2nd Week

Advance Organizer

Always remember that SKIMMING tells us what the general information is (in a text)

And skimming has its counterpart. We call it, SCANNING. On the other hand, SCANNING helps you
position a particular piece of information.

These two are also considered reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to move
quickly through text. However, they differ when it comes to their purpose.

Again, SKIMMING – GENERAL overview

SCANNING – SPECIFIC information

Venn diagram is also called primary diagram, set diagram, or logic diagram.

A Venn diagram is NOT limited in comparing and contrasting two (2) ideas. It is a diagram that shows all
possible logical relations between a finite (whether it is three or more) collection of different sets.

From the word itself, EXPOSITORY = EXPOSE, meaning it will unfold, introduce, show something that we
have not learned yet in the past.

In the same light with the Plotline Graphic Organizer. The start of it is the EXPOSITION and in the context
of a story, exposition is where we can UNFOLD the character/s of the story. We are INTRODUCED to the
setting, when and where it happened. And lastly, it SHOWS us the slightest hint of what could possibly
be the content of the entire text/story.

To remember concept maps more efficiently, always remember that these are VISUAL
REPRESENTATIONS of information. Well truth be told, VISUAL LEARNERS will have the upper hand from
concept maps. BUT, do not be disheartened. Concepts maps BENEFIT ALL TYPES OF LEARNERS.

Again, it benefits ALL TYPES OF LEARNERS. Why? (The list below tells us the benefits of concept maps for
all types of learners.)

- Helps students see relationships between ideas, concepts, or authors. (in a more organized and more
efficient way)

- Utilizes the full range of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. (makes your brain more active and
well-engaged)

- Helps memory recall.

- Helps to clarify and structure ideas.

Given the fact that fishbone diagram clearly distinguishes the possible causes and effect of a problem,
the question now is WHAT DO YOU DO AFTER DOING IT?

Once all the ideas have been added to the fishbone diagram, the next step is to discuss the ideas and
clarify any ideas that are not clearly understood.

Of course this would be better if there’s a face-to-face classes in order for you to know and hear out the
suggestions of your groupmates. But don’t worry, this could be done as well in solitary –
unaccompanied, alone, all by yourself.
3rd Week

Let us focus with the BASIC STORY ELEMENTS.

I believe you have heard the following words for several times:

- Setting

- Characters

- Plot

- Conflict

- Theme

At this point of our discussion, let me share to you additional info regarding these basic elements.

Starting with, the SETTING. Just like what you have learned yesterday, it is the WHERE and WHEN of the
story.

An author should describe the environment or surroundings of the story in such detail that the reader
feels that he or she can picture the scene.

Unusual settings (such as a fantasy world) can be interesting, but everyday settings can help a reader to
better visualize the story and feel connected to the plot!

Second in our list is the CHARACTER/S.

The characters are the individuals that the story is about. The author should introduce the characters in
the story with enough information that the reader can visualize each person.

This is achieved by providing detailed descriptions of a character’s physical attributes and personality
traits.

Every story should have a MAIN CHARACTER. The main character determines the way the plot will
develop and is usually who will solve the problem the story centers upon.

However, the other characters are also very important because they supply additional details,
explanations, or actions.

DID YOU KNOW THAT characters

have different TYPES?

YES! You've read it right.

Characters in the story are NOT
limited to protagonist and
antagonist.
Third basic element is the PLOT. The plot is the actual story around which the entire book is based.

The components/sub-elements of plot are like puzzle pieces. If you want your reader to see the final
picture, you need to see the shape of each component and fit them into their proper place.

Let me explain these things little by little.

a. EXPOSITION/INTRODUCTION.

This establishes characters and setting. Not all your world-building happens here, but this is where you
show your readers what “normal” is for your characters. That way, readers will know what’s wrong
when we hit the next step.

b. RISING ACTION, WHICH REVEALS THE CONFLICT.

You know that quote about getting your characters up a tree, then throwing rocks at them? This is rock-
throwing time.

Here’s where you raise the stakes and begin building up to the story’s climax. It’s crucial that your
readers know what’s at stake here; it’s also critical that they clearly understand the conflict.

c. THE CLIMAX/TURNING POINT

You’ve been building up to this moment all story long. This is the moment that matters most, the
moment a character’s choice determines the outcome of the conflict.

The big conflict must be addressed here. If you did it right, this is the worst (i.e. best) moment of tension
in the whole story, setting your readers on edge.

d. FALLING ACTION

It’s time to wind everything down, nice and easy. Here’s where you address all the other problems and
questions you’ve brought up, filling in the holes. More importantly, this is also where you explore the
results of your characters’ decisions. Think consequences, folks; every choice the characters made have
had an effect, and however they resolved the conflict, here’s where we see what happened after.

e. RESOLUTION

Now, in the resolution, you’re establishing “normal” all over again—but the new normal, incorporating
the changes and experiences of your characters. Your readers can sit with your characters a little in
theirnew normal, emotionally wrapping everything up so your reader can put the book away without
flipping back through the pages to see what they missed.

It’s a scene-closure with enough finality to deserve those two words: The End.
Next sub-element is the CONFLICT.

Every story has a conflict to solve. The plot is centered on

this conflict and the ways in which the characters attempt
to resolve the problem.

For your additional reference, there are several types of

conflict.

And last among the basic elements is the THEME

The solution to the problem is the way the action is

resolved. For example, Katie often

resolves a conflict by finding a compromise for two fighting

characters or helping fix any mistakes she made.

It is important that the resolution fit the rest of the story in

creativity and solve all parts of the conflict.
4th Week

Last Friday, the FB Live discussed about the Prosodic Features of Speech.

Now before anything else, let us have a quick recap of the following key terms:

- Speech

- Voice

- Volume

- Projection

- Prosody

Speech is the VOCALIZED form of human communication. This is where we make use of our articulators
such as mouth, lip, tongue.

When these articulators come together, a VOICE is produced. It is the sound/s uttered through the
mouth.

VOLUME tells us how loud or soft the voice is. It’s like when you are playing a song on YouTube, if you
want to feel the vibes, you’d probably switch to high volume and bop into your favorite song.

So the 5 Prosodic Features of Speech are, PITCH, STRESS, INTONATION, JUNCTURE, RATE OF SPEECH.

NOTE: Just to be clear, VOICE and PROJECTION is not a part of PROSODIC FEATURES because these two
are ALREADY embedded/innate in a speaker.

Let me start off with PITCH

and INTONATION. Often
times, these two are used
interchangeably.

In using tag questions, if the

first statement is POSITIVE,
then the second must be
NEGATIVE.

(Japan is really an amazing

country, isn’t it?)

If the first statement is

NEGATIVE, then the second
must be POSITIVE.

(She didn’t study her lessons

last night that’s why she
failed the quiz, did she?)
Stress is the EMPHASIS we put on a syllable a word.

Now you’d probably ask yourself. “I am not a native English speaker but why is this so important?”

Let me share to you the importance of stress as a prosodic feature of speech.

 Word stress heavily affects the sounds of the vowels in a word. Different word stress can make a word
sound completely different.

 Native speakers rely on word stress to identify words. Thus, incorrect word stress patterns can lead to
miscommunication between non-native speakers and native speakers.

 Knowing the stress pattern of words will help students to learn and remember the correct
pronunciation of words.

 Knowing correct word stress will help students to improve their listening comprehension skills.

 Overall, the skill to stress words correctly will help ESL (English as a Second Language) learners more to
converse more confidently in English and enjoy it!

Number 4 feature is JUNCTURE

It talks about a pause/delay in reading a word, phrase.

In applying proper JUNCTURE, sentences can convey different meanings.

(Look at the example below)

And last feature is RATE OF SPEECH.

NOTE: John F. Kennedy (JFK) is a former president of the

United States of America.

Rate of speech is the SPEED at which you speak.

It’s calculated in the number of words spoken in a minute

(wpm.)

Speech rate guidelines:

• Slow: less than 110 wpm

• Conversational: between 120 wpm and 150 wpm.

• Fast: more than 160 wpm

• Radio hosts and podcasters speak at 150–160

wpm.

• Auctioneers and commentators speak between

250 to 400 wpm.

Finding your speech rate.

One of the most straight forward ways of figuring out your speech rate is to count your words over a few
minutes of talking.

Speaking Rate (wpm) = Total words / # of minutes

You can either record a few minutes of your talk with your smartphone (or any other recording device)
or watch one of your own videos.

Top tip: If you use a mobile device, have it convert your speech to text. Talk for one minute to capture
the text then cut and paste the text into a word counter.
1st Week (2nd Month)

1. OPINION - A VIEW or JUDGEMENT formed about something, NOT necessarily BASED ON FACT or
knowledge.

(Source: https://www.lexico.com/definition/opinion)

Example:

I think Bagyong Rolly is stronger than Bagyong Yolanda.

NOTE:

We can easily determine if a statement is an opinion if it uses the pronoun “I”. (or other phrases like, I
strongly believe/ I think/ I personally conclude)

Most of the time, opinionated statements use “I” in order to put emphasis on their belief/judgement.
(Just like in the example above)

2. ASSERTION - is a declaration that's made emphatically (adv. In a forceful way; without doubt),
especially as part of an argument or as if it's to be understood as a statement of fact.

(Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/assertion)

An example of someone making an assertion is a person who stands up boldly in a meeting with a point
in opposition to the presenter, despite HAVING VALID EVIDENCE to support his statement.

Example:

Typhoon Rolly is the strongest typhoon in the world so far for 2020, the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Pagasa) said Saturday.

Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/.../rolly-is-worlds...

Just always remember, O=P and A=F.

OPINION = PERSONAL

ASSERTION = FACTUAL

3. THESIS STATEMENT - is usually a SINGLE SENTENCE near the beginning of your paper (most often, at
the end of the first paragraph) that PRESENTS your ARGUMENT to the reader. The rest of the paper, the
body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your
interpretation.

In other words, a thesis statement is a ROAD MAP for the paper; it tells the reader WHAT TO EXPECT
from the rest of the paper.

Source: (https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and.../thesis-statements/)

In your assignment, (which I will announce later at 3PM) you will be asked to formulate a thesis
statement.

These are the things you need to consider in doing a thesis statement.
(I know this is quite difficult
to understand, but this is
the simplest explanation
I’ve gathered. Please bear
with me.)

Yes, of course! These things

are integrated in a macro
skill called WRITING.
Writing is an essential skill
for us to have. Writing does
not only mean we know
how to scribble down
letters, words and
sentences. Writing, on a
more serious note, means
that we are able to express
our thoughts and ideas in
an organized way.

Writing is as systematic as solving problems in Science. It follows a certain pattern. One could opt to
design a strategy – a strategy that is tailored for a specific audience.

There are written outputs to entertain the readers. Some are purely informative. Others are persuasive
– to the extent that these outputs convince the readers to believe the logical points of the
writer/author.

Always remember that in order for us to make an assertion, gathering a VALID AND STRONG EVIDENCES
is a must.

A statement without a valid evidence is just a mere opinion. Readers will NOT be convinced if you just
see/view things in your own perspective.

One more thing, once you INSIST your opinion (rather than giving an assertion), people/readers may
think that you are BIASED. Biased because you regard your opinion as the absolute truth when in fact, IT
IS NOT. It is always better if we consult with FACTUAL EVIDENCES.
2nd week (2nd Month)

Last Friday’s FB Live boils down into the central idea that LISTENING is indeed ESSENTIAL.

Listening is a part of our daily routine. One cannot simply go on without listening to something –
instructions, radio broadcast, news telecast and many more.

Listening is a family member of the so-called, MACRO SKILLLS.

Let us first familiarize ourselves with these MACRO SKILLS.

Macro skills are originally contextualized for communication aspects. The interesting part is these macro
skills can be integrated in one’s learning process as well. (not just in communicating just like its main
purpose a looong time ago).

Before, people know only four (4) macro skills. These are:

Listening

Speaking

Reading

Writing

But as the time and the nature of the learners progresses, one skill has been added to the list.

It is Viewing.

You might be wondering,

“Is there an effect of these macro skills in my life?”

“What is the importance of these?”

The answer is this.

Learning and consistently seeking to improve these macro skills are important for effective
communication and to be successful in many different perspectives. Ideas, emotions, opinions and
feelings need to be conveyed in different manners and in a variety of ways.

LISTENING, just like what Sir Noelito said is an ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the
communication process.

It is different from HEARING. Hearing is just a process in which you receive audio stimuli.

The 2 types of listening are – DISCRIMINATIVE and COMPREHENSIVE

Discriminative – which is developed at an early stage of our lives and in this type of listening, we simply
distinguish various audio stimuli. (car’s horn, mom’s voice, cat’s meow, etc.)

WHILE
Comprehensive – is activated when one has the desire to understand and extract the meaning of a
message. This type of listening need vocabulary and language skills in order for us to fully understand a
message.

Let me give you some EXAMPLES for each specific types in order for you to grasp the ideas better.

Informative – listening to an instruction, news, youtube video telling you how to make DIY projects.

Critical – listening to a debate, meeting de avance, SONA

Therapeutic – listening to your favorite song, podcasts, audiobooks, ASMR.

Please take note that you may activate one to two specific types of listening depending on what you are
listening to or the situation you are currently engaged in.
3rd Week (2nd Month)

Yesterday’s FB Live seems to be a combination of a previous lesson and a new lesson. It is because we
have been reminded of the Graphic and Advanced Organizers plus Sir Noel mentioned something new
and unfamiliar to us. (Linear and Non-linear Text, Line Graph, Bar Graph, Pie Graph, Histograph, Chart,
and Timeline)

Since we only have limited time to begin with, we will focus more on the new and unfamiliar concepts
that we learned yesterday instead of repeating the Graphic and Advanced Organizers all over again.

Everyone, Lesson 7 is all about TEXTUAL AIDS. Please be reminded that TEXTUAL AIDS (from the word
itself, aid. AID is synonymous to the word HELP), it means to say that there are numerous ways for a
writer/an author to deliver his text in a way that the reader will understand it with no difficulty at all.

Let me

add input about these that you do not know yet. Prepare your notes or your hands to screenshot these
points. 😃
A line graph (also known as a line plot or line chart) is a graph which uses lines to connect individual data
points that display quantitative values over a specified time interval. Line graphs use data point
"markers" that are connected by straight lines to aid in visualization.

Source: Investopediawww.investopedia.com

A bar graph is a chart that plots data using rectangular bars or columns (called bins) that represent the
total amount of observations in the data for that category. Bar charts can be displayed with vertical
columns, horizontal bars, comparative bars (multiple bars to show a comparison between values), or
stacked bars (bars contain multiple types of information).

Source: Investopediawww.investopedia.com

A Pie Chart (or Pie Graph) is a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.

The chart is divided into sectors, where each sector shows the relative size of each value.

Source: https://www.mathsisfun.com/

A histogram is a graphical representation that organizes a group of data points into user-specified
ranges. It is similar in appearance to a bar graph. The histogram condenses a data series into an easily
interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or bins.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• A histogram is a bar graph-like representation of data that buckets a range of outcomes into columns
along the x-axis.

• The y-axis represents the number count or percentage of occurrences in the data for each column and
can be used to visualize data distributions.

Source: Investopediawww.investopedia.com

Next in line is the CHART.

It is a sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information is exhibited, esp. when the
information is arranged in tabular form; as, an historical chart.

Charts are deemed essential for one could easily navigate details/information presented in a tabular
form.

There are actually numerous types of charts. If you have the time, search them on your own. (due to
time constraints, I won’t be able to share them to you. Gomen Nasai)

Source: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/chart

Lastly is TIMELINE.

A timeline is the presentation of a chronological sequence of events along a drawn line that enables a
viewer to understand temporal relationships quickly. The term is also sometimes extended to mean a
chronology that is tabular, year-by-year paragraphs or purely conceptual. Increasingly, timelines are
illustrated in infographics combining text and graphic images for a better presentation.
Timelines are useful to document any type of development, providing an easy-to-understand history
and helping viewers to understand past and ongoing trends.

Source: https://whatis.techtarget.com/.../timeline-Internet...

4th Week (2nd Month)

The 5 BASIC STORY ELEMENTS are:

a. Setting

b. Character/s

c. Plot

d. Conflict

e. Theme

The PLOT of a story contains 5 sub-elements.

These sub-elements are known as:

a. Exposition/Introduction

b. Rising action

c. Climax

d. Falling Action

e. Resolution/Denouement
2nd Week (December)

The 10th Lesson for Quarter 1 is all about Outsourcing: Paving the Road of Success towards Factual Data

My students, when we say OUTSOURCING, it is a verb (in present participle) or a gerund that is defined
as obtaining goods/services from an outside or foreign supplier.

In the context of our lesson, we obtain information from an outside supplier which we call the primary
and secondary sources.

Now, I’ve mentioned PRIMARY and SECONDARY SOURCES. And I believe you have been acquainted with
these words when you watched the FB Live last Friday.

My challenge for you is this, in your own words, how would you define PRIMARY and SECONDARY
SOURCES? How do they differ from one another?

Primary sources examples are journals, letters and diaries while secondary sources examples are
dictionaries and encyclopaedias.

If you still don’t know and can’t determine whether your material is a primary or a secondary source,
you may ask yourself the following.

PRIMARY SOURCE = Does this source come from someone DIRECTLY INVOLVED in the events I’m
studying?

SECONDARY SOURCE = Does this source come from ANOTHER RESEARCHER?

PRIMARY RESOURCE = Am I interested in ANALYZING THE SOURCE ITSELF?

SECONDARY SOURCE = Am I interested in using it for BACKGROUND INFORMATION?

PRIMARY SOURCE = Does the source provide ORIGINAL INFORMATION?

SECONDARY SOURCE = Does it comment upon INFORMATION FROM OTHER SOURCES?

Primary and secondary sources cannot be fully maximized without these reading skills…

Skimming

Scanning

Scrolling

If you really listened to last Friday’s FB Live session, what is your own idea of these three (skimming,
scanning, and scrolling)?

Skimming-use to identify the main idea. Focusing on the topic concluding sentences of paragraphs.

Scrolling-use to move across an online pages or from one to another. Scrolling with skimming and
scanning.

Scanning-search for key or ideas, words, and phrases. Only look for specific facts or pieces of
information.

Some of you are still confused with skimming and scanning. And in the worst case possible, interchange
the two.

Alright people, let me help you.

Please see the picture below for your reference regarding skimming and scanning.

Scrolling on the other hand is not a reading skill but rather a movement that lets the reader move across
from one page to another. This movement is only applicable to online resources.
Before we get to the end of discussion, let me emphasize one thing.

Many of you will think that primary sources are way better than the secondary sources and vice versa.

But the truth is, that is not really the point. Whether we use the primary or secondary source as an
outlet to gather information, it all boils down to these characteristics that an individual must look for
and observe in paving the road of success towards factual data.

1. Availabilty/Accessibility of the source/information.

2. Accuracy. Accuracy brings an added flavor to your research.

3. Reliability/Objectivity. As much as possible, the information you will gather must be free from
personal judgment/biases.

4. Relevance/Appropriateness. The data you have gathered must be timely in order to meet the
requirements of your research/problem/inquiry.

5. Completeness. What more can I say? Who do you think will be satisfied if an individual presents an
incomplete data/information? None.

6. Conciseness. Short and clear.