Pages From College Mathematic by Apollos

COLLEGE MATHEMATICS
A SELF-TEACHING GUIDE
Copyright © Ezeogu Chinonso Apollos, 2019.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

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College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
DEDICATION xvi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii
UNIT I: NUMBER AND NUMERATION

Chapter 1 Real Number System, Factors, Multiples,
and Approximation
1.1 Real Number System 2 -3
1.2 Factors 3-4
1.2.1 Prime Factor 3
1.2.2 Common Factor 3-4
1.2.3 Highest Common Factor 4
1.3 Multiples 4-5
1.4 Approximation and Standard Form 5-7
1.4.1 Decimal Place 5-6
1.4.2 Significant Figure 6
1.4.3 Nearest Whole Number 6 -7
1.4.4 Standard Form 7
Chapter 2 Arithmetic
2.1 Fraction 10 - 16
2.2 Ratio 16 - 18
2.3 Percentages 18 - 19
2.4 Proportion and Rates 20 - 21
2.4.1 Proportion 20
2.4.2 Rates 20 - 21
2.5 Financial/Commercial Arithmetic 21 - 28
2.5.1 Profit and Loss 22
2.5.2 Simple Interest 23 - 24
2.5.3 Compound Interest 24 - 26
2.5.4 Discount, Commmision and Tax 27 - 28
College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

vi
Contents
Chapter 3 Number Bases
3.1 Operations on Bases 31 - 37
3.2 Conversion of Bases to Denary ( i.e. Base 10) 37 - 39
3.2.1 Conversion from Base 2 (Binary) to base 10 37
3.2.2 Conversion from Other bases to base 10 38 - 39
3.3 Conversion from Base 10 to Other Bases 39 - 44
3.4 Conversion from one Base to Another Base 44 - 46
3.5 Other Worked Examples on Base 46 - 47
Chapter 4 Indices and Logarithm

4.1 Laws of indices 50 - 53
4.2 Laws of logarithm 54 - 58
4.3 Evaluating Logarithm Expressions 58 - 66
Chapter 5 Surds
5.1 Rules of Surd 69
5.2 Basic Form of Surd 69 - 70
5.3 Similar Surds 70
5.4 Conjugate Surds 70 - 71
5.5 Rationalizing Surds 71 - 74
5.6 Equality of Surds 75 - 76
5.7 Solving Radical Equations of Surd 76 - 77
Chapter 6 Variation
6.1 Direct Variation 80 - 82
6.2 Inverse Variation 82 - 85
6.3 Joint Variation 85 - 87
6.4 Partial Variation 88 - 91
Chapter 7 Sequence and Series

7.1 Arithmetic Progression 93 - 100
7.2 Geometric Progression 101 - 107
7.3 Other Examples on Sequence 108
Chapter 8 Set Theory
8.1 Definition and Notations 111 - 117
8.2 Basic Properties/Laws of Set 118 - 119
8.3 Other Laws of Operation of Set 119 - 121
8.4 Solving Problems using Venn Diagram 121 - 123

vii
Contents
UNIT II: ALGEBRA
Chapter 9 Algebra Process I
9.1 Simplification of Algebraic Expression 129 - 134
9.1.1 Linear Expressions 129
9.1.2 Algebraic Fraction 129 - 130
9.1.3 Substitution 131
9.1.4 Expansion and Factorisation 132
9.2 Linear Equation in One Variable 134 - 136
9.3 Linear Equation in Two Variables
( Simultaneous Equation) 136 - 141
9.3.1 Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equation 136 - 140
9.3.2 Word Problems Leading to Simultaneous Equation 140 - 141
9.4 Change of Subject Formula 141 - 143
9.5 Quadratic Equation 143 - 155
9.5.1 Factorisation Method 143 - 145
9.5.2 Completing the Square Method 145 - 146
9.5.3 Quadratic ( Almighty) Formula Method 146 - 152
9.5.4 Graphical Solution of Quadratic Equation 152 - 155
9.6 Simultaneous Quadratic and Linear Equation 155 - 162
Chapter 10 Algebra Process II

10.1 Linear Inequality 165 - 184
10.1.1 Inequality Notations 165
10.1.2 Number Line 166
10.1.3 Rules of Inequality 167
10.1.4 Linear Inequality in One Variable 167 - 171
10.1.5 Linear Inequality in Two Variables 172 - 177
10.2 Inequality with Modulus 177 - 184
Chapter 11 Algebra Process III
11.1 Polynomials 188 -196
11.1.1 Addition of Polynomials 188 - 189
11.1.2 Subtraction of Polynomials 189
11.1.3 Multiplication of Polynomials 190
11.1.4 Division of Polynomials 190 - 191
11.1.5 Zeroes of Polynomials 192
11.1.6 Solution of Polynomials by Substitution 192 - 193
11.1.7 Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem 193 - 195
11.1.8 Polynomial Graphs 195 - 196

viii
Contents
11.2 Partial Fraction 198 - 212
11.2.1 Methods of Solving Partial Fraction 198
11.2.2 Forms of Partial Fraction 198 - 212
- Non Repeated Linear Factor at the Denominator
- Non Repeated with Non-Linear Factor at the Denominator
- Repeated factors at the denominator
- Irrational function
UNIT III: PLANE GEOMETRY

Chapter 12 Points, Lines, Angles and Triangle
12.1 Points, lines and Angles 216 – 219
12.1.1 Points 216
12.1.2 Lines 216 - 217
12.1.3 Angles 218 - 219
12.2 Basic Properties of Lines and Angles 219 - 221
12.2.1 Lines 219 - 220
12.2.2 Angles 221
12.3 Triangles 221 - 229
12.3.1 Types of Triangles 221 - 223
12.3.2 Properties of Triangles 223 - 229
12.4 Theorems on Triangles 229 - 237
12.4.1 Angle Bisector Theorem 229 - 230
12.4.2 Midpoint Theorem 230 - 231
12.4.3 Intercept Theorem 231 - 233
12.4.4 Pythagoras Theorem 233 - 235
12.4.5 Geometric Mean Theorem 235 - 237
Chapter 13 Polygons
13.1 Kinds and Properties of Polygon 243 - 244
13.2 Sum of Interior and Exterior Angles of a Polygon 244 - 247
13.2.1 Sum of Interior Angles 244
13.2.2 Sum of Exterior Angles 245 - 247
13.3 Quadrilaterals: 247 - 250
13.3.1 Parallelogram 247 - 249
13.3.2 Kite 249
13.3.3 Trapezia 250
13.4 Theorems on Relationship beween Triangles
and Parallelogram 250 - 256

ix
Contents
Chapter 14 Circles and Tangents

14.1 Definition and Properties of Circles 262 -263
14.2 Circle Theorem 263 - 272
14.3 Tangents and Tangents Theorem 272 -276
14.4 Properties of Intersecting Chord 277 - 281
Chapter 15 Construction and Loci
15.1 Construction and Bisection of a Line 287 - 290
15.2 Construction and Bisection of Angles 290 - 293
15.3 Construction of Triangles 294 - 296
15.4 Construction of Circumscribed, Inscribed,
and Escribed Circle to a Triangle 296 - 298
15.5 Construction of Tangents 298 - 302
15.6 Construction of Quadrilaterals 303 - 305
15.7 Loci 305 - 307
15.7.1 Loci in Two Dimensional Plane 305 - 307
15.7.2 Loci in Three Dimensional plane 307
15.8 Further Examples on Construction 308 - 309
UNIT IV: MENSURATION

Chapter 16 Plane Shapes
16.1 Length, Perimeter and Areas of Plane Shapes 315 - 329
16.1.1 Triangle 315 - 319
16.1.2 Square 319 - 320
16.1.3 Rectangle 320 - 321
16.1.4 Trapezium 321 - 322
16.1.5 Rhombus 323 - 324
16.1.6 Parallelogram 324 - 325
16.1.7 Kite 326 - 327
16.1.8 Circle 327 - 330
16.2 Areas of Composite Plane Shapes 331 - 336
Chapter 17 Solid Shapes
17.1 Surface Area and Volume of Solid shapes
17.1.1 Cube 341 - 342
17.1.2 Cuboid 342 - 343
17.1.3 Cone 343 - 346
17.1.4 Cylinder 346 - 349
17.1.5 Prism 350 - 351
17.1.6 Pyramid 352 – 354
17.1.7 Sphere and Hemisphere 355 - 356

x
Contents
17.2 Surface Area and Volume of Composite Solid Shapes 356 - 358
17.3 Frustum 356 - 366
UNIT V: TRIGONOMETRY
Chapter 18 Trigonometry I
18.1 Pythagoras Theorem and Trigonometric Ratios 373 - 377
18.2 Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles 377 - 380
18.3 Trigonometric Ratio of Special Angles ( 0˚to 360˚) 381 - 383
18.4 Trigonometric Identities 384 - 385
18.5 Compound Angle Formula 386 - 387
18.6 Multiple Angles, Product Formula and Half Angles 387 - 390
18.6.1 Multiple Angles 387 - 388
18.6.2 Product Formula 388 - 389
18.6.3 Half Angles 389 - 390
18.7 Trigonometric Functions and Graphs 391 - 392
Chapter 19 Trigonometry II
19.1 Angle of Elevation and Depression 396 - 400
19.2 Sine Rule 401 - 404
19.3 Cosine Rule 405 - 407
19.4 Bearing 408 - 411
Chapter 20 Longitude and Latitude
20.1 Longitude 415
20.2 Latitude 415 - 416
20.3 Radius of the Earth(Great Circle) 416
20.4 Radius of Parallel of Latitude(Small Circle) 416 - 417
20.5 Location of Places on the Earth’s Surface 417 - 420
20.6 Angle between Places on the Earth’s Surface 420 - 421
20.7 Distance on Great Circle (Meridian and Equator) 421 - 424
20.8 Distance on Small Circle ( Along Parallel of Latitude) 424 - 430
20.9 Application of Longitude in Time Calculations 430 - 431
UNIT VI: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Chapter 21 Coordinates
21.1 Cartesian Coordinates 435 - 436
21.2 Distance between two Coordinate Points 437
21.3 Mid- Point of Two Coordinate Points 438 – 439

xi
Contents
21.4 Division of Coordinate Points 439 - 441
21.5 Areas of Triangles Using Coordinates and Vertices 442 - 443
21.6 Gradient and Intercept of a Straight Line 443 - 449
21.7 Intersection of Two Straight line 449 - 451
21.8 Perpendicular Distance from a Line
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 to a Coordinate Point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 451- 452
Chapter 22 Conic Sections
22.1 Circles 456 - 463
22.1.1 Equations of a Circle 456 - 459
22.1.2 Equation of the Tangent at a Point on a Circle 460 - 461
22.1.3 Equation of the Normal to a Circle 461 - 462
22.1.4 Equation of Length of Tangent to a Circle 462 - 463
22.2 Ellipse 463 - 468
22.2.1 Terms Used for Describing Ellipse 463 - 464
22.2.2 Equation of an Ellipse 464 - 467
22.2.3 Equation of Tangent to an Ellipse 468
22.2.4 Equation of Normal to an Ellipse 468
22.3 Parabola 469 - 472
22.3.1 Terms Used for Describing Parabola 469
22.3.2 Equation of a Parabola 470 - 471
22.3.3 Equation of Tangent to a Parabola 471 - 472
22.3.4 Equation of Normal to a Parabola 472
22.4 Hyperbola 472 - 477
22.3.1 Terms Used for Describing Hyperbola 473 - 474
22.3.2 Equation of a Hyperbola 474 - 476
22.3.3 Equation of Tangent to a Hyperbola 477
22.3.4 Equation of Normal to a Hyperbola 477
UNIT VII: STATISTICS, PROBABILITY,

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
Chapter 23 Statistics
23.1 Data Collection Classification and Presentation 483
23.2 Grouped Frequency Distribution 484 - 486
23.3 Charts 487 - 498
23.3.1 Pictogram 487 - 488
23.3.2 Bar Chart 488 - 490
23.3.3 Histogram 490 - 491
23.3.4 Line Graph 491
23.3.5 Pie Chart 492

xii
Contents
23.3.6 Frequency Polygon 493
23.3.7 Cumulative Frequency Curve (Ogive) 494 - 496
23.4 Measures of Central Tendency 496 - 503
23.4.1 Mean 496 - 498
23.4.2 Median 499 - 501
23.4.3 Mode 501 - 503
23.5 Measures of Dispersion 504 - 510
23.5.1 Range 504
23.5.2 Mean Deviation 504 - 505
23.5.3 Variance and Standard Deviation 506 - 510
Chapter 24 Probability
24.1 Definitions and Terms Used in Probability 515 - 516
24.2 Laws of Probability 516 - 523
Chapter 25 Permutation and Combination
25.1 Permutation 527 - 531
25.1.1 General Formula of Permutation 527 -528
25.1.2 Special Cases/Formulas of Permutation 528 - 531
25.2 Combination 532 - 533
UNIT VIII: MAPPING AND BINARY OPERATION

Chapter 26 Mapping
26.1 Definition 537
26.2 Properties and Notations of Mapping 537 - 538
26.3 Representation of Mapping 538 - 541
26.4 Types of Mapping 541 - 545
26.4.1 One-One-Mapping (Injective Mapping) 541 - 542
26.4.2 Onto-Mapping (Surjective Mapping) 543
26.4.3 Bijective 543
26.5 Identity Mapping 543 - 544
26.6 Constant Mapping 544
26.7 Composition of Mapping 546 - 548
26.8 Functions 548 - 549
26.9 Inverse of a Function 549 - 552
Chapter 27 Binary Operation

27.1 Operators/Notations 556
27.2 Properties of Binary Operation 556 - 559
27.2.1 Closure Property 556 - 560

xiii
Contents
27.2.2 Commutative Property 560

27.2.3 Associative Property 561 - 562
27.2.4 Distributive Property 562 - 563
27.3 Identity Element 563 - 565
27.4 Inverse of an Element 565 - 569
UNIT IX: CALCULUS

Chapter 28 Differentiation
28.1 Limits and Differentiation from First Principle 573 - 579
28.1.1 Limit 573 - 576
28.1.2 Derivation from First Principle 576 - 579
28.2 Methods of Differentiation 580 - 587
28.2.1 Sum/Difference and Linearity Rule 580 - 583
28.2.2 Product Rule 583 - 585
28.2.3 Quotient Rule 585 - 586
28.2.4 Chain Rule (Function of Functions) 586 - 587
28.3 Derivation of Trigonometric Functions 588 - 590
28.4 Derivation of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 590 - 592
28.4.1 Logarithmic Function 590 - 591
28.4.2 Exponential Function 591 - 592
28.5 Differentiation of Implicit Function 592 - 594
28.6 Parametric Differentiation 594 - 595
28.7 Differentiation of Inverse Function 595 - 596
28.8 Higher Derivatives 597 - 598
28.9 Applications of Differentiation 598 - 613
28.9.1 Increasing and Decreasing Function 598 - 602
28.9.2 Stationary points 602 - 608
28.9.3 Tangent and Normal of Conic Sections 608 - 611
28.9.4 Rate of Change 611 - 613
Chapter 29 Integration
29.1 Integration as Anti-derivative 617
29.2 Types of Integration 617 - 618
29.3 Standard Integrals 618
29.4 Integration of Polynomial and Linear Functions 619 - 620
29.5 Integration by Substitution 620 - 622
29.6 Integration of Quotient Form 622 - 623
29.7 Integration by Part 623 - 626
29.8 Integration by Trigonometric Substitution 627 – 631

xiv
Contents
29.9 Integration by Partial Fraction 631 - 635
29.9.1 Product of Linear Factors at the Denominator 631 - 633
29.9.2 Quadratic Factor at the Denominator 633 - 635
29.10 Integration of Trigonometric Functions 635 - 637
29.11 Applications of Integration 637 - 646
29.11.1 Equation of a Curve 638
29.11.2 Length of a Curve 638 - 639
29.11.3 Area Under a Curve and Between Curves 639 - 643
29.11.4 Volume of Solids of Revolution 644 - 646
UNIT X: MATRICES
Chapter 30 Matrices and Determinants
30.1 Classifications of Matrices 651 - 653
30.2 Basic Operations of Matrices 653 - 659
30.2.1 Addition 653 - 654
30.2.2 Subtraction 654 - 655
30.2.3 Multiplication 655 - 659
30.3 Properties of Matrix Operations 659 - 662
30.4 Transpose of a Matrix 662 - 664
30.5 Minors and Cofactors of a Matrix 664 - 666
30.6 Adjoint of a Matrix 666 - 667
30.7 Determinants of a matrix 667 -675
30.7.1 Determinants of Two by Two (2×2) Matrix 667
30.7.2 Determinants of Three by Three (3×3)
Matrix 668 - 671
30.8 Inverse Matrix 671 - 678
30.8.1 Inverse of Two by Two (2×2) Matrix 671 - 674
30.8.2 Inverse of Three by Three (3×3) Matrix 674 - 676
30.9 Solution of Simultaneous Equation by
Determinant and Inverse Matrix Methods 676 - 681
30.9.1 Determinant Method (Cramer’s Rule) 676 - 679
30.9.2 Inverse Matrix Method 679– 681
UNIT XI APPENDIXES , REFERENCES AND INDEX

Appendix A: Mathematical Table 686 -701
Appendix B: Answers to Objective Questions and Exercises 702 - 752
Appendix C: Mathematical Symbols 753 - 755
References 756
Index 757 - 760

xv
Preface
This book is a compilation work on mathematical concepts with the intention to

elucidate the difficulties faced by students in the International General Certificate of
Secondary Education (IGCSE), Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), West Africa Senior
Secondary Schools Examinations (WASSCE), Unified Tertiary Matriculation
Examination (UTME), Graduate Record Exam (GRE), General Management Aptitude
Test (GMAT) and first year undergraduate mathematics course. The book contains
detailed treatment of the topics in the aforementioned examinations syllabi. The
topics in each chapter are treated exhaustively with several examples, objective test
questions and practice exercises at the end of the chapter. This will ensure that the
student develops himself/herself to the requisite standard expected for any of these
examinations. Also in this book, the author started from simpler topics to the more
advanced topics, thus, using various illustrations, annotations, alternative solution to
a given problem where necessary, and sometimes real life situations when solving
some problems so as to enhance the understanding of the subject.
Finally, I would like to encourage the student that mathematics is very simple. The
belief that it is difficult is not true – it is a mathematical myth. However, before you
start studying this course, I besiege you to relinguish this wrong belief, then study and
practice each topic completely and observe the truth about mathematics – it’s simple
and fun.
Ezeogu C. Apollos

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CHAPTER15 CONSTRUCTION AND LOCI
Construction is the process of drawing figures (i.e. angles and shapes) to satisfy
certain conditions necessary to prove a theorem or solve a problem. Hence, the use of
construction is widely applied in engineering designs such as: architecture drafting,
structural drawing, piping drawing, electrical and electronics drawing.
The basic tools needed for construction at this preliminary stage are:
drawing board, plane sheet of paper, compass, protractor, set square(s), sharpened
pencil and eraser.
15.1 CONSTRUCTION AND BISECTION OF A LINE
(i) Construction of a Line of any Given Length (e.g. 10cm)
Given: Draw a straight line ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 longer than the required length.
Required: To draw a line of given length 10cm.
Construction: (a) Using a compass, mark a point 𝑋 on 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅;
(b) Taking a radius of the given length with centre 𝑋,
draw an arc to cut ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 at 𝑌.
A X Y B
Fig. 15.1
Conclusion: From fig.15.1, the distance 𝑋𝑌 is the required length of constructed line.
(ii) Construction of a Parallel to a Given Straigth Line
Given: A straight line ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵.
Required: To draw a parallel line to 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅.
̅̅̅̅ where the
Construction: (a) Mark the point 𝑃 at a given distance from 𝐴𝐵
parallel line will pass through;
(b) Join 𝐴𝑃;
(c) With 𝑃 as centre and radius 𝐴𝐵, draw an arc; next, with 𝐵 as
centre and radius 𝐴𝑃, draw another arc to cut the former arc at 𝑄;
(d) Join 𝑃𝑄
P Q
A B
Fig. 15.2
Conclusion: ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ .
𝑃𝑄 is the required parallel line to 𝐴𝐵

288
Construction and Loci
(iii) To Divide a line into Equal Parts

̅̅̅.
Given: A line 𝐴𝐵
Required: To divide it into equal parts.
Construction: (a) Draw another line 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅ at any convenient angle to 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅.
(b) Using any convenient radius, divide ̅̅̅𝐴𝐶 into the required
number of parts;
(c) Then, join the last point of the division to 𝐵, and construct
parallel lines from other parts to ̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵.
A P Q B
R
Fig. 15.3
Conclusion: ̅̅̅
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝑄̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ are the number of equal parts that the line 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅ = 𝑅𝐵
= 𝑄𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ is
divided.
(iv) Bisection of a Straight Line

Given: Draw a straight line 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅.
̅̅̅̅ into two equal parts;
Required: To bisect 𝐴𝐵
Construction: (a) Place the tip of your compass on A and using any convenient
radius, draw an arc above and below the line ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵;
(b) Then repeat this procedure by placing the tip of the compass
on B, using the same radius as that of A;
(c) Finally, use a pencil and a ruler to join the two arcs and label it ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 .
See fig. 15.4.

289
M
A B
Fig. 15.4
̅̅̅̅ is the bisector of the line 𝐴𝐵

̅̅̅̅̅ and the perpendicular 𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐵𝑀
Conclusion: 𝐴𝑀 ̅̅̅̅.
(v) Construction of a Perpendicular to a Line

̅̅̅̅, and mark out the centre 𝑀;
Given: Draw a straight line 𝐴𝐵
Required: To draw a perpendicular to a line.
Construction: (a) With centre 𝑀 and any convenient radius, draw a semi-circle
to cut ̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 at point 𝐶 and 𝐷;
(b) With 𝐶 and 𝐷 as centres and any convenient radius draw
arcs to cut at 𝑃;
(c) Finally, use a pencil and a ruler to join ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑀.
P
A C M D B
Fig. 15.5
𝑃𝑀 is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅
Conclusion: ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 at point 𝑀, and ∠𝐵𝑀𝑃 = ∠𝐴𝑀𝑃 = 90°.

290
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1
Divide a line which is 10cm long into five equal parts.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The length of the line is 10cm, and when it is divided into 5 equal parts, each of the
division will be 2cm as shown in fig.15.6.
2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm
Fig. 15.6
Divide a line of length 9cm internally in the ratio 5:3, and measure the parts.
By construction as required, we have that:
A C B
Fig. 15.7
Thus, from fig. 15.7, the parts are measured as |𝐴𝐶| = 5.6cm, and |𝐵𝐶| = 3.4cm.
15.2 CONSTRUCTION AND BISECTION OF ANGLES

(i) Construction of Angle 90°
̅̅̅̅, and mark out the centre 𝑀.
Given: Draw a straight line 𝐴𝐵
Required: To construct angle 90°.

291
Construction: (a) With centre 𝑀 and any convenient radius, draw an arc to cut
̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 at point 𝐶 and 𝐷;
(b) Then using points 𝐶 and 𝐷 as centres and with the same
̅̅̅̅̅) draw arcs to cut at 𝑃;
radius (or atleast greater than 𝐶𝑀
(c) Finally, use a pencil and a ruler to join ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑀.
P
A C M D B
Fig. 15.8
Conclusion: ∠𝐵𝑀𝑃 = ∠𝐴𝑀𝑃 = 90°.
(ii) Bisector of an Angle

Given: Angle ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 ;
Required: To bisect ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶;
Construction: (a) Place your compass at point 𝐵, and with any convenient
̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
radius draw arcs to cut the line 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 at points 𝑀 and 𝑁
respectively;
(b) Now, with point 𝑀 as centre and with any convenient radius,
draw an arc of circle;
(c) Then using point 𝑁 as centre and using the same radius as in
step (b), draw an arc to cut the other arc at point 𝑃;
(d) Join ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑃.
A
M
P
B N C
Fig. 15.9
Conclusion: The line ̅̅̅̅

𝐵𝑃 is the bisector of ∠𝐴𝐵𝑃. Therefore, ∠𝐴𝐵𝑃 = ∠𝐶𝐵𝑃.

292
(iii) Construction of Angle 45°

Given: Draw a line 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅.
Construction: (a) Construct a perpendicular on line ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵;
(b) Then, bisect it at point 𝑄, using the method of angle bisector;
̅̅̅̅̅.
(c) Join 𝑄𝑀
P
Q
45°
45°
A C M D B
Fig. 15.10
Conclusion: Therefore, ∠𝑄𝑀𝐵 = 45°
(iv) Construction of Angle 60°

̅̅̅̅.
Given: Draw a line 𝐴𝐵
Construction: (a) With 𝐴 as centre and using any convenient radius make an
arc of a circle cutting the line ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 at point 𝐶;
(b) Taking point 𝐶 as centre, and using the same radius as
in (a), draw another arc to cut the first arc at point 𝐷;
(c) Finally, use a pencil and a ruler to join ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 .
D
60°
A C B
Fig. 15.11
Conclusion: Therefore, ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 60°

293
(v) Construction of Angle 30°
̅̅̅̅.
Given: A line 𝐴𝐵
Construction: (a) First construct angle 60°;
(b) Then bisect the angle 60° at point 𝑃(seefig. 15.12);
(c) Join ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐴.
D
30°
30°
A C B
Fig. 15.12
Conclusion: Therefore, ∠𝐶𝐴𝑃 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 30°
Construct the following angles (a) 15° (b) 75°
(a)
The angle 15° can be found by

constructing 30° and then bisecting
the angle using “angle bisector
method.”
15°
15°
A B
Fig. 15.13(i)
(b)
The angle 75° can be found by first

constructing 90° and 60° ; then
between 90°and 60° is 30° which is
bisected to give 15°. Thus, adding
75° 60°+15° = 75°
A M B
Fig. 15.13(ii)

294
15.3 CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES

(i) Construction of Right-angle Triangle
Given: Draw a line ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵.
Required: To construct a right angle triangle 𝐶𝐴𝐷.
Construction: (a) Produce ̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 to 𝑃;
(b) With radius 𝐵𝑃, and using 𝐵 as centre draw a semi circle
(c) Then, construct a perpendicular to pass through 𝐵;
(d) Join 𝐴 to meet the perpendicular at the required height 𝐶
(see fig. 15.14).
C
A B P
Fig. 15.14
(ii) Construction of Equilateral Triangle

Given: Draw a line ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵.
Required: To construct an equilateral triangle 𝐶𝐴𝐷.
Construction: (a) Mark the point 𝐶 on line 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅, which is the required length of
each side of the equilateral triangle to be constructed.
(b) Construct angle 60° on “𝐴”;
(c) Join 𝐶 to 𝐴 and 𝐷, to obtain ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 (see fig. 15.15).
D
60°
A C B
Fig. 15.15
Conclusion: Therefore, ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐶 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷, and ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 60°.

295
(iii) Construction of Isosceles Triangle

̅̅̅̅.
Required: To construct an isosceles triangle with two of its sides and angles
equal.
Construction: (a) With "𝐴" as centre and any convenient radius not equal to |𝐴𝐵|,
draw an arc;
(b) Also with “𝐵”as centre and using the same radius as in (a)
draw another arc to cut the first arc at point 𝐶;
(c) Join 𝐶 to 𝐴 and 𝐵 to obtain ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 (see fig. 15.16).
C
A B
Fig. 15.16
Conclusion: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
(iv) Construction of Scalene Triangle
̅̅̅̅.
Required: To construct a scalene triangle with all its sides and angles
un-equal.
Construction: (a) With "𝐴"as centre and any convenient radius not equal to |𝐴𝐵|,
draw an arc;
(b) Then with “𝐵”as centre and using a different radius from the
one used above (i.e., in (a)) and also not equal to |𝐴𝐵|, draw
an arc to cut the first arc at point “𝐶”;
(c) Join 𝐶 to 𝐴 and 𝐵 to obtain ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 (see fig. 15.17).
C
A B
Fig. 15.16
̅̅̅̅ ≠ ̅̅̅̅
Conclusion: Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a scalene triangle and 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 ≠ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶

296
Construct each median of a triangle of sides |𝐴𝐵| = 8cm, |𝐴𝐶| = 6cm, and
|𝐵𝐶| = 15cm. What is their point of trisection called?
C
The median of a triangle is a line drawn from a

vertex to the mid-point of the side facing that
vertex. Thus, to construct the median of a given
triangle, bisect each side using the “method of
G perpendicular bisector of a line,” then from the
mid-point, draw a line to touch the opposite
A B vertex.
Fig. 15.17
The point of trisection, 𝐺, is called the “centroid or centre of mass of the triangle.”
15.4 CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSCRIBED, INSCRIBED AND ESCRIBED

CIRCLE TO A TRIANGLE
(i) Construction of Circumscribed Circle in a Given Triangle
Given: Δ 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Required: To construct a circumscribed circle of the given triangle.
Construction: (a) Bisect sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶, then let the point of intersection of
the two bisectors be O;
(b) Then, with O as centre and using radius 𝑂𝐴 (or 𝑂𝐵, or 𝑂𝐶)
draw a circle to pass through vertices 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶.
C
A B
Fig. 15.18
̅̅̅̅, 𝐴𝐶
Conclusion: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅̅and 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are chords to the circle, while the perpendicular
bisector of each of these chords will give the diameter of the circle.

297
(ii) Construction of Inscribed Circle in a Given Triangle

Given: Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶
Required: To inscribe a circle in the given triangle, 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Construction: (a) Bisect ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, and let the bisector cut each
other at point 𝑂;
(b) Then with O as centre, draw a perpendicular to touch line ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
at 𝑀; thus 𝑂𝑀 is now the radius of the circle.
(c) Using O as centre with radius 𝑂𝑀, draw the circle to touch
each of the sides of the triangle.
C
A B
M
Fig. 15.19
Conclusion: The circle which touches each sides of the given Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 is called the
“inscribed circle of the triangle.”
(xii) Construction of Escribed Circle to a Given Triangle

Given: Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Required: To escribe a circle to a given triangle, 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Construction: (a) Produce sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 to points 𝑃 and 𝑄 respectively;
(b) Bisect the exterior angles formed (i.e. ∠𝐶𝐵𝑄 and ∠𝐵𝐶𝑃) and let
the bisectors cut each other at point O;
(c) Taking O as centre, draw a perpendicular to meet at point 𝑀
̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
either to 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 or ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 .
(d) With radius 𝑂𝑀, and centre O, draw the escribe circle to
touch ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑃 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑄 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 .

298
P
A B M Q
Fig. 15.20
Conclusion : The external circle touches one side of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶. Thus, it is said to be
escribed to the triangle.
15.5 CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS
(i) Construction of a Tangent at a Point on a Circle.
Given: A circle with centre O, and a point 𝑃 on the circle.
Required: To construct a tangent at a point 𝑃 on the circumference
of the circle.
Construction: (a) Join 𝑂𝑃 and produce it to 𝑋 an external point outside the circle;
(b) with radius 𝑂𝑃, mark a point 𝐶 along line 𝑋𝑃;
(c) Construct a perpendicular 𝐴𝐵 to 𝑂𝐶 by bisecting line 𝑂𝐶
to pass through point 𝑃 on the circle.
A
O X
P C
B
Fig. 15.21
̅̅̅̅
Conclusion: 𝐴𝐵 is the required tangent to the circle at point 𝑃 on the circumference,
and also ∠𝑂𝑃𝐴 = ∠𝑂𝑃𝐵 = 90°

299
(ii) Construction of a Tangent to a Given Circle from a Point 𝑿 Outside the Circle.
Given: A circle with centre O, and a point 𝑋 outside the circle.
Required: To construct a tangent to the circle from point 𝑋.
Construction: (a) Join 𝑂𝑋;
(b) Bisect 𝑂𝑋, and let the perpendicular to 𝑂𝑋 cut at point 𝑋;
(c) With 𝑀 as centre and 𝑂𝑀(or 𝑀𝑋) as radius, draw an arc to
cut the given circle at points 𝑃 and 𝑄;
(d) Join 𝑋𝑃 and 𝑋𝑄.
O
M
Fig. 15.22
Conclusion: 𝑋𝑃 and 𝑋𝑄 are the required tangents from the external point 𝑋𝑃 and 𝑋
outside the circle to the given circle with centre, O.
(iii) Construction of a Common Tangent to Two Given Circles

Given: Two circles of radius 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 with centres 𝐴 and 𝐵respectively.
Required: To construct a common tangent to the two given circles.
Construction: (a) Join 𝐴𝐵, then with 𝐴 as centre, construct a third circle with
radius equal to the difference of the radii 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , assuming 𝑅1 >𝑅2 ;
̅̅̅̅, then with mid-point 𝑀 and radius 𝐴𝑀, draw an
(b) Bisect 𝐴𝐵
arc to cut the new circle at point 𝐶, − this is the tangent to the
new circle from external point 𝐵;
(c) Then join 𝐴𝐶 and produce it to cut the circle with radius 𝑅1 at 𝑇;
(d) Now from 𝑇, draw perpendicular to 𝐴𝑇 to meet circle with radius
𝑅2 at 𝑆.

300
S
C
A M B
R2
R1
Fig. 15.23
𝑇𝑆 is the required common tangent to the two given circles.
(iv) Construction of a Transverse Common Tangent to Two Given Circles
Given: Two circles of radius 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 with centres 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively.
Required: To construct a transverse common tangent to the two given circles.
Construction: (a) Join 𝐴𝐵, then with 𝐴 as centre, construct a third circle with
radius equal to the sum of the radii 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ;
(b) Bisect ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 , then with mid-point 𝑀 and radius 𝐴𝑀, draw an
arc to cut the new circle at point 𝐶;
(c) Join 𝐴 to 𝐶, such that it cuts the circle with radius 𝑅1 at 𝑇;
(d) Now from 𝑇, draw perpendicular to 𝐴𝑇 to meet circle with
radius 𝑅2 at 𝑆.
R2
A M B
R1
Fig. 15.24
𝑇𝑆 is the required ttransverse common tangent to the two given circles.

301
(v) Construction of Common Interior Tangents to two Given Circles.

Given: Two circles with centres O and 𝑃, with radii 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 respectively;
where 𝑅1 > 𝑅2 .
Required: To construct two interior tangents to the given circles.
Construction: (a) With 𝑂 as centre and radius of the sum 𝑅1 +𝑅2 , draw another circle
(this circle should be with dotted line because it is a construction
circle);
(b) Now draw the tangents 𝑃𝑇 and 𝑃𝑆 from an external point 𝑃
to the new circle (use the method in (ii) for the construction
of tangents to a given circle from external point );
(c) Join 𝑂𝑇 and 𝑂𝑆 to cut the given circle with centre O at points
𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively;
(d) Then, through 𝑃, draw 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑂𝑆 parallel to 𝑂𝑇 and 𝑂𝑆
cutting the circle with centre 𝑃 at points 𝑄 and 𝑈 respectively.
(e) Finally, join 𝐴𝑄 and 𝐵𝑈 (see fig. 15.25).
U
A
R2
R1
O M P
B
Q
S
Fig. 15.25
Conclusion: 𝐴𝑄 and 𝐵𝑈 are the required common interior tangents to the

given circles with centres O and 𝑃 respectively.

302
(vi) Construction of Common Exterior Tangents to two Given Circles.

Given: Two circles with centres O, and 𝑃, with radii 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 respectively;
where 𝑅1 > 𝑅2 .
Required: To construct two exterior common tangents to the given circles.
Construction: (a) With O as centre and radius of the difference 𝑅1 −𝑅2 , draw a
new circle inside the circle with centre O (this new circle should be
with dotted line because it is a construction circle);
(b) From centre 𝑃, construct the two tangents 𝐴𝑃 and 𝐵𝑃 to the
new circle;
(c) Since 𝐴 and 𝐵 are points of contacts on the new circle, then
join 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵 and produce them to cut the given circle of
centre O at points 𝐸 and 𝐹 respectively;
(d) Then from centre 𝑃 with radius 𝑅2 , draw a line 𝑃𝐵 and 𝑃𝐴
parallel to 𝐸𝑂 and 𝐹𝑂 respectively;
(e) Finally, join 𝐸𝐶 and 𝐹𝐷 (see fig. 15.26).
E
C
R1 A
O M
P
R2
B
D
F
Fig. 15.26
𝐸𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐷 are the required common exterior tangents to the
two given circles.

303
15.6 CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATRALS

(i) Construction of a Square
Given: The length of one side ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵.
Required: To construct a square given the length of sides.
Construction: (a) On line 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅, construct a right angle on 𝐴;
(b) With centre 𝐵 and radius of the side, draw an arc to cut the
perpendicular at 𝐶;
(c) Now, with centres 𝐵 and 𝐷, and a radius of the given side,
draw arcs tointersect at 𝐷;
(d) Join 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐷𝐵 to complete the required square.
C D
A B
Fig. 15.27 Construction of a Square

Conclusion: 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐶 gives the required square.
(ii) Construction of a Rectangle
Given: The length of the diagonal ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and one known side.
Required: To construct a rectangle.
Construction: (a) Bisect the diagonal 𝐴𝐵 at 𝑂, then with 𝑂𝐴 as radius, construct a
circle on 𝐴𝐵;
(b) With centre 𝐴 and a radius of the given side, draw an arc to
cut the circumference at 𝐶;
(c) Also, with centre 𝐵 and radius of the given side, draw an arc
to cut the circumference at 𝐷;
(d) Then, join 𝐴𝐶, 𝐶𝐵, 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐷𝐴 to complete the required
rectangle.
C
D
Fig. 15.28 Construction of a Rectangle
Conclusion: 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐶 gives the required rectangle.

304
(iii) Construction of a Parallelogram
Given: The length of two sides and one angle.
Required: To construct a parallelogram.
Construction: (a) Draw one side 𝐴𝐵;
(b) Construct the given angle on 𝐵 as required;
(c) With centre 𝐵 and a radius of the other side, draw an arc
to cut 𝐵̂ at 𝐶;
(d) With centre 𝐴 and radius 𝐴𝐵, draw another arc to cut
the previous arc at 𝐷;
(e) Then, join 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐶𝐷.
D C
A B
Fig. 15.29 Parallelogram
Conclusion: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 gives the required parallelogram.
(iv) Construction of a Rhombus
Given: The length of diagonal 𝐴𝐵, and length of side of the rhombus.
Required: To construct a rhombus.
Construction: (a) Draw the diagonal 𝐴𝐵;
(b) With centres 𝐴 and 𝐵, and radius of given side, draw
arcs below and above to intersect at 𝐶 and 𝐷;
(c) Then, join 𝐴𝐶, 𝐶𝐵, 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐷𝐴.
C
A B
D
Fig. 15.30 Rhombus
Conclusion: 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷 is the required rhombus.

305
(iii) Construction of a Trapezium

Given: The length of parallel sides, and their perpendicular distance apart.
Required: To construct a trapezium.
Construction: (a) Draw one of the parallels 𝐴𝐵;
(b) Construct the given angle on 𝐴 as required;
(c) Draw the parallel 𝐶𝐷 to 𝐴𝐵;
(d) Join 𝐵 to 𝐷 to complete the trapezium.
C D
A B
Fig. 15.31 Trapezium
15.7 LOCI
A locus (plural is loci) is the set of all points or lines that are determined by specific
conditions, and satisfies that conditions.
15.7.1 LOCUS IN TWO DIMENSION

(a) The locus of a point 𝑃equidistance from two fixed points is the perpendicular
bisector of the line joining the two points.
A P B
Fig. 15.32

306
(b) The locus of a point which moves with a constant distance from a fixed point is a
circle with the fixed point as centre, and the constant distance is called the radius.
r
O
Fig. 15.33
(c) The locus of a point equidistance from two fixed lines (say ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 )
intersecting each other is a pair of bisectors of angles between them.
A L1 D
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
𝑥 L2
C B
Fig. 15.34
From fig. 15.34, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 90°
∴ 𝐿1 is perpendicular to 𝐿2 .
̅̅̅̅̅and 𝐶𝐷
(d) The locus of a point equidistance from two fixed lines, say (𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅) parallel to
each other, is the mid-way between them.
B
s
cu
Lo
D
A
C
Fig. 15.35

307
(e) If the base of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is fixed, with 𝐴𝐵 as the base, then the locus of 𝐶 is a
semi- circle with 𝐴𝐵 as diameter.
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90°
A B
Fig. 15.36
15.7.2 LOCUS IN THREE DIMENSION

(a) The locus of a point which moves in space with constant distance from a fixed
point is a sphere. The constant distance is called the radius, R, of the sphere.
Fig. 15.37 Sphere

(b) A point which moves with a constant distance from a given line is the curved
surface of a cylinder having the line as its axis and the constant distance as the radius.
Fig. 15.38 Curved Surface of a Cylinder

(c) A point which is equidistance from two intersecting lines (say ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷) is two
cones which have their vertices joined at the intersection of the two lines.
A D
C B
Fig. 15.39 Two Cones

308
15.8 FURTHER EXAMPLES ON CONSTRUCTION

Using a ruler and pair of compass only, construct a quadrilateral 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 such that
|𝑃𝑄| = |𝑆𝑅| = 10cm, |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑆| = 8cm and ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 120°; where 𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝑆𝑅 and 𝑃𝑆 ∥
𝑄𝑅. Then on the quadrilateral locate:
(i) the locus 𝑙1 of the point 6cm from 𝑄(ii) the locus 𝑙2 of points equidistant from
𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑆. Measure the distance of points of intersection of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2
(mark it as 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 ).
S
R
𝑥2
𝑙1
𝑥1
°
𝑙2 120
P Q
Fig. 15.40
The distance between 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 is measured from the construction to be 6.6cm.

Construct a triangle ABC such that |𝐴𝐵| = 12cm, |𝐵𝐶| = 9cm, and ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 90°; then
(a) construct: (i) the locus, 𝑙1 , equidistance from A and B
(ii) the locus, 𝑙2 , of point equidistance from B and C.
(b) Locate the point, 𝑂, equidistance from A, B, and C; hence with O as centre, draw
the circumscribed circle of triangle ABC.
(c) Measure the radius of the circumscribed circle.

309
A B
Radius = 7.5cm
Fig. 15.41
Using a ruler and pair of compasses only, construct :
(i) a triangle ABC such that|𝐵𝐶| = 8cm, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 60°, and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 45°; measure |𝐴𝐵|
(ii) the locus, 𝑙1 , equidistance from B and C; the locus, 𝑙2 , of point equidistance from
|𝐴𝐵| and |𝐵𝐶|. Hence mark the intersection of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 as 𝑋; measure |𝐵𝑋|.
A
𝑙1
𝑙2
(i) |𝐴𝐵| = 5.9cm;
X (ii) |𝐵𝑋| = 4.6cm
60° 45°
B C
Fig. 15.42

310
OBJECTIVE TEST 15
1. The locus of a point 𝑃 which moves so that it is equidistance from two fixed
points 𝐴 and 𝐵 is ……….
̅̅̅̅ at 𝐴
(A) the perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵 (B) the isosceles triangle 𝑃𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ (D) the perpendicular bisector of 𝐴𝐵
(C) a line passing through the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅
2. Which of these methods is correct for bisecting line 𝑃𝑄?
P R Q P R Q
R
I P Q
II
III
(A) I and II (B) II and III (C) I, IIand III (D) III only
3. The locus of a point which moves so that it is equidistance from two fixed
intersecting lines.
(A) is pair of lines parallel to the fixed line
(B) is pair of lines perpendicular to the fixed lines
(C) is pair of lines passing through the point of intersection of the fixed lines
(D) is the pair of perpendicular lines bisecting the angles between the fixed lines
4. A point 𝑀 moves so that it is equidistance from 𝑃 and 𝑄. If 𝑃𝑄 is 16cm, find the
distance of 𝑀 from ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 when 𝑀 is 10cm from 𝑃.
(A) 8cm (B) 6cm (C) 12cm (D) 5cm
5. What is the locus of midpoints of all chords of length 6cm within a circle of radius
5cm and with centre, 𝑂?
(A) A circle of radius 4cm with centre O
(B) A circle of radius 6cm and with centre O
(C) The perpendicular bisector of the chord 4cm from the centre O.
(D) A straight line passing through centre O.
6. An isosceles triangle of sides 13cm, 13cm and 10cm is inscribed in a circle.
What is the radius of the circle?
1 23
(A) 12cm (B) 5cm (C) 7 cm (D) 4 cm
24 24

311
7.
50°
What is the value of 𝑦 from the figure above?

(A) 30° (B) 40° (C) 50° (D) 70°
8. Find the radius of the inscribed circle below
10cm 10cm
10cm
5
(A) 2cm (B) 5cm (C) 5√3cm (D)
3
√3cm
9.
A
15cm
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐶𝐷
If the perpendicular distance between the parallel lines 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ is 15cm, at what
point does the locus lie?
(A) 3cm from ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 (B) 5cm from ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷
(C) 7.5cm between 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅ and 𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅ (D) 10cm between 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅

312
10. From the constuction below, which of these is correct?

Q
P
A O B
(A) ∠𝐴𝑂𝑃 = 30° (B) ∠𝐴𝑂𝑃 = 45° (C) ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 = 60° (D) ∠𝑃𝑂𝐵 = 125°
Exercise 15
1. What do you understand by the term “construction and loci.”

2. Construct the following angles: 90°, 45°, 60°, 30°, 120°, 135°and 150°.
3. Construct a triangle with sides 6cm, 8cm and 10cm. Also, construct its
inscribed circle and measure the diameter of the circle.
4. Bisect a line 𝐴𝐵 = 15cm by construction method.
5. Construct a square of side 5cm, and measure the length of its diagonal.
6. Draw two circles of radii 3cm and 5cm with their centres 12 cm apart. Also,
construct an interior common tangent and measure its length; check your answer
by calculation( i.e., use formula of intersecting chord to verify your answer).
7. The centres of two circles with radii 2 cm and 5cm are 10 cm apart, calculate:
(a) the length of an interior common tangent,
(b) angle between the two interior common tangents
8. If ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are two chords of a circle of radius 10cm, and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 18cm.
̅̅̅̅
Find the length of 𝐵𝐶 .
9. Find the radius of each of the inscribed circles below:
12cm 12cm 20cm 20cm

15cm 15cm
15cm 12cm 20cm
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 15.42

313
10. Construct each median of the sides of a triangle, if |𝐴𝐵| = 5cm,

|𝐴𝐶| = 8cm and |𝐵𝐶| = 6cm; measure the perpendicular distance from the point
of trisection “G” to |𝐴𝐵|.
11. Using construction method, divide a line of length 15cm into six equal
parts; what is the dimension of each part?
12. Using any given length, construct the following: square, rectangle, kite
and rhombus.
13. Construct a right angled-triangle of sides |𝐴𝐵| = 6cm, |𝐴𝐶| = 8cm and
|𝐵𝐶| = 10cm with ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90°
14. Construct an isosceles triangle, given that|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴𝐶| = 5cm and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 120°;
measure |𝐵𝐶|.
15. Construct an equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 of sides 10cm each.
16. Construct a scalene triangle of |𝐴𝐵| = 4cm, |𝐴𝐶| = 6cm and
|𝐵𝐶| = 9cm; measure (i) ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 (ii) ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 (iii) ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
17. Construct the common interior tangent to two circles of radii 10cm and 12cm,
with distance between their centres as 30cm; measure the length of the interior
tangent.
18. Divide a line segment of length 20cm internally in the ratio 5:2, and measure the
length of the parts.

CHAPTER 29 INTEGRATION
29.1 INTEGRATION AS ANTI-DERIVATIVE

The word “integration” is also known as the anti-derivative of a function; it is the
inverse process of differentiation.
𝑑
If (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑥) is the integral of 𝑔(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Thus, the integral of a function is identified by using the symbol, ∫ , then followed by
the given function; and lastly, 𝑑𝑥, which means that the function is integrated with
respect to 𝑥.
29.2 TYPES OF INTEGRATION
Integration is classified into definite integral and indefinite integral.
29.2.1 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

This is the integral without a limit or boundary. It is achieved by introducing a
constant (C) after the integration process.
Thus, ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
Find the integral of the following functions:
(i) 𝑥 (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥2
(i) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶
2 𝑥2
The introduction of 𝐶 after the Note that the derivative of will give us
2
integration of the function tells 𝑥. Thus, the inverse (i.e. the integral) of the
us that it is an indefinite integral. 𝑥2
(ii) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 function 𝑥 gives .
2
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
29.2.2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

This is an integral with boundaries or limit. Thus, the limit of the integration process
ranges from 𝐿1 to 𝐿2 ; where 𝐿1 is the lower limit, while 𝐿2 is the upper limit.
𝐿 𝐿
Thus, ∫𝐿 2 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) | 𝐿2 = 𝑓(𝐿2 ) − 𝑓(𝐿1)
1 1
The solution of the integral is gotten when we substitute 𝑥 = 𝐿1 for the lower limit
into the function 𝑓(𝑥) , then subtract it from the upper limit 𝑥 = 𝐿1 .

618
Integration
Find the solution of the following integrals:
5 2𝜋
(i) ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
3
5 𝑥4 5 (5)4 (2)4 625 16
(i) ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 = | = − = −
2 4 2 4 4 4 4
625−16 609 1
=
4
= 4
=152
4
2𝜋 𝜋
(ii) ∫𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃| 2𝜋
𝜋 = −(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
3 3 3
1 1
= − (1 − ) = −
2 2
29.3 STANDARD INTEGRALS

Table 29.1 shows the integrals of frequently used functions in integration.
Table 29.1
Functions Standard Integral
𝑘𝑥
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒
𝑎
1 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑥
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
ln𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥)
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
𝑎2 + 𝑏2

619
Integration
29.4 INTEGRATION OF POLYNOMIAL AND LINEAR FUNCTIONS

Find the integral of the following functions:
(a) ∫(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫(𝑥4 − 3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 (c)∫(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥
,
𝑥 𝑛+1
=
𝑥(1+1)
+ 4(
𝑥(0+1)
)+𝐶 =
𝑥2
+ 4𝑥 + 𝐶
Use the formula, ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
to
1+1 0+1 2 differentiate each of the linear function.
4 4
(b)∫(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
=
5
− 32 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
(c)∫(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
Open the bracket, so as to keep the
= ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑑𝑥 equation in the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑥3 3
= − 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
Integrate the following functions:
1
(a) ∫ (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫(3𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (c)∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
𝑥
1 1
(a) ∫ (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥2
= − ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
(b) ∫(3𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
(c)∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + 𝐶
2 5
Find the integral of each function:
(a) ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫(4 𝑒3𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1⁄ +1) 3⁄
1⁄ 𝑥( 2 𝑥 2
(a) ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1⁄ +1 = 3⁄ +𝐶
2 2
3
2𝑥 ⁄2
= +𝐶
3

620
Integration
1 1 1
(b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
3𝑥
(b) ∫(4 𝑒 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4∫ 𝑒3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 4 ( 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥) + 𝐶
3 4
4 1
= 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 4
29.5 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Integrate:
(a) ∫(2𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫(2𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, then =2
𝑑𝑥
1 3+1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2
∴ ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = 12 (𝑢3+1 ) + 𝐶
4
1 𝑢4 1 (2𝑥+1)
= ( )+𝐶 = ( )+𝐶
2 4 2 4
1
= (2𝑥 + 1)4 + 𝐶
8
(b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
1
3
∴ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 13 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 13 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) + 𝐶
1 1
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 2)) + 𝐶 = − 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
3 3
2
(a)∫ 𝑒5𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑥𝑒−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a)∫ 𝑒5𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
1
5
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (15 𝑑𝑢) = 15 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 1
= (𝑒𝑢 ) + 𝐶 = 𝑒 5𝑥+4 + 𝐶
5 5

621
Integration
2
(b) ∫ 𝑥𝑒−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 , then = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −
2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 ∴ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑢 (− 2𝑥1 𝑑𝑢) = − 12 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 1 2
= − (𝑒𝑢 ) + 𝐶 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 +𝐶
2 2
𝑥 5
(a) ∫ 𝑥√3 + 2𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑒𝑥 (𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫ 𝑥√3 + 2𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = 3 + 2𝑥 2 , then = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 =
4𝑥
𝑑𝑢 ∴ ∫ 𝑥 √𝑢𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√𝑢 (4𝑥1 𝑑𝑢) = 14 ∫ √𝑢𝑑𝑢
1 3⁄
1 ( +1)
1 1 1 𝑢2 1 𝑢 2
= ∫ √𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = ( 1 ) + 𝐶 = (3 ) + 𝐶
4 4 4 +1 4 ⁄2
2
1 2 3⁄ 1 3⁄
= .
4 3
(𝑢 2 ) + 𝐶 = (𝑢 2 ) + 𝐶
6
1 2 3⁄2
= (3 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
6
𝑥 5
(b) ∫ 𝑒𝑥 (𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑥 (𝑢)5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1, then = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 ∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑢)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑢)5 ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑢) = ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 𝑒
𝑢(5+1) 1
=∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝐶 = (𝑢 6 ) + 𝐶
5+1 6
1 𝑥 6
= (𝑒 − 1) + 𝐶
6
Integrate: (a) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(a) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, then = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑢
= −(ln 𝑢) + 𝐶 = −(ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶 = ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−1 + 𝐶
= ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

622
Integration
(b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, then = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
Thus, ∫ 𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑢) = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑢2+1 𝑢3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
Therefore, ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
2+1 3 3
29.6 INTEGRATION OF QUOTIENT FORM

𝑓(𝑥)
A quotient function is of the form: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥)
Integrate the following functions:
5𝑥 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2
(a) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 𝑥 − 𝑥3 − 6
5𝑥 5𝑥
(a) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, then = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
5𝑥 𝑥 1 5 1 5
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢 𝑢 2𝑥 2 𝑢 2
5 5 2
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 = ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
2 2
5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2
(b) ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑥3 − 6 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 6, then = 5𝑥4 − 3𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 5𝑥 4 −3𝑥 2
4 2
5𝑥 − 3𝑥 1 1
Thus, ∫ ( 4 2
) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 = ln(𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 6) + 𝐶
Integrate:
7
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 1)5
7 7
∫ 5
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
where 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, then =2
𝑑𝑥

623
Integration
1
2
7 1 1 7 7 𝑢−5+1
Thus, ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ∫ 5 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢−5 𝑑𝑢 = ( )+𝐶
𝑢 𝑢 2 2 2 −5 + 1
7 𝑢−4 7 7
= ( ) + 𝐶 = − (𝑢−4 ) + 𝐶 = − 4 + 𝐶
2 −4 8 8𝑢
then, replacing 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 into the integral, we have:
7
=− +𝐶
8(2𝑥+1)4
29.7 INTEGRATION BY PART

This method is used when looking for the integral of the product of two or more
functions.
Thus,
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 …………………(i)
OR
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥 …………….(ii)
Either equation (i) or (ii) can be used at a time. It is expected that the student should
master one of these formulas and be consistent when using it.
Integrate the following:
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
then, ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥 that means 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 that means 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1 1 1
∴ 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥. 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − ( 𝑒 2𝑥 )
2 2 2 2 2
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝐶
2 4
(b) ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
then, ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥 that means 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 that means 𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

624
Integration
∴ 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥. (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
(c) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Using ∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Then, ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 that means 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 (i.e. = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
and 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∴ ∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 . ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 (∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
But, ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Integrate this function

Hence, 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 using integration by
= 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2(−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) part.
= 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
N/B: ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 can still be integrated using ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 , try it!
(d) ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then, ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 Whenever it is required to integrate two
1
⇒ 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 that means 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 functions, whereby one of the functions is
𝑥
𝑥2 ln 𝑥; then always take 𝑢 = ln 𝑥.
and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 that means 𝑣 =
2
𝑥2 𝑥2 1 Integrate this function so as to
∴ 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑥 . − ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥2
2 2 𝑥 obtain 𝑣, i.e. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 − ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
𝑥 1
ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2 4
Integrate: ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; using ∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥

625
Integration
𝑑𝑢
Then, 𝑢 = 𝑒 5𝑥 that means 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (i.e. = 5𝑒5𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
And, 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∴ ∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥) = 𝑒 5𝑥 . ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 5𝑒 5𝑥 (∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑒 5𝑥 ( ) − 5 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 Integrate this function
2 2
1 5𝑥 5
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 5𝑥
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥..................................(i) using integration by
2 2
But, part.
1 5𝑥 5
∫ 𝑒5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
2
...................(ii)
Now, put back the solution from equation (ii) into equation (i)
Then from (i), we have that:
1 5𝑥 5 1 5 1 5
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − (− 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 5𝑥 5 25
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
2 4 4 Now, it can be observed that this
1 5 5𝑥 25
= 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛 integral is of the same expression
2 4 4
as the original question. So,
Thus, represent it as, 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 .
1 5𝑥 5 25
∫ 𝑒5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 +
4
5𝑥
𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −
4
𝐼𝑛
1 5 25
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛
2 4 4
Collecting like terms, we have:
25 1 5
𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼 = 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
4 𝑛 2 4
25 1 5𝑥 5
𝐼𝑛 (1 + ) = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
4 2 4
1 5𝑥 1 5𝑥
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+54𝑒5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+54𝑒5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 2
25) = 2
29⁄
(1+ 4
4
4 1 5𝑥 5 1
= ( 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) = (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
5𝑥
𝑒
5𝑥
29 2 4 29
1
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) + 𝐶
29
However, this long process of finding the integral of “product of exponential
and trigonometric function” could have been avoided if we were able to recall from
table 29.1 of standard integrals, that:
1
∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
2 2
Hence, ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 means that 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = 2

5𝑥

626
Integration
1
∴ ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 5𝑥 (5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
5 +22
1
= 𝑒 5𝑥 (5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
25+4
1 5𝑥
Which can be rearranged as: 𝑒 (5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
29
1 5𝑥
= (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) + 𝐶
29 𝑒
Evaluate the following integrals:
𝜋⁄
(a) ∫ ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫𝜋 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
⁄ 6
(a) ∫ ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ln 𝑥. 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Rewrite ∫ ln 𝑥 as ∫ ln 𝑥. 1 by introducing
Using ∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 unity (i.e. 1) because it does not change
then, 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 1 the function; then apply the method of
1 𝑑𝑢 integration by part.
therefore, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 (i. e.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 1𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 1
⇒∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 1 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
∴ ∫ ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
⁄ 𝜋 𝜋⁄
(b) ∫𝜋 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝜋⁄ 2 𝑢𝑑𝑣
⁄6 6
Then, 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Then, put ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛
Thus, 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛
𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1
2𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∴ 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
Since this is a definite integral, we have to compute its value using the boundary
given:
𝜋⁄ 1 𝜋⁄ 1 𝜋 𝜋
∫𝜋⁄ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥| 𝜋⁄2 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (2) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (6)]
6 6
1 1 1 3
= [1 − ] =
2 4
.
2 4
= 38

627
Integration
29.8 INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

The integral of the following forms shall be evaluated using trigonometric
substitution:
1 1 1
(i)∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iii)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iv)∫ 𝑑𝜃
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐
Integrate ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
Then, ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑎2 − (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑎2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) . 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 . 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
= ∫ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1
= 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
= ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = (𝜃 + )
2 2 2
Now, from figure 29.1, we have that:
√𝑎2 −𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
𝑥
where, 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎 𝜃
𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥2 2𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥2
And, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2. . =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2
Therefore, (𝜃 + )
2 2
Fig. 29.1
𝑎2 𝑥 2𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + )= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + +𝐶
2 𝑎 2𝑎2 2 𝑎 2
1
Integrate ∫ √𝑎2−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
Then, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √𝑎2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 . 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎2 (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
1 1
=∫
√𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
. 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
. 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑥
But from fig. 29.1, we have that 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎
𝑥
therefore, 𝜃 + 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎

628
Integration
1
Integrate ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
Then, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎2 +(𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2 𝑎2 +𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1 1 1
=∫ 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =∫ 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑎2 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑎
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
Now using fig. 29.2, we have that:
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎 2 + 𝑥 2
1 1 −1 𝑥
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃+𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+𝐶 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 −1 𝑥
∴ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 +𝑥
= 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝜃
Integrate the following: 𝑎
1 1 Fig. 29.2
(i) ∫ √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
√25−𝑥2 4𝑥 +100
(i) ∫ √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √42 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
Comparing this with ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + )+𝐶
2 𝑎 𝑎2
Then, ∫ √42 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 means that 𝑎 = 4
𝑎2 𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥2 2 𝑥√42 −𝑥2
∴ (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑎2
) = 42 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 4𝑥) + )
2 𝑎 42
16 𝑥 𝑥√16−𝑥 2 √16−𝑥2
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + ) = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 4𝑥) + 𝑥 2
2 4 16
1 1
(ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√25−𝑥 2 √52 −𝑥 2
1 𝑥
Comparing this with ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
Then, 𝑎 = 5
𝑥 𝑥
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 5

629
Integration
1 1 1 1 1
(iii)∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2 +100 4 𝑥 +25 4 𝑥 +5
1 1 𝑥
Comparing this equation with ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 1 1 −1 𝑥 1 −1 𝑥
then,
4
∫ 𝑥 2+52 𝑑𝑥 = 4 (5 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
5
)) =
20
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
5
1 1
Determine: (a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 is an example of the form, ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐
𝜃
In order to evaluate this integral, use the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
1 𝜃 1 𝜃
Thus, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃 = (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ) 𝑑𝜃
2 2 2 2
1 2
= (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝜃
2
2
So, 𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 2
𝜃 1 𝑥
But from fig. 29.3, we have that: cos ( ) =
2 √1+𝑥 2 𝜃
𝜃
From half-angle formula, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 1 2
2
2 1−𝑥 2
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 ( ) − 1 = 2 ( 2) − 1 =
√1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2 Fig. 29.3
1 1 2𝑑𝑥 2
Then, ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 1−𝑥2 . = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
1+𝑥2
2 Fig. 29.3
Resolve∫ 𝑑𝑥 into partial fraction, then integrate.
1−𝑥 2
2 1 1
That means, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −ln1−𝑥 + ln1+𝑥 + 𝐶
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 1+𝑥
𝜃
1+𝑥 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2
= ln ( ) + 𝐶 = ln ( 𝜃 )+𝐶
1−𝑥 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝜃
1 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛
Thus, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ln ( 2
𝜃 )+𝐶
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
1 1 2𝑑𝑥 1
(b) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 =∫ 2𝑥 . = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1+𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑥2
1 𝜃
From fig. 29.3, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 = ln (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )+𝐶 𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑥 2 = 2(
√1+𝑥 2
)(
√1+𝑥2
) = 1+𝑥2
1 𝜃
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ln (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2

630
Integration
Evaluate the following integrals:
1 6
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 1 2𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 =∫ 1−𝑥2
. =∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑥
+ 1+𝑥 2 1+2𝑥−𝑥 2
1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2
−2𝑑𝑥 −2𝑑𝑥 1
=∫
𝑥2 −2𝑥−1
= ∫ (𝑥−1)2 −2
Resolve 2 into partial
(𝑥−1)2 −(√2)
1
= −2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 1⁄ 1⁄
(𝑥−1)2 −(√2) 2√2 2√2
fraction, i.e.
(𝑥−1)−√2
− (𝑥−1)+√2
then integrate.
1
= −2. [ln ((𝑥 − 1) − √2) − ln ((𝑥 − 1) + √2)] + 𝐶
2 √2
1
= [ln ((𝑥 − 1) + √2) − ln ((𝑥 − 1) − √2)] + 𝐶
√2
𝜃
1 (𝑥−1)+√2 1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1)+√2
= ln (
√2 (𝑥−1)−√2
)+𝐶 = √2
ln ( 2
𝜃 )+𝐶
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1)−√2
2
𝜃
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1+√2
= ln ( 𝜃2 )+𝐶
√2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1−√2
2
𝜃
11 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1+√2
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ln ( 𝜃2 )+𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1−√2
2
6
(b) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
3+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜃 1−𝑥2
Given 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2 1+𝑥2
1 2𝑑𝑥
then 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝜃 (where 𝑑𝜃 = )
2 1+𝑥2
6 6 2𝑑𝑥 6 2𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ 𝑑𝜃 =∫ 1−𝑥2
. = ∫ 3(1+𝑥2)+5(1−𝑥2) .
3+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3+5( 2 ) 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
1+𝑥 1+𝑥2
6(1+𝑥 2 ) 2𝑑𝑥 6 1⁄ 1⁄
4 4
=∫ . =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 6(∫ 𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑑𝑥)
8−2𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 4−𝑥 2 (2+𝑥) (2−𝑥)
3 1 1 3
= (∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥) = (ln(2 + 𝑥) − ln(2 − 𝑥)) + 𝐶
2 2+𝑥 2−𝑥 2
3 2+𝑥
= ln ( )+𝐶
2 2−𝑥
6 3 2+𝑥
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ln ( )+𝐶
3+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 2−𝑥

631
Integration
1
Evaluate ∫ 5−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜃 1−𝑥 2 2𝑥
Given 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
2 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
1 2𝑑𝑥
then 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝜃 (where 𝑑𝜃 = )
2 1+𝑥2
1 1 2𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ 𝑑𝜃 =∫ 1−𝑥2
.
5−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑥
5−2.( 2 )+3.( 2 ) 1+𝑥 2
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
1 2𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 5(1+𝑥 2 )−4𝑥+3(1−𝑥 2 ) . = ∫ 5+5𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3−3𝑥 2 . 2
⁄ 1+𝑥 2 ⁄ 1+𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
1+𝑥 2 2𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 2𝑑𝑥 1
=∫ 2 . 2
= ∫ 2
. 2
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 −4𝑥+8 1+𝑥 2(𝑥 −2𝑥+4) 1+𝑥 𝑥 −2𝑥+4
1 1
= ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 as
+3 +(√3)2
𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛( )−1
(𝑥 − 1)2
+ 3 .
1 𝑥−1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2 ) +𝐶 Thus ,
√3 √3 √3 √3 2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (√3)
𝜃
1 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )−1
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) +𝐶
2
Thus, ∫
5−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √3 √3
29.9 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION

The integration by partial fraction is used to find the integral of rational functions –
that is, expressions in quotient form.
29.9.1 PRODUCT OF LINEAR FACTORS AT THE DENOMINATOR

This method breaks down the product of linear factors into their respective
constituent partial fractions using cover up rule; then each partial fraction is thus
integrated to give the overall integral as required.
1 3 1
Integrate: (i) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) −2 𝑥 2 +7𝑥−18
1
(i) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3)
1 𝐴 𝐵
Where = +
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) (𝑥−1) (𝑥+3)

632
Integration
Then using cover-up rule: To understand more about resolving into partial
fraction, go to chapter 11.
1 1
𝐴=
(𝑥+3)𝑥=1
= (1+3) = 14 and 𝐵
1
= (𝑥−1) 1
= (3−1) = 12
𝑥=3
1 1 1
Thus, = +
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 4(𝑥−1) 2(𝑥+3)
1 1 1
∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 1 𝑥−1 𝑥+3
= ∫
4 (𝑥−1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫
2 (𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥 = ln
4
+ 12 ln +𝐶
1 1 1
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln𝑥−1 + ln𝑥+3 + 𝐶
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 4 2
3 1 3 1
(ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 2 +7𝑥−18 −2 (𝑥+9)(𝑥−2)
1 𝐴 𝐵 −1 1
But,
(𝑥+9)(𝑥−2)
= + = +
(𝑥+9) (𝑥−2) 11(𝑥+9) 11(𝑥−2)
3 1 3 −1 3 1
therefore, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 (𝑥+9)(𝑥−2) −2 11(𝑥+9) −2 11(𝑥−2)
−1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ln𝑥+9 + ln𝑥−2 |
11 −2 (𝑥+9) 11 −2 (𝑥−2) 11 11 −2
𝑥−2 3 3−2 −2−2 1 −4
1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1
= ln 𝑥+9 | = (ln 3+9 − ln −2+9 )= (ln12 − ln 7 )
11 11 11
−2
1 1⁄ 1 −7
= ln −412 = ln
11 ⁄7 11 48
3 1 1 −7
∴ ∫−2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln
𝑥 +7𝑥−18 11 48
𝑥2 +2𝑥−3
Evaluate: ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4)(𝑥−7)(𝑥+1)
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ (𝑥+4)(𝑥−7)(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥+4) + +
(𝑥−7) (𝑥+1)
Resolving into partial fraction, we have that:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 (−4)2 + 2(−4) − 3 16 − 8 − 3 5
𝐴= = = =
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 1)𝑥 =−4 (−4 − 7)(−4 + 1) −11(−3) 33
5
∴ 𝐴=
33

633
Integration
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 (7)2 + 2(7) − 3 49 + 14 − 3
𝐵= = =
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)𝑥=7 (7 + 4)(7 + 1) 11(8)
60 15
= =
88 22
15
∴ 𝐵=
22
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 (−1)2 + 2(−1) − 3 1 − 2 − 3
𝐶= = =
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 7)𝑥=−1 (−1 + 4)(−1 − 7) −3(−8)
−4 1
= =
−24 6
1
∴ 𝐶=
6
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 5⁄ 15⁄ 1⁄
33 22 6
Thus,
(𝑥+4)
+ (𝑥−7) + (𝑥+1) = (𝑥+4) + (𝑥−7) + (𝑥+1)
5 15 1
= + +
33(𝑥 + 4) 33(𝑥 − 7) 6(𝑥 + 1)
Now, integrate this expression:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 5 15 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 1) 33(𝑥 + 4) 33(𝑥 − 7) 6(𝑥 + 1)
5 𝑥+4 5 𝑥−7 𝑥+1
=
33
ln + 33 ln + 16 ln + 𝐶
29.9.2 QUADRATIC FACTOR AT THE DENOMINATOR

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
This is the integration of the forms: and
(𝑥+𝑝)(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) (𝑥+𝑞)2
5 𝑥+5
(i)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +5) 4𝑥 2 +4𝑥+1
5
(i)∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +5)
5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Where 2
= +
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 +5) 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +5
Expressing as partial fraction using method of comparing coefficients,
we have that:
Goto chapter 11 for revision on partial
𝐴 = 5⁄9 , 𝐵 = − 5⁄9 and 𝐶 = − 10⁄9 fraction by method of comparing
coefficients.

634
Integration
5⁄ −5⁄ 𝑥+−10⁄
5 9 + 9 9 5 5(𝑥+2)
⇒
(𝑥−2)(𝑥2 +5)
= 𝑥−2 𝑥2 +5𝑥
= 9(𝑥−2) − 9( 𝑥2 +5)
5 5 5(𝑥+2)
Hence, ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2+5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 9(𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 9(𝑥 2+5) 𝑑𝑥
5 1 5 𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − (∫ ( 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥))
9 (𝑥−2) 9 𝑥 +5 𝑥 +5
5 1 5 𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − (∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥)
9 (𝑥−2) 9 𝑥 +5 𝑥 +5
= 59 ln𝑥−2 − 59 (12 ln𝑥 2+5 + √5
2 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ) 2 1
√5 Recall: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫
𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥−2 5 𝑥 2 +5 10 𝑥 𝑥2 +5 𝑥2 +5
= ln − ln − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶 1 1 𝑥
9 18 9√5 √5
= 2∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑥 2 + (√5) √5 √5
𝑥+5 𝑥+5 𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵

(ii) ∫ 4𝑥 2+4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒
(2𝑥+1)2
=
2𝑥+1
+
(2𝑥+1)2
Resolving into partial fraction, we have that:
1
𝐴=
2
and 𝐵 = 92
𝑥+5 1 9
⇒ 2 = 2(2𝑥+1) + 2
(2𝑥+1) 2(2𝑥+1)
𝑥+5 1 9
∴∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2(2𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2(2𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥+1)
1 1 9 1 1 1 9 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( ln2𝑥+1 ) + (− )
2 (2𝑥+1) 2 (2𝑥+1)2 2 2 2 2(2𝑥+1)
1 2𝑥+1 9
=
4
ln − 4(2𝑥+1)
+𝐶
7𝑥+2
Evaluate:∫ 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1)
7𝑥+2 7𝑥+2
∫ (2𝑥−3)(𝑥 2+2𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥−3)(𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
7𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇒(
2𝑥−3)(𝑥+1)2
= 2𝑥−3 +
𝑥+1
+ 2
(𝑥+1)
Resolving into partial fraction: Go to chapter 11 for revision on
𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶=1 partial fraction using method of
7𝑥+2 2 1 1 comparing coefficients.
⇒
(2𝑥−3)(𝑥+1)2
= − + (𝑥+1)2
2𝑥−3 𝑥+1

635
Integration
7𝑥+2 2 1 1
Therefore, ∫
(2𝑥−3)(𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
= 2 (12 ln2𝑥−3 ) − ln𝑥+1 − 𝑥+1
1
= ln2𝑥−3 − ln𝑥+1 −
1
𝑥+1
2𝑥−3
( ) 1
= ln 𝑥+1 − 𝑥+1
29.10 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝜋 𝜋
Evaluate: (a) ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (b) ∫−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
(a) ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
−𝜋 2 −𝜋 2 −𝜋 2
𝜋
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃| = ( 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋) − (− 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−2𝜋))
2 4 −𝜋 2 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
=( 𝜋 + 0) − (− 𝜋 + 0) = 𝜋+ 𝜋=𝜋
2 2 2 2
𝜋
∴ ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
(b) ∫−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑑𝜃
−𝜋 2 −𝜋 2 −𝜋 2
𝜋
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃| = ( 𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋) + (− 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−2𝜋))
2 4 −𝜋 2 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
=( 𝜋 + 0) + (− 𝜋 + 0) = 𝜋− 𝜋=0
2 2 2 2
𝜋
∴ ∫−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =0
𝜋
2𝜋
Evaluate: (a) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 (b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2
6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
= ∫0𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 − ∫0𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Using substitution method to integrate
𝜋
1 this expression, put 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; then
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃| 𝑑𝑢
3 0 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 (i.e. 𝑑𝜃 = − ) .
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1 2𝜋
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
𝜋) − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0) Therefore,
3
3
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 2 2 𝑑𝑢
= (1 − ) − (−1 + ) = ( ) − (− ) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑢2 ( ) = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3 3 3 3 0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
2 2 4 1 𝑢3 1
= + = =1 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
3 3 3 3 3 3

636
Integration
𝜋 𝜋
(b) ∫𝜋2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
6 6
𝜋
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2
6
𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2
6 6
integrate this expression by putting 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑢
then, 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 (i.e. 𝑑𝜃 = )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑢
⇒ ∫𝜋2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) (− ) = − ∫𝜋2 (𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢
6 6
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 6
𝜋
𝑢3 𝑢5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 2
=− + = − + = − + |
3 5 3 5 3 5 𝜋
6
𝑐𝑜𝑠3 (𝜋2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 (𝜋2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 (𝜋6) 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 (𝜋6)
= (−
3
+ 5
)−
3
+ 5
3 5
(√3⁄2) (√3⁄2) 3 9 3
=0−
3
+
5
= 0 − √8 + 160
√
11√3
=
160
𝜋
Evaluate ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃𝑑𝜃
3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫−𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫−𝜋(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
3 3 3
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2
(i.e. 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃
)
𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑢
Therefore, ∫−𝜋(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫−𝜋(𝑢2 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃.
3 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝑢3 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
= ∫−𝜋(𝑢2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 =
3
+ 𝑢 |𝜋 =
3
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃| 𝜋
3 – −
3 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜋3 𝜋 (√3)

3
=( + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋) − ( + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 0 − ( + √3)
3 3 3 3
= −2√3
Evaluate: (i) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥

637
Integration
1
(i) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1 Recall from product formula that:
⇒ (∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥)
2 1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
= (−
2 5
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
3
) 2
1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥 + 𝑥) + sin(4𝑥 − 𝑥)]
=− ( + )+𝐶 1
2
2 5 3
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥]
2
(ii) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ − (𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Recall from product formula that:
2 1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = − [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 − 𝐵)]
⇒ − (∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥) 2
2 1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑥 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = − [𝑐𝑜𝑠(7𝑥 + 3𝑥) − cos(7𝑥 − 3𝑥)]
=− (
2 10
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
4
)
1
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑥 = − [𝑐𝑜𝑠 10𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥]
2
= ( − )+𝐶
2 4 10
(iii) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 Recall from product formula that:
1 1
= ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2 2
1 1
⇒ (∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥) ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑥 + 2𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑥 − 2𝑥)]
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 2
= (
2 7
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2
)+𝐶 1
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
2
29.11 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Integration is applied in social sciences, science and engineering:
(i) In geometrical application – it is used for finding the equation of a curve, length of
curves, equation of the gradient of a curve, area and volume of curves/solid shapes.
(ii) In probability and statistics – it is used for determining the mean value, and root
mean squares values of random variables.
(iii) In mechanics – it is used for finding the centre of mass, first and second moment
of inertia of a body/particle.
(iv) In electricity – It is used for finding the root mean square values of
current/voltages, and average power absorbed by a passive element in an alternating
circuit.
(v) In advance engineering applications – It is used for derivation of the Laplace
transform, Fourier series and transform of a function, and for finding the solution of a
differential equation.
Although, at this level we shall look at the use and importance of integration
just in geometrical applications.

638
Integration
29.11.1 EQUATION OF A CURVE

When the gradient of a curve is known, then the equation of the curve can be derived
by taking the anti-derivation (i.e. the integration) of the gradient.
The gradient of a curve is given as 4𝑥 − 7, and the curve passes through (3, 5). Find
the equation of the curve.
𝑑𝑦
Given the gradient, 4𝑥 − 7; then = 4𝑥 − 7
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = (4𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥
Then, taking the integral of both sides of the equation, we have:
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(4𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝐶
Since the curve passes through the points (3, 5),
Thus, 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 5; where 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝐶
5 = 2(3)2 − 7(3) + 𝐶 = 18 − 21 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 5 + 21 − 18 = 26 − 18 = 8
∴ 𝐶=8
Hence, the equation of the curve is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8
29.11.2 LENGTH OF A CURVE

𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥
Fig. 29.4 Length of a Curve

The length of a curve of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is approximately estimated as:
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝐿 = ∫ √(1 + ( ) ) 𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

639
Integration
3
Find the length the curve 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 between the intervals 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.
1
3 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥2 then = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 2
Then, length of curve is :
1 2
3 3 3 9
𝐿 = ∫0 √(1 + ( 𝑥 2 ) ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 √(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 4
3
1 3 1 2 3 1
= ∫0 √(4 + 9𝑥)𝑑 𝑥 =
2
(
2 27
(4 2 ) (
+ 9𝑥) = ( 4 + 9𝑥 2 ) )
27
3 3
1 1
= ((4 + 9(3))2 ) − ((4 + 9(0))2 ) = 6.4 − 0.3 = 6.1 unit
27 27
∴ 𝐿 = 6.1 unit
29.11.3 AREA UNDER A CURVE AND BETWEEN CURVES

The area under a curve is the definite integral within the shaded boundary of the
enclosed path of the curve with respect to the x-axis as shown in fig. 29.5(i). On the
other hand, the area between two curves intersecting each other is the definite
integral of the difference between the functions of the curves within the boundary of
their points of intersection as shown in fig. 29.5(ii).
𝑦
𝑦 𝑏 𝑓( 𝑥2)
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏
𝑎 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑓(𝑥2 ) − 𝑓(𝑥1 ))𝑑𝑥
𝑎
f(x) 𝑓 ( 𝑥1)
A
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
(i) Area Under a Curve (ii) Area Between Curves

Fig. 29.5
Therefore, the area under a curve as in fig. 29.5(i) with respect to the x- axis is given
as:
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

640
Integration
And, the area between two intersecting curves in fig.29.5(ii) at points 𝑎 and 𝑏 is given
as:
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑓(𝑥2 ) − 𝑓(𝑥1 ))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Find the shaded area under the curve, 5 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , with respect to the 𝑥- axis.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦
2
Given 5 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 , then find the point
where the curve cuts the 𝑥-axis ( i.e. the
roots of the equation when 𝑦 = 0)
Thus, 5 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ (6 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) = 0
So, 𝑥 = −6 or 1
−6 1 𝑥
Now,
1
𝐴 = ∫ (5 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑 𝑥
−6
Fig. 29.6
1
𝑥3 (1)3 (−6)3
= 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − | = (5(1) − 3(1)2 − ) − (5(−6) − 3(−6)2 − )
3 −6 3 3
5 (−6)3 5 −198
=( ) − (5(−6) − 3(−6)2 − )=( )−( )
3 3 3 3
5+198 203
= = = 67 23 sq. unit.
3 3
2
∴ 𝐴 = 67 square unit.
3
Find the area under the sinusoidal curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, given that −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
The area of the curve will be integrated 𝑦
in two parts:
𝜋
𝐴1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃|0–𝜋
0
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋) − (− cos 0)
= 1 + 1 = 2 sq.units 0
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑥
2𝜋
𝐴2 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃|𝜋
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋) − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋)
= −1 − 1 = −2 sq. Units
The value of 𝐴2 is negative because the
curve falls under the negative 𝑦 – axis, Fig. 29.7
therefore, the absolute value has to be taken to get the positive value.

641
Integration
Thus, 𝐴2 = |−2| = 2 sq.units

Finally, the total area under the curve is given by:
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 2 + 2 = 4sq. units
Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4
4 4 4
2
𝑥3 2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 = ∫ (5𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 ( ) − 𝑥 |
1 1 3 1
43 13 320 5
= (5 ( ) − 42 ) − (5 ( ) − 12 ) = ( − 16) − ( − 1)
3 3 3 3
272 2 270
=
3
−
3
= 3
= 90 sq.units
Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1
The curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 (see the sketch in fig. 29.8).
And the area is bounded by the x- axis by the points marked 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 1.
Therefore, the total area is the integral from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 0, then from 𝑥 = 0 to
𝑥 = 1.
0 0
𝑦
𝐴1 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
0
𝑥4 𝑥2 04 02 (−1)4 (−1)2
= ( )− | = (( ) − ) − (( )− )
4 2 −1 4 2 4 2
1 1
= 0 − (− ) = sq.units
4 4
1 1 0
And, 𝐴2 = ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 -1 1 𝑥
1
𝑥4 𝑥2 (1)4 12 (0)4 (0)2
=( )− | = (( ) − ) − (( )− )
4 2 0 4 2 4 2
1 1
= − − 0 = − sq.units Fig. 29.8
4 4
1 1
⇒ 𝐴2 = |− | =
4 4
1 1 1
Therefore, total area = 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = + =
4 4 2
1
∴ 𝐴 = sq. Units
2
Find the area between the curves 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
Let 𝑦1 = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
Where the area between the curves is the shaded area as shown in fig. 29.9. First, we
have to find the points of intersection between the curves:

642
Integration
when 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
Then, −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑦
then (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
∴ 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 =
2
1
2
Hence, 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
−1
1
2
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) − (−𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑥
−1 1
1 2
1
2 2 3 𝑥2 2
= ∫−1(2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +
2 − 𝑥|
3 2 −1
1 2
2 1 3 ( ) 1 2 (−1)2 Fig. 29.9
=( ( ) + 2
− ( )) − ( (−1)3 + — 1)
3 2 2 2 3 2
1 5
= (− )−( )
12 6
11
=− sq. units
12
11 11
∴ 𝐴 = |− |= sq. units
12 12
Find the area between the curve 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and the line 𝑥 + 1.
Let the curve be 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑦1 = 𝑥 + 1
Then, their point of intersection is when 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
Thus, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑦
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 − 1 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 5
Now, the area between the curve and
the line is given by:
5
1 5 𝑥
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
1
5
= ∫ [(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)]𝑑𝑥
1 Fig. 29.10
5 5
𝑥3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥|
1 3 1

643
Integration
53 13
=( − 3(5)2 + 5(5)) − ( − 3(1)2 + 5(1))
3 3
−32 2
= = −10
3 3
2 2
∴ 𝐴 = |−10 | = 10 sq. units
3 3
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, the x- axis, and ordinates 𝑥 = −1
and 𝑥 = 4.
Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 and ordinates 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = −4
Then from fig. 29.11, we have that: 𝑦
0 0
𝑥3 3
𝐴1 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 |
−1 3 2 −1
(−1)3 3
=0−( − (−1)2 )
3 2
11 11 −1
0 3 4 𝑥
= 0 − (− ) = sq. units
6 6
3 3
𝑥3 3
𝐴2 = ∫ (𝑥 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 |
2
0 3 2 0
3
=(
(3) 3 2 9
− (3) ) − 0 = − sq. units Fig. 29.11
3 2 2
The negative sign shows that the area is below the x-axis. Thus, the required
9 9
area is |− |= sq. units
2 2
4 4
𝑥3 3
𝐴3 = ∫ (𝑥 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 |
2
3 3 2 3
(4) 3 (3) 3
3 3 8 9
=( − (4)2 ) − ( − (3)2 ) = (− ) − (− )
3 2 3 2 3 2
8 9 11
=− + = sq. units
3 2 6
11 9 11
Thus, the total area is given as 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 = + +
6 2 6
49
= sq.units
6
4
Note: the total area should not be evaluated as ∫−1(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 because it will be
incorrect.

644
Integration
29.11.4 VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

The volume of solids of revolution is obtained when the area under a curve is rotated
about a coordinate axis(i.e. either along the x- axis or y- axis). For instance, when a
thin strip of area(𝐴) and thickness (𝑑𝑥) is rotated about x- axis, then a disc of volume
( 𝐴𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥) is formed. When a semi-circle is rotated about its diameter it will
generate a sphere. Similarly, a rectangle rotated about one side (i.e. an adjacent axis) a
cylinder is obtained, while when a right-angled triangle is rotated completely about
one of the sides containing the right angle as an axis, the solid generated is a cone.
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑟
𝑎 𝑏
0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Fig. 29.12
Thus, when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) rotates from point 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 as shown in
fig. 29.12, then the total volume of solid of revolution formed is given by:
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
where 𝑦 = 𝑟, as the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) rotates about the 𝑥 − axis.
However, if the curve is rotated around the y-axis, from point 𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑 then the
equation is given by:
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐
Find the volume of solid generated when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is rotated along the x- axis
between 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 3.
𝑏 3 3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 2

645
Integration
3
𝑥5 35 25 243 32 211
= 𝜋. | = 𝜋 ( − ) = 𝜋 ( − )= 𝜋
5 2 5 5 5 5 5
211
∴𝑉= 𝜋 cubic units
5
Find the volume of the solid generated when a curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 is rotated along the
y-axis between 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.
In this case, the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 is rotated about the y- axis.
Then, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = √𝑦 − 1
when 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, then 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 10
hence, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 10
𝑑 10 10
Now, 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ (√𝑦 − 1)2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑐 0 0
10
𝑦2 (10)2
= 𝜋. − 𝑦| = 𝜋. ( − 10) − 0 = 40𝜋
2 0 2
∴ 𝑉 = 40𝜋 cubic units
A triangle has the following vertices 𝐴(0, 0), 𝐵(1, 2) and 𝐶(3, 0). Find the resulting
volume of solid of revolution formed when the triangle is rotated about the x- axis.
From fig. 29.13, the upper slope of the triangle 𝐴(0, 0), 𝐵(1, 2) has the equation 𝑦 =
2𝑥 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
Thus, volume generated on this interval is:
𝑏 1 𝑦
𝑉1 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 B(1, 2)
𝑎 0
= 𝜋. 4𝑥 2 |10 = 𝜋. (4(1)2 − 0) = 4𝜋
Similarly, the lower slope of the triangle
has the equation 𝑦 = −𝑥 where 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
then the volume generated on this interval is:
A (0,0) C (3, 0) 𝑥
3
3 𝑥3
𝑉2 = 𝜋 ∫1 (−𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 =𝜋 |
3 1
(3)3 (1)3 1 26
= 𝜋( − ) = 𝜋 (9 − ) = 𝜋
3 3 3 3 Fig. 29.13
Hence, the total volume of solid of revolution formed is:
26 38
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 4𝜋 + 𝜋= 𝜋
3 3
38
3

646
Integration
Determine the volume generated when the area of the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 bounded
by the upper x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 4 is rotated by one revolution.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 is the equation of a circle with radius 4cm.
Let the volume of the curve above the x- axis be 𝑉.
𝑏 4
Thus, 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫−4(16 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3 𝑦
= 𝜋 (16𝑥 − )|
3 −4
(4)3 (−4)3 𝑥2 +𝑦2 = 16
= 𝜋 (16(4) − ) − (16(−4) − )
3 3
64 −64 0
= 𝜋 [(64 − ) − (−64 − )] -4 4 𝑥
3 3
64 −64
= 𝜋 [(64 − ) − (−64 − )]
3 3
128 128 256
= 𝜋( + )= 𝜋
3 3 3
256
3
Fig. 29.13
Therefore, the volume formed by the revolution of the semi-circular area by one
256
revolution is a sphere of volume, 𝑉 = 𝜋 cubic units.
3
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 is rotated about the y-axis. What is the
resulting volume of the solid?
Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, then we have that:
when 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑦 = (0)3 = 0
Similarly, when 𝑥 = 4, then 𝑦 = (4)3 = 64
Since the curve was rotated about the y-axis, then the volume is given by:
1
𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑐 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 where 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 1
This value 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 , is achieved by making 𝑥 the
subject formula in the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 .
1 2⁄ 5⁄
64 64 3
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑦 3 )2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 =𝜋 𝑦 3
5
3 5 64 3 5 3 5 3 5
= 𝜋. 𝑦 ⁄3 | = 𝜋 [( . 64 ⁄3 ) − ( . (0) ⁄3 )] = 𝜋 ( . 64 ⁄3 ) − 0
5 0 5 5 5
3072 2
∴𝑉= 𝜋 = 614 𝜋 cubic units.
5 5

647
Integration
OBJECTIVE TEST 29
1. Evaluate ∫ 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 𝑑𝑥
(A) 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘 (B) 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘
3 2
(C) 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 (D) 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘
1
2. Find the solution of ∫−5 3 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(A) −64 (B) 65 (C) 66 (D) -66
𝜋
3. ∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1
(A) (B) - (C) 1 (D) -1
2 2
4. Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
(A) (B) x(ln x -1) (C) 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (D) 𝑥(ln 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥
5. Integrate ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(A) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (B) 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (C) xsec 2 x + tanx (D) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
6. The gradient of a line at point (3, 5) is given by 4𝑥 − 7 . Find the equation of

the curve.
(A) 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8 (B) 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8 (C) 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 (D) 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 8
7. Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4 and the x- axis.

11 2 1 2
(A) sq. units (B) 2 sq. units (C) 4 sq. units (D) 1 sq. Units
6 3 2 3
8. Find the area between the curves 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 and 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1

8 21 13 19
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. Units
9 24 24 24
9. Find the volume of solid generated when the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 is rotated one
revolution about the x - axis between the interval 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 5
1 1
(A)37 π cubic units (B)16 𝜋 cubic units (C) 75π cubic units (D) 25𝜋 cubic units
2 2
10. Find the volume of revolution generated when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 is

rotated 360° about the y - axis between the intervals 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3
(A) 20π cubic units (B) 30π cubic units (C) 37π cubic units (D) 40π cubic units

648
Integration
Exercise 29
1. Evaluate:
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −1
(a) ∫ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
(d) ∫(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 (e) ∫(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
(f) ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 (g) ∫ 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (h) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. Integrate the functions:
2𝑥 4𝑥+5 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
(a) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥−1 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑥
3𝑥 2 +1 1 (3𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
(e) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (f) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (g) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +𝑥−4 6−𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
3. Use substitution method to evaluate:
1 3
(a) ∫(𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 (𝑥+1)4
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 3
(e) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (f) ∫ 2(𝑥 + 1) ln 𝑑𝑥 (g) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (h) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i) ∫ 𝑥√2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (j) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3 𝑑𝑥 (k) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. Using integration by part, evaluate:
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 𝑥ln𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(e) ∫ 𝑥 3 ln2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (f) ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (g) ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (h) ∫ ln𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
(i) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (j) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. Evaluate the following definite integrals:
1 ∞ 3 0
(a) ∫0 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫−1 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫−5 2𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
π 𝜋 0 π 1
(e) ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 (f) ∫−π 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (g) ∫−π 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 (h) ∫π 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
2 3
6. Find: (a) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ𝑑θ (b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 + 3θ)𝑑θ (c) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6θ𝑑θ (d) ∫ cos(4𝜃 − 3)𝑑θ
7. Find the integral of the following functions:
𝑥+1 1 8𝑥 𝑥−5
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑥 −4 (𝑥+1)(𝑥 +9) 𝑥 +6
8. Evaluate:
𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 −2𝑥−3 𝑥 3 +4𝑥+3 (2𝑥+1)(𝑥−3)
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥+3) 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥−2)
9. Determine:
2 2 0 𝑒1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
(a) ∫
−3
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫−5 6𝑥 − 𝑥2 . 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫1 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
10. Integrate the following trigonometric functions:
2
(a) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥𝑑𝑥
(e) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 (f) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑑𝜃 (g) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃

649
Integration
11. Evaluate the following integrals:

ln2 𝑥
2
(a) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ 𝑥ln𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
12. Determine:
1 3 1 1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (c)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1−4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
13. Evaluate:
1 1
(a) ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ √49 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 (c)∫ 𝑑𝑥
25+𝑥 √9−2𝑥2
14. Find the area bounded by each of the following curves and the x- axis.
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 (b) 𝑦 = 8 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
15. Find the area bounded by the following curves:
(a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3 (b) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
16. Calculate the area between :
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the 𝑥 – axis, and ordinates 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3.
3
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥, the 𝑥 – axis, and ordinates 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = .
2
(c) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9, the 𝑥 – axis, and ordinates 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 1.
17. Calculate the area between 𝑦 = 9𝑥 2 − 1 and the 𝑦 – axis, between
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2.
18. Calculate the area between:
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and the 𝑥 – axis if −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
1 𝜋
(b) 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and the 𝑥 – axis, ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
3 2
19. Find the area between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 and 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
20. Find the equation of the curve with slope (m) and passing through the points:
(a) 𝑚 = 2, (1, 5) (b) 𝑚 = 1, (−3, 2) (c) 𝑚 = 5𝑥, (0, 0)
2
(d) 𝑚 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1, (1, 3) (e) 𝑚 = √𝑥, (4, −10)
21. Find the volume of solid generated when a curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is rotated along the
x- axis between 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2.
22. Find the volume of solid generated when a curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3 is rotated along the
y - axis between 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.
23. A triangle has the following vertices 𝐴(0, 0), 𝐵(2, 3) and 𝐶(5, 1). Find the
resulting volume of solid of revolution formed when the triangle is rotated about
the x- axis.
24. Determine the volume generated when the area of the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9
bounded by the upper x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3 is rotated by one
revolution.
2
25. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8 is rotated about the y- axis. What is the
resulting volume of the solid?

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COLLEGE MATHEMATICS

Copyright © Ezeogu Chinonso Apollos, 2019.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

Typeset by Kings Business Institute of Information Technology, FCT- Abuja,

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

UNIT I: NUMBER AND NUMERATION

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

Chapter 4 Indices and Logarithm

Chapter 7 Sequence and Series

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

Chapter 10 Algebra Process II

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

UNIT III: PLANE GEOMETRY

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

Chapter 14 Circles and Tangents

UNIT IV: MENSURATION

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

UNIT VI: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

UNIT VII: STATISTICS, PROBABILITY,

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

UNIT VIII: MAPPING AND BINARY OPERATION

Chapter 27 Binary Operation

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

27.2.2 Commutative Property 560

UNIT IX: CALCULUS

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

UNIT XI APPENDIXES , REFERENCES AND INDEX

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

This book is a compilation work on mathematical concepts with the intention to

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

(iii) To Divide a line into Equal Parts

(iv) Bisection of a Straight Line

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

̅̅̅̅ is the bisector of the line 𝐴𝐵

(v) Construction of a Perpendicular to a Line

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm

15.2 CONSTRUCTION AND BISECTION OF ANGLES

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

(ii) Bisector of an Angle

Conclusion: The line ̅̅̅̅

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

(iii) Construction of Angle 45°

(iv) Construction of Angle 60°

Conclusion: Therefore, ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 60°

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

The angle 15° can be found by

The angle 75° can be found by first

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

15.3 CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES

(ii) Construction of Equilateral Triangle

Conclusion: Therefore, ̅̅̅̅

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

(iii) Construction of Isosceles Triangle

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

The median of a triangle is a line drawn from a

15.4 CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSCRIBED, INSCRIBED AND ESCRIBED

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide

(ii) Construction of Inscribed Circle in a Given Triangle

(xii) Construction of Escribed Circle to a Given Triangle

College Mathematics: A Self-Teaching Guide

College Mathematics : A Self -Teaching Guide