
U = 0.87 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F (Table 5-16)
5.26 In designing a house, the total heat loss is calculated

as 17.9 kW. The heat loss through the outside walls is
28% of this total when the overall coefficient for the
outside walls is 1.4 W/(m2 · K). If 50 mm organic bonded
fiberglass is added to the wall in the stud space, determine
the new total heat loss for the house.
q wa lls = 0.28 17.9 = 5.01 kW;
( ) q o th er = 17.9 – 5.01 = 12.89
1
∑ R =
1.4 = 0.714; ∑ R with
fib ergla ss
= 0.714 + 0.05 27.76 = 2.1
( )
q wa lls with =
0.714 5.01 = 1.70 kW
fib ergla ss
2.1 ( )
q to ta l = 12.89 + 1.70 = 14.6 kW
5. 2 7 The top floor ceiling of a building 30 by 36 ft is

constructed of 2 by 4 in. joists on 18 in. centers. On the
underside is metal lath with plaster, 3/4 in. thick. On top
of the joists there are only scattered walking planks, but
the space between the joists is filled with rock wool. The
air temperature at the ceiling in the room is 78°F and the
attic temperature is 25°F. Find the overall coefficient of
heat transfer for the ceiling.
R
Room air 0.61
Lathe and plaster 0.13
Rock wool 11.0
Attic air 0.61
Σ R = 12.35
U = 1/Σ R = 0.0.81 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F
5. 2 8 Determine the U-factor and the temperature at each
point of change of material for the flat roof shown below.

The roof has 3/8 in. built-up roofing, 1 1 /2 in. roof insu-
lation, 2 in. thick, 80 lb/ft3 lightweight aggregate concrete
on corrugated metal over steel joists, with a metal lath and
3/4 in. (sand) plaster ceiling. Omit correction for framing.
R
Outside air T1 0.1 7
Built-up roofing, 3/8 in. T2 0.33
Roof insulation, 1 1 /2 in. T3 4.1 7
Concrete (80)#, 2 in. T4 0.54
Airspace (top) T5 0.61
Airspace (bottom) T6 0.61
Lather and plaster T7 0.1 3
Inside air 0.61
Σ R= 7.1 7
0.1 7
T1 = – 5 + ( 80 ) = – 3.1 ° F
7.1 7
0.5
T2 = – 5 + ( 80 ) = 0.6 ° F
7.1 7
5.82
T5 = – 5 + ( 80 ) = 59.9 ° F
7.1 7
6.50
T7 = – 5 + ( 80 ) = 68.2 ° F
7.1 7
2
U = 0.1 39 Btu/h· ft · °F
5. 2 9 Calculate the heat loss through a roof of 1 00 ft2 area

where the inside air temperature is to be 70°F, outside air
1 0°F, and the composition from outside to inside: 3/8 in.
built-up roofing, 1 in. cellular glass insulation, 4 in. con-
crete slab, and 3/4 in. acoustical tile.
R
Outside air 0.1 7 A = 1 00 ft2
Built-up roofing, 3/8 in. 0.33
Cellular glass insulation, 1 in. 2.50 to = 1 0°F
Concrete, 4 in. 0.32
Acoustical tile, 3/4 in. 1 .89 ti = 70°F
Inside air 0.61
U = 1 /Σ R = 0.1 72
Σ R= 5.82
q = UA ( ti – to ) = 0.1 72 ( 1 00 ) ( 70 – 1 0 ) = 1 030 Btu/h
5. 3 0 Calculate the heat loss through 1 00 ft2 (9.29 m2 )

of 1 /4 in. (6.5 mm) plate glass with inside and outside
air temperatures of 70 and 1 0°F (21 .1 and –1 2.2°C),
respectively.
2 2
Ugla s s = 5.91 W/ ( m ⋅ K) { Table 5-1 5 } or 1 .04 Btu/h· ft · °F
q = UA ( Δt ) = ( 5.91 ) ( 9.29 ) [ 21 .2 – ( –1 2.2 ) ] = 1 833 W
q = 1 .04 ( 1 00 ) ( 70 – 1 0 ) = 6240 Bth/h
Chapter 5 —Load Estim ating Fundam entals ⏐ 71
5.3 1 A building has single glass windows and an indoor

temperature of 75°F. The outside air temperature is 40°F.
With a 15 mph outside wind, still air inside, and after
sundown, what can the maximum relative humidity of the
inside air be without condensation forming on the glass?
h
i
75 – = 75 – 40 ;
( t
s
) U ( ) 1.46 75 – = 1.04 75 – 40
( t
s
) ( )
t
s
= 50.1 F = dew point;
° dry bulb = 75 F = 40% max. ° ∴φ
5.3 2 Repeat for a double glass window

with a 1/2 in. airspace.
Pro b lem 5. 3 1
h
i
( 75 – = 75 – 40 ;
t
s
) U ( ) 1.46 75 – = 0.59 75 – 40
( t
s
) ( )
t
s
= 60.9 F = dew point;
° dry bulb = 75 F = 61 % max. ° ⇒ φ
5.3 3 A wall is constructed of 4 in. face brick, pressed

fiber board sheathing ( = 0.44), 3 1/2 in. airspace, and
1/2 in. lightweight gypsum plaster on 1/2 in. plaster-
k
board. When the inside air temperature is 70°F and the

outside temperature is –15°F, how thick must the sheath-
ing be to prevent water pipes in the stud space from freez-
ing?
R
Outside air 0.17
Face brick 0.44
Sheathing
Airspace
x/0.44
0.94
0.17 + 0.44 + 0.44 = 32 – –15
⁄ ( )
3.0 + 0.44 70 – –15
x
Plaster 0.45 x ⁄ ( )
Plasterboard 0.32 = 1.0 in.

x
Inside air 0.68

ΣR = 3 + /0.44
x
5.3 4 The roof of a rapid transit car is constructed of

3/8 in. plywood ( = 2.12), a vapor seal having negligible
thermal resistance, expanded polystyrene insulation ( =
C
0.24), 3/4 in. airspace, 1/16 in. steel with welded joints
k
and aluminum paint. If the car is traveling at 60 mph (film

coefficient is 20.0 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F) when the ambient tem-
perature is –20°F, what thickness of insulation is neces-
sary to prevent condensation when the inside conditions
in the car are 72°F dry bulb and 55% RH?
72 F db;
° 55% rh 55 F dew point
⇒ °
Inside: E = 0.6 = 0.81 h

i
--- =
q
A
0.81 72 – 55
( ) = 13.77 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F
R
Outside air 0.05
Plywood 0.47
--- = 13.77 =
55 – –20 ( )
Polystyrene insulation /0.24
q
Airspace
x
0.78 A ( 1.3 + 0.24 x ⁄ )
Inside air 0 x = 1.0 in.

ΣR = 1.3 + /0.24
x
5. 3 5A roof is constructed of 2 in. wood decking, insu-

lation on top of deck, and 3/8 in. built-up roofing. It has
no ceiling. Assuming that the insulation forms a perfect
vapor barrier, determine the required resistance of the
insulation to prevent condensation from occurring at the
deck insulation interface when indoor conditions are
70°F and 40% RH, and the outside temperature is 20°F.
R Δ t
fi l m
= fi l m
R
to ta l
Δ t
to ta l
t 70 ° F
i
= 40% RH
dew point = 44.5 ° F t
o
= 20 ° F
R
Inside air 0.61 0.61 + 2.50 =
70 – 44.5
Wood deck 2.5 0.61 + 2.5 + 0.17 + 70 – 20
Outside air 0.17
R
in s
Insulation R
in s
R
in s
= 2.48
5. 3 6Determine the summer U-factor for each of the

following:
a. building wall consisting of face brick veneer, 3/4 in.
plywood sheathing, 2 by 6 studs on 24 in. centers, no
insulation, and 5/32 in. plywood paneling
b. ceiling/roof where the ceiling is composed of 1/2 in.
plasterboard nailed to 2 by 6 joists on 16 in. centers
and the roof consists of asphalt shingles on 3/4 in.
plywood on 2 2by 4 rafters on 16 in. centers. The2 roof
area is 2717 ft while the ceiling area is 1980 ft .
c. sliding patio door with insulating glass (double)
having a 0.50 in. airspace in a metal frame
d. a 2 in. solid wood door with a wood storm door
a. Ri Rs
Outside air 0.25 0.25 U = 0.259; U = 0.107
Face brick 0.44 0.44
i s
Sheathing, 3/4 in. 0.93 0.93 = 0.15(0.129) + 0.85(0.259)

= 0.24 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F (1.36 W/m2 ·K)
U
Studs — 5.23
av
Air { 0.68
0.68 —
Paneling 0.20 0.20
Inside air 0.68 0.68
Σ = R 3.86 7.73
U= 1/Σ = R 0.259 0.129
b. C eiling Ro of
Attic air 0.92 Outside air 0.25 R = 2.29 + 2.38/(2717/1980) = 4.024

Plasterboard 0.45 Shingles 0.44
o, c
Inside air 0.92 Plywood 0.93 U = 1/4.024 = 0.25 Btu//h·ft2 ·°F

Attic Air 0.76
o, c
Σ R = 2.29 Σ R = 2.38
U = 0.437 u = 0.420
c. U = 0.81 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F
d. U = 0.46 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F (Table 5-17)
5.3 7 A prefabricated commercial building has exterior

walls constructed of 2 in. expanded polyurethane bonded
between 1 /8 in. aluminum sheet and 1 /4 in. veneer
plywood. Design conditions include 1 05 °F outside air
temperature, 72°F indoor air, and 7. 5 mph wind. Deter-
mine:
a. overall thermal resistance
b. value of U
2
c. heat gain per ft
R
Outside air 0. 25
Aluminum, 1 /8 in. –0
Polyurethane (2 × 6. 25 ) 1 2. 5 0
Plywood, 1 /4 in. 0. 3 1
Inside air 0. 68
ΣR = 1 3 . 74
1
= =
2
b. U 0. 0728 Btu/h · ft · °F
w
R
w
= – 72 ) =
2
c. q 0. 0728 ( 1 05 2. 40 Btu/h · ft
5. 3 8 An outside wall consists of 4 in. face brick,

25/3 2 in. insulating board sheathing 2 in. mineral fiber
batt between the 2 by 4 studs, and 1 /2 in. plasterboard.
Determine the winter U-factor.
R
Outside air 0. 1 7
Face brick 0. 44
Insulating board sheathing 2. 06
Airspace 1 . 01
Fiber batt 7. 0
Plasterboard 0. 45
Inside air 0. 68
2
U = 1 /Σ R = 0. 08 5 Btu/h · ft · °F
ΣR = 1 1 . 81
5. 3 9 Solve the following:

a. Compute the winter U-factor for the wall of Pro b lem
5. 3 8 if the wind velocity is 3 0 mph.
b. Compute the summer U-factor for the wall of
Pro b lem 5. 3 8 .
c. If full wall insulation is used, compute the summer
U-value for the wall of Pro b lem 5. 3 8 .
a. ∑ R = 1 1 . 81 – 0. 1 7 + 1 ⁄ 0. 26 = 1 1 . 72 ; U = 0. 085
b. ∑ R = 1 1 . 81 – 0. 1 7 + 0. 25 = 1 1 . 89 ; U = 0. 084
c. ∑ R = 1 1 . 81 – 1 . 01 – 7. 0 + 1 1 . 0 = 1 4. 88 ; U = 0. 067
5. 40 An exterior wall contains a 3 by 7 ft solid wood

door, 1 3/8 in. thick, and a 6 by 7 ft sliding patio door with
double insulating glass having a 1/2 in. airspace and
metal frame. Determine the summer U-factor for each
door.
1 3 8 in. wood dome:
⁄ U = 0.46 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F
Sliding patio door: U = 0.76 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F
5. 41If the doors of are between the resi-
dence and a completely enclosed swimming pool area,
Pro b le m 5. 4 0
determine the U-factor for each door.

1 3 8 in. wood door:
⁄ R 1 0.39 – 0.25 + 0.68 = 2.99
i n s i de
= ⁄
U = 1 = 0.33
⁄R
Sliding patio door: R = 1 0.81 – 0.25 + 0.68 = 1.66

i n s i de
⁄
U = 1 = 0.60⁄R
5. 42 Determine the winter U-factor in W/(m2 ·K) for the

wall of a building which has the following construction:
face brick, 4 in.; airspace, 3/4 in.; concrete, 9 in.; cellular
glass board insulation, 1 in.; plywood paneling, 1/4 in.
=
1 =
1
U
∑ R
0.17 + 0.44 + 1.1 + 0.72 + 2.50 + 0.31 + 0.68
U = 0.169 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F 0.960 W m2 ·K

[ ⁄( )]
5. 4 3Determine the summer U-factor for the following

building components
a. Wall: wood drop siding, 1 by 8 in.; 1/2 in. nail-base
insulating board sheathing; 2 by 4 studs (16 in. oc)
with full wall fiberglass insulation; 1/4 in. paneling
b. Door: solid wood, 1 1/2 in. thick, with wood and
glass storm door
a. =
1 =
1 = 0.0706 Btu/h ft 2 °F
U
i
∑ R
i
0.25 + 0.79 + 1.14 + 11.0 + 0.31 + 0.68
=
1 =
1 = 0.133 Btu/h ft 2 °F
U
s
∑ R
s
0.25 + 0.79 + 1.14 + 4.35 + 0.31 + 0.68
=
1.5 100 = 9.5%
S
16 ( )
b. U
w
= 0.27; R
w
= 3.703; R
s
= 3.703 – 0.17 + 0.25 = 3.784
U
s
= 0.264
area to ceiling area is 1:3. The attic is unvented in winter.

5 . 44 Determine the combined ceiling and roof winter
U-value for the following construction: The ceiling
consists of 3/8 in. gypsum board on 2 by 6 in. ceiling
joists. Six inches of fiberglass (mineral/glass wool) insu-
lation fills the space between the joists. The pitched roof
has asphalt shingles on 25/32 in. solid wood sheathing
with no insulation between the rafters. The ratio of roof
Roof: 1 1
U
ro o f
=
∑ R
ro o f
=
0.17 + 0.44 + 0.934 + 0.62 = 0.463
Ceiling: 1 1
U
c e i lin g
=
∑ R
c e ilin g
=
0.61 + 19.02 + 0.32 + 0.61 = 0.0487
=
1 +
1 = 20.54 +
2.16 = 22.20; = 0.045 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F
R
t
U
c
n U
R
1.3 U
o , c
5. 45 The west wall of a residence is 70 ft long by 8 ft

high. The wall contains four 3 by 5 ft wood sash 80%
glass single pane windows each with a storm window;
one double-glazed (1/2 in. airspace) picture window,
5 1/2 by 10 ft; and one 1 3/4 in. thick solid wood door,
3 by 7 ft. The wall itself has the construction of
. Specify the U-factor and corresponding area for
Pro b lem
each of the various parts of the wall with normal winter

5. 2 1
air velocities.
4 Windows: sin = 0.89 U
gle p a n e
Picture window: = 0.50 U
Door: = 0.46 U
A = 4 3 5 = 60 ft
×
2 × 5.5 10 = 55 ft2 A × A = 3 7
× = 21 ft2
w p d
w
A = 70 8 – 60 – 55 – 21 = 424 ft
( ×
2) U = 0.064
w a llp r o p e r w a ll
5. 46 A wall is 20 by 3 m, which includes 14% double-

insulating glass windows with a 6 mm airspace. The wall
proper consists of one layer of face brick backed by
250 mm of concrete with 12 mm of gypsum plaster on the
inside. For indoor and outdoor design temperatures of
22°C and –15°C, respectively, determine the heat loss
through this wall, kW.
Wall R
Outside air 0.03 Window: (Assume A1 frame operable)
Face brick 0.078 = 4.93 W/(m2 ·K)
= (0.86)(20 3) = 51.6 m2
U
Concrete, 250 mm 0.138 ×
= (0.14)(20 3) = 8.4 m2
A
Plaster, 12 mm 0.08
wa ll
A ×
Inside air 0.12

win do w
= ΣR 0.446 ; U = 2.24 W/(m2 ·K)

q = UA = 2.24 51.6 37
Δt ( )( )( ) + ( 4.93 ) ( 8.4 ) ( 37 )
q = 5800 W = 5.8 kW

Solutions to
Chapter 6
RESIDENTIAL COOLING
AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS

Chapter 6—Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations ⏐ 79
6. 1Determine which of the following walls of 150 ft2

gross area will have the greatest heat loss:
a. Wall of 25% single glass and the remainder brick
veneer (U = 0.25 Btu/h· ft2 ·°F)
b. Wall of 50% double-glazed windows with the
remainder of the wall brick veneer
(U = 0.25 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F)
c. Wall of 10% single pane glass and 90% of 6 in.
poured concrete with h o = 6.0 and h i = 1.6 Btu/h· ft2
a. 0.25 0.75 150 T + 1.13 0.25 150 T
qa = ( )( )Δ ( )( )Δ
q a = 70.5 T Δ
b. q b = 0.25 0.5 150 T + 0.69 0.5 150 T

( )( )Δ ( )( )(Δ )
q b = 70.5 T Δ
c. q c = 1.13 0.1 150 T +

1
0.167 + 0.48 + 0.62 0.9 150
( )( )Δ ( )( )Δ T
q c = 123 T Δ
Wall (c) has greatest heat loss.

6. 2 A house has a2pitched roof with an area of 159 m2 and
a U of 1.6 W/(m2 · K). The ceiling beneath the roof has
an area of 133 m and a U of 0.42 W/(m2 ·K). The attic
is unvented in winter for which the design conditions are
–19°C outside and 22°C inside. Determine the heat loss
through the ceiling. [Ans: 1.88 kW (6400 Btu/h)]
1 1
R =
0.42 + 159 133 1.6 = 2.38 + 0.52 = 2.90
( ⁄ )( )
1 1 = 0.345 W/(m 3 ·K)

U = --- = q = UA T
R 2.9 Δ
q = 0.345 133 41 = 1880 W 6420 Btu/h

( )( )( ) ( )
⏐
80 Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i ti on i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al
6. 3Determine the design winter heat loss through each

of the following components of a building located in
Minneapolis, Minnesota:
a. Wall having 648 ft2 of area and construction of 4 in.
face brick; 3/4 in. plywood sheathing; 2-1/2 in.
glass fiber insulation in 2 by 4 stud space (16 in. on
centers); 1/2 in. plasterboard interior wall.
b. A 2185 ft2 ceiling topped by a 2622 ft2 hip roof.
The ceiling consists of 1/2 in. acoustical tile with
R-19 insulation between the 2 by 6 (16 in. on cen-
ters) ceiling joists. The roof has asphalt shingles on
3/4 in. plywood sheathing on the roof rafters. The
attic is unvented in winter.
c. Two 4 by 6 ft single pane glass windows with storm
windows.
ti = 72 ° F (selected) ; tc = –13.4 ° F ( Fig. 4-4 )
Wall Ceiling Roof
Ri Rs Ri Rs R
Outside air 0.17 0.17 Attic air 0.61 0.61 Outside air0.17
Face brick, 4 in. 0.44 0.44 Insulation 19.0 6.25 Shingles 0.44
Plywood sheathing, 3/4 in. 1.08 1.08 Acoustical tile, 1/2 in. 1.19 1.19 Plywood 1.08
Insulation, 2 1/2 in. 6.7 – Inside air 0.61 0.61 Attic Air 0.62
Airspace 1.01 – ER 21.41 8.16 ER 2.31
Studs – 4.35
Plasterboard 0.45 0.45
Inside air 0.68 0.68 Ui = Us = UR =
0.047, 0.122 0.433
ER 10.53 7.17 S = 10%
Ui = 0.095, Us = 0.139 Uav (0.1)(0.122) + (0.9)(0.047) = 0.054
S ≅ 15% for 2 x on 16 in. Centers
Uavgw = ( 0.15 ) ( 0.139 ) + ( 0.85 ) ( 0.095 ) = 0.10 1 UC / R = UC / R = 0.0525
1 ⁄ 0.054 + ( 2622 ⁄ 2195 ) ( 0.433 )
With storm window, treat as double glazing Wwindow = 0.55. Assume wood frame.
ΔTdesign = [ 72 – ( –13.4 ) ] = 85.4 ° F
Selected ⇑ ⇑ 99.6 % Value
Wall loss = ( 0.1 ) ( 648 ) ( 85.4 ) = 5533 Btu/h
Ceiling loss = ( 0.0525 ) ( 2185 ) ( 85.4 ) = 9796 Btu/h
Window loss = ( 0.55 ) ( 48 ) ( 85.4 ) = 2254 Btu/h
Chapter 6—Residential Cooling and H eating Load Calculations ⏐ 81
If the building of is a residence having a

volume of 17,480 ft3 and is equipped with a humidifier set
6. 4 Pro b le m 6. 3
for 25% RH, determine

a. Sensible heat load due to infiltration
b. Latent heat load due to infiltration
Estimated ⇓
Infiltration 0.75 AC/h 1760, 480 ft 3

min/h ≈ (
⎛
) ⎜
⎞
⎟ = 219 cfm
⎝ ⎠
q 1.10 (cfm)
s
= ( Δt ) 1.1 219 88 = 21 , 200 Btu/h
= ( )( )
q
l
= 4840 (cfm) ( ΔW) = 4840 219 0.0042 – 0.00038 = 4049 Btu/h
( )( )
72°F, 25% ⇑ ⇑ –13.4°F, 100%

6. 5For a frame building with design conditions of 72°F
indoor and 12°F outdoor, determine the heat loss through
each of the following components:
a. Slab floor, 56 by 28 ft, on grade without perimeter
insulation [Ans: 12,100 Btu/h]
b. Single glass double-hung window, 3 by 5 ft, with
storm window in common metal frame
[Ans: 780 Btu/h]
c. 1 3/8 in. thick solid wood door, 3 by 7 ft, with 25%
single glazing [Ans: 490 Btu/h]
d. Sliding patio door, 6 by 7 ft, metal frame with dou-
ble insulating glass having 1/4 in. air space
[Ans: 2192 Btu/h]
a. q = F P (t – t ) = (1.20 2 56 + 28 72 – 12 = 12 , 100 Btu/h
)[ ( )]( )
(Table 6-18)
p i o
b. q = UA (t – t ) = (0.81 3 5 72 – 12 = 729 Btu/h

)( × )( )
(Table 5-16)
i o
c. q = UA (t – t ) = ( 0.58 3 7 72 – 12 = 731 Btu/h

)( × )( )
(Table 5-17)
i o
d. q = UA (t – t ) = (0.81 6 7 72 – 12 = 2041 Btu/h

)( × )( )
(Table 5-16)
i o
6. 6 Determine the heat loss for a basement in Chicago,

Illinois, which is 8 by 12 by 2.1 m high, of standard
concrete construction, and entirely below grade.
Wall area 2 8 + 12 2.1= ( )( )( ) = 84 m 2 ; Floor area = 8 12 = 96 m 2 ×
U
w , a v
= 0.980 W/(m 2 ·°C)
U
,
f a v
= 0.164 W/(m 2 ·°C)
t = 21 C selected ; =
° ( ) t t
, – = 2 – 12 = –10 C
A °
(Table 4-8) (Fig. 6-1)

i g w a v
Δt = t
i
– t
g
= 31
q = ( UA Δt )
w a lls
+( UA Δt )
fl o o r
q = ( 0.980 84 31 )( )( ) + ( 0.164 ) ( 96 ) ( 31 ) = 3040 W

A residence located in Chicago, Illinois, has a total

ceiling area of 1960 ft2 and consists of 3/8 in. gypsum
6. 7
board on 2 by 6 ceiling joists. Six inches of fiberglass

(mineral/glass wool) insulation fills the space between
the joists. The pitched roof has asphalt shingles on
25/32 in. solid wood sheathing with no insulation
between the rafters. The ratio of roof area to ceiling area
is 1.3. The attic is unvented in winter. For winter design
conditions, including a 72°F inside dry bulb at the 5 ft
line, determine
a. Outside design temperature, °F
b. Appropriate temperature difference, °F
c. Appropriate overall coefficient U, Btu/h·ft2 · °F
d. Ceiling heat loss q, Btu/h
a. 99.6% value to = –4 F, Chicago CO °
b. 72 F inside – –4 F outside = 76 F
° ( ° ) °
c. 1
Uc =
0.61 + 19 + 0.34 + 0.61 = 0.049
1
UR =
0.17 + 0.44 + 1.08 + 0.62 = 0.43
1 + 1 = 1 + 1
Rt =
Uc nUR 0.049 1.3 0.43 = 21.8 ( )( )
1
UT =
21.8 = 0.046
d. q = UTA t = 0.046 1960 76 = 6852 Btu/h
Δ ( )( )( )
6. 8 A residential building, 30 by 100 ft, located in Des

Moines, Iowa, has a conditioned space which extends 9 ft
below grade level. Determine the design heat loss from
the uninsulated below grade concrete walls and floor.
to = –6.9 ° F Table 4-7 ; t a = 35.5 F ; A = 23 [Table 4-8, Fig. 6-1]
[ ] °
Walls: Ua v = 0.157 (use conservative 8 ft value) [Table 6-16]

Floor: Uf = 0.026 (conservative) [Table 6-17]
Q wa lls = Ua v A ti – to = 0.157 260 9 72 – 35.5 – 23 = 21 , 900 Btu/h
( ) ( )( × )[ ( )]
Q flo o r = Uf A ti – to = 0.026 3000 72 – 35.5 – 23 = 10 , 300 Btu/h

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]
Total = 32 , 200 Btu/h

6. 9 Determine the heating load and specify the furnace

for the following residence (located in St. Louis,
Missouri) with
a. 1 in. fiberglass wall insulation and 2 in. fiberglass
ceiling insulation
b. Full wall fiberglass insulation and 4 in. fiberglass
ceiling insulation
Basic Plan
Wall co nstruction : Face brick, 25 /3 2 in. insulating board

sheathing, 2 by 4 studs on 1 6 in. centers, 3 /8 in.
gypsum board interior
Ceiling: 2 by 6 ceiling j oists, 1 6 in. on center, no flooring
above, 3 /8 in. gypsum board ceiling
Roof: Asphalt shingles on solid wood sheathing, 2 by 6
rafters, no insulation between rafters, no ceiling
applied to rafters, 1 : 4 pitch, 1 ft overhang on eaves,
no overhang on gables
Full basem ent: Heated, 1 0 in. concrete walls, all below
grade, 4 in. concrete floor over 4 in. gravel
Fireplaces: One in living room on first floor
Garage: Attached but unheated
Windo ws :
W1 : 3 by 5 ft singles glazed, double-hung wood sash,

weather stripped with storm window
W2 : 1 0 by 5 1 /2 ft picture window, double glazed,
1 /2 in. airspace
W3 : 5 by 3 ft wood sash casement, double glazed,
1 /2 in. airspace
W4 : 3 by 3 ft wood sash casement, double glazed,
1 /2 in. airspace
Doo rs :
D1 : 3 by 6 ft-8 in, 1 3 /4 in. solid with glass storm door

D2: Sliding glass door, two section, each 3 by 6 ft,
8 in. double glazed, 1 /2 in. airspace, aluminum
frame
[Ans: (b) 5 2,000 Btu/h (1 5 kW)]
D iagram fo r Prob lem 6. 9

Pro b lem 6. 9 c o n tin u ed
t
a
≅ 44 ° F
A ≅ 22 ° F
t
i
= 72 ° F t
o
= 4. 1 ° F W
i
= 0. 0042 W
o
= 0. 00097 t
g
= 44 – 22 = 22 ° F
Surface A U Δ t = q
W
1 windows (6) 90 0. 51 67. 9 31 1 4
W
2 windows 55 0. 50 67. 9 1 872
W
3 windows (2) 30 0. 51 67. 9 1 03 8
W
4 windows (2) 18 0. 51 67. 9 621
D
1
door (West) 20 0. 26 67. 9 3 49
D
1
door (South) 20 0. 26 67. 9 3 49
D
2
door 40 0. 81 67. 9 2202
Wall (N, W, E) 1 091 0. 067 67. 9 4963
Wall (S) 204 0. 068 67. 9 890
Ceiling/Roof 1 960 0. 067 67. 9 891 6
243 66 Btu/h
Basement wall: Δt = 72 – 22 = 50 ° F
U
a v
= 0. 1 5 7 Btu/h · ft
2
· °F (Table 6-1 6)
q = ( 0. 1 5 7 ) [ ( 2 ) ( 70 + 28 ) ( 8 ) ] ( 5 0 ) = ,
1 2 3 00 Btu/h
Basement floor: U
f
= 0. 026 (Table 6-1 7)
q = ( 0. 026 ) ( 70 × 28 ) ( 5 0 ) = 25 50 Btu/h
Infiltration: (Fig. 5 -7) ACH ≅ 0. 5
q
s
= [ 0. 5 ( 70 × 28 × 8 ) ⁄ 60 ] ( 1 . 1 0 ) ( 72 – 4. 1 ) = 975 8 Btu/h
q
L
= [ 0. 5 ( 70 × 28 × 8 ) ⁄ 60 ] ( 4840 ) ( 0. 0042 – 0. 00097 ) = 203 6 Btu/h
q
T
= 24,3 66 + 1 2 , 3 00 + 25 50 + 9758 + 203 6 = 51 , 01 0 Btu/h
NOTE: U o r R valu es m ay differ depen din g o n wh ich tab le is u sed.

6. 1 0Determine the total conductance loss through the

wall panel as shown below. The window has a wooden sill
and the plate glass (U = 1.06) covers 85% of the window
area. [Ans: 9640 Btu/h (2.77 kW)]
q = UA Δt
Wall: q = (0.39)(520 – 192– 21)(70 – 40) = 3592
Door: q = (0.64)(21)(70 – 40) = 403
Window: q = (1.06)(192)(70 – 40) = 6105
10,100 Btu/h
6. 1 1Calculate, for design purposes, the heat losses from
a room of a building as shown in the diagram, if the
outside ambient is 0°F. [Ans: 62,820 Btu/h (18.4 kW)]
D iagram for Pro b lem 6. 11
Volume = 24 40 13 = 12 , 480 ft3

( )( )( ) Glass = 13.75 9 + 13.5 9 = 245 ft 2 ( )( ) ( )( )
Net wall = 24 13 + 40 13 – 245 = 587 ft 2

( )( ) ( )( Floor/Ceiling = 24 40 = 960 ft 2
) ( )( )
1
Uwa ll =
1 1.65 + 16 9 + 0.5 5 + 1 7.2 = 0.381
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
Ugla s s = 0.89
1
Uc e ilin g =
2 1.65 + 0.5 5 + 1 0.26 + 0.98 + 0.85 = 0.143
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
Floor: FP = 0.68 , P = 64 ft
Infiltration: Assume 1/2 ACH CFM = 1.2 12 , 480 60 = 104 ⇒ ( ) ⁄
Heat Losses:
qglass = (0.89)(245)(70 – 0) = 15, 260 Btu/h

qwalls = (0.381)(587)(70 – 0) = 15, 660 Btu/h
qceiling = (0.143)(960)(70 – 0) = 4,800 Btu/h
qfloor = (0.68)(64)(70 – 0) = 3,050 Btu/h
qinfil = (1.10)(104)(70 – 0) = 8,000 Btu/h
Total Loss = 46,800 Btu/h (13.7 kW)
NOTE: U o r R valu es m ay differ dep en din g o n wh ich tab les are u sed.
6. 1 2 A room has three 760 by 1 5 20 mm well-fitted

double hung windows. For design conditions of –1 °C and
21 °C, calculate:
a. heating load from air leakage

b. heating load from transmission through the windows.
Assume single story frame house, 6. 7 m/s wind.
Leakage area = (3 + 0. 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 0. 76 ) ( 1 . 5 2 ) = 1 1 . 4 cm
2
= L
· 2 1 /2 1 /4
V = [( A ) ( Δt ) + ( B ) ( V )] L = [ ( 0. 001 88 ) ( 3 9 ) + ( 0. 0041 3 ) ( 6. 7 ) 2 ] 1 1 .4 = 3
5 . 8 m /h
a. qs = ( 1 . 23 2 ) ( 5 800 ⁄ 3 600 ) ( 3 9 ) = 73 . 4 W
b. q tra n = A U( Δt ) = ( 6. 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 0. 76 ) ( 1 . 5 2 ) ( 3 9 ) = 83 8 W
2
6. 1 3 A residence has a total ceiling area of 1 960 ft and
consists of 3 /8 in. gypsum board on 2 by 6 in. ceiling
j oists. Six inches of fiberglass (mineral/glass wool) insu-
lation fills the space between the j oists. The effect of the
j oists themselves can be neglected. The pitched roof has
asphalt shingles on 5 /8 in. plywood with no insulation
between the rafters. The ratio of roof area to ceiling area
is 1 : 3 . The attic contains louvers which remain open all
year. The residence is located in Louisville, Kentucky.
For winter design conditions, determine:
a. (a) appropriate temperature difference Δ t

b. overall coefficient U
c. ceiling heat loss.
Louisville: to = 7. 1 ° F ; ti = ; A c = 1 960 ; A R ⁄ A c = 1 . 3 ; A R =
75 ° F 25 48
·
A U t + t ( 1 . 08 A c Vc + A R UR ) ·
ta = c c c o · Vc ≅ 0. 5 cfm/ft 2
A c ( Uc + 1 . 08 Vc ) + A R UR
1
UR = = 0. 3 62
0. 1 7 + 0. 44 + 0. 77 + 0. 62
1
Uc i = = 0. 049 ⎫
0. 61 + 0. 3 2 + 1 9 + 0. 61 ⎪
⎬ Ua v = ( 0. 1 ) ( 0. 1 1 5 ) + ( 0. 9 ) ( 0. 049 ) = 0. 05 5
1
Uc s = = 0. 1 1 5
⎪
0. 61 + 0. 3 2 + 7. 1 4 + 0. 61 ⎭
( 1 960 ) ( 0. 05 5 ) ( 75 )+ 6 [ ( 1 . 08 ) 1 960 ( 0. 5 ) + ( 25 48 ) ( 0. 3 62 ) ]
ta = = 9. 6 ° F
1 960 [ 0. 05 5 + 1 . 08 ( 0. 5 ) ] + ( 25 48 ) ( 0. 3 62 )
a. Δ t = 75 – 7. 1 = 67. 9 ° F
b. Uc = 0. 055 Btu/h · ft
2
· °F
c. q = Uc A c ( tc – ta ) = ( 0. 05 5 ) ( 1 960 ) ( 67. 9 ) = 73 1 9 Btu/h ( 2. 1 5 kW )
6. 1 4 Estimate the heat loss from the uninsulated slab

floor of a frame house having dimensions of 1 8 by 3 8 m.
The house is maintained at 22°C. Outdoor design temper-
ature is –1 5 °C in a region with 5 400 degree kelvin days.
[Ans: 8. 6 kW]
q = FP P ( ti – to ) = ( 2. 07 ) ( 1 1 2 ) [ 22 – ( –1 5 ) ] = 85 80 W
NOTE: U o r R valu es m ay differ depen din g o n wh ich tab les are u sed.
6. 1 5 Repeat Pro b lem 6. 1 4 for the case where insulation

2
[ R = 0. 9 (m · K)/W] is applied to the slab edge and
extended below grade to the frost line.
q = F
P
P (t
i
– t
o
) = ( 0. 92 ) ( 1 1 2 ) ( 22 + 15) = 3 800 W
6. 1 6 To preclude attic condensation, an attic ventilation

rate of 5 9 L/s is provided with outside air at –1 3 °C. The
2 2
roof area is 244 m and U
ro o f
= 2. 7 W/(m · K). The ceil-
2 2
ing area is 203 m and U
c lg
= 0. 3 0 W/(m · K). Inside
design temperature is 22°C. Determine the ceiling heat
loss W with ventilation and compare to the loss if there
had been no ventilation.
·
A U t + t ( 1 200 A V + A U )
=
c c c o c c R R
t
· ( Eq. 4-6 )
+ 1 200 ) +
a
A (U V
c
A U
c c R R
( 203 ) ( 0. 3 ) ( 22 ) + ( – 1 3 ) [ ( 1 200 ) ( 203 ) ( 0. 059 ) + ( 244 ) ( 2. 7 ) ]

=
203 ( 0. 3 + 1 200 ( 0. 05 9 ) ) + ( 244 ) ( 2. 7 )
t
a
= –1 2. 9 ° C ; = ( 0. 3 ) ( 203 ) ( 22 + 1 2. 9 ) = 21 25 W ( 7250 Btu/h )
q
1
If uninsulated:
, = = 0. 275
+ [ ( 203 ) ⁄ ( 244 ) ( 2. 7 ) ]
U
( 1 ⁄ 0. 3 )
o c
q = ( 0. 275 ) ( 203 ) ( 22 + 13 ) = 1 95 4 W ( 6670 Btu/h )
6. 1 7 For a residence in Roanoke, Virginia, the hip roof

consisting of asphalt shingles on 1 /2 in. plywood has an
2 2
area of 295 0 ft . The 23 00 ft ceiling consists of 3 /8 in.
plasterboard on 2 by 6 j oists on 24 in. centers. The attic
has forced ventilation at the rate of 3 25 cfm. Determine
the attic air temperature at winter design conditions.
Ceiling: t
i
= 72 ° F
1 1
= = = 0. 649 = 1 4. 2 ° F
+ 0. 3 2 + 0. 61
U t
0. 61 1 .54
c o
Roof:
1 1
= = = 0. 5 43
+ 0. 44 + 0. 62 + 0. 61
U
0. 1 7 1 . 84
R
( 23 00 ) ( 0. 649 ) ( 72 ) + ( 1 4. 2 ) ( 1 . 08 ) ( 3 25 ) + ( 295 0 ) ( 0. 5 43 )
= = 33.1 ° F
( 23 00 ) ( 0. 649 ) + ( 1 . 08 ) ( 3 25 ) + ( 295 0 ) ( 0. 5 43 )
t
a
NOTE: U o r R valu es m ay differ dep en din g o n wh ich tab les are u sed.

6. 1 8
a. A 115 by 10 ft high wall in Minneapolis, Minne-

sota, consists of face brick, a 3/4 in. air gap, 8 in.
cinder aggregate concrete blocks, 1 in. organic
bonded glass fiber insulation, and 4 in. clay tile
interior. Determine the design heat loss through the
wall in winter, Btu/h.
b. If the wall of Part (a) is converted to 60% single
glazed glass, what is the winter design heat loss
through the total wall, Btu/h?
ti = 72°F; to = –13.4°F
a.
Outside air 0.17
R
Face brick 0.44

Air gap, 3/4 in. ~ 1.0
Cinder block, 8 in. 1.72
Insulation, 1 in. 4.0
Clay tile, 4 in. 1.11
Inside air 068
ΣR = 9.12
U = 1 = 0.110 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
∑ R
Q = ( 0.11 115 10 72 + 13.4 = 10 803 Btu/h
)( )( )( ) ,
b. Q = ( 0.60 115 10 1.13 85.4 + 0.40 115 10 0.11 85.4

)( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( )( )( ) = 70 911 Btu/h
,
Uglass ¡
6. 1 9Determine the design heating load for a residence,

30 by 100 by 10 ft, to be located in Windsor Locks,
Connecticut, which has an uninsulated slab on grade
concrete floor. The construction consists of
Walls: 4 in. face brick, 3/4 in. plywood sheathing, 4 in.
cellular glass insulation, and 1/2 in. plasterboard
Ceiling/roof: 3 in. lightweight concrete deck, built-up
roofing, 2 in. of rigid, expanded rubber insulation,
and a drop ceiling of 1/2 in. acoustical tiles, some
18 in. below the roof.
Windows: 45% of each wall is double pane, nonoperable,
metal-framed glass (1/4 in. air gap).
Doors: Two 3 by 7 ft, 1.75 in. thick, solid wood doors are
located in each wall.
Walls R C eiling/Roof R
Outside air 0.17 Outside air 0.17

Face brick, 4 in. 0.44 Built-up roofing 0.33
Plywood sheathing, 3/4 in. 0.93 Lightweight concrete, 3 in. ~ 0.42
Cellular glass insulation, 4 in. 12.12 Rubber insulation, 2 in. 9.10
Plasterboard, 1/2 in. 0.45 Air 0.61
Inside air 0.68 Air 0.61
ΣR = 14.79 Acoustical tiles, 1/2 in. 1.25
Uw = 0.0676 Inside air 0.61
ΣR = 13.10
U = 0.0763 c
Windows: Ug = 0.69 Floor: F ≈ 0.84

P
Doo rs: Ud = 0.46 Infiltration: @ 1/2 ACH 12 ⎛⎝30 × 100 × 10 ⎞

60 ⎠ 250 CFM
--- =
Design Values: ti = 72 ° F ; φi = 30% rh W 0.005

;
i
=
to = 3°F ; φo = 100% rh W 0.00092

;
o
=
Heat Losses:
Walls: Q = (0.0676)(1262)(69) = 5,880 Btu/h

Roof: Q = (0.0763)(3000)(69) = 15,790 Btu/h
Doors: Q = (0.46)(168)(69) = 5,330 Btu/h
Windows: Q = (0.69)(1170)(69) = 55,700 Btu/h
Floor: Q = (0.84)(260)(69) = 15,070 Btu/h
Infiltration: Qs = (1.10)(250)(69) = 18,975 Btu/h
QL = (4840)(250)(0.005 – 0.00092) = 4,940 Btu/h
Total Loss = 121,700 Btu/h
Problems , , and are essentially open-

6. 2 0 6. 2 1 6.2 2
ended but should be solved using the RLF method, illus-

trated in Section 6.6.

Solutions to
Chapter 7
NONRESIDENTIAL
COOLING AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS

Chapter 7—Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations ⏐ 93
7. 1 The exterior windows are of double insulating glass
with 0.25 in. (6 mm) airspace and have metal sashes.

Determine the design U-factor for cooling for the
window.
From Table 5-6, ID #4:

U= 0.81 Btu/h· ft 2 · °F, if operable, or
U= 0.68 Btu/h· ft 2 · °F, if fixed
7. 2 A store in Lafayette, Indiana, is on the northeast
corner of an intersection with one street running due

north. The bottom of the show windows are 2 ft 6 in.
above the sidewalk; the show windows are 7 ft high. An
aluminum awning with a 3 in. rise per horizontal foot is
to be hung with the bottom strut at the window header.
Both south and west awnings are to have the same dimen-
sions.
a. What minimum distance should the strut extend from
the building to keep the shade line on the windows at
3 P. M. sun time?
b. Which face of the building governs the awning
dimensions?
c. Where will the shade line be at 3 P. M. on the other
face of the building?
d. What is the elevation of the top of the awnings above
the sidewalk?
P = SH cot Ω South, Sept.: Ω = 50 °

West, Sept.: Ω = 37 °
a. Psouth = 7 × cot 50 ° = 7 ( 0.839 ) = 5.9 ft
Pwest = 7 × cot 37 ° = 7 ( 1 .327 ) = 9.3 ft
b. West
c. 9.3 = SH ( 0.839 ) ⇒ SH = 1 1 .1 ft, shadow to ground
3 ⎞
d. 9.3 ⎛
⎝1 2 ⎠
+ 9.5 = 1 1 .8 ft above ground
7. 3 Calculate the solar radiation entering through clear

glass as shown below. [Ans 692 Btu/h]
Mullion: M = P tan γ
Tansom: T = P tan β ⁄ cos γ
40 ° N latitude, July 21 , 1 P . M., south
γ (ψ = 0 ° from south ) = φ = 37 ° ; β = 66 °
17 17
M= tan 3 7 = 1 . 1 ft T= tan 66 ⁄ cos 3 7 = 4 ft
12 12
Area in Sun = ( width – M ) ( height – T )

As = [3 – ( 1 . 1 – 0. 83 ) ] [ 4 – ( 4 – 0. 83 ) ] = 2. 27 ft 2
Total glass area = 3 × 4 = 1 2 ft 2
q = A s ( ED ) SHGC ( θ ) IAC + A T ( Ed + E r ) SHGCD IAC

As = 2. 27 ; IAC = 1; AT = 12
Table 7-1 3 , θ = 71 ° ; Table 7- 4, SHGC ( 71 ) = 0. 67
Table 7- 4, SHGC ( 71 )
D = 0. 78
A
EDN = ; A= 1 093 W/m 2
exp ( E ⁄ sin β )
B = 0. 1 86 , C= 0. 1 3 8
1 093
EDN = = 892 W/ m 2 = 283 Btu/h · ft 2
exp ( 0. 1 86 ⁄ sin 66 )
ED = EDN cos θ = 283 ⋅ cos 71 = 92 Btu/h · ft

2
2
Ed = CYEDN ; Y = 0. 55 + 0. 43 7 cos θ + 0. 3 1 3 cos θ
Y= 0. 725
Ed = ( 0. 1 3 8 ) ( 0. 725 ) ( 283 ) = 28 Btu/h · ft

2
E r = E D N( C + sin β ) ρ ( 1
g – cos Σ ) ⁄ 2 ; cos Σ = 0 for vertical
= 283 ( 0. 1 3 8 + sin 71 ) ( 0. 2 ) ⁄ 2 ρ
g = 0. 2 (typical)
= 3 1 Btu/h · ft 2 · °F
q = ( 2. 27 ) ( 92 ) ( 0. 67 ) ( 1 ) + ( 1 2 ) ( 28 + 3 1 ) ( 0. 78 ) ( 1 )
q = 1 3 9. 9 + 5 5 2. 2 = 692 Btu/h
7. 4 Solve the following:
a. Determine the solar angle of incidence for a vertical

wall facing 1 5 ° west of south when the sun has an
azimuth of 79.2 ° west of south and an altitude of
75.7 °. [Ans: 83 . 8 °]
b. Find the solar incident angle (for direct solar radia-
tion) for a vertical surface facing southeast at
8: 3 0 A. M. CST on October 22 at 3 2 ° N latitude and
95 ° W longitude. [Ans: 28 . 4 °]
a. cos θ
v = cos β cos γ ; ψ = 15 ; φ = 79. 2 ; β = 75 . 7
–1
γ = φ –ψ = 64. 2 θ
v = cos [ ( cos 75 . 7 ) ( cos 64. 2 ) ] = 83 . 8 °
b. LCT =
+ 4 ( 90 – 95 ) = 8 : 1 0 A. M.
8: 30
= 1 5.4
Equation of time
AST = 8 : 1 0 + : 1 5 = 8 : 25 A. M. ( 21 5 min. before noon )
H = 0. 25 ( 21 5 ) = 5 3 . 8 °
δ ≅ – 1 0. 5 °
sin β = cos L cos δ cos H + sin L sin δ
⇒ sin β = 0. 3 96 ⇒ β = 23 . 3 °
cos φ = ( sin β sin L – sin δ ) ⁄ ( cos β cos L )
⇒ cos φ = 0. 5 03 ⇒ φ = 60 °
cos θ = cos β cos γ = 0. 8872 ⇒ θ = 28. 4 °

v v
7. 5 What environmental factors affect the solar intensity

reaching the earth’s surface?
1. Angle through which the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere increases
or decreases the quantity of air mass.
2. Gas molecules, ozone, and water vapor
3. Dust and other contaminants
4. Height of ground upon which the structure is to be built where the elevation is
substantial.
7. 6 Determine the heat being dissipated by 5 0 pendant

mounted fluorescent luminaires with four 40 W lamps in
each luminaire.
4 - 40 Watt lamps in each of 5 0 luminares.
q = ( wattage ) ( use factor ) ( spec. allow. factor ) ( 3 . 41 3 )
= ( 5 0 ) ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 . 1 5 ) ( 3 . 41 3 ) = ,
3 1 400 Btu/h
7. 7 How much sensible, latent, and total heat is contrib-

uted by 5 0 customers shopping in a drugstore?
Sensible: (5 0)(25 0) = 1 2,5 00 Btu/h

(Table 7-1 4)
Latent: (5 0)(25 0) = 1 2,5 00 Btu/h
Qtotal = 25 ,000 Btu/h

7. 8 A 1 hp motor driving a pump is located in a space to

be air conditioned. Determine heat dissipated to the space
from the motor and pump. [Ans: 3 3 90 Btu/h]
Table 7-1 6 1 Hp Motor
Assume both in the space 3 3 90 Btu/h
7. 9 Calculate the heat gain to a room from an open deep

fat fryer if (a) hooded and (b) nonhooded.
Table 7-1 8
(a) Hooded: qs = 47 , 800 Btu/h
(b) Nonhooded: NOT RECOMMENDED
7. 1 0 Calculate the maximum heat gain through the floor

for a room directly over a boiler room. The air tempera-
ture at the underside of the floor is 1 00°F, and the room air
temperature desired close to the floor is 70°F. The floor is
4 in. concrete with vinyl tile finish.
2 2
[Ans: 1 8. 87 Btu/h · ft (1 8 . 9 W/m )]
1 1
U= = = 0. 70
1
---- + R c o n + R tile + ---- 1 0. 61 + 0. 3 1 + 0. 5 1 + 0. 61
hi hi
q = ( U) ( A ) ( Δt ) = ( 0. 7 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 00 – 70 ) = 21 Btu/h · ft 2
7. 1 1 An air-conditioning unit serves an office having the Description Size Occupancy
2
following areas: General office 25 by 5 0 ft 75 ft per person
What quantity of outdoor air must be brought into the Director’s room 25 by 25 ft 1 6 people
air-conditioning unit for ventilation? Conference room 1 0 by 25 ft Plush furnishings
5 private offices 1 0 by 1 0 ft Smoking permitted
Values from Table 5 -9:
25 × 5 0 ft cfm
General Office: 5 CFM/person × + 0. 06 ( 25 × 50 ) = 1 5 8 cfm
75 ft 2 / person ft
2
Directors Room: 1 6 people × 5 + 0. 06 ( 25 × 25 ) = 1 1 8 cfm
5 0 people
Conference Room:
2
( 1 0 × 25 ) 5 CFM/person + 0. 06 ( 1 0 × 25 ) = 78 cfm
1 000 ft
Private Offices: Smoking areas not covered by ASHRAE Standards;

This area should have separate system.
Total = 3 5 4 cfm
Suppose the fan of the air-conditioning unit in

7. 1 2
Pro b lem supplies 3200 cfm to the ductwork.

7. 1 1
a. How many air changes per hour are being used?

(Assume a ceiling height of 9 ft.)
b. What is the percentage of outdoor air?
c. Suppose the minimum recommended quantities of
total air and outside air are used, what will be the
percentage of outdoor air?
[Ans: 10, 11%, 15%]
Assume smoking spaces are on dedicated system.
s ep a ra te
Total volume of spaces: [(25 50) + (25 25) + (10 25)]9 = 19,100 ft3
× × ×
a. Supply air changes/h = 3200 60

19 , 000 = 10 ach (high)
( )
b. % OA = 158 +3200 118 + 78 100 = 11 %

( P ro b le m 7. 1 1 ) ×
c. For proper air distribution, a “typical” number of 6 ach is sometimes used. If so,
supply air, cfm = 6 19,100 ft3 /60 min/h = 1910 cfm
×
% OA = 158 +1910 118 + 78 100 = 15% ×
7. 1 3A small parts assembly area in a factory has a work-

ing force of 25 men and occupies a space 27.4 by 9.1 m
with a 3 m ceiling. Smoking is not allowed. Determine
a. Sensible heat load from the occupants
b. Latent heat load from the occupants
c. Moisture added from the occupants
d. The minimum volume of outdoor air for ventilation
e. Suitable summer design inside dry-bulb temperature
a. = 25 100 235 = 2554 W
230 ( )
q
s
b. q
L
= 25 130
230 235 ( ) = 3320 W
Btu/h
c. Moisture added = 1100 Btu/h = 33201100
3.413 10.3 lb/h 0.00128 kg/s
q ( ) ( )
L
= ( )
d. Occupancy (Table 5-9 for metal shop)

(5 25 + 0.9 27.4 9.1 = 349 L/s
× ) ( × )
e. 20 to 22 C °
Problems through . No manual (hand) cool-

7. 1 4 7. 1 7
ing load method is currently recommended by ASHRAE.

Cooling loads for each of these buildings/spaces should
be determined using the RTS software available on the
CD provided with “Principles.”
7. 1 8
a. A 115 by 10 ft high wall in Minneapolis, Minnesota

consists of face brick, a 3/4 in. air gap, 8 in. cinder
aggregate concrete blocks, 1 in. organic bonded glass
fiber insulation, and 4 in. clay tile interior. Determine
the design heat loss through the wall in winter in
Btu/h.
b. If the wall of Part (a) is converted to 60% single
glazed glass, what is the winter design heat loss
through the total wall in Btu/h?
ti = 72°F, to = –13.4°F
a. R
Outside air 0.17
Face brick 0.44
Air gap, 3/4 in. ~ 1.0
Cinder block, 8 in. 1.72
Insulation, 1 in. 4.0
Clay tile, 4 in. 1.11
Inside air 0.68
R = 9.12 Σ
U= 1 = 0.110 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F

∑ R
q = (0.11 115 10 72 + 13.4 = 10 , 800 Btu/h
)( )( )( )
b. q = (0.60 115 10 1.12 85.4 + 0.40 115 10 0.11 85.4

)( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( )( )( )
Ugla ss ¡
q = 70 300 Btu/h
,
Solutions to
Chapter 8
ENERGY
ESTIMATING METHODS

Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐ 1 01
8. 1 The total design heating load on a residence in New
York City is 32.8 kW (1 1 2,000 Btu/h) for an indoor

temperature of 72°F. The furnace is offfrom June through
September. Estimate:
a. the annual energy requirement for heating
b. the annual heating cost if electric heat is used with
the single rate of 1 6¢/kWh, $/yr
c. the maximum savings effected if the thermostat is set
back to 65°F between 1 0 P. M. and 6 A. M., $/yr
New York City:

DD = 4848
to = 1 3; ti = 72; η = 1
CD = 0.77; V = 1
32.8 ⎛ ( 4848 ) ( 24 ) ⎞
a. E =
( 72
⎜ ⎟ ( 0.77 )
– 1 3 ) ⎝ ( 1 .0 ) ( 1 ) ⎠
= 49 , 800 kWh
b. Cost = ( 49 , 800 ) ( 0.1 6 ) = $ 7969 00

8 16
ti – to ) with
⎛
( 65 ) + ( 72 )
⎞
– 42.5
( ⎝ 24 24 ⎠
c. % with Setback ( 1 00 ) = = 92 % or 8% Savings
(t – t ) ( 72 – 42.8 )
i o without
8. 3 A home is located in Cleveland, Ohio, and has a

design heat loss of 1 1 2,000 Btu/h at an inside design
temperature of 72°F and an outside design temperature of
0°F. The home has an oil-fired furnace. Find the savings
in gallons of fuel oil if the owner lowers the temperature
in the home to 68°F between 1 0 P . M. and 6 A. M. every day
during January.
Cleveland:
ti = 72°F; to = 1 °F; January 1 1 59 DD
DD = (Days in Period)(65 – to , av) = 1 1 59 = 31 (65 – to , av)
to, av = 27.6°F for January
( q L ) ( DD ) ( 24 ) (1 1 2 , 000 ) ( 1 1 59 ) ( 24 )
Without Setback: E =
( Δt ) ( η ) (V )
(C )
D =
( 72 – 1 ) ( 0.7 ) ( 1 40 , 000 )
(1 )
E = 448 gal
8 16
With Setback: ti , av =
24
( 68 ) +
24
( 72 ) = 70.67 ° F
– 27.6 ) – ( 70.67 – 27.6 )
( 72
% Savings = ( 1 00 ) = 3.0 %
( 72 – 27.6 )
Fuel Savings = ( 448 ) ( 0.03 ) = 1 3.4 gal ( 50 L )

1 02 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i ti on i n g—S ol u ti on s M an u al
8. 4 The total design heating load on a residence in
Kansas City, Missouri, is 32.8 kW (1 1 2,000 Btu/h). The

furnace is off during June through September.
Estimate:
a. Annual energy requirement for heating
b. Annual heating cost if No. 2 fuel oil is used in a fur-
nace with an efficiency of 80% (assume fuel oil
costs 68¢/L)
c. Maximum savings effected if the thermostat is set
back from 22.2 to 1 8.3°C (72 to 65°F) between
1 0 P . M. and 6 A. M. in $/yr
Kansas City:
HL = 32.8 kW (1 1 2,000 Btu/h); to = –1 °F; ti = 72°F
DD = 51 61 CD = 0.77
(q L ) ( DD ) ( 24 ) ( 1 1 2 , 000 ) ( 51 61 ) ( 24 )
a. E =
( Δt )
(C ) =
D ( 73 )
( 0.77 ) = 1 .46 × 1 0 8 Btu
b. F E = ( 1 .46 × 1 08 ) = 1 300 gal ( 4950 L )

η ⋅ V
=
( 0.80 ) ( 1 40 , 000 )
Cost = ( 4950 ) ( 0.68 ) = $3366

c. to av ,
= 43.9 ° F
8 16
ti av
,
=
24
( 65 ) +
24
( 72 ) = 70 ° F
( 72 – 43.9 ) – ( 70 – 43.9 )
% of Savings = ( 1 00 ) = 7.1 % Savings
( 72 – 43.9 )
Cost Savings = ( 0.071 ) ( 2300 ) = $ 1 65
8. 5 A residence located in Tulsa, Oklahoma has a design
heating load of 2 0 kW and a design cooling load of
9 . 4 kW. Determine the following:
a. Heating energy requirements, kWh
b. Litres of No. 2 fuel oil per season if used as heating
fuel
c. Litres of natural gas per season if used as heating fuel
d. kWh of electric energy if used as heating fuel with
baseboard units
e. kWh of electric energy if used for air-conditioning
system having COP

seasonal = 3.4
f. Total airflow rate in L/s if a warm air system is used
g. Total steam flow in kg/s if a steam system is used
Tulsa, OK:
DD = 3 68 0 ; to = 9 ° F; ti = 72°F
CDD = 1 9 49 ; to = 97; ti = 78
( HL ) ( ) ( )
E (C )
DD 24 ( 2 0 ) ( 3 41 3 ) ( 3 68 0 ) ( 24 )
= D = = 10 7
( Δt ) ( η ) (V )
a. ( 0. 77 ) 7. 3 7 × B tu ( 21 5 9 0 kWh )
( 72 – 9)
10
F
7
7. 3 7 ×
b. = = 65 8 gal ( 2 5 00 L)
( 1 40 , 000 ) ( 0. 8 )
10
F
7
7. 3 7 ×
c. = 3
= 8 7 7 0 ft
3
( 2. 48 × 10 6
L)
( 1 05 0 B tu/ft ) ( 0. 8 0 )
10
F
7
7. 3 7 ×
d. = = 2 1 600 kW ⋅ h
( 3 41 3 ) ( 1 )
Q c ⎛( CDD ) ( 2 4 ) ⎞
Ec
( 9. 4 ) ( 1 949 ) ( 2 4 )
= = =
Δt ⎝
⎜ ⎟
–
e. 68 00 kW h
COP
⎠ ( 97 78 ) ( 3.4 ) ¡ Typical
Qs = ( ·
)(V ) (t
·
f. 1 .2
supply – treturn ) ; 20 000, = (1 .2 ) (V ) + ( 5 4. 4 – 22. 2 )
V· = 5 1 8 L/s
g. Q s = m· ( h fg ) ; 2 0 kJ/s = m· ( 2 3 2 . 8 kJ/kg ) ; m· = 0. 008 6 kg/s

8. 6 Estimate the annual energy costs for heating and
cooling a residence located in Cleveland, Ohio, having

design loads of 65,000 Btu/h (heating) and 30,000 Btu/h
(cooling) based on a 75°F indoor temperature. In winter
the thermostat is set back to 60°F for 1 0 h each night. The
furnace is on from October 1 through May 31 . Electric
baseboard heat is used. The air conditioner has an SEER
of 7.3 (Btu/h)/W. Electricity costs 0.0725 $/kWh year
round.
Cleveland:
HDD = 61 54; CDD = 61 3; SEER = 7.3
Average Winter Temperature = 37.2°F; CD = 0.77
Design Temperatures: 1 ° F Winter ; 86 ° F Summer
65 , 000
Winter: ER =
( 75 )
( 61 54 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 99 , 900 , 000 Btu without Setback
( 75 – 37.2 ) – ( 68.8 – 37.2 )
Setback Savings: ti , av = 1244 ( 75 ) ÷ 1240 ( 60 ) = 68.8 °F Savings =
( 75 – 37.2 )
( 1 00 ) = 1 6.4 %
ER = ( 99 , 900 , 000 ) ( 1 – 0.1 64 ) = 83 , 500 , 000 Btu with Setback

83 , 500 , 000
Cost: Heating → ( 0.0725 ) = $ 1 774
341 3
30 , 000 61 3 ( 24 )
Summer: ER =
– 78 ) ( 7.3 ) ( 1 000 )
(8
= 7560 kWh
Cost: ( 7560 ) ( 0.0725 ) = $ 548
Annual Cost: 1 774 + 548 = $2322
8. 7 A residence in St. Joseph, Missouri, has a design c. Cubic feet of natural gas/yr
heating load of 68,000 Btu/h when design indoor and d. kWh
outdoor temperatures are 75°F and 3°F, respectively. The e. Total airflow rate in cfm if a warm air system is used
furnace is off from June through September. Determine f. Total steam flow in lb/h if a steam system is used
the fuel and energy requirements for heating in: g. Total water flow rate in gpm if a hydronic system is
a. Btu used
b. Gallons of No. 2 fuel oil/yr h. Total electric power in kW if electric heating is used
q 68 , 000
a. ER =
( ti – to ) d ( DD ) ( 24 ) CD =
( 75 – 3)
( 5435 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 94 , 900 , 000 Btu/yr
94 , 900 , 000
b. gal, Fuel Oil = = 966 gal/yr
( 1 40 , 000 ) ( 0.70 )
94 , 900 , 000
c. ft 3 , Natural Gas = = 1 20 , 800 ft 3 /yr
( 1 050 ) ( 0.75 )
94 , 900 , 000
c. kWh, Electricity = = 29 , 300 kWh/yr
( 341 3 ) ( 0.95 )
68 , 000
e. ( cfm )
air = ( 1 .1 0 ) ( 1 30 – 75 ) = 1 1 20 cfm
68 , 000
f. ( lb/h )
steam = 1 000 = 68 lb/h
68 , 000
g. ( gpm )
water = ( 1 ) ( 20 ) ( 60 ) ( 8.3 ) = 6.8 gal/min
68 , 000
h. kW = ≅ 20 kW
341 3
8. 8 For a residence located in New Orleans, Louisiana,
the design cooling load is 1 2 kW (41 ,000 Btu/h). Deter-

mine:
a. Annual energy requirements for cooling, kWh
b. Cost of this energy if the electric rate is 6.5¢/kWh
New Orleans: qc = 1 2 kW ( 41 , 000 Btu )

Summer Design: 92 ⁄ 78 ° F ( Inside = 78 ° F )
CDD = 2706
Assume Air Conditioner SEER = 1 3
41 , 000 ( 2706 ) ( 24 )
a. ER =
( 92 – 78 ) 1 3 ( 1 000 )
= 1 4 , 600 kWh
b. Cost = ( 0.065 ) ( 1 4 , 600 ) = $ 951
8. 9 An office building located in Springfield, Missouri,
has a heat loss of 2,1 60,000 Btu/h for design condition of

75°F inside and 1 0°F outside. The heating system is oper-
ational between October 1 and April 30. Determine:
a. Annual energy usage for heating
b. Estimated fuel cost if No. 2 fuel oil is used having a
heating value of 1 40,000 Btu/gal and costing $2.50/
gal
Springfield:
DD = 4570; CD = 0.77
Average Winter Temperature = 44.5°F
2 , 1 60 , 000
a. ER =
( 75 – 10)
( 4570 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 2.81 × 1 0 9 Btu
2.81 × 1 0 9
b. Fuel Cost ≈ ( 2.50 ) = $ 71 , 800 /yr
( 1 40 , 000 ) ( 0.70 )
8. 1 0 A small football promotion office is being designed
for Jacksonville, Florida. The design heating and cooling

loads are 61 ,200 and 55,400 Btu/h, respectively, based on
99.6% and 1 % outdoor design dry bulb temperatures.
Balance point has been estimated as 65°F.
a. Select an appropriate heat pump from the XYZ Cor-
poration models listed on the next page and estimate
the energy costs for summer and winter if electricity
is 8¢/kWh.
b. Compare the heating energy cost for the heat pump
to that for a condensing gas furnace with natural gas
costing $1 .20 per therm.
Jacksonville:
Winter: 32°F; HDD = 1 327
Summer: 93/77°F; CDD = 2596
a. Heat Pump A060 for 55,400 cooling need

Winter: ( Energy = 5946 kWh see BIN Sheet ) Cost = 0.08 × 5946 = $ 476
55 , 400 ( 2596 ) ( 24 )
Summer: Cost = ( 0.08 ) = $ 1 753
( 93 – 78 ) ( 1 0.5 ) ( 1 000 )
61 , 200
b. ER = ( 1 327 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 37 , 500 , 000 Btu
( 72 – 32 )
Chapter 1 9: AFUE = 0.925 = η
37 , 500 , 000
Cost = ( $ 1 .20 ) = $ 487
( 1 00 , 000 ) ( 0.925 )
Problem 8-1 0 C alculation of Annual Heating E nergy C onsump tion
C limate House Heat Pump Sup p lemental
d e f g h
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Heat Pump C ycling Heat Seasonal Sup p le- Total
Weather Heat Integrated C ap acity Adj usted Rated Pump Heat Pump mental E lectric
Temp . Temp . D ata Loss Heating Adj ust- Heat Pump E lectric Op erating S up p lied Elec. C on- Sp ace Heating E nergy
Bin, Diff. Bin, Rate, C ap acity, ment C ap acity, Inp ut, Time Heating, sump tio n, Lo ad, Required, C onsump-
°F tbal − tbin ho urs 1 0 00 Btu/h 1 00 0 Btu/h Factor

a
1 0 00 Btu/h
b
kW F ractio n
c
10
6
Btu
d
kWh
e
10
6
Btu
f
kWh
g
tion
h
62 3 879 4.59 81 .3 0.76 61 .8 6.79 0.07 3.80 41 8 4.03 0 41 8

57 8 692 1 2.24 76.3 0.79 60.3 6.56 0.20 8.35 908 8.47 0 908
52 13 530 1 9.89 71 .2 0.82 58.4 6.32 0.34 1 0.52 1 1 39 1 0.54 0 1139
47 18 355 27.54 66.0 0.85 56.1 6.05 0.49 9.76 1 052 9.78 0 1 052
42 23 288 35.1 9 61 .0 0.89 54.3 5.81 0.64 1 0.01 1 071 1 0.1 3 0 1 071
37 28 1 54 42.84 56.0 0.94 52.6 5.56 0.81 6.56 694 6.60 0 694
32 33 83 50.49 51 .0 1 51 .0 5.30 0.99 4.1 9 436 4.1 9 0 43 6
27 38 24 58.1 4 46.3 1 46.3 5.05 1 1 .1 1 1 21 1 .40 85 206
22 43 2 65.79 41 .7 1 41 .7 4.81 1 0.08 10 0.1 3 12 22
17
12
7
2
–3
TO TALS: 5849 97 5946
a
Cycling Capacity Adj ustment Factor = 1 − Cd(1 − x), where Cd = degradation coefficient (default = 0. 25 d
Col J = (Col I × Col G × Col C)/1 000
unless part load factor is known) and x = building heat loss per unit capacity at temperature bin. Cycling e
Col K = Col I × Col H × Col C
f
capacity = 1 at the balance point and below. Col L = Col C × Col D/1 000
b g
Col G = Col E × Col F Col M = (Col L – Col J) × 1 06/3 41 3
c h
Operating Time Factor equals smaller of 1 or Col D/Col G Col N = Col K + Col M
8. 1 1 A 1980 ft2 residence located in Cincinnati, Ohio,

has design heating and cooling loads of 74,000 Btu/h and Performance Data for Model WA-3 6 Heat Pump
35,000 Btu/h, respectively. Determine

a. Heating energy requirements, Btu
Air Temp erature, Heat Pump Outp ut, Heat Pump Inp ut,
°F 1 0 00 Btu kW
b. Gallons of No. 2 fuel oil if 75% efficient oil-fired 62 44 4. 5
warm air system is used 57 43 4. 4
c. Therms of natural gas if 88% efficient gas-fired 52 41 4. 3
warm air system is used 47 39 4. 1
d. kWh of electricity if 98% efficient baseboard units 42 36 4. 0
are used 37 33 3.9
e. Required airflow, cfm, for warm air systems 32 30 3.7
f. kWh of electricity if heat pump system (WA-36

27 27 3.6
specifications follow) including supplementary elec-

22 24 3.5
tric resistance heat is used

17 22 3.3
12 19 3.2
g. kWh of electricity for cooling for air conditioner 7 17 3.1
with SEER of 8.5 using degree-day estimation 2 15 2. 9
h. Required airflow, cfm, for air conditioning −3 13 2. 8
Cincinnati: Winter: 5°F; Summer: 90°F; DD = 5070; CDD = 1080; CD = 0.77

q e. Q s 1.10 cfm t
a. ER t Lt DD 24 CD
= ( )( )(Δ )
cfm 1.1 74130 000

= ( )( )( )
i o d
72 1160 cfm
( – ) ,
78 000 5070 24 0.77 103.5 6 Btu

= =
, ( )( – )
72 5 =
( – )
(
f.)(
kWh 15 903 kWh See table below.
)( ) = ×1 0
= , →
b. F 100103.5
6
985 gal ×1 0 g. kWh 9035 000 78
1080 24
8.5 1000 8900 kWh =
, ( )( )
=
000 0.75
= = ( – )( )( )
35 000 1.3 1220 cfm

( , )( )
103.5 6 h. cfm 1.1 78 5.8

( , ⁄ )
c. F 100 000 0.88 1175 therms

= =
×1 0 ( )( – )
= =
( , )( )
(assumed 30% latent)
103.5 6
d. F 3413 0.98 30 900 kWh
=
( )(
×1 0
)
= ,
Problem 8-11 C alculation of Annual Heating E nergy C onsump tion
C limate Ho use Heat Pump Sup p lemental
d e f g h
74,000/(72 – 5) 0.77×
= 850 (0.85) Heat Pump C ycling Heat Seasonal S up ple- Total
Weather Heat Integrated C ap acity Adj usted Rated Pump Heat Pump mental Electric
Temp . Temp. D ata Loss Heating Adj ust- Heat Pump E lectric Op erating S up plied E lec. C on- Sp ace Heating E nergy
Bin, D iff. Bin, Rate, C ap acity, ment Cap acity, Inp ut, Time Heating, sump tio n, Lo ad, Required, C onsump-
°F tbal − tbin ho urs 1 0 00 Btu/h 1 00 0 Btu/h × Factor

a
1 00 0 Btu/h
b
kW Fractio n
c
10
6
Btu
d
kWh
e
10
6
Btu
f
kWh
g
tio n
h
62 3 726 2.55 44 0.765 33.7 4.5 0.08 261

1 0.93 0.72 0.54 0.39 0.27 0.16 0.60
57 8 639 6.80 43 0.790 34.0 4.4 0.20 562

52 13 611 11.05 41 0.818 33.5 4.3 0.33 867
47 18 599 15.30 39 0.848 34.8 4.1 0.44 1081
42 23 627 19.55 36 0.885 31.9 4.0 0.61 1530
37 28 698 23.80 33 0.930 30.7 3.9 0.78 2123
32 33 711 28.05 30 0.983 29.5 3.7 0.95 2499
27 38 460 32.30 27 1.0 27 3.6 1 12.42 1656 14.86 715
22 43 249 36.55 24 1.0 24 3.5 1 5.98 872 9.10 914
1
17 48 131 40.80 22 1.0 22 3.3 1 2.88 432 5.34 721

1
12 53 68 45.05 19 1.0 19 3.2 1 1.29 218 3.06 519

1
7 58 44 49.30 17 1.0 17 3.1 1 0.75 136 2.17 416

1
2 63 18 53.55 15 1.0 15 2.9 1 0.27 52 0.96 202

1
–3 68 8 57.80 13 1.0 13 2.8 1 0.10 22 0.46 105

1
TOTALS: 12,311 3592 15,903

a
f
b g
c h
8. 1 2 A small commercial building located in Oklahoma

City, Oklahoma, has design loads of 245,000 Btu/h, heat-
ing, and 1 62,000 Btu/h, cooling. Balance point for the
building has been estimated at 65 °F. Determine:

a. Annual energy requirements for heating, Btu
b. Fuel cost using LPG at $2.50/gal, $
c. Fuel cost using electric baseboard units with electric-
ity at 6.7¢/kWh, $
d. Savings if setback to 55°F is effected between
1 0 P . M. and 6 A. M., Monday through Saturday, and
all day Sunday, %
e. Cooling season energy cost using cooling degree-
days if conditioner has SEER of 1 1 .5 and electricity
is 7¢/kWh
Oklahoma City:
Winter: 1 0°F
Summer: 96°F
HDD = 3695; CD = 0.77
Average: 48.3°F; CDD = 1 876
245 , 000
a. ER = ( 3695 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 2.69 × 1 0 8 Btu
( 72 – 10)
2.69 × 1 0 8
b. C = ( $2.50 ) = $9,963
( 90 , 000 ) ( 0.75 )
f
2.69 × 1 0 8
c. C = ( 0.067 ) = $ 5280
( 341 3 ) ( 1 .0 )
f
d. t
,
i av
= [ ( 6 ) ( 1 6 ) ( 72 ) + ( 1 68 – ( 6 ) ( 1 6 ) ( 55 ) ] ⁄ 1 68 = 64.7 ° F
64.7 – 48.3
% Savings = 1– = 0.31 or 31 %
72 – 48.3
1 62 , 000 ( 1 876 ) ( 24 )
e. C = × 0.07 = $ 2467
e
( 96 – 78 ) ( 1 1 .5 ) ( 1 000 )
8. 1 3 A small commercial building in Indianapolis, Indi- b. Annual cooling cost with a conventional vapor com-
ana, has design heating and cooling loads of 98,000 Btu/ pression air-cooled unit, using your choice of
h and 48,000 Btu/h, respectively. Internal heat gains method.
throughout the winter are relatively steady at 4.5 kW. Select a heat pump system for the building from the
Electricity costs 7.1 ¢/kWh. Estimate: XYZ Corporation models. Determine the
a. Annual heating cost if baseboard electric resistance
a. Annual heating cost and
units are used.
b. Annual cooling cost.
Indianapolis:
Winter: –3°F; Average: 39.6°F; DD = 5577; CD = 0.77
Summer: 88°F; CDD = 974
98 , 000
a. ER =
[ 72 – ( – 3 ) ]
( 5577 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 1 35 × 1 0 6 Btu
1 35 × 1 0 6
Cost = ( 0.071 ) = $ 2970
( 341 3 ) ( 0.95 )
b. Cooling Unit: Assume SEER = 1 1 Btu/Wh

48 , 000
CDD = ( 974 ) ( 24 ) = 1 1 2 × 1 0 6 Btu
( 88 – 78 )
1 1 2 × 1 06
Cost = ( 0.07 ) = $ 71 4
( 1 1 ) ( 1 000 )
( 4.5 ) ( 341 3 )
Balance Point: tbal = 72 –
98 , 000 ⁄ [ 72 – ( – 3 ) ]
= 60 ° F
Heat Pump: Model A-048; SEER = 1 0.5 ; Watts = 5270

a. Energy Input = 1 3 , 220 + 5976 = 1 9 , 1 96 kWh → See table below.
Cost = 1 91 96 (0.071 ) = $1 363
1 1 2 × 1 06
b. CDD Method: ( 0.071 ) = $ 757
( 1 0.5 ) ( 1 000 )
d e f g h
98,000/[72 – (–3)] =
1 306 (1 .3) Heat Pump C ycling Heat Seasonal Sup p le- Total
Temp .
Temp . D ata Loss Heating Adj ust- Heat Pump E lectric Op erating S up p lied Elec. C on- Sp ace Heating E nergy
Diff.
Bin, 60 Bin, Rate, C ap acity, ment C ap acity, Inp ut, Time Heating, sump tio n, Lo ad, Required, C onsump-

a
1 0 00 Btu/h
b
kW F ractio n
c
10
6
Btu
d
kWh
e
10
6
Btu
f
kWh
g
tion
h
62 —
57 3 585 3.9 59.2 0.766 45.3 4.99 0.09 263
52 8 586 1 0.4 55.4 0.797 44.2 4.81 0.24 676
47 13 579 1 6.9 51 .0 0.833 42.5 4.60 0.40 1 065
42 18 605 23.4 48.0 0.872 41 .9 4.46 0.56 1 51 1
37 23 71 2 29.9 44.4 0.91 8 40.8 4.28 0.73 2225
32 28 791 36.4 40.8 0.973 39.7 4.1 0 0.92 2984
27 33 551 42.9 37.3 1 37.3 3.93 1 20.55 21 65 23.64 905
22 38 293 49.4 33 .8 1 33.8 3.76 1 9.90 1 1 02 1 4.47 1 33 9
17 43 1 52 55.9 30.0 1 30.0 3.58 1 4.56 544 8.50 1 1 54
12 48 97 62.4 27.3 1 27.3 3.45 1 2.65 335 6.05 996
7 53 60 68.9 24.2 1 24.2 3.31 1 1 .45 1 99 4.1 3 785
2 58 35 75.4 21 .2 1 21 .2 3.1 8 1 0.74 111 2.64 557
–3 63 13 81 .9 1 8.4 1 1 8.4 3.06 1 0.24 40 1 .06 240
TO TALS: 1 3,220 5976 1 9,1 96
a
f
b g
c h
1 1 0 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i ti on i n g—S ol u ti on s M an u al
8. 1 4A small (2200 ft2 ) food mart store located in

Charlotte, NC, has design heating and cooling loads of
94,500 Btu/h and 57,400 Btu/h, respectively, based on
inside design temperatures of 72°F (winter) and 78°F
(summer). The store is open 24 h a day and has a rela-
tively constant internal load due to lights, food cases,
people, etc., of 3.3 W/ft2 . Select a suitable heat pump for
the XYZ Corporation and estimate its operating energy
costs for both summer and winter if the price of electricity
is 7.4¢/kWh.
Charlotte:
to = 1 8°F
Winter:
Summer: to = 91 °F
CDD = 1 596
HL 94 , 500
t
Δ
=
( 72 – 18)
= 1 480 Q int = ( 3.3 ) ( 2200 ) ( 3.41 3 ) = 24 , 780
⎛ 24 , 780 ⎞
tbalance = 72 –⎜ ⎟ = 55 ° F
⎝ 1 480 ⎠
Select Model 060JA

Heat Pump: Total Watts = 6250
SEER = 1 0.5
Winter: 71 87 kWh × 0.074 = $ 532
57 , 400 ( 1 596 ) ( 24 )
Summer: ( 0.074 ) = $ 1 1 92
( 91 – 78 ) ( 1 0.5 ) ( 1 000 )
d e f g h
98,000/(72 – 1 8) =
1 480 (1 .48) Heat Pump C ycling Heat Seasonal Sup p le- Total
Temp .
Temp . D ata Loss Heating Adj ust- Heat Pump E lectric Op erating S up p lied Elec. C on- Sp ace Heating E nergy
Diff.
Bin, 55 Bin, Rate, C ap acity, ment C ap acity, Inp ut, Time Heating, sump tio n, Lo ad, Required, C onsump-

a
1 0 00 Btu/h
b
kW F ractio n
c
10
6
Btu
d
kWh
e
10
6
Btu
f
kWh
g
tion
h
62
57
52 3 730 4.4 71 .2 0.765 54.5 6.32 0.08 369
47 8 684 1 1 .8 66.0 0.795 52.5 6.05 0.22 91 0
42 13 634 1 9.2 61 .0 0.829 50.6 5.81 0.38 1 400
37 18 51 5 26.6 56.0 0.869 48.7 5.56 0.55 1 575
32 23 360 3 4.0 51 .0 0.91 7 46.8 5.30 0.73 1 393
27 28 1 66 41 .4 46.3 0.974 45.1 5.05 0.92 771
22 33 64 48.8 41 .9 1 41 .9 4.81 1 2.68 308 3.1 2 1 29
17 38 23 56.2 37.0 1 37.0 4.61 1 0.85 1 06 1 .29 1 29
12 43 5 63.6 33 .2 1 33.2 4.35 1 0.1 7 22 0.32 44
7 48 2 71 .0 29.4 1 29.4 4.1 3 1 0.06 8 0.1 4 23
2
–3
TO TALS: 6862 325 71 87
a
f
b g
c h
Solutions to
Chapter 9
DUCT AND PIPE SIZING

Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐ 1 1 3
9. 1 The air velocity in a human occupied zone should not

exceed (a) 1 0 to 25 ft/min, (b) 25 to 40 ft/min, (c) 40 to
64 ft/min, (d) None of the above.
c. 40 to 60 ft/min
9. 2 You are to select the type of outlets for a home to be

constructed in Houston, Texas. Discuss your selection of
outlets and locations for each of the following combina-
tions: (a) Group A or Group C, (b) Group B or Group E.
a. Group A: These outlets would be satisfactory for Houston where cooling is predominant and
heating is minimum.
Group C: These outlets would not be completely satisfactory where cooling is predominant.
b. Group B: These outlets would be satisfactory but probably not as good as Group A.
Group E: These outlets would be satisfactory if properly designed and selected.
9. 3 What velocity of air is necessary at a location in a

room such that most people will feel neither cool nor
warm? Assume that the local temperature is equal to the
control temperature of 24. 4°C.
24. 4 ° C = 76 ° F
Δ t = ( tx – 76 ) – 0. 07 ( Vx – 3 0 ) for tx = 76 ° F and Δ t = 0
Vx = 3 0 fpm ( 0. 1 5 m/s )
9. 4 Solve the following problems.

a. Find the airflow through a 1 2 in. by 24 in. (3 05 mm
by 61 0 mm) duct if the static pressure is measured at
0.5 in. of water (1 25 Pa) and total pressure is mea-
sured at 0.54 in. of water (1 3 5 Pa)
b. The pressure difference available to a 60 ft (1 8.3 m)
length of circular duct is 0.2 in. of water (50 Pa). The
duct has an ID of 1 2 in. (3 05 mm). What rate of air-
flow is expected?
a. Pv = PT – PS = 0. 5 4 – 0. 5 0 = 0. 04 in. H O
2
V= 4005 Pv = 4005 0. 04 = 801 fpm
Q = A V = 801 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) = 1 600 cfm

ΔP 0. 2
b. = ( 1 00 ) = 0. 3 3 in. H O ⁄ 1 00
2
ft
1 00 ft 60
From Fig. 9-2 V= 1 65 0 cfm ⇒ 1 3 00 cfm

9. 5 For a residential air-conditioning system, one branch

duct must supply 207 cfm to one of the rooms. The branch
duct has a run of 1 6 ft. (a) Determine the branch duct size
and the pressure drop from the main duct to the room, and
(b) specify the supply and return grille sizes for the room.
a. 207 cfm – 16 ft branch run Vrecom m = 600 fpm
From Fig. 9-2 @ 600 fpm, 207 cfm ⇒D = 8 in.
ΔP = ⎛ ⎞16 ΔP =
0. 08
⎝1 00 ⎠ 1 00 ft
0. 08 in. H O
2
\
= 0. 01 28 in. H O
2
b. return grille – 600 fpm
supply grille ≈ 6 × 9 in. or 5 × 11 in.
9. 6 How large of a duct is required to carry 20,000 cfm

(9400 L/s) of air if the velocity is not to exceed 1 600 fpm
(8 . 1 m/s)?
For 20,000 cfm @ 1 600 fpm, use 48 in. or larger.

Fig. 9. 2
9. 7 Given the duct system shown below, plot pv, Δps, and
Δpt for the flow through the system.
9. 8 Solve the following.

a. For Pro b lem 9. 7, find the frictional pressure loss
between points (1 ) and (2).
b. How can the static pressure be increased in a duct
system as the air moves away from the fan?
a. H
lo s s
= H
1
– H
2
= P
1
– P
2
+ H
V
1
– H
V
2
= ( 0. 3 2 – 0. 05 ) + ( 0. 1 2 – 0. 0 )
= 0. 3 9 in. w. g. loss
b. Increase cross-sectional area
9.9 Determine the dynamic loss of total pressure that

2 2
occurs in an abrupt expansion from a 1 ft (0. 09 3 m )
2 2
duct to a 2 ft (0. 1 8 6 m ) duct carrying 1 000 cfm
(47 0 L/s) of air.
A
1
= 1 ft
2
A
2
= 2 ft
2
= = ----
Q
Q A V V
1 000
V
1
= = 1 000 fpm
1
2 2 2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ V1 ⎞ 2
1
– ---- ⎞⎠ =
V A
H = 1
⎜1 – 1
⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎛
⎝
1 0. 01 5 6 in. w. g.
2g ⎝ 4005 ⎠ 2
L
⎝ A
2 ⎠
9. 1 0 Determine the friction loss when circulating 20,000

cfm (943 0 L/s) of air at 75 °F (23 . 9 °C) through 1 5 0 ft
(45 . 7 m) of 3 6 in. (0. 91 4 m) diameter galvanized steel
duct.
From Fig. 9-2 Loss = 0. 25 in. H 2 O/1 00 ft (1 5 0 ft) = 0. 3 75 in. H 2 O
9. 1 1 Find the equivalent rectangular duct for equal friction

and capacity for the duct in Pro blem 9. 6 , one side is 26 in.
From Table 9-1

8 0 in.
9. 1 2 Find the pressure loss between points A and D for
the 1 2 by 1 2 in. duct shown below. Air at standard condi-

tions is being supplied at the rate of 2000 cfm in galva-
nized duct of average construction. Elbows No. 1 and
No. 2 have center line radii of 1 3 and 24 in., respectively.
H 12
Elbow #1
W = 12 = 1 .0 From Table 9-4
V 13 ⇒ CD = 0.21
W = 12 = 1 .08
H 12
Elbow #2
W = 12 = 1 .0
⇒ CD = ( 0.05 ) ( 0.6 ) = 0.03
V 24
W = 12 = 2.0
Table 9-1 Dc = 1 3.1 in. V= 2000 fpm
Pv = ⎛ V ⎞
2
= 0.249 in. H 2 O
⎝ 4005 ⎠
Fig. 9-2 Loss straight = 0.45 in. w.g. ⁄ 1 00 ft
⎛ 0.45 in. H 2 O ⎞
Δ Ploss = ( 1 0 + 20 + 30 ) ⎜
1 00 ft
⎟ + ( 0.21 + 0.03 ) ( 0.249 )
⎝ ⎠
= 0.27 + 0.059 = 0.33 in. w.g.

9. 1 3 Analyze the air-handling system shown in the

following diagram. Determine if a damper is needed in
either section (d) or (b), and if so, in what section. There
is a damper located in section (u) so that the proper static
pressure can be maintained in section (u). If a damper is
needed, what is the pressure loss across the damper?
ρ = 0. 075 lb/ft
3
f = 0. 02
D = 1 2 in. ( R /D ) elbows = 1
Qu = 3 000 cfm Vu = 3 825 fpm Hv u = 0. 91 5 in. H O

2
Qb = 1 000 cfm Vb = 1 275 fpm Hv b = 0. 1 02 in. H O

2
Qd = 2000 cfm Vd = 25 5 0 fpm Hv d = 0. 407 in. H O

2
V-
---
Section d → 2 elbows = 1 .0 CD = 0. 22 Table 9-4
D
Vd 25 5 0
Straight Section = = 0. 666 CD = 0. 04
Vu 3 825
Δ P lo s s = 0. 03 7 + 2 ( 0. 22 ) ( 0. 407 ) + ( 5 0 + 40 + 1 0 ) ( 0. 02 ) ( 0. 407 ) = 1 . 03 in. H O

2
Vb
Section b → Diverted Flow fitting = 0. 3 3 CD = 1 .1
Vu
Δ P fittin g = ( 1 . 1 ) ( 0. 41 5 ) = 1 . 01 in. H O
2
Table 9-4
10 ⎞
Δ P lo s s = 1 . 01 + 0. 02 ⎛⎝ ( 0. 1 02 ) = 1 . 03 in. H O
2
1 ⎠
Δ P lo s s d – ΔP lo ss b = 0 No damper needed.
9. 1 4 A 1 ft high by 3 ft wide main duct carries 2000 cfm

of air to a branch where 1 5 00 cfm continues in the 1 ft
by 2 ft straight through section and 5 00 cfm goes into the
branch. Find the actual static pressure regain and the total
pressure loss in the straight through section if the static
regain coefficient is 0. 8 0. If the branch take off is a 45 °
cylindrical Y, find the static pressure loss in this section.
R = 0. 8 Table 9-4
Q 2000
V1 = 1 = = 667 fpm Pv = 0. 0277 in. w. g.
A1 3 × 1 1
1 5 00
V2 = = 75 0 fpm Pv = 0. 03 51 in. w. g.
2 × 1 2
5 00
Assume Branch 1 × 1 ft Vb = = 5 00 fpm
1 × 1
a. Pv = R ( Pv – Pv 1 2
) = 0. 8 ( 0. 0277 – 0. 03 5 1 ) = –0. 006 ≈ 0 in. H O
2
b. Δ P b ra n ch = (1 – R ) ( Pv – Pv 1 2
) = 0. 2 ( 0. 0277 – 0. 03 5 1 ) ≅ – 0. 001 5 ≅ 0 in. H O
2
VL 5 00
c. = = 0. 75 C = 0. 28 Table 9-4
V1 667
Δ P b ra n ch = ( 0. 28 ) ( 0. 0277 ) = 0. 008 in. H O ≅ 0 in. H O

2 2
9. 1 5 The supply ductwork for an office space is shown in

the following diagram. Size the ductwork by the equal-
friction method and calculate the pressure drop. Assume
a maximum duct depth of 1 2 in. and that all duct take-offs
are straight rectangular take-offs.
Total cfm = 800 + 900 + 1 200 = 2900 cfm VA = 1 400 fpm

B
Deq = 20 in. Table 9-1 1 2 × 30 in.
ΔP
= 0.1 3 in. H 2 O ( Table 9-4 )
1 00
Vb 1 060
First branch take-off = = 0.76 C = 1 .0
Vu 1 400
Δ P lo s s = 1 .0 ( 0.1 22 ) = 0.1 22 in. H 2 O
Straight through loss ≅ 0 in. H 2 O
Section cfm Δ P
/1 0 0 ft D eq. Velo city Rectangular Size, in. Length Loss C um. Lo ss
A-B 2900 0.1 3 20 in. 1 400 1 2 × 30 50 ft 0.065 0.065

C-D 2000 0.1 3 1 7 in. 1 300 1 2 × 21 8 ft 0.01 4 0.0754
C-E 1 200 0.1 3 1 4 in. 1 1 30 12 × 14 60 ft 0.078 + 0.01 4 0.1 67
C-H 800 0.1 3 1 2 in. 1 01 0 12 × 10 20 ft 0.1 05 + 0.026 + 0.0054 0.21 1
B-F 900 0.1 3 1 2.5 in. 1 060 12 × 11 1 0 ft 0.01 3 + 0.1 05 0.1 83
H 12
Elbows Radius Ratio = 1 .5
W
= - =
14
0.86
⎛ 1 1 30⎞2
Run D Table 9-4 C = 0.1 8 Δ P lo ss = 0.1 8 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.01 4 in. H 2 O
⎝ 4005 ⎠
H 12
Run G Radius Ratio = 1 .5 = - = 1 Table 9-4 C = 0.09
W 12
2
⎛ 1 01 0⎞
Δ P lo s s = 0.09 ⎜ -⎟ = 0.005 in. H 2 O
⎝ 4005 ⎠
Vb 1 01 0
Divided Flow Fitting = = 0.776 Table 9-3 C = 1 .0
Vu 1 300
1 300⎞ 2
Δ P lo s s = 1 .0 ⎛⎝ = 0.1 05 in. H 2 O
4005 ⎠
Through loss ≅ 0
Total Pressure Drop ( No Outlet Grille ) = 0.21 1 in. H 2 O
Damper in A-E and A-F or reduce size appropriately.
9. 1 6The following duct system contains circular, galva-

nized duct. The velocity in the ducts is to be 2000 fpm,
and each outlet is to handle 2000 cfm. Each outlet grille
has a pressure loss of 0.1 2 in. of water. Estimate the
required pressure increase of the fan.
cfm fp m D Δ P/1 00 ft Δ P Pv Length
4000 2000 1 9.2 0.27 0.081 0.25 30 ft

2000 2000 1 3.5 0.4 0.20 0.25 50 ft
2000 2000 1 3.5 0.4 0.36 0.25 90 ft
Table 9-4 r ⁄ D = 1 .0 Δ P elb o w ≅ 0.054 in. H 2 O each

C = 1 .34 Δ P div, flo w ≅ 0.35 in. H 2 O
Longest Run: Δ P lo s s = 0.081 + 0.36 + 0.35 + 0.054 + 0.054 + 0.1 2 = 1 .02 in. H 2 O
9. 1 7 Select a fan for the following system. The radius

ratio of the elbows is 1 . 0 and the elbows are 3 piece. The
pipe is circular. Calculate the frictional pressure loss for
the system and the total capacity required by the fan.
20
Q to ta l = 3 00 cfm 3 00 cfm at 1 000 fpm → ΔP = 0. 24 = 0. 046 in.
1 00
20
1 00 cfm branch 1 00 cfm at 1 000 fpm → ΔP = 0. 46 = 0. 092 in.
1 00
ΔP th ro ugh ≅ 0. 1 0 ΔP lo ss = 0. 1 3 8 in.
straigh t
200 cfm branch 3 00 cfm at 1 000 fpm → ΔP = 0. 046

Branch Loss (Table 9-3 ) ΔP = 0. 08
Elbows (Table 9-3 ) ΔP ≅ 0. 07
Straight ΔP = 0. 087
ΔP lo ss = 0. 283 in. H 2 O
Fan must supply 0. 283 in. H O static for 3 00 cfm
2
Damper the 1 00 cfm branch

9. 1 8
a. Estimate the total pressure loss between points (1 )

and (2) and between (1 ) and (3 ) in the following
take-off.
when:
V1 = 8.1 2 m/s Q1 = 1 51 0 L/s
V2 = 6.1 m/s Q2 = 1 227 L/s
V3 = 3.05 m/s Q3 = 283 L/s
The duct is rectangular, of commercial fabrication,
and has mastic tape j oints.
b. Estimate the static pressure at (3 ) if the static pres-

sure at (1 ) is 1 .0 in. of water.
V1 = 1 600 fpm Q1 = 3 200 cfm
V2 = 1 200 fpm Q2 = 2600 cfm Table 9-4
V3 = 600 fpm Q3 = 600 cfm
V3
x–
2
⎛ 1 600 ⎞
a. = 0. 3 75 C = 0. 5 4 Δ P lo s s = 0. 5 4 = 0. 086 in. H O
V1 ⎝ 4000 ⎠ 2
V2 A2
x– PV = 1
0. 1 6
V1
= 0. 75
A1
= 1 . 08 C = 0. 04
PV = 2
0. 09
Δ P lo s s = ( 0. 04 ) ( 0. 1 6 ) = 0. 0064 in. H O
2
b. x– PT – PT =
1 3
0. 086 in. H O
2
PS + PV – PS – PV =
1 1 3 3
0. 086 ; PS =3
1 .0 + 0. 1 6 – 0. 023 – 0. 086
PS = 3
1 . 05 in. H O
2
Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐ 1 21
9. 1 9 Solve the following problems: b. If the static pressure at (3 ) is 0. 3 50 in. of water, what
a. What is the expected approximate frictional pressure friction drop will be required of a damper at 68°F?
from (1 ) to (2) in the below length of duct. Assume c. What size duct would be required (for ducts C and
round ducts, clean sheet metal, and air at standard D) if the damper is eliminated? What is the velocity
temperature and pressure. in the line? Assume a temperature of 68°F. Assume
that the static pressure at (3 ) is still 0.3 5 in. of water
Elbow Radius = 3 6 in.
and that the R /D of the elbow is 2. Also assume that
Grille Loss = 0. 1 in w. g. at 600 fpm
the grille loss is linear with velocity.
D uct cfm Velocity, fpm Length, ft
A 2000 1 000 40
B 1 000 600 —
C 1 000 600 30
D 1 000 600 30
Grille lo s s = 0. 1 0 in H 0 a t 600 fpm

2
a. Section A D = 1 9 in. ΔP = 0. 071 in. H O/1 00 ft

2
ΔP = ( 40 ⁄ 1 00 ) ( 0. 071 ) = 0. 028 in w. g.
Branch cylindrical tee Table 9-4 V

c
⁄V
a
= 0. 6 C = 1 .2
2
⎛ 1 600 ⎞
ΔP
lo s s
= 1 .2
⎝ 4000 ⎠
= 0. 075 in w. g.
Section C D = 1 7. 5 in. ΔP = ( 0. 03 1 ) ( 3 0 ⁄ 1 00 ) = 0. 0093 in. H O

2
Elbow R ⁄D = 3 6 ⁄ 1 7. 5 = 2. 05 C = 0. 1 3
2
⎛ 6000 ⎞
ΔP
lo s s
= 0. 1 3
⎝ 4000 ⎠
= 0. 003 in w. g.
Section D ΔP = ( 0. 03 1 ) ( 3 0 ⁄ 1 00 ) = 0. 0093 in. H O

2
Total loss = 0. 028 + 0. 075 + 0. 0093 + 0. 003 + 0. 0093 + 0. 1 0 = 0. 225 in. H O

2
b. at P
S
= 0. 3 5 in. H O and
2
P
v
2
= P
v
3
ΔP
fr i c t i o n
= 0. 0093 + 0. 003 + 0. 0093 + 0. 1 0 = 0. 1 22 in w. g.
ΔP
da m p e r
= 0. 3 5 – 0. 1 22 = 0. 228 in. H O
2
c. P
S
at = 0. 3 5 in. H O
2
R ⁄D = 2 C = 0. 1 3
2
ΔP = 0. 1 3
⎛ V ⎞
⎝ 4003 ⎠
2
ΔP
= = + 3) + 0. 1 3 ⎛⎝ ⎞
+Δ
V
ΔP 0. 3 5 (30 P
1 00 4000 ⎠
L gri lle
Trial and Error Solution: Assume a velocity, using 1 000 cfm
Find a D , thus → V = 1 3 00 fpm

D = 1 2 in.
9. 2 0 The pressure (energy) loss between A-B, A-C, A-D,

and A-E must be equal if a proper air balance is to be
achieved. The static pressure required in the duct at points
B, C, D, and E to produce the proper flow from the air
diffusing terminal units (ceiling diffusers) is assumed to
be uniform and to be 0. 1 0 in. of water. Ignoring interfer-
ence losses due to terminal unit take off:
1. Calculate the total pressure loss between A and D.
2. Size the ducts between A and B.
3. Size the ducts between A and C.
4. Size the ducts between A and E.
5. What would the static pressure be at F?
Note : In practical application, minor static pressure

imbalances up to 0. 05 in. of water can be absorbed by
adj ustment of dampers installed in air-diffusing termi-
nal units and further minor adj ustments of diverting
dampers, in branch fittings. For greater imbalances,
duct sizing must be modified and/or butterfly dampers
installed in the branch ducts.
This is an open-ended design problem with a n umber of satisfactory solutions.

9. 2 1 Determine the equivalent feet of pipe for a 2 in.

(5 0 mm) open gate valve and a 2 in. (5 0 mm) open globe
valve at a flow velocity of 5 fps (1 . 5 m/s).
(See Table 1 1 in Chap. 22, 2009 HBF)
a. at 5 fps – 2 in. pipe → L = 5 . 9 ft

e q
1 in. elbow
open gate valve → 0. 5 elbow
L = 0. 5 ( 5. 9 ft ) = 2. 95 ft
eq
b. at 5 fps – 2 in. pipe → L = 5. 9 ft

e q
open globe valve → 1 2
L = 1 2 ( 5 . 9 ft ) = 70. 8 ft
eq
9. 2 2 A convector unit is rated at 1 . 8 gpm (0. 1 1 3 L/s) and

has a 3 . 4 ft (1 0 kPa) pressure loss at rated flow. Estimate
the pressure loss with a flow of 2. 3 gpm through the
convector.
2 2
⎛W ⎞ ⎛2. 3 ⎞
2
H = H ⎜ ⎟ = 3.4⎜ ⎟ = 5. 6 ft
2 1 1 .8
⎝ W
1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
9. 2 3 Size the system shown in Exa m p le 9. 5 for a 1 0°F

temperature drop. (See Chap. 22, 2009 HBF)
27 , 000
1 0 ° ΔT A-B-C gpm = = 5. 5 1 gpm
( 480 ) ( 1 0 )
45 , 000
D-E-F-G gpm = = 9. 1 8 gpm
( 480 ) ( 1 0 )
Assume design friction loss = 2. 5 ft/1 00 ft
Multiply heat required at convectors by ( 20 ⁄ 1 0 ) = 2 and use Fig. 2.
Sup p ly Side Size, in. Return Side Size, in.
I-II at 1 4,400 Btu/h (1 4. 4 gpm) 1 1 /2 V-VI 4 gpm 1
II-III at 5 4,000 Btu/h (5 . 4 gpm) 1 VI-VII 5 . 4 gpm 1
III-IV at 3 2,000 Btu/h (3 . 2 gpm) 1 XI-XII 3 gpm 1
Conv. A at 22,000 Btu/h (2. 2 gpm) 3 /4 XII-XIII 6. 6 gpm 1 1 /4
Conv. B at 1 8,000 Btu/h (1 . 8 gpm) 3 /4 XIII-VII 9. 0 gpm 1 1 /4
Conv. C at 1 4,000 Btu/h (1 . 4 gpm) 5 /8 VII-I 1 4. 4 gpm 1 1 /2
V-VIII at 90,000 Btu/h (9 gpm) 1 1 /4
VIII-IX at 5 4,000 Btu/h (5 . 4 gpm) 1
IX-X at 3 0,000 Btu/h (3 gpm) 1

Assume run containing Conv. E is
Conv. D at 3 6,000 Btu/h (3 . 6 gpm) 1
longest run. This should be verified
Conv. E at 1 4,000 Btu/h (1 . 4 gpm) 5 /8
later.
Conv. F at 1 6,000 Btu/h (1 . 6 gpm) 5 /8
Conv. G at 24,000 Btu/h (2. 4 gpm) 3 /4
The head loss for this straight pipe in this run from Fig. 2
I-II (280)(2) = 5 60 milli-inch (4. 67 ft/1 00 ft)

From Table 4 and Fig. 2 friction loss for elbow
II-VIII (280)(1 6) = 4480 milli-inch (3 7. 3 ft/1 00 ft)
is 3 5 ft/1 00 ft.
VIII-IX (280)(7) = 1 960 milli-inch (1 6. 3 ft/1 00 ft)
IX-X (1 00)(1 1 ) = 1 1 00 milli-inch (9. 2 ft/1 00 ft)

From Fig. 4, Fig. 2 the friction loss for Tees is
X-Conv. (200)(3 ) = 600 milli-inch (5 ft/1 00 ft) 1 5 8 ft/1 00 ft.
Conv. -X (200)(1 2) = 2400 milli-inch (20 ft/1 00 ft)
XI-XII (1 00)(1 1 ) = 1 1 00 milli-inch (9. 2 ft/1 00 ft) Total friction loss for this run = 4. 1 7 ft
XII-XIII (1 5 0)(1 0) = 1 5 00 milli-inch (1 2. 5 ft/1 00 ft)
XIII-VII (25 0)(1 4) = 4750 milli-inch (3 9. 6 ft/1 00 ft) Pump must supply at least this head at 1 4. 7
gpm.
VII-I (280)(25 ) = 7000 milli-inch (5 8 . 3 ft/1 00 ft)
Total = 21 2. 1 ft/1 00 ft
S ee Notes in Example for this design.
Convector Losses = 1 1 . 9 ft/1 00 ft
9. 2 4 Size the system shown in Exam ple 9. 5 for 3 0°F

temperature drop. (See chapter 22, 2009 A SHRA E Hand-
book—Fundamentals )
27 , 000
3 0 ° ΔT A-B-C gpm = = 1 . 84 gpm
( 490 ) ( 3 0 )
45 , 000
D-E-F-G gpm = = 3 . 06 gpm
( 490 ) ( 3 0 )
Assume design friction loss = 2. 5 ft/1 00 ft
Multiply heat required at convectors by ( 20 ⁄ 3 0 ) = 0. 667 and Fig. 2 to get pipe size.
Sup p ly Side Pipe Size, in. Return Side Pip e Size, in.
I-II at 48,000 Btu/h (4. 8 gpm) 1 V-VI 1 . 3 3 gpm 5 /8
II-III at 1 8,000 Btu/h (1 . 8 gpm) 3 /4 VI-VII 1 . 8 gpm 3 /4
III-IV at 1 0,670 Btu/h (1 . 1 gpm) 5 /8 XI-XII 1 . 0 gpm 5 /8
Conv. A at 73 40 Btu/h (0. 7 gpm) 1 /2 XII-XIII 2. 2 gpm 3 /4
Conv. B at 6000 Btu/h (0. 6 gpm) 1 /2 XIII-VII 3 . 0 gpm 1
Conv. C at 4670 Btu/h (0. 5 gpm) 1 /2 VII-I 4. 8 gpm 1
V-VIII at 3 0,000 Btu/h (3 . 0 gpm) 1
VIII-IX at 1 8,000 Btu/h (1 . 8 gpm) 3 /4
IX-X at 1 0,000 Btu/h (1 . 0 gpm) 5 /8
Conv. D at 1 2,000 Btu/h (1 . 2 gpm) 5 /8 Assume Conv. E is longest run. Verify

Conv. E at 4670 Btu/h (0. 5 gpm) 1 /2 after various calculations.
Conv. F at 5 3 40 Btu/h (0. 5 gpm) 1 /2
Conv. G at 8 000 Btu/h (0. 8 gpm) 1 /2
The head loss for this straight pipe from Fig. 2
I-II (240)(2) = 480 milli-inch (4 ft/1 00 ft) From Table 4, Fig. 2; loss for elbows = 1 0. 5 ft/
II-VIII (1 00)(1 6) = 1 600 milli-inch (1 3 . 3 ft/1 00 ft) 1 00 ft.
VIII-IX (1 70)(7) = 1 1 90 milli-inch (9. 9 ft/1 00 ft)

From Fig. 4; Fig. 2 the total friction loss for
IX-X (1 3 0)(1 1 ) = 1 43 0 milli-inch (1 1 . 9 ft/1 00 ft)
Tees = 79. 6 ft/1 00 ft.
X-Conv. (85 )(3 ) = 225 milli-inch (2. 1 ft/1 00 ft)
Conv. -XI (85 )(1 2) = 1 020 milli-inch (8. 5 ft/1 00 ft)

Convector loss = 1 1 . 9 ft/1 00 ft
XI-XII (1 3 0)(1 1 ) = 1 43 0 milli-inch (1 1 . 9 ft/1 00 ft)
XII-XIII (220)(1 0) = 2200 milli-inch (1 8. 3 ft/1 00 ft) Total friction loss for this run = 2. 43 ft
XIII-VII (1 00)(1 9) = 1 900 milli-inch (1 5 . 8 ft/1 00 ft)
VII-I (220)(25 ) = 5 5 00 milli-inch (45 . 8 ft/1 00 ft) Pump must supply at least this head at 4. 9
gpm of flow.
Total = 1 42 ft/1 00 ft
Convector Losses = 1 1 . 9 ft/1 00 ft S ee Notes in Example 4 in Chap. 9 PHVAC.

9. 2 5 Size the system shown for iron pipe. The water

leaves the boiler at 200°F and has a 20°F temperature
drop. The convectors have a loss given by the equation:
Loss (milli-inches) = 0. 3 (Btu/h output). Note : 1 milli-
inch = 0. 001 in. of water.
Assume a 3 ft rise is needed to get to the convectors
and then a 3 ft drop to return to the boiler. What head must
be developed by the pump and what flow rate (gpm) is
required?
(See chapter 22, 2009 A SHRA E Handbook—Funda-
mentals )
A B
Iron pipe 20 ° Δ t
24,000 27 , 5 00
Loop A gpm = = 2. 45 ; Loop B gpm = = 2. 81
( 490 ) ( 70 ) ( 490 ) ( 70 )
Total gpm = 5 . 25
Assume Loop B will have longest pipe. Assume 3 00 milli-inch/ft friction loss.
For Loop B Measured length = 49 ft
From Fig. 1 Loss = ( 225 ) ( 49 ) = 1 1 , 025 milli-inch
Table 1 1 , HBF, elbows Loss = ( 2 ) ( 1 . 8 ) ( 2. 25 ) = 8 1 0 milli-inch
Convectors Loss = ( 0. 3 ) ( 27 , 5 00 ) = 8250 milli-inch
Fig. 7, HBF, supply tee Loss = ( 3 . 7 ) ( 225 ) ( 1 . 8 ) = 1 5 00 milli-inch
return tee Loss = ( 3 . 7 ) ( 225 ) ( 1 . 8 ) = 1 5 00 milli-inch
Total loss = 23 , 085 milli-inch
Boiler Circuit:
L = 1 5 ft – Fig. 1 – 1 in. pipe Loss = ( 1 80 ) ( 1 5 ) = 2700 milli-inch
Table 1 1 , HBF, elbows Loss = ( 2 ) ( 2. 4 ) ( 1 80 ) = 864 milli-inch
6 ft riser and return Loss = ( 6 ) ( 1 80 ) = 1 080 milli-inch
Table 1 1 , HBF, boilers Loss = ( 3 ) ( 2. 4 ) ( 1 80 ) = 1 296 milli-inch
Total = 5 940 milli-inch
Total friction loss = 29 , 025 milli-inches for Loop B.

9. 2 6 Rework Pro b le m 9. 2 5 using Type L copper tubing.

Use copper tubes. See Figure 5 , chapter 22, 2 009
A SHR A E Ha n db o o k—Fu n da m en ta ls .
gpm = 5. 25 gpm; Loop A = 2. 8 gpm; 2. 5 ft/1 00 ft; 3 /4 in. tube
44
Pipe loss = 2. 5 × = 1 . 22 ft
1 00
Elbows = 0. 09 ft
2 × ( 1 . 8 ) ( 2. 5 )
Convectors = 0. 69 ft
( 0. 3 ) ( 2. 29 )
Tees 2 ( 3 . 7 ) ( 2. 5 ) ( 1 . 8 ) = 0. 3 3 ft
Total = 2. 3 3 ft
Boiler circuit 1 . 41 ( 21 ) + 2 ( 2. 4 ) ( 1 . 41 ) + 4 ( 2. 4 ) ( 1 . 41 ) = 0. 5 ft
Total friction = 2. 83 ft for Loop A including Boiler
9. 2 7 A steam system requires 1 5 ,000 lb/h of steam at an

initial pressure of 1 5 0 psig. The design pressure drop is to
be 6 psi per 1 00 ft. Determine the size of schedule 40 pipe
required and the velocity in the steam pipe.
1 5 ,000 lb/h P
in itia l
= 1 5 0 psig (Fig. 1 3 D, chapter 22, 2 009 A SHR A E Ha n db o o k—Fu n da m en ta ls )
6 psi/1 00 ft – Schedule 40 Select 3 1 /2 in. pipe

Velocity at 1 5 0 psig = 1 0,000 fpm
9. 2 8 Determine the pipe sizes for the refrigeration

systems shown in the following figure.
a. Refrigerant lines using R-22
b. Condenser water lines
Th is is an o p en en ded des ign p ro b lem ; th ere a re m an y s o lu tio n s .

9. 2 9A gas appliance has an input rating of 80,000 Btu/h

and is operated with natural gas (specific gravity = 0.60)
having a heating value of 1050 Btu/ft3 . What size of supply
pipe is necessary when the equivalent length is 70 ft and a
pressure loss of 0.3 in. of water is allowable?
(See chapter 22, Table 26, 2009 A SHRA E Hand-
book—Fundamentals .)
= 70 ft; 0.3 in. H2O
L eq
80,000/1050 = 76.19 ft3 /h 3/4 in. pipe
9.3 0 A fan operating at 1200 rpm has been delivering

6500 cfm against a static head of 3.25 in. of water and a
total head of 5.25 in. of water. The air temperature is
130°F, gage temperature, 90°F, and the input power is
6.1 kW. During a time ofpower difficulty, the operator
notices that the static head is now 2.36 in. of water. There
has been no change in the system. Find:
a. New capacity in cfm
b. New power input in kW
c. Original efficiency of the fan (%)
a. ⎛
n
2 2 = h 2 = 2.38 ; h = 0.855 ( 1200 ) =
⎞
1028 rpm
1 3.25
2
1
⎝n ⎠ h
Q
2 = ( 6500 ) ( 0.855 ) = 5570 cfm
b. kW2 = ( 6.10 ) ( 0.855 ) 3 = 3.82 kW
144 0.746 6500 5.25 0.036 144 0.746
c. Eff = AHP
QP ( )( ) ( )( )( )( )( )
= t
=
BHP 33 ,000 6.1 ( )( ) 33 , 000 6.1
( )( )
EFF = 65.5%
9.3 1 A certain damper design introduces a head loss of
0.5 velocity heads when wide open. A damper of this
design is to be installed in a 12 by 30 in. duct that handles
3000 cfm. The pressure drop in the undampered system is
1.5 in. of water. If the pressure drop through the damper
when wide open is to be 5% of the total system resistance,
how much cross-sectional area in the duct should the
damper occupy?
ΔP
T
= ΔP
du c t
1.5 + 0.05 ;
+ ΔP da m p e r = = 1.58 ΔP
T
ΔP
T
ΔP = 1.58 – 1.5 = 0.08 in. w.g. wide open

da m p e r
2
in. w.g. = 122 gPa = 21232.20.075 2 = CFM 2
V ( )V
⎛ ⎞
H (
V
)
ρ62.4
w
4005( )( ) ⎝ A⎠
= 0.08 = 0.5
3000 2 = 1.87 ft
⎛ 2 ⎞
ΔP
da m p e r o p e n
4005 ⎝ A⎠
A
9. 3 2 What effect on the following parameters does a

variation in air density have for a fan operating in a
system:
a. flow rate
b. developed head
c. horsepower
Air Density Variation:

a. Flow rate; Volume – Remains same; Mass – Increases with increases.
b. Developed head – Increases directly with density increase.
c. Horsepower – Increases directly with density increase.
9. 3 3 A fan delivers 1 5 00 cfm (708 L/s) of dry air at 65 °F

(1 8. 3 °C) against a static pressure of 0. 20 in. of water
(5 0 Pa) and requires 0. 1 0 BHP. Find the volume circu-
lated, the static pressure, and the BHP required to deliver
the same weight of air when the air temperature is
increased to 1 65 °F (73 . 9°C). ( Note : Atmospheric pres-
sure is constant. )
1 5 00 cfm, 65 ° F, Ps = 0. 20 in. H O , 0. 1 0 bph for air temperature of 1 65 ° F

2
ρ T 460 + 65
2
= 2
= = = =
ρ
1
T
1
460 + 1 65
0. 81 CFM
2
CFM
1
1 5 00 cfm
PS PS
ρ
2
= 1
⎛ 2⎞
⎝ρ ⎠
= 0. 20 ( 0. 84 ) = 0. 1 68 in. H O
2
1
HP HP
ρ
2
= 1
⎛ 2⎞
⎝ρ ⎠
= 0. 1 0 ( 0. 84 ) = 0. 084 BHP
1
9. 3 4 Should fans be placed before or after air heaters?

Why?
For the same mass flow rate through the air heater, the fan law gives:
BHP ρ ρ
1
= 2
BHP
2
= ⎛ 2⎞
⎝ρ ⎠
BHP
1
BHP ρ
2 1 1
if ρ is cold, ρ is warm
1 2
then BHP
2
> BHP
1
– Place fan before heater.
9. 3 5 A 40 in. by 24 in. rectangular duct conveying 1 2,000 cfm of standard air divides into 3 branches (see
figure). Branch A carries 6000 cfm for 1 00 ft, B carries

4000 cfm for 1 5 0 ft, and C carries 2000 for 3 5 ft.
(a) Size each branch for equal total friction of 0. 1 5 in. of
water. Do not exceed upper velocity limit of
2000 fpm.
(b) What is the total friction loss if the same quantity of
air, 1 2,000 cfm of air at 1 50°F and 1 4. 0 psia, is passed
through the same system as part (a)?
(c) For a fan selected for part (a), at what percentage of
the speed in part (a) must the fan run to satisfy part
(b)?
Branch A Total length = 1 00 ft +6 ft. Assume branch similar to elbow.
with r ⁄ w = 1 . 5 ; H ⁄ W = 1 . 0 → C = 0. 09
Δ P = 0. 04
⎛ 2000 ⎞
2
= 0. 0225 in. w. g. ; Δ P = 0. 1 5 in. H O = ( 1 00 + 6)
Δ P + 0. 0225
⎝ 4000 ⎠ 2
1 00
ΔP ⁄ 1 00 ft = 0. 1 2 in. w. g. ( Chap. 21 , 2009 HBF )
Assume W = duct width = 24 in. for 600 cfm and D eg = 3 3 . 6

V = 1 400 fpm Size = 24 in. × 24 in.
Branch B ΔP = 0. 1 5 in. w. g. = ( 6 + 1 5 0 ) ΔP ′ ⁄ 1 00
ΔP ′ = 0. 096 in. w. g. /1 00 ft
with W = 24 in. V = 1 3 5 0 fpm Size = 24 in. × 1 9. 5 in.
Branch C ΔP = 0. 1 5 in. w. g. = ( 3 5 + 6 ) ΔP ′ ⁄ 1 00 + 0. 0225
ΔP ′ = 0. 3 1 in. H O for 2000 cfm, D

2 eg = 1 1 in.
V = 1 800 fpm Size = 24 in. × 7. 5 in.
b. ( Chap. 21 , HBF ) K = 0. 89 Q actual = 1 2 , 000 cfm

Ho = ( 0. 8 9 ) ( 0. 1 5 ) = 0. 1 3 3 in. H O 2
ΔP
c. For Part a.
static fan = 0. 1 5 + 25 Δp = 0. 1 83 in. H O
, 2
Q fan = 1 2 , 000 cfm

Using fan lows, the required speed for 1 5 0°F with 1 2,000 cfm is rpm2 = rpm1 × 1 × 1 .
9. 3 6 A centrifugal fan operating at 2400 rpm delivers

20,000 cfm of air through a 3 2 in. diameter duct against
a static pressure of 4. 8 in. of water. The air is 40°F. The
barometer is 29. 0 in. Hg. Determine the horsepower input
if the efficiency is 70%. If the fan size, gas density, and

duct system remain the same, calculate the horsepower
required if operated at 3200 rpm.
A
2 π 32 2 5.6 ft2 ;π⎛ Q 20 000 3570 fpm ,
4 D 4 12 V ⎞
= -- = --
⎝ A 5.6 ⎠
= = --- = =
12 u V2
hv
cfm 2
ρ 20 000 0.8 in. w.g.
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ , ⎞
2g w
=
4005 A ρ 4005 5.6
=
⎝ ⎠
=
⎝( )( )⎠
=
h t h s h v 4.8 0.8
= + 5.6 in. w.g. 0.0361 0.202 psi
= + = ( )( ) =
AHP 0.202 33144 000 20 000 17.6 hp

= ( )
(
,
)
( , ) =
a. BHP 17.6
0.70 25.2 hp = =
BHP 2 25.2 3200

2
b. 2400 59.7 hp
= ( )
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
=
Compute the efficiency of Fan 303 (Fig. 9-11b)

9. 3 7
when delivering 15,500 cfm at 4 in. static pressure (SP).

From Fig. 9-116, fan BHP 13.4 ≅
Ideal BHP CFM 6350 P in. w.g.

=
× Δ ( )
=
15 500 4
,
6350
( )
= 9.8
Wi
× 100
9.8
η
f =
Wa
=
13.4 100 74% × =
Develop and explain the following relations for fan

9. 3 8
performance:
(a) HP = CFM × Δ P/63 5 0 η f
(b) kWH = HP (0. 746) Hours/η m
(c) Δ tf = ΔP(0. 3 71 )/η f
3
(d) HP ~ CFM
a. Wi m· ∫ν dp ≅ m· ν ΔP
CFM P in. w.g. × Δ ( ) CFM × Δ P
= =
conversion factors =
6350
Wa
CFM PWi × Δ
=
6350 f
η
f
=
η
b. W kWh
( HP 0.746 kW HP time
) = × × ⁄ ×
Motor input kWh Fan input m ( ) = ⁄η
c. W 0.240 m t m ∫ dp 0.240 CFM

= (
13.33
)(
60 ·
)(Δ ) = ν ( )
×
(Δ ) = t
CFM × Δ
6350
P × 2545
η
f
Δ t = 0.371 Δ P ⁄hf
d. W = – m ∫ν dp = – m ν dp ∼ CFM ⋅ ΔP
L V2 CFM 2
P f
⎛ ---
Co⎞⎠ ⎛ ⎞
Δ =
⎝ D
+
2 ∼
⎝ A ⎠
2
W ∼ CFM ( CFM ) ∼ ( CFM )
3
9. 3 9A water pump develops a total head of 200 ft. The

pump efficiency is 80% and the motor efficiency is
87.5%. If the power rate is 1 .5¢ per kilowatt-hour, what is
the power cost for pumping 1 000 gal?
( 200 ) ( 1 000 ) ( 231 ⁄ 1 728 ) ( 62.4 )

WHP = = = 50.2 hp
Hm
33 , 000 33 , 000
50.2
BHP = = 72.5 hp
( 0.8 ) ( 0.875 )
Cost = ( 72.5 hp ) ( 2545 ) ( 1 ⁄ 341 3 ) ( 0.01 5 ) = $ 0.81 /h

0.81
= 1 .35 ¢ for 1 000 gal
60
9. 4 0For a certain system it is required to select a pump

that will deliver 2400 gpm (1 50 L/s) at a total head of
360 ft (1 1 0 m), and a pump shaft speed of 2400 rpm.
What type of pump would you suggest?
2400 2400
= = = 1 540
n Q
η
s
3 ⁄4 3 ⁄4
H ( 360 )
Us e a c en trifu ga l p um p .
9. 41 A pump delivers 1 400 gpm of water. The inlet pipe
is 4 in. nominal and the outlet pipe is 2 in. nominal stan-

dard pipe. The water temperature is 40°F. The surface of
the inlet supply is 40 ft higher than the pump centerline.
The discharge gage, which is 22 ft above the pump center-
line, reads 1 80 psi. If the pump and motor combined effi-
ciency is 60%, calculate the necessary input to the motor
in kilowatts.
( 1 80 ) ( 1 44 )
H = + 22 = 437 ft; H = +40 ft
d
62.4 S
231 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
Q = 1 400 ⎛⎝ = 3.1 1 ft ⁄s
1 728 ⎠ ⎝ 60 ⎠
( 3.1 1 ) ( 1 44 ) ( 3.1 1 ) ( 1 44 )
V = = 1 33 fps; V = = 35.2 fps
d
3.355 s
1 2.73
2 2
( 3.1 1 ) ( 60 ) ( 62.4 ) ( 654 ) V – V
= = 385 hp – = = 257 ft
d s
, 000 ) ( 0.60 )
H H H
( 33 2
p vd vs
g
c
kW = ( 385 ) ( 0.746 ) = 287 kW H

t
= 437 – 40 + 257 = 654 ft
9. 42 A pump is required to force 9250 lb/h (4200 kg/h)

of water at 165°F (74°C) through a heating system
against a total resistance of 82,300 milli-inches of water
(20.5 kPa). If the mechanical efficiency of the pump is
65%, find the required horsepower input.
1 1 3
ρ =
ν
165 °
=
0.0164 60.9 lb/ft =
BHP Q h ρ mh
·
(9250 82 300 10 3)( , )(
–
)
0.05 hp
=
η
=
η
=
( 60 12 0.65 33 000
)( )( )( , )
=
9. 43How many horsepower are required to pump

66 gpm (4.16 L/s) against 60 ft (18.3 m) of head assuming
75% efficiency?
BHP Q h ρ ( 66 231 1728 62.4 60
)( ⁄ )( )( )
1.33 hp
=
η
=
33 000 0.75 , ( )
=
Solve the following problems:

9. 44
a. A certain system is found to have losses due to

frictional effects according to the equation H =
0.001 (gpm)2 where H is in ft of water. The system is
handling water at 160°F. For a design capacity of
300 gpm, what is the head developed by the pump
and the BHP if the pump efficiency is 80%?
b. What would be the theoretical maximum length of
suction in order to prevent cavitation if the level of
the supply tank is below the centerline of the pump?
Assume atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi.
c. If a capacity of 400 gpm is desired, what would be
the speed ratio n2/n1 for the same pump, density of
fluid, and system?
d. Should a backward- or forward-curved blade pump
be chosen? Would you make arrangements for a
priming system for the pump?
a. h 0.001 300 2 90 ft H 2 O
= ( BHP 300 23133 000
1728 61.01 90
)
0.80= =
( )(
(
⁄
,
)(
)( )
)( )
BHP 8.35 hp =
b. Pv 4.74 psi
= P b 14.741 psi Ps 10 psi = =
Hs 1061.01
=
144 23.6 ft H O
(
(
)(
2 )
)
=
c. Q1 300 Q2 Q1
η
2 η 2 400 1.33
= =
η
1 η
1
=
300 =
Q 2 400 =
d. backward; yes
Solutions to
Chapter 1 0
LI FE- CYCLE COSTS


Chapter 1 0—Life-Cycl e Costs ⏐ 1 3 5
If $1 000 is invested at 8% interest, determine the

1 0. 1
value of this money in 1 0 years.
Sum = Amount (1 + i) n
= $1 000 (1 + 0.08) 1 0
Sum = $21 59
Find the present worth of money that will have a

1 0. 2
value of $35,000 in 3 years with an interest rate of 9%.
Sum = Amount (1 + i) n
$35,000 = Amount (1 + 0.09) 3
Amount = $27,026
$1 000 is invested at the end of each year for 1 0 years.

1 0. 3
Interest is 1 1 %. Find the amount accumulated.
n
(1 + i) – 1
S = R = R ( CA F)
i
10
(1 + 0.1 1 ) –1
S = 1 000
0.1 1
S = $1 6,722
If $1 00,000 is invested at 8% interest, find the yearly

1 0. 4
withdrawal that will use up the money in 20 years.
n
(1 + i) – 1 1 ⎞
P = R = R ⎛⎝
i( + i )
n CRF⎠
20
+ 0.08 ) – 1
(1
$1 00,000 = R 20
( 0.08 ) ( 1 + 0.08 )
R = $1 0,1 85
1 0. 5 The cost of a new heat pump system is $3000 with
an expected lifetime of 20 years. Neglect energy and

maintenance costs. Find the annual cost if the salvage
value is $0 and the interest rate is 8%.
Series present worth

n
1 (1 + i) – 1
P = R ⎛⎝ ⎞
= R
CRF ⎠
i(1 + i)
n
20
(1 + 0.08 ) – 1
$3000 = R 20
0.08 ( 1 + 0.08 )
R = $306
1 0. 6 A new heating system has a cost of $1 5,000 and a
salvage value of $5000, independent of age. The new

system saves $1 400 per year in fuel cost. Calculate the
break-even point if i = 9%. Neglect maintenance costs.
Initial cost – Salvage = Savings

$1 5,000 ( CRF, 9 % , N years ) – $5,000 ⁄ ( CA F, 9 % , N years ) = $1 ,400
trial and error solution for N years yields
N = 34 years (break even) (reasonable?)
1 0. 7 A new high-efficiency cooling system costs $60,000
and saves $7500 in energy costs each year. The system

has a salvage value of $1 0,000 in 20 years. Compute the
rate of return. Neglect maintenance costs.
Initial cost – Salvage = Savings

$60,000 ( CRF, x % , 20 ) – $1 0,000 ⁄ ( CA F, x % , 20 ) = $7,500
trial and error solution for x % yields
rate of return = 1 1 .25%
1 0. 8 The costs of two small heat pump units A and B are
$1 000 and $1 200 and the annual operating costs are $1 1 0

and $1 00, respectively. The interest rate is 8% and the
amortization is selected as 20 years. Compare the systems
on the basis of present worth.
Present Worth S ystem A System B
Initial Cost $1 000 $1 200

CRF (8%, 20 yr.) Operating Cost
= 0.1 01 85 1 1 0 × 1 /0.1 01 85 $1 080
1 00 × 1 /0.1 01 85 $982
Present Worth $2080 $21 82
System A is least costly to own.
1 0. 9 Compare the units in Problem 1 0.8 on the basis of
uniform annual costs.
C osts System A System B
Owning Cost
Initial Cost × CRF
$1 000 × 0.1 01 85 $1 01 .85
$1 200 × 0.1 01 85 $1 22.22
Operating Cost $1 1 0 $1 00
Uniform Annual O&O Cost $21 1 .85 $222.22
S ystem A is least costly to operate.
Chapter 1 0—Life-Cycl e Costs ⏐ 1 37
1 0. 1 0 An installation is going to require a 500 ton chiller.
An annual energy analysis for this office building appli-

cation shows that the required ton-hours over the year
will be 2,1 00,000. The economic data is given below.
C hiller A C hiller B
Average Chiller Efficiency 0.73 kW/ton 0.63 kW/ton

Initial Cost $221 ,500 $240,500
Installation Cost $1 9,000 $1 9,000
Electricity Cost 6¢/kWh 5.9¢/kWh
Maintenance Costs $9,500 $1 0,000
Estimated Life 20 years 20 years
Perform a simple payback analysis for this option.
A B
Energy Required: 0.73 × 2,1 00,000 0.63 × 2,1 00,000

1 ,533,000 kWh 1 ,323,000 kWh
Annual Operating Cost: 1 ,533,000 (0.06) 1 ,323,000 (0.059)

+9500 +1 0000
$1 01 ,480 $88,057
Initial Cost: $221 ,500 + $1 9,000 $240,500 + $1 9,000

$240,500 $259,500
259,500 – 240,500 $1 9,000

Ypb = = = 1 .41 yrs.
1 01 ,480 – 88 ,057 $1 3,423
For the remaining time (1 8.6 yrs.)

savings in operating cost would be
1 8.6 × 1 3423 = $250,000

Solutions to
Chapter 1 1
AI R- CON DI TI ON I N G
SYSTEM CON CEPTS


Chapter 1 1 —Air-Con d ition in g System Con cepts ⏐ 1 41
1 1 .1A room is to be cooled to a temperature of 75°F and

a relative humidity of 50%. If there is negligible latent
load within the space, what is the highest temperature at
which the conditioned air can be supplied (ts)? Why?
ts max = dew-point temperature of the space conditions
Ps at 75°F = 0.87567 in. Hg
Ps at 75°F/50% = 0.5 0.87567 = 0.43784 ( )
ts at 0.43784 in. Hg = 55.12°F
1 1 .2A room has a total space cooling load of 20 tons and

a sensible heat ratio of 0.90. If the conditioned air is to be
supplied at 20°F less than the room temperature, how
much air must be circulated?
qs = q T( SHR )
20 12000 0.9
= ( )( )
q s = 216000 Btu/h
q s = 1.1 CFM tr – ts( )( )
q 216000
CFM = 1.1 s t = 1.1 20 (Δ ) ( )
3
CFM = 9820 ft min ⁄
What are the four generic types of air systems

1 1 .3
expressed by thermodynamic methods?

Heat - cool - off
Dual stream
Reheat
Variable Air Volume
What are the 18 fundamental parameters that must

1 1 .4
be addressed in the selection and design of an HVAC

system?
Load dynamics Flexibility
Performance requirements Operations requirements
Availability of equipment Service ability
Capacity Maintainability
Spatial requirements Availability of service
First cost Availability of replacement components
Energy Consumption Environmental requirements of space
Operating cost Environmental requirements of community
Simplicity Reliability
Before designing a system, the cooling and heating

1 1 .5
load for each room in a building must be calculated?

Why?
Because the system must be designed to add heat or remove it in each room at
the same rate at which the load occurs in order to maintain thermal equilibrium.
Also, an understanding of the nature of the load is fundamental to the selection of a system type.
If outdoor air at 95°F dry bulb and 78°F wet bulb is
1 1 .6
cooled to 75°F dry bulb without any dehumidification,

what will the relative humidity be?
90% RH
1 1 .7 In the air handling unit of Figure 11-1, under design

conditions the outdoor air temperature is 95°F dry bulb
and 78°F wet bulb and the space temperature is 75°F and
50% RH. The supply fan handles 60,000 cfm of air at
55°F saturated (entering the fan). If the minimum outdoor
air dampers are sized for 6000 cfm of ventilation air, what
is the statepoint (dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures) of
the mixed air?
tm = ti +
CFMO ( t – t )
CFMT o i
=
6000 95 – 75
75 + 60000 ( )
= 77°F db
64°F wb
h m = 29.6 Btu/lb
From Psych. chart
1 1 .8A constant-flow air-handling system is designed to
circulate 60,000 cfm of air at a total fan pressure rise of 6
in. w.g. The system is designed to operate continuously.
The fan efficiency is 70% and the motor efficiency is
90%.
a. How much power (hp) is required to drive the fan?
b. What will be the annual fan energy consumption?
CFM( DPt )
a) Hp 6350 f=
η
=
60000 6 in. ( )
6350 0.7 ( )
Hp = 81
CFM P
b) kWh = 8512 f
(Δ )θ
( )η η
f m
kWh = 60000 6 8760
8512 0.7 0.9
(
(
)(
)(
)
)
= 588100 kWh
1 1 .9If, in the above problem, the sensible space load

were reduced by 25% by using a more energy effective
building envelope and improved lighting system, and this
change were accommodated by reducing the air flow rate
at the same fan pressure and efficiencies, what would be
the reduction in annual fan energy?
qs CFM( 1.1 ) ( Δ t )
=
q s ≈ CFM
and kWh ≈ CFM
kWh ≈ q s
∴ Δ( kWh ) = kWh (% reduction in load)
= 588100 0.25 = 147000 kWh
( )
It is desired to transfer a given quantity of heat

1 1 .1 0
energy from one location to another location in a build-

ing. Two methods being considered are either by an air
system operating at 4 in. of water total pressure or by a
water system with a pump head of 40 ft. Calculate the
ratio of fan power required for an air system to pump
power required for a water system with the following
system variables:
Fan efficiency 70%
Pump efficiency 80%
Air t Δ 20°F
Water t Δ 40°F
CFM( Δ P t )
Hp air =
6350 η
f
q = 1.1 CFM tair
( )(Δ )
CFM =
q
1.1 tair
(Δ )
q ( Δ Pt) q(Δ)
Hp air =
6350 1.1 = = 4.09 10 –5 q
) (Δt
air ) η f 6350 ( 1.1 ) ( 20 ) ( 0.7 )
×
(
3960 p Hp = GPM( Δ H)
w (η )
q = GPM 500 tw ( )(Δ )
GPM = 8 500 tw ⁄( )(Δ )
Hp w =
q H (Δ )q 40 ( )
6.31 10 –7 q
3960 500 tw p = 3960 500 40 0.8
( )Δ (η ) ( )( )( )
= ×
Hp air 4.09 10 –5 q
Hp w = 6.31 10 –7 q = 65
×
×
1 1 .1 1 A fan with a variable speed drive is selected to

operate at 900 rpm, and it is installed on a spring isolator
mount with 1 in. static deflection. Determine
a. Transmissibility of the isolator
b. Minimum speed that the unit can be operated at
before the transmissibility is 0.50
a) TR =
1
f fn ) – 1
( ⁄
2
f = N = 90060 60
= 1 5 Hz
fn =
1 g---
2π y
fn =
1
2π
3 86
1
= 3 . 1 3 Hz
TR =
1
2
= 0. 046
⎛ 15 ⎞
⎝3 . 1 3 ⎠
–1
b) TR =
1
f fn ) – 1
( ⁄
2
( f ⁄ f ) TR – TR = 1
2
n
( f⁄f )
TR + 1 0. 5 + 1
n = TR = 0. 5 =
2
3
f = 3 fn
f = 3 ( 3 . 1 3 ) = 5 . 42
Nmin
f = 60
Nmin = 60 f = 60 ( 5 . 42 )
Nmin = 3 25 rpm
1 1 .1 2 Specify typical temperatures for the following:

a. Air leaving a gas-fired warm air furnace
b. Air leaving a heat pump condenser
c. Air leaving the cooling coil of a residential air condi-
tioner
d. Air leaving the cooling coil of a commercial air
conditioner
e. Hot water entering the convectors (radiators) of
a hydronic system
f. Hot water returning to the boiler from the convectors
a. 1 3 5 °F (5 7°C)
b. 1 05 °F (41 °C)
c. 5 8 °F (1 4°C)
d. 5 5 °F (1 3 °C)
e. 1 90°F (88 °C)
f. 1 70°F (77°C)
1 1 .1 3 An air-conditioned room has a sensible heat load

of 200,000 Btu/h, a latent heat load of 5 0,000 Btu/h, an
occupancy of 20 people, and is maintained at 76°F dry
bulb and 64°F wet bulb. Twenty-five percent of the air
entering the room leaves through cracks and hoods.
Outside air is assumed to be at design conditions of 95 °F
dry bulb and 76°F wet bulb. Conditioned air leaves the
apparatus and enters the room at 60°F dry bulb.
Use the following letters to designate state points:
A Outside design conditions
B Inside design conditions
C Air entering apparatus (mixed air)
h W
D Air entering room (supply air)
a. Complete the table provided.
Point Dry Bulb Wet Bulb
b. Calculate the room SHR.
A 95 76 39.4 0.01 5
c. What air quantity must enter the room?
d. What is the apparatus load in tons? B 76 64 29.2 0.01 0
e. What is the load of the outside air? In lb per hour? In
C 80.6 67.2 31 .75 0.011 25
cfm?
f. Does the room load plus the outside air load equal D 60 56.8 24.3 0.0091
the coil load?
a) A: 95 °F db, 76°F wb; hA = 3 9. 4 , WA = 0. 01 5
B: 76°F db, 64°F wb; hB = 29. 2 , WB = 0. 01 0
MA h A + MB h B = ( MA + MB ) h c ; MA WA + Me We = ( MA + Me ) Wc
( 0. 25 ) ( 3 9. 4 ) + ( 0. 75 ) ( 29. 2 ) = h c ; ( 0. 25 ) ( 0. 01 5 ) + ( 0. 75 ) ( 0. 01 0 ) = Wc
C: hc = 3 1 . 75 ; Wc = 0. 01 1 25
C: 80. 6°F db, 67. 2°F wb
Assuming occupancy is included in qs and qL as should be:
qs = 200000 = Mda Cp ( tB – tD ) = Mda ( 0. 244 ) ( 76 – 60 )

Mda = 5 1 23 0 lb/h
MW ( 5 0000 ⁄ 1 054 )
D: WD = WB – = 0. 01 0 – = 0. 0091
Mda 5 1 23 0
D: 60°F db, 5 6. 8°F wb, hD = 24. 3
b) SHR = qs ⁄(qs + qL ) = 200000 ⁄ 250000 = 0. 8
V· =
5 1 23 0
vD = =
3
c) 5 1 23 0 lb/h; 1 3 . 3 ft ⁄ lb; ( 1 3.3 ) 1 1 3 5 6 cfm
60
d) Mda h c – Mda ( Wc – WD ) h f60 °F – Mda h D + q = 0
– ( 0. 01 1 25 – 0. 0091 ) 28 – 24. 3 ] = – q
5 1 23 0 [ 3 1 . 75
q = – 3 78600 Btuh = 3 1 . 5 tons

O. A. Load: q = M
e)
s OA Cp ( t A – tB ) = 0. 25 ( 5 1 23 0 ) ( 0. 244 ) ( 95 – 76 ) = 5 93 76 Btu/h
q L = MOA ( WA – WB ) 1 05 4 = 0. 25 ( 5 1 23 0 ) ( 0. 01 5 – 0. 01 0 ) ( 1 05 4 ) = 67495 Btu/h
1 26872 Btu/h
f) 25 0000 + 1 26872 = 3 76872 ≈ 3 78600 YES

A space has a sensible heat loss of 60,000 Btu/h

and a latent loss of 20,000 Btu/h. The space is to be main-
1 1 .1 4
tained at 70°F and 40% RH. The air that passes through
the conditioner is 90% recirculated and 10% outdoor air
at 40°F and 20% RH. The conditioner consists of an adia-
batic saturator and a heating coil. Estimate the tempera-
ture and humidity ratio of the air entering the conditioned
space. What is the flow rate in lb/h and cfm? How much
heat is added by the coil to the air in Btu/h? How much
water is added to the air by the adiabatic saturator (lb/h)?
qL = 20000 Btuh
q s = 60000 Btuh
tr = 70°F
tOA = 40°F
r: tr = 70°F, r = 40%; Wr = 0.0062; h r = 23.7

θ
OA: 40°Fdb, 20% RH; WOA = 0.001 ; h OA = 10.7

90% recirc.; 10% outside air
m: 0.1 0.001 + 0.9 0.0062 = Wm = 0.0057
( ) ( )
m: 0.1 10.7 + 0.9 23.7 = h m = 22.4 ; tm = 67°F

( ) ( )
twb m = 53.7°F = tx
,
x: t = 53.7°F, = 100%, Wx = 0.0088 θ
SHR (space) = 6000080000 = 0.75

From Psych. chart: at intersection of W = 0.0088 and space condition line (slope of SHR = 0.75 : )
ts = 102°Fdb, Ws = 0.0088, v s = 14.35

qs 60000
Mda =
Cp t s – tr
(
=
0.242 102 – 70 = 7748 lb/h
) ( )
or 1853 cfm
q HC = m Cp ts – tx = 7748 0.242 102 – 53.7
( ) ( )( )
= 90563 Btu/h
MW A S = M Ws – Wm = 7748 0.0088 – 0.0057 = 24 lb/h
,
( ) ( )
Air at the 800 ft3 /min leaves a residential air

1 1 .1 5
conditioner at 65°F with 40% RH. The return air from the
rooms has average dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of
75°F and 65°F, respectively. Determine
a. Size of the unit in tons (12,000 Btu/h = 1 ton)
b. Rate of dehumidification
75°Fdb
65°Fwb 65°F, 40% RH, h 2 = 21.4, W2 = 0.0053, v = 13.335
h 1 = 30 Mda =
( 800 60 = 3600 lb/h
)( )
w 1 = 0.0109
13.335
a) q = Mda [ h 1 – h 2 – ( W1 – W2 ) h f] = 3600 30 – 21.4 – 0.0109 – 0.0053 33
[ ( ) ]
=30300 Btu/h = 2.52 tons

b) · = M (
M W1 – W2 = 3600 0.0109 – 0.0053 = 20.2 lb/h
) ( )( )
w da
In an air-conditioning unit 6000 cfm at 80°F dry

1 1 .1 6 a. Cooling capacity of the air-conditioning unit, tons
bulb, 60% RH, and standard atmospheric pressure, enter b. Rate of water removal from the unit, lb/h
the unit. The leaving condition of the air is 57°F dry bulb c. Sensible heat load on the conditioner, Btu/h
and 90% RH. Calculate d. Latent heat load on the conditioner, Btu/h
e. Dew point of the air leaving the conditioner, °F
Mda =
6000 60 ×
= 26100 lb/h
13.8
a) Mda h 1 – Mda h 2 – Mda ( W1 – W2 ) h 3 + q c = 0
26100 33.8 – 23.4 – 0.0132 – 0.009 25 = –q c
[ ( ) ]
q c = –268700 Btu/h = 22.4 tons

b) Mc = Mda W1 – W2 = 26100 0.0132 – 0.009 = 109.6 lb/h
( ) ( )
c) q s = Mda Cp t1 – t2 = 26100 0.244 80 – 57 = 146470 Btu/h

( ) ( )( )
= 12.2 tons
d) q L = Mc 1076 = 109.6 1076 = 117930 Btu/h = 9.8 tons
( ) ( )
e) Dew Point = 54°F

1 1 .1 7A space in an industrial building has a winter a. Temperature of the air entering the preheater
sensible heat loss of 200,000 Btu/h and a negligible latent b. Temperature of the air entering the space to be heated
heat load (latent losses to outside are made up by latent c. Heat supplied to preheat coil, Btu/h
gains within the space). The space is to be maintained at d. Heat supplied to reheat coil, Btu/h
75°F and 50% RH. Due to the nature of the process, 100% e. Quantity of make-up water added to adiabatic satura-
outdoor air is required for ventilation. The outdoor air tor, gpm
conditions can be taken as saturated air at 20°F. The f. Temperature of the spray water
amount of ventilation air required is 7000 cfm and the air g. Show the processes and label points on the psychro-
is to be preheated, humidified with an adiabatic saturator, metric diagram
and then reheated. The temperature out of the adiabatic
saturator is to be maintained at 60°F dry bulb. Calculate:
r: 75°Fdb, 50% RH; Wr = 0.0093, h r = 28.2
OA: 20°Fdb, 100% RH; WOA = 0.002152, h OA = 7.106
Leaving adiabatic saturator: t = 60°Fdb, W = 0.0093
wb = 57°F
∴
Leaving preheater: W = 0.002152, WB = 57°F

t = 91 °Fdb
∴
a) Entering preheater, t = 20°Fdb

b) q s = 200000 = 1.1 cfm ts – tr = 1.1 7000 ts – 75 ( ) ( )( )
ts = 101.5°F
c) q 1.1 7000 91 – 20 = 536760 Btu/h (preheat)
≅ ( )( )
d) q 1.1 7000 101.5 – 60 = 313740 Btu/h (reheat)

≅ ( )( )
e) gpm = 13.5700 0.0093 – 0.0022 8.33 lb = 0.44 gpm ⎛ ⎞

(
gal ) ⁄
⎝ ⎠
f) 57°F
g)
1 1 .1 8In winter, a meeting room with a large window is to

be maintained at comfort conditions. The inside glass
temperature on the design day is 40°F. Condensation on the
window is highly undesirable. The room is to accommo-
date 18 adult males [250 Btu/h (sensible) and 200 Btu/h
(latent) per person]. The heat loss through the walls, ceil-
ing, and floor is 33,600 Btu/h. There are 640 watts of lights
in the room.
a. Determine the sensible heat loss or gain.
b. Specify the desired interior dry-bulb temperature and
relative humidity.
c. If the heating system provides air at 95°F, determine
the required airflow (cfm) and the maximum relative
humidity permissible in the incoming air.
a) q s lo s s = 33600 – 640 3.413 – 18 250 = 26916 Btu/h
( )
( loss
) ( )
b) tdb = 75°F (selected), D.P. = 40°F, = 28%; Wr = 0.0052 ∴φ
c) 26916 = 1.08 cfm 95 – 75 ; cfm = 1246 13.6

(
60 = 5497 lb/h) ×
M
Ws = Wr – w = 0.0052 –
18 200 1070 = 0.0046 ( )( )( )
M 5497
da
φ
s = 14% max
A zone in a building has a sensible load of 20.5 kW

1 1 .1 9
(70,000 Btu/h) and a latent load of 8.8 kW (30,000

Btu/h). The zone is to be maintained at 25°C (77°F) and
50% RH.
a. Calculate the conditions (t and W) of the entering air
to the zone if the air leaves the coil saturated.
b. What flow rate is required in order to maintain the
space temperatures?
c. If a mixture of 50% return air and 50% outdoor air at
36.1°C (97°F) and 60% RH enters the air condi-
tioner, what is the refrigeration load?
a) SHR = 7000070000
+ 30000
= 0.70
Using protractor on Psych. chart: t = 49°F db, W = 0.0074 at 100% RH
b) q s = Mda 0.244 77 – 49 = 70000; Mda = 10246 lb/h
( )( )
c) r: 77°F db, 50% RH; Wr = 0.010 h r = 29.4 ,
OA: 97°F db, 60% RH; WOA = 0.023 h OA = 48.7 ,
m: Wm = 0.5 0.01 + 0.5 0.023 ; h m = 0.5 29.4 + 0.5 48.7

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Wm = 0.0165 ; h m = 39.05
s: 49°F db, 100% RH; Ws = 0.0074 h s = 19.8 ,
Mda [ h m – h s – ( Wm – Ws ) h f49° ] = –q
q = –10246 [ 39.05 – 19.8 – ( 0.0165 – 0.0074 ) 17 ]
= –195650 Btu/h = –57.3 kW
1 1 .20Sketch (with line diagrams) and list the advan-

tages, disadvantages, and typical uses of the following
systems:
a. Fan-coil units
b. Terminal reheat system
c. Multizone system
d. Double-duct system
e. Variable volume system
f. Induction system
a) Article 1 2.8.1
b) Article 1 2.3.1
c) Article 1 2.5
d) Article 1 2.4
e) Article 1 2.3.2
f) Article 1 2.7.2
1 1 .21A general office building in St. Louis, Missouri, has

a winter sensible space heating load of 1 ,1 50,000 Btu/h for
design conditions of 75 and −5°F. The heating system
operates with 25% outside air mixed with return air.
a. Schematically draw the flow diagram and label,
including temperatures and flow rates at each loca-
tion.
b. Specify the necessary furnace size.
Note: different outside design conditions may be selected.

a)
1 1 50000
CFM s = = 1 9000 scfm
1 .1 ( 1 30 – 75 )
b) Qf = 1 9000(1 .1 0)(1 30 – 55) = 1 ,570,000 Btu/h = 460 kW
For the building of Problem 1 1 .21 , determine:

1 1 .22
a. Annual energy requirements for heating, Btu

b. Annual fuel cost using No. 2 fuel oil at $1 .60/gal.
HL × DD × 24 1 570000 × 4900 24
a) E =
Δt × k × v
× C
D =
( 75 – ( – 5 ) ) × 1
×
× 1
× 0.6 = 1 .385 × 1 0 Btu
9
= 405800 kWh
9
1 .385 × 1 0 Btu
b) Cost = × $1 .60/gal = $1 7600
1 26000 Btu/gal
1 1 .23To provide comfort conditions for a general office Sensible space heat gain is 101,200 Btu/h
S ummer:
building, 38 ft by 80 ft by 8 ft, an air-treating unit consist- at design conditions. Latent load is due entirely to the
ing of cooling coil, heating coil, and humidifier is occupancy. The minimum supply air temperature from
provided for this space with the flow diagram as shown. the cooling coil is 58°F.
Ninety people are normally employed doing light a. Determine the fan size (scfm) needed to provide
work while seated. The building is in Kansas City, sufficient air
Missouri. Fan operation is constant all year long. b. Size the heating unit needed, Btu/h
Winter: Sensible space heat loss is 189,000 Btu/h at c. Size the cooling coil needed, Btu/h
design conditions, latent load is negligible. Maximum d. Size the humidifier, gal/h
supply air temperature is 155°F.
Summer design Inside: 78°F, 60% RH (max); Wrm a x = 0.0124

Outside: 96°Fdb, 74°Fwb; 20° range; WO = 0.013
Winter design Inside: 72°F, 25% RH (min); Wrm in = 0.0042
Outside: 6°F, WO = 0.001074 h O = 2.583 ,
Ventilation air General office: 15 cfm/person 90 = 1350 cfm ×
a) 189000 = 1.10 scfm 155 – 72 SCFM = 2070

Q s, w = ( )( ) ⇒
Q s s = 101200 = 1.10 scfm 78 – 58

,
SCFM = 4600( )( ) ⇒
use 4600 cfm

Q s w = 189000 = 1.10 4600 Ts – 72
,
Ts w = 109.4°F
( )( ) ⇒
,
b) Winter SCFM o n TOA + SCFM r Tr = SCFM TTm

1350 6 + 3250 72 = 4600 Tm ; Tm = 52.6°F
( ) ( )
SCFM O WO + SCFM Wr = SCFM TWm ⋅
1350 0.001074 + 3250 0.0042 = 4600 Wm ; Wm = 0.0033

( ) ( )
Q s = 4600 1.10 109.4 – 52.6 = 287400 Btu/h

( )( )
Q L = 4600 4840 0.0042 – 0.0033 = 20000 Btu/h

( )( )
Furnace size = 307400 Btu/h say 300000 ( )
c) Summer s: Ts = 58°F, s = 100%, Ws = 0.0104 h s = 25.2 φ ,
r: Tr = 78°F, Wr = Ws + Ms = 0.0104 + 90 255 1100

M
60 = 0.0114
( ) ⁄
a 46000 13.3 ×
m: 1350 0.013 + 3250 0.0114 = 4600 Wm ; Wm = 0.0119

( ) ( )
1350 96 + 3250 78 = 4600 Tm ; Tm = 83.3°F

( ) h m = 33.2
( )
Ma h m – h s – Wm – Ws h f + Q c = 0
[ ( ) ]
4600 60 33.2 – 25.2 – 0.0119 – 0.0104 26 = –Q

13.3 ( )[
c ( ) ]
Q c = –165200 Btu/h A/C size
d) Mc = 4600 60 1
13.3 8.33 0.0042 – 0.0033 = 2.24 or 2 4 gph Humidifier
× ( )
* Note: different outside design conditions may be selected.

Chapter 1 1 —Air-Con d ition in g System Con cepts ⏐ 1 5 1
1 1 .24A view of the air-conditioning system for a build- 1. Supply airflow, lb/h
ing in Denver, Colorado (elevation = 5000 ft; barometric 2. Supply airflow, cfm
pressure = 12.23 psi), is given. Outside air at the rate of 3. Relative humidity at return, %
2500 cfm is required for ventilation. Other conditions at
summer design are 4. Size of cooling unit, Btu/h
Space Loads 5. Latent component of (4)
Sensible = 410,000 Btu/h 6. Sensible component of (4)
Latent = 220,000 Btu/h 7. Sensible cooling load due to outside air, Btu/h
Outside A ir:91°F, 30% RH
For an indoor design temperature of 78°F, determine
1. = –t
410000 = = 73060 lb/h
Q
s
m
a
c
p
(t
r s
0.244 78 – 55
) ⇒ m
a
( )
2. · = =
73060 13.33 = 16230 cfm @ s: = 0.2141 =
v m
a
v
60 × P
w
P
w, s
=
0.2141 = 0.0110
0.622 12.28 – 2.41
W
s
h
s
= 0.24 58 + 0.011 1061 + 0.444 – 59
( ) ( ) = 25.23
1100
3. 0.0110 + 220000 1100 0.01874 lb lb ; 0.47511 psia
Q ⁄ ⁄
= + L
= = =
W
r
W
s
M
a
73060 v
⁄
a
P
w, s
= 0.622
P
w
= 0.01374 = 0.622 12.23 –
P
w
= 0.26432 psia ; =
0.26432 110 = 55.6%
w
P –P w
P
w
⇒ P
w
φ
0.47511 ×
h
r
0.240 78 + 0.01374 1061 + 0.444 78 = 33.74
= ( ) ( × )
4. m
O
= 2500 60 13.33 = 11250 lb/h ; ×
1 0
= 0.72113 ;⁄
10
= 0.30 0.72113 = 0.21634 P
w s
P
w
( )
= 0.622
0.21634
W
O
12.23 – 0.21634 = 0.0112 ; = 0.240 91 + 0.0112 1061 + 0.444 91 = 34.18 h
o
( ) ( × )
h = 11250 34.18 + 73060 – 11250 33.74 73060 = 33.80 Btu/lb

m
[( )( ) ( )( )] ⁄
a
W = 11250 0.0112 + 73060 – 11250 0.01374 73060 = 0.1335 lb lb

m
[( )( ) ( )( )] ⁄
v
⁄
a
m
a
– – [h –m
+ h= 0s
(W
m
W
s
)h ]
c
Q
c
73060 33.80 – 25.23 – 0.01335 – 0.0110 23.07 = – = 622200 Btu/h

[ ( )( )] Q
c
5. Q
L
4840 CFM
c
≅ = 4840 16230 0.01335 – 0.0110 = 184600 Btu/h
× × ΔW × × ( )
6. 33.80 – 0.240 + 0.01335 1061 + 0.444 = 79.8°F

( t) ( ⋅ t) ⇒ t
m
Q
s
1.10 CFM
c
≅ = 1.10 16230 79.8 – 55 = 443500 Btu/h
× × Δt × × ( )
or Q =
s
c
– = 622200 – 184600 = 437600 Btu/h
Q
T
Q
L
7. Q
s
1.10 2500 91 – 78 = 35750 Btu/h
o
≅ × × ( )

Solutions to
Chapter 1 2
SYSTEM CON FI GU RATI ON S

Chapter 1 2—System Configurations ⏐ 1 55
1 2.1 From an energy consumption perspective, list the

four fundamental psychrometric system types from least
consumption to most consumption.
1 . Variable - air - volume

2. Heat - cool - off
3 . Dual stream
4. Reheat
1 2.2 In a VAV system with series fan powered terminals,

why must all of the terminal fans be running prior to turn-
ing on the system fan?
If the main fan is blowing air through the terminal fans,

they will turn in the wrong direction. They, being single
phase motors, will run in the direction they are turning
when turned on, thus running backwards.
1 2.3 What is the advantage of a parallel fan powered

terminal over a series fan-powered terminal?
Less energy consumption, because the fan

does not have to run continuously.
1 2.4 What is the purpose of using a fan powered terminal

in a variable air volume system?
Provides better mixing, ambient air circulation,

and air distribution. Prevents dumping. All as the
primary supply air throttles down.
1 2.5
a. Why do some VAV systems also use dual-duct or

reheat features?
b. In your own words, describe the operating sequence
of the zone or terminal control of
1 . A VAV system
2. A VAV reheat system
3 . A dual-duct VAV system
a) 1) The dual duct or reheat provides false loading, which keeps the airflow high enough
to assure adequate ventilation and air circulation rate.
2) A VAV system alone cannot handle a heating load.
b) 1) VAV system: As the space cooling load decreases, the space thermostat closes a supply air
damper, reducing the flow of conditioned air to the space. Most systems have a lower limit
setting to assume adequate ventilation and air circulation, below which there is no room
temperature control.
2) VAV reheat system: Similar to (1 ) above except that when the load falls below the minimum
airflow setting, the reheat valve opens and reheats the minimum volume flow air to prevent
overcooling and maintain room temperature control at all times.
3) Dual-duct VAV system: Similar to (1 ) above except that when the load falls below the
minimum airflow setting, the warm duct damper starts modulating open mixing warm air
with the conditioned air in increasing amounts to prevent overcooling and
maintaining temperature control at all times.
1 2.6 What is the primary advantage of a separate outdoor

makeup air conditioning unit?
The outdoor air make-up air-conditoning unit (primary air unit [1 2. 6. 1 ] )

provides a constant volume of outdoor ventilating air and is used in conj unction
with VAV systems. It also simplifies the design of the system for the space with
no outside air entering the space conditioning unit there is danger of freezing,
no ventilation control dampers, no return air fan, and the cooling coil usually
operates dry, reducing the likelihood of microbial growth in the system.
1 2.7 Why is a high-pressure primary system fan required

with an induction system?
Because there is a high pressure required to create

the high velocity flow through the induction nozzles.
1 2.8 Are fan coil units with connections to the outdoors

recommended as an acceptable method for providing
ventilation air? Why?
No. Because when the room thermostat turns the fan coil unit off, untreated
ventilation air can enter the sapce, causing discomfort and sometimes freeze damage
or microbial growth. Also, the quantitiy of ventilation air is not controllable because
of varying pressure differentials resulting from chimney effects and wind variations.
1 2.9 Why are vertical floor mounted fan coil units

recommended in some applications in preference to hori-
zontal ceiling mounted units? Explain.
Vertical units can be mounted under windows in extremely cold climates,

providing better heating performance, and horizontal models overhead and
above ceilings can create problems related to condensate collection and disposal,
mixing of return air from other rooms, leakage of pans causing damage to ceilings,
difficulty of access for maintenance and service, and IAQ concerns.
1 2.1 0 Size the basic components and sketch the equip-

ment arrangement if the HVAC system now under consid-
eration for the building of Example 1 2. 1 is a triple deck
multizone (hot, cold, and neutral decks).
This is a design problem and many solutions can be found.
1 2.1 1 Size the basic components and sketch the equip-

ment arrangement if the HVAC system now under consid-
eration for the building of Example 1 2. 1 is a variable
volume, dual fan, dual duct.
This is a design problem and many solutions can be found.

12.12 A small single-zone classroom building is being

designed for Knoxville, Tennessee, to use the HVAC
system shown in the sketch. Minimum outside air for
meeting the ventilation requirements of the anticipated
550 occupants will be maintained throughout the year.
Fan speed will be changed between summer and winter.
The duct system will be designed so that at summer air
flow rate the pressure drop does not exceed 3.75 in. w.g.
At winter design conditions, the air is heated to 130°F at
which temperature it is supplied to the conditioned space.
The winter conditioning unit includes both a heating coil
and a humidifier supplied with city water at 60°F. The
humidistat in the return air steam maintains the design
relative humidity of 30% in winter. During summer oper-
ation, the cooling coil supplied air to the conditioned
space at 58°F. The space design loads are
Summer: 423,000 Btu/h sensible (gain)
139,000 Btu/h latent (gain)
Winter: 645,000 Btu/h sensible (loss)
negligible latent Unit Physical Data (Approximate)
Size the following system components: Unit Design Unit Coil Max Unit
a. Cooling coil, Btu/h and ft2 of face area

2
Size cfm Face Area*, ft Wt., lb
b. Chiller unit, Btu/h 3 1 ,660 2. 3 4 – 3 . 3 2
c. Heating coil, Btu/h and ft2 of face area 6 2,93 0 4. 3 1 – 5 . 8 6
d. Boiler, Btu/h 8 3 ,770 5 . 49 – 7. 5 4
e. Humidifier, gph
10 4,820 7. 01 – 9. 64
12 6,1 5 0 9. 46 – 1 2. 3
Select an appropriate air handler from the following

≤ 3 ,600
14 7,1 1 0 1 0. 2 – 1 4. 2
data. 17 8,400 1 2. 3 – 1 6. 8
Winter
21 1 0,3 90 1 5. 0 – 20. 8
25 1 2,1 90 1 7. 8 – 24. 4
m a,
Point Dry°FBulb, φ, % Enthalpy h, W, SCFM 30 1 4,505 21 . 2 – 29. 0
Btu/lb lb/lb lb/h 35 1 7,05 0 26. 72 – 3 4. 1 0
3 100 1.699 .00092 37200 550×15=8250 *

40 1 9,65 0 3 0. 78 – 3 9. 3 0 ≤ 4,5 00
OA 50 24,71 5 3 4. 22 – 49. 43
r 72 30 22.7 .005 8400 1850 66 3 2,81 5 48 . 1 3 – 65 . 63
10100
≤ 6,000
m 16 94 5.57 .0017 45600 80 3 9,3 75 5 6. 8 8 – 78. 75
(all modules)
s 130 5.3 36.8 .005 45600 10100 1 00 5 0,1 8 0
* Actual face area varies with unit coil type.

73 . 44 – 1 00. 4
* Other outdoor design conditions could be used.
0.005 0.622 14.7 ; 0.119 2.2256 0.119

2.2256 100 5.3
P
w
W = = P = ; P = ; φ = × =
,
–
s w w s
P
w
h
s
0.240 130 0.005 1061 0.444 130
= ( 36.79
) + [ + ( )] =
Q
s
645000 0.244 130 72
= 45600 lb/h 10100 cfm
= M
a
( – ); M
a
= =
37200 1.699 8400 22.7 5.57

( ) + ( )
h
m
=
45600 =
37200 0.00092 8400 0.005 0.00167 0.622 0.039

14.7 ;
( ) + ( ) P
45600
w
w = = = P =
–
m w
P
w
37200 3 8400 72 15.7°F;

( ) +
0.042 0.039 100 94%
( )
t
m
45600
=
0.042 = P
w , s
= ; φ = =
45600 36.8 5.57 0.0017 0.005 60 32

[ – 0
–( 1428000 Btu/h – )( – )] + Q
h
= ; Q
h
= Pro b lem 1 2 . 1 2
M 45600 0.005 0.0017 8.33 18 gph

h
= ( ( – )) ⁄ =
c o n tin u ed o n
n ext p a ge.
Pro b lem 1 2. 1 2 c o n tin u ed.
Summer
m a,
Point Dry°FBulb, φ, % Enthalpy h, W,
Btu/lb lb/lb lb/h SCFM
OA 91 48 38.5 .0151 37200 8250
r 78 58 32.0 .0120 49500 11050
m 83.6 53 34.8 .0133 86700 19300
f 85.9 49 35.4 .0133 86700 19300
s 58 100 25.1 .0105 86700 19300
Q
s
423000 = 0.244 78 – 58 ; to = 86700 lb/h
= M
a
( ) M
a
= 0.0105 +
139000 1100 = 0.0120 ( ⁄ )
W
r
86700
W = 37200 0.0151 + 49500 0.0120 86700 = 0.0133 lb/lb
m
[ ( ) ( )] ⁄
h = 37200 38.5 + 49500 32 86700 = 34.8 Btu/lb

m
[ ( ) ( )] ⁄
t = 37200 91 + 49500 78 86700 = 93.6°F

m
[ ( ) ( )] ⁄
W = 19300 3.75 0.0361 144 60 778 = 29000 Btu/h

fa n
( )( )( ) ⁄
Assume = 60% =
29000 = 48300 Btu/h = 19 hp or 0.56 Btu/lb
R
0.6
f
W
fa n
h = 34.8 + 0.56 = 35.4

f
= 2.3°F Δt
86700 35.4 – 25.1 – 0.0133 – 0.0105 26 + = 0 ; = –887000 Btu/h

[ ( ) ] Q
c
Q
c
Select 600 fpm face velocity

=
19300 = 32 ft2 Unit Size 40
A
600
12.13 A double duct system is to be used for air condi-
tioning of a two-zone building. At winter design outdoor
temperature of 0°F, exterior SPACE 1 has a design sensi-
ble heat of 112,000 Btu/h while interior SPACE 2 has
a net sensible heat of 23,500 Btu/h. At summer
lo ss
design outdoor conditions of 95°F db and 75°F wb,

ga in
SPACE 1 has a design sensible heat gain of 67,000 Btu/h

while SPACE 2 experiences a design sensible heat gain of 112000 Winter: CFM 1
49,000 Btu/h. Interior design temperatures of both spaces 1.10 130 – 75 = 1850 =
( )
is 75°F, all year long. Duct pressure drop is 3.1 in. water.
Outside air requirement is 1400 cfm. CFM2 = 1.1023500
75 – 58 = 1260
Calculate the size of
( )
a. Fan (scfm, pressure, motor horsepower) Summer: CFM 1 = 1.1067000 75 – 58 = 3580

b. Heating coil (Btu/h). ( )
CFM2 = 1.1049000
75 – 58 = 2620
6200 3.1 62.4 60
a) FAN: hp = · = 12 778 2545 = 3 hp 6200 SCFM 3.1 in. Hg
v ΔP
( )( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
b) 1.10 1 130 – 75 = 112000 + 1.10 3580 – 1 75 – 58 ; to 60.5 1 = 112000 + 66950 – 18.7 1

⋅ x ( ) ( x )( ) x x
1 = 2259 cfm x
1.10 2 130 – 75 = – 23500 + 1.10 2620 – 2 75 – 58 ; to 60.5 2 = – 23500 + 48994 – 18.7 2

⋅ x ( ) ( x )( ) x x
2 = 322 cfm x
CFM = 2259 + 322 = 2581

Hc
4800 75 + 1400 0 = 58.2 ; = 58.2 + 3 2545

0.24 6200 60 13.33 = 58.3°F
( ) ( ) ( )
= t
m
6200 t
f
( ) ( ) ⁄
Q= 1.10 2581 130 – 58.3 = 200000 Btu/h

Hc
× ⋅ ( )
1 2.1 4 To maintain necessary close control of humidity

and temperature required for a computer room, the reheat
air-conditioning system shown in the sketch is used.
Space loads for the computer room include a heat load of
85,000 Btu/h and a moisture load of 42 lb/h. The return air
conditions from the space must be exactly 50% relative
humidity and 78°F. After mixing of the outside ventila-
tion air with return air, the mixed air is at 80°F dry bulb
with a relative humidity of 0.0114 lb/lb. The air is then
cooled to saturation at 50°F by the cooling coil. There is
a 2°F temperature rise across the fan. Air flow is
controlled by a humidistat in the return air duct. The ther-
mostat controls the temperature leaving the reheater.
Size the reheater (kW) and the cooling coil (Btu/h).
From a manufacturer’s catalog, select an appropriate elec-
tric resistance reheater coil. From a manufacturer's cata-
log, select an appropriate chilled water cooling coil.
RETURN AIR CONDITION:
p v s @ 78°F = 0.475 psia
,
RH/100 = 0.5 = p v p v s = p v 0.475 ⁄

,
⁄
p v = 0.3375
Wr = 0.622 p v p – p v = 0.622 0.3375 14.7 – 0.3375 = 0.0102 lb v lb a
⁄( ) ( ) ⁄( ) ⁄
h r = 0.24 t + Wh g = 0.240 + 0.0102 1095.5 = 29.91 Btu/lb ( )
[Note: Psychrometric properties could also have been obtained from the Psychrometric chart. ]
MIXED AIR CONDITION:

80°F, Wm = 0.0114 lb v lb a ⁄
h m = 0.240 80 + 0.0102 1096.4 = 31.7 Btu/lb

( ) ( )
CONDITION OF AIR LEAVING COOLING COIL:

50°F, RH = 100%; p v = p v s = 0.178 psia ,
Wcc = 0.622 0.178 14.7 – 0.178 = 0.00762 lb v lb a

( ) ⁄( ) ⁄
h cc = 0.240 50 + 0.00762 1083.3 = 20.25 Btu/lb

( ) ( )
SUPPLY AIR CONDITION:

Ws = Wf = Wcc = 0.00762 lb v lb a ⁄
m a = m s Wr – Ws = 42 0.0102 – 0.00762 = 16300 lb/h

⁄( ) ⁄( )
ts = tr – Q m a c p where c p = 0.244 Btu/lb °F for moist air

⁄[ ],
78 – 85000 0.244 16300 = 56.6°F

⁄( )( )
COIL SIZES (RATINGS)

Q cc = –16300 31.7 – 20.25 – 0.0114 – 0.00762 18 = –185500 Btu/h
[ ( )( )]
Q rh = 16300 0.244 56.6 – 52 = 18300 Btu/hr = 5.4 kW (can probably get by with 5 kW heater)
( )( )
A small commercial building located in St. Louis, (an interior space)

Missouri is to be conditioned using a variable air volume Winter inside temperature = 78°F
1 2.1 5 Zone 2
(VAV) system with reheat, as shown in the following Winter design heat loss = 40,000 Btu/h (a gain)
sketch. At this stage of the process, preliminary sizing of Summer inside temperature = 78°F
the central cooling unit, of the reheaters, and of the fan Summer design heat gains = 220,000 Btu/h (sensible)
(scfm) is to take place. There are four zones (separately and 71,000 Btu/h (latent)
thermostated spaces) in the building. Supply air from the (an interior space)
cooling coil is maintained at 55°F during the summer and Winter inside temperature = 78°F
Zone 3
58°F during the winter. Relative humidity off the coil is Winter design heat loss = 115,000 Btu/h (a gain)
approximately 90% in both cases. Minimum outside air Summer inside temperature = 78°F
of 4000 scfm is maintained at all times (just don’t ask Summer design heat gains = 140,000 Btu/h (sensible)
how). The VAV boxes are not to be cut back beyond 50% and 42,000 Btu/h (latent)
of rated flow. The design conditions and calculated
design load for each zone are as follow: Winter inside temperature = 72°F
Zone 4
Winter design heat loss = 180,000 Btu/h (a loss) −

Winter inside temperature = 72°F Summer inside temperature = 78°F
Zone 1
Winter design heat loss = 55,000 Btu/h (a loss) − Summer design heat gains = 210,000 Btu/h (sensible)
Summer inside temperature = 78°F and 52,500 Btu/h (latent)
Summer design heat gains = 124,000 Btu/h (sensible)
and 31,000 Btu/h (latent)
1. Determine required airflow rates Q s = 1.10 CFM s t [ × × Δ ]
124000
CFM 1 = 1.10 78 – 55 = 4901 ( )
CFM 2 = 1.10220000
78 – 55 = 8696( )
CFM 3 = 1.10140000 (
115000
78 – 55 = 5534 [check CFM 3 = 1.10 78 – 58 = 5288]
) ( )
CFM 4 = 1.10210000
78 – 55 = 8300 ( )
FAN 27431 SCFM 123750 lb/h → ⇒
2. Summer (55°F, 90%)

m
Wr = Ws + m w = 0.0083 + 31000 + 71000 +123750 42000 + 51500 1100 = 0.0097
Σ ( ) ⁄
a
tr = 78°F r = 48% [Plenty low, could reset ts to higher value]
⇒ φ
tm = 4000 94 + 27431 – 4000 78 27431 = 80.3

[ ( ) ( )( )] ⁄
Wm = 4000 0.0144 + 27431 – 4000 0.0097 27431 = 0.0104

[ ( ) ( )( )] ⁄
Q cc = 27431 1.10 80.3 – 55 + 4840 0.0104 – 0.0083 = 27431 27.83 + 10.16

[ ( ) ( )] [ ] = 1042000 Btu/h
Cooling coil 1042 Mbh →
* Note:Other outdoor design conditions could be selected.

3. Winter reheater discharge temperature
tm 1 = 72 + 1.10 55000
( )
4901 0.5 = 92.4°F ( × )
40000
tm 2 = 78 + 1.10 –8696
( )
0.5 = 69.6°F ( × )
115000 = 40.2°F 58 no reheating

tm 3 = 78 + 1.10–5534
( )
0.5 ( × )
< ∴
( )
180000
tm 4 = 72 + 1.10 8300 0.5 = 111.4°F ( × )
REHEATERS
Q m 1 = 1.10 4901 0.5 92.4 – 58 = 93000 Btu/h
( ) ( × )( )
Q m 2 = 1.10 8696 0.5 69.6 – 58 = 55700 Btu/h

( ) ( × )( )
Q m 3 = 0 none needed
( )
Q m 4 = 1.10 8300 0.5 111.4 – 58 = 244000 Btu/h

( ) ( × )( )
A commercial three zone office building is being Summer

Zone 1: 116,000 Btu/h sensible, 43,000 Btu/h latent
1 2.1 6
designed for St. Louis, Missouri where summer outdoor

design conditions are 94°F db and 75°F wb and winter (gains)
outdoor design conditions are 3°F and 100% RH. Each Zone 2: 290,000 Btu/h Sensible, 59,000 Btu/h Latent
zone is to contain 10,000 sq ft of floor space. A blow-thru (gains)
multizone unit will be used with cold deck temperature Zone 3: 190,000 Btu/h sensible, 39,000 Btu/h latent
maintained at 58°F all year long and with hot deck (gains)
temperature varying from a maximum of 130°F at winter Winter
design to 85°F during the summer. The amount of outside Zone 1: 215,000 Btu/h sensible (loss), negligible
−
air is to equal the recommended 20 cfm per person in latent

accordance with ASHRAE Standard 62-1989. Design Zone 2: 110,000 Btu/h sensible (gain), negligible
occupancy is to be 10 people per 1000 ft2 of floor area. latent
The duct system will be designed so that the pressure drop Zone 3: 171,000 Btu/h sensible (loss), negligible
−
does not exceed 2.0 in. w.g. Fan efficiency is estimated at latent
65%. In winter, the control humidistat in the common Conduct the preliminary sizing of the fan (scfm and
return air duct is set at 30% RH. Due to the building orien- horsepower), cooling coil (scfm and Btu/h), heating coil
tation and internal zoning, all spaces will experience their (scfm and Btu/h), and humidifier (gal/h). Provide a
peak loads at the same time. The space design loads at completely labeled sketch of the system.
indoor design temperatures of 78°F summer and 72°F
winter are
USE
CFM1 =
116000 = 5270 CFM 1 = 1.10215000 = 3370 CFM = 5270
s
1.10 78 – 58 ( )
w
130 – 72 ( )
CFM2 =
290000 = 13180 CFM 2 = 1.10110000 = 5000 CFM = 13180
s
1.10 78 – 58 ( )
w
72 – 58 ( )
CFM3 =
190000 = 8640 CFM = 8640CFM 3 = 1.10171000 = 2620
s
1.10 78 – 58 ( )
w
130 – 72 ( )
Fan CFM = 27090

27090
=
13.33 60 = 122000 lb/h M
a
=
27090 2 0.0361 144 60 = 13.1 Hp ( )( ) ( )
778 0.65 2545 W
( )
Summer = 94 ; to
t
o
= 0.0144 ; to = 78 ; to = 58
W
o
= 100% (max) = 0.0104
t
r
t
s
, φ
s
⇒ W
s
= 0.0104 +
43000 + 59000 + 39000 1100 = 0.0115 and 78°
(
55% ok ) ⁄
W
r
122000 ⇒ φ
r
≅
=
6000 94 + 21090 78 = 81.5°F ( )
=
6000 0.0144 + 21090 0.0115 = 0.0121
( ) ( ) ( )
t
m
27090 27090 W
m
= 81.5 +
13.1 2545
122000 0.244 = 82.6°F = 0.0121
( )
t W
( )
f f
CFM = 27090 since all zones peak at same time

c c (m a x)
( )
Pro b lem 1 2 . 1 6
= 27090 1.10 82.6 – 58 + 4840 0.0121 – 0.0104 = 956000 Btu/h

c o n tin u ed o n
Q [ ( ) ( )]
c c
n ext p a ge.
Pro b lem 1 2 . 1 6 c o n tin u ed.
Winter zone 1 1.10CFM 1 130 – 72 215000 + 1.10 5270 – CFM 1 72 – 58 ; CFM 1 = 3739
h
( ) = (
h
)( )
h
zone 2 1.10CFM 2 130 – 72 = 1.10 13180 – CFM 2 72 – 58 – 110000 ; CFM 2 = 1174

h
( ) (
h
)( )
h
zone 3 1.10CFM 3 130 – 72 = 171000 + 1.10 8640 – CFM 3 72 – 58 ; CFM 3 = 3839

h
( ) (
h
)( )
h
CFM = 8752 h
=
6000 3 + 21090 72 = 56.7 ; = 56.7 + 1.1 = 57.8°F
( ) ( )
t
27090
m
t
f
Humidification: = 0.00092 3°, 100% ; = 0.005 72 ; to 30%

W
o
( ) W
r
( )
=
6000 60 0.005 – 0.00092 = 100 lb/h 8 1--- = 13gph
( )
13.33
M
c
3 ( ) ÷
= 110 1076 + 1.10 8752 130 – 57.8 = 118400 + 695100 = 813500 Btu/h
Q
h
c
( ) ( )( )
* Note: Other outdoor design conditions could be selected.
1 2.1 7An air-conditioning unit takes in 2000 cfm of

outside air at 95°F dry bulb and 76°F wet bulb, and 6000
cfm of return air at 78°F dry bulb and 50% RH. The
conditioned air leaves the chilled water coil at 52°F dry
bulb and 90% RH.
a. What is the refrigeration load on the chiller in tons?
b. Assume the conditioned air were reheated to 58.5°F
dry bulb with electric heaters. What would be the
operating cost of these heaters at 2.5 cents per kWh?
OA: 95°Fdb, 76°Fwb, 2000 cfm; = 0.015 = 39.4 = 14.3 ; · = 8392 lb/h W , h , v m
r: 78°Fdb, 50% RH, 6000 cfm; = 0.0102 = 30.0 = 13.8 ; · = 26087 lb/h W , h , v m
s: 52°Fdb, 90% RH, = 0.00745 = 20.6 = 13.07 ; · = 34479 lb/h

W , h , v m
m: 8392 0.015 + 26087 0.0102 = 34479 ;

( ) = 0.0114 lb/h ( ) W
m
W
m
= 32.3h
m
= 82°F , t
m
a) m
da
– –[h
m
– h =
s
(W
m
W
s
)h
f
c
] q
c
34479 32.3 – 20.6 – 0.0114 – 0.00745 20 =

[ ( )( )] q
c
q= 400680 Btu/h = 33.4 tons

c
b) q = rh
–
m = 34479 0.244 58.5 – 52 = 52160 Btu/h = 15.3 kW
da
c
p
(t
rh
t
s
) ( )( )
Cost = 15.3 0.025 = 38 cents/hour( )

In Problem 12.17, assume 2000 cfm of return air

bypasses the chilled water coil and is used for reheat.
1 2.1 8
a. How does the final condition of the air compare with

the reheated air in part (b) of 12.1?
b. Comment on the ability of the leaving air to absorb
latent load in the conditioned space.
( 4000 60 )( )
= 17391 lb/h
13.8
( 2000 60 )( )
= 8696 lb/h
13.8
m: 8392 0.015 + 17391 0.0102 = 25783 ;
( ) = 0.0118
( ) W
m
W
m
8392 39.4 + 17391 30 = 25783 ; = 33.06

( ) ( ) h
m
h
m
rh: 8696 30 + 25783 20.6 = 34479 ;

( ) = 22.97
( ) h
rh
h
rh
8696 0.0102 + 25783 0.00745 = 34479 ;

( ) = 0.0081
( ) W
rh
W
rh
t = 58°F
rh
W = 0.0081 compared to 0.00745 for 2.11(b), can absorb less latent load in conditioned space. ∴
For the building and reheat system shown below, Latent design loads (moisture produced)
determine Space 1: 38 lb/h
1 2.1 9
a. Fan rating, scfm Space 2: 26 lb/h

b. Return air relative humidity at summer design : 10% by mass outside air required for
conditions, % Year-round
ventilation.
c. Size cooling coil, Btu/h Conditions of cooling coil: 58°F, 90% RH.
d. Size reheat coils, Btu/h and scfm for each
Winter : Outside 6°F, = 0.001; indoor 72°F,
W
no humidity control.
Sensible design heating loads
Space 1: 162,000 Btu/h
Sum m er : Outdoor 95°F dry bulb, 78°F wet bulb;
indoor 78°F.
Sensible design cooling loads
SCFM 1 = 1.1064500
78 – 58 = 2932 SCFM 2 = 1.1055000
( 78 – 58 = 2500 ) ( )
a. Fan SCFM = 2932 + 2500 = 5432 cfm = 24444 lb/h ( )
b. 24444 0.0093 + 38 + 26 = 24444 ;

( = 0.0119 ;
) 58%, W
ra v
W
ra v
φ
r, s
≅ h
r, s
= 31.8
c. = 0.9 31.8 + 0.1 41.4 = 32.8
h
m
( ) ( )
= 0.9 0.0119 + 0.1 0.0169 = 0.0124

w
m
( = 80°F ) ( ) t
m
= 80 +
5 2545
1.10 5432 = 82.1 °F; = 33.4
( )
t h
f f
( )
24444 33.4 – 24 – 0.0124 – 0.0093 26 + = 0 ; to = 228000 Btu/h

[ ( ) ] Q
c
Q
c
d. 1 = 72 + 1.10 162000 = 122F; = 72 + 143000 = 124°F

t
s
2932 2 1.10 2500 ( )
t
s
( )
1
= 2932 1.10 122 – 58 ;
Q
R 2
= 2500 1.10 124 – 58
( )( ) Q
R
( )( )
= 206400 Btu/h = 181500 Btu/h

1 2.20 A basic reheat system has been retrofitted with an

improved control system. For the operating conditions
shown in the sketch below and with all thermostats set at
78°F, for what cooling coil discharge temperature T
should the logic system of the controller be calling if there
is no humidity override?
#1 81 000 = 3900 × 1 .1 0 × ( 78 – ts ) ts 1
; = 59.1 °F
#2 1 49600 = 8500 × 1 .1 0 × ( 78 – ts ) t s 2
; = 62.0 °F
#3 301 00 = 21 00 × 1 .1 0 × ( 78 – ts ) t s 3
; = 65.0°F
∴ Coil discharge temperature = 59.1 °F
Solutions to
Chapter 1 3
H YDRON I C H EATI N G AN D
COOLI N G SYSTEM DESI GN

Chapter 1 3 —H yd ronic H eating and Cooling System Design ⏐ 1 67
What is the maximum temperature at which a heat-

1 3 .1
ing water system can be operated if the boiler (hot water

generator) is rated as low pressure by the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code?
From 13.1.2, maximum temperature is 250°F.

1 3 .2Sketch the fundamental components for a chilled-
water system with a single load and source, and a capacity
of 100 tons of cooling.
a. What is the water circulation rate (GPM) required if
the temperature range of the water is 12°F.
b. If the head loss in the system is 60 feet, and the pump
is 80% efficient, what is the pump horsepower?
Motor size?
c. If the motor is 90% efficient and it operates for one-
third of the total hours in the year, what is the annual
energy consumption of the pump?
a) GPM 500 t
q = ( )(Δ )
GPM = q 500 t ⁄ (Δ )
GPM = 100 12000 500 12 = 200 gpm ( ) ⁄( × )
b) Hp = GPM 200 60
3960 r = 3960 0.8 = 3.79 hp
H (Δ
η
) (
(
)
)
Motor Hp = 5 Hp
c) Annual Energy (kWh) = Hp hours 0.746 kW
Hp
1 × × ×
η
m
kWh = 3.79 8760

3 0.746 1 0.9 ×
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
( )( ⁄ ) = 9173 kWh
1 3 .3 Calculate the size of the expansion tank for a hot Supply water temperature 21 0°F
water heating system of 1,200,000 Btu/h heating capacity Ambient temperature 60°F
if the tank is a closed tank with an air/water interface and Fill pressure (at tank) 30 psig
the following system parameters are known: Max. operating pressure (at tank) 35 psig
System water volume 6, 000 gallons
Steel piping system material
v2 0.01670 ft3 lb
= v f @ 210°F = ⁄
v 1 = v f @ 60°F = 0.01604 ft lb
3 ⁄
–6
= 6.5 10 in./in.°F
α ×
t = 210 – 60 = 150°F
Δ
Pa = 14.7 psia
P 1 = 30 + 14.7 = 44.7 psia
P 2 = 35 + 14.7 = 49.7 psia
v2 v1 – 1 – 3 t
(from Equation 13.12)
[( ⁄ ) ] αΔ
Vt = Vs
Pa P – Pa P
⁄
1 ⁄
2
–6
= 6000 0.01670 0.01604
[ – 1 – 3 6.5 10
⁄ 150 ] × × × ( )
Vt
14.7 44.7 – 14.7 49.7( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
Vt = 6930 gallons
1 3 .4 What tank size diaphragm tank would be required
for the above system?
[( v ⁄v ) – ] – αΔ t
Vt Vs
1 3
= 2 1
–P P
From Equation 1 3 . 1 4
1 ⁄
1 2
–
– –
6
Vt =
[ ( 0. 01 67 0 ⁄ 0. 01 604 )
1 –
1
44. 7
] 3
⁄ 49 . 7
× 6. 5 × 10 × 1 50
Vt = 2 2 8 0 gallons
1 3 .5 In a given chilled water system, the p ump head
required at 6 40 gp m is 8 0 ft.
a. What is the system constant, Cs ?
b. Plot the system curve from 0 to 8 00 gpm.
Q Δ H Q Δ H
0 0 400 3 1 . 21
50 . 49 45 0 3 9. 5 0
1 00 1 . 95 5 00 48 . 7 7
1 50 4. 3 9 550 5 9. 01
From Equation 1 3 . 1 6
2 00 7. 80 600 7 0. 2 2
Q = Cs Δ H 25 0 1 2. 1 9 65 0 8 2. 01
Cs =
Q = 640
=
gpm
3 00 1 7. 5 6 7 00 95 . 5 8
ΔH
71 . 6
80 ft
350 23 . 90 75 0 1 08 . 7 2
ΔH = (Q ⁄
2
71 . 6 ) 8 00 1 2 4. 8 4
Chapter 1 3 —H yd ronic H eating and Cooling System Design ⏐ 1 69
1 3 .6 In a chilled-water system, the pump is located in a est point in the system which will reduce to 5 psig when
basement equipment room with the expansion tank the water temperature reduces to 45 °F.
connected to the pump suction. The pump is the lowest a. What operating pressures (p 1 , p2) should the expan-
point in the system and the highest point is a pipe in the sion tank be designed for?
penthouse, which is 1 1 5 feet above the pump. The b. What pump head is required?
dynamic head losses in the system are c. With the pump off and a cold (45°F) system, what is
Piping and fittings 30 ft the pressure at the pump suction? The pump dis-
Chiller 20 ft charge?
Control valve 10 ft d. With the pump on and a cold (45°F) system, what is
Cooling coil 10 ft the pressure at the pump suction? The pump dis-
charge?
When the system is filled (at 95 °F ambient tempera-
ture) it is desired to have a pressure of 1 0 psig at the high-
Pi = 1 0 psig @ 95 °F
Pf = 5 psig @ 45 °F
P2 = Pt w =
3
@ 95 °F 62. 05 lb/ft
P1 = Pt w =
3
@ 45 °F 62. 42 lb/ft
62. 05 ( 1 1 5 )
P2 = 10 + w(1 1 5 ) = 10 +
1 44
P2 = 5 9. 5 psig ≈ 60 psig
62. 42 ( 1 1 5 )
P1 = 5 + = 5 4. 85 psig ≈ 55 psig
1 44
b) H = ΣH = 30 + 20 + 1 0 + 1 0 = 70 ft
c) Assume pressure at pump inlet equals the tank pres sure.
(Pump off)
Px = Px = P1 = 5 5 psig
2 1
d) Px = P1 = 5 5 psig
1
70 ⎞
P x = P x + wH = P x + 62. 4 ⎛
2 1 1 ⎝ 1 44 ⎠
Px = 55 + 3 0. 3 85 psig
2
1 3 .7 In your own words, explain the difference between

a three-way control valve and a two-way control valve as
they affect the hydraulics of the system.
Both vary the flow (gpm) through the controlled load as they modulate. However, from the
system perspective, the three-way valve provides a constant flow variable Δt in the system
as it modulates and the two-way valve provides a variable flow as it modulates.
1 3 .8 A control valve is to be sized for a cooling coil with
a capacity of 3 0 tons of cooling. The water temp erature
entering the coil is at 44 ° F with a 1 2 ° F Δ t

. It is determined
that the valve should have a p ressure drop of 5 psi. What
is the required Cv of the valve?
GPM = Cv ΔP
Cv = GPM ⁄ ΔP
q = GPM ( 5 00 ) ( Δt)
= = =
8 3 60000
GPM
5 00 ( Δ t) 5 00 ( 1 2 )
60 gpm
Cv = 60 ⁄ Δ5 = 2 6. 8 3
1 3 .9 A section of 1 in. steel pipe in a 45 ° F chilled- water
system at 5 0 psig is in a pip e chase and is isolated between
two service valves. If the chase is at a temp erature of 9 5 ° F
and the pip e reaches thermal equilibrium with the chase,
what will the final pressure in the pipe be?
– α ) Δt
Δ P =
5 ⁄4(
(β 3
D ⁄ ( EΔr) ) + α
solving for 1 in. steel pipe
from Figure 1 3 . 2 8 Δ P @ 5 0° Δ t = 1 3 8 0 psi
P 2
= P 1
+ ΔP
P 2
= 50 + 1 3 80
P 2
= 1 43 0 psig
Solutions to
Chapter 1 4
U N I TARY AN D ROOM
AI R CON DI TI ON ERS

Chapter 1 4—U nitary an d Room Air Cond itioners ⏐ 1 73
1 4. 1 An air-cooled packaged air conditioning unit with a

hot water heating coil is to be used to condition a small
office suite in a high-rise office building. The unit has a
total cooling capacity of three tons of refrigeration, and
the power requirement to the compressor is 1 kW per ton
of cooling.
How many cfm of air must be brought into the
condenser from an ambient outdoor temperature of 95 °F db
and 78°F wb if the condensing temperature is to be 1 1 5°F
with a 1 0°F approach to the leaving air temperature?
Total heat rej ected = q rej

q rej = q ref + q m o to r
= 3 6,000 + ( 3 ) ( 3 41 3 )
q rej = 46,23 9 Btu/h
q rej = m· ( 0. 241 ) ( 1 1 5 – 95 )
m· =
46,23 9
( 60 ) ( 0. 241 ) ( 1 1 5 – 95 )
m· = 3 1 9. 77 lb/min
CFM = m × v
v = 1 4. 3 7 ft 3 /lb ( at 95 °F db and 78°F wb )
CFM = ( 3 1 9. 77 ) ( 1 4. 3 7 )
CFM = 45 95 . 1 2 ft 3 /min
1 4. 2 If the ductwork supplying the air to and from the

condenser section in Problem 1 4. 1 were sized for a veloc-
ity of 800 ft/min, what would be the cross-sectional area
of the ductwork?
a. From the outdoors to the condenser?
b. From the condenser back to the outdoors?
a. )
A i = CFMi / v
= 45 95 . 1 2 /800
Ai = 5 . 74 ft 2
b. ) In passing through the condenser coil, the air

would be heated a a constant humidity ratio. Air at 95 °F
db and 78°F wb ( w = 1 1 7. 49 gr/lb) heated to 1 1 5 °F db has
v 3
a final specific volume ( ) of 1 4. 85 ft /lb.
CFMo = m· 2
= ( 3 1 9. 77 ) ( 1 4. 88 )
CFMo = 475 8. 1 8 ft 3 /min
A o = CFMo / v
= 4758. 1 8 /800
Ao = 5 . 95 ft 2
1 4. 3 If the packaged air-conditioning unit of Problem

1 4. 1 were provided with a water-cooled condenser
instead of an air-cooled unit, and 1 ) the water was
supplied at 85 °F, 2) the leaving water temperature was
95 °F, and 3 ) the condensing temperature was 1 05 °F, what
would be
a. The Carnot COP between 40°F suction temperature
and the 90°F condensing temperature?
b. The Carnot COP between the 40°F suction tempera-
ture and the 1 05°F condensing temperature of the
Problem 1 4. 1 air-cooled unit?
a. )
T
COPa = T – oT
o
To = 40 + 460 = 5 00 ° R
T = 1 05 + 460 = 5 65 ° R
COP a = 5 655 00
– 500
COPa = 7. 69 (water-cooled)
b. )
To = 40 + 460 = 5 00 ° R
T = 1 05 + 460 = 5 75 ° R
COPa = 5 755 00
– 5 00
COP a = 6. 67 (air-cooled)
1 4. 4 Assuming that the actual power requirement for the

cooling cycles of Problems 1 4. 1 and 1 4. 3 were propor-
tioned in the same relationship as the Carnot COPs of
Problem 1 4. 3 , what would be the kW per ton for the
water-cooled unit of Problem 1 4. 3 ?
Short Solution:
COP a ( air-cooled )
(1 )
=
kW/J
on
COPa ( water-cooled )
6. 67
=
7. 69
kW/J
on
= 0. 867 kW/J
on
Chapter 1 4—U nitary an d Room Air Cond itioners ⏐ 1 75
1 4. 5 How many gallons p er minute of water would be
required for the water-cooled unit of Problem 1 4. 3 ?
qr = Total heat rej ection
qr = Refrigeration capacity and compressor heat
= 3 6, 000 + 3 ( 0. 8 67 ) ( 3 41 3 )
= 44, 8 8 1
qr = m w( 1 ) ( 95 – 85 ) ( 60 ) B tu/h
GPm = ( () ( 1
44, 8 8 1 ) ( 7 . 48 )
1 0 ) ( 60 ) ( 62 . 4 )
GPm = 8 . 97 gal/min

Solutions to
Chapter 1 5
PAN EL H EATI N G
AN D COOLI N G SYSTEM S

Chapter 1 5 —Panel H eating and Cooling Systems ⏐ 1 79
2
1 5. 1 A room has a net outside wall area of 3 00 ft that has
2
a surface temperature of 5 5 °F; 5 0 ft of glass with a
2
surface temperature of 3 0°F; 5 60 ft of ceiling with a
2
surface temperature of 70°F; and 5 60 ft with a surface
temperature of 70°F. Estimate the average unheated
surface temperature or the area-weighted mean radiant
temperature.
3 00 ( 5 5 ) + 5 0 ( 3 0 ) + 5 60 ( 70 ) + 5 60 ( 70 )
= =
3 00 + 5 0 + 5 60 + 5 60
MR T A US T
96400
MR T = = 65 . 6 °F
1 470
1 5. 2 For the room in Pro b lem 1 5. 1 , estimate the follow-
ing:
2
a. radiant output for a 1 00 ft heating panel with a panel
surface temperature of 1 20°F
b. natural convection output for the ceiling panel when
the air temperature is 70°F
a) From Figure 1 , chapter 6, 2008 Systems and Equipment H andbook
2
5 5 Btu/h ⋅ ft - radiant
Btu
=
2
55 × 1 00 ft 5 5 00 Btu/h
2
h ⋅ ft
b) t
p
– t
a
= 1 20 – 70 = 5 0 °F
From Figure 3 , chapter 6, 2008 Systems and Equipment H andbook
Btu
=
2
1 7. 5 × 1 00 ft 1 75 0 Btu/h
2
h ⋅ ft
2 2
1 5.3 A room has 1 5 00 ft of surface area and 3 20 ft is to
be heated. The average unheated surface temperature in
the room is 67°F. The air temperature in the room is 75 °F.
The room is occupied by adults in light clothing at a
sedentary activity. Determine the surface temperature of
the heated panel necessary to produce comfort if the air
velocity is 20 fpm.
From Figure 4-3 , chapter 4, PHVAC
@ 20 fpm, 75 °F air temp. ,
MR T = 8 0. 6 °F
( 1 500 – 3 20 ) 67 + 3 20 ( )
=
t
80. 6
1 5 00
t = 1 3 1 °F
1 5. 4 For Pro b lem 1 5. 3 , determine the total heat trans-
ferred by the ceiling heating panel.
t
p
= 1 31 ° F, AUS T = 67 ° F
t
p
– t
a
= 1 31 – 75 = 5 6 °F
Figure 1 , chap ter 6,

=
2
Q 63 B tu/h ⋅ ft
R
2 0 0 8 S ystems and
=
2
Equip ment Handbook
Q 63 ( 3 20 ft )
R
Q
R
= 201 60 B tu/h
=
2
Figure 3 , chapter 6,
Q 20 B tu/h ⋅ ft
C
2 00 8 S ystems and
=
2
Q 20 ( 3 2 0 ft ) Equip ment Handbook
C
= 6400 B tu/h
Q
T
= Q
C
+ Q
R
= 201 60 + 6400
Q
T
= 2 65 60 B tu/h
Sol u ti on s to
C h apter 1 6
H E AT PU M P,
C OG E N E RATI ON , AN D
H E AT RE C OVE RY SYSTE M S

C h apter 1 6—H eat Pu m p, C ogen erati on , an d H eat Recovery S ystem s ⏐ 1 83
1 6. 1 A heat pump is used in place of a furnace for heating

a house. In winter, when the outside air temperature is
1 5 °F, the heat loss from the house is 1 00,000 Btu/h if the
inside is maintained at 70°F. (a) Determine the minimum
electric power (Carnot COP) required to operate the heat
pump. (b) Determine the actual electric power to operate
the heat pump with a heating COP of 3.
T
530 °R
= H
= = 9.64
– 530 °R – 475 °R
CO P
h, Ca rn o t
T T
H L
a.
Q
1 00000 Btu/h
W = h
=
Ca r n o t
CO P
h, Ca rn o t
9.64
Btu
= 1 0373 = 3.0 kW
h
Q
1 00000 Btu/h
= h
=
b.
W
CO P 3
= 33333 Btu/h = 9.8 kW
1 6. 2 An air-source heat pump is to be used for both air
conditioning and heating of a residence, maintaining the

interior at 80°F in summer with an outside air tempera-
ture of 95°F and a cooling load of 36,000 Btu/h. As a heat
pump, it is to maintain 70°F in winter with an outside air
temperature of 2°F and a heating load of 52,000 Btu/h.
Select a heat pump from the table in Problem 8.1 3,
sized for cooling. What size resistance heater is required
at the winter design condition?
From the table in Problem 8.1 3, a cooling load of 36000 Btu/h at 95°F outdoor
requires an A036 heat pump. At 2°F outdoor, this heat pump has an output of
1 51 00 Btu/h. The heating load is 52000 Btu/h.
Supplemental heat = 52000 Btu/h – 1 51 00 Btu/h
= 36900 Btu/h = 1 0.8 kW
1 6. 3A 1 00,000 ft2 building design has a design electrical must be made up by a boiler. Any shortfall in cooling by
load of 5 W/ft2 . A reciprocating natural gas engine cogen- the absorber with recovered heat must be made up by the
eration plant is to serve the building. The engine-genera- boiler as input to the absorber.
tor is sized for the electrical load, with salvaged heat Compare design operating costs with hourly design
being used for heating and for driving a single-effect operating costs using conventional equipment (purchased
absorption chiller. The design heating load is 3,000,000 electricity for the building and for cooling with an electric
Btu/h. The design cooling load is 250 tons; the absorber chiller at 1 .0 kW/ton, purchased gas for a boiler for heat-
requires 20,000 Btu/ton⋅ h input. ing). Use $1 .00 per therm, boiler efficiency of 80% for
Calculate hourly design operating costs for heating fuel cost, $0.1 0/kWh for purchased electricity cost.
and cooling. Any shortfall in heating from recovered heat
So lu tio n on fo llo win g p a ge.

W⎞ 2
Engine-generator output = ⎛⎝5 2⎠
( 1 00000 ft ) = 500000 W
ft
= 500 kW
= 1 706500 Btu/h
which is 33% of the fuel input
Btu
Fuel input = 1 706500 Btu/hr ⁄ 0.33 = 51 71 000 input
h
Salvaged heat = 70 % (30% + 30%) = 42 % of input
Btu
= 21 72000
h
Design heating = 3000000 Btu/h
Btu Btu⎞
Supplemental fuel input = ⎛⎝3000000 – 21 72000 ⁄ 80 %
h h ⎠
Btu
= 1 035000
h
Design cooling = 250 T
Btu Btu
Absorption chiller input = ( 250 T) 20000 = 5000000
ton-h h
Btu Btu⎞
Supplemental fuel input = ⎛⎝5000000 – 21 72000 ⁄ 80%
h h ⎠
Btu
= 3535000
h
Heating Design Condition
Cogeneration Plant
Btu therms
Engine input 51 71 000 = 51 .71 = $51 .71 /h
h h
Btu therms
Supplemental fuel input 1 035000 = 1 0.35 = $1 0.25/h
h h
$62.06/h
Conventional Plant
kWh⎞
Electricity ⎛
500 ( $0.1 0/kWh ) = $50.00/h
⎝ h ⎠
⎛ Btu⎞
3000000
⎜ h ⎟
Heating ⎜ ⎟ ( $1 .00/therm ) = $30.00/h
⎜ 5 Btu ⎟
10
⎝ therm ⎠
$80.00/h
Cooling Design Condition

Cogeneration Plant
Engine input $51 .71 /h
⎛ Btu⎞
3535000
⎜ h ⎟
Supplemental fuel input ⎜ ⎟ ( $1 .00/therm ) = $35.35/h
⎜ 5 Btu ⎟
10
⎝ therm ⎠
$87.06/h
Conventional Plant
kWh⎞
Building electricity ⎛
500 ( $0.1 0/kWh ) = $50.00/h
⎝ h ⎠
Chiller electricity ( 250 T) ⎛⎝1 .0 kWh ⎞⎠ ( $0.1 0/kWh ) = $25.00/h

ton-h
$75.00/h
Solutions to
Chapter 1 7
AI R-PROCESSI N G
EQU I PM EN T

Ch apter 1 7—Air-Processing Eq u ipm ent ⏐ 1 87
1 7. 1Air enters a coil at 95°F dry-bulb and 78°F wet-bulb

temperature and leaves at 62°F dry-bulb and 60°F wet-
bulb temperature. The condensate is assumed to be at a
temperature of 56°F. Find the total, latent, and sensible
cooling loads on the coil with air at 14.7 psia.
1. 95 db, 78 wb : w 1 = 0.0168, h 1 = 41.4

2. 62 db, 60 wb : w2 = 0.0107, h 2 = 26.5
3. 56°F h s = h f = 24 B/lb
4. 95 db w = 0.0107 : h c = 34.6
h 1 – h 2 – w1 – w2 h 3 = q c
[ ( ) ]
41.4 – 26.5 – 0.0168 – 0.0107 24 = q c ( )
q c = 14.75 Btu/lb
q s h c – h 2 = 34.6 – 26.5 = 8.1 or q s 0.244 95 – 62 = 8.05 Btu/lb
≅ ≈ ( )
q L h 1 – h c = 41.4 – 34.6 = 6.8 or q L 0.0168 – 0.0107 1076 = 6.6 Btu/lb

≅ ≈ ( )
Air enters a direct expansion coil at 29.4°C dry bulb

1 7. 2
and 21.1°C wet bulb and leaves at 16.7°C dry bulb and
90% RH.
a. How much sensible heat and how much latent heat is
removed from the air by the coil?
b. How much condensate drains off the coil?
29.4°C = 85°F 16.7°C = 62°F 21.1°C = 70 wb, °F
1. 85 db, 70 wb : w 1 = 0.0124
2. 62 db, 90% RH : w 2 = 0.0107
a) q s = 0.244 85 – 62 = 5.61 B/lb
( )
q L = 0.0124 – 0.0107 1076 = 1.83 B/lb

( )
b) m c = 0.0124 – 0.107 = 0.0017 lb/lb air

( )
Air enters a direct-expansion coil at 90°F dry bulb

1 7. 3
(32.2°C) 60% RH and leaves the coil at 60°F dry bulb

(15.6°C), 95% RH. Find
a. heat removed from air
b. moisture condensed from air
c. SHR for the condition line
1. 90 db, 60% RH : h 1 = 42, w 1 = 0.0184
2. 60 db, 95% RH : h 2 = 25.8, w 2 = 0.0105
q = 42 – 25.8 = 16.2 Btu/lb
w = 0.0184 – 0.0105 = 0.0079 lb/lb air
Δ
SHR = q s q T = 4216.2
– 33.4
= 0.53
⁄
Water flowing at 60 lb/min and at 51°F is chilled in

an evaporator to 40°F. The heat transfer area is 20 ft2 and
1 7. 4
the heat exchanger has an overall heat transfer coefficient

of 60 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F. The direct-expansion evaporator uses
R-12 and operates at 35°F. Find the evaporator effective-
ness.
Effectiveness =
tin – to u t
=
51 – 40 = 0.687
tin – to u t , m a x 51 – 35
1 7. 5Outside air at 35°F and 70% RH is supplied to an
air-conditioning apparatus. Recirculated air is returned
from the plant at 69°F dry bulb and 40% RH; 8100 cfm of
outside air mixes with 18,900 cfm of recirculated air. The
mixture is heated by a steam coil and humidified by a pan
humidifier to final conditions of 115°F dry bulb and 20%
RH.
a. What steam flow, in pounds per hour, should be
supplied to the heating coil?
b. Estimate the steam consumption of the humidifier.
OA 35 db, 70% RH : wo A = 0.003, h OA = 11.8, vOA = 12.55

m OA = 8100 60 12.58 = 38725 lb/h
( ( )) ⁄
r : 65 db, 40% RH; w r = 0.006, h r = 23.2 = vr = 13.45

m r = 18900 60 13.45 = 84132 lb/h
( ( )) ⁄
m : W: 38725 0.003 + 84312 0.006 = 38725 + 84312 wm

( ) ( ) ( )
w m = 0.005
h : 38725 11.8 + 84312 23.2 = 38725 + 84312 h m h m = 19.6

( ) ( ) ( ) ⇒
at w m and h m tm = 59 db →
s : 115 db, 20% RH; ws = 0.0128, h s = 41.4

Assume humidifier is steam coil heated pan
type and process is pure humidification.
Leaving heating coil: t = 115°F, w = 0.005, h = 33.2
a) q HC = m da h o u t – h m = 38725 + 84312 33.2 – 14.6
( ) ( )( )
q HC = 123037 13.6 = 1673300 Btuh ( )
q HC = 1673300 m s hfs : m s =
1673300 = 1673 lb/h
1000
≅
b) q Hu m = m da h o u t – h in – m da w o u t – w in h f
( ) ( )
h f = 28 water @ 60°F
= 123037 41.9 – 33.2 – 0.0128 – 0.005 28
[( ) ( ) ]
= –1043500 Btuh = m s h fg m s =
1043500
1000 ⇒
m s = 1043 lb/h
1 7. 6 Outdoor air (8000 cfm) at 10°F dry bulb and 50%

RH enters the central apparatus of a split heating system.
It is tempered to 55°F dry bulb. Then, it flows through a
spray humidifier where the leaving sump water is main-
tained at 50°F. The spray humidifier has a performance
factor of 0.80. After leaving the humidifier, the air flows
through a steam heating coil and is heated to 70°F dry
bulb.
a. What is the final relative humidity and humidity ratio
of the air as it leaves the heating coil?
b. Assume steam at 2 psig and 90% quality is supplied
to the tempering coil, the sump water heat exchanger,
and the heating coil. How many pounds of steam per
hour should be supplied to each?
at :10°F, 50%; W1 = 0.00064, h 1 = 3, v1 = 11.82

: 55°F, W2 = 0.00064; h 2 = 14
h –h 14 – h 3
E = 2 3 = 0.80 =
h 2 – h f50 F 14 – 18 ; h 3 = 17
°
: W3 = 0.00628
(a) : 70°F, W = 0.00628; h = 23.6, = 40% RH
(b) h stea m = 1056 Btu/lb; h H2 O = 1056 – 18 = 1038 Btu/lb
Δ
Tempering Coil: 676.8 14 – 3 = 7445 Btu/min 1038

(
60 = 430 lb/h
) ×
Sump: 676.8 17 – 14 = 2030 Btu/min 1038

( )
60 = 117.4 lb/h ×
Heat Coil: 676.8 23.6 – 17 = 4462 1038

(
60 = 257.9 lb/h
) ×
1 7. 7The heat exchanger for the spray water in Problem

17.6 is out of service for maintenance. The split heating
system is operating as specified except that the sump
water is recirculated. Assume make-up water to the sump
is 37°F and saturating effectiveness is equal to the perfor-
mance factor.
a. What is the final relative humidity and humidity ratio
of the air leaving the heating coil?
b. What is the steam rate (lb/h) for the tempering coils
and for the heating coil?
3 h1 = h 2 = 14
0.00064 w 2 = 0.00064
w1 =
55 – t3
E = 0.8 =
55 – 37.5 ; tsa t = 37.5
t3 = 41 °F
w 3 = w 4 = 0.00386 ; t4 = 70°F; RH4 = 25%
(b) Tempering Coils:to 430 lb/h from Problem 17.8
(
60
Heating Coil: 676.8 21.2 – 14 = 4873 Btu/min 1038 ) × = 267 lb/h
1 7. 8Air at 105°F dry bulb (40.6°C) and 75% RH passes

through a chilled water spray. Air leaves the spray cham-
ber at 45°F dry bulb (7.2°C) saturated. How many grains
of moisture per pound of entering air are condensed?
Pv
1. 105°F db, 75% RH; ; P = 0.75 ( 1.1021 ) = 0.8266
Ps v
φ =
Pv
w 1 = 0.622
14.7 – Pv = 0.0371 lb/lb
2. 45°F db, 100% RH; w 2 = 0.0063 lb/lb
Δ w = ( 0.0371 – 0.0063 ) = 0.0308 lb /lb
s da × 7000 = 215.6 grains/lb da
1 7. 9Air enters a coil at 35°C dry-bulb and 26°C wet-

bulb temperatures and leaves at 17°C dry-bulb and 16°C
wet-bulb temperatures. The condensate is assumed to be
at a temperature of 13.5°C. Find the total, latent, and
sensible cooling loads on the coil with air at 101 kPa.
1. 35°C, 26°C wb : W1 = 0.0177; h 1 = 80.2

2. 17°C, 16°C wb : W2 = 0.0110, h 2 = 45
3. 13.5°C : h 3 = h f = 56.7
q T = h 1 – h 2 – w 1 – w 2 h 3 = 80.2 – 45 – 0.0177 – 0.0110 56.7
( ) ( ) = 34.8 J
q s c p t = 1.02 35 – 17 = 18.4 J
≅ Δ ( )
q w h g – h f w = 2500 0.0177 – 0.0110 = 16.8 J

≅ ( )Δ ( )
A building space is to be maintained at 70°F and

1 7. 1 0 b. the capacity of the heating coil, Btu/h, if
35% RH when outdoor design temperature is 10°F. 1.to the humidifier is a spray washer using recirculated
Design heat losses from the space are 250,000 Btu/h, spray water with makeup water provided at 60°F
sensible, and 45,000 Btu/h, latent. Ventilation requires 2.to the humidifier is a steam humidifier using dry,
that 1500 cfm of outdoor air be used. Supply air is to be saturated steam at 17.2 psia
at 120°F. Determine: c. the capacity of the humidifier, lb/h.
a. the amount of supply air required, lb/h, and cfm The conditioning equipment and nomenclature are
shown in the following sketch.
250000 m a = 0.244250000
CFMs 1.10 120 – 70 = 4545 cfm
=
( ) 120 – 70 = 20492 lb/h ( )
h 1 = 1500 3.8034545
( + 3045 22.8
)
= 16.5 ; w 1 =
( 1500 0.001315 + 3045 0.0054 = 0.0040 ; t 51 °F
)
4545 1
( ) ( )
≅
mw 45000 1100
w s = w r + m = 0.0054 + 20492 = 0.0074 ; ts = 120 ; h s = 37.1
⁄
a
h 2 + w3 – w2 h h – h 3 = 0 ( )
(b)1. h 2 = 37.1 – 0.0074 – 0.00405 28 = 37.0

( )( )
t2 = 135.2°F
(b)2. h 2 = 37.1 – 0.0074 – 0.00405 1153.4 = 33.2
( )( )
t2 = 119°F
(b)1. Q = m h 2 – h 1 = 20492 37 – 16.5 = 420000 Btuh
( ) ( )
(b)2. Q = m h 2 – h 1 = 20492 33.2 – 16.5 = 342000 Btuh

( ) ( )
(c) H = m w 3 – w 2 = 20492 0.0074 – 0.00405 = 68.6 lb/h

( ) ( )
1 7. 1 1A spray-type air washer is to be used for humidi-

fication as well as cleaning of 9000 SCFM of air. Inlet
conditions to the washer are 75°F db and 48 F wb. Desired
humidity ratio at outlet is 0.005 lbw/lba. Determine:
(a) the necessary humidification efficiency of the washer, %
(b) the make-up water requirements (humidifying capac-
ity) of the unit, lbw/h.
(a) 0.005 ; w s = 0.007

wi =
Ew = 0.005 – 0.001 x 100 = 65.6%
0.007 – 0.001
(b) m w = 9000 60
13.33 0.005 – 0.001 = 162 lb/h
( )
( )
1 7. 1 2A heat pipe air-to-air energy recovery device is

being considered for a system requiring 9000 SCFM of
outside air. Initially, a separate preheater was planned for
bringing the outside air from its –2°F design ambient
outdoor temperature to 40°F. Determine:
(a) the rating (Btu/h) and
(b) the sensible effectiveness (%) to specify for the heat
pipe unit if it is to eliminate the need for the air preheater.
(a) Q = 1.10 9000 40 – –2 = 415800 Btu/h

( )( ( ))
(b) Es =
40 – –2 x 100 = 57%
( )
72 – –2 ( )
The HVAC system for a hospital operating room

1 7. 1 3 mine: (a) the necessary size ofheating unit (Btu/h) both
which requires 100% outside air is shown in the follow- with and without the energy recovery unit and (b) the
ing figure and includes an air-to-air heat pipe energy humidifier size (gallons/ day). Neglect fan effects.
recovery unit having a sensible effectiveness of 73%. The 2. At summer design conditions (Indoor: 78°F;
air leaving the cooling coil is maintained at 58°F, 90% Outdoor: 95°F db/76°F wb), the space cooling loads
RH, all year long. During winter operation, air leaves the are 146,000 Btu/h (sensible) and 79,000 Btu/h
heater at 130°F. Fan speed is changed between summer (latent). Determine: (a) fan size (hp & scfm), (b)
and winter operation. Design duct system pressure drop sensible coil load, Btu/h, (c) latent coil load, Btu/h,
(summer) is 3.25 in. water. and (d) necessary size of cooling unit, Btu/h, both
1. At winter design conditions (Indoor: 72°F & 30% RH; with and without the energy recovery unit. Include
Outdoor: 5°F & 100% RH) the space load is 235,000 fan effects.
Btu/h (sensible) with negligible latent load. Deter-
to = 5°F, o = 100% w o = 0.00102

φ ⇒
tr = 72°F, r = 30% w r = 0.005

φ ⇒
ts = 58°F, s = 90% w s = 0.0093

φ ⇒
1.(a) without heat pipe unit:

235000 = 0.244 m a 130 – 72 ; m a = 16600 lb/h
( )
m a 0.244 ts – tc + Q h = 0
[ ( )]
1600 0.244 130 – 58 + Q h = 0; Q h = 292000 Btu/h

[ ( )]
same with heat pipe since cooling coil discharge is same

(b) m h = m a w r – w o = 16600 0.005 – 0.00102 = 66 lb/h 190 gal/day
( ) ( ) ≈
2.(a) 146000 = 0.224 m a 78 – 58 ; m a = 29900 lb/h 13.33

( )
60 6650 scfm × ⇒
·
W = V P = 6650
3.25 0.036
( 144 60 = 3.4 HP
)( )( )
Δ
778 2545 ( )
(b) without heat pipe unit:
t1 = to = 95°F; tf = 95 +
3.4 2545
29900 0.0244 = 96.2°F = t2
( )
( )
w 1 = w f = w 2 = w o = 0.015
Q s = 6650 1.10 96.2 – 58 = 279400 Btu/h
( )( )
with 3.4 2545

t1 = 95 – 0.73 95 – 78 = 82.6 ; t2 = 82.6 +
29900 0.244 = 83.8°F
( )
( )
( )
Q s = 6650 1.10 83.8 – 58 = 188700 Btu/h
( )( )
(c) with/without : w 2 = 0.015

Q L = 4840 6650 0.015 – 0.0093 = 183500 Btu/h
( )( )
(d) with: Q T = 188700 + 183500 = 372200 Btu/h

without: Q T = 279400 + 183500 = 462400 Btu/h
19.5% savings

Solutions to
Chapter 1 8
REFRI GERATI ON EQU I PM EN T

Chapter 1 8—Refrigeration Eq uipm ent ⏐ 1 97
1 8. 1 A condenser used in a refrigeration system has a

capacity of 1 0 tons at a 40°F evaporating temperature.
When 20 gpm of cooling water enters at 75 °F, the
condensing temperature is 90°F. The manufacturer
2
claims a U-factor of 95 Btu/h· ft · °F, with a heat transfer
2
area of 83 ft . Are these claims reasonable? Why?
Q = UA Δ tm = m w Cp ( tw o – tw i )
To ⎞ ⎛5 5 0
Ideally: COP = 1 ⁄
⎛
–1 = 1 ⁄ – 1 ⎞⎠ = 10
⎝ TR ⎠ ⎝ 5 00
QA 1 0 tons
COP = 10 = =
QR – QA QR – 1 0
QR = 1 1 tons ⇒ QR = 1 1 × 1 2000 = 1 3 2000 Btuh
1 3 2000
tw , o = + 75 = 88. 2 °F
20 ( 8. 3 3 ) 60
( 90 – 75 ) – ( 90 – 88. 2 )
Δ tm = = 6. 2 °F
90 – 75
ln
90 – 88. 2
1 3 2000
U= = 25 7 (needed)
8 3 ( 6. 2 )
More than 95 in co nsistent
1 8. 2 Given a compressor using R-22 condensing at 80°F

(26. 7°C) and evaporating at 20°F ( − 6. 7°C), find the
enthalpy of the refrigerant when it enters the
a. compressor
b. condenser
c. evaporator
Find the power required for the compressor.
P2 = P3 = 1 5 8. 3 3 psia
P4 = P1 = 57. 795 psia
a) 20°F; x = 1 . 0 ; s = 0. 2241 5
h 1 = 1 06. 5 3 Btu/lb
b) 1 5 8. 3 3 psia; s = 0. 2241 5 i h1 – h2 – w = 0
h2 = 1 1 8 Btu/lb
w = 1 06. 5 3 – 1 1 8 = –1 1 . 5 B/lb
c) 80 °F; h3 = 3 3 . 3 42 = h4 q e = h 1 – h 4 = 1 06. 5 3 – 3 3 . 3 4
HP ( 1 1 . 5 ⁄ 25 45 )
qe =
= = 0. 74 73 . 2 Btu/lb
Ton ( 73 . 3 ⁄ 1 2000 )
1 8. 3 What is the maximum theoretical COP of a refrig-

eration device operating between 0°F and 75 °F ( − 1 7. 8°C
and 23 . 9°C). Why is this theoretical limit difficult to
obtain?
TL 460
= = =
Ideal COP
TH – TL 75
6. 1 4
1 8. 4 A reference book on refrigeration indicates that a

compressor using R-22 requires a displacement of 40. 5 9
cfm per ton for evaporation at − 1 00°F and condensing at
−3 0°F. Is this correct? Substantiate your answer with
calculations based on knowledge of R-22 for these condi-
tions. Also, verify the mass flow rate in lb per min.
1) –1 00 °F, x = 1 . 0, hg = 93 . 3 7 , vg = 1 8. 43
3) –3 0 °F, x = 0 , h = 2. 5 47
q e = 93 . 3 7 – 2. 547 = 90. 82 Btu/lb
1 2000 ⁄ 90. 82 = 1 3 2. 1 lb/h/ton = 2. 2 lb/min

v· = 1 3 2. 1 ( 1 8. 43 ) = 243 5 cfh = 40. 6 cfm
1 8. 5 An R-1 3 4a refrigerating system develops 1 0 tons of

refrigeration when operating at 1 00°F condensing and
+1 0°F evaporating, with no liquid subcooling or vapor
superheating. Determine the volume of the refrigerant
leaving the expansion valve in cubic feet per minute.
+ 1 0 °F; h f = hg vf = vg
1
1) 1 5 . 3 28 , = 1 04. 61 7 , , = 1 . 73 5 7
83 . 29
3) 1 00°F; x = 0, h 3
= 45 . 1 5 5
4) h 4
= h 3
= 45 . 1 55 = 1 5. 3 28 + x ( 1 04. 61 7 – 1 5 . 3 28 ) ; → x = 0. 3 3 4
v 4
= 0. 3 3 4 ( 1 . 73 5 7 ) + 0. 666 ⎛⎝
1
83 . 29 ⎠
⎞
= 0. 5 88 ft
3
⁄ lb
m = 1 20000 ⁄ ( 1 04. 47 – 44. 94 ) = 201 8 lb/h = 3 3 . 6 lb/min
v· = 3 3 . 6 ( 0. 5 88 ) = 1 9. 5 cfm
Chapter 1 8—Refrigeration Eq uipm ent ⏐ 1 99
1 8. 6 An expansion device has a mass flow rate for

R-1 3 4a given by
m = 60 + 0. 25 Δp
where
m = flow rate in lb/min
Δp = pressure drop across the valve in psi.
For an evaporator temperature of 0°F and a
condenser temperature of 1 00°F, estimate the piston
displacement required for a compressor if C = 0. 04 and
the polytropic compression coefficient n = 1 . 1 for the
compression process.
P 1
= 21 . 1 6 psia
P
2
= 1 3 8. 83 psia
v 1
= 2. 1 5 87
m = 60 + 0. 25 ( 1 3 8. 8 – 21 . 1 6 ) = 89. 4 lb/min
1
---
n n P n
pv 1 1
= pv 2 2
⇒ v 2
= v ⎛⎝P
1
1⎞
⎠
2
1
1 .1
v 2
= ⎛ 21 . 1 6 ⎞
⎝ 1 3 8. 83 ⎠
2. 1 587 = 0. 3 9 ft
3
⁄ lb
m
v
nv = 1 + C – C ⎛⎝
v
1⎞
⎠
= 1 + 0. 04 – 0. 04 ⎛⎝
2. 1 587 ⎞
0. 3 9 ⎠
2
nv = 0. 81 9
mv
PD =
nv
1
=
89. 4 ( 2. 1 5 87 )
0. 81 9
= 23 5 . 7 cfm
1 8. 7 A liquid-to-suction heat exchanger is installed in an

R-1 3 4a system to cool liquid that comes from the
condenser with vapor that flows from the evaporator. The
evaporator generates 1 0 tons (3 5 . 1 7 kW) of refrigeration
at 3 0°F ( − 1 . 1 °C). Liquid leaves the condenser saturated at
1 00°F (3 7. 8 °C), vapor leaves the evaporator saturated,
and vapor leaves the heat exchanger at a temperature of
5 0°F (1 0°C). What is the flow rate of the refrigerant?
h 1
= 1 07. 3 2 PL = 40. 76 psia
h 1
1
= 1 1 2 ( 40. 76 psia, 5 0°F )
h 3
= hf 1 00 F
= 44. 94 PH = 1 3 8. 83
– 1 07. 3 2 ) = – h3 )
1
(11 2 ( 44. 94
h 1
3
= 40. 26 Btu/lb
m =
( 1 07. 3 2
1 0 ( 1 2000 )
– 40. 26 ) 60
= 29. 8 2 lb/min
1 8. 8An eight-cylinder ammonia compressor is designed

to operate at 800 rpm and deliver 30 tons of refrigeration.
The evaporator is to operate at 10°F with a condensing
temperature of 100°F. The vapor enters the compressor at
30°F. The ammonia leaves the condenser as saturated
liquid. If the average piston speed is to be 600 ft/min and
the actual volumetric efficiency at this condition is 83%,
find the bore of the compressor.
Assuming superheating to 30°F takes place in the evaporator
1) 30°F, 38.5 psi; h 1 = 627 v1 = 7.7 ft3 lb , ⁄
3) h 3 = h f = 155.2 30 12000
60 627 – 155.2 = 12.7 lb/min
( )
m =
( )
v· = 12.7 7.7 = 97.8 cfm ( )
97.8 = 8 800 D 2 0.375 ⎛ π ⎞

PH = 211.9 psi, PL = 38.5 psi 0.83 4 144 ( ) ( )
⎝ × ⎠
D = 3.0 in bore
x = vt
1
2 L = 600 800
L = 0.375 ft = 4.5 in.
1 8. 9A condenser is to be selected for a system that gener-

ates 30 tons (105.5 kW) of refrigeration at 10°F ( 12.2°C). −
The condenser is to operate at 110°F (43.3°C) and is cooled
with 90 gpm (5.68 L/s) of water at 85°F (29.4°C). If the
expected U-factor of the condenser is 130 Btu/h ft2·°F ⋅
[738 W/(m2·K)], calculate the condensing area required.
Assume an ideal Carnot cycle
Q
COP = A =
QA
=
1 = 1 = 4.7
W QR – QA TH 570 – 1
–1 470
TL
4.7 =
QA
=
30 ( 12000 ) ⇒ Q = 436,600 Btuh
QR – QA Q R – 30 ( 12000 ) R
Assuming 85°F inlet Q R = 436,600 = m Cp to – ti

→ ( )
to = 85 +
436600
90 8.33 60 = 94.7 ( )
tm =
110 – 85 – 110 – 94.7 = 19.6°F
( ) ( )
Δ
25
ln 15.3
436,600 = 130 × A × 19.6 ⇒ A = 171 ft2
Chapter 1 8—Refrigeration Equipment⏐ 201
A cooling tower cools water by passing it through

1 8. 1 0
a stream of air. If 1000 cfm of air at 95°F dry bulb and

78°F wet bulb enters the tower and leaves saturated at
84°F, to what temperature can this air cool water that
enters at 110°F with a flow of 80 lb/min? What is the
makeup water rate?
m da ( h out – h in ) air
mCp ( tou – toff) =
air: in 1000 Cfm, 95°F db, 78°F wb, v = 14.35 , h = 41.4 w = 0.0168
,
1000 = 69.7 lb/min

m da = 14.35
out 84°F db, 100% RH, h = 48.2 w = 0.0256 ,
water: on t = 110°F, m = 80 lb/min, Cp = 1.0

69.7 48.2 – 41.4 = 80 1 110 – toff
[ ] ( )( )
toff = 104°F
make-up = m da w o ut – w on ( )
= 69.7 0.0256 – 0.0168 = 0.61 lb/min

( )
check: 0.61 1046 – 0.244 95 – 84 = 635 = 80 110 – toff

( ) ( ) ( )
toff = 102°F
Water flowing at 28 kg/min at 11°C is chilled in an
evaporator to 4.5°C. The heat transfer area is 1.9 m2 and
1 8. 1 1
the heat exchanger has an overall heat transfer coefficient

of 341 W/(m2· K). The direct-expansion evaporator uses
R-12 and operates at 2°C. Find the evaporator effective-
ness.
Assuming refrigerant flow is not limiting,
Effectiveness = 1111––4.5
2 100 = 72% ×

Solutions to
Chapter 1 9
H EATI N G EQU I PM EN T

Chapter 1 9—Heating Equipment ⏐ 205
1 9.1 Set up the necessary combustion equations and

determine the mass of air required to burn 0.45 kg (1 lb)
of pure carbon to equal masses of CO and CO2.
x x x x x
28 + 44 C + 56 + 44 O 2 28 CO + CO 2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
→
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x x
28 + 44 12 = 0.45 kg C; x = 0.642 kg CO, CO 2
⎛ ⎞
⎝ ⎠
wt. of air = ⎛ 0.642 + 0.642 4.76 29 ⎞

= 3.6 kg air
⎝ 56 44 ⎠
( )( )
1 9. 2The gravimetric analysis of a gaseous mixture is:

CO2 = 32%, O2 = 54.5%, and N2 = 11.5%. The mixture
is at a pressure of 20.7 kPa (3 psia). Determine (a) the
volumetric analysis and (b) the partial pressure of each
component.
lb/lbmix lb/mol mol/molmix molmix/lbmix mol/molmix % Volume
a. CO2 0.32 ÷ 44 = 0.00727 0.02843 ÷ = 0.2555 ~ 25.55%
O2 0.545 ÷ 32 = 0.01705 0.02843 ÷ = 0.5995 59.95%
N2 0.115 ÷ 28 = 0.00411 0.02843 ÷ = 0.1447 14.47%
0.02843 molmix/lbmix 99.97%
⎛n
b. P mix ⎜ nCO 2⎟ 3 0.2555 0.7665 psia (5.28 kPa)
⎞
PCO 2 = = ( ) =
⎝ mix ⎠
PO 2 = 3 0.5995
( ) = 1.7985 psia (12.39 kPa)
PN2 = 3 0.1447
( ) = 0.4341 psia (2.99 kPa)
A liquid petroleum fuel, C2H6OH is burned in a

1 9. 3 b. For combustion with 80% theoretical air, determine
space heater at atmospheric pressure. the dry analysis of the exhaust gases in percentage by
a. For combustion with 20% excess air, determine the volume. [Ans: 5.94% C02, 11.04% CO, 83.02% N2]
air/fuel ratio by mass, the mass of water formed by
combustion per pound of fuel, and the dew point of
the combustion products. [Ans: 11.45, 1.34, 133.9°F]
a. Theoretical: C 2 H 6 OH + 3.25O 2 + 3.25 3.76 N 2 2CO 2 + 3.5H 2 O + 3.25 3.76 N 2
( )( ) → ( )( )
20% Excess (12.0% Theroretical):

C 2 H 6 OH + 1.2 3.25 O 2 + 1.2 3.25 3.76 N 2 2CO 2 + 3.5H 2 O + 1.2 12.22 N 2 + 0.65O 2
( )( ) ( )( )( ) → ( )( )
A
--- =
( 1.2 3.25 4.76 29 = 11.45 lb lb
)( )( )( )
F 2 12 + 6 + 16 + 1
×
air fuel ⁄
m H2 O =
(3.5 18 = 1.34 lb lb
)( )
47 H 2 O fuel ⁄
3.5
Pw =
2 + 3.5 + 14.66 + 0.65 14.7 = 2.47 psia ( )
DP = 133.9 F °
b. 80% Theoretical Air:

C 2 H 6 OH + 0.8 3.25 O 2 + 0.8 3.25 3.76 N 2 0.7CO 2 + 1.3CO + 3.5H 2 O + 8.0 3.25 3.76 N 2
( )( ) ( )( )( ) → ( )( )( )
CO 2 0.7 11.78 = 5.94% CO 2

÷
CO 1.3 11.78 = 11.04% CO

÷
9.78 11.78 = 83.02% N

N2 11.78 ÷
2
100.0%
1 9. 4Find the air/fuel ratio by mass when benzene
(C6H6) burns with theoretical air and determine the dew
point at atmospheric pressure of the combustion products
if an air/fuel ratio of 20:1 by mass is used.
C 6 H 6 + 7.5O 2 + 7.5 3.76 N 2 6CO 2 + 3H 2 O + 7.5 3.76 N2
( )( ) → ( )( )
Mol Air lb air mol air lb air 7.5 32 + 7.5 3.76 28 lb

= 13.25 air
× ⁄ ( )( ) ( )( )( )
Mol Fuel lb fuel mol fuel = lb fuel =

× ⁄ 1 78 lb fuel ( )( )
Mol Air 29 Mol Air 78 20

Mol Fuel 78 = 20, Mol Fuel = 29 = 53.8
× ×
∴
×
Actual Mols Air 53.8 ………………………
Theorical Mols Air 7.5 + 7.5 3.76 35.7 ( × )…

18.1 mols excess air
C 6 H 6 + 53.8 Air 6CO 2 + 3H 2 O + 28.2N2 + 18.1 Air
→
Mol H 2 O 3
Mol Exh. = 6 + 3 + 28.2 + 18.1 = 0.054
P v = 0.054 14.7 = 0.797 psia,
( ) P = 94 F Δ °
1 9. 5A diesel engine uses 30 lbm of fuel per hour (3.8 g/s)

when the brake output is 75 hp. If the heating value of the
fuel is 19,600 Btu/lb (45 600 kJ/kg), what is the brake
thermal efficiency of the engine?
75 hp 2545 Btu/hp·h
30 lb/h 19 ,600 Btu/lb 100 32.5%
×
η
6 = ×
× =
1 9.6 Methane (CH4) is burned with air at atmospheric

pressure. The Orsat analysis of the flue gas gives: CO2 =
10.00%, O2 = 2.41%, CO = 0.52%, and N2 = 87.07%.
Balance the combustion equation and determine the air-
fuel ratio, the percent theoretical air, and the percent
excess air. [Ans: 10.48 (vol.), 18.89 (mass), 110.1%,
10.1%]
a CH 4 + b O 2 + c N 2 → 10.0CO 2 + 0.52CO + 2.41 O 2 + dH 2 O + 87.07N 2
N2 : c = 87.07
Since nitrogen is from air: --c- = 79 = 3.76, b =

82.07 = 23.16
b 21 3.76
C: a = 10 + 0.52 = 10.52
H: 4 a = 2 d = 4 10.52 d = 21.04 ( ) →
10.52CH 4 + 23.16O 2 + 87.07N 2 10.0CO 2 + 0.52CO + 2.41 O 2 + 21.04H 2 O + 87.07N2

→
A F by volume = 23.16 + 87.07 10.52 = 10.48

moles air ft 3 air
⁄ ( ) (
mole fuel or ft3 fuel ) ⁄
lb
A F by mass = 23.16 32 + 87.07 28
⁄ ( ) [ 10.52 16 = 18.89 lb air
( ) ( ) ] ⁄( )( )
fuel
Theoretical: CH 4 + 2O 2 + 2 3.76 N 2 CO 2 + 2H2 O + 7.52 N 2
( ) →
A F by mass =
2 32 + 7.52 28 = 17.16 lb lb
( ) ( )
⁄ ( )
16 a f ⁄
% Theoretical Air = 18.89

17.16 100 = 110.1 % ×
% Excess Air = 18.8917.16

– 17.16
100 = 10.1 % ×
Fuel oil composed of C16H32 is burned with the

1 9. 7
chemically correct air-fuel ratio. Find

a. Moisture formed per kg of fuel; moisture formed per
lb of fuel
b. Partial pressure of the water vapor, kPa; water vapor
psia
c. Percentage of CO2 in the stack gases on an Orsat
basis
d. Volume of exhaust gases per unit mass of oil, if the
gas is at 260°C (500°F) and 102 kPa (14.8 psia).
C 16 H 32 + 24O 2 + 24 3.76 N 2 16CO 2 + 16H 2 O + 90.24N2
( )( ) →
1 mol 24 moles 90.24 moles 16 moles 16 moles 90.24 moles

224 lb or kg 768 lb 2527 lb 704 lb 288 lb 2527 lb
a. M F = 288 224 = 1.286 lb m /lb fuel also 1.286 kg/kg
⁄ ⁄
b.
PH2 O 16
PT
=
16 + 16 + 90.24 = 0.13; P H 2 O = 0.13 14.8 = 1.924 psia 133 kPa ( ) ( )
[dew point = 125 F(52 C)] ° °
c. % CO 2 (vol., dry) = 16 +1690.24 100 = 15.1 % ×
d. PV = nRT; V=
16 + 16 + 90.24 1544 960 = 379.5 ft2 /lb (23.7 m3 /kg)
( )( )( )
14.8 144 224 ( )( )( )

Determine the composition of a hydrocarbon fuel if

1 9. 8
the Orsat analysis gives: CO2 = 8.0%, CO = 1.0%, O 2 =

8.7%, and N2 = 82.3%.
C a H b + dO 2 + c N 2 8.0CO 2 + 1.0CO + 8.7O 2 + e H 2 O + 82.3N 2
→
N2 : c = 82.3
From composition of air: --c- = 3.76, d = 21.9

d
O 2 : 21.9 = 8.0 + 1.0 e
2 + 8.7 + --2- , e = 9.4
C: a = 8.0 + 1.0 = 9.0

H: b = 2 e = 18.8
∴ Composition of fuel: C 9 H 18.8 or C 45 H 94
1 9. 9Determine the air/fuel ratio by mass when a liquid

fuel of 16% hydrogen and 84% carbon by mass is burned
with 15% excess air. [Ans: 17.49]
H2 : 0.16 8× = 1.28 lb O 2 lb fuel
⁄ 2H2 + O 2 2H2 O →
4 32 36
1 8 9
C: 0.84 32 12× ⁄ = 2.24 lb O 2 lb fuel
⁄ C + O 2 CO 2 →
3.52 lb O 2 lb fuel 12 32 44
1 32/12 44/12
⁄
A = 3.52 lb O 2 lb fuel 0.2315 lb O 2 lb air = 15.20 lb air lb fuel , theor.

⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
A ⁄ F = 1.15 15.20 = 17.49 lb air lb fuel

( ) ⁄
1 9.1 0Compute the compositions of the flue gases on a

percent by volume on dry basis (same as Orsat) resulting
from the combustion of C8H18 with 85% theoretical air.
C 8 H 18 + 12.50O 2 + 12.5 3.76 N 2 8.0CO 2 + 9.0H 2 O + 47.0N2
( ) → 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O →
0.85 12.5 2 = 21.25 oxygen atoms available

( )( ) C + 1 2O 2 CO ⁄ →
– 9.00 for H 2 H 2 O → 2C + O 2 2CO →
12.25 C + O 2 CO 2 →
– 8.00 for C CO →
4.25 for CO CO 2 8.00 – 4.25 = 3.75 CO remaining

→
C 8 H18 + 0.85 12.5 O 2 + 0.85 47.0 N 2 4.25CO 2 + 3.75CO + 9.0H 2 O + 39.9N 2

( )( ) ( )( ) →
CO 2 = 4.25
47.9 1 = 8.9%;
× CO = 3.75
47.9 100 = 7.8%; N 2 = 39.9
47.9 100 = 83.3%
× ×
1 9. 1 1A liquid petroleum fuel having a hydrogen to

carbon ratio of 0.169 by mass is burned in a heater with
an air/fuel ratio of 17 by mass. Determine:
a. the volumetric analysis on both wet and dry bases of
the exhaust gases
b. the dew point of the exhaust gas.
H---- = 0.169 H---- = 0.169 12 = 2.028 = 2.03
C C ×
CH2.03 + 1.5075O 2 + 5.67N 2 CO 2 + 1.015H 2 O + 5.670N2 →
x( 1.5075 + 5.6700 29 = 17; )

= 1.145 or 14.5% excess
1 12 + 2.03
( )
x
CH2.03 + 1.725O 2 + 6.49N 2 CO 2 + 1.015H 2 O + 0.2175O 2 + 6.59N2

→
a. wet CO 2 = 8.7225 1 = 11.50% 1 = 12.95%

dry CO 2 = 7.7075
1.015 = 11.65%
H2 O = 8.7225
O 2 = 0.2175
8.7225 = 2.49% O 2 = 0.2175
7.7075 = 2.82%
N2 = 6.4900
8.7225 = 74.40%
6.490 = 24.20%
N2 = 7.7075
b. P
w
= 0.1165 14.7 = 1.71 psia 11.8 kPa ;
( ) Dew Point = 120 F 49 C
( ) ° ( ° )
Compare the heating value for semianthracite coal

1 9. 1 2
as given in Table 8, chapter 28, 2009 A SHRA E Hand-
book—Fundamentals with the value predicted using the

Dulong Formula. [Ans: 1.24% difference]
From Table 8, pg. 18.8, 2009 HBF
HV = 13 , 600 Btu/lb
O 2 = 5 ; H 2 = 3.9; C = 80.4; N2 = 1.1 ; S = 1.1 ; Ash = 8.5
Dulong: HHV = 14 , 544C + 62 , 028 H – 0 8 + 4050S [ ( ⁄ )]
= 14 , 544 0.804 + 62 , 028 0.39 – 0.05 8 + 4050 0.011 = 13 , 769 Btu/lb

( ) [ ( ⁄ )] ( )
Difference: 13 , 769 – 13 , 600

100 = 1.24%
13 , 600 ×
Natural gas with a volumetric composition of

1 9. 1 3
93.32% methane, 4.17% ethane, 0.69% propane, 0.19%

butane, 0.05% pentane, 0.98% carbon dioxide and 0.61%
nitrogen burns with 30% excess air. Calculate the volume
of dry air at 60°F, 30 in. Hg (15.6°C, 101.5 kPa) used to
burn 1000 ft3 (28.3 mL) of gas at 68°F and 29.92 in. Hg
(20°C and 101.4 kPa) and find the dew point of the
combustion products.
Table 1, pg. 28.2, 2009 HBF Natural Gas; 30% Excess Air
Methane (CH4) 93.32; Ethane (C2H6) 4.17; Propane (C3 H7) 0.69
Butanes (C4H10) 0.19; Pentanes (C5 H12) 0.05; CO2 0.98; N2 0.61
A ⁄ F = 9.57 0.9332 + 16.75 0.0417 + 23.95 0.0069 + 31.14 0.0019 + 38.29 0.0005
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
= 9.88 ft air /ft ga s at 68 F, 29.92 in. Hg = 9880 ft air /1000 ft gas
°
A ⁄ → ⁄
3 3 ×
3 3
F at 30% excess air A Fa = 1.3 9.88 = 12.89ft air /ft gas or 12 , 890 ft air /1000 ft gas
V1 ( RT ) ⁄ ( MP )
1 1 = T1 P 2
=
V2 ( RT ) ⁄ ( MP )
2 2 T2 P 1
V60 ° F, 30 in. Hg = 12 , 890 520 29.92 ⎛

⎝
3 ⎞⎛
⎠⎝
3
528 30 = 12 , 660 ftair /1000 ftgas
⎞
⎠
Methane: 0.9332 CO 2 + 0.9332 2 H 2 O + 0.9332 2 3.76 N 2

→ ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
Ethane: 0.0417 2 CO 2 + 0.0417 3 H 2 O + 0.0417 3.5 3.76 N 2

→ ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
Propane: 0.0069 3 CO 2 + 0.0069 4 H 2 O + 0.0069 5 3.76 N 2

→ ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
Butane, Pentane: small, neglect

CO 2 : 0.0098CO 2
0.0061 N 2
N2 : 1.047CO 2 2.019H 2 O 7.702N 2 = 10.71 Total
9.7% 1.8% 71.5%
With 30% excess air 2.018 1.047CO 2 2.019H 2 O 10.0N 2 + 2.047O 2 = 15.11 Total
Pw = 15.11 30 in. Hg
( ) = 4.0 in. Hg; Dew Point = 126 F °
The proximate analysis of a coal is: moisture =

1 9. 1 4
4.33%, volatile matter = 40.21%, fixed carbon = 45.07%,

and ash = 10.39%. The heating value was determined as
29 000 kJ/kg (12,490 Btu/lb). Find the ASTM rank of the
coal.
Prox.: M = 4.33 ; VM = 40.21 ; FC = 45.07 ; A = 10.39 ; HV = 12 ,490 Btu/lb
Change to Dry: VM = 42% ; FC = 47.1 % ; A = 10.9%
Class II. Bituminous, Group 5

High-Volatile C Bituminous Coal
From Table 7, pg. 28.8, 2009 HBF
Chapter 1 9—H eating Eq uipment ⏐ 21 1
A fuel oil shows an API gravity of 36. Calculate

1 9. 1 5
the specific gravity at 60/60°F and the pounds per gallon

of fuel. Estimate the ASTM Grade. [Ans: 0.845, 7.05,
No. 2]
Eq. (2), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
Degrees API = S.G. at141.560/60 F – 131.5 °
36 = S.G.141.5 – 131.5 ; S.G. 60/60 F = 0.845

60/60 F
°
°
at 60 F: H2 O = 0.01603 ft 2 /lb ; = 62.383 lb/ft 3

° ν ρ
fu el o il = 0.845 62.383 = 52.714 lb/ft

ρ ( 3 )
M = 52.714 lb/ft 3 0.13368 ft 3 /gal = 7.047 lb/gal

×
Grade No. 2
A representative No. 4 fuel oil has a gravity of
1 9. 1 6
25° API and the following composition: carbon = 87.4%,

hydrogen = 10.7%, sulfur = 1.2%, nitrogen = 0.2, mois-
ture = 0, and solids = 0.5%.
a. Estimate its higher heating value.
b. Compute the mass of air required to burn, theoreti-
cally, 1 gallon of the fuel.
141.5 – 131.5
25 = S.G./60 F ° Eq. (2), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
S.G./60 F = 0.904
°
No. 4 fuel oil, 25°API

C = 87.4; H = 10.7; S = 1.2; N = 0.2; Solids = 0.5
a. HHV, Btu/lb = 22 , 320 – 37 S.G. = 18 , 903 Btu/lb ( Eq. (3), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
)
Table 6: No. 4 1 gal = 7.5 lb ; HV = 145 ,000 Btu/gal

b. A F = 0.0144 8C + 24H + 3S – 30
⁄ ( Eq. (6), pg. 28.10, 2009 HBF )
= 0.0144 8 87.4 + 24 10.7 + 3 1.2 = 13.82 lb a /lb f

[ ( ) ( ) ( )]
lb a gal fuel = 13.82 7.5 = 103.6lb a gal f

⁄ ( )( ) ⁄
1 9. 1 7 The following data was taken from a test on an oil-
fired furnace:
Fuel rate = 20 gal oil/h
Specific gravity of fuel oil = 0.89% by mass
Hydrogen in fuel = 1 4.7%
Temperature of fuel for combustion = 80°F
Temperature of entering combustion air = 80°F
Relative humidity of entering air = 45%
Temperature of flue gases leaving furnace = 550°F
a. Calculate the heat loss in water vapor in products
formed by combustion.
b. Calculate the heat loss in water vapor in the combus-
tion air.
[Ans: 1 672.5 Btu/lb (3888 kJ/kg), 29.4 Btu/lb
(68.3 kJ/kg)]
a. q 3 =
9 H2
1 00
( h tg h f ta
) – ( ) Eq. (1 9), Chap. 28, 2009 HBF
( 9 ) ( 1 4.7 )
= ( 1 31 2.2 – 48.05 ) = 1 672.5 Btu/lb f
1 00
b. q 4 = Mwa h tg h f ta
[( ) – ( ) ] Eq. (20), Chap. 28, 2009 HBF
= ( 0.0098 ) ( 1 3.89 ) ( 1 31 2.2 – 1 096.1 2 ) = 29.4 Btu/lb
An office building requires 2901 MJ (2.75 × 1 0 9

1 9. 1 8
Btu) of heat for the winter season. Compute the seasonal

heating costs, if the following fuel is used:
a. Bituminous coal; 31 380 kJ/kg (1 3,500 Btu/lb);
$70.00 per ton
b. No. 2 fuel oil, 38 500 kJ/L (1 38,000 Btu/gal); $2.75
per gallon.
Assume that the conversion efficiency is 75% for the
oil and 61 % for the coal.
2 , 750 , 000 , 000 Btu
a. × $ 70.00 /ton = $ 1 1 , 680 coal
1 3 , 500 Btu/lb × 2000 lb/ton × 0.61
2 , 750 , 000 , 000
b. × $ 2.75 /gal = $ 73 , 067 oil
1 38 , 000 × 0.75
Saturated air at 41°F dry bulb (5°C) enters a

1 9. 1 9
furnace; it leaves the furnace at 110°F dry bulb (43.3°C)

and 0.00543 lbv /lba (0.00543 kg/kg) and circulates
through a factory. Air leaves the factory at 65°F dry bulb
(18.3°C) and 63°F wet bulb (17.2°C).
a. What is the sensible and latent heat change for the air
passing through the factory?
b. State whether the air gains or loses sensible and
latent heat during each process. [Ans: qs = +6 Btu/lb
(14.0 kJ/kg), ql = +7 Btu/lb (16.3 kJ/kg)]
a. q s = m c p Δt =0.24 110 – 65 = 10.8 Btu/lb loss
( )
q L = m w h f = 0.012 – 0.0054 1060 = 7 Btu/lb gain

(Δ ) ( )
g
b. Across space: loses sensible, gains latent, see (a)

Across furnace:
q s = 0.24 110 – 41 = 16.6 Btu/lb gain by air
( )
q L = 0.0054 – 0.0054 h f = 0
( )
g
A plant is maintained at 70°F dry bulb, 60% RH,

1 9. 2 0
and has a low-pressure steam heating system. A makeup

air system is being added to the plant and it has been
decided that the input air should be 10,127 cfm. Outside
design conditions are 1°F dry bulb, 50% RH. The plant
−
is 250 by 560 ft and normally has 325 people working per
shift.
a. What are the total steam requirements for the heating
coil and the humidifier?
b. What capacity should the humidifier have in pounds
of water per hour?
Makeup air system for ventilation:
OA: –1°F db; 50% RH; Pv = 0.5(1.754 10–2) = 0.009; = 11.6 × ν
w = 0.622
0.009
14.7 – 0.009 = 0.0004 lb /lb a ν
r: 70 F db; 60% RH; w = 0.0094

°
m w = 325 475 1100 = 140.3 lb w /h

( ) ⁄ lightbench work
m a = 10 , 127 60 11.6 = 52 , 380 lb da /h
( ) ⁄
w s = 0.0094 –
140.3
52 , 380 = 0.0067 lb v /lb a
a. q = 52 , 380 0.240 70 – –1 + 1060 0.0067 – 0.0004 = 1 , 242 , 300 Btu/h
{ [ ( )] ( )}
b. m H = 52 , 380 0.0067 – 0.0004 = 330 lb/h

( )
1 9. 2 1 A residence with a design heating load of 26 kW

(8 9,000 Btu/h) is to use an oil-fired warm air system with
forced circulation. Return air to the furnace is at 22. 2°C
(72°F). Specify the following:
This p roblem requires catalog data.
a. Supply air temperature

b. Airflow rate
c. Make and catalog number of suitable furnace
a. 1 35 ° F
b. q = 1 . 1 0 ( cfm ) ( t – t ); 89 , 000 = 1 . 1 0 ( cfm ) ( 1 3 5 – 72 )

s s r
Airflow = 1 280 cfm
1 9. 2 2 A residence with a design heating load of 1 6 kW

(5 5 ,000 Btu/h) is to use a forced circulation hot-water
baseboard radiator system. The baseboard units house
copper tubing with aluminum fins and operate with the
inlet air temperature at 1 8 . 3 °C (65 °F). Specify the
following:
This pro blem requires catalo g data.
a. Hot water inlet temperature and outlet temperature

b. Total water flow rate
c. Total length of radiator panel for house
d. Location of panels
e. Make and catalog number of suitable hot water
heater
a. 1 90 ° F inlet; 1 70 ° F outlet
b. q = 490 ( gpm ) Δt ; 5 5 , 000 = 490 ( gpm ) 20

s
gpm = 5.6
c. L ≅ 90 ft from catalog for t = 1 80 ° F

av
1 9. 2 3 For the residence of Problem 1 9-22 , electric base-

board units replace the hot water system. Specify
This pro blem requires catalo g data.
a. Total rating of electric system, kW

b. Total length of baseboard units
5 5 , 000
a. P = = 1 6. 1 = 1 6 kW
3 41 3
b. from catalog: ∼ 250 W/ft = 85 2 Btu/h/ft
5 5 , 000
L ≅ = 64. 5 ft
85 2
1 9. 2 4 A large classroom has a winter design heat loss of

1 9. 9 kW (68,000 Btu/h) with installed forced circulation
hot-water baseboard radiators. The baseboard units house
copper tubing with aluminum fins and operate with the
inlet air temperature at 1 8. 3 °C (65 °F). Specify the
following:
T his prob lem requires catalog data.
a. Hot water inlet temperature and outlet temperature

b. Water flow rate
c. Length of radiator panel
a. 1 90 ° F inlet; 1 70 ° F outlet
b. qs = 490 ( gpm ) Δ t ; 68 , 000 = 490 ( gpm ) 20
gpm = 6. 95 ∼ 7
c. from catalog: at ta v = 1 80 ° F ; ∼ 600 Btu/h/ft
68 , 000
L = = 1 1 3 ft
600
1 9. 2 5 A large classroom has a winter design load of

26 kW (8 9,000 Btu/h). A forced circulation warm air
system is to be used with return air at 23 . 3 °C (74°F).
Specify
a. Supply air temperature

b. Airflow rate
qs = 1 . 1 0 ( cfm ) ( t s tr )
–
a. ts = 1 3 5 ° F (selected)
b. 89 , 000 = 1 . 1 0 ( cfm ) ( 1 3 5 – 74 )
Airflow rate = 1 3 3 0 cfm

1 9. 2 6 For a heat loss from the space to be conditioned of

Q, write the expression for determining
a. Amount of air L/s (cfm), which must be supplied if a
hot air system is used
b. Amount of hot water L/s (gpm), which must be sup-
plied if a hydronic system is used
c. Amount of steam kg/h (lb/h), which must be sup-
plied if a steam heating system is used
d. Size, in watts, of electric heaters required if electric
heat is used
· · qs
a. Hot air: qs = 1 .2 V ( t r – ts ) ; V ( l ⁄ s ) =
1 .2 ( ts – t r )
·
b. Hydronic: q s = m w c p ( tin – to u t ) w = ρ
w Vw c p w ( t in – to u t ) w
w
· qs
Vw =
ρ c
w p (t
in – to u t ) w
w
qs
c. Steam: q s = m s th f ; m s t =
g hf
g
P ( watt )
d. Electric: q s ( kW ) = ; P = 1 000 qs
1 000
1 9. 2 7 List the steps taken when designing a forced-

circulation hot water heating system.
1. Compute the heat required for each room or space
2. Sketch runs, boiler, and convector locations.
3. Compute gpm for each circuit.
4. Select pump.
5. Find Δ P/ft capacity of pump.

6. Select pipe sizes required.
1 9. 2 8 Compute the increase in length of 28 . 3 m (93 ft) of

steel steam pipe when the average steam temperature is
1 1 3 °C (23 5 °F) and the air is 21 °C (70°F). The pipe was
installed during a period when the temperature was
1 5 . 6°C (60°F).
–6
α = 6. 5 × 1 0 in. /in.
–6
Δ L = α L Δt = 6. 5 × 1 0 ( 93 ) ( 23 5 – 60 ) = 0. 1 06 ft = 1 . 27 in.
1 9. 2 9 The total mass of steel in the boiler and piping of

a school’s heating system is 9080 kg (20,000 lb). The
piping and boiler also contain 681 0 kg (1 5 ,000 lb) of
water. After a weekend shut-down, the temperature of the
system is 1 0°C (5 0°F). The operating temperature is
93 °C (200°F).
a. Assuming the system should be warmed up in one

hour, determine the required furnace size.
[Ans: 764 kW (2,61 0,000 Btu/h)]
b. For a furnace size of 1 46 kW (500,000 Btu/h) output,
when should the furnace be started to be up to the
operating temperature of 93 °C (200°F) by 7: 3 0 A. M.
Monday morning? [Ans: 2: 1 6 A. M. Sunday]
qaγ = mH O
C
H2 O
Δt + m s C s Δt = ( m H O
C
H2 O
+ m s C s ) Δt
2 2
a. q(1 ) = , + 20 , 000 × 0. 1 2 ) ( 200 – 5 0 ) = 2 , 61 0 , 000

( 1 5 000 × 1 Btu/h
b. 5 00 , 000 ( γ ) = 2 , 61 0 , 000 ; γ = 5. 22 h = 5 h – 1 3 min.
7 : 3 0 A. M. – 5 : 1 3 = 2 : 1 7 A. M.

Solutions to
Chapter 20
HEAT EXCHANGE
EQUIPMENT

Chapter 20—Heat Exchange Equipment⏐ 221
NOTE: A ll of the problems in this chapter are open-ended design problems and require the reader to make
certain design assumptions. There are a number of possible solutions. A possible solution for 20. 5 is provided below
to illustrate the open-ended nature of these design problems.
2 0. 5 Design the evaporator/condenser for a cascade low-
temperature refrigeration system using R-41 0A in the high
temperature loop and R-22 in the low temperature loop.
The shell-and-tube heat exchanger will use standard size
copper tubes with a steel pipe as the shell. R-22 at the rate
of 0. 1 3 0 kg/s is to be condensed from saturated vapor to
saturated liquid at a pressure of 0. 91 MPa as it flows
through the tubes. R-41 0A surrounds the tubes and evapo-
rates under pool boiling conditinos at a pressure of 1 . 1
MPa. The exterior of the heat exchanger shell is to be well
insulated. Space limites the length of the exchanger to 2 m.
Governing Relations:
Q = mc(hco – hci) = mh(hhi – hho )

FΔ m , c f
Q = UA FΔ tm , cf =
ΣR
where:
1
U=
do
A A R fi A ln di A R fo A R c A
+ + + + +
hiA i A i 2 π kl Ao A o h o ( A p la n e + φ A fin )
Δ t a – Δ tb
Δ tm , cf =
⎛Δ ta ⎞
ln
⎝Δ tb ⎠
Saturated vapor → saturated liquid at 0. 91 MPa
R-22 at 293 K condensing

R-41 0a at 1 . 1 MPa evaporating at 283 K
Q = m· h fg
R – 22
= 0. 1 3 kg/s (1 87. 6 kJ/kg) = 24. 4 kW
= 24,000 kW
Δ ta – Δ tb
Δt
m
= or Δ t
a vg
= 293 – 283 = 10°C
⎛ Δ t a⎞
ln
⎝ Δ t b⎠
m
i
= N
T
ρA V
T
Select:
5
--- in. OD
8
(D
i
= 1 3 . 4 mm )
(D
o
= 1 5 . 9 mm )
πD2
A
T
= i
= 0. 0001 4 m
2
4
at x = 0. 1
Select:
D VP
Re
v
= 40,000 = i
1
v
x
= 0. 1 0. 026 + 0. 9 = 0. 003 4
1 200
μ = [ 0. 1 ( 1 2. 4 + 0. 9 ( 1 75 ) ) ] 1 0 –6
= 1 5 9 × 1 0 –6
Inside:
40,000 × 1 5 9 × 1 0 – 6 ( 0. 003 4 )
V =
0. 01 3 4
V = 1 . 6 m/s
0. 1 3 kg/s × ( 0. 003 4 )
N
T
=
0. 0001 4 ( 1 . 6 )
N
T
= 1 . 97
Two tubes per pass.

Chapter 20—Heat Exchange Equipment⏐ 223
F rom Equation 2 0 . 3 3 :
h iDi ρ
l⎞
1 / 2 0. 8
⎛
= 0. 2 6 Prl / Re l + Re v ⎛⎝
1 3 ⎞
⎝ K ρ ⎠
v
⎠
hi = 3 0, 000 W/ ( m
2
⋅ K)
Table 2 0. 7 → R
fi
= 0. 0 00 1 8
Assume:
Δ T= 5
ho = 1 4 , 5 00 W/ ( m
2
⋅ K)
( 3 0, 000 ( 20 – Ts ) = 1 4, 5 00 ( Ts – 10))
→ Ts = 1 6. 7 ° C
Δ T= 6. 7 ° C
From Table 2 0 . 7 :
hi = 2 6, 000 W/ ( m
2
⋅ K)
R fo = 0. 0003 5
Udirty =
1
+ + +
1 1
0. 0003 5 0. 0001 8
3 0, 000 2 6, 000
Udirty = 1 660 w/ m
2
°C
Uc lea n = =
1
2
1 4, 000 W/ ( m ⋅ K)
+
1 1
3 0, 000 2 6, 0 00
Ua vg = 78 00 W/ ( m
2
⋅ K)
( Q = Uo A o Δ Tm = 2 4, 000 = 7 8 00 ( 2 ) π ( 0. 01 5 9 ) × L T( 10)Δ Tm )
LT = 3.2 m
L = =
3.2
1 .6
max pass
2
Use two p asses where a p ass equals 1 . 6 m; use two tubes for each pass where a tube is 5 /8 in. O D.

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© (2009), Am eri can Soci ety of H eati n g , Refri g erati n g an d Ai r-Con d i ti on i n g En g i n eers, I n c. (www. ash rae. org ).

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

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Ron al d H . H owel l Wi l l i am J . Coad H arry J . Sau er, J r.

Am eri can Soci ety of H eati n g, Refri gerati n g an d Ai r- C on d i ti on i n g E n gi n eers, I n c.

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©2 009 American S ociety of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

www. ashrae. org

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United S tates of America

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Editor/Group Manager Group Manager of Publishing Services

Managing Editor Publication Traffic Administrator

A ssistant Editor W. Stephen C omstock

E lisab eth Parrish

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N otes to I n stru ctors

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n ot perm i tted wi th ou t ASH RAE’ s pri or wri tten perm i ssi on .

1 . 1 Estimate whether ice will form on a clear night when

ambient air temperature is 45°F (7.2°C), if the water is

Heat in by convection = Heat out by radiation to space

1 .4 Estimate the size of cooling and heating equipment

1 . 5 Estimate the size of heating and cooling equipment

that will be needed for a residence in middle America that

1 .6Estimate the initial cost of the complete HVAC

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4 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i tion i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al

1 . 7 Estimate the annual operating cost for the building in

1 .8 Open-ended design problem.

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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics ⏐ 7

2.6 Two pounds of air contained in a cylinder expand

2.7 Determine the specific volume, enthalpy, and

h = 0.14 395.8 + 0.86 192.9 = 221.3 kJ/kg

s = 0.14 1.7306 + 0.86 0.976 = 1.082 kJ/kg K

2.8 Saturated R-134a vapor at 42°C is superheated at

Sg = 1.7108 kJ/kg K u = h – P = 420.44 – 1.0721 10 6 0.0189 1000

s 2 – s 1 = 1.81 – 1.71 = 0.10 kJ/kg ⋅ k; u 2 – u 1 = 427.5 – 400.2 = 27.3 kJ/kg

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8 ⏐ Pri n ci pl es of H eati n g, Ven ti l ati n g, an d Ai r C on d i tion i n g—Sol u ti on s M an u al

Steam line: P = 1 00 psi ; t = 400 °F

29400 ≈ 29700 ∴ m i = 3 3 . 9 – 9. 955 = 23 . 95 lb

2.1 0 Determine the heat required to vaporize 5 0 kg of

2.1 1 The temperature of 1 5 0 kg of water is raised from

2.1 2 Three cubic meters per second of water are cooled

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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics ⏐ 9

2.1 3 Consider 1 0 lb m of air that is initially at 1 4. 7 psia,

a. Closed system, constant volume process, perfect gas

ΔH = mc p t Δ = ( 1 0 ) ( 0. 240 ) ( 5 00 – 1 00 ) = 960 Btu

Q–W= U Δ (closed system); w= 0 since constant volume

b. Closed system, constant pressure process, perfect gas

Q–W= U Δ W= Q– u =(closed system) ; Δ 960 – 684 = 276 Btu

2.1 4 The discharge of a pump is 1 0 ft above the inlet.