Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fall 2020
Isomerization is possible only if the double bond is temporarily broken – allowing the two ends to rotate freely
Low Temperature Diamond CVD
Effect of temperature using CO2/CH4 gas mixtures
𝐸𝑎
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∝ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑘𝑇
Proposed reaction mechanism and energy profile for ammonia synthesis. Reaction mechanism and energy profile for ammonia synthesis over (a)
conventional catalyst and (b) Ru/C12A7:e-. (a) N2 and H2 react on the catalyst surface through a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism to form NH3 in
which N2 dissociation is the RDS. The energy barrier (Edis) for this step corresponds to the apparent activation energy (Ea) for ammonia synthesis. As
for Ru/C12A7:e- (b), the rate-limiting step is not N2 dissociation but the formation of N–Hn species. NH3 is formed through the Langmuir–Hinshelwood
mechanism (route 1) and the direct reaction of N adatoms with H radicals (nascent hydrogen) derived from cage H_ anions (route 2). Ea is determined by
the difference between the top of the barrier for N–Hn formation and the energy level of reactant molecules (N2 and H2).
➢ Individual masses of the species involved in a reaction disappear and form with particular rates
➢ A species may lose its chemical identity by: decomposition, combination or isomerization
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balances
In Generation Out
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balances
Convert to an integral – consider an infinitesimal volume ∆𝑽 → 𝟎 and 𝑴 → ∞
Replace in the
conservation equation
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Reactor types
Batch reactors Continuous-flow reactors
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/Reactors/menu.html
Mole Balance in a Batch Reactor
➢ Small scale operations: Testing new processes, expensive products, continuous operation is difficult
➢ Advantage: High conversion corresponding to long charging times
➢ Disadvantages: Expensive, batch-to-batch variability, small-scales
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole balance in a batch reactor: Integral form
What is the time required to reduce the number of moles 𝑵𝑨𝟎 (initial value) to a 𝑵𝑨𝟏 (desired number)?
𝐴 →𝐵
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balance in a CSTR
➢ Liquid phase reactions: Stirred tank operated continuously
➢ Operated at steady state and perfectly mixed
➢ No time-dependence and position-dependence – uniform concentration, temperature and reaction rate!
➢ Conditions in the exit stream are identical to those in the tank
➢ Steady-state and uniform reaction rate →
0
𝑟𝑗 𝑉
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balance in a PFR
➢ Tubular reactor: Mostly used for gas phase separations
➢ Consists of a cylindrical pipe and operated at steady state
➢ Reactants consumed continuously down the length of the reactor – concentration varies axially
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balance in a PFR: Differential form
The degree of completion of a reaction in an ideal PFR does not depend on its
shape – only on its total volume
In the limit ∆𝑉 → 0
𝐴 →𝐵
Reactor volume over
which the molar flow rate
of A reduces to 𝐹𝐴1
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balance in a PBR
➢ Used for catalytic processes: fluid-solid heterogeneous reactions Homogeneous
➢ Reaction rate depends on the mass of the catalyst reaction rate
➢ Catalyst mass (W) plays the role of volume (V) – reactor volume
of secondary significance Bulk density of
the catalyst
mol of A reacting
➢ Heterogeneous reaction rate of A, 𝒓′𝑨 = time ×mass of catalyst
• Design equations for the batch reactor, CSTR and PFR are based
on reactor volume, V
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Mole Balance in a PBR: Differential form
In the limit ∆𝑊 → 0
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)
Summary of reactor mole balances
Chapter 1 - H. Scott Fogler, “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering” 5th Ed. Prentice-Hall (2016)