QUESTION 1

1.1. The difference between voiced and voiceless consonants is in the presence or absence of vocal cord
vibration during the articulation of the sound.
- Voiced consonants: These are produced with vocal cord vibration. Examples include /b/ as in
“bed” and /z/ as in “zip”.
- Voiceless consonants: These are produced without vocal cord vibration. Examples include /p/ as
in “pat” and /s/ as in “sit”.

1.2. The initial sounds in the following words:

a. Chin: [tʃ] – voiceless palatal affricate. It is produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the
hard palate and releasing a burst of air while the vocal cords remain inactive.
 b. Physical: [f] – voiceless labiodental fricative. It is produced by placing the lower lip against the
upper teeth and letting air escape through the narrow gap in between, without vocal cord
vibration.
c. Psychology: [s] – voiceless alveolar fricative. It is produced by placing the tip of the tongue
against the alveolar ridge and forcing air through the narrow gap, without vocal cord vibration.
d. Knee: [n] – voiced alveolar nasal. It is produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the
alveolar ridge and allowing the air to flow through the nose, while the vocal cords vibrate.
e. Jean: [dʒ] – voiced palatal affricate. It is produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the
hard palate and releasing a burst of air while the vocal cords vibrate.

1.3 The allophones of the phoneme /t/ in the following words/environments are:
a. Tool: [t]
b. Stool: [t̪]
c. Responsibility: [ɾ]
d. Eighth: [t]
e. Part: [t]

1.4 The differentiation between a closed and an open syllable is as follows:

- Closed syllable: A closed syllable is a syllable that ends with a consonant sound. The vowel in a
closed syllable is typically short. Examples include “cat” and “stop”. In “cat”, the closed syllable
is /kæt/ with the final /t/ creating a closed syllable.
- Open syllable: An open syllable is a syllable that ends with a vowel sound. The vowel in an open
syllable is typically long. Examples include “me” and “go”. In “me”, the open syllable is /mi/ with
the final /i/ creating an open syllable.

1.5 The phonetic transcriptions for the following words are:

a. Book: /bʊk/
b. Me: /mi/

REFERENCES:

Krashen, S.D. (1983). The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation.

Skinner, B.F. (1958). Teaching Machines. Science, 128(3330), 969-977

Wikipedia; 2023; ‘English FAL Pdf’, retrieved online: www.wikipedia.com; (accessed on 10 September
2023)