04 By-products related to fuels
98lo2934 Production and processing of peat
Meksandrov, B. M. et al. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Corn. Zh., 1996, (51
6) 77-101. (In Russian)
98102935 Recovery of benzoic acid and catalysts from tar in
phenol production
Oonishi, S. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 40,592 [97 40,592] (Cl.
CO7C39/04), 10 Feb 1997, Appl. 95/193,496,28 Jul 1995.4 pp, (In Japanese)
Phenol is manufactured by liquid phase oxidation of benzoic acid,
extracting tar with water. The extraction water/tar weight ratio is 0.8 to
1.1 in the first extraction, but is 7 to 10 in the second. The tar produced in
phenol manufacture contained benzoic acid 40 wt%, and copper and
magnesium catalysts 6.3 wt%. The tar obtained in the first extraction was
then extracted with water in the second extraction. The recovery rates of
benzoic acid, copper and magnesium catalysts were 96 wt%, 97 wt%, and
99.9 wt%, respectively.
98102938 Reducing soil phosphorus solubility with coal
combustion byproducts
Stout, W. L. ef al. J. Environ. Qua/., 1998, 27, (I), 111-118.
Most soil samples analysed in the north-east USA for soil test P (STP) in
1990 exceeded the levels of phosphorous needed for plant production. The
effect of several coal combustion by-products on STP, water extractable
phosphorous and equilibrium phosphorous concentration of high phos-
phorous soils was studied.
98102937 Research on structure of tar by Py-GC and Py-FTIR
Xie, K. C. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9703(Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume
2) 705-708.
Eight coals ranking from peat to anthracite were investigated using PyGC
and Py-FTIR during pyrolysis. An increase of the rank in the coals goes
along with higher contents of higher polymerized carbon compounds in the
tar. Polymerization dominates the decomposition when the temperature
increases to 1000°C. At 10 Kmss’. the major product of coal pyrolysis at
1100°C are compounds of CI,,_CIs.
98102938 Sintered bricks from coal ash
Zeng, X. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,145,339
(Cl. C04B28/00), 19 Mar 1997, Appl. 95.115.145, I2 Sep 1995, 8 pp. (In
Chinese)
The bricks have high quality and low cost.
98102939 The stabilization of composition and properties of
thermoelectric plants fly ash
Galpern, E. I. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997. 9704, (Proceedings ICCS
‘97, Volume 3), 1931-1934.
The paper investigates the distribution of unburned ash particles in relation
to the fly ash granulometric and fractional composition. Most of the carbon-
containing particles are concentrated in fractions with density 1800-2000
kg/m’. Flotation was used to enrich the fly ash with variation of the
reagents, frothing and wetting agents along with the solid:liquid phase ratio.
Applications for the enriched fly ash include use as high-quality building
materials and the fuel-containing fraction for addition to the basic fuel in
thermal plants.
98102940 Synthesis of Na-Pl zeolite from coal fly ash
Kim, W. er al. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1997, 3, (3) 185-190.
The synthesis of sodium-P1 zeolite from coal fly ash with a 2-3M NaOH
solution took place at lOO-150°C. Four kinds of zeolites were also found
along with sodium-Pl: faujasite, hydroxy sodalite, analcime and cancrinite
phases were identified under various conditions. sodium-P1 zeolite
exhibited high CEC of 215 meq/lOO g and strong affinity for lead and
strontium metal ions. These results show the application for the removal of
heavy metal ions from the conversion of waste fly ash to sodium-P1 zeolite.
98102941 Textural properties of chars from oxidized and non-
oxidized coals at low degrees of steam activation
Albiniak, A. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97,
Volume 3), 1859-1862.
Gas adsorption and immersion calorimetry experiments were conducted to
investigate the influence of preceding oxidation with air at 270°C on the
porosity development of four coals of various rank during carbonization
and subsequent steam activation. Depending on the coal rank, pre-
oxidation modified the volatile matter yield and the oxygen/carbon atomic
ratio to different extents. The most marked increase of the ultra-micropore
volume due to oxidation was observed for the medium-volatile coal, in
which during carbonization of the starting coal a strong softening occurred,
preventing the formation of ultra-micropores. Higher micropore volume
was obtained from all oxidized coals compared with starting coals.
Progressing activation leads to a general decrease of ultra-micropores, at
burn-off of 50%, all ultra-micropores disappear and the volume of meso
pores become more developed. The influence of oxidation is significant
only for the high and medium volatile bituminous coals. Pre-oxidation of
the starting coal produced a development of microporosity of the
corresponding activated chars.
96102942 Upgrading and reusing fly ash from coal-flred
thermal power plants after heat treatment
Couturier, J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 07,904 (Cl. B09B3/00), 6 Mar 1997,
FR Appl. 95/10,361, 29 Aug 1995, 20 pp. (In French)
A method for the heat treatment of dry or wet fly ash from coal-fired
thermal power plants is described, which involves drying and then burning
the ash. The method includes exposing the ash to IR radiation to burn and
remove the unburnt ash and using the gross calorific value of the
combustion to initially dry the ash. The invention is particularly
advantageous for fly ash reprocessing.
98lo2943 Use of aggregates produced from coal-fired fluidlzed-
bed combustion residues as a component in bituminous
concrete
Winschel, R. A. and Wu, M. M. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704,
(Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1903-1906.
A mixture of commercial coal-fired fluidized-bed combustor ash and fly ash
from pulverized coal combustion was used to produce synthetic pellets. The
synthetic pellets are strong, abrasion resistant and meet engineering
specifications for use as class-A aggregates in portland cement and asphalt
concretes. The synthetic pellets and an equal mass of crushed limestone
were used to manufacture an asphalt paving blend. A test section of a
highway was repaved with the blend as the surface wearing course. Neither
the pellets nor the asphalt blend showed degradation over I year of
monitoring. Preliminary economics suggest that if one takes into account
the waste disposal costs avoided, production and marketing of the pellets
should be feasible.
98lo2944 The use of residues from power plants in building
materials and minina
Zysk, K. H. and Volke,‘i<. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings
ICCS ‘97, Volume 3) 1943-1946.
The ashes, the residues from flue gas desulfurization and mixtures of both,
and their utilization in mining cements and concrete for civil engineering,
with particular reference to Germany are the subject of this review.
98lo2945 The utilization of coal ash in building materials
production
Galpern, E. I. er al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704. (Proceedings ICCS
‘97, Volume 3). 1935-1938.
The physical, mechanical and chemical properties were studied of ash from
low-temperature coal roasting in fluidized beds without carbonate addition
and ashes from a circulating fluidized bed with addition of finely dispersed
lime for sulfur-binding. The ash quality was affected by the granulometric
fuel composition, the duration of ash particles in the bed and its
temperature and the availability of carbonaceous additions for sulfur-
binding. No loss of cement durability was experienced with the addition of
20-30% ash with a low carbonate content to clinker as a pozzolanic
admixture., addition of greater amounts gave low quality cements. Highway
engineering, underground construction, and use as a raw material for
silicate products are some of the applications for high carbonate ash.
98102948 Utilization of fly ashes from lignite-fired power
stations in central Germany for the production of building
materials
Ludwig, U. and Urbonas, L. VGB Krafrwerkstech., 1997, 77, (2). 150-155.
(In German)
With regard to their applicability as bonding agent components for mortar
and concrete or for the manufacture of hydraulically bonded stone or
building materials, lignite coal fly ash from the southern region of the
Leipzig lowlands area were investigated. Granulometric, chemical-miner-
alogical and mortar-technical analyses were performed to this end. The coal
fly ashes were found to be well suited as bonding agents and cement and
concrete components.
98102947 Utilization of fly ashes from power stations for the
oroduction of exoansive cements
‘Volke, K. and Zysk, K. H. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings
ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1939-1942.
For the manufacture of expansive cements which form Ettringite during
their hydration process, the necessary properties of the fly ash from lignite
and hard coal are given. The influence of chemical properties and
granulometric characteristics of ashes on the burnability of the raw mixture
and the quality of the expansive cement are described. The paper also
provides details on the necessary annual quantity of ashes and other
starting materials for the production of special clinker and composite
cements with expansive characteristics.
98lO2948 Vapor pressures of coal tars
Oja, V. and Suuberg, E. M. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings
ICCS ‘97, Volume 2) 713-716.
Using a modified Knudsen Effusion method, the vapour pressures of
primary coal tars were determined. Vapour pressure data were correlated
with molecular weight and temperature for tars from three Argonne coal
samples. Enthalpy of vaporization for Pittsburgh no. 8 coal tar ranges from
AH/R = 1.4 x lo4 K to AH/R = 2.6 x lo4 K.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 1998 271