SESSION 4 Statistics & Prob 2021

Statistics &
Probability
HaithamDahawi@gmail.com 01001635997
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY OUTLINE
Statistics Discrete Probability

 Mean/Median/Mode  Equally likely
 Range  Mutually exclusive
 Standard deviation  Either-or probabilities
 Consecutive probabilities
Series& Sequences
 Geometric &Arithmetic
 Other sequences
Counting methods
 Multiplication
Sets  Factorial
 Union /Intersection
 Permutation
 2-D sets
 Combination
Definition
Mean/Median /Mode
STATISTICS Range
Standard deviation
Frequency
STATISTICS DEFINITION
looking at a set of numbers and figuring out what they mean.
In addition to arranging sets of numbers, on the GMAT you must evaluate

them.
To evaluate data correctly, you should know the central tendency of

numbers and the dispersion of their values.
Common tools for describing a central tendency include arithmetic mean,

median, mode, and standard deviation
STATISTICS AVERAGE (MEAN)
The average of {6, 4, 7, 10, 4 }is:
(6+4+7+10+4) 31
= = 6.2
5 5
STATISTICS MEDIAN
The middle value in a set :

Need to Arrange the set from least to most
 If number of elements is odd (take the middle)
 If number of elements is even (take the average of middle 2
elements)
Median of {6, 4, 7, 10, 4 }is
First order:{4,4,6,7,10}
Take the middle = 6
 Note that the mean was =6.2

 The median of a set of data can be less than, equal to, or greater
than the mean
STATISTICS MODE
The most common element in a set.

A list of numbers may have more than one mode
Ordering makes it easier to figure it out
For the set: {2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Mode = 2,3
For the set: {2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9}
Mode = 7
STATISTICS PRACTICE
Answer A
STATISTICS PRACTICE
Answer C
MEAN VS MEDIAN
MEAN VS MEDIAN
In the set (6, 6, 6, 6, 6)

The Mean is 6
The Median is 6
In the set (2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

The Mean is 6
The Median is 6
In the set (1, 5, 6, 8, 10)

The Mean is 6
The Median is 6
WEIGHTED AVERAGE
WEIGHTED AVERAGE
Answer D
STATISTICS RANGE
The degree to which numerical data are spread out or

dispersed can be measured in many ways.
The simplest measure of dispersion is the Range
Range: the greatest value in the numerical data minus the
least value.
The Range of {11, 10, 5, 13, 21) is :
21 – 5 = 16.
Note : Range depends on only two values in the data.
STATISTICS PRACTICE
STATISTICS STANDARD DEVIATION
The measure of the average deviation from the mean
The more the data are spread away from the mean, the greater the
standard deviation
For the set {0,7,8,10,10} the SD will be:
Good News : You won't need to calculate it in GMAT Q’s

STATISTICS STANDARD DEVIATION
Consider these two distributions:
A: {1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, 7}

B: {1, 3, 4, 5, 7}
Mean & Median = 4
Range = 6.
But the standard deviation of A is greater than that of B,
because 2.5 and 5.5 are further away than 3 and 5 from the
mean.
STANDARD DEVIATION PRACTICE
Answer C
Answer D
Answer D
GEOMETRIC & ❑Definition
ARITHMETIC SERIES
ARITHMETIC SERIES
In an Arithmetic series, each term is increased or decreased by a

constant
EX: in the series {2, 4, 6, 8, 10…}, the added constant is 2
𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎3 = 𝑎2 + 2
6=4+2
EX: in the series {21, 18, 15, 12, 9…}, the added constant is -3
𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎3 = 𝑎2 + (−3)
15 = 18 + (−3)
GEOMETRIC SERIES
In a geometric series, each term is a constant multiple of the

preceding one
The multiple (or ratio) might be obvious by examining the series
EX: in the series {2, 4, 8, 16, …}, the constant multiple is 2
𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝐶
𝑎3 = 𝑎2 × 2
8=4×2
GEOMETRIC SERIES PRACTICE
Answer C
SERIES PRACTICE
Answer B
• Definition
• Union
SETS • Intersection
• Operations
SETS DEFINITION
Set :is a collection of numbers or other objects.
The objects are called the elements of the set.
If S is a set having a finite number of elements, then the

number of elements is denoted by |S|.
S= {–5, 0, 1} → |S| = 3.
The order in which the elements are listed does not matter
SETS UNION & INTERSECTION
For any sets A,B:

Union of A,B is: A∪B
Intersection of A,B is :A∩B
A∩B= ∅ → no common elements:
mutually exclusive
SETS PRACTICE
What is C?
C={5,10,15,20,2,4,6,8}
SETS ADDITION RULE
IS∪TI =ISI+ITI −IS∩TI

Total – Neither= ISI+ITI-IS∩TI
The number of elements in their union equals the sum of
their individual numbers of elements minus the number of
elements in their intersection
(because the latter are counted twice in the sum)
As a special case, if S and T are disjoint, then

IS∪TI =ISI+ITI since S∩T = φ
SETS PRACTICE
Answer D
SETS PRACTICE
Answer B
SETS PRACTICE
Answer E
SETS PRACTICE
Answer C
SETS 2-D
Ex 2: In a certain production lot, 40 percent of the toys are red, and the remaining
toys are green . Half of the toys are small, and half are large. If 10 percent of the toys
are red and small, and 40 toys are green and large, how many of the toys are red and
large.
 Sol: For this kind of problem, it is helpful to organize the information in a table:
 The numbers in the table are the percentages given. The following percentages can be
computed on the basis of what is given:
 Since 20% of the number of toys (n) are green and large, 0.20n = 40 (40 toys are green
and large), or n = 200. Therefore, 30% of the 200 toys, or (0.3)(200) = 60, are red and
large.
SETS 2-D PRACTICE
Answer B
SETS 2-D PRACTICE
SETS 2-D PRACTICE
Answer B
SETS 2-D PRACTICE
DISCRETE • Definition
• Formula
PROBABILITY • Addition rule
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DEFINITION
Concerned with experiments that have a finite number of

outcomes.
Given such an experiment, an event is a particular set of
outcomes.
Probability refers to the statistical chances, of an event
occurring (or not occurring).
probability ranges from

0 to 1→(0% to 100 %)
DISCRETE PROBABILITY
If you reach into a bag filled with nothing but green

jellybeans and pull out a jellybean:
 The probability that that jellybean will be green is 100 %.
 If you reach into the same bag and pull out another
jellybean, the probability that that jellybean will be purple
is 0 %
DISCRETE PROBABILITY PRACTICE
Answer D
Answer D
Answer is C.
PROBABILITY EQUALLY LIKELY
If the probability of each of the outcomes is the same, then the

probability of each outcome are said to be
Equally Likely.
This applies for :

Coin : {H,T}
Dice : {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Cards {52 cards}
Or any Defined set
PROBABILITY (EITHER-OR NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE)
E is the event that the outcome is an odd number

E= {Odd no’s} = {1, 3, 5}
3
P(E) =
6
F is the event that the outcome is a prime number
F= {Prime no’s} = {2, 3, 5}
3
P(F) =
6
2
P (Odd and Prime) P (E and F) = P({3, 5}) =
6
4
P (Odd or Prime) P (E or F) = P({1,2,3,5}) =
6
3 3 2 4
P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F)−P(E and F)= + − =
6 6 6 6
PROBABILITY (EITHER-OR MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE)
1. What’s the probability of getting either heads or tails when
flipping a coin once?
1 1
The probability is 100% : + =1
2 2
2. What’s the probability of selecting a red marble or a green marble

from a bowl containing 4 red marbles, 5 blue marbles, and 5 green
marbles?
4
There are 4 red marbles out of 14 total marbles :
14
5
There are 5 green marbles out of 14 total marbles :
14
4 5 9
The probability of selecting a red or green marble : + =
14 14 14
PROBABILITY PRACTICE
Answer is C
PROBABILITY CONSECUTIVE PROBABILITIES
1. What’s the probability of getting heads twice in a row when flipping

a coin twice?
1 1 1 1 1
𝑝 𝐻 = ,𝑝 𝐻 = → 𝑝 𝐻, 𝐻 = × =
2 2 2 2 4
2. What’s the probability of drawing a blue marble and then a red

marble from a bowl containing 4 red M’s, 5 blue M’s, and 5 green M’s?
(Assume that the M’s are not replaced after being selected.)
5 4 5 4 20 10
𝑝 𝐵 = ,𝑝 𝑅 = → 𝑝 𝐵, 𝑅 = × = =
14 13 14 13 182 91
PROBABILITY CONSECUTIVE PROBABILITIES
Answer is B
1
P of 2T=p of 2H =
4
1 1 1
P(T)x p(T)= × =
2 2 4
Or seeing all probabilities as :

{H,H} {H,T} {T,H} {T,T}
1
Then the probability p({T,T})=
4
Multiplication
COUNTING METHODS Factorial

Permutation
Combination
COUNTING METHODS
There are some useful methods for counting objects and sets
of objects without actually listing the elements to be counted.
Multiplication: selections of items from 2 or more sets

Factorial : different arrangements of the set
Permutation( repetition ): different arrangements in lesser places
Permutation(no repetition ): different arrangements in lesser
places
Combination: different selections from the set
MULTIPLICATION
If an object is to be chosen from a set of m objects and a second
object is to be chosen from a different set of n objects
there are mxn ways of choosing both objects simultaneously
Ex : suppose the objects are items on a menu.

 If a meal consists of 1 Appetizer ,1 Main Dish ,and 1 Dessert
 and there are 5 Appetizers , 6 Main Dishes, and 3 Desserts on the menu,
then there are 5 × 6 × 3= 90 different meals that can be ordered from the
menu.
MULTIPLICATION
How many outcomes are there when you flip a coin 8 times
(or flip 8 coins once)
When each coin is flipped:

There are 2 possible outcomes, H & T
Then the number of different outcomes is
(2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2)= 28 possible outcomes
FACTORIAL
A symbol that is often used is the factorial : (!)
n factorial, denoted by the symbol n! : Is defined as the

product of all the integers from 1 to n.
 1!=1
 2!=2x1=2
 3!=3x2x1=6
 4!=4x3x2x1=24
 5!=5x4x3x2x1=120
 n!=nx(n-1)x(n-2)x………x2x1
FACTORIAL
Factorial is often used in situations where you need to list all

arrangements of a set of n numbers in n places
The number of items is equal to the places that you’ll arrange in
How many arrangements are there for a line of 8 boys :
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 boys in 8 places
Then there are :8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1 =8! Ways to arrange them
FACTORIAL PRACTICE
4 3 2 1
PERMUTATION
Permutation is often used in situations where you need to list all

arrangements of a set of n numbers in lesser number of places r
The number of places to organize in are less than the items to be
arranged
Key words : orders , arrangements , sequences
PERMUTATION
How many arrangements are there for a line of 8 boys if there
are only 5 places:→ 8 boys in 5 places
8 7 6 5 4
Then there are :8x7x6x5x4 =20160 Ways to arrange them
8! 8!
𝑃58 = =
8 − 5 ! 3!
8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1
=
3×2×1
=8×7×6×5×4
PERMUTATION
Ex: the number of ways of ordering the letters A, B, C, D, E in 3
places are 60 A B C B A C C D E
A B D B A D C D E
A B E B A E C D E
5 4 3
A C B B C A C D E
A C D B C D C D E
5! 5!
𝑃35 = = A C E B C E C D E
5 − 3 ! 2!
A D B B D A C D E
5×4×3×2×1 A D C B D C C D E
=
2×1 A D E B D E C D E
A E B B E A C D E
=5×4×3
A E C B E C C D E
A E D B E D C D E
PERMUTATION
if there are 7 objects (no repetition) But only 2 places to fill
7 6
7x6=42
FACTORIAL & PERMUTATION PRACTICE
In how many ways can 3 different prizes be awarded to 10 boys , if

any boy may win them all
 Ans : 10x10x10=1000 10 10 10
In how many ways can first and second prize be awarded to 10 boys
 Ans : 10x9=90
10 9
In how many ways can first , second and third prize be awarded to
10 boys
 Ans : 10x9x8
10 9 8
How many code words of 4 can be formed from the 26 letters of the
alphabet
 Ans : 26x26x26x26
26 26 26 26
How many code words of 4 can be formed from the 26 letters of the
alphabet if no letter is repeated
 Ans : 26x25x24x23
26 25 24 23
In how many ways can 8 boys be arranged in a row?

 Ans: 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1=40320
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In how many ways of these ways do 2 particular boys occupy

end places
6 5 4 3 2 1 2 1
There are 5 gramophone records with a dance tune on each side of

each record
In how many orders can the tunes be played none being repeated?
 Ans:10x9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1=10!
How many arrangements are possible if there is only time to play 4

tunes
10 9 8 7
 Ans: 10x9x8x7=10 p4 =10!/(10-4)!=10!/6!
In How many orders can the letters of the word Sunday be arranged?
 Ans : 6x5x4x3x2x1=6!
6 5 4 3 2 1
How many of these arrangements don't begin with S
 Ans : 5x5x4x3x2x1=600
5 5 4 3 2 1
How many of begin with S and don't end with Y
 Ans : 1x4x3x2x1x4=96
1 4 3 2 1 4
How many numbers greater than 7000 can be formed from the
digits {3,5,7,8,9} no digit being repeated?
5 4 3 2 1
3 4 3 2
 Ans:
 (i) the number contains 5 digits :5p5 =5!=120
 (ii)the number contains 4 digits :3x 4p3 =4x3x2x3=72
 here the left-hand digit must not be 3 nor 5
 The total number of arrangements is 120 + 72=192
How many even numbers of 4 digits can be formed from{2,3,4,6} if

repetition is allowed
Ans: only the last digit can't be 3 → 4 4 4 3
How many odd numbers above 400 can be formed from{1,2,3,4,6} if

repetition is not allowed
Ans: the last digit mustn't be 2,4 or 6
2
5 4 3 2 1 ×
5 4 3 2 2
4 3 2 1 2 2 3 2
Note : when we arrange a set with repeating elements, we

divide by factorial the number of repetitions
In how many ways can the letters in (rearrange) be arranged?
Ans :( r r r a a e e g) are 9 numbers
9!
→ =15120
3!×2!×2!
In how many of these arrangements do the letters “a” come
together
Ans : suppose the aa are joint
We have 8 elements :( r r r (aa) e e g)
8!
→ =3360
3!×2!
COMBINATIONS
When we refer to combinations instead of permutations, we are

talking about groupings in which order does not matter
consider a set of n objects from which a complete selection of r
objects is to be made
without regard to order, where 0 ≤ r ≤ n. Then the number of
possible complete selections of r objects is called the number of
combinations of n objects taken r at a time and is denoted by
Keywords :Groups of , choices , selections
COMBINATIONS
Ex : if S = {A, B, C, D, E},
then the number of 2 element subsets of S, or the number of
combinations of 5 letters taken 2 at a time, is
5! 5! 5×4×3×2×1
5C
2= = = = 10
(5−3)!×3! 2!×3! 2×1×3×2×1
A B C D E
A AB AC AD AE
Same as permutation 5 4 B BA BC BD BE
C CA CB CD CE
Factorial the no of available places 2!
D DA DB DC DE
E EA EB EC ED
COMBINATIONS
4 3 2
3!
4 3 2
COMBINATIONS PRACTICE
Same as permutation 6 5 4 3
Factorial the no of available places 4!
COMBINATIONS PRACTICE
in how many ways can a committee of 3 women and 4 men be chosen from
8 women and 7 men? 8 7 6
There are 8C 3 ways of selecting 3 women from 8 women
There are 7C 4 ways of selecting 4 men from 7 men 3!
The number of ways= 8C 3 x 7C 4 =1960
7 6 5 4
4!
What are number of ways if Miss.X refuses to serve if Mr. y is a member?
 Ans: take the reverse probability i.e: the probability of them both selected
 Then remain selection of 2 women from 7 women
7 6
 And selection of 3 men from 6 men
 Which is 7C 2 x 6C 3 = 420 2!
 The numbers of selections which doesn’t include miss x ,mr. y is
 1960-420=1540 6 5 4
3!
COUNTING METHODS PRACTICE
Answer C
COUNTING METHODS PRACTICE
Answer C
ASSSIGNMENT

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SESSION 4 Statistics &amp; Prob 2021

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Statistics &

Statistics Discrete Probability

looking at a set of numbers and figuring out what they mean.

In addition to arranging sets of numbers, on the GMAT you must evaluate

To evaluate data correctly, you should know the central tendency of

Common tools for describing a central tendency include arithmetic mean,

The average of {6, 4, 7, 10, 4 }is:

The middle value in a set :

 Note that the mean was =6.2

The most common element in a set.

For the set: {2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

In the set (6, 6, 6, 6, 6)

In the set (2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

In the set (1, 5, 6, 8, 10)

The degree to which numerical data are spread out or

Note : Range depends on only two values in the data.

Good News : You won't need to calculate it in GMAT Q’s

Consider these two distributions:

A: {1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, 7}

In an Arithmetic series, each term is increased or decreased by a

In a geometric series, each term is a constant multiple of the

The multiple (or ratio) might be obvious by examining the series

EX: in the series {2, 4, 8, 16, …}, the constant multiple is 2

Set :is a collection of numbers or other objects.

The objects are called the elements of the set.

If S is a set having a finite number of elements, then the

For any sets A,B:

IS∪TI =ISI+ITI −IS∩TI

As a special case, if S and T are disjoint, then

Concerned with experiments that have a finite number of

probability ranges from

If you reach into a bag filled with nothing but green

 The probability that that jellybean will be green is 100 %.

If the probability of each of the outcomes is the same, then the

This applies for :

E is the event that the outcome is an odd number

2. What’s the probability of selecting a red marble or a green marble

1. What’s the probability of getting heads twice in a row when flipping

2. What’s the probability of drawing a blue marble and then a red

Or seeing all probabilities as :

COUNTING METHODS Factorial

Multiplication: selections of items from 2 or more sets

there are mxn ways of choosing both objects simultaneously

Ex : suppose the objects are items on a menu.

When each coin is flipped:

(2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2)= 28 possible outcomes

A symbol that is often used is the factorial : (!)

n factorial, denoted by the symbol n! : Is defined as the

Factorial is often used in situations where you need to list all

Permutation is often used in situations where you need to list all

Key words : orders , arrangements , sequences

if there are 7 objects (no repetition) But only 2 places to fill

In how many ways can 3 different prizes be awarded to 10 boys , if

In how many ways can 8 boys be arranged in a row?

In how many ways of these ways do 2 particular boys occupy

There are 5 gramophone records with a dance tune on each side of

How many arrangements are possible if there is only time to play 4

How many even numbers of 4 digits can be formed from{2,3,4,6} if

How many odd numbers above 400 can be formed from{1,2,3,4,6} if

Note : when we arrange a set with repeating elements, we

When we refer to combinations instead of permutations, we are

Keywords :Groups of , choices , selections

Factorial the no of available places 4!

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SESSION 4 Statistics & Prob 2021

SESSION 4 Statistics & Prob 2021