A PROJECT ON GEOGRAPHY

ARYAN SOLANKI
CLASS:- 10-B

RYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CHEMBUR

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled
‘A brief study on Development of transport in India’
is a bonafide work of Mst. Aryan Solanki
studying in Grade X of Ryan International School
Chembur for the academic year 2020-2021

_____________ ______________
External Teacher Teacher Incharge
_____________
Principal
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and denouement of this project is credited to multiple noble personalities. I am greatly
advantaged to have their contributions, as catalysts and as mentors, for the prosperity of my effort and time
into the project. Every individual engrossed in aiding me through this project is indefinitely indebted to me.

First and above all, I'd like to express my unfeigned indebtedness to my motherland, The Republic of India.
Additionally, I'd like to extend my immense gratitude and reverence to my parents, to whom I owe my mere
existence. They have imparted me with astounding knowledge and life skills. I'd also like to proclaim the
comprehensive elucidation of my subject teacher (Miss Pinky) and my venerated Principal (Miss Philomena
D'Souza), to whom I am everlastingly appreciative. Furthermore, I'd like to extend my passionate benevolence
to my peers, who played a noteworthy role. Lastly, I'd also like to extend a special 'thank you', to my class
teacher (Miss Preeti), who played a crucial role as an educator amidst the COVID-19 lockdown.

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 A brief study on
Development of transport in
India
4
 INDEX
SR. NO. TOPIC - Subtopic Page number

1. Overview of transport in India and Ministry of transport and highway 6, 7 & 8

2. Road transport in India - overview, advantages, disadvantages 9, 10 & 11

3. Road transport in India - national highways development projects(nhdp), development of roads in challenging terrain, 12, 13, & 14
special accelerated road development programme for north-east (sardp-ne)

4. Rail transport in India - overview, advantages and disadvantages, bullet train vision, green fuel railways, gatimaan 15, 16, 17 & 18
express)

5. Water transport in India - National waterways system and National waterways bill 2015 19 & 20

6. Air transport in India - governmental reforms and economic developments 21 & 22

7. Golden corridor project, NS and EW corridor, connecting India and economising 23, 24 & 25

8. Bibliography 26
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Overview of transport in India:
The transport sector is also one of the fastest growing sources for
greenhouse gas emissions in India, and an important factor in India’s
economic success over the past two decades. In fact, transportation
accounts for a 6.4% share of India’s GDP, with road transportation
contributing 4.5%. From 2007-2010, the transport sector’s share of net
emissions increased from 7.5% to 9%, and this share is projected to
increase from 203 MtC02e in 2005 to 905 MtC02e in 2025 if policies to
reduce the carbon intensity of India’s transportation are not
implemented.

Transport comprises a part (14%) of the energy sector’s 66% share of

total emissions in India as of 2010. It is also the largest end-user of oil
in India, consuming nearly 50% of total demand, of which 44% was for
diesel products, which is problematic given that India is a net oil
importer as of 2012. Demand for passenger and freight mobility is
primarily located in densely populated urban areas. Within urban
transport, freight contributes nearly 55% of total road emissions due
to lorry reliance on diesel for fuel, which contributes to PM emissions
and black carbon or soot.
The legal mechanism enabling the Indian government to set
vehicular emissions standards originates from the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act (APCPA) of 1981, which mirrors the Clean Air
Act of the United States.

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Overview of transport in India:
Through the APCPA, state governments in India are given the ability
to create standards of air emission output for industrial plants,
automobiles, and any other point source that is not a ship or aircraft
in cooperation with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The
Environmental Protection Act of 1986 extended this regulatory scope
to the central government, and the Motor Vehicle Act of 1988 added
to the abilities of the central government to regulate motor vehicle
emissions.
Urban air quality is generally poor in India due to the heavy
concentration of particulate matter in urban areas due to the
congestion of road traffic, which has been elevated in recent years
due to the increase of HDV lorries on India’s road and highway
system. Concern about the public health impacts from poor air
quality thus provided the critical mass to push the APCPA through,
which led to the implementation of the India-1 vehicular standards
for new vehicles, a precursor to the Bharat III standards currently in
place. As of 2010, 13 major cities have implemented the Bharat IV
standards, which parallel the Euro IV standard, with all other cities set
to follow the Bharat III standard. The Bharat standards regulate the
allowable amount of particulate matters and emissions from two,
three, and four-wheeled light-duty vehicles, medium and heavy-duty
vehicles, and diesel-powered non-road vehicles including locomotive
technology, agricultural tractors and electricity generation.
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Ministry of road transport and highways:
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways(MORTH) is a ministry
of the Government of India, that is the apex body for formulation and
administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to road
transport, transport research and in also to increase the mobility and
efficiency of the road transport system in India. Through its officers of
Central Engineering Services (Roads) cadre it is responsible for the
development of National Highways of the country. Road transport is a
critical infrastructure for economic development of the country. It
influences the pace, structure and pattern of development. In India,
roads are used to transport over 60 percent of the total goods and 85
percent of the passenger traffic. Hence, development of this sector is
of paramount importance for India and accounts for a significant part
in the budget.
As many of the regional transport offices are not regularly functioning
due to covid-19 situation, the Govt has given some relaxation to the
people whose driving license has expired during this period. Now the
old driving license can be used till September 2020. So the people can
drive their vehicles up to September 2020 without renewing the old
license.
Since 26 May 2014, the Minister for Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways is Nitin Gadkari. 8
Road transport in India:
Road transport is the second important mode of transport in India. It covers every corner of the country which the railway
transport even could not cover. Road transport provides the basic infrastructural facilities to both the agricultural and
industrial sector of the country. The Indian road network, comprising of National Highways, Expressways, State
Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads and Village Roads, is globally the 2nd largest spanning 5.5 million
kilometres. India’s road infrastructure has seen consistent improvement in the last few years.
Connectivity has improved and road transportation has become a focus of rapid
development. Roads are providing better access to services, ease of transportation
and freedom of movement to people.
The year 2016-17, witnessed a considerable push being given to expand the Highway Network in the
country. A record 16,271 km of National Highways were awarded and 8,231 km were constructed. 1
More than 6,061 kilometres of highways were constructed in Financial Year (FY) 2015-16. 2 The
highest ever average daily construction rate of 133 km was achieved for rural roads. 3 Budget 2017-18
also spelt optimism for the roads and highways sector with a total of outlay of USD 14 billion. Out of
this, USD 10 billion has been earmarked for National Highways while the remaining is allocated
towards the rural roads programme Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).

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Road transport in India:
Advantages:
1. Less Investment:
Roads need less capital than the railways. Laying of railway line
needs much capital than road. So it is cheaper.
2. Employment:
Road transport provides employment to many persons directly and
indirectly.
3. Complementary to Rail Transport:
Road transport is helpful to rail transport. People reach railway
station taking the help of road transport so it provides feeder
service to rail transport.
4. Personal Service:
Rail transport is managed by Govt. alone while road transport has
private and public carriers. So there is completion in road transport.
Even people have their own vehicles. So it is also a kind of personal
service.
5. Helpful in Production of Perishable Goods:
Road transport is helpful in production of perishable goods as it
facilitates the distribution of perishable goods from point of
production to point of consumption.
6. Beneficial to Industries:
Industries which are situated away from railway links, the road
transport helps them a lot. It facilitates the mobility of men and
materials for these industries. 10
Road transport in India:
Disadvantages:
1. Frequent accidents:
Road transport system is dotted with frequent accidents.
According to an estimate, there are large number of deaths
due to road accidents. So it is not safer mode of transport.
2. Inadequate Roads:
Most of the roads are in bad shape and are inadequate.
There are only 34 km long roads per 100 sq. km area in India
while in Japan 270 km roads per 100 sq. km.
3. Heavy Taxes:
There is heavy tax burden on motor transport in India. Tax
burden per motor vehicle in India is Rs. 3500 while in
America it is Rs. 860.
4. Poor Maintenance of Roads:
Roads are not maintained properly in India. Less than 0.1
percent of national income is spent on the maintenance of
roads in India, while in Japan it is 3 percent of the national
income.
5. Rising Cost of Petrol and Diesel:
Due to high prices of petroleum products and diesel,
operational costs of road transport are rising and making
the mode of transport more costlier.

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Road transport in India:
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS(NHDP):
The seven phased NHDP is being implemented by the
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) with a total
estimated expenditure of USD 92 billion. 4 As the largest
highway development project in the country since 2000, more
than 49,260 km of the roads are being upgraded to match
international standards.
National Highways Development Project (NHDP), was
launched in 1999-2000 is promising to achieve a turn-around in
the road sector hardly imaginable at the start of the Ninth
Plan. NHDP comprises the 5846 km. long Golden Quadrilateral
(GQ) connecting the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai
and Kolkata and the 7300 km. long North-South, East-West
corridors connecting Srinagar-Kanyakumari and
Silchar-Porbandar respectively 4/6 laning works on all but 700
km of GQ have been awarded. The total road length in India
increased more than 11 times during the 60 years between 1951
and 2011. From 3.99 lakh kilometer as on 31 March 1951, the road
length increased to 46.90 lakh kilometers as on 31 March 2011
as shown in figure 2: 12
Road transport in India:
DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN CHALLENGING TERRAIN:

MORTH’s role is crucial in states with hilly

terrains as many of these places have cultural,
religious and economic relevance. Further, the
roads in hilly areas are strategically significant
due to its proximity to international borders and
defence establishments.
The Bharatmala Pariyojana envisages a
“Connectivity Improvement Programme” for
Char-Dham
(Kedarnath, Badrinath, Yamunotri and Gangotri
in Uttarakhand).

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Road transport in India:
SPECIAL ACCELERATED ROAD DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME FOR NORTH-EAST (SARDP-NE)
Improving road and transport infrastructure in the North-East India is a priority for the Government of India. MORTH plans
to upgrade 10,141 km of roads in the region through three phased SARDP-NE, which aims to improve road connectivity in all
district headquarters in the North Eastern region. ‘Phase A’ of the project includes upgradation of 4,099 km of road at an
estimated cost of USD 3.3 billion. It is expected to be completed by March 2021. 3,723 km of road stretch has been approved
at an estimated budget of USD 9.8 million under the Phase B. The third phase is the “Arunachal Pradesh Package of Roads
and Highways” under which road construction of 2319 km road has been approved.
Taking ahead the Prime Minister’s vision to develop North-East India as a gateway to South-East Asia, the government is
implementing the Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project to connect Kolkata and Sittwe Port in Myanmar at an
estimated cost of USD 82 million. The project involves constructing more than 200 km long road which passes through the
Indo-Myanmar border.

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Rail transport in India:
The railways constitute the principal mode of transport for
freight and passengers. On 22nd Dec 1851, the first train
came on the track to carry the construction material at
Roorkee in India. With a passage of one and a half years,
the first passenger train service was introduced between
Bori Bunder, Bombay and Thane on the
providential date 16th Apr 1853. This rail track covered a
distance of 34 kms (21 miles). Ever since its origin, the rail
service in India never turned back.

Being the primary mode of transport for a nation of

1.3billion people , the Indian Railway system, run by the
IRCTC, has seen several severe and drastic improvements
and developments over the decades, with the
development of the Rajdhani express, golden chariot,
Maharajas on wheels etc, as well as widespread
improvement in rail routes , as well as stations at major
cities like Mumbai and delhi. The several major initiatives
that saw this influx are- To improve quality of travelling in
general class, Railways today rolled out its first modern
unreserved coach ‘Deen Dayalu’; with facilities like
potable drinking water, mobile charging points and
bio-toilets among others to be used in mail and express
trains.
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Rail transport in India:
Advantages:
1. Dependable:
The greatest advantage of the railway transport is that it
is the most dependable mode of transport as it is the
least affected by weather conditions such as rains, fog
etc. compared to other modes of transport.
2. Better Organised:
The rail transport is better organised than any other form
of transport. It has fixed routes and schedules. Its service
is more certain, uniform and regular as compared to
other modes of transport.
3. High Speed over Long Distances(Best choice):
Its speed over long distances is more than any other
mode of transport, except airways.
4. Suitable for Bulky and Heavy Goods:
Railway transport is economical, quicker and best suited
for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
5. Public welfare:
It is the largest public undertaking in the country.
Railways perform many public utility services. Their
charges are based on ‘charge what the traffic can bear’
principle which helps the poor. In fact, it is national
necessity.
Disadvantages:
1. Huge Capital Outlay:
The railway requires is large investment of capital. The cost of
construction, maintenance and overhead expenses are very
high as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the
investments are specific and immobile. In case the traffic is
not sufficient, the investments may mean wastage of huge
resources.
2. Lack of Flexibility:
Another disadvantage of railway transport is its inflexibility. Its
routes and timings cannot be adjusted to individual
requirements.
3. Lack of Door to Door Service:
Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied
to a particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading
involves greater cost, more wear and tear and wastage of time.
The time and cost of terminal operations are a great
disadvantage of rail transport.
4. Monopoly:
As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give rise to
monopolies and work against public interest at large. Even if
controlled and managed by the government, lack of
competition may breed inefficiency and high costs. 16
Rail transport in India:
BULLET TRAIN VISIONS
The bullet train project was officially launched at a ceremony
in September 2017 attended by the Japanese Prime Minister,
Shinzo Abe.
That year, the Indian Ministry of Railways said "all-out efforts"
would be made to complete the high speed rail project by 15
August 2022.
However, officials involved with the plan now estimate that
only a small part of the route will be completed by this time,
with the rest finished in 2023.
Importance of this new development:
Currently, one of India's fastest train is the Vande Bharat
Express, which has reached 180km/h (110mph) during trials.
The Japanese bullet train is almost twice as fast, capable of
speeds up to 320 km/h (200mph).
Once completed, the $15bn (£11bn) high-speed rail route will
connect India's major business and financial hub of Mumbai
with important business centres in Gujarat state such as Surat
and Ahmedabad.
The 500 km-long journey now takes about eight hours.
That's expected to drop to well under three hours, with the
fastest journey times estimated at just two hours and seven
minutes. 17
Rail transport in India:
Green fuel railways Gatimaan express
The fastest train of India, running at a speed of 160 km/hr,
In a bid to reduce its carbon footprints, the Indian Railways is
Gatimaan Express covers the distance (188 km) between Delhi
adopting existing clean energy solutions such as solar energy,
and Agra in just 100 minutes. The journey starts from Hazrat
bio-diesel, CNG, etc. and is also planning to embrace such
Nizamuddin Railway Station and ends at Agra Cantonment
technologies currently under development in the future.
Railway Station. The train was launched on 5th April, 2016 is
“Solar panels have been fitted on rooftop of Diesel Electric
another feather in the cap of the Indian Railways.
Multiple Unit (DEMU) trains of capacity 4.5 KWp for catering to
The first high-speed luxury train of India, Gatimaan Express, has
hotel load. Blending of high-speed diesel with Biodiesel by 5%
surely become popular for offering wonderful memorable
has also been started for railway locomotives. Running of DEMU
experiences. Playing between Delhi and Agra, it chugs at a
trains with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has also been
speed of 160 km/hr. Opt for 2-day tour of Gatimaan Express, that
introduced as a pilot project over 18 trains,” stated the Minister of
is going to not only take you to some of the popular attractions
Railways and Commerce & Industry, Piyush Goyal, in a written
of the Mughal City of Agra but is also going to offer you luxurious
reply to a question in Lok Sabha,February, 2020.
facilities when you are on-board.

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Water transport in India:
National waterways system
India is endowed with a variety of navigable waterways comprising of
river systems, canals, back waters, creeks, and tidal inlets extend to
about 14,500 km including about 5600 km for navigation by
mechanized vessel. The navigable waterways are confined to a few
States and location specific. The Inland Water Transport (IWT) is
functionally important in regions covered by the Brahmaputra and the
Ganges in the North-East and Eastern parts of the country, Kerala, Goa
and in the deltas of the rivers of Krishna and Godavari. IWT has an
important role to play in many parts of the country since it offers an
economic, energy efficient, employment intensive and almost
pollutant free mode of transport service.
Out of about 5600 km of waterways for navigation, 4382 km of inland
waterways have been declared as National Waterways (NWs). The
development and regulation of waterways which are not declared as
NWs remain under the domain of the respective State Government. To
develop any waterway as NW, it is required to be declared as a National
Waterway by an Act of Parliament. In view of the large network of
Inland Waterways in India, there is vast potential in IWT to act as an
alternate and supplementary mode of transportation. However, so far,
in the last 30 years, only five(NW1-NW5) waterways have been declared
as National Waterways. Three of these waterways (NW1-NW3) have
been developed and the other two are in the process.
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Water transport in India:
National waterways bill, 2015
The Inland Waterways mode of transportation has immense potential
for domestic cargo transportation as well as for cruise, tourism and
passenger traffic. Its systematic development will open up progressive
economic and transport opportunities in the country. Since the Inland
Waterways is lagging behind road and rail sectors in the country, the
Central Government has evolved a policy for integrated development
of Inland Waterways throughout the country by a stand alone
legislation in terms of Entry 24 of the Union List of the Seventh
Schedule to the Constitution.
The enactments by which the existing National Waterways have been
declared as National Waterways are also proposed to be covered under
the proposed legislation, namely, the National Waterways Bill, 2015, by
repealing them with a suitable saving clause. The National Waterways
Bill, 2015 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 5 May 2015. The Bill seeks
to make provisions for the existing five National Waterways and
declaration of 101 new Inland Waterways spread among 24 States to be
National Waterways and also to provide for the regulation and
development of the said Waterways for the purpose of shipping and
navigation and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto .
The Bill is for launching water transport in 101 rivers, connecting 8,200
km, is under consideration in the Parliament . The list of proposed new
National Waterways are enclosed as Annexure-II.
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Air transport in India:
Governmental reforms

Some major initiatives undertaken by the Government are:

❖ In April 2020, the Government introduced ‘Lifeline Udan’ flights to transport essential medical cargo to remote parts
of the country to support India’s war against COVID-19. Under this scheme, 465 flights were operated by Air India,
Alliance Air, IAF and private carriers as of May 05, 2020.
❖ Under Union Budget 2020-21, Government introduced Krishi Udan scheme on both domestic and international
routes to help farmers in transporting agricultural products and improve the product value.
❖ As per Union Budget 2019-20, the Government will promote aircraft financing and leasing activities to make India's
aviation market self-reliant.
❖ In February 2019, the Government of India sanctioned the development of a new greenfield airport in Hirasar, Gujarat,
with an estimated investment of Rs 1,405 crore (US$ 194.73 million).
❖ As of January 2019, the Government of India has been working on a blueprint to promote domestic manufacturing of
aircrafts and aircraft financing within the country.
❖ In January 2019, Government organised the Global Aviation Summit in Mumbai, which witnessed participation of over
1,200 delegates from 83 countries.
❖ In January 2019, Government of India released its National Air Cargo Policy Outline 2019, which envisaged making
Indian air cargo and logistics the most efficient, seamless and cost and time effective globally by the end of next
decade.
❖ Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) has been launched.
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Air transport in India:
Economic developments
Key investments and developments in India’s aviation industry include:
❖ In December 2019, AAI announced its plans to set up India's first
three water aerodromes in Andaman & Nicobar.
❖ In January 2020, IndiGo became first Indian carrier to have an
aircraft fleet size of 250 planes and became the first airline to
operate 1,500 flights per day.
❖ As of December 2019, France-based Safran Group planned an
investment of US$ 150 million in a new aircraft engine
maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) unit in India to cater to its
airline customers.
❖ In November 2019, the Competition Commission of India (CCI)
approved the acquisition of shareholdings in Mumbai International
Airport Limited (MIAL) by Adani Properties Private Limited (APPL).
❖ AAI plans to invest Rs 25,000 crore (US$ 3.58 billion) in next the five
years to augment facilities and infrastructure at airports.
❖ UK group to invest Rs 950 crore (US$ 135.9 million) in Turbo
Aviation's new airline TruStar.
❖ AAI plans to develop Guwahati as an inter-regional hub and
Agartala, Imphal and Dibrugarh as intra-regional hubs.
❖ Indian aircraft manufacture, repair and overhaul (MRO) service
providers are exempted completely from customs and
countervailing duties 22
Golden Corridor project:
In 1999, then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee laid the foundation
stone for the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Highway project. The
Golden Quadrilateral is the longest road project in India and the
fifth-longest highway in the world It connects four major cities:
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The GQ project is managed
by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the
Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. The Golden Quadrilateral
constitutes only the national highways of the country and not state
highways and rural-urban roadways.
Benefits for the country:
❖ Provides faster transport networks between major cities and
ports for people and goods
❖ Provides connectivity to major agricultural, industrial,
agricultural, industrial, and cultural centres of India
❖ Enables industrial development and job creation in smaller
towns through access to varied markets
❖ More economic growth through construction and indirect
demand for steel, cement, and other construction materials
❖ Giving an impetus to Truck transport throughout India.
❖ Reduced wastage for the agriculture sector, and a decrease
in vehicle operating costs and time.
❖ Farmers are able to transport their produce to major cities
and towns for sale and export, and there is less wastage and
spoils.
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North-South and East-West corridor:
The four to six lane expressways connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari
and Porbandar to Silchar, 85 Percent work of North–South &
East–West Corridor is completed.
Jhansi is the junction of North–South and East–West Corridors and
four stretches are common between the Golden Quadrilateral the
NS-EW Corridors.

The NS-EW Corridor passes from 17 states and from Delhi, the National
Capital Territory of India along with other states capitals such as
Srinagar, Hyderabad,Bangalore, Lucknow and Dispur.
Total Length of NS–EW Corridor is 7,300 km with two routes:
North – South – 4,000 km
East – west – 3,300 km

The Golden Quadrilateral and NS-EW Corridor forms a key part in the
port connectivity highways projects. Port connectivity highways will
connect all the major 12 sea ports of India, The ports will connect
through the spur routes. Major sea port of India are Kandla, JNPT,
Marmagao , New Mangalore Port, Cochin, Tuticorin, Chennai,
Visakhapatnam, Paradip and Haldia.
Out of total 380 km length, 368 km of Port Connectivity highways are
already completed.

24
North-South and East-West corridor:
Connecting India and economising
The North Eastern Region of India (hereinafter NER) is
crucial to India’s growing economic and strategic
partnership with Southeast and East Asia. NER is also
central to India’s Look East – Act East Policy and acts as a
land-bridge between South and Southeast Asia. Owing to
its geographical location, several national and international
corridors pass through NER, either as a place of origin or
place of destination. Historically, NER was dependent on
the river system for their livelihood and trade and
commerce.
Keeping NER in focus, there is much to be desired in terms
of infrastructure development and growth of trade. The
NER has the potential to become an important location in
India’s trade and investment. Not only natural resources,
the NER also enjoys greater geo-economic space over
other Indian regions. As per the Census 2011, about 4
percent of India’s population lives in NER, which covers
about 8 percent of India’s surface area. In relative terms, it is
one of India’s most economically laggard regions,
contributing only 3 percent of the country’s gross domestic
8 Assessing Economic Impacts of Connectivity Corridors
product (GDP)8 . 25
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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