Republic of the Philippines

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering and Architecture

Course CHEM111E (Chemistry for Engineers)

Title of the
Unit I. Fundamentals of Chemistry
Module
Module No. Module 1 – 5
At the end of this module, the student shall be able:
Learning
a. To determine and distinguish other types of chemical reactions.
Objectives
b. To relate md
Content IX. Other Types of Chemical Reactions

IX.Other Types of Chemical Reactions

A. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
Oxidation is defined as an increase in oxidation state and corresponds to the
loss, or apparent loss, of electrons. Reduction is a decrease in oxidation state and
corresponds to the gain, or apparent gain, of electrons.

Since electrons are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions, oxidation
and reduction reactions occur simultaneously and call it as redox reactions. This
type of reaction involves oxidizing and reducing agents. Oxidizing agents are species
that (1) oxidize other substances, (2) contain atoms that are reduced, and (3) gain (or
appear to gain) electrons. Reducing agents are species that (1) reduce other
substances, (2) contain atoms that are oxidized, and (3) lose (or appear to lose)
electrons.

The following equations represent examples of redox reactions. Oxidation states are
shown above the formulas, and oxidizing and reducing agents are indicated:

0 0 +3 21
The above equation can also be represented as as total ionic and net ionic equations.
Considering the second reaction:
2[𝐹𝑒 3+ (𝑎𝑞) + 3𝐵𝑟 − (𝑎𝑞)] + 3𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) ⟶ 2[𝐹𝑒 3+ (𝑎𝑞) + 3𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)] + 3𝐵𝑟2 (ℓ)

In order to distinguish between actual charges on ions and oxidation states, oxidation
numbers are denoted as +𝑛 or −𝑛 in circles just above the symbols of the elements
while actual charges are denoted as 𝑛 + or 𝑛 − above and to the right side of formula
of ions. The above redox equation can be simplified by the cancellation of Fe 3+ since it
does not participate in electron transfer and considered as spectator ion. Thus, the
equation can be simplified on the oxidizing agent, Cl2 (g), and the reducing agent, Br2
(aq)
2𝐵𝑟 − (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) ⟶ 2𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐵𝑟2 (ℓ)

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering and Architecture

A disproportionation reaction is a redox reaction in which the same element is

oxidized and reduced. An example is:

B. Metathesis Reaction
We recall from the previous module that this type of reaction was classified based
from the removal of ions.

1. Acid-Base (Neutralization) Reactions: Formation of a Nonelectrolyte

A neutralization reaction occurs when the properties of acids and bases involved
in the reaction are neutralized. Typical example includes reaction of an acid with a
metal hydroxide base produces a salt and water. Where H+ (aq) from an acid
combined with and OH-(aq) from a base (or a base plus water) forms water
molecules. Thus, the net ionic equation below represents reaction of strong acids
with strong bases forming soluble salts and water:
𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)

Below is an example of reaction of strong acid with strong base:

𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ) + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)
[𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)] + [𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞)] ⟶ 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ) + [𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)]
𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)

The net ionic equation from the reaction of weak monoprotic acids with strong
bases to form soluble salts can be represented as below equation where HA is the
weak acid and A- is its anion:
𝐻𝐴(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐴− + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)

Below is an example of reaction of strong base, potassium hydroxide (KOH), and

weak acid, acetic acid (CH3COOH), forming a soluble salt (potassium acetate,
KCH3COO).
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐾𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + [𝐾 + (𝑎𝑞) −
+ 𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞)] ⟶ [𝐾 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞)] + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)

2. Precipitation Reactions
A precipitation reaction occurs when there is a strong attraction between cations
and anions resulting to the removal of ions from the solution forming an insoluble
solid or precipitate. A typical example of this type of reaction is our teeth and bones
(mostly calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2) that were formed under slow rate and
deposited in the correct geometric arrangements. Another typical example is the
formation of insoluble carbonates such as limestone that consists mostly of calcium
carbonate, CaCO3, and significant amount of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(ℓ)
[𝐶𝑎2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)] + [2𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂32− (𝑎𝑞)] ⟶ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2[𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)]

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering and Architecture

𝐶𝑎2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂32− (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠)

C. Gas-Formation Reactions
Gas-formation reaction involves formation of insoluble or slightly soluble gas
from the reaction of non-gaseous reactants. HCl(g) and NH3(g) are the only common
gas that are very soluble in water. The low solubility of other gases can force a
reaction to proceed if they are formed as a reaction product. An example of this type of
reaction includes a product from the first reaction and acts as a reactant on the second
reaction.

The first reaction involves hydrochloric acid (HCl) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)
producing carbonic acid (H2CO3):
2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) ⟶ 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞)
2[𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)] + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) ⟶ 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + [𝐶𝑎2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)]

2𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) ⟶ 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑎2+ (𝑎𝑞)

The carbonic acid formed from reaction decomposes due to the heat generated in the
first reaction. The thermal decomposition of carbonic acid produced CO 2 bubbles and
water.
𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)

Considering that all the limiting reactant present was converted, the ionic species
were converted to non-ionized molecules. Thus, the complete reaction can be
represented as:
2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) ⟶ 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ) + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞)

Self-Assessment Activity IX:

1. Determine which of the following are oxidation–reduction reactions. For those that
are, identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.
(a) 𝐻𝑔𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐾𝐼(𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐻𝑔𝐼2 (𝑠) + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)
(b) 4𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔) + 3𝑂2 (𝑔) ⟶ 2𝑁2 (𝑔) + 6𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔)
(c) 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2𝐻𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝐶𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ)
(d) 𝑃𝐶𝑙3 (ℓ) + 3𝐻2 𝑂(ℓ) ⟶ 3𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞)

2. Classify each of these exchange reactions as an acid-base reaction, a precipitation

reaction, or a gas-forming reaction. Predict the products of the reaction, and then
balance the completed equation.
(a) 𝑀𝑛𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆(𝑎𝑞) ⟶
(b) 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) ⟶
(c) 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞)𝑠 ⟶
References:
Atkins, P. and Jones, L. Chemical Principles, The Quest for Insight (5th Ed). W.H.
Freeman and Company, NY. ISBN 1-4292-1955-6

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1 - 5: Page 3

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering and Architecture

Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry (10th Ed). Mc-Graw-Hill Companies, Inc, NY. ISBN 978–
0–07–351109–2
Whitten, K.W., Davis, R.E., Peck, M.L., and Stanley, G.G. (2014). Chemistry (10th Ed).
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, CA. ISBN 978-1-133-61066-3

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1 - 5: Page 4