3rd Quarter

Week 1
March 22, 2021

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

MELC: Explain the role of hormones involve in the female and male reproductive system.

- Explain the hormones secreted by the male reproductive system;

- Explain the hormones secreted by the female reproductive system;

- Discuss the role of hormones involved in the male and female reproductive system; and

- Explain the effect of hormone secretion in the development of an organism.

1. How do you describe the term PUBERTY?

It is the term used to describe the developmental changes a child undergoes to become sexually mature
and physiologically ready for reproduction. It normally begins between the ages of 8-14 in females, and
between the ages of 10-16 in males.

At your age, most of you are already experiencing different changes in your body. It is really important
to remember that everybody goes through it. It's good to know and fully comprehend the Science
behind all of these changes.

Take note that hormones play a vital role in the development of Male and Female during the Puberty
Stage...

2. What is the role of the Hormones in the Male and Female Puberty Stage?

Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body and secreted by
endocrine glands directly into the blood. Sex hormones are responsible for driving puberty or sexual
development.

3. What is the role of the Hypothalamus in the secretion of hormones during Puberty Stage?

Hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It is located at the base, near the pituitary gland. Puberty
begins when the Hypothalamus starts to release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and travels to
the Pituitary gland.

4. What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

It is a small gland under the brain that produces hormones that control other glands throughout the
body.

GnRH triggers the release of two Puberty hormones at the pituitary gland: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)...
5. What is the role of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) acts on the primary reproductive
organs: Ovaries for the Female and Testes for the Male.

For the Male, hormones travel through the blood stream to the Testes and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
stimulates Testosterone production (Picture to be shown)

6. What is Testosterone?

These are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men including facial
and body hair, growth and voice change.

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates testicular growth and enhances the production of
Androgen...

7. What Androgen?

These are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men including facial
and body hair, growth and voice change.

In Females, LH and FSH go to the Ovaries...

8. What are Ovaries?

These are two oval-shaped organs that lie to the right and left of the uterus.

LH stimulates Estrogen and Progesterone production from the ovary...

9. How will you differentiate the function of Estrogen and Progesterone as the Female hormones?

- Estrogen is responsible for female reproduction and the secondary sexual characteristics of Females
including breast development, growth of body hair, widening of the hips. It also hep control the
menstrual cycle and is important in child bearing.

- Progesterone helps prepare the female body for conception and pregnancy. It triggers the lining of the
uterus to thicken to accept a fertilized egg and regulates the monthly menstrual cycle.
April 6, 2021

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

- Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system
(menstrual cycle);

- Describe the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system; and

- Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response.

Hormones control the monthly changes happening in the Female Reproductive System also known as
Menstrual Cycle...

1. How do you describe Menstrual Cycle?

It is the monthly hormonal cycle a female's body goes through to prepare for pregnancy.

2. How do you describe Ovulation as part of the Menstrual Cycle?

It is the release of an egg from Female's ovary into fallopian tube.

3. What is the role of Menstruation?

It is the process when blood and tissue from uterus comes out from vagina.

4. What are the two (2) divisions of Menstrual Cycle? Describe each

The two (2) divisions of Menstrual Cycle are:

- Ovarian Cycle includes the events that occur in the ovary

- Uterine Cycle are events that occur in the uterus

These two cycle are closely related so they are described together and refer to us as the Menstrual
Cycle.

5. What are the different Phases of Menstrual Cycle? Describe each

The different Phases of Menstrual Cycle includes:

- Menstrual Phase typically lasts from 1 to 5 days. This is when menstruation occurs. Blood and
endometrial tissues detach from the inside of the uterus and pass from the uterus to the vagina and
then out of the body. Menstrual cramps happen because of the contractions in the uterus or womb.

- Follicular Phase which lasts for 6-13 days, the endometrium in the uterus begins to build up again.
Several follicles start maturing in the ovaries.

- Ovulation which is at the middle of the Menstrual Cycle (day 14), a matured Oocyte or Egg Cell will be
released from the ovary.
- Luteal Phase lasts for 15-28 days, the endometrium of the uterus continues to prepare for a fertilized
egg. The uterine lining becomes thicker and develops more blood vessels. The mature follicle that just
released its egg develops into a structure called Corpus Luteum.

6. What will happen to the Egg Cell when fertilized by a Sperm Cell?

If the egg cell is FERTILIZED by a sperm cell, the fertilized egg will be implanted in the endometrium of
the uterus.

But if the Egg Cell is not fertilized, the endometrium will break down leading to Menstruation and this
begins a new cycle.

7. How do you describe Feedback Mechanism?

It is the process through which the level of one substance influence the level of another substance.

Here is an example of a Negative Feedback Mechanism in Menstrual Cycle...

8. If Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates the production of Estrogen, what will happen if high
level of Estrogen was produced in the Female body?

It will prevent the further production of FSH.

Estrogen also stimulates the release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the Pituitary Gland which in turn
conrol the producrion of Progesterone...

9. What will happen if high level of Progesterone was produced in the Female body?

It will inhibit or stop the further release of LH.

10. How do you describe Nervous System?

11. What is the basic unit of the Nervous System?

12. What are the three (3) basic parts of the Neuron?

13. What are the two (2) major parts of the Nervous System? Describe each.

14. What are the different parts of the body that compose the two major parts of the Nervous System?

15. How will you differentiate Somatic Nervous System to Autonomic Nervous System?
April 15, 2021

Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template
strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together
forming short double-stranded DNA sections.

Here is the summary of the events that happens in the process of Transcription:

- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme binds and opens the DNA molecule that will be transcribed.

- As the DNA molecule opens, the RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand and links free RNA
nucleotides that pair with the nitrogenous bases of the complementary DNA strand. Hence, if the
sequence of bases on the DNA strand were CCG TTA CAT, the sequence of bases on the RNA strand
would be GGC AAU GUA.

- When the process of base-pairing is completed, the RNA molecule breaks away as the DNA strands
rejoin. The RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm.

Here is the summary of the events that happens in the process of Translation:

- Messenger RNA (mRNA) binds to a ribosome. Then, Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, each carrying a
specific amino acid, approach the ribosome. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the first mRNA (start) codon
argenine-uracil-guanine (AUG), to form the initiation complex. The two molecules temporarily join
together.

- Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine. AUG signals the
start of protein synthesis. Then, the ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon.

- A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.

- When the first and second amino acids are in place, an enzyme joins them by forming a peptide bond
between them.

- As the process continues, a chain of amino acids is formed until the ribosome reaches a stop codon
(e.g., UAA,UAG,UGA) on the mRNA strand. The polypeptide chain is released. Protein synthesis is
complete.