1st Week

The two (2) categories of identifying the Layers of the Earth are:

- Compositional Layer (Chemical Composition)

- Mechanical Layer (Physical Properties-describes the Temperature, the Density, and the Strength of the
Material)

The Compositional Layers of the Earth includes:

- Crust: outermost layer of the Earth. It is made up mostly of Oxygen and Silica.

- Mantle: second layer of the Earth which is mostly made up of Iron, Magnesium, and less amount of
Silica and Oxygen.

- Core: made up of Iron and Nickel.

In detailed, the Mechanical Layers of the Earth are the following:

- Lithosphere: is the outermost rigid layer of the Earth.

- Asthenosphere: denser, weaker, and semi-molten rocks. Because of the increase in the Temperature as
we go down the layers of the Earth, the rocks started to soften and melt. That causes the rocks in the
Asthenosphere to have a viscous consistency. When we say viscous, it is thick or sticky. Just like a melted
chocolate when it is exposed on hot temperature.

- Mesosphere: because of the increase in temperature, the rocks are flowing but in a slower motion
compared with Asthenosphere.

- Outer Core: composed of liquid Iron and Nickel

- Inner Core: composed of solid Iron and Nickel.

Lithosphere came from the word "Lithos" which means Rocky and "Sphaira" which means Sphere.
Lithosphere then is defined as the outer solid part of the Earth.

Lithosphere is composed of the Crust and the Uppermost part of the Mantle.

The two (2) types of Lithosphere are:

- Continental Lithosphere (Continental Crust): is the location where we live, these are the continents. It
includes Mountains and Volcanoes, and other Geologic Features.

- Oceanic Lithosphere (Oceanic Crust): found under the ocean.

In detailed, the difference between the Continental and Oceanic Crusts is:

- Continental Crust: thicker (32 km), contains Granite Rocks. Geologists called the rocks found in the
continent as "Sial", which stands for Silicate and Aluminum. These are the most abundant minerals
found at the continent

- Oceanic Crust: denser (2.9 g/cm3), contains Basalt Rocks. The rocks found in the ocean are called
"Sima", which stands for Silicate and Magnesium. These are the most abundant minerals found at the
Oceanic Crust.

Just like the cracked shell of a hard boiled egg, the Earth's Lithosphere is broken down into segments.
And these segments are called "Plates" or sometimes called the Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates.

in detailed, here are the seven (7) major Lithospheric Plates:

- Pacific Plate (103,300,000 km2) found underneath the Pacific Ocean

- North American Plate (75,900,000 km2) which is composed of continental and oceanic crusts.

- Eurasian (67,000,000 km2) it includes the continent of Europe and Asia.

- African Plate (61,300,000 km2) and composed the African continent.

- Antartic Plate (60,900,000 km2) and composed the Antartic continent.

- Australian Plate (58,900,000 km2) it composed the Australian continent.

- South American Plate (43,600,000 km2) it composed the South America and some parts of Atlantic
Ocean.

According to the the Plate Tectonic Theory states, the Lithospheric plates are constantly moving in slow
motion.

The correct answer is NO, and the reason is we don't feel any vibration or motion due to low magnitude.

PHIVOLCS usually record 20 earthquakes per day, but not felt due to low magnitude.

PHIVOLCS usually record 100-150 earthquakes per year.

The plates move at the rate of 2 inches per year (slow motion).
2nd Week

Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the
Earth's Lithosphere that creates seismic waves.

Intensity the strength or shaking produced by an earthquake

Magnitude The magnitude is a number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake

Epicenter The epicenter is the point on the earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter (or focus)

Earthquake epicenter is the direction just right above the Focus or Hypocenter (the location below the
Earth surface where the earthquake actually originates). It is located above the Earth surface.

Thank you for your answers. You are actually giving the two (2) steps in locating the earthquake
epicenters using the triangulation method. Let me give the complete steps in locating the earthquake
epicenters using the triangulation method by following these steps:

1. Identify three (3) seismic stations or recording stations in order to find the earhquake's location
(epicenter).

2. Find the time difference between the arrival time (in seconds) of Primary waves (P waves) and the
Secondary waves (S waves).

3. Determine the distance (in kilometer) from the epicenter to the seismic location. Use the following
equation: d=(Td/8s)×100km, where d is the distance and Td is Time difference. 8s is a constant value,
same with 100km

4. Convert the computed distance from kilometers to centimeters with respect to map. This is were you
are going to plot your triangulation. The conversion factor is given as 1 cm:100 km.

5. Plot the data on the map and do the triangulation using Pencil, Ruler, and Compass. Measure the
converted distance on the map and make a circle around it. For a data with three (3) seismic locations,
three (3) circles will also be drawn. The point where the three circles nearly intersect is the epicenter of
the earthquake.
- Distance from the epicenter to the station (in kilometers, km)

Batangas: 560 km

Puerto Princesa: 400 km

Davao: 480 km

- Computed distance on the map (in centimeters, cm)

Batangas: 5.6 cm

Puerto Princesa: 4 cm

Davao: 4.8 cm

Earthquakes and volcanoes are actually located at the edges of plate boundaries. They are not randomly
distributed, instead the location of the volcanoes is also the location of the earthquake epicenters.

Mountain ranges are also formed at the edges of plate boundaries.

Mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquake epicenters all lie at the Pacific Ring of Fire.

The countries located at the Pacific Ring of Fire are:

- Philippines - Japan

- Chile - Mexico

- United States - Russia

- Indonesia - Taiwan

- Peru - Guatemala

- Canada - Malaysia

- Australia - Ecuador

- Columbia - New Zealand

- Singapore - Panama

Volcanoes and earthquakes can form away or within from the plate boundaries. It is another type of
tectonic setting which is called Intraplate Earthquakes or Intraplate Volcanism.
3rd Week

There are actually three (3) types of plate boundaries:

- Convergent Plate Boundary (Continental-Continantal, Continental-Oceanic, and Oceanic-Oceanic)

- Divergent Plate Boundary

- Transform Plate Boundary

Convergent boundary is a type of plate boundary where two plates move towards each other.

When two continental crust collide, mountains or mountain ranges are formed.

The geological feature that can be formed due to continental to oceanic collision are Volcanoes.

Divergent boundary is a type of plate boundary where plates move apart.

Actually, the geological feature that can be formed when two plates move apart are mid ocean ridges.
These are mountain systems on the ocean floor due to diverging plates. An example is the mid atlantic
ridge which is located at the Atlantic Ocean.

Divergent boundary mostly formed at the ocean floor or oceanic plates.

Transform fault boundaries are formed when two plates slide past one another.

The geological feature/phenomena happens when plates slide past one another are earthquakes.

It is the San Andreas Fault in California which extends for about 1,200 km that creates a boundary
between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate.

But here are the complete pair of lithospheric plates with divergent boundaries:

- Pacific Plate and North American Plate

- North American Plate and Eurasian Plate

- Australian Plate and Antarctic Plate

- South American Plate and African Plate

- Antarctic Plate and African Plate

But here are the complete pair of lithospheric plates with convergent boundaries:

- Nazca Plate and South American Plate

- Eurasian Plate and Pacific Plate

- Carribean Plate and Eurasian Plate

There are only few lithospheric plates with transform boundary, and they are:

- Scotia Plate and Antarctic Plate

- Carribean Plate and Indian Plate

4th Week

The three (3) types of collision along Convergent Plate Boundary are:

- Oceanic-Continental

- Oceanic-Oceanic

- Continental-Continental

The Oceanic crust is bending towards the mantle because it is denser compared to Continental crust.

The Oceanic crust is denser compared with the Continental crust. In the process of collision of plates,
the denser crust will be the one that will subduct towards the mantle. This process is what we call
Subduction. It is the tectonic process at convergent plate boundaries by which slabs of oceanic
lithosphere descend into the mantle. Refer to the illustration below to locate the Subduction zone

The rocks of Oceanic crust will melt due to

increasing temperature and forms magma.
And the addition of volatile materials such as
water makes the magma less dense, thus it
rise up towards the Continental crust. There
will be also formation of Volcanoes, and
there will be a possibility for volcanic
eruptions to occur. A curving chain of active
volcanoes formed above the Subduction
zone is called Volcanic arc. A specific
example of Volcanic arc is the Cascade
Volcanoes. It is found at the North American
Plate. Cascade volcanoes are formed due to
the collision of the Pacific Plate at Oceanic
crust and a Continental crust of North American Plate. Cascade volcanoes extends from the British
Columbia up to Washington, Oregon, and northern part of California. It is composed of 20 major active
volcanoes.

Trenches will also be formed along this collision. These are long, narrow depressions on the sea floor
that form at the boundary of tectonic plates where one plate subducts, beneath another. Because of the
constant deepening of the Oceanic crust beneath the Continental crust, it produces earthquakes. An
example is the Philippine Trench which is produced due to the collision of the Philippine Sea Plate with
the Philippine Archipelago. It is the second deepest trench in the world. As the deepening of the
Philippine Sea Plate continues, it induces frequent earthquake that we are experiencing in the country.
One example of an earthquake produced due to the collision of the Continental and Oceanic crusts is
the Magnitude 9 earthquake that structs Japan in March 11, 2011. The epicenter of this earthquake was
recorded 130 km west of Sendai, Japan and the focus occurred 30 km depth below the ocean floor of
the Pacific Ocean. The event started with a powerful earthquake that cause widespread damage on
land. This powerful Oceanic earthquake induces the production of tsunamis. Tsunamis are giant waves
caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. As a result, many coastal areas in Japan
were devastated.
There is Subduction zone in the crusts. The leading plate of the subducting crust will melt and form
magma. The magma will rise up forming Volcanic Island Arc. These are long, curved chain of oceanic
islands associated with intense volcanic and seismic activity. The western part of the Pacific Ocean is
mostly made up of Volcanic Island Arc. These includes Indonesia, Philippines, and Japan (countries also
located at the Pacific Ring of Fire). Subduction occurs because of the older rocks which is denser. The
Oceanic crust with older and denser rocks will automatically subduct over the other Oceanic crust with
younger and less dense rocks.

Trench is also formed parallel to the Volcanic Island Arc. Because of subduction process (grinding of
crusts) earthquake might also occur, and strong earthquake will also induce the occurrence of Tsunami.

Mountain ranges are formed. It is a group or chain of mountains that are close together. Since there is
no subduction in either of the two Continental Crusts, the force is pressured pushing upward, causing
the formation of the peak of mountains. One example of mountain ranges that is formed due to
Continental-Continental Crusts collision is the Himalayas Mountain. It is the tallest mountain range that
is found on Earth. It is formed due to the collision of the Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate. Another
example is the Andes Mountain Range. It is the longest mountain range that is found on Earth.

There will be earthquakes that will occur in this type of collision.

1st Week (2nd Month)

The two (2) types of divergence along Divergent Plate Boundary are:

- Continental

- Oceanic (Seafloor Spreading)

Two continental plates pull or tear apart that creates fissures and expose the magma in the
asthenosphere. The magma find its way up to the crust and erupt forming volcanoes. An example is the
Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is a volcano formed from a continental divergence.

As I observed your answers, you are referring to the geologic features or landforms that will be formed
from Oceanic Divergence. Well, the mechanism of the diverging oceanic plates is given by the
convection current. The plates are being pulled into the direction of the convection current.

The gap between the diverging oceanic plates forms a Mid-ocean Ridge. This gap would be filled by
magma and as it goes up, it will form underwater or submarine volcanoes. As the underwater volcano
erupt, the magma will solidify and will form new ocean floor. This is the main reason why oceanic crust
is much younger than the continental crust because the older oceanic crust undergo subduction process
at the Convergent Boundary. It melt as it go to the mantle and no ocean floor will be formed at the
Divergent Boundary as the melted material goes up and solidify. Whereas the continental crust just
keeps on growing and growing and get older and older.

The San Andreas Fault has created a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate
which is due to their opposite and relative motion as they slide past one another.

It means that all Strike Slip Faults that are found at the edges of the plate boundaries are to be
considered Transform Fault Boundaries. But those Strike Slip Faults that are found within the plate or
Intracontinental are NOT considered as Transform Fault Boundaries.

The oldest continental crust is 4 Billion years old and the Earth was formed 4.5 Billion years ago. So just
imagine how ancient the continents are. Whereas the oceanic crust is just 260 Million years old, sounds
old but compared to the continental crust, continents are way much more older than the oceanic crust.
This is actually due to the Subduction Process that the oceanic crust undergoes where the older oceanic
crust descends to the mantle and melt to become new ocean floor. Oceanic crust is being recycled
whereas the continental crust just keep on growing.

Subduction process is very significant because no ocean floor will not be renewed if no subduction
process. Volcanism as well wouldn't be possible if not with the subduction process. The geologic activity
of subduction zones is also enormously beneficial to all mankind and to Earth. In fact, dry land exist only
because of subduction, and continents are born from the destruction of the oceanic crust. So the
magma produced as subduction zones hardens into granite which is the bed rock of all the continents.
And once the continents has been created, continents will keep on growing above sea level through
further subduction. And almost all of the important natural resources are derived from the subduction
process we have like oil and natural gas which could be developed in the thick organic sediments that
accumulate around the plate boundary as well as the volcanic rocks which release nutrients as they
weather, forming some of the most fertile soils on Earth.
2nd Week (2nd Month)

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

- Describe and reconstruct Pangea;

- State Wegener's continental drift theory;

- Trace the existence of fossils of plants and animals as evidences found in the present continents that
support the fitting of drifted continents; and

- Cite other proofs of continental drift theory.

Alfred Lothar Wegener (Vey-guh-nur) is a German meteorologist. He is expert in climate and weather of
the Polar regions. He took part in an expedition in Greenland and pioneered the use of balloons to track
air circulation. He was also a professor of Meteorology and Geophysics.

In 1910, while looking at the map of the world, Alfred Wegener noticed that the continents of South
America and Africa seemed to fit with each other. This gave him an idea that all of the continents were
once joint together. This theory is called the Continental Drift Theory.

According to the Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener, there is a super continent named Pangea
which means "all Earth".

They are: Gondwanaland and Laurasia

These are: South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia

They are: North America and Eurasia

The drifting and breaking up of the continent is continued up to the present time that we have now the
Seven Major Continents of the World.

During the time of Wegener, scientific community did not accept his theory and according to scientists
before, the matching of the edges of the continents were just a co-incident. But that does not make
Wegener to stop looking for other evidences to prove the continental drift theory.

The edges of the continents were matched to each other just like fitting a Jigsaw Puzzle.

Alfred Wegener noticed that large geological features such as Mountain Ranges seemed to match up
when the continents are put together. From the picture below, we can see the Appalachian Mountains
in the North America and the Caledonian Mountains when they are brought together it seems like they
are just one long Mountain Range and on continuous research, Alfred Wegener found out that these
two different Mountain Range have the same mineral components and have the same age and type of
rocks.

Fossils are remains and traces of organisms. He studied different fossils of organisms and he found out
that there are similar fossils of animals and plants that are found on different location and different
continents.
The fossil evidences discovered by Alfred Wegener are:

- Mesosaurus Reptile are fresh water reptiles just like the modern crocodile that we have today. It is
found in the continents of South America and Africa.

It is impossible to migrate or move from one continent to another, unless, the continents of South
America and Africa is still in its present position during the time of Mesosaurus, it isn't impossible for the
Mesosaurus to travel from these two continets and move across the Atlantic Ocean.

- Cynognathus are mammal like reptiles. Its Fossils are found also in South America and Africa. Same
with Mesosaurus, it couldn't migrate from one continent to another and cross the Atlantic Ocean.
Cynognathus are land dominant reptile, so it can't migrate or swim over the Atlantic Ocean.

- Lystosaurus are found in the continents of Africa, India, and Australia. Similar with the two other fossils
or animal, it couln't migrate or travel from one continent to another.

- Glossopteris Plant is known to be woody and seed bearing trees, have a tongue shaped leaves, and
could grow up to 30 meters tall. These are found at the continents of South America, Africa, India,
Australia, and Antarctica. Glossopteris seeds are bulky and it is big and couldn't be flown from one
continent to another.

Aside from that, these are commonly found in Antarctica which is covered with ice. Glossopteris fossils
are found at the North Eastern part of Antarctica in which in a latitude wherein there is no sunlight for
half a year. This gives Wegener an idea that Antarctica was not covered with ice during the time that
Glossopteris plant grow in that continent. According to Alfred Wegener, Antarctica was once located in a
location where it can grow plants and can sustain substantial amount of life.
3rd Week (2nd Month)

Harry Hess was a geologist and Navy submarine commander during World War II. Part of his mission had
been to study the deepest parts of the ocean floor. In 1946 he had discovered that hundreds of flat-
topped mountains, perhaps sunken islands, shape the Pacific floor.

From the previous discussion, we've talked about the Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener. But at
the latter part of the discussion, his theory was rejected due to lack of proofs on how continents move.
This made other scientists to investigate further, and one of them was Harry Hess.

Harry Hess is an American geologist, professor and a navy commander. He study the deepest part of the
ocean floor where he used sonars and submersibles. He found mountains underwater similar of that in
the continents, called MID-OCEAN ridges.

Harry Hess' Seafloor Spreading Theory is the process in which new seafloor is created as the old ocean
floor sinks. The magma rises to the surface at the Mid-Ocean Ridge. As the magma tries to escape, it
causes the seafloor to spread and make room for it. When the magma escapes, it flows to the side of the
seafloor, and when lava cooled, it creates a new seafloor. The old seafloor is destroyed at the
Subduction Zone.

It is the discovery of the magnetic strips on the seafloor.

These are magnetized patterns of rocks in the ocean floor.

They are the Magnetic North Pole and Magnetic South Pole

Earth is said to be a giant magnet! The Earth's Magnetic Field is

generated in a very hot molten iron outer core and has already
existed since the birth of our planet.

They use Magnetic Compass. It tells us the directions on Earth. It also proved that the Earth has a
Magnetic Field. It always points to the North, specifically the North Magnetic Pole.
It is called the Magnetic reversal. It is due to
the change of the direction of the flow on the
Outer Core. It is also sometimes called the
"flip" of the Earth. The Earth flips 180°. Over
the last 10 million yearn-an average of 4 to 5
reversals per million years or once in every
200,000-300,000 years. It has been 780,000
years since the last time it has been reversed.

It is when the North and South poles are

located where they are now.

It is when the North and South poles are

located in the opposite direction.

Normal Polarity vs. Reversed Polarity

4th Week (2nd Month)

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Realize the importance of the Seafloor Spreading process relative to the Continental Drift Theory.

From the previous discussion, we've talked about the Seafloor Spreading Theory and Magnetic Stripping
as its evidence. Today, we are going to understand further this theory by watching a virtual simulation of
the Seafloor Spreading using the activity entitled Split and Separate. We are going to answer today the
Guide Questions given by the Live Streaming Teacher yesterday...

The stripes represent the matching magnetic stripes on the ocean floor. The ocean floor is mainly
composed of Basalt Rocks and this type of rock is a fairly magnetic substance. The specific magnetism of
Basalt Rock is determined by the Earth's Magnetic Field when the magma from the mantle is cooling.

The middle slit represents the mid-ocean ridge where the actual seafloor spreading occurs.

It is seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics and this is where the seafloor spreading takes
place.

The mid-ocean ridge serves as the origin of lithospheric movement. It is the place where the force that
pushes the lithosphere originates.

Hot, less dense material below the Earth’s crust rises towards the mid-ocean ridge. As this material
flows sideways, it creates a crack in the crust where magma will flow out. This magma cools down and
becomes the new seafloor.

The side slits serve as subduction zone where the old seafloor plunges beneath another tectonic plate.

Subduction zone is where the denser crust subducts or slides, beneath the less dense crust. The denser
crust will then melt back into the mantle.

The seafloor spreading gave a clear explanation on how and why the continents move which the
continental drift failed to explain.

The answer is YES, there is. The supporters of the continental drift theory originally theorize that the
continents drifted through unmoving ocean. The seafloor spreading theory rejected this idea for the
reason that the ocean floor is an active side of tectonic activity.

The answer is NO. The Earth is not getting larger or smaller. If there is the production of a new seafloor
in the mid-ocean ridge, there is a destruction of an old seafloor at subduction zones.
1st Week (December)

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

- Describe the possible causes of plate movements, specifically how Convection Current drives the
movement of the plates.

From the previous discussion, we able to realize the importance of seafloor spreading theory to
continental drift theory. Today, we are going to explore the causes of plate movements as well as how
convection current facilitates plate movement.

But before we start, you should have a clear understanding of the following terms:

- Heat ; It is the energy produced because of the movements of particles of matter.

- Heat transfer ; It is the movement of heat from one substance or material to another. It takes place
through three (3) principles including: Radiation, Conduction, and Convection.

- Density ; It is the measure of the amount of substance per volume.

If we heat a substance, its particle expands causing to have lower density, and if we decrease the
temperature if the substance is in cold temperature, its particles are more compact causing it to have a
higher density. This concept is important in understanding convection current.

Convection - It is a transfer of heat caused by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material
to rise, and colder, denser material to sink.

In what layer of Earth do convection current occurs? - That is Earth's Mantle

How is convection current occurs in the Earth's Mantle? - It is because of the heat coming from the
Earth's interior (core). The molten rocks near the core is hotter, have higher temperature causing it to
become less dense. Since it is less dense, it will rise towards the Asthenosphere. As it reach the
Asthenosphere, it will move to the side and eventually decreases in temperature and sinks. It sinks
because the decrease in temperature causing it to become less dense.

How does convection current drives the plate movement? - As the molten rocks reaches the top, it
exert upward and sideward forces. It lift and split the lithosphere at divergent plate boundary. As the
molten rocks move towards the Asthenosphere, the molten rocks ooze out of the Mantle, ooze out of
the Crust, cools down, and forms new lithosphere.

How does convection current drives the plate movement? - The sinking of the denser molten rocks pulls
down the lithosphere at convergent plate boundary. This causes the occurrence of subduction process.

Who is Alfred Holmes? - He speculated that continents are carried by flow of the mantle on which they
sit, and that the mantle is flowing because of convection current.

Does convection current causes the occurrence of earthquake? Why? - The answer is YES. Convection
current causes the plates to move, and when it moves it results to different geologic events and
processes including earthquake, tsunamis, volcanic eruption, and formation of volcanoes and
mountains.
2nd Week (December)

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

- Determine how RIDGE PUSH and SLAB PULL drives the movement of the plate.

From the previous discussion, we discuss how convection current drives the movement of plates. In
today's lesson, we are going to discuss another driving force that cause the movement of plates.

1. What is Ridge Push? (1 minute)

It is a gravitational force that causes the plate to move away from the ridge. Mid-ocean ridge is the
location of seafloor spreading, it is also where the Ridge Push occurs.

How Ridge Push drives the movement of plates?

2. How do you describe the molten rocks (magma) at the Mid-ocean Ridge? (1 minute)

The molten rocks (magma) that rises at the Mid-ocean Ridge is very hot and heats the rocks around it.
As the rocks near the ridge are heated, it expands and becomes elevated above the surrounding
seafloor. This elevation produces a slow, down, and away from the ridge.

3. How do you describe the density of the rocks at the ridge? (1 minute)

The lava that flows from the ridge is very hot at first, therefore it is less dense compared with the rocks
farther away from the ridge.

4. How do you compare the rocks at the ridge from the rocks away from the ridge? (2 minutes)

The rocks at the ridge are hot, less dense, thinner, and high in elevation while the rocks far from the
ridge are colder, denser, thicker, and lower in elevation.

5. What is the effect of elevation to the rocks? (1 minute)

Because of the elevation, gravity cause the rocks to slide away from the ridge and down the sloping
crust.

The sliding of rocks at the Mid-ocean Ridge can be compared with the Landslide. As the rocks slides
down the slope, it pushes the rocks at lower elevation away from the mountain.

6. How do you compare Landslide with the rocks at the Ridge Push? (1 minute)

As the rocks slides away from the ridge, it pushes the older denser crust towards the Subduction Zone.

7. How do you compare Ridge Push in a Wedge of Honey with a sloping surface? (1 minute)
The mass of the ridge pushes the older crust away from the ridge and towards the subduction area.

8. What is Slab Pull? (1 minute)

It is the force exerted by the weight of the subducted crust on the plate it is attached to.

9. What will happen when lithospheric plates move away from Mid-ocean Ridges? (1 minute)

As lithospheric plates moves away from Mid-ocean Ridges, they pull and eventually becomes denser
causing it to subduct at Convergent Plate Boundary.

10. What will happen to the leading lithospheric plate as the denser plates bends down towards the
Mantle? (1 minute)

As the denser plates bends down towards the Mantle, the leading plate with the effect of gravity drags
the rest of the plate along with it.

11. What is the role of Gravity in Slab Pull? (1 minute)

Gravity plays a special role in pulling the older denser plate down the mantle.

12. How do you compare the sinking of the older denser plate to a less dense plate? (1 minute)

The rate of the movement of plate varies: The older denser plate will sink faster compared to a less
dense crust.

To summarize:

- Ridge Push occurs because the ridge is elevated and the gravitational force causes the rocks to slide
down and push the older rocks away from the ridge.

- Slab Pull is the pulling force exerted by cold, dense oceanic plate Subducting into the mantle due to its
own weight.