UNIT /OG•.

READING
IN THIS
IN UNIT YOU
THIS UNIT WILL
YOU WILL
LEARN HOW TO
LEARN TO
• Yes /I No
approach Yes
• approach questions
Given questions
Not Given
No// Not
• identify
• whether statements
identify whether questions
in questions
statements in
match the writer's
match the views
writer's views
• use
• so, too,
use so, and neither
either and
too, either agree
to agree
neither to
or disagree with
or disagree someone
with someone
• complete aa summary
• complete with
summary with
words from
words box or
from aa box words
or words
from aa passage.
from passage.

I LEAD-IN
LEAD-IN I
The environment is
The environment in IELTS.
topic in
common topic
is aa common Match the
IELTS. Match words in
the words the box
in the the
with the
box with
01 definitions 1-8.
definitions 1-8.

l
!captivity
captivity
habitat
habitat
conservation
conservation
poach
poach
endangered
endangered
species
species
extinctio�
extinction
threaten
threaten

the natural
11 the environment of
natural environment an animal
of an plant
or plant
animal or
in which
situation in
22 aa situation type of
which aa type no longer
animal no
of animal exists
longer exists
3 the
3 protection of
the protection nature
of nature
4 situation
4 where animals
situation where or plants
animals or not exist
soon not
may soon
plants may because there
exist because very
are very
there are
few alive
now alive
few now
5 of plants
group of
5 aa group animals that
or animals
plants or share similar
that share characteristics
similar characteristics
6 be
6 to cause
likely to
be likely harm or
cause harm something or
to something
damage to
or damage someone
or someone
77 illegally catch
illegally or kill
catch or animals, especially
kill animals, onto land
going onto
by going
especially by without the
land without permission
the permission
of the
of person who
the person owns itit
who owns
8 situation in
8 aa situation an animal
which an
in which is kept
animal is in aa zoo
kept in or aa
zoo or
person is
person kept as
is kept prisoner, rather
as aa prisoner, than being
rather than free
being free

UNIT 06/ READING

 YES /I NO /I NOT
YES GIVEN TASKS
NOT GIVEN TASKS ]

O Yes INo
Yes /No/ NotGiven
/ Not Giventasks
tasksare
arecommon
common inin
theexam.
the exam.The
The purpose
purposeofthis
of thistask
taskisisto
to
identify ifthe
identify thestatements
if statements ininthe
thequestions
questions
matchthe
match theviews
viewsor
orclaims
claimsof
ofthe
thewriter.
writer.

Readthis
Read thisshort
shorttext
text and
and answer
answerthe
the question.
question.
02 TIP
AA'view'
'view' isisaapersonal
personalopinion
opinion
. It is commonly believed tha andaa'claim'
'claim' isisaa statement
statement
t tak·mg � teps to pr
otect the
the environment
and

rally the right thin o do. W envi ronment is is

madeby
bythe
thewriter
writerand
and
. hat rs sadly evident,
made
evi d ent, however,
h
is commonly believed that taking steps to protect

owever, is
is that
mo
we all have friends a�� f , that
It
presentedas
asaafact.
fact.
mr y who do not
presented

concern themselves
right thing to do. What is sadly

themselves at
morally the

withalltahave
we
ckling this problem�
this problem.
friends and family who do not concern at all
all
Tfi e num ber one reason for .
with tackling

this is that, f some, . . just inconvenient.

that for .
en .
th e r peopl e just do not fe e nt
The number one reason for this is
�; i
is it

ortunately, howev nce

e l thot th e i; c:n::
� a�
�:
er, the maj ority of
:u�;�� makes ::
us dodo give
�
give it the
just do not feel that their
Other
:
th
people
'
att
contribution difference.

nti
re

deserves and many peop I e n' it .

_go to great lengths to ensu
e e
r
o
th
however,
pla
Fortunately, the majority of us attention

Protectedand n t is
it it

deserves
for
futu re generations.
many
protected for future generations.
people go to great lengths to ensure e thee planet e is

Look at
Look at the
the statements
statements and
and write
write
YES
YES ifthe
if thestatement
statementagrees
agreeswith
with the
the views
viewsininthe
the text
text
NO
NO if the statement contradicts the view of the
if the statement contradicts the view of the writer writer
NOTGIVEN
NOT GIVEN ififititisisimpossible
impossible to
tosay
say what
what the
the writer
writerthinks
thinks
11 Some people
people do
do not
not pay
pay attention
attention to
to environmental
environmental issues
issues because
because they
they do
do not
not
believe their
their involvement
involvementwould
would make
make an
an impact.
impact.
Some
.
2 Some people tackle environmental problems in the
the wrong
wrongway.
way
believe

33 Most
Most people
people do
do not
notcare
care about
about environmental
environmental issues.
issues.
2 Some people tackle environmental problems in

4 Some people do a great deal to protect the environment.

4 Some people do a great deal to protect the environment.

Whichsynonyms
synonymsor orwords/phrases
words/phraseswith
withaa similar
similar meaning
meaningto
tothose
those in
inthe
thetext
text helped
helped
youto
to locate
locatethe
the answer?
answer?
Which
you

To help
To help you
youapproach
approachthis
thistype
type of
ofquestion
questionwith
with aa longer
longertext,
text, put
putthe
thesteps
steps in
in order.
order.
Approaching Yes
Yes/ No/ Not Given tasks
Given tasks
aa Scan
Scanthe
the text
text for
for these
these key
key words
words or
or words
wordsof
of aa similar
similar meaning.
meaning.
Approaching / No / Not

D
bb Choose
Choose Yes,
Yes, No or Not
No or Not Given.
Given. D
cc Underline
Underline these
these words
words in
inthe
the text.
text. D
dd Read
Read the
thequestion
question statements
statements carefully
carefully and
and underline
underline key
key words.
words. O
ee Read
Read the
the instructions
instructions carefully.
carefully. D
f Read
Read the
the sentence
sentence before
before and
and after
afterthe
the key
key words
wordsor
or synonyms
synonyms ininthe
thetext.
text. D
g Skim read the text to gain a general understanding of the topic.
f

g Skim read the text to gain a general understanding of the topic. D

•WEA
 TIP I

O4 Skim read
Skim read the
the text
text and
and answer
answer the
the question,
question, following
following the
the steps
steps in
in exercise
exercise 3.
3.
In this type of task, the
questions appear in
the same order as the
Home About News Top Stories Community text.

THE ROLE OF THE MODERN ZOO

Initially seen
Initially seen purely
purely as
as centres
centres of
of entertainment,
entertainment, It isa
It is a method
method usedused to to increase
increase the
the populations
populations
zoos were
zoos were often
often often
often heavily
heavily criticised
criticised in
in society
society of endangered species, in
of endangered species, in order
order to
to prevent
prevent
for keeping
for keeping animals
animals captive.
captive. Nowadays,
Nowadays, however,
however, extinction. One
extinction. One of of the
the main
main challenges
challenges facing
facing
zoos have
zoos have aa lot
lot more to offer
more to offer than
than perhaps
perhaps some
some captive breeding programmes,
captive breeding programmes, however, is however, is
people realise.
people realise. Good
Good zoos
zoos have
have changed
changed their
their maintaining genetic
maintaining genetic diversity.
diversity.*
*

focus and
focus and are
are now
now responding
responding to
to environmental
environmental Zoo staff
Zoo staff are
are fully
fully trained
trained in in
problems, such
problems, such as
as the
the decline
decline in
in wildlife
wildlife and
and loss
loss this area,
this area, and
and manage
manage the the
of habitat.
of habitat. Indeed,
Indeed, scientists
scientists believe
believe that
that aa third
third programmes carefully
programmes carefully to to
of all
of all animal
animal and
and plant
plant species
species on
on Earth
Earth risk
risk ensure genetic
ensure genetic variation.
variation.
extinction within
extinction within this
this century.
century. Another way
Another way inin which
which zooszoos
The modern
The modern zoo,
zoo, therefore,
therefore, has developed
has developed protect endangered
protect endangered species species
dramatically as
dramatically as aa major
major force
force in
in conserving
conserving is through
is through reintroduction
reintroduction
biodiversity* worldwide. Zoos
biodiversity* worldwide. Zoos linked
linked with
with the
the programmes. These
programmes. These
Association of
Association of Zoos
Zoos and
and Aquariums
Aquariums participate
participate in
in programmes release
programmes release animals
animals
Species Survival
Species Survival Plan
Plan Programmes,
Programmes, which
which involve
involve that have
that have been
been in in the
the zoozoo
captive breeding,
captive breeding, reintroduction
reintroduction programmes
programmes and
and back into their natural
back into their natural
public education to ensure the survival of many
public education to ensure the survival of many of
of habitats.
habitats.
the planet's threatened and endangered species.
the planet's threatened and endangered species. Finally, and
Finally, and perhaps
perhaps most most
Captive breeding
Captive breeding isis the
the process
process of
of breeding
breeding animals
animals significantly,
sign many zoos
ificantly, many zoos now
now concentrate
concentrate
outside their
outside their natural
natural environment
environment inin restricted
restricted on educating
on educating the the public,
public, particularly
particularly the
the younger
younger
conditions such
conditions such as
as farms,
farms, zoos
zoos or
or other
other closed
closed areas.
areas. generation. These
generation. These zoos
zoos educate
educate millions
millions of
of
visitors each year about endangered
visitors each year about endangered species and species and
related conservation issues. Visiting
related conservation issues. Visiting the zoo notthe zoo not
only raises
only raises money
money for for conservation
conservation projects,
projects,
but also
but also reminds
reminds individuals
individuals about
about
environmental issues.
environmental issues.

*biodiversity - the number and types of

plants and animals that exist in a particular
area, or in the world generally

*genetic diversity -e the variety of

genes within a species

Look at
Look at the
the statements
statements and
and write
write
YES
YES ifthe
if the statement
statement agrees
agrees with
with the
the views
views or
or claims
claims of
ofthe
the writer
writer
NO
NO if the statement contradicts the view of
if the statement contradicts the view of the writerthe writer
NOT GIVEN
NOT GIVEN ififitit isis impossible
impossible to
to say
say what
what the
the writer
writer thinks
thinks
11 Zoos have
Zoos have been very successful
been very successful in
in protecting
protecting endangered
endangered species.
species.
2
2 Putting endangered
Putting endangered animals
animals back
back into
into the
the wild
wild to
to reproduce
reproduce is
is aa good
good way
way to
to increase
increase their
their populations.
populations.
3
3 All zoos
All zoos now
now focus
focus on
on teaching
teaching people
people about
about animals
animals facing
facing extinction.
extinction.
4
4 Zoo visits
Zoo visits increase
increase awareness
awareness of
of environmental
environmental problems.
problems.

UNIT 06 / READING
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: SO,
GRAMMAR FOCUS: roo, EITHER
SO, TOO, EITHER AND NEITHER
AND NEITHER

� So, too,
05 So, too, either
either and
and neither
neither can
can be
be used to agree
used to or disagree
agree or disagree with someone.
with someone.

Study the
Study the sentences.
sentences.
Agreeing
Agreeing with the speaker
with the speaker
'I love
'l visiting zoos
love visiting zoos and
and seeing
seeing all the animals.'
all the 'Me too.'
animals.' 'Me too.'// 'So
'So do
do I.'// 'I do, too.'
do, too.'
l.' 'l

'Really? I don't
'Really? don't like
I like seeing
seeing animals
animals inin cages.'
cages.' 'Me
'Me neither.'/ 'Neither do I.'
neither.' / 'Neitherdo l.'

'I'm more
'I'm more interested
interested inin animals
animals in the wild.'
in the wild.' 'Me
'Me too.'
too.'// 'So
'So am
am I.'// 'I am,
l.' too.'
am, too.'
'l

Disagreeing with the

Disagreeing with the speaker
speaker
A:
A: I love visiting zoos
love visiting
I zoos and
and seeing
seeing all the animals.
all the animals.
B:
B: I don't.
don't.
I

C: Neither
C: Neither do do I. // Me
Me neither.
l. neither.

A:
A: Really?
Really? I'm fascinated by
I'm fascinated by all
all the
the different
different animals.
animals.
B:
B: I'm
I'm not.
not.

C: I'm
C: I'm not
not either./
either. / Neither
Neither am
am I. l.

� Using the information

Using the
06 neither. information in the box,
in the box, answer these questions
answer these questions using so, too,
using so, too, either
either and
and
More than
neither. More than one
one answer
answer is
is possible.
possible.

11 'I like
'l like exploring
exploring nature.'
nature.' (agree)
(agree)
22 'I would
'l would love
love to
to go on aa safari
go on safari holiday.'
holiday.' _______ (disagree)
(disagree)
33 'I'm really
'I'm really interested
interested in
in animal
animal conservation.'
conservation.' (agree)
(agree)
44 'I don't
'l don't know
know anything
anything about
about endangered
endangered species.'
species.' _______ (agree)(agree)

SUMMARY
SUMMARY ·CCOMPLETION
OMPLETION TASKS
TASKS ]

@ There are
There are two
possible
two kinds
kinds of
possible answers
answers and
of summary
summary completion
and the
the other
completion task
other requires
task in
requires you
in the
the Reading
to choose
you to
Reading test.
choose the
the answers
One provides
test. One provides a
from the
answers from the text.
text.
a box with
box with

For
For this type of
this type of task there are
task there are usually
usually more words or
more words or phrases
phrases than gaps and
than gaps some of
and some of the
the words
words or
or
phrases
phrases might
might be
be distractors (words/phrases which
distractors (words/phrases which look suitable but
look suitable but are
are not
not the correct answer).
the correct answer).

[QJ1D Complete the

Complete the summary
summary of the previous
of the text with
previous text with a
a word from the
word from the list.
list.
TIP pal
In the past,
In the past, zoos focused mainly
zoos focused on 11
mainly on the public.
the This is
public. This is certainly
certainly In
In the
the exam,
exam, the
the
not the case
not the case any
any more. Today, the
more. Today, the role
role of
of good
good zoos
zoos is to take
is to take an
an active
active part
part in
in summary covers
summary covers
22 projects.
projects. Several
Several methods
methods areare used
used to
to achieve this. One
achieve this. One way
way to
to only aa part
only of the
part of the
avoid the extinction
avoid the extinction ofof certain
certain species
species is to ensure
is to that animals
ensure that within zoos
animals within zoos breed.
breed. whole
whole text.
text.

This
This is
is handled
handled 3 3 , however,
however, to
, to ensure
ensure
genetic diversity. Another
geneticdiversity. Another method
method is to release
is to the animals
release the animals back
back
into their natural
into their natural habitat. Perhaps the
habitat. Perhaps the most
most significant
significant role of the
role of the TIP 07
zoo,
zoo, however,
however, is is its
its capacity
capacity to
to educate
educate thethe general
general public
public about
about When you have
When you chosen aa word
have chosen word for
for each
each

conservation and, more specifically, to inform

conservation and, more specifically, to inform the the gap,
gap, make
make sure
sure that your
thatyour sentences
sentences are
are

44 grammatically correct. This is a way of

generation.
generation.
grammatically correct. This isa way of
double-checking thatyou
double-checking that you have the
have the
A carefully
A carefully EE conservation
conservation correct answer.
correct answer.

BB quickly
quickly FF reproduce
reproduce
CC entertaining
entertaining G younger
G younger
DD animal
animal

06 I READING
UNIT 06
UNIT READING ••
� Answer
Answer these
these questions
questions with
with a
a partner.
partner.

11 Which
Which words
words from
from the
the list
list above
above are
are distractors?
distractors?

22 In
In which
which spaces would they
spaces would they have
have been
been grammatically
grammatically correct?
correct?

� Skim
Skim read
read this text to
this text to understand the main
understand the main ideas.
ideas.

As their name
As their
GORILLA
name suggests,
suggests, mountain
mountain gorillas
gorillas live
live in forests in
in forests the
in the
mountajns,
mountains, atat heights
heights of of around
around 2,400 to 4,000
2,400 to 4,000 m. The mountain
m. The mountain
gorilla's
gorilla's habitat
habitat is
is limited
limited toto protected
protected national
national parks
parks in
in two
two
regions
regions of
of Africa.
Africa. They
They have thicker fur
have thicker fur compared
compared to to other
other great
great
apes
apes and
and this
this helps them to
helps them to survive
survive in
in a
a habitat where
habitat where
temperatures often
temperatures often drop
drop below
below freezing.
freezing. Mountain
Mountain gorillas
gorillas also
also
have
have shorter
shorter arms
arms and tend to
and tend to be
be aa bit
bit larger than other
larger than other gorillas.
gorillas.

Currently
Currently there
there are
are fewer
fewer than 900 surviving
than 900 surviving and
and they
they are
are classed
classed as
as
critically
critically endangered.
endangered. TheyThey areare endangered
endangered for for several
several reasons,
reasons, but
but
most
most significantly
significantly because
because humans
humans are are moving
moving further
further into
into their
their
territory
territory and
and consequently
consequently destroying
destroying their
their habitats. Human
habitats. Human
invasion
invasion also
also brings with it
brings with it the
the risk
risk of
of disease
disease and the threat
and the threat of
of
being
being poached. Another problem
poached. Another problem the the species
species faces
faces is
is the
the area
area
where they
where they live,
live, which
which is
is continuously
continuously troubled
troubled by by war.
war.
Consequently,
Consequently, gorillas
gorillas have
have been
been killed
killed by
by bombs
bombs and war
and war
refugees
refugees have
have removed
removed trees
trees from
from the
the forests
forests to
to create
create new
new
homes
homes andand farms.
farms.

Many
Many conservation
conservation projects
projects have
have been
been set
set up to aid
up to aid mountain
mountain
gorillas
gorillas and
and it
it is
is believed
believed that
that their
their numbers
numbers may
may slowly
slowly be
be
increasing. Nevertheless, they
increasing. Nevertheless, they continue
continue to
to face
face major
major threats
threats
from
from both
both loss
loss of
of habitat
habitat and
and poaching.
poaching.

Complete the
� Complete the summary
summary using
using one
one word
word from the text.
from the text.

Mountain
Mountain gorillas
gorillas are
are one
one of
of the
the most
most 11 _______
species
species in
in the world. With
the world. With fewer
fewer than
than 900
900 surviving,
surviving, there
there are
are
several
several factors which have
factors which have caused
caused their
their decline.
decline. The
The biggest
biggest ( TIP 10
factor is
factor is humans
humans moving
moving into their areas
into their areas and
and destroying
destroying their
their
Decide what type of
2 . The
The risk
risk of
of being
being word you
word you are
are looking
looking
3 is
is another
another major
major reason.
reason. for
for before scanning the
before scanning the
In response
In response toto this
this decline
decline in
in mountain
mountain gorillas,
gorillas, efforts
efforts have
have text,
text, e.g.
e.g. noun,
noun,
been
been made
made by by 4
4 groups
groups toto try
try and
and adjective,
adjective, etc
etc,....
.

increase
increase numbers.
numbers.

110
110
 EXAM SKILLS
EXAM SKILLS ]
Using all
� Using all the
the skills
skills you
you have
have learnt
learnt in
in this
this lesson,
lesson, read
read the
the text
text and
and answer
answer the
the
questions which
questions which follow.
follow.
••• < > •
HOW EFFECTIVE
HOW ARE CONSERVATION
EFFECTIVE ARE CONSERVATION EFFORTS?
EFFORTS?
While many
While many organisations
organisations put
put aa considerable
considerable amount
amount Captive breeding
Captive breeding isis perhaps
perhaps the
the most
most effective
effective method
method of
of
of effort
of effort into
into conservation
conservation projects,
projects, it is
itis just
just not
not protecting animals
protecting animals from
from extinction,
extinction, but
but this
this also
also has
has its
its
enough. Many
enough. Many ofof these
these efforts
efforts are
are effective
effective short-
short­ problems. First,
problems. First, releasing
releasing animals
animals from
from captive
captive environments
environments
term, but
term, but inin the
the long
long term
term they
they simply
simply do
do not
not work,
work, could introduce
could introduce disease
disease into
into wild
wild populations.
populations. Secondly, after
Secondly, after
due to
due to aa number
number of of factors.
factors. several generations in
several generations in captivity,
captivity, species
species could
could become
become less
less
Whilst there
Whilst there remains
remains aa demand
demand for for exotic
exotic animals
animals inin able to
able to survive
survive in
in the
the wild.
wild. Would
Would they
they know
know how to hunt
how to for
hunt for
society, endangered
society, endangered species
species will
will always
always be
be at
at risk
risk of
of food? Or
food? Or how
how not
not to
to be
be killed
killed by
by other
other animals?
animals?
being hunted
being hunted and and poached.
poached. Poachers
Poachers often
often target
target larger
larger Perhaps the
Perhaps the biggest
biggest problem
problem facing
facing endangered
endangered species,
species,
animals -- animals
animals animals which
which take
take aa long
long time
time to
to repopulate,
repopulate, however, isis the
however, the increasing
increasing population
population of
of the
the human
human race.
race.
such as
such as rhinos
rhinos and
and elephants.
elephants. The
The poachers
poachers areare clever
clever Although conservation
Although conservation measures
measures have
have helped
helped to
to prevent
prevent
and use
and use methods
methods which
which are
are sometimes
sometimes completely
completely humans from
humans from completely
completely destroying
destroying all
all natural
natural habitats,
habitats,
undetectable. AA recent
undetectable. recent case
case involved
involved 300
300 elephants
elephants human invasion will always be one of the greatest risks to
human invasion will always be one of the greatest risks to
being killed in Zimbabwe's largest nature
being killed in Zimbabwe's largest nature reserve. reserve. threatened species.
threatened species.
Poachers put
Poachers put poison
poison in
in the
the water
water holes, killing hundreds
holes, killing hundreds
of elephants and destroying an entire ecosystem*.
of elephants and destroying an entire ecosystem*.
* ecosystem
* ecosystem -- all
al! the
the living
living things
things in
in an
an area
area and
and the
the way
way they
they
affect each
affect each other
other and
and the
the environment
environment

Look at
Look at the
the statements
statements and
and write
write
YES
YES if the statement
statement agrees
if the agrees with
with the
the views
views in
in the
the text
text
NO
NO ifthe
if the statement
statement contradicts
contradicts the
the view
view of
ofthe
the writer
writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
NOT GIVEN ifit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 Captive
1 Captive breeding
breeding programmes
programmes ensure
ensure that
that animals
animals can
can cope
cope in
in their
their natural
natural habitat.
habitat.
Poachers are
22 Poachers are good
good at
at hiding
hiding the
the way
way in
in which
which they
they kill animals.
kill animals.

33 Releasing
Releasing animals
animals into
into the
the wild
wild after
after captive
captive breeding
breeding has
has led
led to
to infections
infections
spreading.
spreading.
4 Conservation
4 Conservation projects
projects have
have not
not made
made any
any impact
impact on
on saving
saving natural
natural habitats.
habitats.
Complete the
Complete the summary
summary using
using the
the list
list of
of words,
words, A-L.
A-L.

The problems
The problems faced
faced by
by conservationists
conservationists
A great
A great deal
deal of
of effort
effort isis put
put into
into conservation
conservation work
work in
in order
order to
to protect
protect endangered
endangered species
species from
from becoming
becoming
11 . Whilst
Whilst some
some of of these
these conservation
conservation efforts
efforts areare successful
successful toto an
an extent,
extent, they
they are
are
still not enough to safeguard certain species in the
still not enough to safeguard certain species in the long term. long term.
Culturally, these
Culturally, these sought-after
sought-after endangered
endangered 22 are still
are still valuable
valuable property
property and
and
therefore they
therefore they will
will always
always be be at
at risk
risk from
from 33 . 44 is perhaps the
is perhaps the
best method
best method to to ensure
ensure their
their survival,
survival, butbut is
is also
also problematic.
problematic. After
After generations
generations ofof being
being held
held in
in aa
55 environment, these
environment, these species
species may
may lose
lose their
their ability
ability to
to cope
cope in
in their
their natural
natural habitat.
habitat.
One of the most significant factors is the increase in the population of the human race,
One of the most significant factors is the increase in the population of the human race, leading to many leading to many
natural habitats being taken over
natural habitats being taken over and 6 and 6 ______ _

A lost
A lost B
B poachers
poachers C strange
C strange
D diseases
D diseases EEextinct
extinct FF species
species
G protected
G protected H human
H human destroy
I destroy
JJ captive
captive breeding
breeding destroyed
K destroyed
K LL changed
changed
UNIT 06
UNIT 06 / READING
READING
 UNIT 106:

WRITING
IN THIS UNIT
IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL
YOU WILL
LEARN
LEARN HOW TO TO
• avoid
• avoid writing
writing irrelevant
irrelevant ideas
ideas in
in an
an
'agree or disagree'
'agree or disagree' essay
essay
• express
• express your
your ideas
ideas clearly
clearly in
in an
an essay
essay
• write
• write in
in an
an appropriate
appropriate neutral/
neutral/
formal
formal style
style

• avoid
• avoid repeating
repeating words
words
and
and phrases.
phrases.

I LEAD-IN
LEAD-IN I
Discuss these
� Discuss these questions
questions with
with a
a partner.
partner.

1 How
1 How often
often do
do you
you recycle?
recycle? What
What kinds
kinds of
of thing
thing do
do you
you recycle?
recycle?
22 Do
Do you
you try to save energy at home? What kinds of thing do
try to save energy at home? What kinds of thing do you
you do
do to
to save
save energy
energy
at
at home?
home?

General
waste O recycle recycfé

food waste v/ paper •../ bottEes

V sandwich
sandwich card plastic bags
wrappers
wrappers
V coffee
coffee cups
cups
v/ magazines
cans

�
� glass

02 Work
Work in
in pairs. Read these
pairs. Read these statements
statements and
and discuss whether you
discuss whether you agree,
agree, disagree
disagree or
or
agree
agree to
to aa certain
certain extent
extent with
with them.
them. You
You must
must give
give reasons
reasons to
to support
support your
your opinion.
opinion.

1 People
1 People should
should be
be fined
fined if they do
if they do not
not recycle
recycle their
their household waste.
household waste.
22 Environmental
Environmental studies
studies should
should be
be made
made compulsory
compulsory in in school.
school.

33 These
These days
days people
people buy
buy too
too much
much and
and this
this is
is one
one of
of the
the major
major factors
factors affecting
affecting the
the
environment.
environment.
44 Trying
Trying to
to save resources is
save resources is a waste of
a waste of time
time - - it
it doesn't
doesn't make
make aa difference
difference globally.
globally.

UNIT / WRITING
 I INCLUDING ONLY RELEVANT IDE
INCLUDING AS
ONLY RELEVANT IDEAS I
f'o'T3l'
�
Read this task and the sam pl e answer,
answer, then
then answer
answer the
Read this task and the sample the questions
questions which
which follow.
follow.
O Make surethat
that you
you answer
answer the
the task
task
Some people believe that you should
should be
be fined
Make sure
fined ifif you
you do
do not
not recycle.
recycle. by only including relevant
relevant ideas.
ideas.
To what extent do you agree or disagree
Some people believe that you by only including
with this
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
statement?
In order
In
order to
to ensure
ensure all
all your
your answer
answer
1 Underline the key words in the task is relevant, you must read
read the
the task
task
key words in the task..
is relevant, you must
1 Underline the very carefully and underline
underline key
key
2 Gener lly the sa ple ess y answer very carefully and
words. You
� answerss the
� essay
� the sample the task,
task, although
although thethe writer
writer has You must
must then
then spend
spend time
time
some irreleva
2 Generally
nt information has also
also included
included words.
plan ning
. Und erlin e the irre leva your answer.
answer.
nt informa tion in the sam ple
planning your
answer.
some irrelevant information. Underline the irrelevant information
answer.
in the sample

3 Why do you think the writer has incl

3 Why do you think uded this
the writer has included this information?
information?
4 What is the best way to ensure you
do not
not include
include irrelevant
irrelevan� information
information in
4 What is the best way to ensure you do
your answer?
your answer? in

I USING AN
USING AN APPROPRIATE
APPROPRIATE STYLE
STYLE I
O You are being
You are being asked
asked to
to write
write an
an academic
academic
SAMPLE ANSWER
essa y in this
essay in this task,
task, so
so your
your language
language
need to be
needss to be neutral/formal.
neutral/formal. You
You should
should In countries people
some countries
In some are fined
people are they do
fined if they not recycle.
do not agree
recycle. I agree
avoid using abbreviations, bullet points
if I

avoid using abbreviations, bullet points strongly with this idea and think all countries should adopt
strongly with this idea and think all countries should adopt this policy.
this policy.
and informal
informal language.
language.
and Even though it would be difficult to manage, it would encourage
Even though it would be difficult to manage, it would encourage
people to
people take recycling
to take seriously.
more seriously.
recycling more
Rewrite these
� Rewrite these sentences
sentences so
so they
they sound
sound Choosing not
Choosing recycle simply
to recycle
not to because you
simply because not have
do not
you do the time
have the is
time is
more formal.
more formal. just not a good
just not a enough excuse
good enough you consider
when you
excuse when the impactwaste
consider the
considerthe impact waste
on the
has on Recycling means
environment. Recycling
the environment. means used materials are
used materials are
1 Our environment is
is getting
getting worse
worse day
has
1 Our environment day into new
converted into new products, reducing the
products, reducing to consume
need to
the need precious
consume precious
by day.
converted
by day. natural resources.
natural resources.
2 We We might
might notnot be
be able
able to
to see
see all
all of
of the
2 the not only
It is not recycling which
only recycling protect the
helps protect
which helps the environment there
environment -- there
bad thin
It is

bad things gs in
in our
our environment,
environment are also many other things that can be done, for example,
are also many other things that can be done, forexample, saving saving
but they
but they are
are there
there for
for sure!
sure! energy or
energy when you
water when
or water are at
you are home. This
at home. be done
can be
This can switching
by switching
done by
33 IfIf this
this keeps
keeps going
going on,
on, our
our families
families will off lights or turning
lights or the taps
off the
turning off when not
taps when in use.
not in need to
People need
use. People to
will off
struggle in
struggle in the
the future.
future. educate themselves
educate about environmental
themselves about issues and
environmental issues then take
and then action.
take action.
4 There are many things our teen Before aa fine
fine can
can be
be issued,
issued, however,
however, the
the government
government has
has to
to provide
provide
4 There are many things our teenss and and Before
families can do to
families can do to help
help get
get rid
rid of
of clear guidelines about what
clear guidelines about can be
what can and where
recycled and
be recycled be
can be
where itit can it

pollution, e.g. hand-wash our Governments could

recycled. Governments more to
do more
could do to help environmental issues
help environmental in
issues in
pollution, e.g. hand-wash our clothes,
clothes recycled.

ride a bike
bike toto school/work
school/work etc. general. For example, the
For example, government could
the government fine companies
could fine do
that do
companies that
ride a etc. general. Forexample,
to help
nothing to environmental issues
with environmental
help with reward those
and reward
issues and that
those th do.
5 There could be
5 There could be aa solution
solution toto helping
helping
nothing at do.
that

our env iron due to

conclusion, due
In conclusion, over-buying and
to over-buying not recycling
and not recycling enough, we are
enough, we are
men
our environment if t if we
we In

planet and
our planet
destroying our experiencing problems
and experiencing such as
problems such global
as global
if

• reach
reach outout toto people
people whowho don't
don't care
care
destroying
• •
warming natural disasters.
and natural
warming and fining people
Consequently, fining
disasters. Consequently, not
for not
people for
about the
about the environment
environment is the
recycling is least we
the least do. The
can do.
we can fine should
The fine at least
be at
should be much as
as much
least as as
recycling
• change
change their
•
their point
point ofview
of view
of view a parking
a parking or speeding fine.
or speedingfine.
•• tell
tell them
•
them how how badbad things
things are.
are.
TIP 04r-- ---------------

Using the
Using the passive
passive can can sound
sound
mor e form al than usin
more formal than usingg the the
activ e. How ever , use
active. However, use the the
passive only
passive only if it sounds
if itsounds
natural and
natural and you
you are
are confident
confident
about its
about its correct
correct use.use.

UNIT 06
UNIT 06 / WRITING
WRITING 113
113
 get aa good
d r too get score in
good score the exam you need nstrate a
to demonstrate range
wide ran
a wide e of vocabular y,
@ In or ulary,
. � �to get a good score in the exam
of vocab
O In order in the exam you need to demo
demonstrate a wide range of vocabulary,
is important
and it is
and that you avoid repeating the same words as the
s as task. For !xample·
In order exam ple:
it important that you avoid repeating the same word
words the task.
the task. For
For example:
rtant that you avoid repeating
and is impo
not
In some countries people are fined 1-, th ey do not recycle. strongly
agreee strongly
e. II agree with this
gly with idea and think
and
it
idea and think
In some countries people are fined if theyydo
do this idea

a11 countnes should adopt this policy. v

agre stron think
.
recycle.
not recycl I this
In some countries people
are fined ifthe
should adopt policy.
t this policy.
all countries should adop
all countries

Not
Not
.m people efieve you
peo le bbelieve sho�ld be
yo� should fined if
be fined recycle. II agree
not recycle.
do not
you do strongly with this
gly with this idea and
idea and
:Some agree strongly and
agree stron
; : peop�le believe you should be fined ifyou do notXrecycle.
ifyou I with this idea
Some
think people
e should be fined
should be fined iftheydo not recycle.
m peop e should be fmed if they do not recycle.
iftheydo not recycle. " X
thinkpeopl
repeating the same words as the task. You can use
�here are several ways you can avoid words as the task.
task. You can use
You can
There are several ways you can avoid repeating the same words
avoid repeating use
There are several ways you can
pronouns, e.g. he, she, it,
• pronouns, e.g. he, she, it, this, that, these, those,
, those,
these,
this, that, these
he, she, it, this,
, one,
one, both
both
those one, both
• pronouns, e.g.
• syno�yms or words and phrases with a similar meaning, e.g.
• synonyms orwords and
• synonyms or word
similarmeaning, e.g.
phrases with a similarmeaning,
s and phrases problem/issue
e.g. probl em/issue
problem/issue
• relative clauses, e.g. beginning with
beginning with which,
• relative clauses, e.g. beginning
ive clauses, e.g.
relat
which
which, that, who.
, that, who.
who.
•

task and le answer,

the sample
Read
� Read
then
then
the
Read the
the task
task
complete
complete
and the
it
then complete usin
phrases from
phrases from
phrases
it using
using
the box.
from the
g
samp
sample
the
the wor
answ

The words
box. The
ds
words
er,
answer,
words and
and
can
words can
words
SAMPLE ANSWER
SAMPLE ANSWER
be
be used
used more
more
mor e than
than once.
once
once..
ern in the deve lopinngg worl d,
be used
Overrpop
Ove popuulat
Overpopulation is indeed
is inde
on is
latiion
indeed ed aa grow
a growing
growing ing conc
concern
conc ern in the deve lopi
developing world,
world,
envi ronm enta l prob lems ..
the 11
lems
manyy of
l prob
ing man
environmental
ronm enta problems.
caus
causing of the
envi
on the
increase in population
increase in it tive imp act
ing
nega
caus
lation
popuulati
g pop on does have a
an increasin
population Although an incre ct on the
ough an
increase population impa
Although
Alth
it increasing population does have a nega tive
negative impact on the
issue planet's
asing
grea test prob lem is
lem is in caused
fact caus ed by the
issue
issue planet's
planet's
envi ronm
environment to
ent to an exte
an extent,nt, the
the
the greatest
grea test problem
prob in fact caused by the
by the
, both
y,
an t,
essa
exten
wing
ent to
they these ideas
these
environm
ns choo se toto live their lives . In the follo both
humaans
h hum
essay
which
wing
way in in whic
way in which humans follo
way
they these ideas
ideas choose
choose to live
live their lives.
lives . In
in the following essay, both

22 will be
will be disc
disc usse
usse
discussed. d.
d.

us impa ct on worldd's
the worl environm
's envi ent
Over
Overpopulation
lation
populati on does
does
does havehave
have a
a
a serio
serious
seri ous impact
impa ct on the world's ronment
environment
s more pollution,,
e pollu tion
Overpopu
's most
the world's meanns
mea mor
Overpopulation is
Overpopulation ns. AnAn 33 means tion,
severral al reaso
pollu
for seve
for
Overpopulation is the
is world's
world most
environmental problem.
for several reasons.
reas ons.
ries, mor e farm and mor
ing and e
serious environmental
serious road,, mor
the road e facto
cars on more
serious environmental problem.
problem. caused by mor
caused
caus ed by
more e cars on the
cars on the
road, more ries,
factories,
facto more farming
farming and more
To what extent you agree
do you or disagree
e or
by more
tion is is a signiifica
a sign ntt envi ronm enta l issu e and
and
icalss.. Pollu
household chem enta l issue
eholdd chemicals.
disagree ronm
To whatextentdo
To whatexte ntdo agree
agre disagree
hous Pollution
Pollution is significant
fican envi
environmental issue and
with this statement? househol chemical
a serio
a effectt on
us effec
us on hum and anim
an and al
with this ement?
statement?
stat
44 can
can
can have
have
have a serious
serio effect hum
human an animal
animal

health.
health.
healt h.
also mea ns that natu ral resource
al reso are decr
s are easinngg more
more
latioonn also
decreasi
Over popu
Overpopulation
Overpopulati
means
also mean s that
that natural
natur urces
resources decreasing more

modeern
he mod world
worl d is consumin
is cons g more than
rapid ly. TThe
rapidly. The modern rn world consumingumin g more than
than
are cont inuously buying
usly buyi
rapidly.
can prod
can Peop
uce. People le are ng
55 can produce.
prod uce. People continuo
continuously buying
al gas
e hous es. Fres h wate r, oil and naturral
natu
ing mor
building
and build
gas
mor
more e prod
more products ucts and
products
and building more
more hous houses.
es. Fresh
Fres h water,
water , oil and natural gas

somee of resource
the reso whic
s whic h are in dem and.
are just som
are just dema nd.
are just some of
of the urces
resources which h are in
in demand.

wou ld not be an issuee,

issu howeever
, how ver,, if soci ety
Perhaps
Perh aps over populati
Perhaps overpopulation lationon would
woul d not
not be an issue, however, if
if socie
society ty
overpopu
h 66 lived . For exam ple, in
way in in whic
For example,ple,
the way
lived. exam in
chan
changed ged the which
which
lived.
to save
changed
entall prob lems,, peop le coul d try
these
help thes environm
e envi
save
to help
to
orderr to
d try
coul try to save
orde
order to help these environmental
ronmenta problems,
prob lems people could
people
ucts..
s by usin g less wate r or by cons umin g fewerr prod
fewe
resource
products
naturral al reso
g
natu
natural resources by
urces by usin
using g less
less water
wate r or by cons umin
consuming fewer
mor
products.
e. Pollu tion
could
coul d also try to reuse
to reus or recy cle
le more . Pollu tion
77
could also try to
also try reuse recycle more. Pollution
e or recyc
le only boug ht orga nic food or
be kept
to a
to minimum
a mini mum if peop
or
d also be
could also nic food
could
bought organic food or
orga
coul also be kept
kept to a minimum if
if people
peop le only bought

tried to use
tried
tried to use their
their cars
cars less.
less.

populati is a
latioonn is signiifica
a sign problem
ntt prob whe n
In summary,, altho
In summmary
In sum
although ugh over
overpopulation fican
significant problem when
lem when
of an
overpopu
less of
be less
be
ary, although
onment,ent, 88 wou
would ld an
the envir
d
cons
considering the
ng the
ideriing environment,
environm
woul
cons ider
if peop madee certa
le mad
made in chan
changes ges to their
to their
their
9
9
if
if
people
peop le certain
certain changes

daily lifest
daily yle.
EXAM SKILLS]
EXAM
lifestyle.
lifestyle.

EXAM SKILLS
SKILLS

Use the inf

Use the ormation and
information and lan h"s lesson
language ffrom this lesson to answer
n to this Writing
answer this
answer Writing Part
Writing Part 2
Part task.
2 task.
2 task .
inf0rmation and language from
this
0 6 You should
Use
You
the
should spend
spend about
about
t 40
40 !�:��:��t�i:
tes
minutes
minu on this t�::�
task
task..
You should spend abou
Write about
Write about
Write about the ollowing
ffoll
the following topic:
owing topic:
topi c:

Most peo ple do

Mo st people do not c are enough
no t care abou environ
aboutt environmental
enough about envi . ment
ronm . s. To
entaalI issues.
issues.
issue whaat
To wh
what extent
t exte nt do
extent do you
do you
you
Mostpeople do not care enoughement?
agree
agree o
or
agree or disar dis agree
disagree
gree with
with this
this st atement?
stat
statement?
;Give
iv e reasons
fi e aso ns for you� answer
for your answer and include
er and
and incluude
incl de any
any relevant
relevvant
rele ant examples
ex amples
exam from your own
from your
ples from your o wn
own
Give reasons for your answ
n o w l
knowledge
know e d ge o r expenence.
experien
ledge or experience. ce.

Write at
Write
Write at least
least 250
least words.
250 words.
words.

'WRITING
UNIT 06 'WRITING
 UNIT 10B: THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

LISTENING
IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL
LEARN HOW TO
• complete a diagram showing a process
• answer multiple-choice questions
• understand the use of signposting words

• revise quantifiers with countable

and uncountable nouns.

LEAD-IN

� YouYou will
will hear
hear aa lecture
lecture about
about the
the environment
environment and
and energy
energy sources.
sources. Listen
Listen to
to the
the first
first
part of
part of the
the lecture
lecture and
and complete
complete the
the table
table with
with the
the energy
energy sources
sources from
from the
the box.
box.
§§:5
49
49
fracking
fracking petroleum
petroleum solar power
solar power wave power
wave power

Renewable sources
Renewable sources Non-renewable sources
Non-renewable sources
Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric power Coal
Coal

Wind power
Wind power Natural gas
Natural gas

UNIT06 LISTENING 115

 COMPLETING DIAGRAMS
COMPLETING DIAGRAMS ]
� YouYouare
aregoing
goingto
tohear
hearaalecture
lectureabout
aboutfracking
tracking(a(amethod
methodof ofobtaining
obtaininggas
gasfrom
from
Inthe
theListening
Listeningtest,
test,you
youmay
may
-= the ground). First, listen to descriptions of some
some words
words from
from the lecture and
and O In

complete aa
the ground). listen to descriptions of the lecture
haveto
tolisten
listenand
and.complete

a
First,

!�0§ matchthem
match themwith
withthe
thecorrect
correctpicture,
picture,A-D.
A-0. have
diagramshowing
showingaaprocess
process
diagram

II
andwhat
and whathappens
happensininaa
sequenceof
sequence ofevents.
events.Some
Someof
of
the labels
the labelsininthe
thechart
chartwill
willbe
be
missing.You
missing. Youwill
will need
needto
tolisten
listen
andcomplete
and completethe
themissing
missing
labels.·
labels.

D D

II D

11 drill
drill 22 well
well 33 shale
shale 44 fissure
fissure

Nowlook
� Now lookatatthe
thediagram
diagrambelow
belowand anddiscuss
discussthese
thesequestions
questionswithwithaapartner.
partner.
11 Do
Doyou
youneed
needto to look
lookatatthe
thewhole
wholediagram
diagramcarefully
carefullyto
tocomplete
completethisthistype
typeofoftask?
task?
2 Do you need to understand all the words? What can you do if you
2 Do you need to understand all the words? What can you do you don't understand
if
don't understand
someof
some ofthe
thewords?
words?
3 Why is there aa large
3 Why is there largecircle
circleininthe
thediagram?
diagram?What
Whatdoes
does ittell
tellyou?
it
you?
44 The
The diagram
diagramshows
showsyouyouthe
thesequence
sequenceof ofevents
eventsininthe
theprocess.
process.
Canyou
Can youfind
findwhere
where itstarts,
starts,where
it
where itgoes
goesand
andwhere
it whereititfinishes?
finishes?
5 What type of word do you think is missing in
5 What type of word do you think is missing in each case?each case?

Thelecturer
� The lecturerisistalking
talkingabout
aboutthe
thefracking
trackingprocess.
process. Listen
Listenand
andcomplete
completethe
thediagram
diagramwith
with
NOMORE
NO MORETHAN
THANONE ONEWORD
WORDAND/OR
AND/ORAANUMBER
NUMBERforforeach
eachanswer.
answer.
51
51

WELL

4
1 Water
I
Water table.........
table WATER.
SAND AND
GAS CHEMICAL
FLOWS
3 AGENTS

UNIT06 LISTENING
 QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE
UANTIFIERS WIT OUNTABLE .AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

O Nounsinin English
Nouns Englishcan
can be
beeithercountable
either countableor
oruncountable.
uncountable.Some
Somenouns
nounscan
can
be both
be bothcountable
countableand
anduncountable,
uncountable,usually
usuallywith
withdifferences
differencesininmeaning.
meaning.
'Quantifiers', like some,many,
'Quantifiers', like some, many,few
fewand
andall,
all,are
areused
usedto
torefer
referto
toquantity.
quantity.
Thereare
There arethree
threetypes
typesof
ofquantifier
quantifier- thosewhich
- those whichare
areused:
used:
•• only
onlywith
withcountable
countablenouns
nouns
•
• only
onlywith
withuncountable
uncountablenouns
nouns
• with
withboth
bothtypes
typesof
ofnoun.
noun.

Choosethe
� Choose the correct
correct quantifier
quantifier in
inthese
thesesentences.
sentences.
11 Little
Little// Few
Few of
of the
the renewable
renewable energy
energy sources,
sources, such
such as
aswind
wind and andwave
wave power,
power,
have been
have been developed
developed and and used
used around
aroundthe
the world.
world.
2 Although coal is still widely used, much/ many
2 Although coal is still widely used, much / many more more gas
gas isis used
used instead
insteadthese
these days.
days.
All I Every
33 All/ Every non-renewable
non-renewable resources
resources have
have negative
negative effects
effects on onthe
theenvironment.
environment.
4 Several/ Some energy production in the UK comes from
4 Several/ Some energy production in the UK comes from wind turbines.wind turbines.
55 There
There areare nota
not a lot
lot of
of// much
much suitable
suitable sites
sitesfor
forsolar
solar power
power in inthe
the UK.
UK.

The lecturer
� The lecturer isistalking
talkingabout
aboutfracking
trackinginin different
different countries.
countries. Listen
Listen and
and
completethe
complete thesentences
sentenceswith
withthe
thequantifier
quantifierfrom
fromthe
the box
boxwhich
which correctly
correctly TIP oa
52
reflectswhat
reflects whatthe the lecturer
lecturersays.
says. There
Thereare
are more
morequantifiers
quantifiersthan
thanyou
you need.
need. Remember that you will
52
hearthe
hear therecording
recordingonly
only
onceininthe
theexam.
exam.
aa little
little more
more all
all every few
few fewer
fewer
once

aa lot
lot of
of many
many less
less much
much some
some several
several

1 In Canada, _______shale
1 In Canada, shalegas
gas has
has beenbeenfound
found ininvarious
various areas.
areas.
22 Only
Only aa Canadian regions
Canadian regions havehaveallowed
allowed fracking
frackingto
totake
take place.
place.
3 In the USA,
3 In the USA, of the requirement for gas is met by shale
of the requirement for gas is met by shale gas. gas.
44 AA great
great deal
deal shale gas
shale gas isis being
being produced
produced ininAustralia
Australia now
nowthan
than
aa decade
decade ago.
ago.
55 Iffracking
If frackingtakes
takes place
place inin the
the I-JK,
UK, people
people might
mightsave save money on
money on
their gas bills.
theirgas bills.
66 There
There are
are far
far _______ people people per
per kilometre
kilometre ininthe
the USA
USAthan
than inin the
the UK.
UK.

[Q1rD Write
Writethe
the quantifiersfrom
fromthe
quantifiers the box
box inexercise
exercise66 inthe
in the correct
correct place
place inthe
in the table. in table.

Used only
Used only with
with countable
countable Used only
Used only with
with Used with
Used with both
both countable
countable
nouns
nouns uncountable nouns
uncountable nouns and uncountable
and uncountable nouns
nouns

UNIT06
UNIT 06|/ LISTENING
LISTENING a
117
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE TASKS
MULTIPLE-CHOICE TASKS ]

O Inthe
Intheexam
examyou
youwill
will need
needto
to answer
answermultiple-choice
multiple-choicequestions
questions
aboutaa recording.
about recording.You
Youhave
havethree
threechoices
choices and
and must
mustchoose
chooseone
one
correctanswer.
correct answer. The
Thetwo
twowrong
wronganswers
answersare
aredistractors:
distractors:they
they
seemas
seem asififthey
theycould
could be
becorrect
correctbut
butare
arenot.
not.

@!!a Thelecturer
08 The lecturer is talking about
aboutthe
is the benefits
benefits of
talking of fracking. Listento
tothe
the first part
part
fracking. Listen first
ofthe
of the lecture,
lecture, look
look at
at question
question 11 and
and choose
choosethe
thecorrect
correct answer,
answer, A,
A, BB or
or C.
C. TIP
Why isisthis
Why this answer
answer correct?
correct? In multiple-choice
multiple-choicetasks
tasks ininthe
the
53
In
53
listening test you will hear
Listening test you will hear
11 Those
Those who
who are
are in
in favour
favour of
of fracking
frackingsay
say that
thatthe
the main
main benefit
benefit isis the answers
the answers ininthe
the same
sameorder
order
AA better
better energy
energy supply.
supply. as the questions.
as the questions.

BB lower
lower energy
.energy bills.
bills.
CC increased
increased electricity
electricity generation.
generation.

Listento
� Listen tothe
thefirst
first part
part of
ofthe
the lecture
lecture again
again and
and make
make aa note
noteof
ofthe
the words
wordsand
and phrases
phrases
in the
in the listening
listening which
which mean
meanthe
the same
same asasthe
the main
main part
part of
ofthe
thequestion
question and
and the
thecorrect
correct
53
answer.
answer.
53
With aa partner,
� With partner, discuss
discuss why
why you
you think
think the
the other
other options
options are
arewrong.
wrong.

TIP n•
It is important
It is important not
notto
to listen
listenfor
forwordswhich
words whichare
are
inthe
in thequestion.
question. You
You must
must listen
listen and
andunderstand
understand
the idea
the ideathat
that the
thespeaker
speakerisisexpressing
expressingand
and
choose the
choose the answer
answer which
which means
meansthethe same.
same.

l!J!a Underline the important words and phrases in question 2, then listen and
Underline the important words and phrases in question 2, then listen and
choosethe
choose the correct
correct answer,
answer, A,
A, BB or
or C.
C. TIP
Focuson
on the
theimportant
important parts
partsof
of
54 22 Whenfracking
When fracking starts
starts in
in aa new
new location
location Focus
the question
the question by
by looking
lookingat
at itit
AA local
local businesses
businesses lose
lose many
many of
of their
their employees.
employees. carefullyand
carefullyand underlining
underliningthe
the
BB companies
companies bring
bring in
in most
most of
of the
the workers
workers needed.
needed. words and
words and phrases
phrasesyou
youthink
thinkare
are
CC itit creates
creates more
more opportunities
opportunities for
for businesses
businesses in
in the
the area.
area. key. Then
key. Then listen
listenand
and choose
choosean
an
answer. Make
answer. Makesure
sureyou
you listen
listento
to
Did any
any of
ofyour
your underlined
underlined words
words and
and phrases
phrases help
helpyou
you choose
choosethe
thecorrect
correctanswer
answer theend
end before
before making
makingyour
your
� Did the
rather than the distractors? Why?/ Why not? final choice.
final choice.
rather than the distractors? Why? / Why not?

UNIT 06 LISTENING
� LookLookatatquestions
questions33and and44and
andunderline
underlinethe
thewords
wordsand
andphrases
phrasesyou
youthink
thinkare
are
·= significant.Then
significant. Thenlisten
listento
tothe
thenext
nextpart
partof
ofthe
thelecture
lectureand
andchoose
choosethe
thecorrect
correct TIP ng
55:5 answer,A, A,BBor
orC.C. Focuson
onthe
theideas
ideas
SS answer, Focus
55
thatthe
thequestions
questions
3 Although burning gas produces carbon dioxide,
that
3 Although burning gas produces carbon dioxide, andoptions
and optionsexpress,
express,
AA itdoes
it
doesnot
notproduce
producechemicals
chemicalswhich
whichareareharmful
harmfultotothe
thebody.
body. notthe
not thewords
words
B the amount produced is slightly less than from coal
B the amount produced is slightly less than from coal and oil. and oil. themselves.
themselves.

CC itit produces
producesmuch
muchless
lesswater
waterthan
thancoal
coaland
andoil
oilburning
burningproduces.
produces.
4 Some people think that using more gas from fracking to
4 Some people think that using more gas from frackingto produce energy produce energy means
meansthat
that
AA 50%
50% less
lesselectricity
electricitywill
willbe
beproduced
producedthanthannow.
now.
B more water can be used in the production
B more water can be used in the production of ofcoal
coaland
andoil.oil.
CC there
therewill
willbe
bemore
moretime
timetotowork
workon onenvironmentally
environmentallyfriendly
friendlysources
sourcesof
ofenergy.
energy.

� The lecturerisistalking
Thelecturer talkingabout
aboutpeople's
people'sconcerns
concernsabout
aboutfracking.
tracking.Before
Beforeyou
youlisten,
listen,
·= underline the words and phrases in the statements that you think are important,
underline the words and phrases in the statements that you think are important, so so
iiJ ii
6 that
that you can recognise words and phrases which express the same ideas
you can recognise words and phrases which express the same ideas in the
recording.Then
Thenlisten
listenand
andchoose
choosethe
thecorrect
correctanswer,
answer,A,
A,BBor
orC.
C.
in the
recording.

11 Oneofthe
One of theenvironmental
environmentalconcerns
concernsisisthat
that
AA increased
increaseduse
useof
ofshale
shalegas
gaswill
willsignificantly
significantly raise
raisecarbon
carbondioxide
dioxidelevels.
levels.
BB using
usingshale
shalegas
gasininsome
someareas
areaswill
willnot
notbenefit
benefitthe
theenvironment
environmentoverall.
overall.
CC countries
countriesthat
thatuse
useshale
shalegas
gaswill
willstill
stilluse
usehigh
highlevels
levelsof
ofoil
oiland
andnatural
naturalgas.
gas.
22 Fracking
Frackingmay
may not
notbe
beeconomicallybeneficial
economically beneficialbecause
because
AA ititcan
canreduce
reducethe
thevalue
valueof
ofhomes
homesininthe
theareas
areaswhere
whereitittakes
takesplace.
place.
BB after
afterfive
fiveyears
yearsof
offracking,
fracking,production
productioncan
canfall
fallsignificantly.
significantly.
CC the
thelevels
levelsof
ofgas
gasininthe
theground
groundare
areunlikely
unlikelyto
tobe
besustainable.
sustainable.
33 One
Onemedical
medicalconcern
concernrelated
relatedto
tofracking
frackingisisthat
that
AA the
thequality
qualityof
ofthe
thewater
watersupply
supply ininsome
someareas
areascan
canbe
bebadly
badlyaffected.
affected.
BB poor
poorair
airquality
qualitycauses
causesbreathing
breathingproblems
problemsininhealthy
healthypeople.
people.
CC workers
workersare
arepassing
passingon
onillnesses
illnessesto
tolocal
localpeople.
people.
44 Fracking
Frackinghas
hasnot
notbeen
beenable
ableto
totake
takeplace
placeininsome
someplaces
placesbecause
because
AA local
localpeople
peoplehave
havemanaged
managedto
toprevent
preventit.it.
BB the
theauthorities
authoritiesare
arewaiting
waitingfor
for better
betterinformation
informationabout
aboutits
itseffects.
effects.
CC some
somecountries
countrieswant
wantto
tofollow
followthe
theexample
exampleof
ofFrance.
France.

Checkyour
� Check youranswers,
answers,then
thenthink
thinkabout
aboutwhy
whythe
theother
otheroptions
optionsare
arewrong
wrongand
anddiscuss
discuss
yourreasons
your reasonswith
withaapartner.
partner.

UNIT 06 | LISTENING
 UNDERSTANDING SIGNPOSTING TO
NDERSTANDING SIGNPOSTIN FOLLOW A TALK
OTOLLOWATAL

O Tohelp
To helplisteners
listenersfollow
followaalecture
lectureorortalk,
talk,speakers
speakersoften
oftenuse
use'signposting'.
'signposting'.
This involves wordsand
This involves words
andexpressions
expressionsthat
thattell
tellthe
thelistener
listenerwhat
whatthe
thespeaker
speakerisis
going to say, for example: saying how many main points there are,
going to say, for example: saying how many main points there are, giving
giving
examples, emphasising a point, summarising what has been said, etc.
examples, emphasising a point, summarising what has been said, etc.

Listenagain
Listen againtotothe
thelecturer
lecturertalking
talkingabout
aboutpeople's
people'sconcerns
concernsand
andwrite
write
signpostingwords
wordsand
andexpressions
expressionsfrom
fromthe
thebox
boxininthe
thetable.
table.Write
Writethe
the TIP ga
signposting
correct function for each expression: sequencing (SE), contrast(C),
(C), Signposting can help youknow
Signposting can help you
knowwhere
whereyou
you
correct function for each expression: sequencing (SE), contrast
56
addition (AD), summarising (SU), topic change (T) or attitude (AT). areup
are uptotowith
withthe
theexam
examquestions
questions
addition (AD), summarising (SU), topic change (T) or attitude (AT).
becausethese
because theseoccur
occurininthe
thesame
sameorder
orderasas
the script.IfIfyou
youget
getlost,
lost,signposting
signposting
clearly
clearly
earlier
earlier to begin uvitn
to-begifr&Vith
secondly
secondly
now
now while
while
the script.
words and expressions may help you find
that
that first
first tosummarise
to summarise what'smore
what's more last
last
words and expressions may help you find
yourway
wayback
backtotothetheright
rightquestion.
question.
your

Signposting word/expression
Signposting word/expression
Function
Function

Tob�nwith
To begin with ,
,let's
let'slook
lookatatthe
theenvironmental
environmei:ttal SE
SE
concerns.
concerns.

11 The
The andpossibly
and possiblymost
mostsignificant
significant
I
environmental concern is ...
environmental concern is ...

22 ,ititisislikely
,
likelythat,
that,although
althoughcountries
countries
which produce shale gas
which produce shale gas ... ...
33 ,
,there
thereare
areserious
seriouspollution
pollution
problems......
problems
'

44 The
The environmentalconcern
environmental concernconnected
connected
with drilling is that of earthquakes.
with drilling is that of earthquakes.

55 I'd
I'dlike
liketototurn
turntotothe
theeconomic
economic
concerns.
concerns.

66 there'sclearly
there's clearlyan
anincrease
increaseinineconomic
economic
activity ...
activity ...

77 As Imentioned
As I
mentioned ,
,there
thereare
areaalot
lotof
of
concerns...
concerns ...
88 ,
,aalot
lotmore
moreresearch
researchneeds
needstotobe
be
done ...
done .

I So ,there
thereare
aresignificant
significant
99 so ,

1 environmental......
environmental

10
10 Wecan
We cansee
seethat
thatthe
thefuture
futureisisvery
veryuncertain,
uncertain,and
and
is what I'd now like to discuss.
is what I'd now like to discuss.
--•

UNIT06 LISTENING
 EXAM
EXAM SKILLS]
SKILLS

m:za The
The lecturer
and
lecturer is
and choose
talking about
is talking

the correct
choose the
about the
the future
correct answer,
future of
of fracking
or c.
A, BB or
answer, A, C.
fracking and
and other
other forms
forms of
of energy. Listen
energy. Listen

s§:i
s1 1
1 The problem
The problem with
with tracking
fracking is that itit
is that

A has
A caused carbon dioxide
hascausedcarbon dioxide levels
levels to
to rise
rise by
by more than aa third.
more than third.
B will
B will not
not help
help countries
countries meet
meet their
their energy
energy requirements.
requirements.
CC will
will make the world
make the world climate
climate warmer
warmer by by 11 degree
degree Celsius.
Celsius.

22 One
One result
result of
of climate
climate change
change is is

A lower
A lower levels
levels of
of rain
rain in
in some
some parts
parts of Europe.
of Europe.

B serious
B serious problems
problems for food production
for food production in in some
some African
African regions.
regions.

CC increased
increased risk
risk of
of ice
ice in
in populated
populated areas
areas by the sea.
by the sea.

33 AA reason
reason renewable
renewable energy
energy sources
sources areare not
not being
being developed
developed quickly
quickly is that
is that

A fracking is the best way to reduce global warming

A fracking is the best way to reduce global warming at the moment. at the moment.
BB governments
governments wantwant toto find
find other
other long-term
long-term solutions.
solutions.

CC energy
energy companies
companies are are afraid
afraid the
the cost
cost will
will affect their businesses.
affect their businesses.
4
4 To
To develop
develop renewable
renewable sources
sources further
further

A commercial
A commercial organisations
organisations need need external
external help.
help.

BB governments
governments need need toto produce
produce lessless gas
gas and
and oil.
oil.

CC countries
countries should
should work
work together
together to to change their economies.
change their economies.
55 Environmental groups
Environmental groups believe that
believe that

A tracking
A fracking can
can help
help reduce
reduce global
global warming
warming in the short
in the term.
short term.
BB non-renewable
non-renewable sources can continue alongside renewable sources.
sources can continue alongside renewable sources.
CC only
only renewable
renewable sources
sources will
will be
be able
able to
to provide
provide energy
energy in the future.
in the future.

UNIT 06 / LISTENING 121

 UNIT
UNIT /06: THE
THE NATURAL
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT •

SPEAKING
IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL
LEARN HOW TO
• speak in detail about conservation and
the environment

• recognise different functions in

Speaking Part 3 questions

• express your opinions with the

appropriate emotion.

EAD-I

@}Ia Discuss
Discuss these
these questions
questions with
with a partner.
a partner.

11 What is
What is the
the most
most beautiful
beautiful place
place you
you have
have ever
ever visited?
visited?
2 Do
2 Do you
you think
think that
that global
global pollution
pollution is
is aa serious
serious problem?
problem?
3 Does
3 Does the
the place
place where
where you
you live
live have
have aa lot of pollution?
lot of pollution?

UNIT 06 / SPEAKING
 TALKING ABOUT
TALKING ABOUT THE
THE ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT

With aa partner,
� With partner, complete
complete the
the table
table with
with words
words from
from the
the box.
box. Some
Some words
words can
can go
go in
in
both columns.
both columns.

acid rain
acid rain carbon monoxide
carbon monoxide drought
drought eartheiuakes
earthquakes tornados
tornados
landslides
landslides volcanic eruptions
volcanic eruptions oil spills
oiås-piks radiation leaks
radiation leaks tsunamis
tsunamis
sinkholes
sinkholes thunderstorms
thunderstorms floods
floods forest fires
forest fires

Natural disasters
Natural disasters Man-made pollution
Man-made pollution

· earthquakes
earthquates oil spills
oil spills

Complete the
� Complete the sentences
sentences using
using words
words from
from the
the table.
table. More
More than
than one
one answer
answer may
may
be possible.
be possible.
11 Humanity
Humanity isis to
to blame for the
blame for the increase
increase in
in emissions around
emissions around
the world.
the world.
2
2 result in many
result in many homes
homes andand public
public buildings being burnt
buildings being down.
burnt down.
3
3 Proper care
Proper care of
of important
important facilities
facilities will
will result
result in
in fewer
fewer _______
4
4 We cannot really prevent
We cannot really prevent but
but we can
we can take
take steps
steps to
to make
make
buildings safer in case they happen.
buildings safer in case they happen.
5
5 _______ causes causes significant
significant damage
damage to to homes
homes and
and businesses.
businesses.
6
6 Protection against
Protection against _______ will involve the cooperation
will involve the cooperation of of local
local people
people
and local
and local government.
government.

Which of
� Which of these
these environmental
environmental factors
factors are
are aa threat
threat where
where you
you live?
live? Discuss
Discuss with
with
a partner.
a partner.

acid rain
acid rain carbon monoxide
carbon monoxide volcanoes
volcanoes landslides
landslides chemical spills
chemical spills
floods
floods freezing temperatures
freezing temperatures tornados
tornados earthquakes
earthquakes

11

UNIT 06
UNIT 06 // SPEAKING
SPEAKING l!D
123
 PRONUNCIATION: SILENT
PRONUNCIATION: SILENT LETTERS_INENGLISH
LETTERS IN ENGLISH

Someletters
� Some lettersininEnglish
Englishare are'silent'
'silent'when
whenspoken,
spoken,ororsound
sounddifferent
differentfrom
fromthe
thespelling.
spelling.
Listen to these examples.
:5 :
::::
Listen to these examples.

58 Scenic--the
Scenic thefirst
first'c''c'isissilent
silent--this wordisisspoken
this word spokenasas/lsi:.mk/
/'si:.mk/
Business - the
Business - the 'i'
'i'
is silent-this word is spoken as /'biz.ms/
is silent - this word is spoken as /lbrz.nls/

Listento
� Listen tothese
thesewords.
words. Underline
Underlinethe
theletter(s)
letter{s) inineach
eachword
wordwhich
whichare
aresilent
silentor
orwhich
which
sound different from the spelling.
sound different from the spelling.
59
59 1 calendar
1 calendar 55 autumn
autumn 99 castle
castle
2 foreigner
2 foreigner 6 honest
6 honest 10 yoghurt
10 yoghurt
33 should
should 77 light
light
4 guest
4 guest 8 doubt
8 doubt

MAKING TIMED
MAKING TIMED NOTES
NOTES

@IID Look
Look atthese
theseSpeaking
at SpeakingPart
Part22 tasks. tasks.

AA Describe
Describeaaplace
placeininyour
yourcountry
countrythat
that BB Describe
Describeaaplace
placeof
ofnatural
naturalbeauty
beautythat
thatyou
you
isfamous
is famousfor
forits
itsnatural
naturalbeauty.
beauty. havevisited.
have visited.
Youshould
You shouldsay:
say: Youshould
You shouldsay:
say:
•
• where
wherethat
thatplace
placeisis • when
•
whenyou
youvisited
visitedthis
thisplace
place
•
• what
what kind
kindof
ofplace
place itisis
it
• what
•
whatkind
kindof
ofscenic
scenicfeatures
featuresthe
theplace
placehad
had
•• what
whatmakes
makes itbeautiful
itbeautiful • what
•
whatyou
youremember
remembermost mostabout
aboutthe
theplace
place
andexplain
and explainwhy
whythis
thisplace
placeisisfamous
famous andexplain
and explainwhether
whetheryou
youwould
wouldlike
liketo
tovisit
visitthe
the
in your country.
in your country.
place again.
place again.

Discussthese
� Discuss thesequestions
questionswith
withaapartner.
partner.
11 Which
Which points
pointsininthe
thetasks
tasksrequire
requiremore
more information?
information?
22 What
Whatkind of information
kindof informationwillwillyou
youneed
needfor
foreach
eachpoint?
point?
3 How many examples will you need for each
3 How many examples will you need for each point? point?
44 What
Whattense
tensewill
willyou
youneed
needforforeach
eachpoint?
point?

Thinkingabout
� Thinking aboutyour
youranswer
answerto
toquestion
question11ininexercise
exercise8,8,make
makenotes
notesfor
for
tasks Aand
tasksA andBBininjust
just60
60seconds.
seconds. Use
Useyour
yournotes
notesto totalk
talkfor
forTWO
TWO minutes
minutes TIP
oneach
on eachtopic.
topic. Youhave
You haveonly
onlyone
oneminute
minute

[!)QD Compare
Compareyour
yournotes
noteswith
with apartner.
partner.Try
Tryto
a to talkabout
abouttask
taskAA forTWO
talk TWOminutes
minutesusing
using
for
tomake
to makenotes
notesso
goodidea
ideato
soititisisaa
topractise
practise
yourpartner's
your partner'snotes.
notes.Were
Wereyou
youable
ableto
tocomplete
completethe
thetask?
task?IfIfnot,
not,advise
adviseyour
yourpartner
partner good
makingthem
themwith
withaa
howthe
thenotes
notescan
canbe
beimproved,
improved,based
basedononyour
youranswers
answersto
toquestion
question11ininexercise
exercise8.8.
making
how stopwatchor
stopwatch ortimer.
timer.

UNIT 06 / SPEAKING
(!l!a Here are
Here are two
two sets
sets of
of notes
notes for
for task
task BB in
in exercise
exercise 7.
7. Which
Which set
set of
of notes
notes do
do you
you think
think
would be
would be easier
easier to
to write
write in
in just
just 60
60 seconds?
seconds?

II 1 The
1 The Vi.obori.ov
VicloriAA.. Falls,
Fills, on on Ehe
ttle border
borGler ofof Zimbabwe
Zimbo..bwe and
o.,nd, Zoa•nbin.
Zo..mbiAA...
I wenb
I
went two gears a.go.
He.<A.rS go.
2.. It's o.. wo..terfill. Lots of wat,er,
wo..ter, loud
Lo1AGl nobse. It's the
noise. lb's ttle
1.

Z lb's MEerfaL. Lobs of

ta.rgest a-cross
Inrgesb o..cross <tl 1,738
1,738 metres.
metres.
3 lb's
3 It's h1A9e,
huge, verg verH ta-u.
tcill,. You
YolA often
often seen
seen rainbows
ro..inbows inin the
ttle wo.±er.
wo..ter.
4 It's o.. lAN£SCO worLGl herito..ge site.
4 lb's a. UNESCO world hermge sihe. VbsWors come from Visitors wme from
o..ro1AnGl the
around ttle world
worLGl to to see
see W.it.
5 Would
5 Wo1ALGl likeWc:e toto visih
visit a_go..in wi»i mg mH fcmug
fo..milH Ehbs
ttlis gear.
He.<A.r.

VictoriAA.. Fills Intern<Uiono..L visihors

InbernÖionoJ visitors
Wo..terfoJL
Waterfall 1,738 metres Wide
1,738 metres wiGle
Zimbo..bwe/Zo..mbiAA..
Zimba.bwe/Zæmbi,a Ro..inbows
Rainbows
Two gears
Two a.go
He.<A.rS go NoisH
Nobsg
lAN£SCO world
UNESCO worLGl herito..ge site
herh.ge Sibe fo..milH
Visit wi»i fovmug
Vbsib

RECOGNISING
RECO NI IN AND USING
AND DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
SIN DIFFERENT F N TION

Match questions
� Match questions 1-5
1-5 with
with aa function
function from
from the
the box.
box.
O Part 22 of
Part of the
the Speaking
Speaking test
test asks
asks
you to
you to describe
describe something,
something, for
for
assess
assess compare
compare explain
explain predict
predict suggest
suggest example aa place
example place in
in your
your country.
country.
Remember that
Remember that questions
questions in
in Part
Part
33 could
could ask
ask you
you to
to do
do some
some (or
(or all)
all)
11 So,
So, what
what do
do you
you think
think will
will happen
happen to
to the
the environment
environment in
in the
the future?
future? of the
of the functions
functions in
in the
the box
box in
in
What can
2 What
2 can governments
governments do
do to
to help
help the
the environment?
environment? exercise 12.
exercise 12.
3
3 Is there
Is there any
any difference
difference between
between environmental
environmental issues
issues now
now and
and those
those in
in the
the past?
past?
Have schools
4 Have
4 schools done
done enough
enough to
to inform
inform children
children about
about environmental
environmental problems?
problems?
5
5 Why have
Why have private
private businesses
businesses not
not done
done more
more to
to help
help the
the environment?
environment?

Read this
� Read this transcript
transcript of
of aa student
student answering
answering aa Speaking
Speaking Part
Part 33 question.
question.
Write the
Write the correct
correct function
function from
from the
the box
box in
in the
the gaps
gaps before
before each
each phrase.
phrase. TIP
Some functions can be used more than
Some functions can be used more than once. once. Questions in
Questions in Speaking
Speaking Part
Part
33 ask
ask you
you about
about society
society as
as aa
How can
How can we
we do ao more
more to to protect
protect the
the environment?
environment? whole, rather
whole, rather than
than you
you and
and
Well, that's
Well, that's aa tough
tough question.
question.!1 In the
In the past,
past, we
we didn't
didn't know
know muchmuch your personal
your personal experience.
experience.
about the
about the effect
effect wewe were
were having
having onon the
the environment
environment 22 as we
as we didn't
didn't
have access
have access toto much
much scientific
scientific knowledge
knowledge back
back then,
then, 33 whereas
whereas
now we
now we know
know much
much more
more about
about the
the world
world and
and how
how itit works
works and
and
4
4 this knowledge has been so useful in helping
this knowledge has been so useful in helping us us to
to protect
protect thethe
environment. 55
environment. The science
The science has
has improved,
improved, 66 _______
so I think
so I
think that
that wewe might
might start
start to
to discover
discover new
new ways
ways toto reduce
reduce pollution
pollution inin the
the future
future
7
7 that are
that are much
much better
better than
than those
those we we have
have at
at the
the moment.
moment.
8
8 Perhaps the
Perhaps the government
government could
could spend
spend more
more money
money on on promoting
promoting
environmental responsibility to companies,
environmental responsibility to companies, although 9 although 9 it is by
is
it by no
no
means certain
means certain this
this will
will have
have the
the desired
desired effect.
effect.

UNIT 06 SPEAKING 125

 EXPRESSING OPINIONS:
� � OPINIONS:
EXPRESSIN CERTAINTY
CERTAINTY
- - --- --
- - -
AND- DOUBT
AND DOUBT
-�--

Complete the
Complete the table
table using
using words
words from
from the
the box.
box.
� When wewe give
give opinions
opinions we
we
O When
often want
want to
to express
express how
how
almost
almost eertainl� clearly definitely indeed
indeed ttkety
often
eertaifåy clearly definitely sure we
we are
are about
about our
our feelings
feelings
maybe
maybe might
might no doubt
no doubt occasionally
occasionally of course
of course perhaps
perhaps
sure
or claims:
or claims:
seemingly
seemingly surely
surely unlikely
unlikely will
will
Ifthings
• If
• things do
do not
not improve
improve
quickly, there is no
quickly, there is no doubt
doubt
that the
the environment
environment will
will
Certain Careful
that
Certain Careful
suffer. certain
suffer. certain
certainly
certainly
likely
likely
If things do
• Ifthings
• do not
not improve
improve
quickly, itit isis possible
quickly, possible that
that the
the
environment might
environment might suffer.
suffer.
careful
carefut

In Speaking
� In Speaking Part
Part 3,
3, you
you should
should be
be prepared
prepared toto have
have an
an opinion
opinion about
about any
any
statement or
statement or topic.
topic. For
For statements
statements 1-9,
1-9, put
put aa tick
tick ti' to
to show
show whether
whether the
the O Certain words
Certain words can
can be
be used
used to
to
speaker is agreeing or disagreeing. make these
make these statements
statements
speaker is agreeing or disagreeing.
stronger. For example:
stronger. For example:

Statement
Statement Agree I Disagree Ijust
Ijust don't
don'tshare
share that
thatpoint
point
Agree Disagree
of view.
ofview.
That's true.
That's true. That's totally incorrect.
That's totally incorrect.

1
1 That's right.
That's right. I definitely
I definitelyhave
have to
to side
side with
with
you on
on that
that one.
one.
2
2 I'm not
I'm not sure
sure about
about that.
that. you
That's 100%
100% true.
true.
That's
33 That's also
That's also how
how I feel
Ifeel about
about it.
it.

4
4 I have
I
have to
to side
side with
with you
you on
on that
that one.
one.
55 Me neither.
Me neither.
6
6 That's incorrect.
That's incorrect.
7
7 I beg
I
beg to
to differ.
differ.
8
8 You might have
You might have aa point
point there.
there.
9
9 I'm afraid
I'm afraid I don't
I
don't share
share that
that point
point of
of view.
view.

UNIT 06 / SPEAKING
� For
For statements
statements 1-5, write how
1-5, write how much
much you
you agree or disagree
agree or with the
disagree with the statement.
statement.
Then,
Then, using the example
using the example phrases
phrases in
in exercise
exercise 15, tell your
15, tell your partner whether you
partner whether you agree
agree
or
or disagree with each
disagree with each statement,
statement, remembering
remembering to to express
express yourself
yourself strongly where
strongly where
necessary.
necessary.

Statement
Statement Strongly agree
Strongly agree Agree
Agree Disagree
Disagree Strongly disagree
Strongly disagree
11 Governments
Governments should
should do
do more
more to
to prevent
prevent
environmental
environmental damage.
damage.

2
2 We
We are
are not
not responsible for damage
responsible for damage to
to
the
the environment.
environment.

3 Global
3 warming is
Global warming is not
not caused
caused by
by humans.
humans.

4 Factories
4 Factories do
do enough
enough to
to prevent
prevent
environmental
environmental accidents.
accidents.

55 Children
Children should
should be
be educated
educated about
about
protecting
protecting the
the environ.
ment.
environment.

EXAM
EXAM SKILLS
SKILLS ]

[!l::ra Ask
Ask and
and answer these Speaking
answer these Speaking Part
Part 11 questions with aa partner.
questions with partner.

11 Is there
Is there aa place
place of
of natural
natural beauty
beauty in
in your
your country?
country?
22 Are
Are there fewer places of natural beauty now than
there fewer places of natural beauty now than in
in the
the past?
past?
3
3 Do you
Do you dodo anything
anything to
to help the environment?
help the environment?
44 What
What isis the
the most serious problem
most serious facing the
problem facing the environment
environment today?
today?

� Answer
Answer the
the prompts
prompts in this Speaking
in this Speaking Part
Part 2
2 task.
task. Try to talk
Try to talk for
for TWO full minutes.
TWO full minutes.

Describe
Describe an
an environmental
environmental issue facing your
issue facing your country.
country.

You should
You should say:
say:

• what
• kind of
what kind of problem
problem it is
is
it

• how
how long
long the
the problem
problem has
has existed
existed
• what
• what effect
effect the
the problem
problem has
has had
had on
on people
people

and
and explain
explain what we can
what we can do
do to
to solve
solve the
the problem.
problem.

� With
With a a partner,
partner, discuss these Speaking
discuss these Speaking Part 3 questions.
Part 3 questions.

11 What
What is is the
the cause
cause of
of most
most environmental
environmental problems
problems in
in the
the world?
world?
2 Is
2 Is there
there much
much more
more environmental
environmental damage
damage nownow than
than in
in the
the past?
past?

3 What
3 What more
more can
can governments
governments do do to solve environmental
to solve environmental issues?
issues?

44 How
How can we educate
can we educate children
children to
to protect
protect the
the environment?
environment?

UNIT 06/ SPEAKING 127