Unit 5: Qualitative Research Design and Methodology

Lesson 4
Designing Instruments for Data
Collection

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
How can we
design good
quality data
collection
instruments?

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Learning ● Plan comprehensive guides for
Objectives the chosen instrument.
At the end of the ● Construct a good quality
lesson, you should research instrument.
be able to do the
following:

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 A Celebrity Encounter
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
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What kinds of questions must be
avoided in an interview?

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Designing
Interviews

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 Types of Questions in Interviews

● experience and behavior

● opinion and values
● feeling
● knowledge
● sensory
● background/demographic

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 Interview Guide
1. Brainstorm your research topic.
2. Organize the topics.
3. Move from general to specific
4. Apply the basic guidelines in writing
questions.
5. Familiarize yourself with the interview
guide.
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Tip

Consider revising your interview

guide after each interview that
you have conducted to improve
the quality of your research
questions for the succeeding
respondents.
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 Key Skills for Successful Interviewing

● Encourage the participant to speak.

● Learn when not to talk.
● Be comfortable with silence.
● Do not trivialize responses.
● Do not dominate.
● Show interest.

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Remember

Your skills as an interviewer have a

significant impact on the quality of
data you will gather.

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Planning Focus
Group Discussions

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 Selecting Participants

1. Recruit an existing group.

2. Select individuals who do not know each
other but have similar experiences about a
certain situation.

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Tip

Try over-recruiting your participants

to ensure that the target number of
participants will still be met.

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 Establishing Group Rules

● facilitator must discuss the purpose of the

focus group discussion
● seek for the participants’ consent
● do not force the participants to talk about
something they are uncomfortable with

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Why is it important to seek for the
participant’s consent in focus
group discussions?

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 The Role of the Group Facilitator

1. asking questions
2. seeking responses
3. wrapping up the focus group

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 Conducting
Observations

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What to Observe

● The physical setting

● The participants
● Activities and
interactions
● Conversation
● Subtle factors

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 Recording Observations
Narrative Recording Using Devices

● researcher’s own ● videotape or audio

words recording
● brief notes ● convenient
● biased ● can watch or play
several times
● miss out important
● participant might feel
details
uncomfortable
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Constructing
Questionnaires

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Guidelines in Formulating Questions

● Avoid using complex words.

● Do not ask ambiguous questions.
● Avoid asking double-barrelled questions.
● Do not ask leading questions.
● Avoid asking questions that imply
presumptions.

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How can we transform our
questions using “simpler” words?

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 Topic:

A. General topic 1
a. (Specific topic 1)
b. (Specific topic 2)
c. (Specific topic 3)

B. General topic 1
a. (Specific topic 1)
b. (Specific topic 2)
c. (Specific topic 3)

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 Quick Check

1. What are the two options in selecting

participants for focus group discussions?

2. What type of error in formulating questions

is present in this question: Is the product
durable and affordable?

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 Quick Check

The researcher tries to balance out the

participants who are responding too much
and those who are hesitating to express
themselves freely. What instrument for data
collection is being designed?

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 Wrap Up

The different types of questions that may be

asked in interviews are experience/behavior,
opinion/values, feeling, knowledge,
sensory, and background/demographic.

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 Wrap Up

In focus group discussions, It is important to

plan ahead the selection of the
participants, establishing group rules, and
clarifying the role of the group facilitator.

The elements needed in observations and

the different methods in recording
observations must be kept in mind.
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 Wrap Up

A questionnaire is a list of questions that the

participants answer on their own.

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Wrap Up
 Bibliography
Coolican, Hugh. Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. New York:
Psychology Press, 2014.

Dawson, Catherine. Practical Research Methods: A User-Friendly Guide to

Mastering Research. Oxford: How To Books, Ltd., 2002.

Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners.

London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2011.

Langdridge, Darren and Gareth Hagger-Johnson. Introduction to Research

Methods and Data Analysis in Psychology. London: Pearson Education
Limited, 2013.

Merriam, Sharan B. and Elizabeth J. Tisdell. Qualitative Research: A Guide to

Design and Implementation. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.

Patton, Michael Quinn. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 4th ed.
California: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2015.
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