Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VOCABULARIO
TIEMPOS VERBALES
EJEMPLOS
Pasado simple
Presente simple
(-) There are not / aren't any books. There were not / weren't any books.
plural
No hay libros. No había libros.
a) Forma:
(+) She asked him about his age. A girl was asking for you, Tom.
Ella preguntó su edad. Una chica estaba preguntado por ti, Tom.
(-) She didn't answer my question. She wasn't studying for her test.
Ella no respondió a mi pregunta. Ella no estaba estudiando para su examen.
(?) Did you take the train yesterday? Was Jerry talking to Jenny in the lounge?
¿Cogiste el tren ayer? ¿Estaba Jerry hablando con Jenny en el salón?
b) Uso:
I bought a new house last year. I was watching a film at ten o’clock last night,
Me compré una casa el año pasado. Estuve / Estaba viendo una película anoche a las diez.
Cuando usamos el pasado simple más de una vez en una frase, normalmente indica una secuencia de acciones
consecutivas (una acción tras otra):
I closed the door and fastened my seatbelt. I turned the key in the ignition and the engine started.
Cerré la puerta y me abroché el cinturón. Giré la llave y arrancó el motor.
El verbo en pasado continuo suele referirse a una acción más larga y el pasado simple a una más corta, o una
que indica una interrupción:
Cuando usamos el pasado continuo más de una vez en la misma frase, normalmente quiere decir que las dos
acciones son más largas y/o simultáneas:
'Used to + infinitive'
We can use the structure "used to + infinitive" to express habits or states in the past that are no longer true:
“Used to” only exists in the past form. To talk about habits in the present we use adverbs of frequency, such as
"usually". Compare:
Affirmative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they used to smoke
(+)
Negative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they did not / didn't use to smoke
(-)
Interrogative
did I / you / he / she / it / we / they use to smoke?
(?)
Examples:
Did you use to play video games when you were younger?
Yes, we did.
Comparatives and superlatives: adjectives and nouns
ADJECTIVES
as ... as ...
Comparative of equality
Ron is as tall as her.
NOUNS
as much as
(uncountable nouns)
The comparative forms of superiority and inferiority can go with quantifiers in order to emphasise or to soften
the comparison:
MUCH, A LOT, FAR are used in the same way:
ADJECTIVES
NOUNS
the least
The superlative forms of superiority and inferiority can sometimes be modified with BY FAR, NEARLY, and
EASILY:
I am really sorry I missed you out in my last email. I will include you in my next email.
It is hard for me to keep up with your rhythm when you train. I need you to go slower.
I am talking on the phone. Can you please keep the volume down?
Now she has started studying at university, she is beginning to feel more adult and independent.
Doing adventure sports like climbing or windsurfing gives you a lot of adrenalin, and excitement.
The sea is a large expanse of salt water between islands and continents.
As well as being a fantastic piece of modern architecture, the museum is full of contemporary paintings and e
xhibits.
"For" y "since" se pueden utilizar con tiempos verbales perfectos para expresar la duración hasta cierto
punto :
For + periodo de tiempo
ages
durante mucho tiempo
years
durante años
my birthday
desde mi cumpleaños
last year
desde el año pasado
1st January
Since +
desde el uno de enero
the 1990s
desde los años 90
I finished school
desde que terminé el instituto
"Ago" se utiliza con las expresiones de tiempo para indicar cuanto tiempo pasó antes de ahora:
PASSPORT SUITCASE
CULTURAL APPRECIATION (CALTIURAL TOURISM (TURISAM)
APRILLIEILLON)
SLEEPING BAG HITCHHIKER
CAMPSITE TELLY
THAT’S SUCH A LONG TIME HITCHHIKER
I NEARLY ONE WAY TICKET
CARAVAN YOU LUCKY THING
YOU’RE TELLING ME! WHAT I MEAN TO SAY IS…
I CAN’T COME TO WORK TOMORROW WHAT DO YOU MEAN…?
BY ANY CHANCE? I JUST HAD A LETTER FROM…
CAN I HAVE A LOOK?
ALREADY: can be used to refer to something has happened early or earlier than expected (HA PASADO HACE
POCO O ANTES DE LO ESPERADO, YA).
STILL: can be used to refer to something that has not finished (SIGO).
“Still” can also be used in negative sentences, but in this case it goes before the negative verb. The meaning is
not the same as when using “yet”.
Look at the table below to see the different uses and meanings of “already”, “yet” and “still”:
STILL
Affirmative sentences
I’m still waiting for you.
YET
STILL
Interrogative sentences
Is it still raining?
ALREADY
Affirmative sentences
He has already refused to go.
YET
EVER /evə/
We can use "ever" with the present perfect or past simple to mean "at any moment until now". It normally
goes before the main verb in interrogative structures:
In American English, this use of "ever" is more common with the past simple than with the present perfect:
JUST /ʤʌst/
We can use "just" with the present perfect or past simple to mean "a very short time ago". It normally goes
before the main verb:
I have just eaten.
In American English, this use of "just" is more common with the past simple than with the present perfect.
a) Form:
YO HE VIAJADO. YO VIAJÉ.
(+) She has read many books. She asked him for the time.
Negative They haven’t seen that film yet. I didn't believe him.
Interrogative Have you talked to him today? Did you enjoy the party?
(?) Has she spent all of her money already? Did you take the train yesterday?
The past and past participle forms of regular verbs have the same "-ed" ending. Irregular verbs have different
forms:
- To refer to actions in the past that are not finished yet: - To refer to a finished action in the past:
Acciones en el pasado que todavía no han terminado. Para referirnos a una acción terminada en el
pasado.
I've been married for two years.
I learned to write when I was six.
- With “ever, never, before, already, yet, this week, this
year”, etc.: - With “yesterday, then, ago, last week, last
year”, etc.:
Have you ever read this book?
I read it last year.
The dog was a present for his birthday last week. ACCIÓN TERMINADA EN EL PASADO, CON MOMENTO
EXACTO.
He's only had it for a few days. TODAVIA LO TIENE, POR LO QUE NO PUEDE IR EN PASADO SIMPLE.
Present perfect
Forma: El presente perfecto se forma con el auxiliar "have" o "has" y el participio pasado del verbo principal:
Uso: Esta construcción normalmente se utiliza para referirse a algún tipo de relación entre el pasado y el
presente:
I can't drive you to the airport. I have sold my car.
No te puedo llevar al aeropuerto. He vendido mi coche. (el coche se vendió en el pasado, pero hay una
consecuencia en el presente)
Podemos utilizar el presente perfecto para referirnos a acciones en el pasado cuando no decimos exactamente
cuando. Compara las frases siguientes:
También se utiliza el presente perfecto con "just" para expresar una acción recién terminada*:
* Esta construcción es menos común en el inglés americano. En su lugar, se puede utilizar el pasado simple.
a) Forma:
(+) She has read many books. She asked him for the time.
Ella ha leído muchos libros. Ella le pidió la hora
Have you talked to him today? Did you enjoy the party?
Interrogativa ¿Has hablado con él hoy? ¿Te lo pasaste bien en la fiesta?
(?) Has she spent all of her money already? Did you take the train yesterday?
¿Ya ha gastado todo su dinero? ¿Fuiste en tren ayer?
Pasado vs. participio pasado
El pasado y el participio pasado de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma con "-ed". Los verbos irregulares
tienen formas diferentes:
b) Uso:
- Para expresar una acción en el pasado cuando no decimos - Para expresar una acción en el pasado y
exactamente cuando: decimos cuando:
- Para expresar una acción que empezó en el pasado pero no ha - Para expresar una acción terminada:
terminado todavía:
I learned to write when I was six.
I've been married for two years. Aprendí a escribir cuando tenía seis años.
Llevo dos años casados.
- Con “yesterday, then, ago, last week, last
- Con “ever, never, before, already, yet, this week, this year”, etc.: year”, etc.:
a) Forma:
(-) She didn't answer my question. She wasn't studying for her test.
Ella no respondió a mi pregunta. Ella no estaba estudiando para su examen.
(?) Did you take the train yesterday? Was Jerry talking to Jenny in the lounge?
¿Cogiste el tren ayer? ¿Estaba Jerry hablando con Jenny en el salón?
b) Uso:
I bought a new house last year. I was watching a film at ten o’clock last night,
Me compré una casa el año pasado. Estuve / Estaba viendo una película anoche a las diez.
Cuando usamos el pasado simple más de una vez en una frase, normalmente indica una secuencia de acciones
consecutivas (una acción tras otra):
I closed the door and fastened my seatbelt. I turned the key in the ignition and the engine started.
Cerré la puerta y me abroché el cinturón. Giré la llave y arrancó el motor.
El verbo en pasado continuo suele referirse a una acción más larga y el pasado simple a una más corta, o una
que indica una interrupción:
Cuando usamos el pasado continuo más de una vez en la misma frase, normalmente quiere decir que las dos
acciones son más largas y/o simultáneas: