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▪ Seen techniques for analyzing the forces (Bending moment, shear and
axial forces) and deflection when the positions of loads acting on a
structure is always remain same.
▪ Such loads are termed as dead loads i.e. the magnitude of load do not
change position.
▪ But if a structure is subjected to live load (change position in life time
e.g. weight of person and furniture, vehicle movement across bridge,
EOT crane running over a gantry girder etc.) the forces and
displacement at various position of the structure be obtained
conveniently by using the concept of influence line diagram.
✓ When a moving load crosses the span, only at one location of load a
particular quantity (Bending moment, shear forces, deflection) become
severe.
✓ Interest is to know the maximum value of the specific quantity (say
BM) in the beam i.e. to know for what position of the load the BM in
the beam will be maximum.
✓ Note that the position of the load for maximum BM and for any other
quantity (shear, axial force) will be different.
The problem to obtain a solution under such moving load can be simplified:
(1) by considering a unit load moving over the span and look for the position
at what it causes the desired effect maximum (in graphical representation).
(2) Find the end effect for actual moving load.
RA×L-1.0×(L-x)=0 x
RA = 1 −
L
represent the ILD for reaction at A
RA=1.0 for x=0 and RA=0.0 for x=L
RB L − 1.0 x = 0
x
RB =
L represent the ILD for reaction at B
ILD for SF of a Simply Supported Beam
ILD for SF at a given section of a Beam
a) When the position of the unit load is on
the left of the section,
Consider right part X-X
SF at X Vx = − RB 0 xa
thus the ILD will be simply the ILD of RB & valid for x=0 to x=a)
(b) When the position of the unit load is on the
right of the section X-X consideration left part
x
Vx = RA = (1 − ) 𝑎<𝑥<𝐿
L
ILD will be simply the SF diagram of
RA & valid for x=a to x=l)
ILD for BM at X-X
a) When Unit Load is on left of X-X:
x
BM at X-X = RB ( L − a) = L ( L − a) a
( L − a ).
L
i.e. ILD of RB multiplied by (L-x) for 0 xa
RA = W1a1 + W2 a3 + W3a3 + W4 a4
Rb = bW
1 1 + b2W2 + b3W3 + b4W4
VC = W1 (−C1 ) + W2 (−C2 )
+W3C3 + W4 (C4 )
M C = W1d1 + W2 d 2
+W3d3 + W4 d 4
To find the SF and BM at section C for a given position of UDL
yqdx
x1
x2 a x2
BM at C
x2
yqdx
x1
1 1 2 1 4 5 1 3 2
VC = −40 − 10( + ) 2 + 10( + ) 2 + 60 + 80
7 7 7 2 7 7 2 7 7
=51.43 kN
4(14 − 4) 20
YC = =
14 7
Y 10 Y 16
Y1 = C 2 = Y2 = C 2 =
4 7 10 7
Y 12 Y 8
Y3 = C 6 = Y4 = C 4 =
10 7 10 7
10 1 10 20 20 16 12 8
M C = 40 + 10 ( + + + ) 2 + 60 + 80 = 345.71 kN-m
7 2 7 7 7 7 7 7
▪ The computation of SF and BM at any
section by using ILD is very simple as may
be noted from the previous example.
▪ However, ILD is intended to obtain such
quantities at a section for the cases when the
position of load is not fixed rather it can
change it’s position i.e., so called rolling load.
▪ Then obtaining the desired quantities are
more involved.
L−x
the value will be, VC (+) = P
L
( L − x) x
M C (max) = .P
L
x
Clearly the value of x for which y = ( L − x) is maximum
2
d d x L
For that ( y ) = 0 i.e. ( L − x ) = 0 i.e. x =
dx dx L 2
L L
Thus absolute maximum BM will occur at the center (L − )
M C (abs.max) = 2 2 P = PL
of the beam and the moving load is on the section L 4
UDL: there could be two situations
1 x qx 2
VC (−ve max) = x q =
2 L 2L -
Similarly max positive SF at C will occur
when ULD is on the entire part BC, 1 L−x q( L − X )2
VC (+ve) = ( L − x)q =
2 L 2L
It may be readily realized that maximum positive 1 qL
SF will occur for x = 0 i.e. at A & negative SF will Maximum SF = 1 L q =
2 2
occur for x=L i.e. at B. Both the values will be
same.
Maximum BM at C will be simply
1 L−x qx( L − x)
M C max = x. .L q =
2 L 2
L L
(L − )
2 2 qL2
And the BM will be maximum when, x=L/2 and the value will be = q. =+
2 8
ii) UDL smaller than span (i.e., length of d<L)
For maximum positive SF at C, the procedure will be same
as earlier, however one should consider the full area of ILD
diagram of part AC or BC depending on the value of x & d.
For Mc to be maximum d
(M C ) = 0
dx
q( y1 + yC ) q( y2 + yC )
=
2 2
y1 = y2 yC y
(a − x) = C L − a − (d − x)
a L−a
a( L − a) (a − x) a( L − a )
or , = ( L − a − d + x)
L a L( L − a ) x a
i.e. =
or , al − Lx − a 2 + ax = al − a 2 − da + ax or , Lx = da d L
Now for moment to be maximum absolute,
a( L − a) d
( yC ) = 0 a=
L
the position of the section (defined by a) YC =
should be such Yc is maximum L da 2
i.e. at the midspan.
Ex. Find the maximum SF and BM at C when an
UDL of 40 kN/m of 5 m length crosses the beam
For maximum positive SF at C load position
should be from point C to towards B
Maximum positive SF at C
0.6 + 0.267
VC (max) ( +ve) = 5 40 = 86.67kN
2
0.4 + .0667
Maximum negative SF at C VC (max) (−ve) = 5 40 = 46.67 kN
2
R =
Pd 1 Pe
+ − P1
L L
P is the sum of all loads which are on the span & P’ is the load which may enter to
stay on the span during this movement
the section (as one more load) due
P1 is the load which moves out the section (point A) to this movement.
d1 is the distance between P1 and the following wheel e is the distance of this new load
in the span from support B.
L is the span length
Example R =
Pd 1
+
Pe
− P1
L L
36 10 20 1
RA = 36 1 + (18 + 16 + 14) + (11 + 10) + (7 + 6 + 5) + 20
20 20 20 20
= 151.9
ii) Maximum SF at a given section-
If positive SF occurs at C when load P1 is on
C is VC, now when load crosses the section
this load will contribute negative SF at A.
V =
Pd 1
− P1 +
Pe
L L
V =
Pd 1
− P1 +
P 'e
L L
174 2 10 1
− 10 + =7.9 (+)
20 20
(new load P8)
184 3 20 1 20 0
V = − 10 + + =+18.6
20 20 20
New load P9 and P10
214 2 20 5 20 1
(iii) P3 to P4 V = − 36 + + =-8.6(decrease)
20 20 20
New load P11 and P12
Thus P3 should be on the section for maximum positive SF at A
Maximum positive SF
14 36 12 36 10 36 8 10 5 10 4 20 1 20 0 10 3 10 1
= 36 + + + + + + + − − = 87.2kN
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
iii) Maximum BM at a section
For BM to be maximum at a section, any of the
point loads should be on the section (the highest
coordinate)
Now, if the movement of all loads are made towards left, due to this movement, the
moment due to loads on right (portion BC) of the section will increase and that due to
loads on the left (Portion AC) will decrease.
If the criteria are fulfilled then the corresponding load should be placed over the
section to produce maximum BM at the considered section.
Example: Find max BM at C
Trial 1:
38 10
P3 on left of section WAcav = WBcav =
8 22
P3 on right of section
23 25
WAc =
Trail 2 8 22
23 25 8 40
P2 on left P2 on right
8 22 8 22
M max at C
5.867 5.867
= 5.867 15 + 20 15 + 18 10
22 22
5.867
+ 68
8
= 251.21 kN-m
IV) Maximum BM anywhere in the girder under a particular load.
Consider the position of the loads so that
moment under a load (say P) will be maximum
W= Sum of all wheel load,
x is the distance of C.G of all loads from B
‘a’ is the distance of load P(under which maximum moment will occur) from W
W1 is the sum of all loads left of P and ‘b’ is the distance of W1 from P.
Then moment under P d
This to be max. (M ) = 0
dx
Wx L − 2x − a = 0 L−a L a
= RA ( L − x − a ) − W1b = ( L − x − a ) − W1b x =
2
= −
2 2
L
Thus for BM under a particular wheel load will be maximum if that load and CG of the
loads is equal distance from center of the beam.
The condition discussed for maximum BM under a particular load can be used to find the
absolute maximum BM in a beam when a series of concentrated load crosses the beam.
Largest possible moment occurs under the load closest to the resultant provided that this
load is not less than the other adjacent load. When the closest load is less than the further
load both positions should be checked.
Find absolute Maximum BM in a SS beam 16 m Span
3.99
M max = 3.99 80 + (7.65 − 2) 40
7.65
3.99 3.99
+ (8.35 − 2) 60 + (8.35 − 5) 20
8.35 8.35
=651.5 kN-m
Cantilever Beam
Overhang Beam