Environment & Ecology

UNIT - 5

Environmental Protection
As per New
Syllabus 2022-23
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 Unit 5 Syllabus

Environmental Protection; Environmental Protection Act 1986,

Initiatives by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s),

Human Population and the Environment: Population growth,

Environmental Education, Women Education.

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 Environmental Protection

 Environmental protection refers to the practice of safeguarding and

preserving the natural environment from various threats and
degradation.
 It involves taking measures to prevent or reduce pollution, conserve
natural resources, protect ecosystems, and promote sustainable
development.
 Environmental protection is crucial for maintaining the health and well-
being of both ecosystems and human populations.

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 Environmental Policy

 Environmental policy refers to a set of principles, and guidelines which

are prepared by governments or various organizations to save the
environment.
 Environmental policy address environmental issues and promote
sustainable development.
 It includes laws, regulations, and initiatives that aim to protect and
conserve the environment, manage natural resources, and mitigate
pollution and climate change.

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 Legislations in India

In India, several legislations have been enacted to protect the environment

and ensure sustainable development.
 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
 The Environmental Protection Act, 1986

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 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, serves as a crucial legal framework for the
protection and conservation of India's diverse wildlife. It plays a significant role
in safeguarding threatened species, preserving habitats, and regulating human
interactions with wildlife.
 The act has contributed to the recovery of several endangered species and has
helped in promoting awareness and education about wildlife conservation.
 The Act aims to protect wildlife, including both terrestrial and aquatic species,
and their habitats. It focuses on conserving biodiversity, preventing species
extinction, and promoting sustainable management of wildlife resources.

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 The Water Act, 1974

 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a key legislation in
India that aims to prevent and control water pollution. It provides a legal
framework for regulating and managing water resources, addressing pollution
issues, and promoting sustainable water management practices.
 The main objective of the act is to prevent and control water pollution by
regulating the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and improving water
quality.
 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act establishes regulatory
bodies, such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution
Control Boards (SPCBs), to enforce the act's provisions.

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 The Water Act, 1974

 The CPCB and SPCBs work collaboratively to regulate and manage pollution
control in India. While the CPCB sets national standards and provides overall
guidance, SPCBs have the responsibility of implementing and enforcing
pollution control measures at the state level.
 The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is responsible for setting national
standards, monitoring pollution levels, conducting research, enforcing
regulations, and coordinating pollution control efforts at the national level in
India.
 State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), on the other hand, grant consents,
monitor compliance, issue directives, raise public awareness, and enforce
pollution control measures within their respective states.
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 The Air Act, 1981

 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is a significant legislation
in India that aims to prevent, control, and abate air pollution.
 It provides a legal framework for regulating air pollution and establishes the
necessary institutional mechanisms for monitoring, enforcement, and
compliance.
 The act sets standards for air quality, mandates consent for industries emitting
pollutants, and grants powers to the regulatory bodies for monitoring,
inspection, and enforcement.
 It defines offenses and penalties for non-compliance with air pollution control
measures.

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 The Air Act, 1981

 Under Section 19, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution
Control Boards (SPCBs) are empowered with various functions such as
monitoring air quality, conducting inspections, issuing directions, and collecting
data on air pollutants.
 These regulatory bodies have the authority to enter premises for inspections,
conduct tests and analysis, and take necessary actions to prevent and abate air
pollution. Sections 21(1) and 21(2) focus on offenses and penalties.
 The act emphasizes collaboration and cooperation among stakeholders to
address air pollution issues.
 Overall, the act plays a crucial role in protecting air quality, promoting sustainable
practices, and ensuring a healthier environment for all.
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 The Forest Act, 1980

 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 is a crucial legislation in India aimed at

safeguarding the country's forests and wildlife.

 Its primary objective is to regulate the diversion of forest land for non-forest
purposes, such as industrial projects and infrastructure development, to ensure
sustainable use of forest resources and maintain ecological balance.

 The act requires prior approval from the central government for any project or
activity that involves the diversion of forest land.

 It emphasizes compensatory afforestation, where equivalent areas of non-forest

land must be afforested to compensate for the diverted forest land.

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 The Forest Act, 1980

 The act establishes national and state-level committees to evaluate proposals for
forest land diversion and provides for penalties for unauthorized diversion.

 It also allows for judicial review to ensure compliance with the act's provisions.

 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 plays a crucial role in promoting the
conservation and sustainable management of India's forests, protecting wildlife
habitats, and balancing economic development with environmental preservation.

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 The Environmental Protection Act, 1986

 The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 is a legislation enacted by the

Government of India to address various environmental concerns and promote
sustainable development. It serves as a comprehensive framework for the
protection, conservation, and improvement of the environment.
 The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 consolidates and strengthens the
existing legal provisions related to environmental protection.
 It integrates and harmonizes various environmental laws and regulations,
including the Water Act, 1974, the Air Act, 1981, and other related acts. The act
builds upon the foundation laid by these previous acts and provides a unified
approach to environmental protection and pollution control in India.

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 Salient features of Act, 1986:

 Objective: Protect and improve the environment, prevent and control pollution.
 Regulatory Authorities: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State
Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).
 Pollution Control Measures: Prescribe standards for industries, vehicles, and
pollution sources.
 Environmental Clearances: Required for projects with significant environmental
impact.
 Hazardous Substances and Wastes: Regulates their management and
disposal.
 Penalties and Offenses: Imposes fines and imprisonment for environmental
violations.
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 Salient features of Act, 1986:

 Objective: Protect and improve the environment, prevent and control pollution.
 Regulatory Authorities: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State
Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).
 Pollution Control Measures: Prescribe standards for industries, vehicles, and
pollution sources.
 Environmental Clearances: Required for projects with significant environmental
impact.
 Hazardous Substances and Wastes: Regulates their management and
disposal.
 Penalties and Offenses: Imposes fines and imprisonment for environmental
violations.
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 NGO’s

 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in addressing

environmental pollution.

 NGOs helps in addressing environmental pollution by raising awareness,

advocating for better policies, monitoring pollution, engaging communities, and
fostering partnerships.

 They fill gaps in government action, provide an independent perspective, and

empower grassroots participation.

 In India, notable NGOs working in this direction include Greenpeace India, Center
for Science and Environment (CSE), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) India,
and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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 Role of NGO’s

 NGOs raise awareness about environmental pollution and its impacts through
campaigns and educational programs.
 They advocate for stronger environmental policies and regulations, engaging with
policymakers and providing expert opinions.
 NGOs monitor pollution levels, conduct research, and gather data to assess the
extent and impact of environmental pollution. They publish reports and studies
highlighting pollution hotspots and suggesting mitigation strategies.
 NGOs work closely with local communities affected by pollution, empowering them
to voice their concerns and participate in decision-making processes.
 They implement sustainable solutions and projects in collaboration with
government agencies, businesses, and other stakeholders.

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 Need of NGO’s

 Independent Perspective: NGOs offer an independent and unbiased viewpoint

on environmental issues.
 Grassroots Participation: NGOs actively engage local communities and
individuals in environmental protection efforts.
 Specialized Expertise: NGOs bring scientific research, technical know-how, and
innovative solutions to address pollution challenges.
 Bridge Between Government and Civil Society: NGOs bridge the gap between
government policies and implementation on the ground. They act as
intermediaries, facilitating effective communication and cooperation between
various stakeholders.

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 Environment Education

 Environment education refers to the process of imparting knowledge and

awareness about the environment, its issues, and sustainable practices.
 Its objective is to develop a sense of responsibility, knowledge, skills, and values in
individuals to protect and conserve the environment.
 By promoting environmental literacy, it aims to create a more informed and
environmentally conscious society. However, environment education faces certain
challenges. These include:
 Lack of Awareness: Many people have limited knowledge and understanding of
environmental issues, making it challenging to generate widespread awareness
and engagement., and cultural differences is crucial for inclusivity.

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 Challenges in Environment Education

 Attitude and Behavior Change: Changing deeply ingrained attitudes and

behaviors towards the environment can be difficult. Encouraging individuals to
adopt best practices requires consistent efforts and effective communication.
 Interdisciplinary Nature: Environment education requires integration across
various disciplines, such as science, social sciences, and humanities.
 Limited Resources: Insufficient funding and resources for environment education
programs and initiatives pose a challenge to their widespread implementation and
effectiveness.
 Inclusion and Equity: Ensuring that environment education reaches all sections
of society, including marginalized communities, is a challenge.

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 Women Education

 Women education refers to the process of providing formal or informal learning

opportunities to women, empowering them with knowledge, skills, and capabilities.
 It aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and promote equal access to
education for women.
 Various schemes in India have been implemented to promote women education.
Some notable schemes include:
 Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child): This
initiative aims to address gender-based discrimination and promote the education
of girls. It focuses on improving the child sex ratio, ensuring survival, and
encouraging education of girl children.

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 Women Education

 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): This flagship program tries to provide universal
elementary education, with a special focus on girls' education.
 National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education: It aims to
reduce the gender gap in education and empower girls through education.
 The effect of women education on environment protection is significant.
 Educated women are more likely to understand the importance of sustainable
practices and their impact on the environment, leading to the adoption of eco-
friendly measures at the household level
 such as proper waste management, water conservation, and energy efficiency.

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