applied
sciences
Article
Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Pressure Pulsation
Characteristics of Pump Source Fluid
Junzhe Lin 1,2, * , Yuanyuan Wang 1 , Shenghao Zhou 1 , Wenjie Wu 1 , Hui Ma 1,2 and Qingkai Han 1,2






Citation: Lin, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, S.;
Wu, W.; Ma, H.; Han, Q. Simulation
and Experimental Analysis of
Pressure Pulsation Characteristics of
Pump Source Fluid. Appl. Sci. 2021,
11, 9559. https://doi.org/10.3390/
app11209559
Academic Editor: Habil.
Michel Darmon
Received: 16 September 2021
Accepted: 11 October 2021
Published: 14 October 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
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iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209559
1 School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
yuanyuanwang1123@163.com (Y.W.); shhzhou@mail.neu.edu.cn (S.Z.); wuwenjie2125@163.com (W.W.);
huima@me.neu.edu.cn (H.M.); qhan@mail.neu.edu.cn (Q.H.)
2 Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero-Propulsion System Ministry of Education,
Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
* Correspondence: jzhlin@mail.neu.edu.cn
Abstract: The output flow pulsation characteristics of the hydraulic pump due to the structural
characteristics may cause pump source fluid pressure pulsation and even cause the equipment to
vibrate, which will affect the life and working reliability of the equipment. Scholars have done a
lot of theoretical and simulation analysis on the characteristics of fluid flow and pressure pulsation
caused by the specific structure and structure of the plunger pump, but there are few comparisons
and analyses of the simplified model of the plunger pump and the pressure pulsation characteristics
with experiments. In this paper, AMESim software is utilized to establish a simplified model of one
seven-plunger hydraulic pump, and simulate and analyze the pump source fluid pressure pulsation
characteristics of different system load pressures at a constant speed. An experimental platform for
testing pump fluid pressure pulsation was designed and built, and the actual measurement and
simulation results of pump fluid pressure pulsation were compared and analyzed. The results show
that the system simulation data is in good agreement with the measured data, which verifies the
correctness of the simplified model of the plunger pump. At the same time, it is found that the
fluid pressure pulsation of the pump source exhibits broadband and multi-harmonic characteristics.
At a constant speed, as the load pressure of the hydraulic system increases, the pump source fluid
pressure pulsation amplitude increases, the pressure pulsation rate decreases, and the impact on
the fundamental frequency amplitude is the most significant. The research results can provide a
theoretical basis for suppressing the pressure pulsation of the pump source fluid and reducing the
vibration response of a hydraulic pipeline under the action of the pulsating harmonic excitation.
Keywords: piston pump source; pressure fluctuation characteristics; AMESim simulation; experiment
1. Introduction
The periodic change of the working volume of the hydraulic pump makes its instanta-
neous flow pulsate [1]. The flow pulsation output by the pump source is converted into
pressure pulsation via pipeline impedance, and the pressure pulsation acts on the pipe
wall of the solid pipeline in the form of pulsating stress [2]. When the natural frequency
and pressure pulsation frequency of the hydraulic pipeline are equal to or close to each
other, resonance will occur, which will lead to loosening of the pipe clamp and vibration
damage of the pipeline system, which will directly affect the safety of the hydraulic system.
For this reason, studying the pressure pulsation characteristics of the pump source is of
great significance to improve the working reliability of hydraulic systems.
Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on vibration. Armentani
E, et al. [3–5] studied the vibration of gasoline engines, turbocharged diesel engines,
and noise, and analyzed the vibration behavior through the finite element method and
AVL/EXCITE software to achieve design improvements to reduce noise and vibration.
Giannella V, et al. [6] proposed a new optimization framework based on a multidisciplinary
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 2 of 17

optimization (MDO) program, which is applied to the vibroacoustic finite element method
(FEM) model of an aircraft fuselage model. Through ground experiment testing on aircraft
components, it was found that the blade channel frequency is a key parameter for the
acoustic and vibration generated by the rotating engine rotor. A large number of theoretical
and simulation analyses have also been carried out for the modeling of the flow and
pressure pulsation of the hydraulic pump. Casoli et al. [7] of Italy established a plunger
pump calculation model that considers damping tank oil inertia and cavitation. The flow
pulsation of a single plunger was calculated by calculation, and then the overall outlet flow
pulsation of the plunger pump was calculated, and it was verified through experiments.
Kojima E et al. [8] considered the fluid pulsation caused by the pumping mechanism and
fluid compressibility and established a mathematical model of the flow pulsation of the
plunger pump. Through experimental verification, it was obtained that the flow pulsation
of the plunger pump was mainly due to the fluid compressibility caused by the higher load
pressure, and the influence of the pumping mechanism on the flow pulsation is almost
negligible. Liu M M et al. [9] established the theoretical mathematical model of the plunger
pump, analyzed its mathematical model using MATLAB software, and obtained the change
curve of plunger pressure and flow pulsation. The results showed that as the engine speed
and throttle lever angle increase, the flow rate and pressure pulsation amplitude of the
plunger pump increase. When the throttle lever angle continues to increase, the average
fuel supply of the plunger pump decreases. Li Xiaoning et al. [10] mathematically modeled
the instantaneous pressure change process of the plunger cavity and deduced the low-noise
valve plate orifice and triangular groove calculation formula, but because the inertia factor
was not considered in the modeling process, there is a certain error. Lu Juxian [11] carried
out modeling and simulation for the flow pulsation of a plunger pump of an aircraft, and
the results showed that high-precision pump source pulsation was obtained by calculating
the oil passage area of the plunger pump. Guo Weidong and Wang Zhanlin of Beijing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics [12] established a theoretical model of the
actual flow of the plunger pump, which not only considered the compressibility and
leakage of the oil in the plunger cavity, but also involved the problem of oil backflow
through the triangular groove. The actual flow pulsation quality of the pumps with the odd
and even plunger numbers of adjacent values calculated through the example simulation
calculation is almost the same. Johnston [13] used the secondary source method to measure
and analyze the flow pulsation generated by the plunger pump and verified it through
numerical simulation and experimental measurement. Manring [14,15] established an ideal
pump model that ignores oil compressibility and leakage and the actual pump model that
considered compressibility and leakage. The pressure pulsation generated by the actual
pump model was compared. In the pump model, the pulsation of the odd-numbered
cylinder plunger pump was significantly smaller than that of the even-numbered type,
but the difference in pulsation between the two in the actual pump model was not so
obvious. Yan Zheng et al. [16] studied the pressure pulsation characteristics of the plunger
pump through variable speed and variable displacement adjustment under the same
load pressure condition, and the conclusions obtained were basically consistent with the
simulation. On this basis, according to the test and simulation data, under the same
load and different loads, the pressure pulsation characteristics of the pump under the
combination of speed and displacement adjustment were compared and analyzed. The
results showed that as the pump speed or displacement becomes larger, the pump pressure
pulsation amplitude increases.
Advanced special software is used to analyze the pulsation characteristics of the hy-
draulic pump, which makes the modeling process simple and clear. It has the characteristics
of fast and convenient parameter setting and can quickly obtain the dynamic characteristics
of the fluid pressure of the hydraulic pump, so it is widely used. Deeken et al. [17,18]
used DSHplus and ADAMS to build a model of the entire axial plunger pump and ana-
lyzed the influence of plunger movement and fluid properties on the flow pulsation of
the plunger pump. Roccatello et al. [19] used AMESim and ADAMS to study the pul-
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 3 of 17

sation characteristics of the outlet flow field of the axial piston pump and the dynamic
characteristics of the piston pump components. The co-simulation of the two software
can be used to calculate the complex working conditions of the piston pump. Shuo-Xun
LI et al. [20] used AMESIM to establish the overall model of the plunger pump based on
the pressure pulsation and flow characteristics of the swash plate axial plunger pump.
Through repeated debugging and system simulation, the engine speed, inclination angle,
and pump outlet were obtained. Related parameters, such as the influence of volume and
load, on the swash plate axial piston pump were also examined. Zhang Ran et al. [21] used
the simulation software AMESim to establish the theoretical model of the plunger pump
system, and obtained the flow pulsation coefficient and pressure pulsation coefficient of
the plunger pump with different plunger numbers under different working conditions
through simulation calculations. Yan Yuqing et al. [22] modeled and simulated the axial
piston pump in the AMESim, and concluded that the structure of the piston pump and its
leakage parameters have an important influence on the flow pulsation. Wang Yu et al. [23]
established a plunger pump model through AMESim, simulated the outlet flow character-
istics of the hydraulic oil under the rated load pressure of the plunger pump, obtained the
fluid pressure pulsation function expression, and the influence of fluid pressure pulsation
at the outlet of the aircraft engine pump on pipeline structure vibration was analyzed. Qian
Wenxin et al. [24] established a simulation model based on the AMESim, and obtained
flow pulsation curves under different plunger numbers, rotation speeds, and swash plate
inclination angles. The research results showed that the flow pulsation of the axial piston
pump decreases with the increase of the number of plungers, the increase of the speed,
and the increase of the inclination of the swash plate. Duan Feijiao et al. [25,26] established
a mathematical model of a constant pressure plunger pump, and performed AMESim
dynamic simulation analysis, and analyzed the flow change, internal wear, and pressure
flow of the plunger cavity when the accumulator was built in the pump. The changes
provide a certain reference for the suppression of hydraulic pulsation. Yang Jun et al. [27]
took the A11VO190 axial piston pump as the object and built its overall mathematical
model. On this basis, they used AMESim to build the overall model of the pump pressure
control and flow-pressure control system, and carried out dynamic simulation focusing
on the impact of key parameters on pump pulsation and response. Chi Yurong [28] used
AMESim to establish an overall model of the axial piston pump under constant conditions,
considering leakage, flow distribution, and oil compressibility based on the theoretical
model. The research results showed that with the increase of the swash plate inclination
angle and the prime mover, the pump output flow increases, and the flow pulsation rate
also increases, but the plunger diameter had almost no effect on the flow pulsation.
In summary, scholars have done a lot of theoretical and simulation analysis on the
characteristics of fluid flow and pressure pulsation caused by the specific structure of the
plunger pump, but there are few comparisons and analyses of the simplified model of the
plunger pump and the pressure pulsation characteristics with experiments. This paper
takes the commonly used seven-plunger pump as an example, uses AMESim software to
establish a simplified model of the plunger pump system, and simulates and analyzes the
pump source fluid pressure pulsation characteristics of different system load pressures
at a constant speed. An experimental platform for testing the pressure pulsation of the
pump fluid was designed and built, and the actual measurement and simulation results
of the pressure pulsation of the pump fluid were analyzed and researched to verify the
correctness of the simplified modeling method of the plunger pump and the pressure
pulsation simulation analysis.

2. Theoretical Analysis of Fluid Pressure Pulsation of the Plunger Pump

2.1. Analysis of Plunger Kinematics
The relative position of the plunger swash plate is shown in Figure 1. The OX1 Y1 Z1
coordinate system is a fixed coordinate system located at the center of the plunger pump.
At the intersection of the axis of the plunger pump shaft, the X1 axis is perpendicular to the
 2. Theoretical Analysis of Fluid Pressure Pulsation of the Plunger Pump
2.1. Analysis of Plunger Kinematics
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 The relative position of the plunger swash plate is shown in Figure 1. The OX1Y4 1of Z117
coordinate system is a fixed coordinate system located at the center of the plunger pump.
At the intersection of the axis of the plunger pump shaft, the X1 axis is perpendicular to
the axis
axis of the
of the shaft
shaft andandpointspoints to top
to the the dead
top dead
centercenter
of theofplunger
the plunger movement,
movement, and
and the Z1 the
axis
Zcoincides
1 axis coincides with the axis of the plunger pump shaft. When the inclination angle of
with the axis of the plunger pump shaft. When the inclination angle of the swash
the swash
plate plate
rotates rotates
along thealong
Y1 axisthebyY1angle
axis by OX
angle
α, the , the OX1Y1Z1 coordinate system ro-
1 Y1 Z1 coordinate system rotates along
tates along the Y 1 axis by angle  to obtain the OX2Y2Z2 coordinate system. Since the
the Y1 axis by angle α to obtain the OX2 Y2 Z2 coordinate system. Since the plunger rotates
plunger
with therotates
swash with
plate,thetheswash plate,
trajectory the center
of the trajectory
of theof ball
the head
center of change
will the ballfrom
heada circle
will
change from a circle to an ellipse, that is, it will stretch in the X 2 axis direction and remain
to an ellipse, that is, it will stretch in the X2 axis direction and remain unchanged in the
unchanged in the YTherefore,
Y2 axis direction. 2 axis direction.
the OX Therefore, the OX3Y3Z3 coordinate system is obtained
3 Y3 Z3 coordinate system is obtained by stretching the
byOXstretching the OX Y Z coordinate system along the X2 axis. The OX4Y4Z4 coordinate
2 Y2 Z2 coordinate system along the X2 axis. The OX4 Y4 Z4 coordinate system rotates with
2 2 2

system
the cylinder, which is obtained by rotating OX3 Y3 Zby
rotates with the cylinder, which is obtained rotating OX3Y3Z3 by an angle 
3 by an angle φ equal to the cylinder
equal to the
rotation cylinder
angle. Whenrotation
the plungerangle. When
pump is the plunger
at the originalpump is at that
position, the original position,
is, the swash plate
that is, the swash
inclination angleplate
is zeroinclination
and theangle
pumpisiszeronotand the pump
rotating, is not
the OX Y rotating,
4 4 4Z the
coordinateOX Y4Z4
system
4

completely
coordinate coincides
system with thecoincides
completely OX1 Y1 Z1withcoordinate
the OX1system.
Y1Z1 coordinate system.

Slippers Plunger

R
X1

Z1 O

Swashplate

Relationcoordinate
Figure1.1.Relation
Figure coordinatediagram
diagramofofthe
theplunger
plungerswash
swashplate.
plate.

From the basic theoretical knowledge of coordinate transformation, the transformation

From the basic theoretical knowledge of coordinate transformation, the transfor-
relationship can be obtained as follows:
mation relationship can be obtained as follows:
 x1  cos (−−α)) 00 −
− sin( −α)) x2  x2
    
x1 cos( sin(−
 y1  =y =  00 11 00 y y2  (1)
 1   2  z (1)
z1    sin (− ) 0 cos (− )   2
 z1   sin(− ) 0 cos(− )  z2 
α α
    
x2 1/ cos α 0 0 x3
 y2  =2   0
x 1/ cos  0 0   x3  
y = 0 1 0   y y3 (2)
z2    0
2 01 0
1   3 z3 (2)

  z2   1  
   0 0  z3 
x3 cos φ − sin φ 0 x4
 y3  = cosφ −cos
 x3  sin sinφ 00x4
y4  (3)
z3    0 0 1  z4
 y3  =  sin  cos  0  y4  (3)
 z  the
By organizing Equations (1)–(3),  coordinate  
transformation matrix from coordinate
 3  0 0 1  z4 
system OX4 Y4 Z4 to coordinate system OX1 Y1 Z1 can be obtained as:
By organizing Equations (1)–(3), the coordinate transformation matrix from coordi-
nate system OX4Y4Zx41to coordinate system
cos φ OX1Y1− Z1sin
canφ be obtained as:x4
    
sin α
 y1  =  sin φ cos φ 0   y4  (4)
z1 − cos φ tan α sin φ tan α cos α z4

When analyzing the movement of the plunger in the OX4 Y4 Z4 coordinate system, the
coordinates of the center of the plunger ball head are:
   
x4 R
 y4  =  0  (5)
z4 0
  x1   cos  − sin  sin   x4 
y = sin  cos  0  
 1   y4  (4)
 z   − cos  tan  sin  tan  cos   z 
 1   4 
When analyzing the movement of the plunger in the OX4Y4Z4 coordinate system, the
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 coordinates of the center of the plunger ball head are: 5 of 17

 x4   R 
   
 y4  =  0  (5)
   
 z4   0 
From Equations (4) and (5), the displacement of the center of the plunger ball head
along the Z1 axis at any rotation angle can be obtained as: of the plunger ball head
From Equations (4) and (5), the displacement of the center
along the Z1 axis at any rotation angle can be obtained as:
Z1 = − R tan α cos φ (6)
Z1 = −R tan  cos  (6)
AAderivative
derivativeof of
thethe above
above equations,
equations, the speed
the speed of the of the of
center center of the plunger
the plunger ball headball head
inthe
in thedirection
directionofof Z1 Z
thethe 1 axis
axis is: is:
 
.  α.
!
Z1 = ZR1 = R−( −sec
secαcos
cosφ tan
tanαsin )  .  φ.
sinφ (7) (7)
 
 
2.2. Analysis of Fluid Pressure Pulsation of the Plunger Pump
2.2. Analysis of Fluid Pressure Pulsation of the Plunger Pump
The fluid pressure pulsation at the outlet of the plunger pump is closely related
The fluid pressure pulsation at the outlet of the plunger pump is closely related to
to the movement of the single plunger structure. The rotating speed of the cylinder, the
the movement of the single plunger structure. The rotating speed of the cylinder, the in-
inclination angle of the swash plate, the diameter of the single plunger, and the radius of the
clination angle of the swash plate, the diameter of the single plunger, and the radius of
distribution
the circle
distribution ofof
circle the
theplunger
plungerhole
holewill
will affect
affect the fluid pressure
the fluid pressurepulsation
pulsation characteristics
charac-
teristics of the plunger pump. The movement diagram of the single plunger structureisisshown in
of the plunger pump. The movement diagram of the single plunger structure
Figurein2.Figure 2.
shown

Swash plate Plunger

A
A
d

B
B

R
O


Figure
Figure2.2.Movement
Movementdiagram of the
diagram of single plunger
the single structure.
plunger structure.

The
Thetheoretical instantaneous
theoretical flowflow
instantaneous of theofsingle-plunger structure
the single-plunger from position
structure A to
from position A to
position B is:
position B is:
π d22 ωRη tan α sin φ
t = 4 d Rv tan  sin 
qt q= v (8) (8)
4
where:
where:
ω is the
theangular
angularvelocity
velocityof of cylinder
cylinder rotation
rotation (rad/s);
(rad/s);
ηvv is
is the
thevolumetric
volumetric efficiency
efficiency of the
of the plunger
plunger pump;pump;
dd is
is the plunger
plungerdiameter
diameter (mm);
(mm);
RR is the
the diameter
diameterofofthe
the plunger
plunger axisaxis distribution
distribution circlecircle
(mm);(mm);
α is the inclination of the swash plate (◦ ); and
φ is the cylinder angular displacement (rad).
The angle between each plunger is β = 2π Z , where Z is the number of plungers. The
total output flow of the plunger pump is the sum of the flow of each single plunger, and
the total output flow of the plunger pump is:

Z
 β
π 2 cos( ϕ− 4 ) β
 q = ∑ q = 8 d ωRηv tan α sin β ······0 ≤ ϕ ≤


2
i=1 4
(9)
Z cos( ϕ−
3β
π 2 4 ) β
 q = ∑ q = 8 d ωRηv tan α ······ ≤ϕ≤β


sin
β 2
i=1 4

When the single-plunger structure moves in the plunger hole of the cylinder, the
volume of the enclosed plunger chamber changes with time, which causes the pressure of
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 6 of 17

the fluid to fluctuate. According to the basic principles of fluid mechanics, as the flow rate
of the closed cavity between the plunger and the cylinder changes, it will inevitably cause
a change in pressure [26], and the instantaneous pressure can be obtained as:
Z t
E
p = qdt (10)
7V 0

where:
E is the fluid modulus of elasticity (MPa); and
V is the volume of the plunger cavity (m3 ).
From Equations (9) and (10), it can be taken:
 

p = K sin ωt − 2Z
π π
) + sin 2Z · · · · · · 0 ≤ t ≤ Zω
π
3π

 2π (11)
p = K sin (ωt − 2Z ) + sin 2Z · · · · · · Zω ≤ t ≤ Zω
π π

E πd2 ηv R tan α
where K = 7V × π
8 sin 2Z
.

3. Establishment of an AMESim Simplified Model of the Plunger Pump

AMESim is used to build a simplified system model of the plunger pump in this
paper, which considers the leakage plunger movement and flow distribution process. The
modeling process includes establishing the single plunger models, the dynamic models, the
load models, and the simplified system models, etc. It is mainly applied to the mechanical
library, signal library, hydraulic library, and HCD library in the AMESim.

3.1. Establishment of the Single-Plunger Model

The establishment of the single-plunger model is shown in Figure 3. There are three
main components in the single plunger model, which are (a) the movement law of the
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 7 of 18
single plunger, (b) the plunger and (c) the flow distribution process. The functions of these
three parts are:
(1) Use mathematical expressions to simulate the movement law of the plunger and con-
The single-plunger model has four ports: port 1 is connected to the motor that pro-
vert the rotary motion of the motor into the reciprocating linear motion of the plunger.
vides torque, port 2 is connected to the swash plate that provides the inclination of the
(2) plate,
swash Simulate
port the
3 is movement
connected toofthe
theoilplunger.
suction port, and port 4 is connected to the oil
(3) Simulate
discharge port. the actual flow distribution process.

（a）

（c） （b）
Figure
Figure 3. 3. Single-plunger
Single-plunger model.
model. (a) Single
(a) Single plunger
plunger movement
movement law; (b) (c)
law; (b) Plunger; Plunger; (c) Distribution.
Distribution.

3.2. Establishment of Power and Load Model

The dynamic model mainly includes the prime mover, dampers, and the moment of
inertia of the cylinder. Regardless of the starting characteristics of the motor and other
factors, the PM000 sub-model in the mechanical library is used to simulate the constant
prime mover. After the prime mover, the damper element is connected, which is the
 （a）
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 7 of 17

（c）
The single-plunger model has four ports:
（b）port 1 is connected to the motor that provides
torque, port 2 is connected to the swash plate that provides the inclination of the swash plate,
Figure
port 3 3.isSingle-plunger model.
connected to the (a) Singleport,
oil suction plunger
andmovement law; (b) Plunger;
port 4 is connected to the (c)
oilDistribution.
discharge port.

3.2.Establishment
3.2. EstablishmentofofPower
Powerand
andLoad
LoadModel
Model
Thedynamic
The dynamicmodelmodelmainly
mainlyincludes
includesthe theprime
primemover,
mover, dampers,
dampers, and and the
the moment
moment of of
inertiaof
inertia of the
the cylinder.
cylinder. Regardless
Regardlessof of the
the starting
starting characteristics
characteristicsof of the
the motor
motor andand other
other
factors,the
factors, thePM000
PM000sub-model
sub-modelin inthe
the mechanical
mechanicallibrary
libraryisis used
used toto simulate
simulate thethe constant
constant
prime mover.
prime mover. After
Afterthe
theprime
primemover,
mover,thethe
damper element
damper is connected,
element whichwhich
is connected, is the spring
is the
shock absorber of the rotating shaft. The moment of inertia element of the
spring shock absorber of the rotating shaft. The moment of inertia element of the cylindercylinder block is
connected behind the damper element to receive the torque provided by
block is connected behind the damper element to receive the torque provided by the prime the prime mover
element.
mover The dynamic
element. modelmodel
The dynamic is shown in Figure
is shown 4.
in Figure 4.

Dynamicmodel.
Figure4.4.Dynamic
Figure model.

Theload
The loadmodel
modelusesusesthe
thesignal
signalto to control
control the
the opening
opening sizesize of
of the
the variable
variable orifice
orifice to
to
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 characterize the change in load demand. The load orifice is set to simulate
characterize the change in load demand. The load orifice is set to simulate the load pres-the load pressure.
The smaller
sure. the load
The smaller the orifice is set,isthe
load orifice greater
set, the simulated
the greater load pressure.
the simulated The load
load pressure. Themodel
load
can reflect the pressure coupling of each plunger, as shown in Figure 5.
model can reflect the pressure coupling of each plunger, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure
Figure 5. Load
5. Load model.
model.

3.3. Establishment of the Simplified System Model of the Plunger Pump

3.3.This
Establishment of seven-plunger
article takes the the Simplified System
pump Model
structure ofexample.
as an the Plunger Pump
First, the single-
plunger model is packaged into a super element, and seven single-plunger super elements
This article takes the seven-plunger pump structure as an example. F
are connected in parallel to form a parallel model. Then, the parallel model, dynamic
plunger
model, and model is packaged
load model are connectedinto a super
together element,
to establish and seven
the AMESim single-plunger
simplified system s
are connected
model of the plungerin parallel
pump, to in
as shown form a 6.parallel model. Then, the parallel m
Figure
model, and load model are connected together to establish the AMESim sim
model of the plunger pump, as shown in Figure 6.

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559
3.3. Establishment of the Simplified System Model of the Plunger Pump
This article takes the seven-plunger pump structure as an example. First, the single-
plunger model is packaged into a super element, and seven single-plunger super elements
are connected in parallel to form a parallel model. Then, the parallel model, dynamic
model, and load model are connected together to establish the AMESim simplified system8 of 17
model of the plunger pump, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Overall model of the plunger pump.

Figure 6. Overall model of the plunger pump.
According to the structural characteristics of the plunger pump, the adjacent angle of
According to the structural characteristics of the plunger pump, the adjacent angle of
every single plunger is 360◦ /7. When setting the initial position and angle of the plunger,
every single plunger is 360°/7. When setting the initial position and angle of the plunger,
according to the working characteristics of the plunger pump, the first plunger is set to
according
the minimumto theextension
workingposition,
characteristics
the angleof the
offsetplunger
of the pump, the first
signal switch in plunger is set to
the oil absorption
the minimum extension
◦ position, the angle offset of the signal
◦ switch in the
period is set to 0 , the second plunger is set to 1 × 360 /7, the third plunger is set to oil absorption
period
2 × 360is◦set
/7, to
and0°,sothe
on.second
Withinplunger
0◦ –180◦ ,isitset to 1oil× absorption
is the 360°/7, theprocess.
third plunger is setangle
The switch to 2 ×of
360°/7,
the oiland so on. Within
discharge 0°–180°,
cycle signal lagsitbehind
is the oil
180absorption
◦ , which is process. Theofswitch
the process angle of the
oil discharge.
oil discharge cycle signal lags behind 180°, which is the process of oil discharge.
4. Simulation Analysis of Fluid Pressure Fluctuation Characteristics
The plunger pump AMESim simplifies the parameter set of the system model, as
shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameter setting of the plunger pump model.

Parameter Numerical Value Parameter Numerical Value

Plunger radius (m) 0.05 Cylinder inertia 0.005
Swash plate inclination (◦ ) 17 Motor speed (r/min) 1800
Number of plungers 7 Plunger diameter clearance (mm) 0.001

When the speed was n = 1800 r/min, the load pressure was p1 = 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38 MPa,
and p3 = 12.87 MPa, respectively, and the frequency domain waveform diagram of fluid
pressure pulsation was obtained by simulation, as shown in Figures 7–9.
At the same speed, the fluid pressure pulsation value and pressure pulsation rate
under different load pressures are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Numerical simulation of fluid pressure fluctuation and pressure fluctuation rate under different load pressures.

Rotating Speed Greatest Pressure Minimum Pressure Pressure Pulsation

Load Pressure (MPa)
(r/min) (MPa) (MPa) Rate (%)
4.375 4.50 4.25 5.71
1800 8.38 8.578 8.182 4.73
12.87 13.15 12.59 4.35
 Number of plungers 7 Plunger diameter clearance (mm) 0.001
When the speed was n = 1800 r/min, the load pressure was p1 = 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38
MPa,When
and pthe
3 = 12.87
speedMPa, respectively,
was n and
= 1800 r/min, thethe frequency
load pressuredomain
was p1 waveform diagram
= 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38of
fluid pressure
MPa, pulsation
and p3 = 12.87 MPa,was obtained by
respectively, simulation,
and as shown
the frequency in Figures
domain 7–9.diagram of
waveform
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 fluid pressure pulsation was obtained by simulation, as shown in Figures 7–9. 9 of 17

/ MPa
/ MPa

/ MPa
/ MPa

amplitude
amplitude

amplitude
amplitude
Fluctuation

Yluctuation
Fluctuation

Yluctuation
Time / s Frequency / Hz
Time / s
(a) Frequency
(b) / Hz
(a) (p1 = 4.375 MPa) waveform. (a) Time domain diagram; (b) frequency
Figure 7. Load pressure (b) domain map.
Figure7.7.Load
Figure Loadpressure
pressure(p(p
1 1== 4.375
4.375 MPa)
MPa) waveform.
waveform. (a)
(a) Time
Time domain
domaindiagram;
diagram;(b)
(b)frequency
frequencydomain
domainmap.
map.

/ MPa
/ MPa

/ MPa
/ MPa

amplitude
amplitude

amplitude
amplitude

Fluctuation
Fluctuation

Fluctuation
Fluctuation

Time / s Frequency / Hz
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 10 of 18
Time
(a) / s Frequency
(b) / Hz
Figure8.8.Load
Figure
(a) (p(p2==8.38
Loadpressure
pressure 8.38MPa)
MPa)waveform.
waveform.(a)
(a)Time
Timedomain
domaindiagram;
diagram;(b) (b)
(b)frequency
frequency domainmap.
domain map.
2
Figure 8. Load pressure (p2 = 8.38 MPa) waveform. (a) Time domain diagram; (b) frequency domain map.
Fluctuation amplitude / MPa

Fluctuation amplitude / MPa

Time / s Frequency / Hz
(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 9. 9. Load
Load pressure
pressure (p(p
3= 3 =12.87
12.87MPa)
MPa)waveform.
waveform.(a)
(a)Time
Timedomain
domaindiagram;
diagram;(b)
(b)frequency
frequencydomain
domainmap.
map.

Under
At thedifferent load pressures,
same speed, the fluid the first three
pressure frequency
pulsation amplitudes
value werepulsation
and pressure extracted rate
as
shown
underin Table 3.load pressures are shown in Table 2.
different
Tableof
Table 2. Numerical simulation Frequency
3. fluid doubling
pressure amplitude
fluctuation under different
and pressure loadrate
fluctuation pressures.
under different load pressures.

Rotating Speed Load Pressure Greatest

Triple Frequency Minimum
Pressure Double Pressure
Frequency Pressure
TriplePulsation
FrequencyRate
Load Pressure (MPa)
(MPa) Amplitude (MPa) Amplitude (MPa) Amplitude (MPa)
(r/min) (MPa) (MPa) (%)
4.375 4.375 4.50 0.068 0.039
4.25 0.017
5.71
1800 8.38 8.38 8.578 0.101 0.063
8.182 0.027
4.73
12.87 12.87 13.15 0.132 12.59
0.088 4.35
0.035

Under
The abovedifferent load pressures,
simulation thethat
results show firstatthree frequency
a certain amplitudes
speed, were
as the load extracted
pressure of
as shown in Table 3.
the hydraulic system increased, the time-domain waveform curve of the fluid pressure
pulsation of the pump source changed, the pressure pulsation amplitude increased, and
Table 3. Frequency doubling amplitude under different load pressures.

Load Pressure Triple Frequency Amplitude Double Frequency Amplitude Triple Frequency Amplitude
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
4.375 0.068 0.039 0.017
 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 10 of 17

the pressure pulsation rate decreased. From the frequency domain waveform curve, the
fluid pressure pulsation contained multiple harmonic components in the wide frequency
domain. Moreover, the fundamental frequency of the fluid pressure pulsation increased
obviously with the increase of the load pressure, while the amplitude of other frequency
doublings did not change significantly.

5. The Construction of an Experimental Platform for Pump Source Fluid Pressure

Pulsation Testing
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 5.1. Principle of the Pressure Pulsation Test
In the experiment, a pressure sensor is installed at the inlet of the pipeline directly
connected to the outlet of the pump source of the plunger pump to obtain the fluid pressure
pulsation signal at the outlet of the pump source. The fluid pressure pulsation signal is
waveform
recorded andcurve
stored is
by obtained by time-frequency
a data acquisition instrument, and analysis
then the of the fluid
pressure pressure
pulsation p
waveform curve is obtained by time-frequency analysis of the fluid pressure
signal. The principle of the fluid pressure pulsation test is shown in Figure 10. pulsation
signal. The principle of the fluid pressure pulsation test is shown in Figure 10.

笔记本电脑

Data acquisition instrument

Pressure sensor throttle valve

piping

Relief valve

Support Support

electric machinery M
Plunger pump
f1
tank
f2
Frequency converter

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the pump source fluid pressure fluctuation test.
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the pump source fluid pressure fluctuation test.
5.2. Experimental Platform Construction
5.2. The experimental
Experimental platform
Platform was composed of a hydraulic system, a test system, and
Construction
a pipeline system. The hydraulic system included motors, frequency converters, pump-
The experimental
ing station devices, etc. Theplatform
frequencywas composed
converter of athehydraulic
controlled speed of thesystem, a test syst
motor and
a pipeline
adjusted thesystem. The hydraulic
throttle valve in the pumpingsystem included
station device tomotors,
simulatefrequency converters, p
the load pressure
station
of devices,
the system. etc.system
The test The frequency
was used to converter controlled
collect the dynamic the speed
measurement of the motor
of pressure
parameters, mainly including
justed the throttle valve inpiezoelectric
the pumping pressure sensors,
station impedance
device converters,
to simulate and pressu
the load
data acquisition instruments, etc. The pipeline system was mainly composed of pipelines
system. The test system was used to collect the dynamic measurement of pressure
and pipeline connectors, which were used for the connection between the oil outlet of
eters,
the pump mainly
sourceincluding piezoelectric
and the oil return port of thepressure
hydraulicsensors, impedance
system, and a pressure converters,
sensor a
acquisition
was instruments,
installed at the inlet of theetc. The pipeline
pipeline to collect system
pressure was mainly
pulsation composed
signals. The main of pipeli
component models and performance parameters of the experimental
pipeline connectors, which were used for the connection between the oil outle platform are shown
in Table 4.
pump source and the oil return port of the hydraulic system, and a pressure sen
The installation and layout of the pipeline inlet pressure sensor are shown in Figure 11.
installed
The at theininlet
fluid flowed fromofthethe pipeline
right to pipeline
side of the collect and
pressure
flowedpulsation
out from the signals.
left side.The
A main
nent models
pressure sensor and performance
was installed parameters
at the inlet of the
of the hydraulic experimental
pipeline to measureplatform
the pressureare show
pulsation
ble 4. curve of the pump source fluid.

Table 4. Main components of the pump source fluid pressure fluctuation test platform.

System Name Model Performance

Electric motor YX3-180M rated power 18.5 kW
maximum pressure 31.5 MPa, nominal dis
Plunger pump MCY14-1B
ment 25 mL/r
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 11 of 17

Table 4. Main components of the pump source fluid pressure fluctuation test platform.

System Name Model Performance

Electric motor YX3-180M rated power 18.5 kW
maximum pressure 31.5 MPa, nominal displacement
Plunger pump MCY14-1B
Hydraulic system 25 mL/r
Frequency converter SD100-4T-18.5 adapt to 18.5 kW motor
Throttle valve DVP16-1-10B maximum pressure 35 MPa, maximum flow 100 L/min
Relief valve ZDB10VP-1-40B maximum pressure 31.5 MPa, maximum 60 L/min
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 reference sensitivity 12.09 Pc/105Pa, pressure12 of 18
Pressure Sensor CY-YD-205
measurement range 0–30 MPa
Test system
Impedance converter YE5857A-1 sensitivity coefficient 0.990, output range 5 Vpp
8 channels, the sampling frequency of a single channel
Data collector SC-XS12-A
Hose 5-10FDLX greatest pressure
can reach 21 MPa
50 kHz
Sensor tee 10MDL-10FM-10MDL the outer diameterThread M10
is 12 mm, the×inner
1 diameter is
Straight 12 × 2.0
10 mm, the length is 530 mm, and the weight is 163.7 g
Piping system and layout of theinner diameter
inlet12pressure
mm, crotch distance
are 21 mm, bolt hole
Clamp The installation
S10.9.3816/S10.9.3817 pipeline sensor shown in Figure
11. The fluid flowed in from the right side of the pipeline diameter
and 6flowed
mm out from the left
Hose 5-10FDLX greatest pressure 21 MPa
side. A pressure sensor was installed at the inlet of the hydraulic pipeline to measure the
Sensor tee 10MDL-10FM-10MDL Thread M10 × 1
pressure pulsation curve of the pump source fluid.

Pressure sensor

Fluid direction

Fluid outlet piping Fluid inlet

Figure 11.
Figure 11. Installation
Installation and
and layout
layout of
of the
the fluid
fluid pressure
pressure sensor
sensor at
at the
the inlet
inletof
ofthe
themeasured
measuredpipeline.
pipeline.

6.
6. Simulation
Simulation andand Experimental
Experimental Analysis
Analysis
6.1.
6.1. Analysis of the Test Results of the Fluid
Analysis of the Test Results of the FluidPressure
PressurePulsation
PulsationExperiment
Experiment
The motor speed was set to n = 1800 r/min and the size of the throttle valve was
The motor speed was set to n = 1800 r/min and the size of the throttle valve was ad-
adjusted to make the load pressure of the hydraulic system p1 = 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38 MPa,
justed to make the load pressure of the hydraulic system p1 = 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38 MPa,
and p3 = 12.87 MPa, respectively. The SC-XS12-A data acquisition instrument was used
and p3 = 12.87 MPa, respectively. The SC-XS12-A data acquisition instrument was used to
to collect dynamic fluid pressure pulsation signals and obtain the time-frequency domain
collect dynamic fluid pressure pulsation signals and obtain the time-frequency domain
waveform diagrams of fluid pressure pulsations under different pressures, as shown in
waveform diagrams of fluid pressure pulsations under different pressures, as shown in
Figures 12–14.
Figures 12–14.
It can be seen that the fluid pressure pulsation curve measured at the outlet of the
pump showed periodic changes during a constant motor speed. The fluid pressure pulsa-
tion curve contained multiple harmonic components in a wide frequency range, and as the
load pressure of the hydraulic system increased, the amplitude of the fluid pressure pulsa-
tion at the outlet of the pump source increased, which had the most significant impact on
the amplitude of the fundamental frequency. The conclusions drawn from the experiment
were basically consistent with the simulation results.
 The motor speed was set to n = 1800 r/min and the size of the throttle valve was ad-
justed to make the load pressure of the hydraulic system p1 = 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38 MPa,
and p3 = 12.87 MPa, respectively. The SC-XS12-A data acquisition instrument was used to
collect dynamic fluid pressure pulsation signals and obtain the time-frequency domain
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 waveform diagrams of fluid pressure pulsations under different pressures, as shown 12 of in
17

Figures 12–14.

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 13 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 13 of 18

Figure 12. Load

Figure 12. Load pressure
pressure (p
(p11 ==4.375
4.375MPa)
MPa)waveform.
waveform. (a)
(a)Time
Time domain
domain diagram;
diagram; (b)
(b) frequency
frequency domain
domain map.
map.
8.7
8.7
幅 值 /MPa/ MPa

8.6
Yluctuation amplitude / MPa
幅 值 /MPa/ MPa

8.6
Yluctuation amplitude / MPa
脉 动amplitude

8.5
脉 动amplitude

8.5

8.4
Fluctuation

8.4
Fluctuation

8.3
8.3

8.2
8.20 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0 0.01 时 间/ /s
0.02
Time s 0.03 0.04 0.05 Frequency / Hz
时 间/ /s
Time s Frequency / Hz
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 13. Load pressure (p2 = 8.38 MPa) waveform. (a) Time domain diagram; (b) frequency domain map.
Figure13.
Figure 13.Load
Loadpressure
pressure(p(p
2=2 =8.38
8.38MPa)
MPa)waveform.
waveform.(a)
(a)Time
Timedomain
domaindiagram;
diagram;(b)
(b)frequency
frequencydomain
domainmap.
map.

13.1
13.1
值 /MPa / MPa
值 /MPa / MPa

13
Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

13
脉 动 幅amplitude

Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

脉 动 幅amplitude

12.9
12.9
Fluctuation

12.8
Fluctuation

12.8

12.7
12.7

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0 0.01 时 间 /s
0.02
Time / s 0.03 0.04 0.05 Frequency / Hz
时 间 /s
Time /s Frequency / Hz
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 14.
Figure 14. Load pressure
pressure (p
(p33 ==12.87
12.87 MPa)
MPa) waveform.
waveform. (a)
(a)Time
Time domain
domain diagram;
diagram; (b)
(b) frequency
frequency domain
domain map.
Figure 14. Load pressure (p3 = 12.87 MPa) waveform. (a) Time domain diagram; (b) frequency domain map.
It can be seen that the fluid pressure pulsation curve measured at the outlet of the
pumpItshowed
can be periodic
seen thatchanges
the fluid pressure
during pulsation
a constant curve
motor measured
speed. at pressure
The fluid the outletpulsa-
of the
pump showed periodic changes during a constant motor speed. The fluid pressure
tion curve contained multiple harmonic components in a wide frequency range, and as pulsa-
tion
the curve
load contained
pressure of themultiple harmonic
hydraulic system components inamplitude
increased, the a wide frequency range,
of the fluid and as
pressure
the load pressure of the hydraulic system increased, the amplitude of the fluid pressure
pulsation at the outlet of the pump source increased, which had the most significant im-
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 13 of 17

6.2. Comparative Analysis of the Fluid Pressure Pulsation Experiment and Simulation
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 14 of 18
Under the same load pressure level p1 = 4.375 MPa, the pump source fluid pressure
pulsation was simulated and experimentally tested, and the fluid pressure pulsation
waveform curves were compared and analyzed, as shown in Figure 15.

psmax=4.50

Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

ptmax=4.487

ptmin=4.259

psmin=4.250

Time / s Frequency / Hz

(a) (b)
Figure15.
Figure 15.Comparison
Comparisonof of
thethe simulation
simulation andand experiment
experiment results.
results. (a) Time
(a) Time domain
domain comparative
comparative analysis
analysis chart;
chart; (b) (b) fre-
frequency
quencycomparative
domain domain comparative analysis chart.
analysis chart.

Through
ThroughFigure 15a,
Figure thethe
15a, simulated andand
simulated measured pumppump
measured fluid pressure pulsation
fluid pressure value
pulsation
and pressure
value pulsation
and pressure rate were
pulsation obtained,
rate as shown
were obtained, as in Tablein5.Table 5.
shown

Table5.5.Comparative
Table Comparativeanalysis
analysisofofthe
thefluid
fluidpressure
pressurefluctuation
fluctuationvalue
valueand
andpressure
pressure fluctuation
fluctuation rate.
rate.
Greatest Pressure Minimum Pressure Pressure Pulsation
greatest Pres-
(MPa) Minimum Pres-
(MPa) PressureRate
Pulsation
(%) Rate
experiment sure(MPa)4.487 sure(MPa)
4.259 (%)
5.1
experiment
simulation 4.487 4.50 4.2594.250 5.1
5.7
simulation 4.50 4.250 5.7
Figure 15b extracted the first three frequencies of fluid pressure pulsation, as shown
Figure
in Table 6. 15b extracted the first three frequencies of fluid pressure pulsation, as shown
in Table 6.
Table 6. Frequency comparison analysis.
Table 6. Frequency comparison analysis.
Frequency Experiment Simulation
Error (%)
Multiplication Experiment
Frequency (Hz) Frequency Simulation
Frequency (Hz) Frequency
Frequency Multiplication Error (%)
1 (Hz)
213.3 211 (Hz) 1.1
1
2 213.3
426.2 419.9 211 1.5 1.1
3
2 639.3
426.2 631 419.9 1.3 1.5
3 639.3 631 1.3
Under the same load pressure level p2 = 8.38 MPa, the pump source fluid pressure
Under
pulsation thesimulated
was same loadand
pressure level p2 = 8.38
experimentally MPa,
tested, andthethe
pump
fluidsource fluid
pressure pressure
pulsation
pulsation was simulated and experimentally tested, and the
waveform curves were compared and analyzed, as shown in Figure 16. fluid pressure pulsation
waveform
Throughcurves
Figurewere
16a,compared andand
the simulated analyzed,
measuredas shown
pump in Figure
fluid 16. pulsation value
pressure
and pressure pulsation rate were obtained, as shown in Table 7.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 15 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 14 of 17

psmax=8.578

Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

ptmax=8.556

ptmin=8.241
psmin=8.182

Time / s
Frequency / Hz
(a) (b)
Figure 16.
Figure 16. Comparison
Comparison of simulation
simulation and experiment
experiment results. (a) Time
Time domain
domain comparative
comparative analysis chart; (b) frequency
frequency
domain comparative
domain comparative analysis
analysis chart.
chart.

TableThrough Figure
7. Comparative 16a, the
analysis simulated
of the and fluctuation
fluid pressure measured value
pump fluid
and pressure
pressure pulsation
fluctuation rate.
value and pressure pulsation rate were obtained, as shown in Table 7.
Greatest Pressure Minimum Pressure Pressure Pulsation
(MPa) (MPa) Rate (%)
Table 7. Comparative analysis of the fluid pressure fluctuation value and pressure fluctuation
rate. experiment 8.556 8.241 3.8
simulation 8.578 8.182 4.7
Greatest Pressure Minimum Pressure Pressure Pulsation Rate
(MPa) (MPa) (%)
Figure 16b extracted the first three frequencies of fluid pressure pulsation, as shown
experiment 8.556 8.241 3.8
in Table 8.
simulation 8.578 8.182 4.7
Table 8. Frequency comparison analysis.
Figure 16b extracted the first three frequencies of fluid pressure pulsation, as shown
Frequency
in Table 8. Experiment Simulation
Error (%)
Multiplication Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
1
Table 8. Frequency 210.5
comparison analysis. 211.3 0.4
2 421.1 419.9 0.3
Frequency3 Multipli- Experiment 631.5 Frequency Simulation
631.2 Frequency 0.05
Error (%)
cation (Hz) (Hz)
Under1 the same load pressure 210.5
level p3 = 12.87 MPa, the211.3 0.4
pump source fluid pressure
2 421.1 419.9
pulsation was simulated and experimentally tested, and the fluid pressure pulsation 0.3
3 631.5
waveform curves were compared and analyzed, as shown in Figure 17. 631.2 0.05
Through Figure 17a, the simulated and measured pump fluid pressure pulsation value
Under the
and pressure same load
pulsation ratepressure level p3as
were obtained, = 12.87
shown MPa, the pump
in Table 9. source fluid pressure
pulsation was simulated and experimentally tested, and the fluid pressure pulsation
waveform
Table curves were
9. Comparative compared
analysis andpressure
of the fluid analyzed, as shown
fluctuation in Figure
value 17. fluctuation rate.
and pressure

Greatest Pressure Minimum Pressure Pressure Pulsation

(MPa) (MPa) Rate (%)
experiment 13.02 12.66 3
simulation 13.15 12.59 4.4
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 16 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 15 of 17

psmax=13.15

Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

Yluctuation amplitude / MPa

ptmax=13.02

ptmin=12.66
psmin=12.59

Time / s
Frequency / Hz

(a) (b)
Figure17.
Figure 17.Comparison
Comparison of
of simulation
simulation and
and experiment
experiment results.
results. (a)
(a) Time
Timedomain
domain comparative
comparative analysis
analysis chart;
chart; (b)
(b)frequency
frequency
domaincomparative
domain comparativeanalysis
analysischart.
chart.

Figure
Through 15bFigure
extracted
17a,the
thefirst three frequencies
simulated of fluid
and measured pressure
pump fluidpulsation,
pressure as shown
pulsation
in Table
value and10.pressure pulsation rate were obtained, as shown in Table 9.

Table
Table10. Frequency comparison
9. Comparative analysis ofanalysis.
the fluid pressure fluctuation value and pressure fluctuation
rate.
Frequency Experiment Simulation
Error (%)
Multiplication Greatest
Frequency
Pres- (Hz) Minimum Pres- (Hz) Pressure Pulsation Rate
Frequency
1 sure(MPa)207.1 sure(MPa)211.4 (%)2
2
experiment 13.02 414.1 12.66 420 31.3
3 621.2 631.4 1.6
simulation 13.15 12.59 4.4

Through
Figure 15b the comparative
extracted analysis
the first of the experiment
three frequencies of fluidand simulation,
pressure it can
pulsation, asbe con-
shown
cluded that
in Table 10. the simulation results were very consistent with the experimental measurement
results. When the engine speed was 1800 rpm, which is 30 Hz, considering 7 plungers, it
can
Tablebe10.easily calculated
Frequency that there
comparison are 7 × 30 = 210 pressure pulses per second, so 210 Hz
analysis.
is the first natural frequency that one would expect. Consequently, further higher-order
Frequency happen
frequencies Multipli-to beExperiment
positionedFrequency Simulation
at 2, 3, . . . times 210 Hz. Frequency
Similar aspects occur
Error (%)in
the design cation (Hz) the so-called “Blade (Hz)
of aircraft propellers, where Passage Frequency” is a key
parameter for 1 the study of acoustics and vibrations produced211.4
207.1 by rotating engine rotors2 [6].
Under the 2load pressures of p1 =414.1 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38 MPa, 420and p3 = 12.87 MPa, 1.3 the
third-order3frequency errors before simulation and experiment
621.2 631.4were about 1.3%, 1.60.3%,
and 1.5%, respectively. The main reason for the small deviation between the two is that
in theThrough
AMESimthe simulation
comparativeprocess, the outlet
analysis of theofexperiment
the plungerand pump and the throttle
simulation, it can bevalve
con-
are directly connected with a wire, which is equivalent to no
cluded that the simulation results were very consistent with the experimentalpipeline, and the damping
measure-
effect of the pipeline
ment results. When thewas not considered.
engine In addition,
speed was 1800 rpm, which the plunger
is 30 Hz,pump and hydraulic
considering 7 plung-
valve leakage were not considered in the AMESim simulation process. Additionally,
ers, it can be easily calculated that there are 7 × 30 = 210 pressure pulses per second, so there
210
were other environmental factors and manual operation factors during
Hz is the first natural frequency that one would expect. Consequently, further higher- the experiment.
In summary,
order the frequency
frequencies happen toerror of the pump
be positioned at 2,fluid
3, …pressure
times 210 pulsation frequency
Hz. Similar aspectsof the
occur
simulation
in the design of aircraft propellers, where the so-called “Blade Passage Frequency” the
analysis and experiment test was about 1%, which proved the correctness of is a
simplified system model.
key parameter for the study of acoustics and vibrations produced by rotating engine ro-
tors
7. [6]. Under the load pressures of p1 = 4.375 MPa, p2 = 8.38 MPa, and p3 = 12.87 MPa, the
Conclusions
third-order frequency errors before simulation and experiment were about 1.3%, 0.3%,
In this paper, the simplified system model of a seven-plunger pump was established
and 1.5%, respectively. The main reason for the small deviation between the two is that in
by AMESim software, and the pressure pulsation characteristics of pump source fluid
the AMESim simulation process, the outlet of the plunger pump and the throttle valve are
under different system load pressures at constant speed were simulated and analyzed. The
directly connected with a wire, which is equivalent to no pipeline, and the damping effect
pump source fluid pressure pulsation test experimental platform was built to measure
the fluid pressure pulsation at the outlet of the pump, and the experimental test results
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9559 16 of 17

and simulation results were compared and analyzed, and the following conclusions were
obtained: The frequency error of the fluid pressure pulsation frequency measured by
simulation analysis and experiment was about 1%, and the data were in good agreement,
which verified the correctness of the simplified system model of the plunger pump. The
general model of the plunger pump simplified system based on AMESim can facilitate
parameter setting and reduce the workload of simulation modeling. The experimental test
found that under a certain speed and pressure, the fluid pressure pulsation curve at the
outlet of the pump had a wide frequency domain and multi-harmonic characteristics, and
similar conclusions can be obtained from the simulation results. With the increase of the
load pressure, the amplitude of the pump fluid pressure pulsation showed an increasing
trend, and the pressure pulsation rate showed a decreasing trend. It can be seen from
the frequency spectrum of the fluid pressure pulsation that the fundamental frequency
amplitude of the fluid pressure pulsation increased significantly with the increase of the
load pressure, and the other frequency doubling amplitudes did not change significantly.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.L.; Formal analysis, H.M.; Methodology, S.Z.; Project
administration, Q.H.; Software, Y.W.; Writing—original draft, W.W. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: (1) the Basic Research Fund of Central University: N2003008; (2) National Science and
Technology Professional Projects: J2019-I-0008-0008.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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