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ME31201
Ajay Sidpara, S K Pal, N Das Chakladar
Venkata Naga Vamsi Munagala, Sushanta Panda, Siddharth Tamang
Tentative planning of the classes
12-1 10-12 8-9
Mon Tue Thurs
1 Aug 3 Aug
Welding 2 Welding 3
7 Aug 8 Aug 10 Aug
Welding 4 Casting 2 Casting 3
14 Aug 15 Aug 17 Aug
Casting 4 Ind. Day Forming 1
21 Aug 22 Aug 24 Aug
Forming 2 Forming 4 Welding 5
28 Aug 29 Aug 31 Aug
Welding 6 Casting 6 Casting 7
4 Sep 5 Sep 7 Sep
Welding 7 Welding 9 Janmashtami
11 Sep 12 Sep 14 Sep
Casting 8 Forming 6 Forming 7
18 Sep 19 Sep 21 Sep
Mid Sem Mid Sem Mid Sem
Syllabus
Sl No Topic
1 Overview of metal casting process, applications, advantages, types of patterns
2 Pattern (types, allowances) Green sand and mould properties
3 Core, Chaplet and chill, and core design (a few numericals and exercise)
4 Microstructure in casting, dendrite structure and CFR
5 Heat transfer and solidification time in insulating mould (Chorinov’s rule)
6 Function of feeder, types of feeder and feeder design
7 Types of gating system, and mold filling time (numerical)
8 Different casting defects
9 Die casting, Centrifugal casting, semi centrifugal casting and centrifuging casting Investment
casting, continuous casting
Weightage of marks:
End Sem Mid sem Class Test Attendance
Reference books
1. Manufacturing science by A Ghosh and A K Malik.
2. Metal casting computer-aided design and analysis by B Ravi.
3. Metal casting by Prof. Karl B. Rundman
4. Complete Casting Handbook: Metal Casting Processes, Techniques and Design by John
Campbell
5. Principles of metal casting by R W Heine, C R Loper and P C Rosenthal.
6. Manufacturing engineering and technology by S Kalpakjian and S Schmid
7. Casting technology and cast alloys by A K Chakrabarti.
Overview of metal casting
process, applications, advantages
Application of casting- Design and material versatility
Alloy
Ts
Shrinkage or contraction allowance
A pure metal solidifies at a constant temperature equal to its freezing point (same as melting point)
NPTEL course
Draft allowance
Draft is the taper provided by the pattern maker on all vertical surfaces of the pattern so that it can be
removed from the sand without tearing away the sides of the sand mold.
Cover core:
It is used when the entire pattern is rammed in the drag and the core
is required to be suspended from the top of the mold.
It is extended horizontally in the mold cavity.
Types of core
Hanging core:
It hangs from the cope and does not have any support at the bottom
in the drag.
It is fastened with a wire or rod.
Wing core or Stop-off core:
It is used when a hole or recess is required in the casting either above or
below the parting line.
It is used when it is not possible to place the pattern in the mold such a way
that the recess can cored directly or using other types of cores.
A part of the core placed in seat becomes a stop-off and forms a surface of
casting Stop-off
Other names tail core, chair core, saddle core
depending on its shape and position in the mold.
The core print design
The print must balance the body weight so that core does not fall during mold assembly.
The print must not crush the mold with the bouncy force of the metal.
The print should allow the internal gas to escape from the mold.
The print should not hinder the heat transfer from the core to the mould.
The print should minimize the shift and deflection of the core with use of chaplets if necessary.
Chaplets
Chaplets are metal supports used to hold a core in place when core prints are inadequate.
They must be clean Free from rust, oil, grease, moisture. Otherwise, cause poor fusion or porosity.
Copper and nickel plating is a good method of protecting chaplets from rusting.
They should be the same composition as the casting,
if possible.
Soft-steel chaplets are used in iron and steel casting
Copper chaplets in brass and bronze castings
Strong enough to carry the weight of the core until
sufficient metal is solidified to provide the required
strength.
Over size chaplet poor fusion and often causes
cracks in the casting.
They should not have any sharp, internal corners
metal will not fill a sharp internal groove.
Mikell P. Groover - Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing_ Materials, Processes, and Systems-Wiley (2012)
Chaplet example
Brass chaplets are used to support sand core inside a sand mold cavity. The projected core print area
is 13 cm2 for each end of the cylindrical sand core which support at both ends. The design of the
chaplets and the manner in which they are placed in the mold cavity surface allows each chaplet to
sustain a force of 45 N. If the volume of the core = 7.5 x 103 cm3, and the metal poured is brass,
determine the minimum number of chaplets that should be placed (a) beneath the core, and (b)
above the core. (Green sand strength is 6.9 x 103 N/m2)
Density of Core Weight of the core = Density x Volume
Sand core = 1.6 g/cc Core print 1.6 x (7.5 x 103) = 12 kg
Brass = 8.67 g/cc Mould cavity Weight of the displaced metal
= Density x Volume
Mould
8.67 x (7.5 x 103) = 65 kg
Load sustained by core print = Projected area x Strength = 13 x 0.69 = 8.97 N = 0.91 kg Both side = 1.82 kg
Chaplets required below the core = (Wt. of core – Load sustained by core print) / Load sustained by a chaplet =
(12 – 1.82) / 4.6 = 10.18/4.6 = 2.21 = 3 Chaplets
Buoyancy force = Wt. of the displaced liquid – (Wt. of core + load sustained by core print)
= 65 – (12+1.82) = 51.18 kg
Chaplets required above the core = Buoyancy force / load sustained by a chaplet
= 51.18 / 4.6 = 11.13 = 12 Chaplets
Chills
Slow cooling has advantages and disadvantages.
Permits better feeding in thin sections and produce intricate detail
It slows production by lengthening the time between pouring and shake out and for most alloys it
results in castings of lower strength.
This can usually be eliminated using chills in specific areas.
Chills fast heat extracting metallic materials incorporated separately along with sand mold surface
during molding.
To produce a hard surface at a particular place in the casting.
Chills
A chill is commonly used to promote directional solidification.
Chills and antichills can be used to adjust solidification rates
Freezing proceeds rapidly from thin to intermediate sections and then into heavy sections, and
finally into the feeding system.
This can be done by directing cooling air jets against a chill inserted in the mold or, more simply, by
using a metal insert without auxiliary cooling.