PCS-931线路保护装置

PCS-931 line protector

南京南瑞继保电气有限公司
Nanjing Nanrui Relay Protection Electric Co., Ltd.

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目 录
Table of contents

• 一. PCS931概述
• I. PCS931 overview
• 二. PCS平台介绍
• II. Introduction to PCS platform
• 三. PCS931硬件系统
• III. PCS931 hardware system
• 四. 差动保护原理
• IV. Differential protection principle
• 五. 距离保护原理
• V. Distance protection principle
• 六. 零序过流保护原理
• VI. Zero-sequence over-current protection principle
• 七. 重合闸
• VII. Recloser

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一. 概 述
I. General

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 PCS-900线路保护
PCS-900 line protection
PCS-900系列超高压及高压线路保护是在总结并发展RCS-900保护先进的原理
与技术和成熟的运行经验的基础上，在硬件结构和软件方面作了较大改进！
PCS-900 series EHV and HV line protection is based on summarizing and
developing RCS-900 protection advanced principles and technologies and
mature operating experience, and has made great improvements in hardware
structure and software!
PCS-900系列保护全面满足目前传统变电站和数字化变电站的各种需求：
PCS-900 series protection fully meets the various needs of traditional
substation and digital substation:

u支持传统电磁型TA、TV以及ECVT，并支持各侧传统互感器和ECVT混用方式。
uSupport traditional electromagnetic TA, TV and ECVT, and support the mixed use of traditional
transformers and ECVT on each side.
u支持61850规约后台通信方式。支持GOOSE跳闸方式。
uIt supports 61850 protocol background communication mode. Support GOOSE trip mode.
u同时接线端子与国内广泛采用的RCS-900系列的保护基本兼容。
uAt the same time, wiring terminal is basically compatible with the protection of the RCS-900 series
widely used in China.

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 PCS900装置特点
PCS900 Device Features
• 装置采用了32位高性能的CPU和DSP、内部高速总线、智能I/O，硬件和软件均采用模块化设计，具
有插件、软件模块通用，灵活可配置，易于扩展、易于维护的特点，将为用户带来备品备件种类少
替换方便的优点。
• The device adopts 32-bit high-performance CPU, DSP, Internal high-speed bus and Intelligent I/O,
and adopts modular design for hardware and software. It has the characteristics of universal plug-
in unit and software modules, flexible and configurable, easy to expand and easy to maintain. It
will bring users the advantages of less types of spare parts and convenient replacement.

• UAPC平台按照具有长达10-15年的生命周期设计，装置插件根据需要可以在保持与平台兼容的情况
下平滑升级，从而为用户的设备投资提供了长期稳定的保障。
• The UAPC platform is designed to have a life cycle of 10-15 years, and the device plug-in unit can
be smoothly upgraded as needed while maintaining compatibility with the platform, thus providing
long-term and stable protection for the user's equipment investment.
• 装置采用双重化设计，具有双重化的采样回路和完全独立的启动和保护DSP，可以有效保证装置动
作的安全性和可靠性。
• The device adopts a dual design, with dual sampling circuits and completely independent start-up
and protection DSPs, which can effectively ensure the safety and reliability of the device.

• 装置具有友好的人机界面，液晶为320×240点阵，可以通过整定选择中文或英文显示。
• The device has a friendly human-machine interface, and the liquid crystal is 320×240 dot matrix,
which can be displayed in Chinese or English by setting.

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• 具有与COMTRADE兼容的故障录波。
• It has fault record compatible with COMTRADE.
• 具有灵活的通讯方式，配有2个独立的以太网接口和2个独立的RS-485通信接口。支持电力行业通讯
标准DL/T667-1999（IEC60870-5-103）和变电站通讯标准IEC61850。
• It has flexible communication mode and is equipped with 2 independent Ethernet interfaces and 2
independent RS-485 communication interfaces. It supports the communication standard of power
industry DL/T667-1999 (IEC60870-5-103) and the communication standard of substation
IEC61850.
• 装置抗干扰能力优越，达到了电磁兼容各项标准的最高等级。
• The anti-interference ability of the device is superior, reaching the highest level of all standards of
electromagnetic compatibility.
• 具有完善的事件报文处理，可保存最新256次动作报告，64次故障录波报告，256次遥信报告，64次
遥控记录。
• With perfect event message processing, it can save the latest 256 action reports and 64 fault
record reports, 256 remote signaling reports, and 64 remote control records.

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 PCS931概述
PCS931 Overview
PCS-931系列保护包括以分相电流差动和零序电流差动为主体的快速主保护，由工频变化量距离元件构成的快速Ⅰ段保护，由三段
式相间和接地距离及多个零序方向过流构成的全套后备保护，PCS-931系列保护有分相出口，配有自动重合闸功能, 对单或双母线接
线的开关实现单相重合、三相重合和综合重合闸。
PCS-931 series protection includes fast main protection primarily based on phase current differential and zero-sequence current
differential, fast section I protection consisting of incremental power frequency distance, a comprehensive set of backup protections
comprising three-stage phase-to-phase and ground distance protections along with multiple zero-sequence directional overcurrent
protections. The PCS-931 series protection features phase-segregated trip outputs and is equipped with automatic reclosing
functionality, enabling single-phase reclosing, three-phase reclosing, and integrated reclosing for switches connected to single or
double busbar wirings.
PCS-931系列保护根据功能有一个或多个后缀，各后缀的含义如下：
PCS-931 series protection has one or more suffixes according to the function, and the meaning of each suffix is ​as follows:

序号 后缀 功 能 含 义
No. Suffix Functional Meaning
两个延时段零序方向过流
A
Two delayed-stage zero-sequence directional overcurrent
四个延时段零序方向过流
B
Four delayed-stage zero-sequence directional overcurrent
一个延时段零序方向过流和一个零序反时限方向过流
D One delayed-stage zero-sequence directional overcurrent and one zero-sequence inverse time
directional overcurrent
过负荷告警、过流跳闸
L
Overload Warning, Overcurrent Trip
光纤通信为2048 kbit/s数据接口（缺省为64kbit/s数据接口）、两个M为两个2048kbit/s数据接口
（如PCS-931AMM）
M
2048 kbit/s interface for optical communication (default 64 kbit/s interface) and two Ms for two
2048kbit/s Data Interface (e.g. PCS-931AMM)
适用于串补线路
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Suitable for series compensation lines
 PCS931概述
PCS-931系列保护具体配置如下：
型 号 配 置 通信速率
PCS 64kbit/s
PCS-931AS 适用于串补线路 64kbit/s
PCS-931AL 2个延时段零序方 过负荷告警过流跳闸 64kbit/s
PCS-931AM 向过流 2048kbit/s
PCS-931AMM 2048kbit/s
PCS-931AMS 适用于串补线路 2048kbit/s
PCS-931B 分相电流差动 64kbit/s
PCS-931BS 零序电流差动 适用于串补线路 64kbit/s
工频变化量距离
PCS-931BM 4个延时段零序方 2048kbit/s
三段式接地距离
PCS-931BMM 三段式相间距离 向过流 2048kbit/s
PCS-931BMS 自动重合闸 适用于串补线路 2048kbit/s
PCS-931BML 过负荷告警过流跳闸 2048kbit/s
PCS-931D 64kbit/s
PCS-931DS 1个延时段零序方 适用于串补线路 64kbit/s
向过流
PCS-931DM 2048kbit/s
1个零序反时限方
PCS-931DMM 向过流 2048kbit/s
PCS-931DMS 适用于串补线路 2048kbit/s
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 PCS931 Overview
PCS-931 series protection is configured as follows:

Communication
Type No. Allocation
Rate
PCS 64kbit/s
Suitable for series
PCS-931AS 64kbit/s
compensation lines
Two delayed-stage zero- Overload Warning,
PCS-931AL 64kbit/s
sequence directional Overcurrent Trip
PCS-931AM overcurrent 2048kbit/s
PCS-931AMM 2048kbit/s
Split-phase current Suitable for series
PCS-931AMS 2048kbit/s
differential compensation lines
PCS-931B Zero-sequence current 64kbit/s
differential Suitable for series
PCS-931BS 64kbit/s
Incremental power compensation lines
PCS-931BM frequency distance Four delayed-stage zero- 2048kbit/s
PCS-931BMM Three-section grounding sequence directional 2048kbit/s
distance overcurrent Suitable for series
PCS-931BMS 2048kbit/s
Three-phase interphase compensation lines
distance Overload Warning,
PCS-931BML 2048kbit/s
Auto-recloser Overcurrent Trip
PCS-931D 64kbit/s
One delayed-stage zero-
Suitable for series
PCS-931DS sequence directional 64kbit/s
compensation lines
overcurrent
PCS-931DM 2048kbit/s
One zero-sequence
PCS-931DMM 9/154 2048kbit/s
inverse time directional
Suitable for series
PCS-931DMS overcurrent 2048kbit/s
compensation lines
 PCS931与RCS931比较
Comparison between PCS931 and RCS931

与RCS-931相比，PCS－931在数据采样、同步技术、互联和差动算法方面都作了
较大改进。
Compared with RCS-931, PCS-931 has made great improvements in data
sampling, synchronization technology, interconnection and differential algorithm.

Ø 支持传统电磁型TA、TV以及ECVT，并支持线路各侧传统互感器和ECVT混合使用
ØIt supports traditional electromagnetic TA, TV and ECVT, and support the mixed
use of traditional transformers and ECVT on each side of the line
Ø支持61850规约后台通信方式。
ØIt supports 61850 Protocol Background Communication Method.
Ø支持GOOSE跳闸方式。
ØIt supports GOOSE Trip Mode Supported.
Ø接线端子与RCS-931系列的保护基本兼容。
ØThe wiring terminal is basically compatible with the protection of the RCS-931
series.
Ø支持RCS－931和PCS－931的互联。
ØIt supports the interconnection of RCS-931 and PCS-931.
Ø差动算法改进
ØImproved Differential Algorithm 10/154
 PCS931与RCS931比较
Comparison between PCS931 and RCS931
电流差动继电器的变化：
Variation of current differential relay:

Ø PCS－931与RCS－931相比，差动算法作如下改动：
Ø Compared with RCS-931, the differential algorithm of PCS-931 is modified as follows:
（1）保护定值中不再设“差动高定值”、 “差动低定值”；改用一个“差动电流定值”，方便整定。 差
动电流定值：差动保护的最低起动值，按躲最大负荷情况下的最大不平衡电流整定，建议整定：一次
电流300A～600A。若“投电容电流补偿”控制字置0（即不投入电容电流补偿），可将此定值适当放
大一点，建议一次电流500～800A 。
(1) "Differential high set value" and "differential low set value" are no longer set in the protection set
value; instead, a "differential current set value" is used to facilitate setting. Differential current setting
value: the minimum start value of the differential protection is adjusted according to the maximum
unbalanced current under the condition of avoiding the maximum load. It is recommended to set the
primary current at 300A~600A. If "Go into capacitance current compensation" control word is set to 0
(i.e. not serving capacitance current compensation), the set value can be appropriately amplified, and
the primary current is recommended to be 500~800A .
（2）差动算法中加入新的异步法思想的抗TA保护判据。
(2) The anti-TA protection criterion of the new Asynchronous Methodology is added to the differential
algorithm.
（3）全新的差动同步技术。
(3) New Differential synchronization technology
（4）暂态电容电流补偿方案。
(4) Transient capacitance current compensation
（5）纵联码功能把关
(5) Serial Link Code Function Check
（6）远跳远传功能经两侧差动压板把关 11/154
(6) Remote tripping and telemetry function verified by both differential side panels
 PCS931与RCS931比较
Comparison between PCS931 and RCS931
定值方面的主要区别
The Main Differences in Set Value
(7)增加“本侧电抗器阻抗 ”、“本侧小电抗阻抗 ”、“对侧电抗器阻抗 ”、“对侧小电抗阻
抗”
(7) Add "impedance on local side", "low impedance on local side", "impedance on remote
side" and "low impedance on remote side"

(8)增加“投电容电流补偿 ”：电容电流不大的线路如220kV线路及500kV的短线路（80kM以
内）可以不投入电容电流补偿，220kV特别长线路及500kV的长线，即使电抗器已经补偿
大部分的电容电流，仍建议投入电容电流补偿。
(8) Add "Go into capacitance current compensation": serving of capacitance current
compensation is not required for lines with small capacitive current, such as 220kV lines
and 500kV short lines (within 80kM). For extremely long 220kV lines and long 500kV
lines, serving of capacitance current compensation is recommended even if most of the
capacitive current has been compensated by reactors.

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二. PCS平台介绍
II. Introduction to PCS Platform

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 平台发展历史_LFP平台
• LFP平台（上世纪90年代初）：Platform Development History_ LFP Platform
• LFP Platform(early 1990s):
• 基于Intel80C196微控制器；

• Based on Intel80C196-based micro-controller;

• 开创了实时的保护并行计算、可靠的独立起动元件的保护控制设计理念；

• It introduced the concept of real-time protection and parallel computing and reliable independent
starting element protection control;

• 加速了微机保护全面国产化的历程；

• It accelerated the process of comprehensive localization of computer protection;

• 产品系列：高压线路及辅助保护、元件保护、变电站综合自动化系统；

• Product series: High-voltage line and auxiliary protection, component protection, integrated substation
automation system;

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 平台发展历史_RCS平台
Platform Development History_ RCS Platform
• RCS平台（本世纪初）：
• RCS Platform(beginning of the century):
• 基于Intel 80C196、Motorola MC68332微控制器；

• Based on Intel 80C196, Motorola MC68332 micro controller;

• 引入DSP数字信号处理器参与保护计算，大大提升了保护控制性能；

• The DSP digital signal processor was introduced to participate in the protection calculation, which
greatly improved the protection and control performance;

• 交流保护占据了重要的市场份额；

• Communication protection occupied a significant market share;

• 产品系列：高压线路及辅助保护、元件保护、变电站综合自动化系统、稳定控制系统、励磁控制系统；

• Product series: HV line and auxiliary protection, component protection, integrated substation
automation system, stability control system, excitation control system;

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 平台发展历史_PCS平台
• PCS平台： Platform Development History_ PCS Platform
• PCS Platform:
• 基于Motorola PowerPC微处理器；

• Based on Motorola PowerPC microprocessor;

• 根据不同应用可选定点、浮点DSP；

• Selectable point and Floating-point DSP can be selected according to different applications;

• 灵活配置的适应常规变电站、数字化变电站各种输入输出接口，统一的配置调试分析工具软件，满足当
今各类形式的智能变电站的应用需求；

• Flexible configuration to adapt to various input and output interfaces of conventional substations and
digital substations, unified configuration of debugging and analysis tool software, to meet the
application requirements of various forms of intelligent substations;

• 产品系列：高压线路及辅助保护、元件保护、变电站综合自动化系统、稳定控制系统、励磁控制系统，
故障录波器、PMU、直流保护控制系统，电子式互感器合并单元、智能终端等智能一次设备、SVC控制
系统等等；

• Series: HV line and auxiliary protection, component protection, substation automation, stability control,
excitation control, Fault Record wave, PMU, DC protection control, electronic transformer merging unit,
intelligent terminal and other intelligent primary equipment, SVC control, etc;

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 平台发展历史_内涵的变化
Platform Development History_Connotation Changes

• LFP -> RCS -> PCS：从名称看变化

• LFP -> RCS -> PCS: See the change from the name
• LFP（Line Fast Protection)：从线路保护开始起家
• LFP (Line Fast Protection): Start with Line Protection
• RCS（Relay and Control System）：继电器及变电站控制系统
• RCS: Relay and Substation Control System
• PCS（Protection and Control System）：整个电力系统二次及一二次融合保护、控制系统
• PCS (Protection and Control System): Secondary and Primary-Secondary Integrated Protection and
control system for the entire power system

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PCS平台介绍_总体架构
Introduction to PCS Platform_Overall Architecture
• 总体架构
• Overall Architecture
• UAPC架构
• UAPC Architecture
Unified Advanced Platform for Control & Protection
统一、先进的控制保护平台
Uniform, advanced control protection platform
• 硬件、软件通用灵活，同时满足各种控制和保护的应用需求
• Hardware and software are universal and flexible to meet various control and protection application
requirements
• 平台设计面向长生命周期、可持续发展的需求
• The platform is designed to meet the needs of long lifecycle and sustainable development

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 PCS平台介绍_总体架构
Introduction to PCS Platform_Overall Architecture

ü 硬件按不同接口、不同应用标准化； 控制保护应用软件

Application Function
Control Protection Application Software
ü The hardware is standardized 线路保护应用

应用功能
直流控制应用 SVC控制保护应用
Line Protection Application SVC Control & Protection Application
according to different interfaces and DC Control Application
直流保护应用
变压器保护应用
Transformer Protection
串补控制保护应用
Series Compensation Control &

applications; Application Protection Application

DC Protection Application 风电控制保护应用
交流站控应用 母线保护应用 Wind Power Control & Protection
AC Control Application Busbar Protection Application Application

可视化集成开发与调试软件工具
ü 系统软件提供硬件 平台与应用软件 Visual Integrated Development and Debugging Software Tools

的标准化接口； 系统软件
System Software
ü System software provides 可视化符号块
standardized interface between

Control Protection Platform

Visualization Symbol Block

hardware platform and application 板卡管理 任务调度 数据交换 参数管理

控制保护平台
Board Management Data Exchange
software; Task Scheduling Parameter Management

底层驱动
Low-level Driver

平台硬件
Platform Hardware
ü 继电保护等应用软 件独立开发，不
CPU/DSP板 通讯板卡 IO板卡 HTM总线
依 赖于硬件； CPU/DSP board Communication board IO board HTM bus

ü Relay protection and other

application software are
independently developed, not 19/154
dependent on hardware;
PCS平台介绍_硬件架构
Introduction to PCS Platform_Hardware Architecture

• 平台硬件架构
• Platform Hardware Architecture
• 所有插件采用标准化、模块化、可扩展理念设计，扩展能力强，支持分层分布式系统；
• All plug-in unit are designed with standardized, modular and scalable concepts, with strong
scalability and support for layered distributed systems;
• 具备广泛的外部接口兼容性；
• Extensive external interface compatibility;
ü 支持Ethernet、IEC60044-8 、TDM 、HDLC等通讯接口
Support Ethernet, IEC60044-8, TDM, HDLC and other communication interfaces
ü 支持IRIG-B、IEEE1588、SNTP等对时接口
Support IRIG-B, IEEE1588, SNTP and other Time synchronization interfaces

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 PCS平台介绍_硬件架构
Introduction to PCS Platform_Hardware Architecture
• 采用自主设计的高速总线（HTM）实现装置内部高性能CPU插件的横向扩展；
• It adopts self-designed Highway Traffic Management System (HTM) to realize horizontal expansion of device
internal High-performance CPU plug-in unit;
• 采用通用的CAN总线实现装置内部IO插件的横向扩展；
• The common CAN bus is adopted to realize the horizontal expansion of device internal IO plug-in unit;
• 可裁剪的特性：根据各种不同复杂程度应用的需求灵活选用扩展总线；
• Tailorable features: flexible selection of expansion bus according to the needs of various applications with
different complexity;

PowwePC 管理插件
DSP插件 PowwePC 智能IO插件
Management plug- Smart IO Plug-in Unit
DSP Plug-in Unit
in unit

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 PCS平台介绍_软件架构
Introduction to PCS Platform Software Architecture
• 平台软件架构
• Platform Software Architecture
• 嵌入式系统软件
• Embedded System Software
提供与应用程序的标准接口，完成装置内部任务调度、报文管理、录
波管理、定值管理、人机界面、后台通信等功能。
It provides a standard interface with the application program to
complete functions such as Internal task scheduling within the device,
Message Management, Waveform recording management, set value
management, human-machine interface, Background communication,
etc.
• 可视化工具软件
• Visualization Tool Software
在PC端实现装置的输入/输出资源配置、保护功能逻辑编程、智能变电
站工程文件配置、可视化调试等。
It can realize the device's I/O resource allocation, protection logic
programming, intelligent substation project file allocation, visual
debugging, etc. on the PC end.
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 PCS平台介绍_软件架构
1. 嵌入式系统软件
• 提供标准化的应用程序接口，屏蔽硬件差异，使得应用
程序跨CPU兼容，不受制于元件生命周期的影响；

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 Introduction to PCS Platform Software Architecture

1. Embedded System Software

• It provides standardized application programming interface to shield hardware
differences so that applications to be Cross-CPU compatible and not affected by
the component life cycle;

Board-level Visualizatio
Device
System n Symbol
Management
Software Block
and
Management Accessibility
of CPU Board Board M Board M

Application Application
Address Allocation

Communic
machine
Human-

ation
Management
Management

Parameter
Board

Visualization Visualization Symbol Block

Symbol Block
Paramet
Incident
Recording
Waveform

Task Data Debug Parame Task Data Debug

er Downlo ter Schedul Exchan Downlo
Scheduli Exchang
Manage ad Manage ing ge ad
ng e
ment ment

Underlying Hardware Driver Underlying Hardware Driver Underlying Hardware Driver

Data Bus
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 PCS平台介绍_软件架构
Introduction to PCS Platform Software Architecture

• 管理CPU板系统程序、从CPU板系统程序、公用功能模块、可视化编程符号库等部分
• anagement CPU Board System Program, From CPU board system program CPU Board System
Program, Common Function Modules, Visual Programming Symbol Library, etc.
• 支持模块化编程，功能结构清晰，具有重用性，为可视化编程提供了基础；
• It supports modular programming, with clear functional structure and reusability, which provides
a basis for visual programming;
• 支持自动变量交换，为应用功能集中或分散在多个插件上执行提供了统一的环境，增加了应用的
灵活性；
• It supports automatic variable exchange, provides a unified environment for centralized or
distributed application functions on multiple plug-in unit, increasing application flexibility;
• 应用功能在插件间可无缝扩展，进行分布式实时并行计算
• Application functions can be seamlessly expanded and Distributed real-time parallel computing
between plug-in unit

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 PCS平台介绍_软件架构
Introduction to PCS Platform Software Architecture

2. 可视化工具软件
2. Visualization Tool Software
• 可视化逻辑编程，缩短开发周期，满足不同用户的需求；
• Visual logic programming shortens the development cycle and meets the needs of different users;
• 支持可视化的装置配置和IEC61850建模，实现保护配置与61850模型的同源维护；
• It supports visualized device configuration and IEC61850 modeling to achieve homologous
maintenance of protection configuration and 61850 model
• 方便的硬件资源配置管理；
• Convenient hardware resource configuration management;
• 工程配置可视化，满足智能变电站的灵活配置要求；
• Engineering configuration visualization meets the flexible configuration requirements of intelligent
substations;
• 支持在线可视化调试；
• It supports online visual debugging;

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 PCS平台介绍_软件架构
可视化编程和工程化配置技术

复压闭锁 过流加速

过流一段

过流二段
过负荷
方向元件

过流三段

过流四段

27/154
 Introduction to PCS Platform Software Architecture

Visual Programming and Engineering Configuration Technology

Pressure Relief
Overcurrent
Lockout
Acceleration

Overcurrent
Section Ⅰ

Overcurrent
Section Ⅱ Overload
Directional
element

Overcurrent
Section Ⅲ

Overcurrent
Section Ⅳ

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 PCS平台介绍_高可靠性保障
Introduction to PCS Platform_High Reliability Guarantee
• 高可靠性保障
• High Reliability Guarantee
– 双重化冗余采样，起动元件独立的设计原则
– Dual redundancy sampling, starting element independent design
principle 启动
Startup
DSP

出口 继电器 接点跳闸输出
常规互感器 Outlet Relay Contact Trip
Conventional Transformer Output

GOOSE 模
保护 块 GOOSE 跳闸
Protection GOOSE 输出
DSP Module GOOSE Trip
电子式互感器 Output
Electronic Transformer

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 PCS平台介绍_高可靠性保障
Introduction to PCS Platform_High Reliability Guarantee

• 提供了完善的监视功能
• It provides complete monitoring functionality
• 板卡级监视（电源、通信链路等）
• Board-level Monitoring (power supply, communication links, etc.)
• 装置级监视（总线监视、异常统计等）
• Device-level monitoring (bus monitoring, exception statistics, etc.)
• 系统级监视（平台自动闭环测试系统）
• System-level monitoring (platform automated closed-loop test system)

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 PCS平台介绍_PCS平台优势
Introduction to PCS Platform_PCS Platform Benefits
• 对比RCS
• Comparing RCS
• 基于软硬件解耦理念设计，应用软件独立于硬件开发，有利于提高应用软件的稳定性和产品生命周期；
• It is based on decoupling of software and hardware concept design. The application software is
independent of hardware development, which is conducive to improving the stability of application
software and product life cycle;
• 输入输出资源、软件处理能力扩展性强，更适应于海外等特殊应用的需求，满足更复杂的并行实时计算，
研发周期短；
• The input and output resources and software processing capacity are scalable, which are more suitable
for the needs of overseas and other special applications, and meet the needs of more complex parallel
real-time computing. The development cycle is short;
• 能够提供可视化配置、可视化编程等工具手段，方便海外等用户自行配置硬件资源和保护逻辑功能的要
求；
• It is able to provide visual configuration, visual programming and other tools to facilitate overseas users
to configure their own hardware resources and protection logic function requirements;
• 齐全的常规及数字化站的过程层、站控层各种接口，原生支持IEC61850，支持智能变电站各种应用；
• It has complete interfaces of process layer and station control layer of conventional and digital
substations, natively supports IEC61850, and supports various applications of intelligent substations;
• 面板LED、LCD显示、人机对话操作界面更加友好，支持多语言切换；
• Panel LED, LCD display and human-machine dialogue operation interface are more friendly and
support multilingual switching;
• 更加齐全的事件记录、更大容量事件存储和录波；
• More complete event records, larger event storage capacity and waveform recording;
• 更强的电磁兼容能力；
• Stronger electromagnetic compatibility;

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 PCS平台介绍_PCS平台优势
Introduction to PCS Platform_PCS Platform Benefits
• 根据公司平台化产品研发的发展战略开发了PCS保护控制软硬件平台，实现了硬件标准化，
软件开发模块化、可视化，填补了国内保护控制领域的空白；
• According to the platform-oriented product development strategy of the company, the PCS
protection control software and hardware platform has been developed, achieving hardware
standardization, modular and visual software development. This has filled the gap in the
domestic protection and control field;
• PCS平台产品涵盖了电力系统发、输、配、用各环节常规厂站、智能化厂站几乎所有的二次
及一二次融合保护控制设备；
• PCS platform products cover almost all the secondary and primary and secondary
integrated protection and control equipment of conventional plants and intelligent plants and
stations in power system generation, transmission, distribution and use;
• 主要保护控制设备鉴定结论居国际领先水平；
• The appraisal conclusions of main protection and control equipment are at the international
leading level;

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三. PCS931硬件系统
III. PCS931 hardware system

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 装置的正面面板布置图
Device Front Panel Arrangement Drawing

运行 行
运 PCS-931
Operation
超高压线路电流差动保护装置
报警 警
报 超高压线路电流差动保护装置
Ultra-high voltage line current differential
Alarm
protection device
TV 断线
TV断线
TV line-break
充 电
充 电 区号
Charging Area
Code
通道A异常
通道 A异常
Abnormal Channel A
通道B异常
通道B异常
Abnormal Channel B
取消
Canc
el
A相跳闸
A相跳闸
A-phase Trip
B相跳闸
B 相跳闸
B-phase Trip
C相跳
C 相跳闸
C-phase Trip
闸 重合闸
重 合 闸
Recloser

PCS931可应用于基于传统型电磁互感器的变电站，也可应用于基于电子式互感器的智能化变电站。应用
于传统变电站时，装置配置模拟量输入插件和出口插件，应用于智能化变电站时，装置直接通过多模光纤
从合并单元接收数字信号，跳闸通过goose板光纤输出 跳闸信号。
PCS931 can be used in substations based on conventional electromagnetic transformers, and can also
be used in intelligent substations based onTX electronic transformers. In conventional substations, the
device is configured with analog input and output plug-in units. In intelligent substations, the device
directly receives digital signals from the merging unit via multi-mode optical fibers, and the trip signal is
RX

transmitted through GOOSE optical fibers for tripping.

TX

RX
34/154
 PCS931应用于传统变电站系统图
Application of PCS931 to Traditional Substation System Diagram

Circuit Breaker
断路器
电压输入 电流输入
Voltage Input Current Input

以太网接口1
Ethernet Port 1

以太网接口2
Ethernet Port 2
公共
Public Area

485-1地
485-1 GND
公共 空端子
Public Area Empty Terminal

24V光耦+ 485-1地
至OPTI板 24V Optocoupler+ 485-1 GND

To the OPTI 24V光耦-

空端子
Template 24V Optocoupler- Empty Terminal

320X240中英文液晶显示 对时485A
Time Synchronize 485A
直流电源+ 320X240 Chinese-English 对时485B
DC Power Supply +
LCD Display
Time Synchronize 485B
直流电源- 对时485地
DC Power Supply- Time Synchronize 485

大地 PC机 Ground
空端子
Ground PC Empty Terminal

打印收
Print Receive

打印机
Printer
打印发
Print Transmit

打印地
Print Ground

空端子
Empty Terminal

• 应用于传统变电站时，装置配置模拟量输入插件NR1401，输入电磁型互感器的电压电流信号。
• In conventional substations, the device is equipped with35/154
an analog input plug-in unit NR1401 to input the voltage
and current signals of the electromagnetic transformer.
 应用于传统变电站的PCS931插件
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Applied to Conventional Substation
1.PCS-931 备注：常规规样、常规出口
1.PCS-931 (IEC60044-8) Remark: conventional sampling, conventional interface

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0

NR1102 NR1123 XR1123 NR1401 (41,4U) NR1502 NR1552 NR1551 NR1551 NR1558 NR13O1
保护光耦
通信 保护出口 保护出口 保护出口 保护出口 电源
保护 起动 模拟采样 Protection
Communi Protection Protection Protection Protection Power
Protection Start Analogue Sampling Optocoupl
cation Outlet Outlet Outlet Outlet Supply
er
2.PCS-931 备注：常规采样、GOOSE出口
2.PCS-931 Remark: conventional sampling, GOOSE interface

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0

NR1102 NR1123 NR1123 XR14O1 (41,41) NR1126 NR1502 NR13O1

保护光耦
通信 电源
保护 起动 模拟采样 Protection
Communi GOOSE Power
Protection Start Analogue Sampling Optocoup
cation Supply
ler

36/154
 应用于智能化变电站的PCS931系统图
PCS931 System Diagram Applied to Intelligent Substation
ECVT+远端模块
ECVT+ Remote Module

C相 B相 A相
Phase C Phase B Phase A
数据合并单元
Data Merge Unit

多模光纤接收来自合并单元的采样数据
Multimode fiber optic cable receive Sampling Data from the merge unit

TX RX TX RX
光纤发 光纤收 光纤发 光纤收
Fiber Optic Fiber Optic Fiber Optic Fiber Optic
Transmitter Receiver Transmitter Receiver
NR1123G NR1123F

以太网接口 1
Ethernet Port 1
以太网接口2
Ethernet Port 2
公共
Public Area

BSJ-1 485-1A
485-1B
BJJ-1 485-1地
公共 485-1 GND
Public Area 空端子
Empty Terminal
BSJ-2
485-2A
BJJ-2 485-2B
24V光耦+ 485-1 地
至OPT 1板 24V Optocoupler+ 485-1 Ground
To OPT 1 Board 24 V光耦一

320x240中英文液晶显示
24 V Optocoupler I
空端子
Empty Terminal

320x240 Chinese-English
对时485A
Time Synchronize 485A
直流电源+

LCD Display
DC Power Supply + 对时485B
Time Synchronize 485B
对时485地
直流电源-
DC Power Supply-
PC机 Time Synchronize 485 Ground

大地 PC 空端子
Ground Empty Terminal

打印收
Print Receive

打印机
打印发

Printer
Print Transmit

打印地
Print Ground

空端子
Empty Terminal

37/154
应用于智能化变电站的PCS931插件
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Applied to Intelligent Substation
备注：ET（IEC60044-8)采样、常规出口
Remark: ET (IEC60044-8) sampling, conventional interface

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0

NR1102 NR1123 NR1123 NR1502 NR1552 NR1551 NR1551 NR1558 NR1301

通信 保护光耦 保护出口 保护出口 保护出口 保护出口 电源
保护 起动
Communi Protection Protection Protection Protection Protection Power
Protection Start
cation Optocoupler Outlet Outlet Outlet Outlet Supply
备注：ET（IEC60044-8)采样、GOOSE出口
Remark: ET (IEC60044-8) sampling, GOOSE interface

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0

NR1102 NR1123 NR1123 NRU26 NR1502 NR1301

保护光耦
通信 电源
保护 起动 Protection
Communi GOOSE Power
Protection Start Optocoupl
cation Supply
er
备注：ET（IEC60044-8)采样、GOOSE出口+常规出口
Remark: ET (IEC60044-8) sampling, GOOSE+conventional interfaces
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0

NR1102 NR1123 NR1123 NR1126 NR1502 NR1552 NR1551 NR1551 NR1558 NR1301
保护光耦
通信 保护出口 保护出口 保护出口 保护出口 电源
保护 起动 Protection
Communi GOOSE Protection Protection Protection Protection Power
Protection Start Optocoupl
cation Outlet Outlet Outlet Outlet Supply
er

38/154
 PCS931插件端子图(1)
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Terminal Diagram (1)
通信插件 保护插件 起动插件 交流插件 插件 光耦插件
Communication Plug-in Unit Protection Plug-in Unit Startup Plug-in Unit Communication Plug-in Unit Plug-in Unit 备用
Optocoupler Plug-in Unit
可选 可选 Standby
Optional Optional
对时
打印
以太网口1
Ethernet Port 1 以太网 Print 02 Synchroni 01
ze time
Ethernet
以太网口2 投检 修
Ethernet Port 2 态
以太网口1 Operatio
Ethernet Port 1 以太网
信号 复归 n,
以太网口2 Ethernet Signal 04 inspectio 03
Ethernet Port 2 Resetting n, and
mainten
ance
mode
差劲保 拉
备用 Differentia
Standby 06 l 05
Protection
备用 备用
Standby 08 Standby 07
停用重 合
闸
备用
Disable 10 Standby 09
Reclosin
g
备用 备用
时钟同步
Standby 12 Standby 11
Clock
Synchro 光耦电 源
485-3地 nization +
485-3 GND Optocoup 14 13
大地 ler Power
Ground
Supply +
打印RX
Print RX 打印 光耦电 源-
Print Optocoupl
打印TX
Print TX
16 er Power 15
打印地 Supply -
Print Ground 备用 备用
Standby 18 Standby 17
备用 备用
Standby 20 Standby 19
备用
TWJA 22 21 Standby
TWJC 24 TWJB 23
低气压 闭
重
远跳
Low air
Remote 26 pressure, 25
Trip
closed
weight
远传2 远传1
Remote 28 Remote 27
Sensor 2 Sensor 1
备用
39/154 30 Standby 29
PCS931插件端子图(2)
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Terminal Diagram (2)
出口插件3 出口插件4
出口插件1 出口插件2 Export Plug-in Unit Export Plug-in Unit 电源插件 NR1301
备用 备用 备用 Export Plug-in Unit 1 Export Plug-in Unit 2 3 4
Power supply Plug-
Standby Standby Standby NR1552I 可选 1 NR1551I 可选 1 NR1551BI可选】 NR1酶册可选1
NR1552I Optional 1 NR1551I Optional 1 Optional for NR1 Enzyme in Unit NR1301
NR1551BI Catalogue Optional 1
跳闸1公 合闸1公 跳闸5公
公共1 Trip 1 Close 1 共 TDGJA- TDGJ
BSJ-1 02 01 Public 02 Public01 02 01 02 01
Public 1 Trip 5 1 A-1
Public
跳闸2公 跳闸6公
共 Trip 6 TDGJA- TDGJ
XTJ-1 04 BJJ-1 03 04 03 Public 04 03 04 03
Trip 2 2 A-2
Public
公共2 TDGJB- TDGJ
06 XHJ-1 05 06 TJA-1 05 06 TJA-5 05
06 05
Public 2 1 B-1
TDGJB- TDGJ
BJJ-2 08 BSJ-2 07 TJA-2 08 TJB-1 07 TJA-6 08 TJB-5 07
2
08
B-2
07 C0M1 01
公共4 3 TDGJ TDGJ
Public 4
10 公共
Public 3
09 TJB-2 10 TJC-1 09 TJB-6 10 TJC-5 09 10 09 BSJ1 02
TDGJ TDGJ TDGJ
12 11 TJC-2 12 HJ-1 11 TJC-6 12 11 12 11 BJJ1 03

YC1-1 14 YC2-1 13 14 13 14 13 14 13 COM2 04

跳闸7公
公共
共
YC1-2 16 YC2-2 15 Public 16 TJA 15
Trip 7
16 TJA-7 15 16 15 BSJ2 05
Area
Public

YC1-2 18 YC2-2 17 TJC 18 TJB 17 TJC-7 18 TJB-7 17 18 17 BJJ2 06

跳闸8公
公共 公共
共
TJ-1 20 Public 19 Public 20 TJA-3 19
Trip 8
20 TJA-8 19 20 19 24V+ 07
Area Area
Public
TJAB
BCJ-1 22 21 TJC-3 22 TJB-3 21 TJC-8 22 TJB-8 21 22 24V- 08
C-1
公共 公共
TJ-2 24 Public 23 Public 24 TJA-4 23 24 23 24 23 09
Area Area
TJAB
BCJ-2 26 25 TJC-4 26 TJB-4 25 26 25 26 25 DC+ 10
C-2
公共 40/154 HJ
TJ-3 28 Public 27 28 HJ 27 28 27 28 27 DC- 11
Area
TJAB 大出
BCJ-3 30 29 HJ-2 30 HJ-2 29 30 29 30 29
Ground
12
PCS931插件说明
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Description
(1). CPU插件
(1) CPU plug-in Unit 以太网1
后台控制 Ethernet 1

• CPU插件由高性能的嵌入式处理器、FLASH、SRAM、 Background 以太网2

Ethernet 2
control
SDRAM、以太网控制器及其他外设组成。实现对整个
装置的管理、人机界面、通讯和录波等功能。
• The CPU plug-in unit consists of high-performance
embedded processors, FLASH, SRAM, SDRAM, 101 A485+
Ethernet controller and other peripherals. It can realize 102 A485-
the management, human-machine interface, 103 信号地1

communication, wave recording and other functions of

SIGNAL GROUND
1

the whole device. 104 空端子

EMPTY TERMINAL

105 B485+
• CPU插件使用内部总线接收装置内其他插件的数据，通 106 B485-
过RS-485总线与LCD板通讯。此插件具有2路
107 信号地2
100BaseT以太网接口、2路RS-485外部通信接口、 SIGNAL GROUND
2
PPS/IRIG-B差分对时接口和RS-232打印机接口。 108 空端子
EMPTY TERMINAL

109 SYN+
• The CPU plug-in unit uses an internal bus to receive GPS装置 110 SYN-
other plug-in unit in the device and communicates with GPS device
the LCD panel via RS-485 bus. This plug-in unit has
信号地3
111 SIGNAL GROUND
3
two 100BaseT Ethernet interfaces, two RS-485 112 空端子
EMPTY TERMINAL
external communication interfaces, PPS/IRIG-B 113 232RXD
differential timing interfaces and RS-232 printer 打印机 114 232TXD
interfaces. Printer
115 信号地4
SIGNAL GROUND
4
116 空端子
EMPTY TERMINAL

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 PCS931插件说明
•

•
(2). DSP插件1

(2) DSP Plug-in Unit 1

PCS931 Plug-in Unit Description
• 该插件由高性能的数字信号处理器、光纤接口、同步采样的16位高精度ADC以及其他外设组成。插件完成模拟量数据采集功能、与对侧交换采样数据、保护逻辑计算和跳闸出口等功
能。

• The plug-in unit is composed of high-performance digital signal processor, optical fiber interface, 16-bit high-precision ADC for synchronous sampling and other peripherals. The
plug-in unit performs the functions of analog data acquisition, exchange of sampling data with the opposite side, calculation of protection logic, trip outlet, etc.

• 当连接常规互感器的时候，插件通过交流输入板进行同步数据采集；当连接电子式互感器的时候，插件通过多模光纤接口从合并单元实时接收同步采样数据。

• When connecting the conventional transformer, the plug-in unit Synchronous Data Collection through the AC input board; When connecting the electronic transformer, the plug-in
unit receives the Synchronous Sampling Data from the merging unit in real time through the multi-mode Fiber interface.

• 根据不同的场合，配置不同型号的DSP插件,具体配置如下表所示：

• According to different occasions, different types of DSP plug-in unit can be configured. The specific configuration is as follows:

序号 应用场合 DSP插件接口情况
No. Applicable Occasions DSP Plug-in Unit Interface Situation
模拟采样，单通道差动保护 配置一个模拟采样ADC，配置一个单模光纤接口
1 Analogue sampling, single channel differential protection Configure an analog sampling ADC and configure a single-mode fiber port
模拟采样，双通道差动保护 配置一个模拟采样ADC，配置二个单模光纤接口
2 Analogue sampling, dual-channel differential protection Configure one analog sampling ADC and configure two single-mode fiber
port
单电子式互感器采样，单通道差动保护 配置一个多模光纤接口，配置一个单模光纤接口
3 Single electronic transformer sampling, single channel Configure a multimode fiber interface and configure a single-mode fiber
differential protection port
双电子式互感器采样，单通道差动保护（用于3/2接线情况）
配置二个多模光纤接口，配置一个单模光纤接口
4 Dual electronic transformer sampling, single channel differential
Configure two multimode fiber interfaces and one single-mode fiber port
protection (for 3/2 wiring)
单电子式互感器采样，双通道差动保护
配置一个多模光纤接口，配置二个单模光纤接口
5 Single electronic transformer sampling, dual channel differential
Configure one multimode fiber interface with two single-mode fiber port
protection
双电子式互感器采样，双通道差动保护（用于3/2接线情况）
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配置二个多模光纤接口，配置二个单模光纤接口
6 Dual electronic transformer sampling, dual channel differential
Two multimode fiber interfaces and two single-mode fiber port
protection (for 3/2 wiring cases)
 PCS931插件说明
• (3). DSP插件2
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Description
• (3) DSP plug-in unit 2
• 该插件由高性能的数字信号处理器、光纤接口、同步采样的16位高精度ADC以及其他外设组成。插
件完成模拟量数据采集、总起动元件的计算、实现开放出口正电源功能。
• The plug-in unit is composed of high-performance digital signal processor, optical fiber interface,
16-bit high-precision ADC with synchronous sampling and other peripherals. The plug-in unit
completes the analog data acquisition, the calculation of the total starting element, and the function
of opening the outlet positive power supply.
• 当连接常规互感器的时候，插件通过交流输入板进行同步数据采集；当连接电子式互感器的时候，插
件通过多模光纤接口从合并单元实时接收同步采样数据。
• When connecting the conventional transformer, the plug-in unit Synchronous Data Collection
through the AC input board; When connecting the electronic transformer, the plug-in unit receives
the Synchronous Sampling Data from the merging unit in real time through the multi-mode Fiber
interface.
• DSP插件2也需根据不同的场合，配置不同型号的DSP插件。因为DSP插件2无需与对侧通信，与
DSP插讲1相比，DSP2插讲无需单模光纤接口。
• The DSP plug-in unit 2 also needs to configure different types of DSP plug-in unit according to
different occasions. Because DSP plug-in unit 2 does not need to communicate with the opposite
side, compared with DSP plug-in 1, DSP2 plug-in does not require single-mode fiber port.

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 PCS931插件说明
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Description
• (4). 交流输入变换插件

• (4) Communication Input Transformation Plug-in Unit

• 对于支持电子式互感器的保护装置，不配置该插件。该插件的槽号为4、5。

• For the protector supporting the electronic transformer, the plug-in unit is not configured. The slot number of the plug-in unit is 4 and 5.

• 交流输入变换插件（NR1401）适用在有模拟PT、CT的厂站。

• AC Input Transformation Plug-in Unit(NR1401) is suitable for plants with analog PT and CT.

此系统为典型接线
This system is typical wiring 断路
器
Circuit
Break
er

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 PCS931插件说明
•
•
(5). GOOSE插件
(5) GOOSE Plug-in Unit
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Description
• 该插件由高性能的数字信号处理器、两路百兆光纤以太网、两路百兆RJ-45以太网及其他外设组成。插件支持GOOSE功能和
IEC61850-9-1规约，完成保护从合并单元接收数据、发送GOOSE命令给智能操作箱等功能。当不采用GOOSE功能时，该插件不需
要配置。
• The plug-in unit is composed of high-performance digital signal processor, two 100M optical Ethernet, two 100M RJ-45 Ethernet
and other peripherals. The plug-in unit supports GOOSE function and IEC61850-9-1 protocol to complete the functions of receiving
data from the merging unit and sending GOOSE command to the intelligent operation box. When the GOOSE function is not used,
the plug-in unit does not need to be configured,
• GOOSE发送功能和GOOSE接收功能需要通过配置发送模块和接收模块来完成。
• The GOOSE sending function and GOOSE receiving function need to be completed by configuring the sending module and
receiving module.
• PCS－931装置最大支持配置8个发送模块，推荐配置一个发送模块。为方便现场调试，最大化配置了12个发送压板。当相应发送
压板退出时，与之关联的GOOSE发送信息都是清零处理。每个GOOSE发送信息中，包含GOOSE发送信息和发送装置的“投检修态”
开入信息，供接收侧判别接收信号是否有效使用。目前PCS－931中GOOSE发送的信息包括：跳A，跳B，跳C，重合，闭重，远传1、
远传2和通道告警等信号。
• The PCS-931 device supports a maximum of 8 sending modules, and it is recommended to configure one sending module. In order
to facilitate on-site debugging, 12 sending platens are configured to the maximum. When the corresponding sending platen exit, the
associated GOOSE sending information is cleared. Each GOOSE sending message includes the GOOSE sending message and
the "inspection and maintenance status" input information of the sending device, which is used by the receiving side to judge
whether the received signal is valid. At present, the information sent by GOOSE in PCS-931 includes: Trip Phase A, Trip Phase B,
Trip Phase C, overlap, close weight, remote sensor 1, remote sensor 2 and channel alarm and other signal.

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 PCS931插件说明
PCS931 Plug-in Unit Description
光耦十 （输出）
Optocoupler X (output)

• (6). 光耦插件
光耦一（输出）
Optocoupler I (Output)

• (6) Optocoupler Plug-in Unit 814 光耦+ （输入）

Optocoupler + (inputs)

815 光耦一（输入）
• NR1502智能开入板同时监测25路 Optocoupler I(Input)

801 对时
开入，并将开入信息通过内部总线 Synchronize time

传给其它板卡。光耦插件的电源可 802 打印
Print
投检修态
选24V，110V和220V。当开入电 "Operation, inspection, and maintenance
803 mode"
压＜额定工作电压的60%时，开入 信号复归
保证为0，当开入电压＞额定工作 804 Signal reset
805 差动保护
电压的70%时，开入保证为1。 Differential Protection

806 备用
Standby
• The NR1502 intelligent DI board 807 备用
Standby
monitors 25 channels of DI and 808 备用
Standby
transmits the DI information to 809 备用
Standby
other boards through the internal 810 闭锁重合闸
bus. The power supply of the Lockout Recloser
811 备用
optocoupler plug-in unit can be Standby

24V, 110V and 220V. When the 812 备用

Standby

DI voltage is less than 60% of the 817 备用

Standby

rated working voltage, the DI is 818 备用

Standby
guaranteed to be 0, and when the 819 备用
Standby
DI voltage is more than 70% of 820 备用
Standby
the rated working voltage, the DI 821 备用

is ensured to be 1. 822
Standby
TWJA
823 TWJB
824 TWJC
825 低气压闭重
Low Air Pressure Reclose
远跳
826 Remote Trip
827 远传1
Remote Sensor 1
828 远传2
Remote Sensor 2

829 备用
Standby
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光耦回路
Optocoupler Circuit

开关量 /
Switching value
/

当开关量合上时，光耦发光二极管发光，光敏三极管导通，引脚为低
电平。反之，当开关量断开，三级管截止，引脚为高电平。
When the switch is closed, the optocoupler's light-emitting diode
emits light, causing the phototransistor to conduct, resulting in a
low-level signal on the pin. Conversely, when the switch is
opened, the phototransistor becomes47/154 non-conductive, resulting
in a high-level signal on the pin.
 远跳、远传
Remote tripping and remote sensing
• PCS-931利用数字通道，不仅交换两侧电流数据，同时也交换开关量信息，实现一些辅助功能，其中包括远跳及远传。
远跳、远传保护功能受两侧差动保护的硬压板、软压板和控制字控制，当差动保护不投入时，自动退出远跳、远传功能,
但开入量中显示用的收远跳、收远传1、收远传2不受差动保护是否投入控制。
• PCS-931 utilizes digital channels to not only exchange current data on both sides, but also the switch information,
achieving some auxiliary functions, including remote trips and remote sensors. The remote trip and remote sensor
protection functions are controlled by the hard and soft straps and control words of the differential protection on both
sides. When the differential protection is not activated, the remote tripping and remote sensing functions will
automatically exit. However, the reception of remote tripping, remote sensor 1 and remote sensor 2 for displaying in
the binary input is not controlled by whether the differential protection is serving or not.

远跳：
Remote tripping:
• 装置开入接点826为远跳开入。保护装置采样得到远跳开入为高电平时，经过专门的互补校验处理，作为开关量，连同
电流采样数据及CRC校验码等，打包为完整的一帧信息，通过数字通道，传送给对侧保护装置。对侧装置每收到一帧信
息，都要进行CRC校验，经过CRC校验后再单独对开关量进行互补校验。只有通过上述校验后，并且经过连续三次确
认后，才认为收到的远跳信号是可靠的。收到经校验确认的远跳信号后，若整定控制字“远跳经本侧控制”整定为
“0”，则无条件置三跳出口，起动A、B、C三相出口跳闸继电器，同时闭锁重合闸；若整定为“1”，则需本装置起动
才出口。
• The device binary input contact 826 is a remote tripping binary input. When the remote tripping input obtained through
protector sampling is high level, after special complementary verification processing, it is used as the switching value,
along with the current sampling data and CRC calibration code, and packaged into a complete frame of information,
which is transmitted to the opposite protector through the digital channel. The opposite device needs to perform CRC
verification every time it receives a frame of information, and after CRC verification, it will separately perform
complementary verification on the switching value. Only after passing the above verification and three consecutive
confirmations, can the received remote tripping signal be considered reliable. After receiving the verified remote
tripping signal, if the setting control word "Remote tripping is controlled by this side" is set to "0", then unconditionally
set the triple tripping outlet, start the A, B, and C three-phase outlet tripping relays, and simultaneously lock the
recloser; if it is set to "1", the device needs to be started before exiting.

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远跳
Remote Trip

远跳 光纤
Remote Trip
Optical fiber

对于220KV线路，双母或单母接线方式，如图示故障发生在TA和断路器之间，这时
对931来说是区外故障，差动保护不动作，母差保护915动作跳本侧开关，同时915
发远跳信号线931，去跳对侧开关
For 220 KV line which is in double-bus or single-bus wiring mode, if, as
shown in the figure, the fault occurs between the TA and the circuit breaker,
at this time it is a outer fault for 931. The differential protection does not act,
the bus differential protection 915 acts to trip the switch at this side, and at
the same time, 915 sends out remote tripping signal line 931 to trip the
switch at the opposite side.

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 远 传
Remote sensing
• 装置接点827、828为远传1、远传2的开入接点。同远跳一样，装置也借助数字通道分别传送远传1、远传2。区别只是
在于接收侧收到远传信号后，并不作用于本装置的跳闸出口，而只是如实的将对侧装置的开入接点状态反映到对应的
开出接点上。
• The device contacts 827 and 828 are the binary input contacts of remote sensor 1 and remote sensor 2. Like the
remote trip, the device also transmits the signals of remote sensor 1 and remote sensor 2 respectively through digital
channels. The only difference is that after the receiving side receives signals from remote sensors, it does not act on
the tripping outlet of the device, but only reflects the state of the binary input contact of the opposite device to the
corresponding binary output contact.
十光耦电源
Power supply with ten
optocouplers
开入 光发 光收
Binary input Fiber receiving
Fiber transmitting 远传1 （开出）
远传1 (827)
Remote sensor 1 (827) 光纤 Remote sensor
Optical fiber 1 (binary
开入 outputs)
Binary input
远传2 (828)
Remote sensor 2 (828)

光收 光发
Fiber receiving Fiber transmitting 远传2 （开出）
Remote sensor
2 (binary
outputs)
PCS-931 系列纵
联 差动保护
PCS-931 series PCS - 931 系列纵联 差动
保护
longitudinal PCS - 931 series
differential longitudinal differential
protection protection

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 远传实例：华东电网500KV系统3/2接线线路侧边开关失灵动作跳闸出口图
Remote sensing example: output diagram for tripping due to 3/2 wiring line
side switch failure action of the State Grid East China 500 KV system

l 线路侧边开关失灵，921输出两付失灵起动节点，分别送给两套母线保护RCS915；送出两付远跳节点分别给两套线路的远
跳回路，对侧925采用一取一方式跳对侧开关；另外直接跳中开关。(CSC103为四方光纤差动，CSC125为四方远跳装置)
l In case of line side switch failure, 921 outputs two pairs of failure start-up nodes and sends them to the two sets of bus
protection RCS915 respectively; it also outputs two pairs of remote tripping nodes to the remote tripping circuits of the two
sets of lines respectively; 925 on the other side uses one-out-of-one mode to trip the opposite switch; the other line directly
switches to the middle. (CSC103 is a square optical fiber differential, CSC125 is a square remote tripping device)

光纤
Optical fiber

光纤
Optical fiber

51/154
四. PCS931差动保护
IV. PCS931 differential protection

52/154
 装置起动元件
Device starting elements
• 电流变化量起动
• Current variation start
I  MAX  1.25I T  I ZD
I MAX 是相间电流的半波积分的最大值；
is the maximum of the half-wave integration of the interphase current;
I ZD 为可整定的固定门坎；
is a fixed threshold that can be set;
I T 为浮动门坎，随着变化量的变化而自动调整，取1.25倍可保证门坎始终略高于不平衡输出。
is a floating threshold, which is automatically adjusted as the variation changes. When it is taken as
1.25 times, it can ensure that the threshold is always slightly higher than the unbalanced output.
该元件动作并展宽7秒，去开放出口继电器正电源。
his element is actuated and broadened for 7 seconds to open the positive power of the outlet relay
• 零序过流元件起动
• Zero-sequence overcurrent element starts
当外接和自产零序电流均大于整定值时，零序起动元件动作并展宽7秒，去开放出口继电器正电源。
When both the external and self-produced zero-sequence current are greater than the setting
value, the zero-sequence starting element acts and broadens for 7 s to open the positive power of
the outlet relay.

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• 位置不对应起动
• Position mismatch start
• 这一部分的起动由用户选择投入。当控制字“单相TWJ启动重合闸”或“三相TWJ启动重合闸”整定为“1”,重合闸充电完成的情况下，
如有开关偷跳，则总起动元件动作并展宽15秒，去开放出口继电器正电源。
• The starts of this part are serving upon user's option. When the control word "single-phase TWJ start-up reclosing" or "three-phase TWJ
start reclosing" is set to "1", and the reclosing charging is completed, if the switch trips, the main starting element will act and broaden for
15 s to open the positive power of the outlet relay.
• 纵联差动或远跳起动
• Longitudinal differential or remote tripping start
• 发生区内三相故障，弱电源侧电流起动元件可能不动作，此时若收到对侧的差动保护允许信号，则判别差动继电器动作相关相、相间电压，
若小于65％额定电压，则辅助电压起动元件动作，去开放出口继电器正电源７秒。
• In case of internal three-phase fault, the current starting element at the weak power supply side may not act. At this time, if the differential
protection enabling signal from the opposite side is received, the phase and interphase voltage related to the differential relay action will
be determined. If it is less than 65% of the rated voltage, the starting element of the auxiliary voltage will act to open the positive power
supply of the outlet relay for 7 s.
• 当本侧收到对侧的远跳信号且定值中“远跳受本侧启动控制”置“0”时，去开放出口继电器正电源7s。
• When the local side receives the remote tripping signal from the opposite side and the "remote trip controlled by local side startup" in the
set value is set to "0", it will open the positive power supply of the outlet relay for 7 s.

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电流差动保护
Current differential protection

规定TA的正极性端指向母线侧，电流的参考方向以母
线流向线路为正方向。
It is specified that the positive terminal of TA
points to the bus side, and the reference
direction of current is with the line to the bus as
the positive direction.
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 光纤电流纵差保护原理
Principle of optical fiber current differential protection
• 动作电流(差动电流)为：
• The acting current (differential current) is:

I d  IM  IN
• 制动电流为：
• The braking current is:

I r  IM  IN

• 差流元件动作方程：
• Action equation of differential current element:

I d  I cdqd
{ I d  0 .6 I r 56/154
 区内故障示意图
Inner fault diagram

如图示：区内故障时，两侧实际短路电流都是由母线流向线路，
和参考方向一致，都是正值，差动电流就很大，满足差动方程，
差流元件动作。
As shown in the diagram: when there is a fault in the
area, the actual short circuit current on both sides flows
from the bus to the line, consistent with the reference
direction, and both are positive values. The differential
current is very large, meeting the differential equation,
and the differential current element
57/154 acts.
 区外故障示意图
Outer fault diagram

 区外故障时，一侧电流由母线流向线路，为正值，另一侧电流由线路流向母
线，为负值，两电流大小相同，方向相反，所以差动电流为零，差流元件不
动作。
 When there is an outer fault, the current on one side flows from the bus to
the line, which is a positive value, while that on the other side flows from the
line to the bus, which is a negative value. The two currents have the same
magnitude but in opposite directions, so the differential current is zero and
the differential current element does not act.

58/154
差流元件分类
Classification of differential current elements

1. 稳态I段差动继电器
Steady-state section I differential relay
2. 稳态II段差动继电器
Steady-state section II differential relay
3. 变化量相差动继电器
Phase variation differential relay
4. 零序差动继电器
Zero-sequence differential relay

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• 稳态Ⅰ段相差动继电器：  I CD  0.6  I R

 I CD  I H
• Steady-state section I differential relay:
动作方程：
Action equation:   A, B, C
I CD  IM  IN
I R  IM  IN

I CD
为差动电流，即为两侧电流矢量和的幅值；
is the differential current, which is the amplitude of the vector sum of the currents on both sides;
为制动电流；即为两侧电流矢量差的幅值； I R
is the braking current, which is the amplitude of the vector difference between the currents on both sides;
为“1.5倍差动电流定值”（整定值）和4倍实测电容电流的大 值；当电容电流补偿不投入时， 为“1.5倍差动电流定值” （整定值）、4倍实测电容电流和 的大值。实测电容电
流由正常运行时未经补偿的差流获得；
I
is the larger value between the "1.5x the differential current setting value" (setting
not serving, is the largest
I
U N and the 4x measured capacitive current; when the capacitance current compensation is
1.5value)
H
H value among the 1.5x differential current setting value (setting value), the 4x measured capacitive current and . The measured capacitive current is
obtained X C1

from the uncompensated differential current during normal operation;

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• 稳态Ⅱ段相差动继电器
• Steady-state section II differential relay
动作方程：
 I CD  0.6  I R
Action equation: 
 I CD  I M
  A, B, C

IM
IM
当电容电流补偿投入时， 1.25U N
为“差动电流定值”（整定值）和1.5倍实测电容电流的大值；当电容电
流补偿不投入时， 为“差动电流定值”（整定值）、1.5倍实测电容电流和 的大值。
X C1

When the capacitance current compensation is serving, is the larger value between the "differential
current setting value" (setting value) and the 1.5x measured capacitive current; when the capacitance
current compensation is not serving, is the largest value among the "differential current setting value"
I
(setting
CD Ivalue), the 1.5x measured capacitive current and .
R
、 定义同上。
The definition of and is the same as above.
稳态Ⅱ段相差动继电器经25ms延时动作。
The steady-state section II differential relay acts after a delay of 25 ms.

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• 对于瞬时动作的差动保护其起动值的取值要比理论计算的和正常运行时实侧的电容电流值大
若干倍，以保证空载合闸和区外短路切除时保护不会误动。但起动电流定值的提高必将影响
内部高阻接地短路的灵敏度，所以一般的做法是设高、低两个定值的差动保护。
• For differential protection for instantaneous action, the starting value shall be several times
larger than the value by theoretical calculation and the actual capacitive current during
normal operation, so as to ensure that the there will be no protection misoperation during
no-load closing and outer short circuit removal. However, the increase of the starting
current setting will inevitably affect the sensitivity of the inner high-resistance grounding
short circuit, so the general practice is to set the differential protection with a high set value
and a low set value.
高定值的瞬时动作，定值躲空载合闸和区外短路切除时的电容电流。低定值的差动保护带
一短延时，其定值只躲正常运行时的电容电流，因为经过短延时后高频的暂态分量电容电流
已衰减。
In case of instantaneous action with high set value, the set value avoids the capacitive
current during no-load closing and external short circuit removal. The differential protection
of the low set value is provided with a short delay, and its set value only avoids the
capacitive current during normal operation, because the high frequency transient
component capacitive current has been attenuated after the short delay.

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• 变化量相差动继电器
• Phase variation differential relay
动作方程：
Action equation:
I CD  0.75  I R

I CD  I H
  A, B, C
I CD I CD  IM  IN
为工频变化量差动电流， 即为两侧电流变化量矢量和的幅值；
is the differential current of the incremental power frequency, while is the amplitude of the vector sum of the
Icurrent
R
I  I M＋I N
variation on both sides; R
为工频变化量制动电流； 即为两侧电流变化量的标量和；
IH
is the braking current of the incremental power frequency; while is the scalar sum of the current frequency
on both sides;
定义同上。
The definition of is the same as above.

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工频变化量的物理解释
Physical interpretation of incremental power frequency

∆I=IK-IN
64/154
 • 零序差动继电器
• Zero-sequence differential relay
对于经高过渡电阻接地故障，采用零序差动继电器具有较高的灵敏度，由零序差动继电器，通过低比率制动系数的稳态差动元件选相，构
成零序差动继电器，经40ms延时动作。其动作方程：
For the ground fault through high transition resistance, the zero-sequence differential relay with high sensitivity are adopted. The zero-
sequence differential relay is formed by phase selection through steady-state differential elements with low ratio braking coefficient, and
acts after a delay of 40 ms. The action equation is:

 I CD 0  0.75  I R 0
I
 CD 0  I L

 I CD  0.15  I R
 I CD  I L
为零序差动电流， 即为两侧零序电流矢量和的幅值；
is the zero-sequence differential current, and is the amplitude of the vector sum of zero-sequence currents on both sides;
I CD 0 为零序制动电流；
I  IM 0  IN 0即为两侧零序电流矢量差的幅值；
CD 0
is the zero-sequence braking current; while is the amplitude of the amplitude of the vector difference of the zero-sequence currents on
both sides;
I R0 、 定义同上； I R 0  IM 0  IN 0
The definitions of and are the same as above; I CD I R
I
无论电容电流补偿是否投入， L均为“差动电流定值”（整定值）和1.25倍实测电容电流的大值。
Regardless of whether the capacitance current compensation is serving, is always the larger value between the "differential current
setting value" (setting value) and the 1.25x measured capacitive current.

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 输电线路电流纵差保护的主要问题(1)
Main problems in the longitudinal differential protection of
M I M I N N transmission line and current (1)

I C

电容电流的影响:
Impact of capacitive current:
电容电流是从线路内部流出的电流，因此它构成动作电流。所以线路投运空载合闸、区外短路、和区外短路切
除时，由于高频分量电容电流与工频电容电流叠加使暂态电容电流增大很多，最容易造成保护误动。
Capacitive current is the current flowing out of the line, so it constitutes the acting current. Therefore,
when the line is serving for no-load closing, during outer short circuit or outer short circuit removal,
the superposition of high frequency component capacitive current and incremental power frequency
capacitive current increases the transient capacitive current significantly, which is most likely to
cause protection misoperation.
解决方法：
Solutions:
① 提高起动电流定值但这将降低内部短路的灵敏度。
① Increasing the starting current set value. But this will reduce the sensitivity for internal short circuit.
② 加一个短延时，使高频分量电容电流衰减。这将影响快速性。
② Adding a short delay to attenuate the high-frequency component capacitive current. But this will
affect the efficiency.
③ 必要时进行电容电流补偿。
③ Carrying out capacitance current compensation when necessary.
④ 在软、硬件设计中滤除高频分量电流。
④ Filtering the high-frequency component current 66/154
in the software and hardware design.
 电容电流补偿算法
Capacitance current compensation algorithm
稳态补偿法（RCS-931)
Steady-state compensation method (RCS-931)
在超高压长线路中，电容电流较大，影响差动的灵敏度。为提高差动保护灵敏度，在零序
差动继电器中设有电容电流补偿功能，可以提高经大过渡电阻故障时保护的灵敏度。
In long EHV lines, the capacitive current is large, which affects the sensitivity of
differential protection. In order to improve the sensitivity of differential protection, a
capacitance current compensation function is provided in the zero-sequence differential
relay, which can improve the sensitivity of protection in case of fault when passing large
transition resistance.
电容电流补偿由下式计算得到：
The capacitance current compensation is calculated by the following equation:

 U  U M 0 U M 0   U N  U N 0 U N 0 
I C   M      
 2 X C1 2 X C 0   2 X C1 2 X C0 

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 电容电流补偿算法
Capacitance current compensation algorithm
以上电容电流的补偿公式只能补偿稳态时的电容电流，不能补偿暂态电容
电流，在空载合闸、区外故障及切除等暂态过程中，暂态电容电流比稳态
电容电流大很多，稳态补偿法无法补偿。因此，原来的差动I段中，只能通
过较高的门槛值来躲过暂态电容电流，这是以牺牲灵敏度为代价；差动II
取较低门槛，这是以牺牲动作时间为代价。
The above compensation formula for capacitive current can only
compensate for steady-state capacitive current, and cannot compensate
for transient capacitive current. During transient processes such as no-
load closing, outer faults, and fault removal, transient capacitive current
is much larger than steady-state capacitive current, and the steady-state
compensation method cannot compensate. Therefore, in the original
differential section I, transient capacitive current can only be avoided
through a higher threshold value, which is at the cost of sacrificing
sensitivity; differential II takes a lower threshold at the cost of sacrificing
action time.
因此，对于超高压长线路，特别是特高压长线路，为提高差动保护的动作
速度和灵敏度，需要采用能补偿暂态电容电流的差动算法。
Therefore, for long EHV lines, especially long UHV lines, in order to
improve the operation speed and sensitivity of differential protection, it is
necessary to adopt differential algorithms
68/154 that can compensate for
transient capacitive current.
 电容电流补偿算法
Capacitance current compensation algorithm
暂态补偿法
Transient compensation method
 算法思想
 Algorithm idea

duc
ic  C
dt

由上式可知通过电容的电流与电压频率成正比。在暂态状态下线路电压有很多高频分量，它将
会产生更大的高频电容电流，严重影响差动保护的正确工作。既然不同频率的电容电压、电流
之间都存在上式关系，可考虑利用它来计算暂态电容电流，这就是暂态电容电流补偿的思想。
From the above formula, it can be seen that the current through the capacitor is directly
proportional to the frequency of the voltage. In the transient state, there are many high-
frequency components in the voltage of the line, which will produce greater high-frequency
capacitive current, seriously affecting the correct operation of the differential protection. Since
the relation in the above formula exists among the capacitive voltages and capacitive
currents of different frequencies, it can be considered to use this formula to calculate the
current of the transient capacitor. This is the idea of transient capacitance current
compensation.

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 M侧 N侧
A相 M-side N-side
Phase A
B相
Phase B
C相
Phase C

不带并联电抗器时线路的II型等效图
Type II equivalent circuit diagram of the line without shunt reactor

带并联电抗器时线路的II型等效图
Type II equivalent circuit diagram of the line with shunt reactor
70/154
表2-2 各种电压等级下每百公里线路的正序及零序容抗值和额定电压下的工频电容电流
值
Table 2-2 Positive-sequence and zero-sequence capacitive reactance values of
lines per 100 km and power-frequency capacitive current values under rated
voltage at various voltage levels

线路电压（KV） 正序容抗(  ) 电容电流（A）

Line voltage (KV) Positive sequence Capacitive current (A)
capacitive reactance ( )

220 3700 34
330 2860 66
500 2590 111
750 2240 193
注：零序容抗约为正序容抗的1.5倍。
Note: zero-sequence capacitive reactance is about 1.5 times of the
positive-sequence capacitive reactance.
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 电流纵差保护的主要问题（2）
Main problems in longitudinal differential protection of current (2)
TA断线，差动保护会误动。
If there is TA line-break, there will be misoperation in
differential protection.

TA断侧
I d  IM IN  IM TA line-break side

I r  IM I N  IM
此时满足差动方程：
At this time, the differential equations below are satisfied:
 I d  0 . 75  I r

Id  IH
引起差动保护误动
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causing the misoperation of differential protection.

 防止TA断线误动的措施
• 防止TA断线误动的措施是： Measures to prevent misoperation caused by TA line-break
•The measures to prevent misoperation caused by TA line-break include:
差动保护要发跳闸命令必须满足如下条件:
The following conditions must be met in order for the differential protection to trigger a trip:
① 本侧起动元件起动( I  1.25I  I 或I0＞I0ZD）
 MAX T ZD
① The starting element on this side starts I  MAX  1.25I T  I ZD (or I0 > I0ZD)
② 本侧差流元件动作；
② The local differential current element acts;
③ 收到对侧‘差动动作’的允许信号。
③ An enabling signal of 'differential action' on the opposite side is received.
• 这样当一侧TA断线，由于电流有突变或者有‘零序电流’，起动元件可能起动，差动继电器也可能动作。
但对侧没有断线，起动元件没有起动，不能向本侧发‘差动动作’的允许信号。所以本侧不误动。
•In this way, when there is TA line-break on one side, the starting element may start and the
differential relay may also act due to sudden change of current or 'zero-sequence current'. However,
since there is no line-break on the other side, the starting element does not start and cannot send
the 'differential action' enabling signal to this side. Therefore, there will be no misoperation on this
side.
•保护向对侧发允许信号条件：
•Conditions for the protection to send enabling signal to the opposite side
① 保护起动
① The protection starts
② 差流元件动作 73/154

② The differential current element acts

 ‘长期有差流’信号
• 满足下述条件发‘长期有差流’信号： Signal of 'long-term differential current'
• The signal 'long-term differential current' is sent when the following conditions are met:
① 差流元件动作；
① The differential current element acts;
②差流元件的动作相或动作相间的电压大于0.6倍的额定电压；
② The acting phase voltage or the acting interphase voltage of the differential current element
is greater than 0.6 times the rated voltage;
③ 满足上两条件达10秒钟。
③ The above two conditions are satisfied for 10 s.
第一个条件证明有差动电流（动作电流），第二个条件证明系统没有短路。于是经延时发告警
信号。需要指出，在TA断线或装置内的某相电流数据采样通道故障时都可满足上述条件。故发
的是‘长期有差流’信号。
The first condition proves that there is differential current (acting current), and the second
condition proves that there is no short circuit in the system. Therefore, the alarm signal is
sent after a delay. It should be pointed out that the above conditions can be met when there
is TA line-break or the current sampling channel of a certain phase in the device fails.
Therefore, the signal sent is 'long-term differential current'.
• 当TA断线时无论是断线侧还是未断线侧，在主程序中如果有压差流元件动作，10秒后都可发
出‘长期有差流’的告警信号。
• In case of TA line-break, the alarm signal of "long-term differential current" can be sent out
after 10 seconds if the differential current element acts in the main program, whether it is at
the disconnection side or the non-disconnection side.

74/154
 ‘长期有差流’的装置异常信号
Abnormal signal of device with 'long-term differential
current'
装置 报 ‘长期有差流’或‘TA断线’的信号后
After the device sends a signal of 'long-term differential current'
or 'TA line-break'
• 如果‘TA断线闭锁差动’控制字  1 则闭锁差动保护。以防止TA断线
期间其它线路短路时误动。
• If the control word of "TA line-break blocking differential" = 1,
the differential protection will be blocked to prevent the
misoperation in case of short circuit of other lines during TA
line-break.
• 如果‘TA断线闭锁差动’控制字  0 则不闭锁差动保护。但是将差动
继电器的定值抬高到 ‘TA断线差流定值’。该定值应按躲最大负荷电
流整定。
• If the control word of "TA line-break blocking differential" = 0,
the differential protection will not be blocked. However, the set
value of the differential relay shall be raised to the "TA line-break
differential current set value". The set value shall be set
according to the maximum load current.
75/154
 弱电侧电流纵差保护存在的问题（3）
Problems in the weak-side current longitudinal differential protection (3)
• 当有一侧是弱电源侧或无电源侧，在线路内部短路时，无电源侧起动元件可能不起动。例如
无电源侧变压器中性点不接地，短路前线路空载，短路后由于既无电流突变量又无零序电流，
起动元件不动作。起动元件不动作，程序在正常运行程序。此时无电源侧不检查差动继电器
是否动作，不会向对侧发允许信号。导致电源侧电流纵差保护拒动。
• When one side is on the weak or no power side and there is a short circuit inside the
circuit, the starting element on the no power side may not start. For example, if the
neutral point of a transformer without power supply is not grounded, and there is no
load on the line before the short circuit, the starting element will not act after thee
short circuit due to the absence of both current surge and zero-sequence current.
The starting element does not act, and the program is running normally. At this time,
the no power side does not check whether the differential relay is acting, and does
not send an enabling signal to the opposite side, causing the misoperation of the
current differential protection on the power side.
• 为解决该问题，931保护中增加一个低压差流起动元件。
• In order to solve this problem, a low-voltage differential current starting element is
added to the 931 protection.

E 1T M N 2T

76/154
 低压差流起动元件
Starting element of low-pressure differential current
• 除两相电流差突变量起动元件、零序电流起动元件和不对应起动元件外，931保护再
增加一个低压差流起动元件。
• In addition to two-phase differential current starting element, zero-sequence
current starting element and non-correspondence starting element, the 931
protector has a low differential starting element.
• 低压差流起动元件起动条件
• Starting conditions the starting element of low differential current:
① 差流元件动作。该差流元件就是选相用的稳态分相差动继电器。
① The differential current element acts. The differential current element is a
steady-state split phase differential relay used for phase selection.
② TV未断线时差流元件的动作相或动作相间电压 U 、U  0.65UN ; 或在TV断线的
情况下对侧电流大于本侧电流的4 倍并延时30ms。
② When there is no TV line-break, the acting phase voltage or the acting
interphase voltage of the differential current element U U  0.65UN ; or
when there is a TV line-break, the opposite side current is greater than 4 times
of the current at this side for a delay of 30 ms.
③ 收到对侧的允许信号。 77/154
③ An enabling signal from the opposite side is received.
 三相 TWJ1 同时差流元件也动作时发允许信号的作用（4）
The function of sending an enabling signal when the three-phase ,
and the differential current element acts at the same time (4)

•在N侧断路器处于三相跳闸状态下线路上发生短路。N侧所有起动元件都不会起动，故而N
侧无法向M侧发允许信号，导致M侧电流纵差保护拒动。
•When a short circuit occurs on the line when the N-side circuit breaker is in a three-
phase tripping state. All starting elements on the N-side will not act, so the N-side
cannot send an enabling signal to the M-side, resulting in the M-side current
differential protection rejecting action.
•为此采取当三相 TWJ  1 ,同时差流元件也动作, 则发允许信号的措施。这样当线路上发生短
路时，对侧电流纵差保护就可以动作。
•Therefore, the measure below is adopted: when the three-phase , and the
differential current element also acts at the same time, an enabling signal will be sent.
Thus, in case of short circuit on the line, the longitudinal differential protection of the
opposite side can act.
M N
ES ER
F

三相断开
三相断开
Three-phase
78/154
disconnected
 差动联跳继电器（5）
Differential shunt tripping relay (5)
当线路上发生短路，本侧装置内任何保护发出跳闸命令同时向另一侧发一个分
相跳闸命令。另一侧装置接收到对侧的分相跳闸命令后，用本侧的高灵敏度的
差动继电器作为就地判据跳对应相，装置显示“差动保护动作”。
When a short circuit occurs on the line, any protector in the device will
send a tripping command and send a split-phase tripping command to
the other side at the same time. After receiving the split-phase trip
command from the opposite side, the device on the other side will use
its high-sensitivity differential relay as the local criterion to trip to the
corresponding phase, and the device will display "differential protection
acts".
高灵敏度的差动继电器就用零差中的选相用的经电容电流补偿的分相差动继电
器。
The differential relay with high sensitivity uses the split-phase
differential relay with capacitance current compensation for phase
selection in zero difference.
本跳闸命令受差动保护压板控制。
This tripping command is controlled by the differential protection strap.
79/154
 电流纵差保护的主要问题（6）
Main problems in longitudinal differential protection of current (6)

 在线路一侧发生高阻接地短路时，远离故障点的一侧各个起动元件可能都不起动，造成两侧
差动保护都不能切除故障的后果。由于零序差动保护有较强的保护过渡电阻的能力，为了使
近故障点的一侧保护能先动作跳闸，零序差动保护增加了一条跳闸路径。
 When a high-resistance grounding short circuit occurs on one side of the line, each starting
element on the side far away from the fault point may not start, resulting in the
consequence that the differential protection on both sides cannot cut off the fault. Since the
zero-sequence differential protection has a strong ability in protecting the transition
resistance, in order to make the protection on the side near the fault point trip first, a trip
path is added to the zero-sequence differential protection.

80/154
 在线路一侧发生高阻接地短路时 使零序差动保护可靠动作的措施
Measures for enabling zero-sequence differential protection to act reliably
• 其跳闸条件为：in case of high resistance grounding short circuit on one side of the line
• The tripping conditions are:
① 起动元件起动。
① The starting element is started.
② 零序差动继电器（Ⅰ段或Ⅱ段）及故障相的差流选相元件动作。
② The zero-sequence differential relay (section I or section II) and the differential current phase
selection element of the fault phase act.
③3U0>3V或3U2＞3V。
③ 3U0 > 3 V or 3U2 > 3 V.
④ 三相相电压U＞40V。
④ The three-phase voltage U > 40 V.
• 这样当线路一侧发生高阻接地短路时，近故障点的一侧可由此跳闸路径先选相跳闸，并向远离故障点的
一侧发‘差动动作’的允许信号。近故障点的一侧先跳闸后短路电流重新分配，远离故障点的一侧起动
元件再起动，又检查到零序差动继电器及差流选相元件动作，再加上收到对侧‘差动动作’的允许信号，
也可相继发跳闸命令
• In this way, when a high-resistance grounding short circuit occurs on one side of the line, the side near
the fault point can trip by phase selection through this tripping path first, and send an enabling signal
of 'differential acts' to the side far away from the fault point. The side near the fault point will trip first,
then the short circuit current will be redistributed. The starting element on the side far from the fault
point will start again, and the action of zero-sequence differential relay and differential current phase
selection element will be detected. In addition, the enabling signal of 'differential acts' from the
opposite side is received, and the tripping command can also be sent successively.

81/154
 输电线路电流纵差保护的主要问题(7)
Main problems in the longitudinal differential protection of transmission line current
(7)
两侧采样不同步，造成不平衡电流的加大。
The sampling on both sides is not synchronous, resulting in the increase of
unbalanced current.
线路纵差保护与主设备保护中用的纵差保护不同，线路纵差保护两侧电流是由不
同装置采样的。如果两侧电流采样时间不一致，使动作电流不是同一时刻的两侧
电 流 的 相 量 和 ， 这 将 加 大 区 外 故 障 时 的 不 平 衡 电 流 。
Different from the longitudinal differential protection used in the main
equipment protection, the current on both sides of the longitudinal
differential protection of the line is sampled by different devices. If the
sampling time of the current on both sides is inconsistent, the acting
current is not the phasor sum of the current on both sides at the same
time, which will increase the unbalanced current during outer fault
解决方法：
Solutions:
采用采样时刻调整法达到采样同步。931保护采用在同步端小步幅调整采样周期
达到两侧采样同步。
The sampling time adjustment method is adopted to achieve sampling
synchronization. Small-step adjustment of sampling period at the
synchronizing end is adopted during 931 protection to achieve sampling
synchronization on both sides. 82/154
采样时刻调整法
Method of sampling time adjustment
• 测通道延时Td
• Testing channel delay Td

主机 tmr tms
Main unit

从机 tss tsr
Slave unit

Td

Td 
tsr  tss   tms  tmr 
2
83/154
采样时刻调整法
Method of sampling time adjustment

• 从机采样时刻调整
• Slave unit sampling time adjustment
主机
Main unit

Td
从机
Slave unit

Ts  0

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 通道连接方式(1)
Channel connection mode (1)
• 装置可采用“专用光纤”或“复用通道”。在纤芯数量及传输距离允许范围内，优先采用“专用光纤”作为传输通道。当功率
不满足条件，可采用“复用通道”。
• The device can use "dedicated optical fibers" or "multiplexing channels". Within the allowable range of fiber core quantity
and transmission distance, priority should be given to using "dedicated optical fibers" as the transmission channel. When the
power does not meet the conditions, a "multiplexing channel" can be used.
专用光纤的连接方式如图所示：
The connection mode of special optical fibers is shown in the diagram below:

光缆中给保护专 用的两根纤芯
Two cores in an optical cable
dedicated for protection
PCS-931系列光纤 保护装 光发
Fiber transmitting
光收
Fiber receiving PCS-931系列光纤 保护装
置 64Kbit/s或2Mbit/s 置
PCS-931 series optical 光收
Fiber receiving
64 Kbit/s or 2 Mbit/s. 光发
Fiber transmitting
PCS-931 series optical
fiber protector fiber protector

64kbit/s复用的连接方式如图3.4.4所示：
The connection mode of 64kbit/s multiplexing is shown in Figure 3.4.4:

尾纤 屏蔽双绞线 同轴电缆
Pigtail Shielded twisted pair PCM 设 Coaxial cable
RCS-931系列光纤 保护 光发
SDH设备E1接
Fiber 备 光纤通讯网
装置 transmitting
PCM 口
Optical fiber
RCS-931 series optical equipme Interface E1 of
communicati
光收
Fiber receiving nt SDH equipment
fiber protector
on network

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 通道连接方式(2)
2048kbit/s复用的连接方式如图所示：
Channel connection mode (2)
The connection mode of 2048kbit/s multiplexing is shown in the diagram below:

尾纤 同轴电缆
Pigtail Coaxial cable SDH设备 E1
PCS-931系列光纤 保护装置
光发
Fiber transmitting
接口 光纤通讯网
PCS-931 series optical fiber Optical fiber communication network
Interface E1
protector 光收
Fiber receiving of SDH
equipment

双通道2048kbit/s两个通道都复用的连接方式如图所示：
The connection mode of dual channel 2048 kbit/s with both channels multiplexed is shown in the diagram below:

尾纤
Pigtail
E1口
通道A光 收发 Interface E1 光纤通讯网
Channel A fiber SDH设备
PCS-931系列光纤 保护 receiving/transmitting
同轴电缆
SDH equipment Optical fiber communication network
Coaxial cable E1口
装置 Interface E1

PCS-931 series optical

通道B光 收发
Channel B fiber
receiving/transmitting
fiber protector

同轴电缆
Coaxial cable

双通道差动保护也可以两个通道都采用专用光纤；或一个通道复用，另外一个通道采取专用光纤，这种情
况下，通道A优先选用专用光纤。
For dual-channel differential protection, dedicated fiber can be used for both channels; or one channel is
multiplexed and the other channel is dedicated, in which case the channel A is preferred to use dedicated
fiber.
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 纵联标识码
Longitudinal connection identification code
• 为提高数字式通道线路保护装置的可靠性， 保护装置提供纵联标识码功能,在定值项中分别有“本侧识别码”和“对侧识别码”两项用来完成纵
联标识码功能。
• In order to improve the reliability of digital channel protector, the protector provides a longitudinal identification code function. In the set value
items, there are two items, namely "local identification code" and "opposite-side identification code", respectively.
• 本侧识别码和对侧识别码需在定值项中整定，范围均为0～65535，识别码的整定应保证全网运行的保护设备具有唯一性，即正常运行时，本侧
识别码与对侧识别码应不同，且与本线的另一套保护的识别码不同，也应该和其它线路保护装置的识别码不同（保护校验时可以整定相同，表
示自环方式）。
• The local identification code and opposite-side identification code shall be set in the set value items, with the range of 0~65535. The setting of
the identification codes shall ensure that the protection equipment running in the whole network is unique, that is, during normal operation, the
local identification code shall be different from the opposite-side identification code, and shall be different from the protection identification
code of another set of this line. It shall also be different from the identification code of other line protectors (the setting can be the same during
protection calibration, indicated as self-looping mode).
• 保护装置根据本装置定值中本侧识别码和对侧识别码定值决定本装置的主从机方式，同时决定是否为通道自环试验方式，若本侧识别码和对侧
识别码整定一样，表示为通道自环试验方式，若本侧识别码大于等于对侧识别码，表示本侧为主机，反之为从机。
The protector determines the master unit and slave unit allocation of the device according to the local identification code and the opposite-
side identification code in the set value of the device, and determines whether it is the channel self-looping test mode. If the local identification
code is set the same as the opposite-side identification code, it means the channel is in self-looping test mode; if the local identification code
is equal to or greater than the opposite-side identification code, it means the local side is the master unit, otherwise, the local side is the slave
unit.
• 保护装置将本侧的识别码定值包含在向对侧发送的数据帧中传送给对侧保护装置，对于双通道保护装置，当通道A接收到的识别码与定值整定的
对侧识别码不一致时，退出通道A的差动保护，报“纵联通道A识别码错”、“纵联通道A异常”告警。“纵联通道A识别码错”延时100ms展宽
1S报警；通道B与通道A类似。对于单通道保护装置，当接收到的识别码与定值整定的对侧识别码不一致时，退出差动保护，报“纵联通道识别
码错”、“纵联通道异常”告警。
• The protector packs the set value of the local identification code in the data frame and sends it to the opposite protector. For dual channel
protectors, when the identification code received by channel A is inconsistent with the set value of the opposite-side identification code, the
differential protection of channel A is exited, and the "longitudinal channel A identification code error" and "longitudinal channel A abnormal"
alarms are reported. The signal of "longitudinal channel A identification code error" broadens 1S with a delay of 100 ms and alarms; channel
B is similar to channel A. For a single channel protection device, when the received identification code is inconsistent with the opposite-side
identification code set by the set value, the differential protection will be exited, and an alarm will be given for "longitudinal channel A
identification code error" or "longitudinal channel abnormal".
• 在通道状态中增加对侧识别码的显示，显示本装置接收到的识别码，若本装置没有接收到正确的对侧数据，对侧识别码显示“-----”符号。
• The display of opposite-side identification code is added in the channel status to display the identification code received by the device. If the
device does not receive the correct opposite side data, the opposite-side identification code will display the symbol "-----".

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 五. PCS931距离保护
V. PCS931 distance protection

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 （一）PCS931线路距离保护基本概念
(i) Basic concepts of PCS931 line distance protection
 基本概念：输电线路是金属导体，输电线路的长度和阻抗成正比关系。当线路发生故障，根据保护安装处测量的电压和电流，由欧姆定理即可计算出故障点到保护
安装处的阻抗，称为短路阻抗，用这个短路阻抗和整定的阻抗比较，如果比整定阻抗小，则故障发生在区内，如果比整定阻抗大，则故障发生在区外。

 Basic concept: the transmission line is a metal conductor, and the length of the transmission line is proportional to the impedance. When the line fails, the
impedance from the fault point to the protection installation position can be calculated by Ohm's theorem according to the measured voltage and current at the
relay protection location, which is called short circuit impedance. When the short circuit impedance is compared with the set impedance, if it is smaller than the
set impedance, the fault occurs in the area, and if it is larger than the set impedance, the fault occurs outside of the area.

 如图所示：假设线路MN全长100KM，全线路阻抗为40Ω，以40Ω做为整字值，即 ，当故障点K在线路MN区内时，保护装置计算出的短路阻抗：

 As shown in the diagram: assuming that the total length of the line MN is 100 KM, the impedance of the whole line is 40 Ω, and 40 Ω is taken as the integer value,
that is , when the fault point K is in the MN area of the line, the short circuit impedance calculated by the protector is:

将ZK和整定阻抗Zset比较，即可判断故障是在区内还是区外。

By comparing ZK with the set impedance Zset, we can determine whether the fault is inside or outside the area. Z set  40 
UM
ZK 
IM

UM
ZK 
IM

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 （二）PCS931线路距离保护基本公式
距离保护分单相接地距离元件和相间距离元件 (ii) Basic formula of PCS931 line distance protection
Distance protection includes single-phase grounding distance element and interphase distance element

PCS900单相接地距离公式：

PCS900 single-phase grounding distance formula:

如图所示的系统中，线路上K点发生短路。保护安装处的相电压应该是短路点K的该相电压与输电线路上该相的压降之和。输电线路上该相的压降是该相上的正序、负序、和零序压降之和。对于输电线路，其正序阻抗等于负序阻抗，保护安装处相电压的计算公式为：

In the system as shown in the diagram, there is a short circuit in position K in the line. The phase voltage at the relay protection location should be the sum of the phase voltage at the short-circuit point K and the voltage drop of the phase on the transmission line. The voltage drop of this phase on a transmission line is the sum of the positive sequence, negative
sequence, and zero- sequence voltage drops on that phase. For transmission lines, the positive sequence impedance is equal to the negative sequence impedance, and the calculation formula for the phase voltage at the protection installation location is:

U   I 1  Z 1  I 2  Z 2  I 0 Z 0  I 0 Z 1  I 0 Z 1

 ( I 1   I 2   I 0 ) Z 1  I 0 Z 0  I 0 Z 1

Z  Z
 ( I 1   I 2   I 0 ) Z 1  3 I 0 0 1
Z 1
3Z 1
 I  Z 1  3 I 0 KZ 1 90/154 （1-1）
 ( I   3 I 0 K ) Z 1
 PCS931线路距离保护基本公式
所以： Basic formula for PCS931 line distance protection
Whereas: U 
Z1 
I  3I0 K

I 1 I 2 I0 ——流过保护的该相的正序、负序、零序电流 。
- positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence current of the
公式中 、 、 phase flowing through the protection.
Where, , and ——短路点到保护安装处的正、负、零序阻抗。
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 - positive, negative and zero-sequence impedance from the short-circuit
、 、 point to the relay protection location.

U K ——短路点的该相电压。 
K  Z0  Z1  3Z1  Z M Z1
- the phase voltage at the short-circuit point.

K——零序电流补偿系数（定值）,
K - compensation coefficient of the zero-sequence current (set value),

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 PCS931线路距离保护基本公式
Basic formula for PCS931 line distance protection
相间距离保护公式：
Interphase distance protection formula:
保护安装处的相间电压可以认为是保护安装处的两个相电压之差。考虑到如（1-1）式所示的相电压的计算公式后，保护安装处相间电压的计算公式为：
The interphase voltage of the relay protection location can be considered as the difference between the two phases of the relay protection location.
After considering the calculation formula for phase voltage as shown in equation (1-1), the calculation formula for phase voltage at the relay protection
location is:

U AB  (U A  U B )
 ( IA  3 I0 K ) Z 1  ( IB  3 I0 K ) Z 1
 ( I  I ) Z
A B 1

 IAB Z 1

U
所以： Z1＝ AB 92/154
I
Whereas: AB
距离保护配置综述： （三）PCS900线路距离保护配置
Overview of the distance protection configuration: (iii) PCS900 line distance protection configuration
在PCS900保护中，距离元件可以分为：
In PCS900 protection, distance elements can be divided into:
（1）常规距离元件；
(1) Conventional distance elements;
（2）低压距离元件；
(2) Low voltage distance elements;
（3）电抗距离元件；
(3) Reactance distance elements;
（4）负荷限制距离元件;
(4) Load limiting distance elements;
（5）工频变化量距离元件。
(5) Incremental power frequency distance elements.
当正序电压大于10%UN时，采用常规距离元件，常规距离元件极化电压不带记忆。当正序电压低于10%UN时，采用低压距
离元件，原因是当线路发生母线出口处三相短路时，由于正序电压很低，幅值接近0的相量无法进行相量的计算，此时常规
接地距离和相间距离动作圆过零点，正方向故障继电器会拒动，反方向会误动，为此PCS900保护装置配置一个低压距离保
护元件，其极化电压带记忆。
When the positive-sequence voltage is greater than 10%UN, conventional distance elements are used, and the
conventional distance element polarization voltage does not have memory. When the positive sequence voltage is lower
than 10%UN, low-voltage distance elements are used. That's because when the three-phase short circuit occurs at the bus
outlet of the line, the phasor with an amplitude close to 0 cannot be calculated due to the low positive-sequence voltage. At
this time, the conventional grounding distance and interphase distance acting circle crosses the zero point, and the relay
will reject to act in the positive direction and there will be misoperation in the reverse direction. Therefore, the PCS900
protector is equipped with a low-voltage distance protection element, and its polarization voltage has memory,
为了防止故障时过渡电阻造成保护误动，又加上电抗距离保护元件。
In order to prevent the protection misoperation caused by the transition resistance in case of fault, the reactance distance
protection element is added.
对于距离远负荷重 的输 电线 路 ，为 保证 距离 继 电器 躲开 负荷 测 量 阻抗 ， 装 置 设置 了 接 地、 相 间 负 荷限 制 继 电 器。
For the transmission line with long distance and heavy load, in order to ensure that the distance relay avoids the load
measurement impedance, the device is provided with grounding and interphase load limit relays.

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 PCS931线路距离保护配置
PCS900常规距离继电器：
PCS900 conventional distance relay:
Configuration of PCS931 line distance protection
常规距离保护分相间距离保护I段、II段、III段和接地距离保护I段、II段、III段。
The conventional distance protection is divided into interphase distance protection section I, II, and III, and grounding distance
protection section I, II, and III.
1. 距离I段和II段：
2. 1. Distance section I and section II:
（A）距离I段和II段采用正序电压为极化电压，极化电压不带记忆。
(A) Distance section I and section II use positive sequence voltage as the polarization voltage, and the polarization voltage has
no memory.
（B）距离I段和II段带偏移角，偏移角可以整定，分别为0度、15度和30度。
(B) Distance section I and section II has an offset angle, which can be set as to 0 degrees, 15 degrees and 30 degrees
respectively.
（C）距离I段和II段加电抗型继电器，防止过渡电阻造成保护误动作，距离继电器和电抗继电器组成与的关系。
(C) Distance section I and section II are provided with reactance type relay to prevent protection misoperation caused by
transition resistance. The distance relay and the reactance relay are in an AND relationship.
2. 距离III段：
2. Distance section III:
（A）距离III段采用正序电压为极化电压，极化电压不带记忆。
(A) Distance section III uses positive sequence voltage as polarization voltage, and the polarization voltage has no memory.
（B）距离III段做为后备保护，配置应尽量简单，不带偏移角。
(B) Distance section III is used as the backup protection, and the configuration shall be as simple as possible without offset
angle.
（C）距离III段不加电抗型继电器。
(C) No reactance type relay is provided for distance section III.
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 PCS931线路距离保护配置
PCS900低压距离继电器： Configuration of PCS931 line distance protection
PCS900 low voltage distance relay:
针对三相出口处短路，正序电压低于10%UN时，采用低压距离继电器。低压距离继电器也分I段、II段、III段。
For the short circuit at the three-phase outlet, when the positive sequence voltage is lower than 10%UN, low voltage distance relay is used. The
low voltage distance relay is also divided into section I, II and III.
（A）低压距离元件采用正序电压为极化电压，极化电压带记忆。
(A) The low voltage distance element uses positive sequence voltage as its polarization voltage, and the polarization voltage has memory.
（B）低压距离元件的极化电压UP加上插入电压Uins。
(B) The polarization voltage UP of the low voltage distance element plus the insertion voltage Uins.
（C）低压距离III段为后备保护，在反方向出口处也有动作区，会误动，靠时限去躲。
(C) The low-voltage distance section III is the backup protection, and there is also an action area at the exit in the opposite direction. There may
be misoperation and shall be avoided by time limit.
低压距离保护只应用于一种情况，即线路出口处三相短路，此时正序电压很低，稳态情况下阻抗动作圆过零点，此时正方向故障容易拒动，反方
向故障容易误动。低压距离继电器极化电压UP带记忆，同时极化电压UP中加入插入电压Uins，解决了稳态情况下的问题。
Low voltage distance relay is only applied in one situation, which is a three-phase short circuit at the outlet of the line. At this time, the positive
sequence voltage is very low, and in steady-state conditions, the impedance action circle crosses the zero point. At this time, positive direction
faults are prone to rejection, while reverse direction faults are prone to misoperation. The polarization voltage UP of the low-voltage distance
relay has memory, and the insertion voltage Uins is added to the polarization voltage UP to solve the problem in steady-state conditions.
由于三相短路时三相是对称的，所以低压距离继电器采用单相接地距离的公式。
Due to the symmetry of the three phases during a three-phase short circuit, the formula for single-phase grounding distance is adopted for the
low voltage distance relay.

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5.1 PCS931线路常规距离继电器
相量分析
5.1 PCS931 line conventional distance relay
Phasor analysis

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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
• PCS900相间阻抗继电器的动作特性分析：Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 lin
• Action characteristics of PCS900 phase-to-phase impedance relay:
相间阻抗继电器用来保护各种相间短路，它的工作电压、极化电压以及动作方程分别
为：
The interphase impedance relay is used to protect various interphase short circuits,
and its working voltage, polarization voltage and action equation are respectively:

极化电压： U OP  U   I Z set

Polarization voltage:

工作电压： U P  U 1

Working voltage:

U OP
90  arg
o
 270 o
动作方程： UP
Action equation:

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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
（一）常规距离继电器正向两相短路稳态动作特性分析： Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
(1) Analysis of steady-state action characteristics of forward two-phase short circuit for conventional distance relays:

(a)正方向短路系统图
(a) System diagram of short circuit in the positive direction
设发生BC相间短路，假设短路前空载，下面各式中的电流都是故障分量电流。用上图所示系统图里的参数来表达工作电压和极化电压。
Assuming a BC interphase short circuit occurs, assuming no load before the short circuit, the currents in the following formulae are all fault
component currents. Use the parameters in the system diagram shown in the above figure to express the working voltage and the
polarization voltage.
工作电压：
Working voltage:

U OPBC  U BC  IB  IC Z set  IB  IC Z m  IB  IC Z set

 I  I Z  Z   2 I Z  Z 
（2－1）
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B C m set B m set
 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line

考虑到短路以前空载，短路前保护安装处的电压 U 1等于保护背后电源电势
.M E S
，因此极化电压为：
Considering the no-load before the short circuit, the voltage at the relay protection location before the short circuit is equal to the
power supply potential behind the protection, so the polarization voltage is:

U PBC  U 1BC  U 1B  U 1C

   
 U 1B .M  U 1B  U 1C .M  U 1C

 ( E  I Z )  E  I Z 
SB 1B S SC 1C S

 E  E   I  I Z
SB SC
；
1B 1C S

 I  I Z  Z   I  I Z

B C
。
S m 1B 1C S

 1 
 2 IB Z S  Z m   IB Z S  2 IB  Z m  Z S  （2－2）
 2 
以上公式用到了BC两相短路时：
IB   IC
Below relationships are used in the

I1B  I1C  IB

above formula for BC interphase
short circuit:

99/154
 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
将式（2－1）和式（2－2）代入动作方程，消去分子分母中的2IB得： Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
Substitute formula (2-1) and formula (2-2) into action equation, and eliminate 2IB in the numerator and denominator to obtain:

Z m  Z set
90 o  arg  270 o
1
Zm  ZS
2
ZS 为保护背后电源的等值正序阻抗。
is the equivalent positive sequence impedance of the power supply behind the protection.

上式动作方程对应的动作特性是以（  Z set ）和 1 2 Z S  两点的连线为直径的圆，如图所示。该圆向第Ⅲ象限带有偏移。

The action characteristics corresponding to the above action equation is a circle with a diameter of the connecting
line between points ( ) and ( ), as shown in the diagram. The circle has an offset towards the third quadrant.

1-1正向两相短路时相间阻抗继电器的稳态动作特性 100/154
1-1 Steady-state action characteristics of interphase impedance relay in case of two-phase short circuit in forward direction
 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
常规距离继电器正向两相短路的稳态动作特性分析：
Steady-state action characteristics of forward two-phase short circuit of conventional distance relay:
• ⑴ 由于座标原点位于动作特性之内，所以正向出口两相短路没有死区，不必采取其它措施。
• ⑴ Since the origin of the coordinates is within action characteristics, there is no dead band in the two-phase
short circuit at the forward exit, and no other measures need to be taken.
• ⑵ 与传统的以Zset为直径，动作特性经过座标原点的方向阻抗继电器相比，由于在R方向有较多的保护范围，所
以保护过渡电阻的能力比传统的方向阻抗继电器强。
• ⑵ Compared with the traditional directional impedance relay with Zset as the diameter and action
characteristics passing through the coordinate origin, because there is larger protection scope in the R direction,
the ability to protect transition resistance is stronger than the traditional directional impedance relay.

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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
为了进一步提高其保护过渡电阻的能力，可将极化电压相量向超前方向转角（   0 o ）。即极化电压为：

In order to further improve its ability to protect the transition resistance, the polarization voltage phasor can be rotated
towards the leading direction at an angle of ( θ>0o ). That is, the polarization voltage is:

U P  U 1 e j

这样动作方程为：
In such case, the action equation is:
U OP 
90 o
 arg  270 o
U e j 
1

亦即：
that is: U OP 
90    arg
o
 270 o  
U
1

将前述工作电压和极化电压代入，动作方程变换成：
Substitute the aforementioned working voltage and polarization voltage, and transform the action equation into:

Z m  Z set
90 o    arg  270 o  
1
Zm  ZS
2

该动作方程对应的动作特性是以两点
 Z 
set    
和  1 2 Z S 的连线为弦的圆。
The corresponding action characteristic of this action equation is a circle with the line connecting points and as the chord.

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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
当  0 时，该圆向+R方向偏移，如图1-1中的的圆2所示。该动作特性由于在R方向上有更多的保护范围，所以保护过渡
o
电阻的能力提高了。当该阻抗继电器运用在短线路上时，由于整定值较小，圆比较小。为了增强保护过渡电阻的能力，角度可
取大一些。而当该阻抗继电器运用在长线路上时，由于整定值较大，圆也比较大，已经有较强的保护过渡电阻的能力。所以角
可取小一些，或取零度。
When , the circle is offset in the +R direction, as shown in circle 2 in Diagram 1-1. Due to the increased protection scope in
the R direction, the ability to protect the transition resistor is improved. When the impedance relay is used on short lines, due
to the small setting value, the circle ratio is small. In order to enhance the ability to protect the transition resistance, the angle
can be larger. When the impedance relay is used on long lines, due to its larger setting value and larger circle, it already has a
strong ability to protect the transition resistance. So the angle can be smaller or taken as zero degrees.
θ角度的调整范围，装置中设置了0度、15度、30度三档。当应用在短线路上时由于动作特性圆小， θ角度可取大一些。应
用在长一些的线路上时由于动作特性圆大， θ角度可取小一些。
For the adjustment range of θ angle, three gears of 0 degree, 15 degree and 30 degree are set in device. When it is applied
on a short circuit, the θ angle can be larger due to the small action characteristics circle. When it is applied on a longer line,
the θ angle can be chosen to be smaller due to the large action characteristics circle.
建议θ角的取值是：
The recommended value of the angle θ is:
l  10 kM ,θ =00;
10 kM  l  2 kM
,θ =150;
l  2kM
,θ =300
需要指出，正向两相短路时的稳态动作特性虽然在第Ⅲ象限有保护范围，但并不意味着在反方向两相短路时该继电器要误动。
因为前面在推导动作方程时用的是正方向短路系统图里的参数。所以该动作方程只能用来分析正向两相短路时的动作性能。
It should be pointed out that although the steady-state action characteristics in case of forward two-phase short circuit have
protection scope in quadrant III, it does not mean that the relay will have misoperation in case of reverse two-phase short
circuit. Because the parameters in the forward short circuit system diagram are used in the derivation of the action equation,
the action equation can only be used to analyze the operating performance in case of positive two-phase short circuit.
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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
（二）常规距离继电器反向两相短路稳态动作特性分析
(2) Analysis of steady-state action characteristics of reverse two-phase short circuit for conventional distance relays
分析BC相间阻抗继电器。假设短路前空载，下面各式中的电流都是故障分量电流。用系统图里的参数来表达工作电压和极化电压：
Analyze the BC interphase impedance relay. Assuming there is no load before a short circuit, the currents in the following categories are all
fault component currents. Use the parameters in the system diagram to express the working voltage and polarization voltage:

工作电压为：
(b)反方向短路系统图
The working voltage is:
(b) Reverse direction short circuit system diagram

   
U OPBC  U BC  IB  IC Z set   IB  IC  Z m   IB  IC Z set  
 
 IB  IC Z m  Z set   2 IB Z m  Z set 

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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line

极化电压为：
The polarization voltage is:


U PBC  U 1BC  U 1B  U 1C  ( E RB  I1B Z R )  E RC  I1C Z R 
  
 E RB  E RC  I1B  I1C Z R 
  
  IB  IC Z R  Z m   I1B  I1C Z R 
 1 
 2 IB Z m  Z R   IB Z R  2 IB  Z m  Z R 
 2 
将上述两式代入动作方程，消去分子分母中的2IB得：
Substitute the above two equations into the action equation and eliminate 2IB in the numerator and
denominator to obtain:

Z m  Z set
90 o  arg  270 o
1
Zm  ZR
2

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 PCS931线路常规距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of conventional distance relay on PCS931 line
• 动作方程对应的动作特性是以 和set  1 2 两点的连线为直径的圆，如图所示。该圆向第Ⅰ象限上抛，远离了座标
Z ZR 
原点。
• The action characteristics corresponding to the action equation is a circle with the diameter of the connecting line
between points ( ) and ( ), as shown in the diagram. The circle is thrown up towards the first quadrant and away
from the origin of the coordinates.
当反方向发生两相短路时，继电器的测量阻抗落在第Ⅲ象限。即使在反方向出口或母线发生短路，过渡电阻的附加阻抗
是阻容性的话，测量阻抗进入第Ⅱ象限也进入不了圆内。所以在反向两相短路时该继电器有良好的方向性。
When a two-phase short circuit occurs in the opposite direction, the measured impedance of the relay falls in the third
quadrant. Even if there is a short circuit at the opposite outlet or busbar, and the additional impedance of the transition
resistance is resistive and capacitive, the measured impedance cannot enter the second quadrant and cannot enter the
circle. So when there is a reverse two-phase short circuit, the relay has good directionality.

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反向两相短路相间阻抗继电器 稳态动作特性
Steady-state action characteristics of reverse two-
phase short circuit interphase impedance relay
5.2 PCS931线路低压距离
继电器相量分析
5.2 PCS931 line low voltage distance
Relay phasor analysis

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 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line
• PCS900低压距离元件是针对出口处三相短路设定的，三相短路时三相是对称的，所以在低压距离中采用接地阻抗继电器即可。低压距离继电器的
构成方法是：
• PCS900 low voltage distance element is set for the outlet three-phase short circuit. In case of three-phase short circuit, the three-phase is
symmetrical, so in the low voltage distance, grounding impedance relays can be used. The composition method of low voltage distance relay is:

工作电压： U OP  U   I Z set

Working voltage:

U P  U 1M  U ins
极化电压：
Polarization voltage:
o
U OP
90  arg  270 o
动作方程 ： U P
Action equation:

因为是三相短路，所以工作电压中没有3I0项。极化电压固定带记忆。继电器在没有动作之前插入电压Uins的符号取成与工作电压UOP的符号相反
（相位相反）。而在继电器动作之后将插入电压Uins倒置，即Uins的符号取成与UOP的符号相同（相位相同）。插入电压Uins取为0.06UN .
Because it is a three-phase short circuit, there is no 3I0 item in the working voltage. The polarization voltage is fixed and has memory. Before the
relay acts, the sign of the insertion voltage Uins is opposite to the sign of the working voltage UOP (the phase is opposite). After the relay acts,
the insertion voltage Uins will be inverted, that is, the sign of Uins is the same as the sign of UOP (the same phase). The insertion voltage Uins is
0.06UN.

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 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line
（一）正方向三相短路时PCS900低压距离继电器的暂态动作特性
(I) Transient action characteristics of PCS900 low voltage distance relay during positive direction three-phase short circuit

(a)正方向短路系统图
(a) System diagram of short circuit in the positive direction
工作电压：
Working voltage: U OP  U   I Z set  I Z m  I Z set  I Z m  Z set 

极化电压：
Polarization voltage:
设故障前为空载状态，暂态时，极化电压是记忆量，即故障前的电压Es，这个电压远远大于插入电压Uins,所以插入电压可以忽略，极化电压

 I Z  Z 
为：
U   U
Before the fault is set to the no-loadPstate, during  E
1Mthe transient
S state,the polarization
S m voltage is a memory variable, that is, the voltage Es
before the fault, which is much greater than the insertion voltage Uins, so the insertion voltage can be ignored. The polarization voltage is:

Z m  Z set
90 o  arg  270 o
将上两式代入动作方程，分子分母消去IØ得： Zm  ZS
109/154
Substitute the above two equations into the action equation, and eliminate the numerator and denominator to obtain:
 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line
正方向三相短路时PCS900低压距离继电器暂态动作特性如图所示：
The transient action characteristics of PCS900 low low voltage distance relay in case of three-phase short circuit in positive
direction is shown in the figure below:
1. 正向出口三相短路时继电器无死区。正向近处短路不会拒动。
1. The relay has no dead band in case of three-phase short circuit at the forward outlet. The forward short circuit will not
refuse to operate.
2. 保护过渡电阻的能力强，而且该能力也有一定的自适应能力，因为该圆的下端ZS的位置随运行方式的变化是变化的。
2. The ability to protect the transition resistance is strong, and there is also a certain degree of self-adaptation. Because
the position of the lower end of the circle ZS changes with the change of the operation mode.

低压距离继电器在正向出口处三相短路暂态特性
Transient characteristics of the three-phase
110/154short circuit of low voltage
distance relay at forward outlet
 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line
（二）反方向三相短路时PCS900低压距离继电器的暂态动作特性
(ii) Transient action characteristics of PCS900 low-low voltage distance relay in case of reverse three-phase short circuit

(b)反方向短路系统图
(b) Reverse direction short circuit system diagram
工作电压：
Working voltage:

极化电压：
Polarization voltage:
设故障前为空载状态，暂态时，极化电压是记忆量，即故障前的电压ER，这个电压远远大于插入电压Uins,插入电压可以忽略，所以极化电压为：

U  U
Pvoltage Uins,
voltage is much greater than the insertion
 E
1Mand the insertion
R   I Z  Z
voltage can be 
Assume the no-load state before the fault. In the transient state, the polarization voltage is the memory quantity, i. e., the voltage before the fault ER. This
R ignored.mTherefore, the polarization voltage is:

将上两式代入动作方程，分子分母消去IØo得： Z m  Z set
90  arg  270 o
Z m and
Substitute the above two equations into the action equation, Z Reliminate
111/154
the numerator and denominator to obtain:
 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line
 该动作方程对应的动作特性是以 Z set  Z R 
、 两点连线为直径的圆。

 The corresponding action characteristics of this action equation is a circle with the diameter of the connecting line between point ( ) and point ( ).

图中所示的暂态动作特性是向第Ⅰ象限上抛的圆，远离座标原点。在反向发生三相短路时，测量阻抗落在第Ⅲ象限，继电器不会误动。即使在反向出口或母线上发
生三相短路，过渡电阻附加阻抗是阻容性时，测量阻抗进入第Ⅱ象限，继电器也不会误动。所以该继电器的暂态动作特性在反方向短路时有良好的方向性。

The transient action characteristics shown in the figure are upcast circles towards the first quadrant, away from the origin of the coordinates. When a three-
phase short circuit occurs in the reverse direction, the measured impedance falls in the third quadrant and the relay will not malfunction. Even if a three-phase
short circuit occurs at the reverse outlet or bus, and the additional impedance of the transition resistance is resistive and capacitive, the measured impedance
enters the second quadrant, and the relay will not have misoperation. So the transient action characteristics of this relay have good directionality when short
circuited in the opposite direction.

低压距离继电器在反向出口处三相短路暂态特性 112/154
Transient characteristics of the three-phase short circuit of low voltage
distance relay at reverse outlet
 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
•
•
（三）PCS900低压距离继电器的稳态动作特性
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line
(iii) Steady-state action characteristics of PCS900 low voltage distance relay
前面介绍了低压距离继电器的暂态动作特性，即短路刚发生时，由于极化电压UP的记忆作用，在正方向故障时动作圆包括圆点，保护无死区，反方向故障时动作圆为上抛圆，保护不会误动作。但是记忆作用消失
后，极化电压为正序电压，其值很小，这时动作圆过零点，保护可能会不正确动作。

The transient action characteristics of the low voltage distance relay is introduced above, that is, when the short circuit just occurs, due to the memory effect of the polarization voltage UP, the action circle
includes a dot in the positive direction fault, and the protection has no dead band. When fault occurs in reverse direction, the action circle is an upcast circle, and the protection will not have misoperation. But
after the memory disappears, the polarization voltage is a positive sequence voltage, and its value is very small. At this time, the action circle crosses the zero point, and the protection may not act correctly.

低压距离继电器为了解决稳态状态下的问题，极化电压UP加入差入电压Uins，Uins=0.06UN,大于过渡电阻上的压降。其Ⅰ、Ⅱ段接地阻抗继电器的构成方法是：

In order to solve the problem in the steady-state of the low voltage distance relay, the differential voltage Uins is applied to the polarization voltage UP, Uins = 0.06UN, which is greater than the voltage drop on
the transition resistance. The composition method of the grounding impedance relay of sections I and II is as follows:

工作电压：

Working voltage:

极化电压：

Polarization voltage:

U OP  U   I Z set

动作方程 ：

Action equation:

U P  U 1M  U ins

U
继电器在没有动作之前，插入电压的符号取成与工作电压UOP的符号相反（相位相反）。而在继电器动作之后将插入电压倒置，即与工作电压UOP的符号相同（相位相同）。

OP
Before the relay is actuated, the sign ofothe insertion voltage is 
taken to be opposite (phase opposite) to the sign of the working voltage UOP. After the relay acts, the insertion voltage is
voltage UOP. o
 90  arg
inverted, i. e., it is the same sign (phase same) as the working
 90
U P

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 PCS931线路低压距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of low voltage distance relay on PCS931 line

PCS900低压距离继电器的稳态动作特性分析：
Analysis of steady-state action characteristics of PCS900 low voltage distance relay:
正方向出口处三相故障时，由暂态特性可知，此时低压距离继电器可靠动作，继电器动作后，插入电压取与工
作电压同相位。记忆作用消失后，正序电压很小，极化电压UP主要为插入电压Uins ，而此时插出电压与工作电压
同相位，动作方程满足，保护继续动作。
When a three-phase fault occurs at the positive direction outlet, it can be inferred from the transient
characteristics that the low voltage distance relay acts reliably. After the relay acts, the insertion voltage is taken
to be in phase with the working voltage. After the memory effect disappears, the positive sequence voltage is
very small, and the polarization voltage UP is mainly the insertion voltage Uins. At this time, the insertion
voltage is in phase with the working voltage, and the action equation is satisfied. The protection continues to
operate.
反方向出口处三相故障时，由暂态特性可知，此时低压距离继电器可靠不动作，插入电压与工作电压相位相反。
记忆作用消失后，正序电压很小，极化电压UP主要为插入电压Uins，而此时插出电压与工作电压反相位，动作方
程依然不满足，保护可靠不动作。
In case of three-phase fault at the outlet in the reverse direction, it can be seen from the transient
characteristics that the low voltage distance relay is reliable and does not act at this time, and the insertion
voltage is opposite to the phase of the working voltage. After the memory function disappears, the positive
sequence voltage is very low, and the polarization voltage UP is mainly the insertion voltage Uins. At this time,
the insertion voltage is in reverse phase with the working voltage. The action equation is still not met, and the
protection is reliable and does not work.

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5.3 PCS931线路电抗距离
继电器相量分析
5.3 Reactance distance of PCS931 line
Relay phasor analysis

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 PCS931线路电抗距离继电器相量分析
• PCS900相间电抗继电器是这样构成的：
Phasor analysis of PCS931 line reactance distance relay
• The PCS900 interphase reactance relay is composed of:

U OP  U   I Z set

工作电压

Working voltage

极化电压

Polarization voltage

U P   I   Z D
动作方程


Action equation

U op
 90 o  arg  90 o

式中 ——模拟阻抗，其阻抗角为 。因而可将改写成：

Where, - analog impedance, with impedance angle as . Therefore, it can be rewritten as:
U P
78o
O
ZD Z d  Re j 78

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 PCS931线路电抗距离继电器相量分析
正向相间短路PCS900电抗继电器动作特性分析：
Phasor analysis of PCS931 line reactance distance relay
Analysis of the action characteristics of the PCS900 reactance relay with forward interphase short circuit:

(a)正方向短路系统图
(a) System diagram of short circuit in the positive direction

设发生BC相间短路，假设短路前空载，下面各式中的电流都是故障分量电流。用上图所示系统图里的参数来表达工作电压和极化
电压。
Assuming a BC interphase short circuit occurs, assuming no load before the short circuit, the currents in the following formulae
are all fault component currents. Use the parameters in the system diagram shown in the above figure to express the working
voltage and the polarization voltage.
工作电压：
Working voltage:
U OPBC  U BC  I BC Z set  I BC Z m  I BC Z set＝I BC（Z m  Z set）

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 PCS931线路电抗距离继电器相量分析
 极化电压：
Phasor analysis of PCS931 line reactance distance relay
 Polarization voltage:
U P   I   Z D＝－I BC Z D

 将工作电压和极化电压代入动作方程得：
U
 Substitute the working voltage U
OP and polarization  I Z
 voltage
 into
set the action equation to obtain:
arg  arg
U P  I Z
 d

I BC Z m  I BC Z set
 arg
 IBC Re j 78
O

I BC Z m  Z set 
 arg  180 o  78 o
IBC R
Z m  Z set
 arg  258 o
R
动作方程为：
Z m  Z set
The action equation is:  90 o  258 o  arg  90 o  258 o
R
即： Z m  Z set
180 o  12 o  arg  360 o  12 o
That is: R
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 PCS931线路电抗距离继电器相量分析
Phasor analysis of PCS931 line reactance distance relay
• 对应的动作特性是经过 Z
点，沿+R方向与R轴夹角为
set  12 o
的一条直线，如下图中的直线所示，直线的下方（阴影区）是动
作区。
• The corresponding action characteristics is a straight line passing through the point along the +R direction with an angle of
with the R-axis, as shown in the straight line in the figure below, and the part under the line (shaded area) is the action area.

相间短路时相间电抗继电器的动作特性
Action characteristics of interphase reactance relay in case of interphase short circuit
由于相间短路时，过渡电阻就是电弧电阻，其值不大，因此，该电抗特性下倾12°，使送电端的保护受对侧助增而过渡电阻呈容性时不致
超越。
In case of interphase short circuit, the transition resistance is the arc resistance, and its value is not large. Therefore, the
reactance characteristic inclines downward by 12°, so that the protection at the transmission end will not be exceeded when
the transition resistance is capacitive due to the assistance of the opposite end.
以上方向阻抗与电抗继电器二部分结合，增强了在短线上使用时允许过渡电阻的能力。
The above directional impedance, in combination with the reactance
119/154 relay, enhances the ability to allow transition resistance
when used on short lines.
5.4 PCS931线路负荷限制
距离继电器
5.4 Load limit of PCS931 line
Distance relay

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PCS931线路负荷限制距离继电器
PCS931 line load limit distance relay
• 为保证距离继电器躲开负荷测量阻抗，PCS900装置设置了接地、相间负荷限制继电器，其特性如下图
所示，继电器两边的斜率与正序灵敏角Ø一致，RZD为负荷限制电阻定值，直线A和直线B之间为动作区。
当用于短线路不需要负荷限制继电器时，用户可将控制字“投负荷限制距离”置“0”。To ensure that
the distance relay avoids the load measurement impedance, the PCS900
• device is equipped with a grounding and interphase load limiting relay, whose characteristics are
shown in the following diagram. The slope on both sides of the relay is consistent with the positive
sequence sensitivity angle, RZD is the set value of the load limiting resistance, and the action area is
between line A and line B. When a load limiting relay is not required for short circuits, the user can set
the control word "load limiting distance" to "0".

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 5.5 PCS931线路
工频变化量距离继电器
5.5 PCS931 line
Incremental power frequency distance relay

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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离继电器概述
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance Overview
of the relay
• 对继电保护从原理上划分有反应稳态量的保护和反应暂态量的保护两大类。最早研究并使用的都是反
应稳态量的保护，例如通常的电流、电压保护，零序电流保护，用上面分析的阻抗继电器构成的距离
保护，以及原先应用的纵联保护等都是反应稳态量的保护。反应暂态量的保护有反应工频变化量的保
护，反应行波初始特征的行波保护，反应电气量中的暂态分量保护等。
• The principle of relay protection can be divided into two categories: protection based on steady-
state response and protection based on transient response. The earliest studies and applications
were all based on steady-state protection, such as current and voltage protection, zero-sequence
current protection, distance protection composed of impedance relays analyzed above, and
previously applied longitudinal protection, all of which reflect steady-state protection. The protection
for transient quantities includes protection for incremental power frequency, protection for initial
characteristics of traveling waves, and protection for transient components in electrical quantities.
• 反应工频变化量的保护是由我国工程院院士沈国荣首先提出并付诸实现的。上个世纪八十年代初，沈
国荣院士首先提出工频变化量的阻抗继电器和工频变化量的方向继电器的理论，同时立即将它们应用
在微机保护中，这些保护取得了良好的业绩，为电力系统的安全稳定运行做出了积极的贡献。
• The protection of reactive incremental power frequency was first proposed and put into practice by
Shen Guorong, an academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering. In the early 1980s, Shen
Guorong first proposed the theory of impedance relay incremental power frequency and directional
relay incremental power frequency, and immediately applied them to microcomputer protection.
These protections have achieved good performance and made positive contributions to the safe
and stable operation of power systems.

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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器基本原理
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
Basic principles of relays
工频变化量继电器等凡是反应暂态分量的继电器的理论基础都是重叠原理。如图所示，设线路在F点发生短路，短路后状态（a）原理图可以分解为正常
负荷状态（b）和短路附加状态（c）的和。图（c）即我们所需要的工频变化相电路图。
The theoretical basis for relays that reflect transient components, such as incremental power frequency relays, is the principle of overlap. As shown in
the diagrams below, if the line experiences a short circuit at point F, the schematic diagram of state (a) after the short circuit can be decomposed into
the sum of normal load state (b) and short-circuit additional state (c). Figure (c) is the circuit diagram of incremental power frequency phase we need.

（a）短路后状态 （b）正常负荷状态
(a) State after short circuit (b) Normal load state

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（c）短路附加状态
(c) Additional state of short circuit
 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器基本原理
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
Basic principles of relays

 假设输电线路在F点发生经过渡电阻的短路，在短路点人为的加上两个电压源ΔUF，两个电压源大小相等，方向相反，串联后等效电位还是0，
对电路没有什么影响。由叠加原理可得：
 Suppose that the short circuit of the transition resistance occurs at the F point of the transmission line, and two voltage sources ΔUF are
artificially added at the short-circuit point. The two voltage sources are equal in size and opposite in direction, and the equivalent potential is
still 0 after series connection, which has no effect on the circuit. With the principle of superposition, it is to obtain:

U  U K  U l
K lI  I  I
ΔU、UK 、Ul分别为母线的工频变化量电压、负荷电压、短路后故障电压。
ΔU, UK and Ul are the incremental power frequency voltage, load voltage and fault voltage after short circuit of the bus respectively.
在PCS900线路保护装置中，电压电流都是以采样量来计算的，以电流为例，如下图所示，设在T1时刻线路发生故障，则工频变化量电流即
为故障后电流减去故障前一个周波的电流。
In the PCS900 line protector, the voltage and current are calculated based on the sampling quantity. Take the current as an example, as
shown in the diagram below. If a line fault occurs at time T1, the incremental power frequency current is the current after the fault minus the
current of the previous period.

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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器相量分析
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
Relay phasor analysis
工频变化量动作方程为： U OP  U F
The action equation of the incremental power frequency is:
• Uop为保护范围末端电压, 代表保护范围末端电压变化量。 U
• Uop is the end voltage within the protectionOP
scope and represents the voltage change at
the end of the protection scope.
• 对相间阻抗继电器
U OP  U   I   Z SET
• Interphase impedancerelay
• 对接地阻抗继电器
• Grounding impedancerelay  
U OP  U    I   K  3I 0  Z SET
• 为动作门槛，取故障前工作电压的记忆量。
• U is the action threshold, and the memory of the working voltage before the fault is
F
taken.
UF

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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器相量分析
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
（一）正方向短路时工频变化量距离元件的动作特性 Relay phasor analysis
(i) Action characteristics of incremental power frequency distance components during short circuit in positive direction
正方向短路时的短路附加状态如图所示。加在工频变化量阻抗继电器上的电压和电流是阻抗继电器接线方式中规定的电压、电
流，其正方向为传统规定的方向。
The additional state of the short circuit in case of short circuit in positive direction is shown in the diagram. The voltage and the
current applied to the incremental power frequency impedance relay are the voltage and current specified in the wiring mode of
the impedance relay, and its positive direction is the direction as traditionally specified.

正方向短路时短路附加状态图
Additional state diagram of the short circuit in case of short circuit in the positive direction
由等效电路得：
From the equivalent circuit to obtain:
U OP  U m  Im Z set   Im Z S  Im Z set   Im Z S  Z set 
U F  Im Z S  Z K 
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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器相量分析
将上述两式代入动作方程 ，消去电流 得： I m current to obtain:
Substitute the above two equations into the action equation , and eliminate the
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
Relay phasor analysis
Z S  Z set  Z S  Z K
将上述比幅式动作方程转化为比相式动作方程得：
Convert the above amplitude-comparison action equation into phase-comparison action equations to obtain:

Z K  Z set
90 o  arg  270 o
Z K  2 Z S  Z set

该动作方程对应的动作特性是以、两相量的端
点的连线为直径的圆，如下图中的圆1所示，
相量位于圆内继电器动作。该圆向第Ⅲ象限有
很大的偏移。
The corresponding action characteristics
of this action equation is a circle with a
diameter of the connecting line between
th e e n d p o i n t s o f t h e t w o p h a s e s , a s
shown in circle 1 in the figure below. The
phasor is located within the circle and the
relay acts. The circle has a significant
offset towards the third quadrant.

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(b)正向短路的动作特性
(b) Action characteristics of the short circuit in the positive direction
 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器相量分析
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
正方向故障时工频变化量阻抗继电器的动作性能 ： Relay phasor analysis
Action performance of incremental power frequency impedance relay in case of fault in the positive direction:

（1）继电器有很强的保护过渡电阻的能力，而且该能力有很强的自适应功能。

(1) The relay has a strong ability to protect the transition resistance, and this ability has a strong adaptive function.

频变化量阻抗继电器在R方向上有更多的保护范围，所以在区内经过渡电阻短路不易拒动，保护过渡电阻的能力很强。

The incremental power frequency impedance relay has larger protection scope in the R direction, so it is not easy to reject to act when there is short
circuit through the transition resistance in the area, and the ability to protect the transition resistance is very strong.

（2）区外短路不会超越

(2) Outer short circuit will not exceed

由于过渡电阻是电阻性的，和R轴平行，所以当区外发生经过渡电阻故障，测量阻抗不会落入动作圆内，保护不会误动。

Since the transition resistance is resistive and parallel to the R-axis, the measured impedance will not fall into the action circle and the protection will
not have misoperation when there is outer fault through the transition resistance.

（3）正方向出口短路没有死区。

(3) There is no dead band in the short circuit of the outlet in the positive direction.

因为正方向短路的动作特性是向第Ⅲ象限有很大偏移的圆，座标原点在动作特性内，因而正方向出口短路无死区，近处故障也不会拒动，不必采取任
何其它措施。

Because the action characteristics of the positive direction short circuit is a circle with great deviation to the III quadrant, and the coordinate origin is
within the action characteristics, there is no dead band for the positive direction outlet short circuit, and the nearby fault will not reject to act, and no
other measures need to be taken.

（4）系统振荡时或者系统运行中电流、电压有波动时工频变化量阻抗继电器不会误动。

(4) The impedance relay of incremental power frequency will not have misoperation when the system oscillates or when the current and voltage fluctuate.

因为系统振荡时振荡周期最长以1.5S计，产生的工频变化量很小，工频变化量保护几乎不受影响，所以保护不会误动。

Because the longest oscillation period during system oscillation is calculated as 1.5 S, the generated incremental power frequency is very small, and the
power frequency variation protection is almost unaffected, so the protection will not have misoperation.

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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器相量分析
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
（二）反方向短路时工频变化量距离元件的动作特性 Relay phasor analysis
(ii) Action characteristics of incremental power frequency distance components during short circuit in the reverse direction
反方向短路时的短路附加状态如图所示。加在工频变化量阻抗继电器上的电压和电流是阻抗继电器接线方式中规定的电压、电流，其正方向
为传统规定的方向。
The additional state of the short circuit in case of short circuit in the reverse direction is shown in the diagram. The voltage and current
applied to the incremental power frequency impedance relay are the voltage, current specified in the wiring mode of the impedance relay,
and the positive direction is the direction traditionally specified.

反方向短路时短路附加状态图
Additional state diagram in case of short circuit in the reverse direction

由等效电路得：
From the equivalent circuit to obtain:
U OP  U m  Im Z set  Im Z R  Im Z set  Im Z R  Z set 

U F   Im Z R  Z K   Im  Z R  Z K 

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 PCS931线路工频变化量距离
继电器相量分析
PCS931 line incremental power frequency distance
Relay phasor analysis
将上述两式代入动作方程 ，消去电流 得：
Im
Substitute the above two equations into the action equation , and eliminate the current to obtain:

Im
Z R  Z set   Z R  Z K
将比幅式动作方程转化为比相式动作方程：

The amplitude-comparison type action equation is converted into the phase-comparison type operation equation:

 Z K   2 Z R  Z set
90 o  arg  270 o
 Z K   Z set
该 动 作 方 程 对 应 的 动 作 特 性 是 以  2 Z R  Z set  、 Z set 
两相量端点的连线为直径的圆，如图所示，该圆向第Ⅰ象限
上 抛 ， 相 量 位 于 圆 内 继 电 器 动 作 。
The corresponding action characteristics of this action
equation is a circle with a diameter of the connecting
line between the phasor endpoint A and B, as shown in
the diagram. The circle is upcast towards the first
quadrant, and the phase is located within the circle for
relay action.
反方向故障时保护测量的阻抗是 ，处于第Ⅲ象限，所
以继电器不会误动。
In case of fault in the reverse direction, the impedance

measured by the protection is , which is in 反方向短路的动作特性

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quadrant III, so the relay will not have misoperation. Action characteristics of short circuit in the reverse direction
 PCS931工频变化量距离保护试验
PCS931 incremental power frequency distance protection test
• 仅投距离保护压板，重合把手切在“综重方式”；

• Only go into distance protection strap, and switch the reclosing handle to "comprehensive reclosing mode";

• 整定保护定值控制字中“工频变化量阻抗”置1，投相间、接地各段距离置0；

• Set the "incremental power frequency impedance" in the control word of set value protection to 1, go into interphase and set the grounding distances of various sections to 0;

• 等保护充电，直至“充电”灯亮；

No
• Wait for the protection to charge until the "charging" light is on;

• 加故障电流I=2IN，分别摸拟A、B、C相单相接地瞬时性故障（同时应满足故障电压在0-UN范围内）及AB、BC、CA相间瞬时性故障，（同时应满足故障电压在0-100V范围内）；

• Apply the fault current I=2IN to simulate the single-phase ground transient fault of phases A, B and C (in addition, the fault voltage shall be within the range of 0-UN) and the
interphase transient fault of AB, BC and CA (in addition, the fault voltage shall be within the scope of 0-100 V);

• 模拟单相接地故障电压：

• Simulate single-phase ground fault voltage:

Image
• 模拟相间故障电压：

• Simulated interphase fault voltage:

• 式中：m=0.9 ；1.1 ；2；

• Where: m = 0.9; 1.1; 2;

• ZZD：工频变化量距离保护定值；
ZZD: incremental power frequency distance protection set value;

• 工频变化量阻抗在m=1.1时应可靠动作，在m=0.9时应可靠不动作，在m=2时动作时间小于10ms,装置面板相应灯亮；

• When m=1.1, the incremental power frequency variation impedance shall reliably act, and when m=0.9, it shall reliably not act; when m=2, the action time shall be less than 10 ms,
and the corresponding light on the device panel shall be on;

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 PCS931工频变化量距离试验公式推导
（单相）
Formula derivation of PCS931 incremental power frequency
distance test
•工频变化量阻抗继电器动作方程为: (Single-phase)
•The action equation of the incremental power frequency impedance relay is:
 U OP  U F ..........................
（6－1）
正方向单相（A）接地短路：
Single-phase (A) grounding short circuit in the positive direction:
U F  1.05U AN ...............................................(6  3)
U OP  U A   ( I A  3KI 0 ) Z ZD
 U AK  U AN   ( I A  3KI 0 ) Z ZD
 (U AN  U AK )   ( I A  3KI 0 ) Z ZD ................(6  2)

将（6－2）、（6－3）式代入（6－1）得：
Substitute equations (6-2) and (6-3) into (6-1) to obtain:

 (U AN  U AK )   ( I A  3KI 0) Z ZD  1.05U AN
即：
That is:
U AK  ( I A  3KI 0 ) Z ZD  (1  1.05)U AN
 I A (1  K ) Z ZD  (1  1.05)U AN
 I A (1  K ) Z ZD  (1  1.05)U AN
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 PCS931工频变化量距离试验公式推导
（相间）
Formula derivation of PCS931 incremental power frequency distance test
(Interphase)
•工频变化量阻抗继电器动作方程为:
•The action equation of the incremental power frequency impedance relay is:
 U OP  U F ..........................(6  4)
正方向相间（AB）短路：
Interphase (AB) short circuit in the positive direction
U F  1.05U ABN ................................(6  6)
U OP  U AB  I AB Z ZD
 U ABK  U ABN  I AB Z ZD
 (U ABN  U ABK )  I AB Z ZD ................(6  5)

将（6－5）、（6－6）式代入（6－4）得：
Substitute equations (6-5), (6-6) into (6-4) to obtain:

 (U ABN  U ABK )  I AB Z ZD  1.05U ABN

即：
That is:

U ABK  I AB Z ZD  (1  1.05)U ABN

 (I A  I B ) Z ZD  (1  1.05)U ABN
 2I A Z ZD  (1  1.05)U ABN 134/154
5.6 PCS931线路距离保护整定
5.6 Setting of PCS931 line distance protection

135/154
 PCS931线路距离保护整定
距离I段：
Setting of PCS931 line distance protection
Distance section I:

按可靠躲过本线路末端故障整定。最大灵敏角θ取为线路阻抗角。
Set according to reliable avoidance of the fault at the end of the line. The maximum sensitivity angle θ is taken as the line impedance angle.

－－距离I段动作阻抗； Z op.1  K rel Z L

- Action impedance of distance section I;

Z op.1
－－可靠系数，取0.8~0.85;
- Reliability coefficient, taken as 0.8~0.85;

－－线路正序阻抗。
- Positive sequence impedance of the line.

距离II段：

Distance section II:

K rel
ZL
按本线路末端金属性故障有不小于规定的灵敏系数整定，并与相邻线路距离I段或II段配合，动作时间按配合关系整定。

Set the sensitivity coefficient of the metal fault at the end of this line to be no less than the specified value, and cooperate with the distance between adjacent lines in section I or section II, with the action time set according to the
coordination relationship.

－－本线路正序阻抗。
- Positive sequence impedance of the line
' '
－－相邻线路距离I段动作阻抗。 Z OP. II  K rel Z L  K rel
- Action impedance of section I between adjacent lines.
K b Z OP .1

ZL
－－分支系数。
- Branch coefficient.

－－可靠系数，取0.8~0.85;
' coefficient, taken as 0.8~0.85;
Z OP.1
- Reliability

－－可靠系数，取
- Reliability coefficient, taken as

Kb
K rel
136/154
K ' rel K '
 0 .8
rel
 PCS931线路距离保护整定
 距离Ⅲ段： Setting of PCS931 line distance protection
 Distance section III:
距离Ⅲ段定值，按可靠躲过本线路的事故过负荷最小阻抗整定，并与相邻线路不经振荡闭锁的距离II段或距离III段配合。
The set value of distance section III shall be set according to the minimum impedance that can reliably avoid the
accidental overload of the line, and shall be coordinated with the distance section II or distance section III of adjacent
lines without oscillation blocking.
距离Ⅲ段的动作时间应按配合关系整定，对可能振荡的线路，还应大于振荡周期。
The action time of distance section III shall be set according to the coordination relationship, and for lines that may
oscillate, it shall also be greater than the oscillation period.
距离Ⅲ段阻抗定值，对相邻线路末端故障的灵敏系数应力争不小于1.2。
For the impedance set value of distance section III, the sensitivity coefficient to the fault at the end of adjacent line
shall not be less than 1.2 as far as possible.

' '
Z OP. III  K rel Z L  K rel K b Z OP
ZL . II
－－本线路正序阻抗。
- Positive sequence impedance of the line
Z－－相邻线路距离II段动作阻抗。
L
- Action impedance of distance section II of adjacent lines.
'
Z OP
－－可靠系数，取0.8~0.85;
.II
- Reliability coefficient, taken as 0.8~0.85;
K rel
－－可靠系数，取
- Reliability
' coefficient, taken as
K rel
－－分支系数。
'
K ' rel
- Branch coefficient. K rel  0 .8
Kb 137/154
 距离保护方框图
不对称故障开放元件
Asymmetric fault open component Block diagram of distance protection
拒全相振闭开放元件
All phase oscillation-blocking rejected open
element
振荡闭锁元件
对称故障开放元件 Oscillating-blocking element
Symmetric fault open element
振荡闭锁开放
振闭过流元件
Oscillation-blocking open
Oscillation-blocking
overcurrent component

保护起动
Protection starts

I段接地距离
Grounding distance of
section I
距离保护I段 距离I段动作
Distance section I acts
Distance protection section I

I段相间距离
Interphase distance of
section I

II段接地距离
Grounding distance of
section II 距离保护n段 接地距离
Distance protection section n Grounding distance
II段时间
Time of section II
接地距离II段动作
Grounding distance section II acts
距离II段动作
距离保护II段
Distance section II acts
相间距离 II段时间
Distance protection section II Time of interphase
distance section II
相间距离II段动作
II段相间距离
Interphase distance of
section II
Interphase distance section II acts

电压接线路PT
Voltage wiring line PT

单或三相合闸
Single or three-phase closing

三重加速距离保护II段
Triple acceleration distance protection section II

距离加速动作
三重加速距离保护ni段
Triple acceleration distance protection section ni Distance acceleration acts

三相合闸
Three phase closing

距离保护III段 接地距离 III段时间

Time of grounding
in段接地距离 Distance protection of section III distance section III
Grounding distance of section
in

距离III段动作
Distance section III acts
距离保护III段 相间距离 III段时间
in段相间距南 Time of interphase
Distance protection of section III distance section III
Interphase distance of section
in

138/154

手动合闸
Manual closing
• 六 PCS931零序过流保护
• VI PCS931 zero-sequence over-current
protection

139/154
• 零序电流保护中是反应一侧电气量的保护，它快速动作的第Ⅰ段按躲过本线路末端接地短路时流过保护的最大零序电流整定。所以第Ⅰ段只能保护本线路的
一部分。带有短延时的第Ⅱ段的任务是能以较短的延时尽可能切除本线路全长范围内的故障。带有长延时的第Ⅲ段的任务是起可靠的后备作用。它一方面要
作为本保护Ⅰ、Ⅱ段的后备，这称做近后备。另一方面要作为相邻线路保护的后备，这称做远后备。所以它既要保证本线路末端短路有足够的灵敏度，又要
保证在相邻线路末端短路有足够的灵敏度。现在有些系统还用四段式的零序电流保护，这时第Ⅳ段起后备保护作用。
• Zero-sequence current protection is a protection that reflects the electrical quantity on one side. Section I of its rapid action is set according to the
maximum zero- sequence current flowing through the protection when avoiding the grounding short circuit at the end of this line. So section I can only
protect a part of this line. The task of section II with a short delay is to remove faults within the entire length of the line as much as possible with a shorter
delay. The task of section III with a long delay is to serve as a reliable backup. On the one hand, it should serve as a backup for section I and section II of
this protection, which is called near backup. On the other hand, it should serve as a backup for protection of adjacent lines, which is called remote backup.
So it needs to ensure sufficient sensitivity for short circuits at the end of this line, as well as sufficient sensitivity for short circuits at the end of adjacent
lines. Some systems now use four-section zero- sequence current protection, and the section IV serves as a backup protection.
• 零序电流保护只能用来保护接地短路故障，所以对于两相短路和三相短路不能起到保护作用，但是这两类故障概率不大。另外零序Ⅰ段保护范围受运行方式
的影响也较大，有时可能保护范围缩得很小，这一点比同样保护接地故障的接地距离Ⅰ段要逊色得多。但是按躲不平衡电流整定的零序电流保护的最后一段
零序过电流保护，由于很灵敏受过渡电阻的影响较小，这一点又比接地距离第Ⅲ段强。
• Zero-sequence current protection can only be used to protect against grounding short circuit faults, so it cannot provide protection for two-phase short
circuits and three-phase short circuits, although the probability of these two types of faults is small. In addition, the protection scope of the zero-sequence
Zone I protection is greatly influenced by the operating mode, and sometimes the protection scope may be very limited. This aspect is much inferior to the
Zone I distance protection for grounding faults. However, the last section of zero-sequence overcurrent protection, which is set based on the unbalanced
current, is very sensitive and less affected by transition resistance. In this regard, it is stronger than the Zone III distance protection for ground faults.

140/154
 零序方向继电器
Zero-sequence Directional relay
PCS931线路保护中的零序方向继电器采用比较零序功率的方法实现，零序功率为：
The zero sequence directional relay in PCS931 line protection is realized by comparative zero-sequence
powe, and the zero-sequence powe is:

P0  3U 0  3 I 0  cos    l 

 l 为线路零序阻抗的阻抗角，取80度。
Is the impedance angle of zero-sequence impedance of the line, taken as 80 degrees.
 为
3U 0
超前
3I0
的夹角，
  arg U 0 I0
Is the angle of the lead,
零序功率正方向继电器的动作方程为：
The action equation of the zero-sequence power positive direction relay is:

P0  3U 0  3I 0  cos   l   1VA 当I N  5 A时

When


P0  3U 0  3I 0  cos   l   0.2VA When
当I N  1A时 

零序功率反方向继电器的动作方程为：
The action equation of the zero-sequence power reverse direction relay is:
P0  3U 0  3I 0  cos    l   0VA

141/154
 零序方向继电器
• (1). 正方向故障时零序功率：
Zero-sequence Directional relay
• (1) Zero-sequence powe in case of positive direction failure:

• 如图所示的正方向短路的零序序网图，按图中规定的电压、电流正方向可得：

• For the zero-sequence network diagram of short circuit in positive direction as shown in the figure, according to the positive direction of voltage
U 0   I0 Z S 0
and current specified in the figure, we can get:

如果系统中各元件零序阻抗的阻抗角都为80度，正方向短路时根据上式，零序电压超前零序电流的角度为：
If the impedance angles of all components in the system for zero-sequence impedance are 80 degrees, the angle between the zero-
sequence voltage and the zero-sequence current during a forward short circuit can be determined using the equation:

  arg U 0 I 0   arg  Z S 0   arg Z S 0  180 0  100 0

因此零序功率如下，此时零序功率正方向元件动作。
Therefore, the zero-sequence power is as follows, and in this case, the directional element for zero-sequence power operates
P0  3U 0  3I 0  cos   l 
in the forward direction.

 3U 0  3I 0  cos( 100  80)

 3U 0  3I 0

142/154
 零序方向继电器
• (2). 反方向故障时零序功率：
Zero-sequence Directional relay
• (2) Zero-sequence powe in case of reverse direction fault:

• 如图所示的反方向短路的零序序网图，按图中规定的电压、电流正方向可得：

• According to the zero-sequence network diagram of the reverse direction short circuit shown in the figure, the voltage and current directions can
U 0  I0 ( Z l 0  Z R 0 )
be determined as specified in the diagram:

如果系统中各元件零序阻抗的阻抗角都为80度，正方向短路时根据上式，零序电压超前零序电流的角度为：
If the impedance angles of all components in the system for zero-sequence impedance are 80 degrees, the angle between the zero-
sequence voltage and the zero-sequence current during a forward short circuit can be determined using the equation:

  arg U 0 I 0   arg Z l 0  Z R 0   80 0
因此零序功率如下，此时零序功率反方向元件动作。
Therefore, the zero-sequence power is as follows, and in this case, the directional element for zero-sequence power operates

P0  3U 0  3 I 0  cos    l 
in the reverse direction.

 3U 0  3 I 0  cos( 80  80 )
 3U 0  3 I 0

143/154
 零序过流保护逻辑图
Zero-Sequence Over-Current Protection Logic Diagram
自产零序起动元件
Self-produced zero-sequence starting
element

外接零序起动元件
External Zero-Sequence Starting Element 零序正方向元件
零序功率正方向
Zero-sequence power forward direction
Zero-sequence positive directional element
零序功率反方向
Inverse direction of zero-sequence power

零序反方向元件
Zero-sequence reverse directional element
零序过流
Zero-sequence

零序II段动作
II段零序元件 overcurrent
Zero-sequence element of section II段时间
II Time of section II

Zero-sequence Section III Action

零序in段经方向
Zero-sequence in-phase direction

零序过流III段 时间-500
Zero-sequence
III段零序元件 overcurrent section III
Zero-sequence element of section III
Time-500

零序III段动作
Zero-sequence Section III Action
保护跳闸
Protection of trip

保护起动
Protection starts

手合或三重
Hand-closed or triple

零序过流加速元件
Zero-sequence overcurrent acceleration
零序过流加速动作
element
Zero-sequence
60ms 0
overcurrent acceleration
单相重合
Single-phase reclosing action
PT断线时过流时间
In case of PT line-break
Overcurrent Time

PT断线零序过流动作
PT断线零序过流
PT line-break Zero-Sequence Overcurrent

PT line-break Zero-Sequence
PT断线
PT line-break PT断线时 过流时间
Overcurrent Protection Trip
Over-current time
in case of PT line-
break PT断线相过流动作
PT断线相过流
144/154 PT line-break Phase Overcurrent Action
PT line-break Phase Overcurrent
七. 重合闸
VII. Recloser

145/154
 重合闸
Recloser

• 据统计，输电线路上有以上的故障是瞬时性的故障如雷击、鸟害等引起的故障。短路以后如果线路两侧的断路器
没有跳闸，虽然引起故障的原因已消失，例如雷击已过去、电击以后的鸟也已掉下，但由于有电源往短路点提供
短路电流，所以故障不会自动消失。等继电保护动作将输电线路两侧的断路器跳开后，由于没有电源提供短路电
流，电弧将熄灭。
• According to statistics, the faults on the transmission line mentioned above are transient faults caused by events
such as lightning strikes and bird damage. After a short circuit occurs, if the circuit breakers on both sides of the
line do not trip, even though the cause of the fault has disappeared, such as the passing of the lightning strike or
the bird that caused the fault falling off, the fault will not automatically clear because there is a power source
supplying the short circuit current to the short-circuit point. However, when the protective relays operate and trip
the circuit breakers on both sides of the transmission line, the arc will extinguish because there is no power
source supplying the short circuit current.
• 原先由电弧使空气电离造成的空气中大量的正、负离子开始中和，这过程称之为去游离。等到足够的去游离时间
后，空气可以恢复绝缘水平。这时如果有一个自动装置能将断路器重新合闸就可以立即恢复正常运行，显然这对
保证系统安全稳定运行是十分有利的。
• Originally, the large number of positive and negative ions in the air, caused by the ionization of the air due to the
arc, begins to neutralize. This process is called deionization. After sufficient deionization time, the air can restore
its insulation level. If there is an automatic device that can close the circuit breaker again, the system can
immediately return to normal operation. Clearly, this is highly beneficial for ensuring the safe and stable
operation of the system.

146/154
 重合闸时间的考虑
Consideration of recloser timing.
• 微机保护的重合闸是在断路器主触头断开，并且判别线路无电流后才开始计重合
闸的延时的，因为这才真正意味着本侧断路器已跳开了。所以重合闸的时间是从
此时开始到重合闸装置发出合闸脉冲之间的时间。
• The recloser operation in microcomputer-based protection occurs after the main
contacts of the circuit breaker have opened and it has been determined that
there is no current in the circuit. This signifies that the circuit breaker on the
local side has indeed tripped. Therefore, the reclosing time is the duration
between this moment and the issuance of the reclosing device's closing pulse.
• 那么线路上发生故障保护将断路器跳开以后，什么时间才允许断路器重新合闸？
在两侧断路器都已跳闸后电弧才开始熄灭，所以首先要考虑电弧熄灭的时间。电
弧熄灭以后短路点才开始去游离，所以再要考虑去游离时间，至此空气才恢复绝
缘水平。上述两个时间之和称做断电时间。考虑了断电时间以后再加上足够的裕
度时间才允许断路器合闸，这样才能提高重合闸的成功率。
• After the circuit breaker trips due to a fault on the line, when is it allowed to
reclose the circuit breaker? The first consideration is the time required for the
arc to extinguish after both circuit breakers on both sides have tripped. Once
the arc has extinguished, the short-circuit point begins to deionize, so the
deionization time must also be taken into account. Only after these two time
intervals has the air restored its insulation level. The sum of these two times is
referred to as the outage time. After considering the outage time, an additional
margin of time is added before allowing the circuit breaker to reclose. This
approach improves the success rate of 147/154
recloser.
 检无压和检同期重合闸
Testing for no-voltage and synchronous recloser.

• 这是目前应用最多的一种检查条件的重合闸。设图4-2中MN线路的M侧装有检查线路无压重合闸，N
侧装有检查同期重合闸。当MN线路上发生短路，两侧三相跳闸后，线路上三相电压为零。所以M侧
检查到线路无电压满足了检查条件，经三相重合闸动作时间后发合闸命令。随后N侧检查到母线、线
路均有电压，且母线与线路的同名相电压的相角差在整定值中规定的允许范围内，经三相重合闸动
作时间后即可发出合闸命令，这时N侧合闸是满足同期条件的。使用这种检查条件的重合闸一定要给
装置既提供母线电压，也要提供线路电压。
• This is currently the most widely used recloser condition for testing. In Figure 4-2, the M side of the
MN line is equipped with a no-voltage reclosing device, while the N side is equipped with a
synchronous recloser device. When a short circuit occurs on the MN line and both sides trip in all
three phases, the voltage on the line becomes zero. Therefore, the M side detects that the line is
voltage-free, satisfying the testing condition, and issues a recloser command after the three-phase
reclosing delay. Subsequently, the N side detects that both the busbar and the line have voltage,
and the phase angle difference between the busbar and the line's corresponding phase voltage is
within the allowable range specified by the setting value. After the three-phase recloser delay, a
recloser command can be issued. At this point, the recloser on the N side satisfies the synchronous
condition. When using this recloser condition, the device must provide both the busbar voltage and
the line voltage.

ES M N ER

图4-2 检查线路无压和检查同期重合闸
图4-2 检查线路无压和检查同期重合闸
148/154
Fig. 4-2: Checking for no-voltage and synchronous recloser.
• 检查线路无电压侧总是先重合的。因此该侧有可能重合在故障线路上再次跳闸。所以该侧断路器有可
能在短时间内需切除两次短路电流，工作条件相对恶劣。检查同期侧是在线路有压且满足同期条件后
才重合的，所以肯定重合在完好的线路上，断路器的工作条件相对好一些。为了均衡负担，检查线路
无压侧和检查同期侧可定期倒换。但是如果是发电厂的出线，该侧一般都定为检查同期侧。
• The side checking for voltage absence always recloses first. Therefore, there is a possibility that this
side may trip again on the faulted line after reclosing. As a result, the circuit breaker on this side may
need to interrupt the short circuit current twice within a short period, operating under relatively harsh
conditions. The side checking for synchronization recloses only when the line has voltage and
satisfies the synchronous conditions. Therefore, it will definitely reclose on the intact line, providing
relatively better operating conditions for the circuit breaker. To balance the burden, the sides
checking for voltage absence and synchronization can be periodically switched. However, if it is an
outgoing line from a power plant, the side checking for synchronization is generally chosen.
• 为了在断路器‘偷跳’后能用重合闸补救，一般在检查线路无压侧将检查同期的功能也投入。因为否
则的话在断路器‘偷跳’后由于线路一直有电压，重合闸无法发合闸命令，投入检同期的功能后可用
检查同期的方法重合。需要特别指出，在检查同期侧检查线路无电压的功能千万不能投入，否则的话
两侧均有检线路无电压的功能，在两侧断路器跳闸后两侧可能同时合闸造成非同期合闸。
• To rectify the situation after a circuit breaker trips unexpectedly, it is generally recommended to
serving the synchronous reclosing function on the side responsible for checking voltage absence.
This is necessary because, otherwise, after the circuit breaker trips unexpectedly, the line remains
energized, and the recloser would be unable to issue a reclosing command. By activating the
synchronous reclosing function, the reclosure can be achieved using the method of checking for
synchronization. It is important to emphasize that the function of checking for voltage absence
should never be activated on the side responsible for synchronous reclosing. Otherwise, both sides
would have the function of checking for voltage absence, and after the circuit breakers on both sides
trip, there is a possibility of simultaneous reclosure, resulting in unsynchronized reclosing.
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• 在PCS-900系列线路保护中，均提供了上述两种检查条件的重合闸。
• In PCS-900 series line protection, recloser of the above two inspection conditions is
provided.
• 检查线路无电压的条件是：线路或母线电压小于30V，同时线路TV没有断线。
• The criteria for checking voltage absence on the line are: the line or busbar voltage is
less than 30 V, and simultaneously, there is no disconnection in the line TV.
• 检查同期的条件是：首先线路、母线电压都大于40V，再满足线路和母线同名相电压的
相位差在定值整定的范围内（例如30 度）。
• The conditions for checking the synchronization are: first, both the line and the busbar
voltage are greater than 40 V, and then the phase difference of the voltage with the
same name of the busbar is within the range of the set value (e.g. 30°).
• 在PCS-900保护中提供给保护的线路电压可以是任一相电压或任一相间电压，保护有
自适应功能。如果定值单中的同期合闸角为，正常运行时保护测量到的线路电压与母线
A相电压的夹角为。在检同期时只要测量到线路电压与母线A相电压的夹角在至的范围
内即认为满足同期的第二个条件。
• In the PCS-900 protection, the voltage provided to the protection can be either any
phase voltage or any phase-to-phase voltage, with adaptive functionality. If the set
value for the synchronous reclosing angle in the setting table is, during normal
operation, the angle between the measured line voltage by the protection and the
busbar phase A voltage is considered. During synchronous reclosing check, as long
as the angle between the measured line voltage and the busbar phase A voltage falls
within the range of, it is considered to satisfy the second condition for synchronization.
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 重合闸逻辑图
Recloser Logic Diagram
TWI启动单重
TWI Boot Single Weight

本保护单跳固定
The one-jump fixed for the protection

任一相无流
No current in any phase

单相重合时间
Single-phase reclosing time

本保护三跳固定
The Three-jump fixed for the protection
三相重合时间
重合闸
Recloser
Three-phase reclosing time

TWJ启动三重
TWJ Starts Triple

三相均无流
Three-phase no current

三重方式
Triple Method

线路PT异常
Line PT Abnormality

检无压方式
No-pressure
testing method
线路U<30V
Line U<30 V

线路U>40V 检同期方式
Line U>40 V
Method of
Checking the
Same Period

同期满足
Satisfied during the same period

装置未起动
The device is not started

合闸压力闭重
Closing pressure and weight of circuit breaker

重合闸退出
Recloser to exit

闭锁重合放电
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Closure and discharge of overlapping
 TV断线判别及处理
TV line-break Detection and Handling and treatment

• 三相电压向量和大于8伏，保护不起动，延时1.25秒发PT断线异常信号；
• If the sum of the three-phase voltage vectors is greater than 8 volts, the protection does not start, and after a delay of 1.25 seconds, it
sends a PT line-break abnormal signal;
• 三相电压向量和小于8伏，但正序电压小于33.3V时，若采用母线PT则延时1.25秒发PT断线异常信号；若采用线路PT，则当任一相有流元件
动作或TWJ不动作时, 延时1.25秒发PT断线异常信号。装置通过整定控制字来确定是采用母线PT还是线路PT。
• If the sum of the three-phase voltage vectors is less than 8 volts, but the positive sequence voltage is less than 33.3 V, if busbar PT is
used, a PT line-break abnormal signal is sent after a delay of 1.25 seconds. If line PT is used, a PT line-break abnormal signal is sent
after a delay of 1.25 seconds when any phase has a current element operation or TWJ does not operate. The device determines whether
to use busbar PT or line PT based on the set control word.
• PT断线信号动作的同时，保留工频变化量阻抗元件，将其门坎增加至 ，退出距离保护，自动投入PT断线相过流和PT断线零序过流保护。
PCS-931GM将零序过流保护Ⅱ段退出，Ⅲ段不经方向元件控制。
• Upon the operation of the PT line-break signal, while retaining the directional element of the incremental power frequency impedance, its
threshold is increased to [threshold value]. The distance protection is exited, and the PT line-break phase over-current and PT line-break
zero-sequence over-current protections are automatically serving. In PCS-931GM, the section II of the zero-sequence over-current
protection is exited, and the section III is not controlled by the directional element.
• 三相电压正常后, 经10秒延时PT断线信号复归。
• After the three-phase voltage is normal, the PT line-break signal will be reset after a delay of 10 s.

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 TA断线判别及处理
TA line-break Detection and Handling and treatment

• 自产零序电流小于0.75倍的外接零序电流，或外接零序电流小于0.75倍的自产零序电流，延时200ms发CT断线异
常信号；
• If the self-generated zero-sequence current is less than 0.75 times the externally injected zero-sequence current,
or the externally injected zero-sequence current is less than 0.75 times the self-generated zero-sequence
current, a CT line-break abnormal signal is sent after a delay of 200 ms.
• 有自产零序电流而无零序电压，且至少有一相无流，则延时10秒发CT断线异常信号。
• If there is self-generated zero-sequence current without zero-sequence voltage, and at least one phase has no
current, a CT line-break abnormal signal is sent after a delay of 10 seconds.
• 保护判出交流电流断线的同时，在装置总起动元件中不进行零序过流元件起动判别，PCS-931将零序过流保护Ⅱ
段不经方向元件控制，退出零序过流Ⅲ段和零序反时限过流段。
• Upon detecting the AC current line break in the protection, the starting element for the zero-sequence over-
current element is not activated in the device's overall starting elements. In PCS-931, the second stage of the
zero-sequence over-current protection is not controlled by the directional element, and the third stage of zero-
sequence over-current and zero-sequence inverse-time over-current elements are exited.

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 谢 谢!
Thank you!

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