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Computer Hardware Maintenance Master Quickly

Computer Motherboard Repair Expert

Chief Editor Li Jingchuan Chen Xueping

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brief introduction

The main board repair course is the core course of computer hardware and peripherals major, and it is the job post of computer hardware inspection and repair major in vocational colleges.

In typical professional activities, the professional course integrates the knowledge and ability required for the detection and elimination of hardware faults of terminal computers and common accessories

motherboards. It has strong practicality and focuses on the cultivation of students' hands-on ability.

The main task of this course is to enable students to have the ability to use various tools to detect and eliminate hardware faults of various motherboards;

Communication and coordination and on-site response capabilities, awareness of safety protection, and awareness of standardized operations.

This book adopts a large number of diagrams, starting from the basic knowledge of the main board, working principle, main maintenance methods, maintenance skills, etc.

The sequence gradually introduces the chip-level maintenance method of the computer motherboard.

This book can be used as a study, reference and reference for computer maintenance personnel, and can also be used as a computer maintenance teaching material for electronic information majors in higher vocational and secondary vocational schools.

It can also be used as a guide book for chip maintenance in college students' skills competition.

Without permission, part or all of the contents of this book may not be reproduced or plagiarized in any way.

All rights reserved, infringement must be investigated.

Book Cataloging in Publication (CIP) data

Computer Motherboard Maintenance Expert / Li Jingchuan, edited by Chen Xueping. —Beijing: Electronics Industry Press, 2015.1 (Computer

Hardware Maintenance Master Quickly)

ISBN 978-7-121-22726-4

ÿ. ÿGauge... ÿ. ÿLi... ÿChen... ÿ. ÿComputer main board - maintenance ÿ. ÿTP332.07

Chinese Edition Library CIP Data Hezi (2014) No. 254594

Planning editor: Tan Peixiang

Responsible editor: E Weihua

Printing: Printing Factory of China Film Publishing House

Binding: Printing Factory of China Film Publishing House

Publishing and distribution: Electronic Industry Press

Box 173, Wanshou Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036

Format: 787×1092 1/16 Printed sheet: 20 Words: 487 thousand words

Edition: Edition 1, January 2015

Print run: 1st printing, January 2015

List price: $39.80

If there is a defect in the books purchased from Electronic Industry Press, please ask the bookstore where you bought them for replacement. If the bookstore is out of stock, please contact the publishing department of this agency.

Contact and mail order telephone: (010) 88254888.

For quality complaints, please email to zlts@phei.com.cn, and for piracy and infringement reports, please email to dbqq@phei.com.cn.

Service hotline: (010) 88258888.

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foreword

As the popularity of computers continues to increase, plugging and unplugging boards has gradually become a routine for most people to troubleshoot computers.

Means, more and more people hope to further master computer hardware maintenance technology. For novices learning chip-level maintenance,

The biggest distress is that you can't learn it, and you don't know where to start. For users with certain experience, they are often troubled by maintenance techniques.

Can stay at a lower level for a longer period of time. The series of "Computer Hardware Repair Master Quickly" is for those who want to get started

It is written deliberately for readers who want to improve chip-level maintenance skills.

This series of books is employment-oriented, highlights skills training, and covers most of the current courses in the field of computer hardware maintenance

The content provides a complete set of solutions for fully mastering hardware chip-level maintenance skills.

The motherboard is a key component of the entire computer, and is the basic platform for the work of various boards and cards in the computer. It plays a vital role in the computer.

Wanted role. The motherboard works under the condition of low voltage and high current, so the failure rate is relatively high. And due to the price of the motherboard

The price is high and the maintainability is strong, so the maintenance business of the motherboard is increasing day by day. Based on this situation, more and more maintenance

Personnel need to learn and improve the maintenance skills of computer motherboards.

Motherboard maintenance requires maintenance personnel to have a certain foundation of analog circuits and digital circuits, and have a certain ability to read circuit diagrams.

And to master the relevant knowledge of computer hardware and disassembly skills.

This book adopts a large number of illustrations, from the motherboard's cognition, working principle, main maintenance methods, maintenance skills, etc.

Starting from the basic knowledge, gradually deepening, detailed analysis of each unit circuit of the main board, focusing on explaining the causes of various faults of the main board

Causes and repair methods.

This book is edited by Li Jingchuan and Chen Xueping of Chongqing Electronic Engineering Vocational College. During the writing of this book, the

Thank you very much for the strong support of the teams participating in the chip maintenance competition of Chongqing Electronic Engineering Vocational College!

Due to the rush of time, I sincerely hope that readers and friends will criticize and correct the deficiencies in the book, so that we can

Improved during reprint.

editor

August 2014

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Table of contents

Chapter 1 Overview of Computer Motherboard................................... .................................... 1

1.1 History of computer and motherboard development................................... ................................................... ......1

1.1.1 The first generation of vacuum tube computers (1946-1957)........................... ...................................1

1.1.2 The second-generation transistor computer (1957-1964) .................. ................................................1
1.1 .3 The third-generation integrated circuit computer (1964-1972) ...................... ..........2 1.1.4 The
fourth generation of large-scale integrated circuit computer (1972-present)........... .....................................2
1.2 Classification and composition of the main

board............ ................................................... ................................................. 2 1.2.1 Interface by

CPU Classification of types................................................ ...................................3 1.2.2 According
to the structure of the main board...... ................................................... ...................................12
1.2.3 ATX structure mainboard..... ................................................... ...................................12 1.2.4
BTX structure main board... ................................................... ...................................13 1.3 Main board

main chip................................................. ................................................... .....14 1.3.1 North bridge

chip................................... ................................................... ..............14 1.3.2 South bridge
chip.....................14 ................................................... ...................................15 1.3.3 BIOS
chip............. ................................................... ................................................16 1.3.4I /O
chip................................................ ................................................... .....18 1.3.5 Clock
chip................................ ................................................... ...................................19 1.3.6 Sound card
chip.....................19 ................................................... ...................................19 1.3.7 Network card
chip...... ................................................... ................................................... 20 1.3.8 Serial port
management chip................................................ ................................................... ......21 1.3.9
Power management chip................................... ................................................... ..............21 1.4

Motherboard slots and connectors.....................................21 ................................................... ...................................

1.4.1 Memory
slots.....................................................21 ................................................... ................................................22
1.4.2 PCI slots........... ................................................... ................................................... ..27 1.4.3
PS/2 interface................................... ................................................... ...................30 1.4.4 USB
interface................................... ................................................... ...................................30 1.4.5 LPT
interface (parallel port).......................... ................................................... .................................32 1.4.6 SATA interfac

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1.5 Exercises................................................... ................................................... ...................................37

Chapter 2 Mainboard Boot Circuit Structure Principle and Troubleshooting...................................... .......... 39

2.1 Main board boot circuit composition and working principle................................... ...................................39

2.1.1 Understanding ATX power supply... ................................................... .................................................41

2.1.2 South Bridge Chip introduction................................................ ................................................... .44

2.1.3 I/O chip................................................ ................................................... ...........46 2.1.4 Logic

Gates ........................46 ................................................... ...................................47 2.2 Analysis of the

principle of mainboard power-on circuit.......... ................................................... ...................................48 2.2.1

Schematic diagram of INTEL boot circuit........................... ................................................... ...................48

2.2.2 Schematic Diagram of VIA Power-on Circuit.......................... ................................................... ................49

2.2.3 Schematic diagram of SIS power-on circuit........................... ................................................... ..........50

2.2.4 Schematic diagram of nVIDIA boot circuit.................................. ................................................... ..51

2.2.5 Schematic Diagram of AMD Power-on Circuit.......................... ..................................................52

2.3 Mainboard boot Circuit maintenance process ................................................ .................................................52
2.4 Motherboard Start-up circuit maintenance ideas................................... ................................................54 2.5
Motherboard boot circuit training................................... ................................................... ..57 2.5.1 Power-on

circuit data test................................... ................................................... ......57 2.5.2 Simulation of power-

on circuit faults................................... ................................................... .....62 2.5.3 Maintenance of power-

on circuit faults.....................................................62 ................................................... ....62 2.6 Exercises

for this chapter................................... ................................................... ................................63

Chapter 3 Mainboard Clock Circuit Structure Principle and Troubleshooting................................... .......... 65

3.1 Composition of main board clock circuit................................... ................................................... ....65

3.1.1 Clock generator................................................... ................................................... .....65 3.1.2 Clock

Chip Description................................... ................................................... ................66 3.1.3 14.318 MHz

crystal oscillator............................ ................................................... ................66 3.2 Working principle of

mainboard clock circuit................................... ................................................... ................67 3.2.1 Configuration

of the clock circuit................................ ................................................... ...................67 3.2.2 The working

principle of the clock circuit on the main board.......................... ................................................... ..............73

3.2.3 Clock Generator Operating Conditions.................................. ................................................... .....78

3.2.4 Clock Circuit Fault Detection................................... ................................................... .....78 3.3

Maintenance process of mainboard clock circuit.................................. ................................................... .....80
3.4 Main board clock circuit maintenance ideas.................................. ................................................... .....80
3.5 Main board clock circuit maintenance training................................... ................................................... ..........82

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3.5.1 Mainboard clock circuit data test................................... ...................................82 3.5.2 Fault Simulation of

Main Board Clock Circuit ................................................... ...................................86 3.5.3 Main board clock

circuit fault maintenance............ ................................................... ...................................86 3.6 Exercises for

this chapter................... ................................................... ...................................................87

Chapter 4 Mainboard Reset Circuit Structure Principle and Troubleshooting...................................... .......... 89

4.1 Reset signal and principle of motherboard reset circuit................................... ...................................89 4.1.1 Reset

signals of various devices... ................................................... ...................................89 4.1.2 The working

principle of the reset signal of the motherboard...... ................................................... ................................................90

4.2 Connection mode and signal flow direction of mainboard reset circuit........... ................................................... ..93

4.2.1 Connection methods of common reset circuits........................... ..................................................93 4.2.2

G41 motherboard reset Signal Flow ................................................... ...................................93 4.3 Maintenance

process of main board reset circuit........... ................................................... ...................................97 4.4 Maintenance

ideas for the reset circuit of the motherboard...... ................................................... ...................................98 4.5 Main

board reset circuit maintenance training............. ................................................... ...................................99 4.5.1

Mainboard reset circuit data test............ ................................................... ...................................99 4.5.2 Fault

Simulation of Mainboard Reset Circuit.......... ................................................... .....104 4.5.3 Mainboard reset

circuit fault maintenance.................. ................................................... .....105 4.6 Exercises for this

chapter................................... ................................................... ................................ 105

Chapter 5 Mainboard CPU Power Supply Circuit Structure Principle and Troubleshooting................................... 107

5.1 Structural principle of mainboard CPU power supply circuit................................... ...................................107

5.1.1 Composition of mainboard CPU power supply circuit................................... ...................................107

5.1.2 The working principle of the CPU power supply circuit of the
mainboard........ ................................................... .....................111 5.2 Principle analysis of mainboard CPU power

supply circuit........................... ................................................... ..120 5.2.1 Mainboard CPU power supply

principle...................................... ...................................120 5.2. 2 CPU power supply circuit

chip................................... ...................................................122 5.2.3 CPU power supply circuit working

conditions ................................................ ...................................124 5.3 CPU power supply circuit detection

process............ ................................................... ..................................................125 5.4 CPU power supply circuit

maintenance ideas.................. ................................................... ...................................127 5.5 Motherboard CPU power supply circuit t

5.5.1 Mainboard CPU power supply circuit data test................................... ...................................128 5.5.2

Fault simulation of mainboard CPU power supply circuit........ ................................................... .....132 5.5.3

Mainboard CPU power supply circuit fault maintenance.................................. ...................................132 5.6

Exercises for this chapter... ................................................... ................................................... ......134

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Chapter 6 Structural Principles and Troubleshooting of the North-South Bridge Power Supply Circuit of the Motherboard... 135

6.1 Structural principle of mainboard north-south bridge power supply circuit................................... ...................................135

6.1.1 Composition of North and South Bridge Power Supply Circuits on the Main

Board................................... ...................................135 6.1.2 North and South bridge power supply circuit

principle........ ................................................... ...................................138 6.2 Principle analysis of north and south bridge power

supply circuit of DVR G41 main board........... ................................................... ....143 6.2.1 South bridge power supply

circuit................................... ................................................... ... 143 6.2.2 North bridge power supply

circuit ................................... ................................................... .................. 145 6.3 Maintenance process of North and South

bridge power supply circuits.................................. ................................................... ... 148 6.3.1 Maintenance process of

Northbridge power supply circuit........................... ................................................148 6.3.2 The maintenance process of

the Southbridge power supply circuit................................... ...................................148 6.4 Thoughts on Maintenance of North

and South Bridge Power Supply Circuits........ ................................................... ...................................149 6.4.1 Overhaul

thinking............. ................................................... ...................................149 6.4.2 North and South Bridge Power Supply

Fault Detection point................................................. ...................................149 6.5 Mainboard North-South bridge power supply

circuit training...... ................................................... ...................................150 6.5.1 Data test of mainboard north and

south bridge power supply circuit........ ................................................... ... 150 6.5.2 Fault simulation of mainboard north-

south bridge power supply circuit........................... .................................................. 161 6.5.3 Troubleshooting of

mainboard north and south bridge power supply circuits ................................................... ...................161 6.6 Exercises for this chapter.................

Chapter 7 Mainboard Memory Power Supply Circuit Structure Principle and Troubleshooting................................... .. 163

7.1 Structural principle of motherboard memory power supply circuit................................... ...................................................163

7.1.1 Mainboard memory power supply circuit composition................................... ...................................163 7.1.2

Principle of memory power supply circuit... ................................................... ...................................164 7.2 Analysis of

Intel DVR G41 Motherboard Memory Circuit Principle.... ................................................... ..............169 7.3 Memory circuit

maintenance process.....................................................169 ................................................... ...................173 7.4 Memory circuit

testing ideas.....................................................173 ................................................... ...................................175 7.5 Memory

Circuit Maintenance Training............. ................................................... ...................................175 7.5.1 Memory power supply

circuit data test............ ................................................... ................................175 7.5.2 Memory power supply circuit fault

simulation.................. ................................................... .....177 7.5.3 Maintenance of memory power supply circuit

faults........................... ................................................... .178 7.6 Practice questions for this

chapter................................... ................................................... ...................178

Chapter 8 Main Board CMOS and BIOS Power Supply Circuit Structure Principle and Troubleshooting... 179

8.1 Structural principle of mainboard CMOS and BIOS power supply circuit................................... ................................179

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8.1.1 Structural principle of motherboard BIOS power supply circuit................................... ...................................179

8.1.2 Structural principle of CMOS power supply circuit.......................... ................................................... ................183

8.2 Analysis of the principle of CMOS and BIOS circuit of DVR G41 main board........................... ...................................188

8.3 CMOS and BIOS circuit maintenance process........................... ................................................... ...................190

8.4 CMOS power supply circuit maintenance ideas.................................. ................................................... .....191 8.5

Mainboard CMOS and BIOS circuit training............................ ................................................... ...192

8.5.1 Mainboard CMOS and BIOS circuit data test................................... ...................192 8.5.2 Fault simulation

of motherboard CMOS and BIOS circuits.................. ...................................195 8.5.3 Mainboard CMOS circuit

malfunction repair................................................ ...................................195 8.6 Exercises for this

chapter................... ................................................... ................................................196

Chapter 9 Main board interface power supply circuit structure principle and troubleshooting................................... .. 197

9.1 Faults and classifications of main board interface circuit................................... ...................................197 9.1.1

Interfaces Circuit fault repair................................... ...................................197 9.1.2 Classification of interface

circuits ................................................... ................................................198 9.2 Keyboard and mouse interface

circuit and Troubleshooting................................... ...................................198 9.2.1 Keyboard and mouse interface

circuit............ ................................................... ................................198 9.2.2 Keyboard and mouse interface

circuit fault detection........... ................................................... ...200 9.3 The principle and maintenance of the
serial port interface circuit................................... ................................................201 9.3.1 The working principle of the

serial port interface circuit................................... ..................................201 9.3.2 Serial port interface circuit fault

maintenance.. ................................................... ...................................203 9.4 Parallel port interface circuit

principle and maintenance........ ................................................... ...................................204

9.4.1 Working Principle of Parallel Port Interface Circuit................................... ...................................204 9.4.2

Parallel port interface circuit fault maintenance.. ................................................... ...................................206 9.5

USB interface circuit principle and maintenance............ ................................................... ...................................208

9.5.1 Working principle of USB interface circuit................................... ...................................208 9.5.2

Troubleshooting of USB interface circuit... ................................................... ...................................216 9.6

Principle and maintenance of hard disk interface circuit........... ................................................... ..............217 9.6.1

Working principle of IDE interface circuit.................. ................................................... .....217 9.6.2 SATA

interface circuit working principle........................... ................................................... 220 9.6.3 Troubleshooting

of hard disk interface circuit...................................... ................................... 224 9.7 Working principle of fan
control interface circuit.. ................................................... ...................................224 9.8 Main board interface power

supply circuit training............. ................................................... ...................................229 9.8.1 Mainboard interface

power supply circuit data test........ ................................................... ................229 9.8.2 Fault simulation of

mainboard interface power supply circuit.................. ................................................ 237 9.8 .3 Main board

interface circuit fault repair................................... ...................................238

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9.9 Practice questions for this chapter................................... ................................................... ................ 242

Chapter 10 Motherboard Maintenance Workflow................................... ................................................ 243

10.1 Receiving customers................................................... ................................................... .....243 10.2 Fault

phenomenon record.....................................243 ................................................... ...................................244 10.3

Detecting and Repairing a Faulty Motherboard.......................... ................................................... ...................................244

10.4 Filling out the maintenance record sheet........... ................................................... ...................................248

10.5 Motherboard Test................... ................................................... ................................................... .....249 10.6

Contact the customer to pick up the mainboard................................... ................................................... ..........250

Chapter 11 Use of mainboard maintenance tools................................... ................................... 255

11.1 Using the multimeter................................................... ................................................... .....255 11.2 Use of

oscilloscope................................... ................................................... .....................257 11.2.1 Introduction to the

Front Panel of DS1000 Series Digital Oscilloscopes........... ...................................257 11.2.2 Description of

the display interface of DS1000 series digital oscilloscope........... ...................................259 11.2.3

Instructions and Precautions for Use................................... ...................................260 11.2.4 Advanced

applications of digital oscilloscopes... ................................................... ...................................261 11.3

Soldering iron................................ ................................................... ...................................271 11.4 Use of hot air

soldering station................................... ................................................... ..279 11.5 Use of DC adjustable regulated

power supply.................. ................................................... ...281 11.6 Use of tin absorbing

utensils................................... ................................................... ..........284 11.7 Use of BGA rework

station.......................... ................................................... .....286 11.7.1 Introduction to Aging SV-550 Rework

Station........ ................................................... ...286 11.7.2 Operation

steps................................... ................................................... ..........288 11.7.3 Precautions for

use................................ ................................................... ..........295 11.8 The use of four-digit code fault

diagnosis card........................... ................................................... ......295

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Chapter 1 Overview of Computer Motherboard

1.1 History of computer and motherboard development

The world's first electronic digital computer was successfully developed at the University of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946. Its name is ENIAC (Eniac), which is the name of the

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. abbreviation. It uses 17,468 vacuum tubes, consumes 174 kilowatts of electricity, covers an area of 170 square meters, weighs 30 tons, and can

perform 5,000 addition operations per second. Although it is not as good as today's most common microcomputer, it was already the absolute champion of computing speed at that time, and the

precision and accuracy of its computing were unprecedented. Taking the calculation of pi (ÿ) as an example, the ancient Chinese scientist Zu Chongzhi used calculation chips and spent 15 years

of hard work to calculate pi to 7 digits after the decimal point. More than a thousand years later, Shanks, an Englishman, devoted his whole life to calculating pi, and only then did he calculate it

to 707 decimal places. However, using ENIAC for calculation, it took only 40 seconds to achieve this record, and it was also found that in Shanks' calculation, the 528th bit was wrong.

ENIAC laid the foundation for the development of electronic computers and has epoch-making significance in the history of computer development. Its advent marks the arrival of the

era of electronic computers. After the birth of ENIAC, the mathematician von Neumann proposed a major improvement theory. There are two main points: one is that electronic computers should

be based on binary numbers, and the other is that electronic computers should work in a "stored program" mode. And further clearly pointed out that the structure of the whole computer should

be composed of five parts: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device and output device. The proposal of these theories by von Neumann solved the problem of computer automation

and speed coordination, and played a decisive role in the later development of computers. To this day, most computers still work in the von Neumann way.

In the few short decades since ENIAC was born, computers have advanced by leaps and bounds. Vacuum electron tubes, transistors, medium and small-scale integrated circuits, and

large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have been used in succession as the main electronic components, causing several computer upgrades. Each update greatly reduces the size

and power consumption of the computer, greatly enhances the functions, and further expands the application field. In particular, the emergence of microcomputers with small size, low price and

strong functions has made computers popular rapidly, entered offices and homes, and played a great role in office automation and multimedia applications. At present, the application of

computers has been extended to all fields of society. The development process of computers can be divided into the following stages.

1.1.1 The first generation of vacuum tube computers (1946-1957)

In terms of hardware, the logic element uses electron tubes, the main memory uses mercury delay lines, magnetic drums, and magnetic cores; the external memory uses magnetic

tape. The software adopts machine language and assembly language. The application fields are mainly military and scientific computing. It is characterized by large size, high power consumption,

poor reliability, slow speed (generally thousands to tens of thousands of times per second), and expensive, but it laid the foundation for future computer development.

1.1.2 The second generation transistor computer (1957-1964)

In terms of hardware, transistors are used for logic components, magnetic cores are used for main memory, and magnetic disks are used for external memory. software

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Computer Motherboard Repair Expert

Batch-based operating systems, high-level languages and their compilers emerged. The application areas are mainly scientific computing and transaction processing. And began to enter the field of

industrial control. It is characterized by reduced size, reduced energy consumption, improved reliability, increased computing speed (generally hundreds of thousands of times per second, up to 3 million

times), and greatly improved performance compared to the first generation of computers.

1.1.3 The third generation integrated circuit computer (1964-1972)

In terms of hardware, the logic components use medium and small-scale integrated circuits, and the main memory still uses magnetic cores. In terms of software, time-sharing operating systems

and structured and large-scale programming methods have emerged. It is characterized by faster speed (generally millions to tens of millions of times per second). Moreover, the reliability has been

significantly improved, the price has been further reduced, and the products have become generalized, serialized and standardized. The field of application began to enter the field of word processing and

graphics and image processing.

1.1.4 The fourth-generation large-scale integrated circuit computer (1972-present)

In terms of hardware, logic components adopt large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, and in terms of software, database management systems, network management systems, and

object-oriented languages have emerged. It is characterized by the birth of the world's first microprocessor in Silicon Valley, USA in 1971, which started a new era of microcomputers. The application field

gradually moves from scientific computing, transaction management and process control to home.

1.2 Main Board Classification and Composition

1. Introduction to the motherboard

Motherboard, also known as mainboard, system board and motherboard; it is installed in the chassis and is one of the most basic and important components of a microcomputer. The motherboard

is generally a rectangular circuit board on which the main circuit system of the computer is installed. Generally, there are BIOS chips, I/O control chips, keyboard and panel control switch interfaces, indicator

light connectors, expansion slots, motherboards and cards. DC power supply connectors and other devices. Another feature of the motherboard is the open structure. Most of the motherboards have 6-8

expansion slots for plugging in the control card (adapter) of the peripheral equipment of the PC. By replacing these plug-in cards, the corresponding subsystems of the microcomputer can be partially

upgraded, so that manufacturers and users have greater flexibility in configuring models. In short, the motherboard plays a pivotal role in the entire microcomputer system. It can be said that the type and

grade of the motherboard determine the type and grade of the entire microcomputer system, and the performance of the motherboard affects the performance of the entire microcomputer system.

2. The structure of the motherboard

Most computer motherboards use four-layer or six-layer PCB boards, of which the upper and lower layers of the four-layer board are mainly signal lines, one of the middle two layers is the power

supply line, and the other is the ground wire; the six-layer board is mainly used for server motherboards. And laptop motherboards, two of the four layers in the middle are signal wires, the other two are

power supply wires and ground wires, and the upper and lower layers have a few signal wires and power supply wires.

3. Composition of the motherboard

(1) The motherboard is composed of interfaces.

It consists of CPU interface, memory interface, AGP interface, PCI interface, ISA interface, AMR (soft sound card, soft modem) interface, CNR (communication network card) interface, IDE (hard

disk, optical drive) interface, FDD (floppy drive) interface, keyboard port, Mouse port, USB port, LPT (parallel port), COM (serial port), power interface, fan interface and various jumper posts, most

motherboards now have integrated sound cards, network cards and some integrated graphics cards.

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Chapter 1 Overview of Computer Motherboard

(2) According to the components of

the main board: it consists of north bridge chip, south bridge chip, I/O chip, BIOS chip, clock chip, power control chip, gate

circuit chip, eight-pin comparator (operational amplifier), serial port chip, crystal oscillator, Composed of field effect transistors, triodes,

diodes, inductors, capacitors, resistors, batteries, etc., some motherboards also integrate some special chips (monitoring chips, power-

on reset chips, etc.).

(3) Composed according to the

motherboard bus. It is composed of data bus (DB), address bus (AB), control bus (CB), and the bus is composed of CPU bus,

Composed of AGP bus, PCI bus and ISA bus. (4)

Composed according to the main

board circuit. It consists of boot circuit, power supply circuit, clock circuit, reset circuit, BIOS and interface circuit.

1.2.1 Classification by CPU interface type

1. LGA775 interface

LGA775 (Land Grid Array), also known as Socket T, is a processor socket launched by Intel Corporation in July 2004 to replace

Socket 478. The biggest difference between it and the old-style CPU socket is that its contact socket is set on the bottom plate, and

the CPU itself has no pins, thus reducing the problem that the pins are easily damaged when the CPU is plugged and pulled. The

CPUs supported by this socket include Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron (Celeron D) with some Prescott cores, and desktop Core 2 CPUs.

The LGA775 interface and the CPU pins of the LGA775 are shown in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-1 LGA 775 interface Figure 1-2 LGA 775CPU pins

(1) CPUs using LGA775 socket mainly include:

Prescott Pentium 4 505/505Jÿ506ÿ520-570ÿ520J-570Jÿ521-571

Prescott 2M Pentium 4 630-670ÿ662-672

Cedar Mill Pentium 4 631-661

Prescott 256K Celeron D 325J-345Jÿ326-351

Prescott Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3724 MHz

Gallatin Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3400/3466 MHz

Smithfield Pentium D 805ÿ820-840

Smithfield Pentium Extreme Edition 840

Presler Pentium D 915ÿ925ÿ920-960

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Computer Motherboard Repair Expert

Presler Pentium Extreme Edition 950/960

Conroe Core 2 Duo E4300-4400ÿE63X0-68X0ÿPentium Dual-Core E21X0-E2200
Conroe Core 2 ExtremeÿX6800
Conore Celeron Dual Core E1X00
Conore Xeonÿ30X0ÿ3065
Kentsfield Core 2 QuadÿQ6600ÿQ6700
Kentsfield Core 2 ExtremeÿQX6700ÿQX6850ÿQX6800
Kentsfield XeonÿX32X0
Wolfdale Core 2 Duo E8X00 45nm
Wolfdale Core 2 Duo E7X00 45nm
Wolfdale Pentium Dual Core E5X00 45nm
Wolfdale Pentium Dual Core E6X00 45nm
Wolfdale XeonÿE31X0ÿL3014ÿL3110ÿL3360ÿL34X6

Yorkfield Core 2 QuadÿQ8X00ÿQ9X00 ÿQ9X50

Yorkfield Core 2 ExtremeÿQX9650ÿQX9770
Yorkfield Xeon, X33X0, L3360 (2)
Supported chipsets mainly
include:
Intel i848P
series i865/875
series i865G/GV/P/PE,

i875P i91X/925 Express series (does not support dual-

core processors) i910GL, i915G/GL /GV/P/PL,

i925X/XE i945/955
Express Series

i945G/P, i955X i946 Express Series

946GZ/PL

965/i975 Express Series

Q965/P965/G965/Q963/i975X
3X series
P35/G35/P33/G33/Q33/P31/G31/X38
4X series
X48/P45/P43/P41/G45/G43/G41
chipset for server
E7221/E7230
Nvidia
nForce 4
nForce 4 Ultra/SLi/SLi XE/SLi X16ÿIntel Editionÿ
nForce 500 Intel Edition

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Chapter 1 Overview of Computer Motherboard

nForce 590 SLi/570 SLi

nForce 600i

nForce 680i

nForce 650i SLi

nForce 700i

nForce 750i SLi

nForce 780i SLi

nForce 790i SLi

AMD

Radeon Xpress 200 IE

RD600

SiS

SiS 649/656/656FX/662/670/671FX

VIA

VIA PT800Pro/PT894/PT894 Pro

2. LGA1366 interface

Intel will start using the new LGA 1366 interface, also known as Socket B, in the next-generation 45nm Nehalem series

processors, gradually replacing the popular LGA 775 for many years. As can be seen from the name, LGA 1366 has about 600

more pins than LGA 775, and these pins will be used for QPI bus, three 64bit DDR3 memory channels and other connections.

The interface of Bloomfield, Gainestown and Nehalem processors is LGA 1366, which is 20% larger than the current Penryn with LGA

775 interface. The larger the die of the processor, the greater the heat generated, so a CPU cooler with better cooling effect is required.

And there is an extra metal plate on the back of the processor (similar to the appearance of the LGA 775 interface), the purpose is to

better fix the processor and heat sink. LGA 1366 also puts forward new requirements for the motherboard voltage regulation module

(VMR), and the version will be upgraded from 11 to 11.1.

45nm Nehalem will bring another major change in Intel microprocessor architecture, but only in terms of desktop, the specific

architecture of high-end, mid-range and low-end models will be different.

The LGA1366 interface and the LGA1366 CPU pins are shown in Figure 1-3 and Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-3 LGA 1366 interface Figure 1-4 LGA 1366 CPU pins

CPU using LGA1366 socket: first

generation Intel Core i7 (some models);

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Computer Motherboard Repair Expert

First Generation Intel Core i7 Extreme (all models). Supported

chipsets:

Intel X58ÿ

3. LGA1156 interface

LGA 1156, also known as Socket H, is Intel's CPU socket after LGA775 and LGA 1366. Both LGA 1156 and LGA 1366 are used to

replace LGA 775. It is also the socket for Intel Core i3/i5/i7 processors (Nehalem series). Compared to the previous generation Socket T,

the Soket

H hardware is separate from the plastic. Socket T is the connector riveted to the hardware.

The LGA1156 interface and the LGA1156 CPU pins are shown in Figure 1-5 and Figure 1-6.

Figure 1-5 LGA 1156 interface Figure 1-6 LGA 1156 CPU pins

CPU using LGA1156 socket: Intel Core i3/

i5/i5; some Intel Pentium

dual-core. Supported chipsets:

Intel P55ÿH55ÿH57ÿ

4. LGA1155 interface

LGA 1155, also known as "Socket H2", is the CPU socket for the new Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7 processors with the Sandy Bridge

micro-architecture introduced by Intel in 2011. This socket will replace LGA 1156. The old and new CPUs are not compatible, so the old

and new CPUs cannot be used together.

The LGA1155 interface and the CPU pins of the LGA1155 are shown in Figure 1-7 and Figure 1-8.

Figure 1-7 LGA 1155 interface Figure 1-8 LGA 1155CPU pins