SHRI SAIRAJ SHIKSHAN PRATISTHAN’S

VISHWALATA ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE

COLLEGE BHATGAON,
TAL-YEOLA, DIST- NASHIK.

PROF. BALE A P

SUBJECT – TYBBA, SEM – V

504- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TOPIC NO 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

DATE – 11-08-2020
TIME – 10.40 AM TO 11.20 AM
 TOPIC NO 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

1.1 – RESEARCH – MEANING,

CHARACTERISTICS & IMPORTANCE/
SIGNIFICANCE & LIMITATIONS
 RESEARCH
 The term Research is derived from the French word
recerch meaning “to search”
Research
R – rational way of thinking
E – expert and exhaustive treatment
S – search for solution
E – exactness
A – analytical analysis of adequate data
R – relationship between facts and theories
C – constructive attitude, critical observation, cautious
and careful reading
H – honesty and hardwork in all aspects of the
treatment of data.
 RESEARCH - INTRODUCTION
❖ Research Plays a vital role in management decision
making by analyzing the situation systematically &
finding new ways to support the operation.
❖ Research involves scientific & systematic analysis of a
research area & concluding the findings with
appropriate reasoning.
❖ Research is a systematic as well as an object oriented
process.
❖ Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and
interpreting information to answer questions.
 RESEARCH – MEANING
❖ Research comprises of two words – “Re” & “Search”
While “Re” implies a repetitive or integrative process
and “Search” denotes making a through the
examination of or looking over carefully in order to
find something.
❖ Research can be defined as scientific process where a
new facts, ideas and theories are established and
proved in different areas of knowledge.
❖ The process of research beings with identifying the
research problem following data collection, data
analysis & ends with concludes the findings.
 RESEARCH – DEFINITIONS
1) Redman & Mory –
“Research is systematic efforts to gain
new knowledge.”
2) John Best –
“Research is a Systematic activity
directed towards discovery and the development of
an organized body of knowledge.”
3) Waltz & Bausell –
“Research is a systematic, formal,
rigorous and precise process employed to gain
solution to problems or to discover and interpret
new facts and relationships.”
 RESEARCH – CHARACTERISTICS
1) Research is a creative process and includes investigations or
inquiry, discovery or inventions or experimentation to find out
the truth with evidence contained in the product.
2) Research is a systematic.
3) Research is a logical.
4) Research is a purposeful.
5) Research is accurate.
6) Research is an interactive process.
7) A research into any problems in not the end of it is the
beginning of new search which always raises a new question.
8) Research gathers new knowledge and sometimes it replaces the
old knowledge.
9) Research collects data.
10) Research involves hypothesis or testing of hypothesis.
Importance or
Significance
of Research
IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
1 Marketing Decisions
2 Production Decisions
3 Helps Banking Institution
4 Foundation for Government Policies
5 Human Resource Department
6 Solving problems of Business & Industry
7 Guiding Social Planning
8 Guiding Social Growth
9 Welfare Reforms
10 Improvement in the Tools & Techniques
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

1) Marketing Decisions

❖ Research plays a very important role in taking

sound marketing decisions.
❖ Research tools are applied effectively for studies
involving demand forecasting, consumer buying
behavior, measuring advertising effectiveness,
media selection & new product potential.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

2) Production Decisions

❖ Research helps to producer in taking production

decision.
❖ An organization to decide on what to produce, how
much to produce, when to produce & for whom to
produce in the field of production.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

3) Helps in Banking Institution

❖ Banks have found it useful to set up research

departments for the purpose of gathering &
analyzing information both for their internal
operations and for making in depth studies on
economic conditions of business.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

4) Foundation for Government Policies

❖ Research is useful in economic planning.

❖ It also helps to government in preparing budget and
collection of information on the economic & Social
structure of the nation.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

5) Human Resource Department

❖ Research Helps HRD in several ways.

❖ For example – It is useful to study wage rates,
incentives schemes & cost of living & employment
trends and also helpful in manpower planning.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

6) Solving Problems of Business & Industry

❖ Research helps to business & industry through

providing information required for business
decisions.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
7) Guiding Social Planning

❖ Research helps social planning through providing a

systematic knowledge of the societal resources and
liability of the people & their culture.

8) Guiding Social Growth

❖ Social Research is initiating & guiding social growth

on proper line & towards the achieved goals.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
9) Welfare Reforms

❖ Appropriate welfare reforms can be introduced in the

society only when social research helps in finding out
their needs and necessities .
❖ State can introduced legislative measures with the
helps of the findings of social researcher.
 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
10) Improvement in the Tools & Techniques

❖ Every social research helps in improving old

techniques & innovating the new ones.
❖ Existing tools of research are modified.
LIMITATIONS
OF
RESEARCH
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
1 Lack of Funds
2 No Centralized Database
3 No Co ordinations Among Research
4 Lack of Library Management
5 No Trust on Researchers
6 Costly Affairs
7 Lack of Proper Contacts between Research
Department
8 Lack of Skilled Researchers
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
1) Lack of Fund

❖ Researcher needs sufficient fund to contact a

research properly.
❖ But Companies do not sufficiently allocate funds for
the research and development activities.
❖ Due to the lack f sufficient fund several research
project either get delayed or do not proceed further.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
2) No Centralized Database

❖ There is no centralized database system available for

researcher in India
❖ Due to which it is very difficult to find the
information about already conducted related
researches.
❖ The consequence of this barrier is the repetition in
research works which is carried out by different
organizations.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
3) No Co ordination among Researchers

❖ Research work requires a strong code of conduct to

be followed.
❖ The researchers do not follow the norms due to which
they have no co ordination.
❖ This result in difference of opinion among them
which in turn affects the quality of research work.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
4) Lack of Library Management

❖ The libraries in India are not managed properly.

❖ There is lack of books, journals and reports in
libraries.
❖ Due to which the crucial time of researchers are
wasted in finding the useful information from
available material.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH

5) No Trust on Researchers

❖ Many of the organizations do not co operate with the

researchers due to the lack of trust.
❖ Companies show unwillingness to share information,
because of the risk of misuse of data.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
6) Costly Affair

❖ Printing & Publishing the research work proves to be

costly for the research associates.
❖ If the research paper is to be published
internationally then it requires more funds which is
not affordable for many researchers.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
7) Lack of Proper contacts between Research
Departments

❖ The lack of co ordination among the researcher of the

related department leads to biasness in the research.
❖ Due to this barrier research work lack the huge
amount of primary data may remain unavailable to the
researchers which may hamper the quality of research.
 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
8) Lack of Skilled Researchers

❖ Research is a systematic procedure & requires the

researcher to be well- trained in collecting data,
sampling & analysis.
❖ But the researchers in India have no expertise in
research methodology.
❖ Most of the research guides have no knowledge
regarding the tools & techniques used in research.
❖ This lack of skilled manpower is a big limiting factor
in the research environment.
Thank You
 SHRI SAIRAJ SHIKSHAN PRATISTHAN’S

VISHWALATA ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE

COLLEGE BHATGAON,
TAL-YEOLA, DIST- NASHIK.

PROF. BALE A P

SUBJECT – TYBBA, SEM – V

504- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TOPIC NO 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

DATE – 17-08-2020
TIME – 10.40 AM TO 11.20 AM
 TOPIC NO 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

1.2 – BASIC RESEARCH PROCESS –

AN OVERVIEW AND STEPS INVOLVED
 1.2 – BASIC RESEARCH PROCESS
Introduction

 Research process includes a series of steps which begins

with defining a problem and ends with the solution.
 It is not a static and linear activity but generates new areas
for further researches.
 Generally the research ends with bringing out new
problems or new areas to explore with or without the
solution and conclusion, due to this characteristic of
research it is called a cyclic process.
 The entire research process aims at representing
information effectively so that it can be used in future
research studies, following every step in systematic
manner requires significant amount of time & money.
 BASIC RESEARCH PROCESS
Meaning / Definition

 Discovering & analyzing a range of significant &

reliable information about a particular issue or
problem with systematic planning is known as
research process.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
 Research process involves several steps for
complete analysis of the research problem.

 These steps are required for identifying &

analyzing important information about a
research topic.
STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
1 - Formulation of Research Problem
2 – Survey & Review of Literature
Steps
3 – Formulation of Hypothesis
involved
in 4 – Selecting / Planning Research Design
Research 5 – Selecting Sample
Process 6 – Data Collection
7 – Data analysis
8 – Hypothesis Testing
9 – Interpretation of Data/ Result
10 – Preparation of Report
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
1 - Formulation of Research Problem

 The formulation of a general topic into a specific

research problem is the first step in a scientific
enquiry.
 It must be influenced by requirements of the scientific
procedure.
 Understanding the problem & rephrasing the same
into meaningful terms are two steps involved in
formulation of research problem.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
2- Survey & Review of Literature

 After formulation of research problem it is necessary

for researcher to undertake extensive, literature
survey.
 A Systematic review of the related literature can show
how another researcher handled a similar problem.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
3- Formulation of Hypothesis

 A Good hypothesis must be conceptually clear & it

should be related to a body of theory.
 It should have variables which could be put to
empirical test.
 Statement of hypothesis must be sharp, operative &
testable.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
4- Planning / Selecting Research Design

 Planning / selecting research design is the fourth step

in the process of research.
 Research design provides the blueprint for the
research.
 It offers a guide that directs the research action which
reduces time & cost.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
5 - Selecting Sample

 A sample is any number of persons, units or objects

selected to represent the universe or population
according to some rule or plan.
 Sample is a part of a whole, taken to show what the
rest is like.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
6 – Data Collection

 It is the sixth step in the process of research.

 It is the actual collection of data or facts &
information in accordance with the research design.
 Researcher has to ensure that the data are reliable &
free from bias.
 In that collection of data involves the basic definitions
for the concepts to be investigated.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS

7 – Data Analysis

 The purpose of the analysis is to summaries the

completed observations in such a manner that they
yield answers to the research questions.
 Researcher has to classify, tabulate & compare the
data to get the results.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
8 – Hypothesis Testing

 For testing a hypothesis we have to define the

concepts in a measurable way.
 Hypothesis testing will result in either accepting the
hypothesis or in rejecting it.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
9 – Interpretation of Data / Results

 It is the ninth & important step in the process of

research.
 Research is wasted & useless it influences actions.

 Interpretation consists of the conclusion the

researcher has reached.
 Interpretation of data can be descriptive/ analytical
& it can be from the theoretical stand point.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
10 - Preparation of Report

 It is the last & final step in the process of research.

 The research report should be written in a clear &
unambiguous language, so that the readers can
objectively judge the adequacy & validity of research.
 Report is a concrete output of the research.
THANK YOU
 SHRI SAIRAJ SHIKSHAN PRATISTHAN’S

VISHWALATA ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE

COLLEGE BHATGAON,
TAL-YEOLA, DIST- NASHIK.

PROF. BALE A P

SUBJECT – TYBBA, SEM – V

504- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TOPIC NO 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

DATE – 18-08-2020
TIME – 10.40 AM TO 11.20 AM
 RESEARCH DESIGN

MEANING, DEFINITION, OBJECTIVES &

ESSENTIALS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
 RESEARCH DESIGN – INTRODUCTION
 Research Design is the framework or guide used for
the planning, implementation and analysis of a study.
 It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it
will be done and how the data will be analyzed.
 RESEARCH DESIGN – MEANING
 When research is carried out it follows a definite
pattern or plan of action throughout the procedure
i.e. since the problem identification to the report
preparation & presentation, this definite pattern or
plan of action is called as Research Design.
 It is a map that guides the researcher in collecting &
analyzing the data.
 It act as a blueprint that is followed through out the
research work.
 RESEARCH DESIGN – DEFINITIONS
1) William Zikmund –
“ Research design is defined as a master
plan specifying the methods & procedures for
collection & analyzing the needed information.”

2) Kerlinger –
“ Research design is the plan, structure
and strategy of investigation conceived so as to
obtain answers to research questions & to control
variance.”
 RESEARCH DESIGN – DEFINITIONS

3) Selltiz et al –
“ A research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection & analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy in procedure.”

3) Prof. A P Bale -
“ A research design it can be defined as a
blue print of research study, which enables the
researcher to know on whom, what, when, where and
how the study will be conducted.”
OBJECTIVES / NEEDS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Objectives / Needs of Research Design
1 Reduce Cost
2 Helps in Getting Reviews from Experts
3 Provides a Direction to Executives
4 Facilitate the Smooth Scaling
5 Helps in Relevant Data Collection & Analysis
6 Assists in Smooth Flow of Research Operations
OBJECTIVES / NEEDS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1) Reduces Cost – Research Design is needed to reduce
the excessive costs in terms of time, money & efforts
by planning the research work in advance.

2) Helps in Getting Reviews from Experts – Research

Design is helpful in developing an overview about
the whole research process and thus assists in
getting responses & reviews from different experts
in that field.
OBJECTIVES / NEEDS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
3) Provides a Direction to Executives - Research design
directs the researcher as well as the executives
involved in the research for giving their relevant
assistance.

4) Facilitate the smooth scaling – In order to perform

the process of scaling smoothly an efficient research
design is of all most importance. It makes the
research process effective enough to give maximum
relevant outcome in an easy way.
OBJECTIVES / NEEDS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
5) Helps in Relevant Data Collection & Analysis –
Research design helps the researcher in planning the
methods of data collection and analysis as per the
objective of research.

6) Assists in Smooth Flow of Research Operations –

Research design is necessary to give better & effective
structure to the research. Research design facilitates
the smooth flow of research operation & reduces the
possible problems of researchers.
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

Essential of Good Research Design

1 Objectivity
2 Reliability
3 Validity
4 Generalisability
5 Sufficient Information
6 Other Features
 ESSENTIALS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

1) Objectivity – A good research design should be able

to select the ability of the research instruments to
given conclusion those instruments only that
provide objective conclusions.

2) Reliability – Another essential features of good

research design is the reliability of responses. The
instruments used in research should be able to
provide similar responses to a question asked from a
respondent. Reliability of research design is
measured in terms of consistency in responses.
 ESSENTIALS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

3) Validity – An important characteristic of a good

research design is its ability to answer the questions
in the ways it was intended to. It should focus on the
objective of the research & make specific
arrangements or plan for achieving that objective.

4) Generalisability – A research design can be made

generalisable by properly defining the population
properly, selecting the sample carefully, analyzing the
statistical data appropriately and by preparing it
methodologically. Therefore the more the outcomes
are generalisable more efficient is the research design.
 ESSENTIALS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

5) Sufficient Information – Any research is conducted

to gain insight of the hidden facts, figures and
information. The good research design should be able
to provide sufficient information to the researcher so
that he can analyses the research problem in a broad
perspective. The good research design should be able
to identify the research problem and the research
objectives.
 ESSENTIALS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

6) Other Features – Along with the above features,

there are some features also that make a research
design good. These are adaptability, flexibility,
efficiency etc. a good research design should be able
to minimize the errors and maximize the accuracy.
THANK YOU
 SHRI SAIRAJ SHIKSHAN PRATISTHAN’S

VISHWALATA ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE

COLLEGE BHATGAON,
TAL-YEOLA, DIST- NASHIK.

PROF. BALE A P

SUBJECT – TYBBA, SEM – V

504- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TOPIC NO 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

DATE – 19-08-2020
TIME – 10.40 AM TO 11.20 AM
1.4 – COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1 Introduction
2 Statement of the problem
3 Reference to previous studies made
4 Objectives of the study
5 Defining the concepts
6 Hypothesis
7 Designing the experiment
8 Limitations of the study
9 Methodology and sampling
10 Processing, analysis and interpretation
11 Report writing and publication
12 Budget
13 Chapter scheme
 1 - INTRODUCTION

 In the introduction the researcher has to introduce

the subject and relevant information relating to the
topic of research.
 Introduction should not be too lengthy.
 2 - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 The researcher must point out the reason or reasons

for choosing the particular problem for the research
study.
 3 - REFERENCE TO PREVIOUS STUDIES MADE
 Referring previous studies can help the researcher to
locate a course of action for his study based on the
earlier studies .
 4 - OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 The objective must be framed bearing in mind the
topic of research.
 In other words the objectives must elaborate the title
and must indicate in its wordings the things to be
investigated further.
 5 - DEFINING THE CONCEPTS

 The important concept that appear frequently in the

study must be explained.
 These concepts may relate to the title of research or
objectives or with the analysis.
 6- HYPOTHESIS

 A researcher can include hypothesis in the study or he

can omit hypothesis.
 But once hypothesis is included it must be tested.

 Through this test it can be proved or disproved.

 7 – DESIGNING THE EXPERIMENT
 This step is very important in experimental research.
 It is on the effectiveness of this step that the ultimate
reliability and validity of the research findings
depend.
 8 – LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 A study as well as researcher is subject to limitations

of time, cost, sample etc.
 While interviewing respondents he has to face
difficulties.
 Eliciting of responses may be difficult.

 The researcher can point out such limitation in this

report.
 9 – METHODOLOGY & SAMPLING
 Under this heading the researcher has to state the
method of research followed for his study and the
tools and techniques of research used to collect data.
 The number of scheduled prepared and the way in
which data have been collected could also be
explained.
 Method of sample that as been followed for the study
at various stages must also be mentioned.
 The researcher can give the sampling frame
mentioning how he has arrived at the number of
samples at various stages.
10 – PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
 A collected data need to be checked for their
inconsistencies or in accuracies.
 They are then analyzed and interpreted.

 This involves selection of appropriate statistical

techniques.
 11 – REPORT WRITING AND PUBLICATION

 This is the ultimate step which should describe the

target audience, style and content of the research
report.
 12 –BUDGET

 Though budget does not have a place in all research

designs it must be find a place in research projects
aided by various sponsoring agencies.
 Time budget as well as cost budget must find
separate place in the budget.
 The budget aids the researcher to complete the
project within the stipulated Cost.
 13- CHAPTER SCHEME
 Last item of the research design is the chapter
scheme.
 The number of chapters that the study contains and
name of each chapter must be mentioned.
 The basis for the chapter scheme must include main
findings prominently in independent chapters.
 The last chapter must always are findings,
conclusions and suggestions.
THANK YOU
 SHRI SAIRAJ SHIKSHAN PRATISTHAN’S

VISHWALATA ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE

COLLEGE BHATGAON,
TAL-YEOLA, DIST- NASHIK.

PROF. BALE A P

SUBJECT – TYBBA, SEM – V

504- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TOPIC NO 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

DATE – 24-08-2020
TIME – 10.40 AM TO 11.20 AM
 TOPIC NO 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

1.5 – SAMPLING DESIGN – STEPS INVOLVED IN

SAMPLING – TYPES OF SAMPLING
 SAMPLING – INTRODUCTION
 The concept of sampling has been introduced with a
view to making the research findings economical &
accurate.

 Sampling is a essential technique of a behavioral

research, the research work cannot be undertaken
without use of sampling.
 SAMPLING – MEANING
 A process used in statistical analysis in which a
predetermined number of observations will be taken
from a large population is called as Sampling.
 SAMPLING – DEFINITIONS

1) Davis S Fox –
“In the social science,, it is not possible to
collect data from every respondent relevant to our
study but only from some fractional part is called as
Sampling.”

2) Prof. Akshay Bale –

“The process of selecting sample from a
population using special techniques called as
Sampling.”
 STEPS INVOLVED IN SAMPLING

1) Define the Universe

2) Sample Frame
3) Specifying the sampling Units
4) Selection of Sample Design
5) Determination of Sample Size
6) Select the Sample
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
Types of Sampling

A) Probability Sampling B) Non Probability Sampling

1) Simple Random 1) Judgment Sampling

Sampling
2) Stratified Random 2) Convenience Sampling
Sampling
3) Systematic Sampling 3) Quota Sampling
4) Cluster Sampling 4) Panel Sampling
5) Area Sampling 5) Snowball Sampling
6) Multi-Stage Sampling
A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING
METHODS
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

A probability sample is one in which

each member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected.
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
1) Simple Random Sampling

 Random means without any reason or without any

purpose.
 This is a simple meaning of the word random.
 In simple random sampling each element in the
population has an equal and independent chance of
being selected.
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
2) Stratified Random Sampling

 When random sampling is arranged according to

social class or division than it is known as stratified
random sample.
 In this method the whole population that is required
to be studied is divided into different groups .
 The main objective in stratification is to secure a
more reliable sample.
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
3) Systematic Sampling

 It is similar to simple random sampling.

 In this method only the first unit is selected with the
help of random numbers & rest get selected
automatically according to some predetermined
pattern.
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
4) Cluster Sampling

 Cluster means number of persons/ objects in small

or close group.
 When sample is selected from a small or close group
than it is called as Cluster Sampling.
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
5) Area Sampling

 It is a special form of cluster sampling in which the

sample items are clustered on a geographic area
basis.
 In this kind of sampling maps, rather than lists or
registers serve as basis within the area.
 The researcher may select all the numbers of the
area or a part of the area may be selected.
 In the area sampling the boundaries of the area
must be well defined .
 A) PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

6) Multi- Stage Sampling

 As the name implies this method is refers to a

sampling procedure which is carried out in several
stages.
 The population is distributed into a number of first
stage.
 Sampling units and a sample is taken of these first
stage units by some suitable method.
 Multi-stage sampling results in greater convince &
economy as compared with simple random
sampling.
 It leads to more precision in the study
B) NON - PROBABILITY
SAMPLING METHODS
 B) NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

 Non probability sample a particular

member of the population being
chosen is unknown.
 B) NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

1) Judgement / Purposive Sampling

 It is also known as judgment / judgmental sampling.

 It is selected a sample on the basis of own knowledge
of the population, its elements & the nature of
research aims.
 That is the population is non randomly selected
based on a particular characteristic.
 B) NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
2) Convenience Sampling

 It is also known as accidental sampling.

 In this sampling the researcher select the cases that
are easily accessible to him.
 It is quick and economical but the
representativeness is no significant in this sampling.
 It includes the participants who are readily
available & agree to participate in a study.
 B) NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
3) Quota Sampling

 It is a method, which is commonly used in

marketing research & election polls.
 It is a type of stratified Judgment sampling.
 In Quota sampling samples of prefixed size are
taken from each stratum / groups of a stratified
population using the judgment sampling method /
techniques.
 In this sampling the population is classified
according to the properly under study.
 Quota is fixed according to the proportion of
different class in the population.
 B) NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
4) Panel Sampling

 Here the initial samples are drawn on random basis

& information from these is collected on regular
basis.
 It is semi permanent sample where members may be
include repetitively for successive studies.
 Here there is a facility to select & quickly contact
such well – balanced samples & to have relatively
high response rate even by mail.
 B) NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

5) Snowball Sampling

 It is a Special non probability method used when the

desired sample characteristic is rare.
 It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to
locate respondents in these situations.
 Snowball sampling is a technique used to identify
potential subjects when appropriate candidates for
study are hard to locate.