Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (STMP)

SMTP is used to send and receive email. It is sometimes paired with IMAP or POP3
(for example, by a user-level application), which handles the retrieval of
messages, while SMTP primarily sends messages to a server for forwarding.

POP protocol
The post office protocol (POP) is the most commonly used message request protocol
in the Internet world for transferring messages from an e-mail server to an e-mail
client. With POP3, the e-mail client requests new messages from the e-mail server,
and the server “pops” all new messages out to the client.

TCP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP allows for transmission of information in both directions. This means that
computer systems that communicate over TCP can send and receive data at the same
time, similar to a telephone conversation. The protocol uses segments (packets) as
the basic units of data transmission

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer protocol. UDP is a part of the
Internet Protocol suite, referred to as UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is an
unreliable and connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to establish a
connection prior to data transfer. The UDP helps to establish low-latency and loss-
tolerating connections establish over the network.The UDP enables process to
process communication.

Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and
addressing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at
the correct destination.

SSH port 22
The port is used for Secure Shell (SSH) communication and allows remote
administration access to the VM. In general, traffic is encrypted using password
authentication

teletype network protocol

The Telnet Protocol (TELNET) provides a standard method for terminal devices and
terminal-oriented processes to interface. TELNET is commonly used by terminal
emulation programs that allow you to log into a remote host.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)? ICMP is a network level protocol. ICMP
messages communicate information about network connectivity issues back to the
source of the compromised transmission. It sends control messages such as
destination network unreachable, source route failed, and source quench.

HTTP is a protocol for fetching resources such as HTML documents. It is the

foundation of any data exchange on the Web and it is a client-server protocol,
which means requests are initiated by the recipient, usually the Web browser
The versions of the HTTP protocol (or "HTTP versions") commonly used on the
Internet are HTTP/1.0, which is an earlier protocol including fewer functions, and
HTTP/1.1, which is a later protocol including more functions.

HTTP/0.9 — The One-line Protocol

Initial version of HTTP — a simple client-server, request-response, telenet-
friendly protocol
Request nature: single-line (method + path for requested document)
Methods supported: GET only
Response type: hypertext only
Connection nature: terminated immediately after the response
No HTTP headers (cannot transfer other content type files), No status/error codes,
No URLs, No versioning

HTTP/1.0 — Building extensibility

Browser-friendly protocol
Provided header fields including rich metadata about both request and response
(HTTP version number, status code, content type)
Response: not limited to hypertext (Content-Type header provided ability to
transmit files other than plain HTML files — e.g. scripts, stylesheets, media)
Methods supported: GET , HEAD , POST
Connection nature: terminated immediately after the response

HTTP/1.1 — The standardized protocol

This is the HTTP version currently in common use.
Introduced critical performance optimizations and feature enhancements — persistent
and pipelined connections, chunked transfers, compression/decompression, content
negotiations, virtual hosting (a server with a single IP Address hosting multiple
domains), faster response and great bandwidth savings by adding cache support.
Methods supported: GET , HEAD , POST , PUT , DELETE , TRACE , OPTIONS
Connection nature: long-lived

HTTP/2.0
All above features are being used by major web servers and browsers today. But
modern enhancements like HTTP/2.0, Server Side Events (SSE), and Websockets have
changed the way that the traditional HTTP works. In my next article on Web API
Design with HTTP and Websockets, we will discuss how we should choose them in real-
world projects.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a procedure for mapping a dynamic IP address

to a permanent physical machine address in a local area network (LAN). The physical
machine address is also known as a media access control (MAC) address.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that is used to

configure network devices to communicate on an IP network. A DHCP client uses the
DHCP protocol to acquire configuration information, such as an IP address, a
default route, and one or more DNS server addresses from a DHCP server

The Domain Network System (DNS) protocol helps Internet users and network devices
discover websites using human-readable hostnames, instead of numeric IP addresses.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transmitting files between
computers over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
connections.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol that provides basic file
transfer function with no user authentication. TFTP is intended for applications
that do not need the sophisticated interactions that File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
provides.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application-layer protocol for

monitoring and managing network devices on a local area network (LAN) or wide area
network (WAN)

The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a protocol, or technical standard, for using a
desktop computer remotely. Remote desktop software can use several different
protocols, including RDP, Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), and virtual
network computing (VNC), but RDP is the most commonly used protocol. RDP was
initially released by Microsoft and is available for most Windows operating
systems, but it can be used with Mac operating systems too

The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol used to synchronize the
clocks of computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks.
NTP is used to synchronize time across a network of computers and devices, ensuring
that all devices have an accurate time reference.

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol used for establishing,

modifying, and terminating multimedia sessions such as voice and video calls over
IP networks. SIP uses the default port 5060 for communication between the client
and the server.

Server Message Block (SMB) is a network protocol used for file sharing and other
network communication between Windows-based computers. SMB uses ports 445 and 139
for communication.

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol used for retrieving email
messages from a mail server. IMAP uses port 143 for unencrypted connections and
port 993 for encrypted connections using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or
Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols.

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a protocol used for accessing
and managing directory information services. LDAP uses port 389 for unencrypted
connections and port 636 for encrypted connections using the Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols.

LDAPS (LDAP over SSL) is a secure version of the Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP) that uses Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security
(TLS) to encrypt all LDAP communication. LDAPS uses port 636 by default for
encrypted communication.

H.323 is a protocol used for real-time audio and video communication over IP
networks, such as the internet. H.323 uses several ports for different functions:
Port 1720 is used for call signaling, which is the process of establishing and
ending connections between devices.
Ports 5000-6000 are used for the actual media stream transmission, including audio,
video, and other data.

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