Introduction: PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
3. Predict – Once we know what happens,
We all use the principles of psychology
everyday and probably don’t even realize it.
When we spank our child for doing something
wrong, we are utilizing the learning principle
of punishment. When we get nervous right
before we have to give that big speech, we
are activating our autonomic nervous system.
When we talk to ourselves in our heads,
telling ourselves to "calm down," "work
harder," or "give up," we are utilizing
cognitive approaches to change our behaviors
and emotions.
What is Psychology?
➔ Psychology is came from the words “psyche”
means mind or soul and “logos” means the
study of. It is the scientific study of
cognitions, emotions, and behavior.
➔ Psychologists are involved in a variety of
tasks. Many spend their careers designing
and performing research to better
understand how people behave in specific
situations, how and why we think the way we
do, and how emotions develop and what
impact they have on our interactions with
others.
The study of psychology has five basic
goals:
1. Describe – The first goal is to observe
behavior and describe, often in minute
detail, what was observed as objectively as
possible
2. Explain – While descriptions come from
observable data, psychologists must go
beyond what is obvious and explain their
observations. In other words, why did the
subject do what he or she did?
and why it happens, we can begin to
speculate what will happen in the future.
There’s an old saying, which very often holds
true: "the best predictor of future behavior
is past behavior."
4. Control – Once we know what happens,
why it happens and what is likely to happen in
the future, we can excerpt control over it.
In other words, if we know you choose
abusive partners because your father was
abusive, we can assume you will choose
another abusive partner, and can therefore
intervene to change this negative behavior.
5. Improve – Not only do psychologists
attempt to control behavior, they want to do
so in a positive manner, they want to improve
a person’s life, not make it worse. This is not
always the case, but it should always be the
intention.
Psychology as a Science
Although psychologists share the average
person’s interest in behavior and the unseen
mental processes that shape it, they rely on
the scientific methods when searching out
answers to psychological questions. They
collect data from careful, systematic
observation; attempt to explain what they
have observed by developing theories; make
new predictions based on those theories;and
then systematically test those predictions
through additional observations and
experiments to determine whether they are
correct.
 The Growth of Psychology ★ 1962 - Psychological Association of the
Philippines was founded and Dr. Sinforoso
★ 500 B.C. – Greek Philosophers such as Plato, Padilla was the first president
Socrates and Aristotle piloted the study of ★ 1975 - Dr. Virgilio Enriquez founded
human behavior Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang
★ 400 A.D. – St. Augustine used introspection Pilipino (PSSP)
in his book “Confessions”. ★ 1978 - Sikolohiyang Pilipino was taught in
★ 1700 – Rene Decartes explained the UP
connection between body and mind. John ★ 2010 – R.A. 10029 was signed by Pres.
Locke also postulated about the infant’s mind Gloria M. Arroyo which enacts the
is similar to tabula rasa. regulation of practice of Psychology in the
★ 1859 – Charles Darwin wrote a book about Philippines
evolution, and he reported the association
between the mental process and behavior. School of Psychology
★ 1879 – The first psychological laboratory
was founded by Wilhelm Wundt at University ➔ Structuralism – stresses the basic units of
of Leipzig in Germany. His primary interest experience and the combinations in which
was perception and he also used objective they occur.
introspection. ➔ Functionalism – goes beyond mere sensation
and perception to explore how an organism
Psychology in the Philippines learns to function in its environment.
➔ Psychoanalytic – emphasizes that behavior
★ 1700 – University of Sto. Tomas and results from psychological factors that
University of San Carlos introduced interact within the individual, often outside
psychology as a field of study conscious awareness.
★ 1908 – University of the Philippines ➔ Behaviorism – stresses the importance of
incorporated psychology in Department of observable and measurable behavior in
Philosophy. understanding the individual.
★ 1926 – Department of Psychology was ➔ Humanistic-Existential Psychology –
founded in UP stresses that every individual is innately
★ 1930’s – Department of Psychology was good and is capable of self-realization and
founded in UST actualization.
★ 1932 - Dr. Sinforoso Padilla established UP ➔ Gestalt Psychology – studies how people
Psychological Clinic perceive and experience objects as whole
★ 1933 - Dr. Jesus Perpiňan founded FEU patterns.
Psychology Clinic ➔ Cognitive Psychology – devoted to the study
★ 1947 - Dr. Jaime Zaguirre taught clinical of mental processes.
psychology and pioneered
“neuropsychological services” at V. Luna
General Hospital
★ 1948 – UST introduced BS Psychology
program as well as Masteral and Doctoral
program
★ 1961 – Fr. Jaime Bulatao, S.J. founded
Department of Psychology at the ADMU.
 ➔ It was in the early 1970s that this was
Methods of Research in Psychology initiated when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez
Since Psychology is a science, psychologists returned to the Philippines from
must collect data systematically and Northwestern University, USA with a Ph.D.
objectively. To accomplish this, they use a in Social Psychology and lost no time in
variety of research methods. introducing the concept of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino (Filipino Psychology).
➔ Naturalistic Observation – involving the
systematic study of animal or human ➔ Together with then-chairman of the
behavior in natural settings rather than in Department of Psychology at the University
the laboratory of the Philippines (U.P.), Dr. Alfredo V.
➔ Case Study – intensive description and Lagmay, Enriquez embarked on a research
analysis of a single individual into the historical and cultural roots of
➔ Survey Method – descriptive method of PhilippinePsychology.
research that uses questionnaires and ➔ Subsequently, the research included
interviews to collect data identifying indigenous concepts and
➔ Correlational Method – that investigates approaches in Philippine psychology and
how strongly two factors are related to one developing creativity and inventiveness
another. among Filipinos. From these researches, a
➔ Experimental Method – method that used to two-volume bibliography on Filipino
establish cause and effect relationship. psychology and a locally developed
personality test, Panukat ng Ugali at
FATHER OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO Pagkatao (Measure of Character and
Personality), were produced. In 1975,
Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez Enriquez chaired the Unang Pambansang
➔ was a Filipino psychologist, considered the Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First
father of sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino National Conference on Filipino Psychology)
Psychology), who advanced indigenous which was held at the Abelardo Auditorium
psychology in the Philippines. Born in Bulacan at U.P.
on November 24, 1942, he was the youngest
child of Arsenio Enriquez and Rosario Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology)
Gaspar. Enriquez finished his elementary ➔ refers to the psychology born out of the
education at the Espiritu Santo Parochial experience, thought and orientation of the
School and his secondary schooling at Colegio Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino
de San Juan de Letran. He earned his B.A. in culture and language.
philosophy at the University of the ➔ The approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from
Philippines (UP) in 1961. Two years later, he within’’ whereby the theoretical framework
joined the UP Department of Psychology as a and methodology emerge from the
faculty member. In 1965, Enriquez was experiences of the people from the
among the few academics teaching indigenous culture. It is based on assessing
psychology in the Filipino language. He took historical and socio-cultural realities,
graduate studies at Northwestern University understanding the local language,
in the United States, where he obtained his unraveling Filipino characteristics, and
M.A. in psychology in 1970 and Ph.D. in social explaining them through the eyes of the
psychology in 1971. native Filipino.