5.

Adverb
An adverb is the part of speech that modifies a verb, an adjective, a clause or another adverb
also. Examples

 Fortunately, everyone is safe.

 She enjoyed it very much at the party.
 He ate quickly.

Types of Adverbs
There are different kinds of adverb expressing different meaning. The following are the most
used and common adverbs in English.

1. Adverb of Manner
An adverbs of manner is used to tell us how something is done or happens. They answer the
question “how?” Adverbs of manner mainly modify verbs. Most of these adverbs end in –ly
such as: carefully, slowly, badly, and some of them don’t have –ly ending such as: well, hard,
fast etc.
 He Works carefully. (How does he work?)
 They won the match easily. (How did they win the match?)
 Ali Speaks fast. (How does Ali speak?)
2. Adverbs of Place
An adverb of place is used to tell us the place where something is done or happens. They
answer the question “where?”. Adverbs of place mainly modify verbs, and we use these
adverbs after the verb or at the end of a sentence.
 Please Put it here. (Where should I put it?)
 Please put the glasses over there. (Where should I put the glasses?)
 Meanwhile raining they all rushed under the tent. (Where did they rush?)
3. Adverbs of Time
An adverb of time is used to tell us when something is done or happens. Adverbs of time
mainly modify verbs. We use adverb of time in the begging or at the end of a sentence. They
can answer the question “when?”
 The teacher was absent yesterday. (When the teacher was absent?)
 She came immediately after the call. (When did she come after the call?)
4. Adverbs of Frequency
An adverb of frequency is used to tell us how often something is done or happens. Adverbs of
frequency mainly modify verbs. Words used as adverbs of frequency
include again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, always, never,
occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, etc.
They can answer the question “how often?”
 They go shopping occasionally. (How often do they go shopping?)
 An active student always come on time. (How often does an active student come on
time?)
 We hardly eat outside. (How often do we eat outside?)
5. Adverbs of Degree
An adverb of degree is used to tell us the degree or extent to which something is done or
happens. They answer the question “how much?” or “to what degree?”. Adverbs of Degree
can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Words of adverb of degree
are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.
  They played very well in the final. (To what degree did they play?)
 The test is so difficult. (To what degree is the test difficult?)

6. Preposition
A preposition is a short word that is employed in sentences to show the relationship nouns,
pronouns or phrases have with other parts within the respective sentences. Prepositions are
normally found positioned in the latter part of the sentence, but before a noun or pronoun.

Uses of Prepositions
Prepositions are seen to show some key characteristics and perform some vital functions
when used in sentences. Let us look at the various uses of prepositions in English.

 They are used to show the direction of something.

 They can refer to the time of something happening.
 They can be used to denote the position or location of an object in the sentence.
 They are also used to represent spatial relationships.
 Prepositional phrases, in particular, can be used to do all of these when used in
sentences.

Types of Prepositions

1. Simple Preposition
The simple prepositions are short words which are used in simple sentences.
Common Simple Prepositions: (At, by, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, out, over, till, to, up,
upon, with, under, down, etc.)
• I am not coming with you.
• She is in the park.
• We are going to the market
• She dived into the water.
• The Pakistani players were genius from the beginning of the tournament.
2. Compound Preposition
Compound prepositions are formed by adding the preposition to front of a noun, an adjective
or an adverb. When we join nouns, pronouns and phrases then we use compound
prepositions.
Common Compound Prepositions: (About, across, among, beside, before, without, inside,
outside, etc.)
• Ali is sitting beside Zahra and Ahmed.
• I will reach there before she leaves.
• There is something strange about him.
• There’s a bank right across the street.
• This attitude is common among the under -25s.
3. Double Preposition
Double prepositions are two (prepositional) words which are joined together to connect
nouns, pronouns, and phases with other words in sentence.
Common Double Prepositions: (Outside of, out of, from behind, up to, next to, because of,
according to, etc.)
• Suddenly he emerged from behind the curtain.
• The match between Pakistan and India was delayed due to rain.
• Nobody outside of this class should know about the plan.
• According to the news reporter, the weather will be cloudy today.
• Next to skiing my favorite sport is skating.
4. Participle Preposition
Participle preposition are verbs + ing that function as a preposition in a sentence is called
participle preposition.
Common Participle Preposition: (Barring, considering, during, following, including, etc.)
• Barring accidents, we should arrive on time.
• He took charge of the family business followinghis father’s death.
• No one should talk during the class.
5. Phrase Prepositions (Prepositional Phrase)
Phrase preposition is a phrase containing a preposition and functions as a preposition in a
sentence and connects nouns, pronouns, or other phrase toother words in a sentence.
Common Phrase Prepositions: (On behalf of, on account of, with regard to, in spite of, to the
fact that etc.)
• I am playing in the team on behalf of captain today.
• He succeeded by means of perseverance.
• We could not win the match in spite of playing good.
• Natural honey has been used for centuries on account of their healing properties.

6. Prepositions of Time – used to show when something is happening.

For example:


 We will be meeting on Friday.

 The supermarket will be closed from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m.
 Can you come after some time?
 We have been asked to work from home until the end of May.
 The whole country was asked to stay home during the pandemic to ensure
safety and well-being.

7. Prepositions of Place – indicate the place or position of something.

For example:


 I have kept the book I borrowed from you on the table.

 Henry hid behind the door.
 The dog jumped over the fence.
 Can you place the red roses in between the white daisies?
 He was waiting in front of the EB office.
8. Prepositions of Direction – used to denote the direction in which something travels
or moves.
For example:


 The girl ran toward her father the moment she saw him.
 Jerry jumped into the river to help his sister.
 Veena passed the book to Priya.
 When will Salvia be returning from London?
 Neena lives across the street.

9. Prepositions of Location – employed to denote the location of a particular object.

For example:


 Kenny would be staying at his cousin’s place for the weekend.

 Make sure you keep all the toys back in its place after you play.
 I lay on the floor for a really long time.

10. Prepositions of Spatial Relationship – used to denote an object’s movement

away from the source and towards a source.
For example:

 Navya sat leaning against the wall.

 The circus was stationed opposite the children’s park.
 Lakshmi sat beneath the trees.
 Shankar sat beside the stairs.
 We spent the evening walking around the lake.
 Prepositional Phrase – a combination of a preposition and a noun(the object it is
affecting).
For example:

 See to it that you reach the venue on time.

 The medicines you asked for are out of stock.
 Why don’t we try taking classes outside for a change.
 Make sure you fill in all the forms at once.
 Salmaan was able to finish it only with the help of his friends.

7. Conjunction
The conjunction is that part of speech that connects words, phrases, clauses, coordinate words
or sentences.
 Example/s – and, or, nether…nor, either…or, but, while, etc.

Types of Conjunctions

There are three kinds of conjunctions which join different kinds of grammatical structures.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They
may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses. In
each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction “and” connects equal words or
groups of words:
 John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars. (Connects two words)
 They sent the items over the river and through the woods. (Connects two phrases)
 Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at
us lowly workers. (Connects two clauses)
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often
remembered by using the acronym “FANBOYS”:for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
 You can study hard for exam or you can fail.
 That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement.
 John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is hockey.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into four kinds according to their function in a
sentence.
A) Cumulative / Copulative Conjunctions: They add one statement to another statement.
 He came here, and I left there.
B) Adversative Conjunctions: The express opposition or contrast between two statements.
 He was slow, but he was sure
C) Disjunctive / Alternative Conjunctions: They express a choice between two alternatives.
 She must clean, or she must leave.
D) Illative conjunctions: They express an inference,
All precautions must have been neglected: for the plague spread rapidly.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating
clause. The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions “when” or
“why” about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial
subordinating clauses in different ways:
 I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)
 Because the knight was young, he decided to take a walk. (why)
 I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)
 Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door.
(opposition)
Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it
connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause.
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating
conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance.
The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions:
 Both John and Max made the football team this year. (Both, and)
 Neither John nor Max made the football team this year. (Neither, nor)
 Not only did John make the football team, but he also became one of the strongest
players. (Not only, but also)
 Either Mom or Dad will pick you up. (Either, or)

8. Interjection

In a sentence, interjections are used to express or show the feeling of the author. These are
used to express various expressions such as surprise, joy, excitement, shock, enthusiasm, etc.

Example/s – Aha, uh, oops, ouch, oh, ah, yuck, eew, etc.

Types of Interjection

1. The Interjection of greeting:

The Interjection of greeting expresses the emotion of warmth to meet with any person.

 Hello!, hi!, hey! , etc.

Examples,

1. Hey! What are you doing today?

2. Hi! How are you?
3. Hello! I’m Adam, your new professor.
2. The Interjection of Joy:

The Interjection of joy is used to express the instantaneous pleasure and happiness on a
particular occasion.

 Wow!, Hurrah!, Congratulations!, Good!, etc.

Examples,

1. Good! Now we are going to the next level.

2. Wow! You look so beautiful!
3. Hurrah! We won the match!
4. Congratulations! I wish you a happy married life!
3. The Interjection of Attention:

The Interjection of attention is used to get someone’s attention towards us.

 Listen!, Look!, shh! , behold! , hush!, etc.

Examples,
 1. Look! I’m so tired today, and I won’t come anywhere with you.
2. Behold! I saw something there in the corner.
3. Shh! keep the mouth shut.
4. Hush, Robin!, warned Smith.
5. Yoo-hoo! Is anyone here?
4. The Interjection of Approval:

The Interjection of approval used to express approval or any agreement in a sentence.

 Bravo!, Well done!, Brilliant!, etc.

Examples,

1. Well done! You have completed the task successfully.

2. Bravo! You spelled it correctly.
3. He is a brilliant student at our college.
5. The Interjection of surprise:

The Interjection of surprise used to express the feeling of surprise for any incident that has
happened.

 Oh!, what!, Ah!, Ha!, etc.

Examples,

1. Ah! I got my first salary.

2. What! Are you serious?
3. Oh! I met him yesterday.
4. Ha! What a pleasant surprise.
6. The Interjection of sorrow:

The Interjection for sorrow is used to express the emotion of sadness, that something terrible
happened in a sentence.

 Ah!, Damm!, Alas!, Ouch!, oops!, etc.

Examples,

1. Ouch! It’s hurting a lot.

2. Alas! He got fractured in his right hand.
3. Oops! Sorry. It was my fault.
4. Help! I’m in big trouble.