What is organology?

; The field of biological science that specifically studies

groups of tissues that perform definite functions.
What are blood vessels?; Circulatory tubes that are for the passageway of blood.
What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?; Tunica adventitia/externa, tunica
media, and tunica intima/interna.
What is the endothelium?; The innermost layer of blood vessels that contains
elastic fibers and smooth muscles and lines the lumen, which is the central cavity
of the vessel.
What is the function of skin?; Mainly for protection.
What are the two main layers of skin?; Epidermis and dermis.
What is the stratum corneum?; The outermost or most superficial layer of the skin,
made up of squamous cells that undergo molting or ecdysis, which is the shedding
off of the skin.
What is the stratum germinativum/stratum Malpighi?; The layer of the epidermis that
contains mitotic columnar cells that are actively dividing, producing new cells,
and also where the chromatophores for pigmentation are located.
What is the function of the Stratum Malpighi?; It contains mitotic columnar cells
that are actively dividing, producing new cells.
What are the two sub-layers of the Dermis?; The two sub-layers of the Dermis are
Stratum laxum or Stratum spongiosum and Stratum compactum.
What is the function of the Stratum laxum or Stratum spongiosum?; It is a layer of
connective tissue.
What is the function of the Stratum compactum?; It is the innermost layer of the
frog's skin that has compact connective tissue fibers.
What is the function of the stomach?; The stomach is a J-shaped organ where partial
digestion of food takes place.
What is the function of the Small Intestine?; The Small Intestine is a long tube
for the final digestion of food and absorption of water.
What is the function of the Liver?; The Liver is the largest gland of the body.
What is the function of the blood vessels in the Liver?; The blood vessels are the
biggest among the spaces, with the function of carrying blood to and from the
liver.
What are the spaces called that separate the polygonal cells in the liver?;
Sinusoids or blood capillaries.
What is the largest space among the blood vessels in the liver?; Sinusoids.
What are the small cavities lined with cuboidal cells in the liver called?; Bile
ducts.
What are the thick-walled, small cavities in the liver called?; Arterioles.
What are the smallest cavities with fewer cuboidal cells in the liver called?; Bile
capillaries.
What are the irregular pinkish structures in the liver composed of?; Pigment
granules.
What is the main excretory organ in the body?; Kidney.
What is the function of the kidney?; To function as the disposal agent for
nitrogenous waste.
What is the shape of the kidney?; Bean-shaped.
What are the spaces in the kidney filled with cavities or spaces called?;
Mesonephric duct or Wolfian duct.
What is the space filled with red blood cells in the kidney called?; Renal Portal
Vein.
What are the cavities lined with cuboidal cells in the kidney called?; Uriniferous
Tubules.
What does Bowman's Capsule in the kidney contain?; A ball of capillaries called
glomerulus.
What are the gonads that function in the production of gametes or sex cells and sex
hormones called?; Reproductive organs.
What is the female gonad called?; Ovary.
What does the ovary contain?; Egg cells.
What are the female sex hormones produced by the ovary?; Estrogen and progesterone.
How is the ovary suspended in the body?; To the dorsal body wall by ligaments.
What is the female gonad responsible for?; The production of egg cells and female
sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
What is the mesovarium?; The mesentery that suspends the female gonad, the ovary,
to the dorsal body wall.
What are the two layers that cover the female gonad?; The outer layer, Theca
externa, and the inner layer, Theca interna.
What is the male gonad responsible for?; The production and development of the male
gametes, the sperm cells, and male hormones, testosterone.
What are the Leydig cells?; The interstitial cells in the male gonad responsible
for the production of male hormones.
What is the tunica albuginea?; The inner covering of the male gonad.
What are the seminiferous tubules?; The sites of spermatogenesis in the male gonad.
What is the mesorchium?; The mesentery that supports the male gonad, the testis.
What is the spinal cord?; The organ enclosed in the vertebral column that carries
messages from the brain to the different parts of the body and vice versa.
What is the canalis centralis?; The central canal in the spinal cord lined with
simple columnar epithelium, called ependymal cells.
What are the two layers that cover the spinal cord?; The outer layer, Dura mater,
and the inner layer, Pia mater.
What is the name of the outermost layer of the meninges?; Dura mater.
What is the name of the innermost layer of the meninges?; Pia mater.
What is the name of the outer part of the spinal cord that contains nerve fibers?;
White matter.
What is the name of the inner part of the spinal cord that contains nerve cells and
neuroglia cells?; Gray matter.
What is the name of the slender extensions in the dorsal part of the spinal cord?;
Dorsal horns.
What is the name of the broad extensions in the ventral part of the spinal cord?;
Ventral horns.
What is the name of the ventral fissure that is the broader surface with blood
vessels?; Ventral septum.
What is the name of the narrower dorsal fissure in the spinal cord?; Dorsal septum.
What were Empedocles' four classical elements?; Air, fire, wind, and earth.
What is the Aristotelian Elements theory?; It is the Theory of Four Elements of
Empedocles, popularized and added by Aristotle.
What did George Louis Buffon propose about the change in organisms?; Change in
organisms is brought about by the action of the environment, and there is a special
creation of species, so change is degenerate.
What did George Louis Buffon study?; He studied the Comparative Anatomy of the limb
bones of different animals.
What is the meaning of the term species?; It refers to a group of living organisms
consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
What is Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?; It is the process by
which organisms with favorable variations survive and reproduce at a higher rate
than those without such variations, leading to a gradual change in the
characteristics of a population.
How does evolution determine gene frequency in populations?; Evolution determines
gene frequency in populations through natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow,
and mutation.
What is the process of speciation?; It is the process by which new species arise
from existing ones through various mechanisms such as geographic isolation,
reproductive isolation, and genetic divergence.
Why is it important to study evolutionary processes and ecological principles in
zoology?; It is important to understand the diversity of life, the relationships
between organisms and their environment, and the mechanisms that drive evolutionary
change.
What did Jean-Baptise Lamarck propose?; Lamarckism, the idea that acquired traits
are inheritable.
What is the basis of Lamarck's theory?; The widely accepted theory of inheritance
during his time, which stated that need is the driving force to develop new organs
or modify existing ones.
What is the conclusion of Lamarck's theory regarding species becoming extinct?;
Species could not become extinct, it simply evolves into different species.
What is the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin?; Natural selection.
What is the theory of biological evolution?; The theory that species change over
time.
What is the theory of natural selection?; The theory that individuals in a species
show variation in physical characteristics, and those individuals most suited to
their environment survive and pass on their traits to their offspring.
What is the contribution of Erasmus Darwin to the theory of evolution?; He included
the natural history in his poems, stating the relatedness of all forms of life and
that all organisms share a common ancestor.
What did Georges Cuvier study?; The comparative anatomy of the limb bones of
different animals.
What is the conclusion of Cuvier's study?; Animals use their limbs differently but
have similar structures, and different animals came from a single ancestral animal.
What is the driving force of evolution according to Lamarck's theory?; Need, which
is the driving force to develop new organs or modify existing ones.
What is the theory of inheritance of acquired characters?; Acquisition of new
characters or organs.
What is a gene pool?; The collection of ALL the alleles for all the traits and
genetic variations of a certain population that is necessary for evolution.
What is a population?; A group of organisms of the same species with a common set
of genes living in a particular area for a given time where genetic changes are
passed on to every generation.
What are the variations among individuals in a population that may occur due to?;
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes in the gametes, Crossing Over among the
homologous chromosomes, The Chances of an Egg Getting Fertilized by a Sperm,
Chromosomal Arrangements, Mutations.
What is population genetics?; A biological field of study that examines how allele
frequencies change over time in a population due to evolutionary forces.
What is the process of crossing over among homologous chromosomes called?; Crossing
over among homologous chromosomes.
What is the chance of an egg getting fertilized by a sperm?; 1 in 200 million.
What does population genetics study?; The genetic makeup of populations and the
factors changing its composition.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?; Allele frequencies remain constant (or at
equilibrium) over generations in the absence of disturbing factors.
What can disrupt the equilibrium in the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?; Mutations,
introduction of new alleles, and changes in gene sequence.
What is genetic drift?; The random fluctuations in the chances of allele
frequencies, especially in small populations.
What is gene flow?; The movement of genes from one population to another due to
migration or interbreeding.
What is the assumption in the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?; Allele frequencies remain
constant over generations in the absence of disturbing factors.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?; The Hardy-Weinberg theorem assumes that a
population must be large, there should be no migration among the population,
mutations must not occur except during mutation equilibrium, and sexual
reproduction must be random within the population.
What is the biological species concept?; The biological species concept states that
organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed to produce viable,
fertile offspring.
What is the basic unit of classification?; The basic unit of classification is a
species.
What is the difference between the biological species concept and the phylogenetic
species concept?; The biological species concept defines a species as organisms
that can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring, while the phylogenetic
species concept defines a species as a group of populations that independently
evolved.
Can organisms that look different from each other belong to the same species?; Yes,
organisms that belong to the same species can look different from one another.
What is the definition of a species according to the biological species concept?;
Organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed to produce viable,
fertile offspring.
What is the biological species concept?; It is a group of populations that
independently evolved.
What is the phylogenetic species concept?; It defines a species as a group that
shares a common ancestor and has a unique evolutionary history.
What is speciation?; It is the formation of new species.
What is reproductive isolation?; It is the avoidance of interbreeding between
subpopulations, resulting in non-occurrence of gene flow.
What is allopatric speciation?; It happens if there are geographic barriers between
subpopulations, resulting in geographically isolated groups that may evolve unique
characteristics that distinguish them from the original population.
What is parapatric speciation?; It happens within demes or small, local
populations, where members experience different selection pressures in a common
border or range.
What is sympatric speciation?; It happens within a single population, where two or
more subpopulations of a species evolve into distinct species without any
geographic isolation.
What is nswithinasinglepopulation?; It is when two or more subpopulations of a
species evolve into distinct species without any geographic isolation.
What can cause nswithinasinglepopulation?; It can occur due to factors such as
polyploidy (increase in the number of chromosomes).
What is an example of nswithinasinglepopulation?; Indigo birds from Africa.
What is the course code for General Zoology Lecture?; COURSECODE.
What is the name of the professor for General Zoology Lecture?; PROF.
What is the name of the family that cats belong to?; Felidae.