Physics Cun It Packets

Name ____________________ Period ___
Mechanics
Enduring Understanding - All descriptions of motion can be
can be explained in terms of the rate of change of position
with respect to time.
Essential Questions
1. Does one dimension mean one solution?
2. What is necessary to construct or reconstruct a graph of
motion?
3. How important is symmetry?
4. Do the kinematic equations of motion apply to all motion?
Kinematics
Graphs of 2D Motion
1D Motion Motion
Velocity vs. Acceleration

Position vs. vs. Time
Time Graph Time Graph
Graph
Slope Area Area

Steepness Slope
Change in
Speed Velocity Acceleration Displacement Velocity
Kinematic
Equations of
Motion
Constant Components Changing Patterns

Odd vs.
Square
Plano West - Mr. Carroll

1
AP-C Mechanics
Kinematics
1D Motion
Two Cars and a Bird
Two cars, traveling at 30 km/hr head towards each along a straight road. A bird flying at 50 km/hr leaves
the front of one car when they are 100 km apart and flies directly for the other car. Upon reaching the other
car the bird flies directly back to the first car. The bird repeats flying between the cars until the cars crash.
What is the total distance the bird travels?
Runner
The first 10 meters of a 100-meter dash are covered in 2 seconds by a sprinter who starts from rest and
accelerates with a constant acceleration. The remaining 90 meters are run with the same velocity the
sprinter had after 2 seconds.
a. Determine the sprinter's constant acceleration during the first 2 seconds.
b. Determine the sprinters velocity after 2 seconds have elapsed.
c. Determine the total time needed to run the full 100

meters.
d. On the axes provided below, draw the displacement

vs time curve for the sprinter.
© 1982 The College Board – Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org
Height - H
An object is dropped from a height H. During the final second of its fall, it falls a distance of 49 meters.
Calculate H?

2
Rocket
A rocket is launch with an upward net acceleration of 20 m/s2. After 25 seconds, the rock shuts off and the
rocket is in freefall until it hits the ground.
a. Calculate the highest point the rocket reaches.
b. Calculate the total time the rocket is in the air.
c. Calculate the speed of the rocket just before it hits the ground.
Round Trip
A plane can travel 100 km per hour on a calm day (no wind). The pilot decides to fly on a windy day. The
wind is blowing at 10 km/hr. The pilot first flies into the wind before turning around and returning home with
the wind. The plane’s fuel supply is 3 hours. Calculate how far out the pilot can fly and return without
running out of fuel?

3
Position vs Time Position vs Time
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
s = 0.75 m
1 1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)
Velocity vs Time Velocity vs Time

1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)
Acceleration vs Time Acceleration vs Time

1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)

4
5.0 5.0
4.0 4.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
-1.0 -1.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)
Velocity vs Time Velocity vs Time

1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)

1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)

5
5.0 5.0
4.0 4.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
-1.0 -1.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)
v = 1.0 m/s @ t = 10 s Velocity vs Time v = 0 m/s @ t = 1 s

Velocity vs Time
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)

1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) Time (s)

6
AP-C Mechanics
Kinematics
Projectile Lab
Purpose - Determine the muzzle speed of the launcher.
Materials meter stick and launcher
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/traj.html#tracon
Procedure - The launcher must be fired horizontally from no less than 3 different heights.
Data
Measuring the height of the projectile above the floor.
The measurement was taken from the floor to _____________________________________________.
(position on the projectile)
What kinematics equation is used to
calculate the time for the projectile to hit
the floor once fired?
Identify what variables equal zero. ______________________________________________________
Derive a working equation for the time for the projectile to hit the floor.
Fire the launcher 10 times, each time collecting the range of the projectile. Remember the launcher must be
fired horizontally from no less than 3 different heights.
Record your data in a table below.
Trial Height (m) Time (s) Range (m)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Data Analysis Graph Range vs. Time on the provided piece of graph paper.
What was the speed of the projectile? ______________________________________________________

7
Post Lab Problems
1. Calculate the projectile’s acceleration while being shot from the launcher. Solve using the EMS method
in the space below.
2. Calculate the how long the projectile was accelerated while being shot from the launcher. Solve using
the EMS method in the space below.
3. A projectile is launched with an initial velocity v at an angle q above the horizontal. Derive an expression
for the range of the projectile as a function of v and q.
Definition of Derive - A detailed sequence of mathematical statements showing that a result is a

necessary consequence of previously accepted statements.

8
AP-C Mechanics
Kinematics
2D Motion
Vector Notation (unit vectors)
i, j, k Notation
A particle moves in an xy plane with constant acceleration. At time zero, the particle is at position
x = _____ m, y = _____ m, and has an initial velocity of _____ m/s î ± _____ m/s ĵ. The constant
acceleration is a = _____ m/s2 î and _____ m/s2 ĵ.
a. Find the velocity of the vector at t = 2 s. Find the particle’s speed at t = 2 s.
b. Find the position of the vector at t = 4 s. Find the particle’s displacement.
c. Give the magnitude and direction of the position vector at t = 4 s.

9
Drops of Water
Water drips from the nozzle of a shower onto the floor 2.25 meters below. The drops fall at regular
intervals of time, the first drop striking the floor at the instant the fourth drop begins to fall. Find the height
of the second and third drops above the floor when the first drop strikes the floor.
Crazy Physics Teachers

Mr. Carroll and Mr. Grizzle perform a death defying act. Mr. Carroll is shot from a cannon with a speed of
20 m/s at an angle of 30 degrees above the horizontal. At the same moment Mr. Carroll is shot out of the
cannon Mr. Grizzle drops from a platform having coordinates of (8 m, 16 m). Assume the cannon is at the
origin.
a. Will Mr. Carroll and Mr. Grizzle make contact in the air?
b. Calculate the minimum distance separating Mr. Carroll and Mr. Grizzle while in the air.
c. Calculate the time when the minimum separation occurs.

10
Nothing But Variables
A ball is thrown from the roof of a building at an
angle of 45° to the horizontal and lands at point B
as shown above. Use cos 45 ! = 1/ 2 ,
sin 45 ! = 1/ 2 and tan 45! = 1 to calculate the
following. Express all answers in terms of g and h.
a. The time of flight and initial speed of the
ball.
b. The speed at point B.
c. The velocity at point B.
d. The maximum vertical displacement from
the top of the building.

11
AP-C Mechanics
Kinematics
Inertial Mass Lab
Background
1. What is mass?
2. How are mass and inertia related?
3. How many oscillations/vibrations are there

between points A and B on the graph to the
right?
Purpose – Determine the mass of an unknown object using an inertial balance.
Materials – computer, Graphical Analysis, motion detector, inertial balance and mass set
Background – http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mass.html#mas
Procedure – Calculate the period of oscillation for 10 known masses. Masses range in value between zero
(empty tray) and 500 grams.
Data – Record data in a self-generated spreadsheet.
Analysis – Generate a graph to determine a relationship between period and mass.
Record your general and empirical equations in the boxes below.
General Equation Empirical Equation

A mathematical formula that expresses Replace the constants in the general equation
all constants and variables symbolicly. with values specific to the collected data.
Self Check – Test your relationship by measuring the mass of unknown objects: keys, phone, wallet, etc.
Performance Assessment
Each lab member will have 10 minutes to measure the mass of an unknown object. You may use this lab
print out (workbook), self-generated graphs and a four-function (non graphing) calculator to assist you in
completing the assessment. All materials used while completing the assessment will be collected. Your
teacher will provide you with a four-function calculator if needed.

12
AP-C Mechanics
Kinematics
Test and QUEST Breakdown
Test Breakdown QUEST Breakdown

Multiple-Choice Test 1D Motion #1-8
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Freefall #9-18
Free Response Test 2D Motion #19-21
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions Projectile Motion #22-41
Multiple-Choice Questions
Practice multiple-choice questions with answers are available on the Learning Guide.
Free Response Problems

One or more of the free response problems below, in part or in whole, will be integrate into the Free Response
test. In addition, one or more free response problems will be selected from past AP exam problems, QUEST,
in-class activities or class notes.
Graph Reconstruction (Test and/or Quiz)

Given one of the three graphs of motion, quantitatively
reconstruct the other two graphs. All graphs must fit on the
grid provided.
Freefall – 1D Motion
An object is released with/without an initial velocity. Either
calculate or derive an expression for the following
quantities:
a) time of flight
b) position at any point along its trajectory
c) speed at any point along its trajectory
d) velocity at any point along its trajectory
e) acceleration at any point along its trajectory
f) time to reach a given position or acquire a given
velocity
Projectile Motion – 2D Motion

An object is launched at an angle to the horizontal. Either
calculate or derive an expression for the following quantities:
a) horizontal and vertical components of the velocity
b) time of flight
c) range
d) position at any point along its trajectory
e) speed at any point along its trajectory
f) velocity at any point along its trajectory
g) acceleration at any point along its trajectory
h) time to reach a given position or acquire a given velocity
Graphs of Motion
i) qualitatively sketch the projectile’s graphs of motion
j) quantitatively draw the projectile’s graphs of motion

13
Kinematics Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - All descriptions of motion can be explained in terms of the rate of change of position with
respect to time.
Key Terms Resources
• Acceleration • Position 1D Motion
• Acceleration due to • Rate of Change http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mot.html#mot1
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relmot.html#c1
Gravity • Reference Point
Graphs of Motion
• Average Velocity • Resolve http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acons.html#c1
• Component • Scalar http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/motgraph.html#c1
• Constant Velocity • Slope Inclines
• Delta, D http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mincl.html#c1
• Speed
• Derivative Dart Gun Lab
• Tangent http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/traj.html#tra11
• Displacement • Trajectory 2D Motion
• Distance • Two-Dimensional http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/coord.html#c2
• Freefall • Uniform
• Instantaneous Velocity • Vector Textbook - Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4
• Integral • Velocity https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/1-introduction
• Kinematics • Y-Intercept
• Magnitude • Rest vs.
• One-Dimensional Standing Still
Things to Always Remember
1. Learn concepts before equations; think concepts before equations.
2. Choose a coordinate system that best suits the problem.
3. Problems that require a solution in terms of given variables, use the variables given, NOT your own.
4. Problems that have you draw a graph, be able to determine and understand the significance of the x-intercept,
y-intercept, slope and area under the curve.
5. Show all your work in a well-organized manner.
Flowchart Extras
1D Motion
• Kinematics is the description of motion without considering its causes (forces) or the mass of the object.
Graphs of Motion
• Assume graphs are constant acceleration unless otherwise indicated.
• Slope of a:
o position vs. time graph = velocity
o secant line on a position vs time graph is the average velocity. The average velocity occurs at the midpoint time.
o tangent line on a position vs time graph is the instantaneous velocity.
o velocity vs. time graph = acceleration
• Area Beneath the Curve of a:
o velocity vs. time graph = displacement, Dd
o acceleration vs. time graph = change in velocity, Dv
2D Motion
• Vertical and horizontal motions are independent of one another.
• Pay attention to where the angle is measured from: the horizontal or the vertical.
• The range equation applies to objects launched from level ground to level ground.
Equations of Motion
• The Kinematics Equations of Motion ONLY apply to constant acceleration.
• Position, displacement and distance can be represented with letters “x”, “d”, “s” and “r”.
Equations - Equations NOT on the AP Equation Sheet or Flowchart
!!
• 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ∆𝑥 = sin (2𝜃) %&
• 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒: 𝑡 = E " ; 𝑣'( = 0
"
! $!
• 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑣#!" = " # • 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑: 𝑣( = K2𝑔ℎ; 𝑣'( = 0
%
• 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: Δx = 𝑣#!" 𝑡

14
Name ____________________ Period ___
Mechanics
Enduring Understanding - The summation of forces determines the motion of
an object.
Essential Questions
1. When should a free-body diagram, FBD, be drawn?
2. Are Newton's Laws of Motion always applicable?
3. Is the mass or masses responsible for the net force the same masses that are
accelerating?
4. How are angles measured?
5. Can kinetic and static friction produce the same effect?
6. What forces can act centripetally?
7. What does a negative sign mean?
Newton's Laws
Free-Body
Diagrams
FBD
First Law Second Law Third Law
Applications
Springs Circular
2 Mass Motion
Systems
Inclined Plane(s) Flat Surface Push Uniform Uniform

Atwood or
Machine Pull
Horizontal Banked Vertical
Circles Curves Circles
Inclined
Plane
Friction
Frictionless
Rough and
Smooth Surfaces
Static Kinetic
Air
Resistance
Force Force Force applied Force
applied applied PERPENDICULAR applied at an
PARALLEL PARALLEL to the incline ANGLE
to the incline to the floor to the incline Standard Problem without Friction
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/N2st.html#c1
Standard Problem with Friction

1
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Kinematics, Dynamics & FBDs
Definitions
Kinematics
The branch of mechanics that studies the motion of a body or a system of bodies without consideration
given to its mass or the forces acting on it
Dynamics
The branch of mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of a body or system
of bodies.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1st Law 2nd Law 3rd Law

An object will remain in a The acceleration of an When two bodies interact,
state of constant motion object is proportional to the the forces on the bodies
unless acted upon by an net force applied to the from each other are always
Expressed in unbalanced force. Newton’s object and inversely equal in magnitude and
Words First Law is also referred as proportional to the object’s opposite in direction.
the Law of Inertia. mass. These are referred to as
Action-Reaction pairs of
forces.
Expressed
Mathematically
Bullet Problem
A 30-gram bullet is fired with a speed of 500 meters per second into a wall.
a. If the acceleration of the bullet is constant and it penetrates 12 centimeters into the wall, calculate
the force on the bullet while it is stopping.
b. If the acceleration of the bullet is constant and it penetrates 12 centimeters into the wall, how much
time is required for the bullet to stop?
c. Suppose, instead, that the stopping force increases from zero as the bullet penetrates. Discuss
the motion in comparison to the case for a constant acceleration.

2
AP-C Dynamics
Newton’s Laws
Free-Body Diagrams
Up until this point the forces applied have all been perpendicular to the object. What happens if the forces
applied are at different angles? How is the FBD constructed? The answer is the parallelogram method for
FBD construction. Using this method, it will be easy to draw a FBD to scale and be able to understand how
the forces applied at different angles relate to each other.
Inclined Forces
Parallelogram Method
1. Draw a vector representing the weight of the object. Draw this arrow 3 cm long from the center of
the block.
2. Label the arrow Fg.
3. Draw a dashed vector the same length but in the opposite direction as Fg to balance the weight.
4. Draw two dashed lines parallel to the strings from the tip of the vertical dashed vector to form a
parallelogram. The parallelogram is bounded by the two strings and the two dashed lines.
5. Draw two vectors along the strings beginning at the center or the block and ended at the corners of the
parallelogram.
6. Label arrows with the appropriate forces: Force of Gravity or Weight, Fg, Tension, FT, Normal, FN,
Friction, Ff
7. Remember, ONLY the solid line arrows are the free body diagram. All others are construction vectors
and lines and may be erased.

3
Dynamics
AP-C
Newton’s Laws
Free-Body Diagrams
Directions: In each case the block is acted on by one or more forces. All drawings are from a side view and
friction is negligible except where noted. Draw qualitatively accurate free-body diagrams showing
all forces acting on the block. For convenience you may draw all forces acting at the center of
mass, even though friction and normal force act on the point of contact with the surface. Please
use a ruler and do it in pencil so you can correct mistakes.
Label forces using the following notation: Force of Gravity Þ Fg or W

Tension Force Þ FT or T
Normal Force Þ FN or N
Friction Force Þ Ff or f
#1 Equilibrium #2 Equilibrium #3 A block is sliding at constant

speed on a frictionless surface
#4 A block is sliding to a stop #5 A block falling. No friction #6 A block falling at constant

velocity

4
#7 A block rising in a parabolic #8 A block at the top of a # 9 A block is tied to a rope and
trajectory No air resistance. parabolic trajectory No air pulled so that it moves
resistance. horizontally at constant
velocity
#10 Equilibrium #11 Equilibrium #12 Equilibrium
#13 Equilibrium #14 Friction prevents the block #15 A block is sliding on a
from sliding frictionless incline

5
Draw the free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the rock. In each case indicate the net force.
Symbols: W = weight, T = Tension, f = friction, N = normal and SF or Fnet = net force.
FBD-1 Box swinging on a rope, FBD-2 Box is tied to a post and FBD-3 Box is tied to a post and
at lowest position. No friction moving in a circle at constant is moving at a constant speed.
speed on a frictionless horizontal No friction.
surface.
FBD-4 Box is swinging on a FBD-5 Box is moving downward FBD-6 Box is swinging on a
rope. No friction. in a vertical circle. rope, at the top of a vertical circle.
No friction.
FBD-7 Box is riding on a FBD-8 Box is resting against the FBD-9 Box is stuck by friction
horizontal disk that is rotating at frictionless inside wall of a cone. against the inside wall of a
constant speed. Friction prevents The box moves with the cone, rotating drum at constant speed.
the rock from sliding. which rotates at constant angular
speed.

6
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Unknown Weight Lab
PART - 1
Purpose - Calculate the weight of an unknown object.
Materials - force scales, calculator and unknown mass
Procedure - Draw a sketch of the set up and record all necessary values on your sketch.
Question
The object is suspended by two strings at two different angles, which string will have the greater tension?
Sketch
Calculations
Resolved each tension into its components. Record your answers on your sketch
Sum the forces in the horizontal and vertical direction.

Horizontal Summation Vertical Summation
Calculate the unknown weight. Unknown Weight =

7
PART – 2
Purpose - Using a force table, calculate the position of the third mass to bring the system of masses into
equilibrium.
Materials - force table, mass set, and calculator
Data Sketch
Mass (kg) Angle (degrees)

1
Calculations - Using one additional mass, bring the system into equilibrium.
Mass (kg) Angle (degrees)

8
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Incline Lab
Purpose - Calculate the acceleration along an inclined plane.
Materials meter stick, 2.2 m track, collision cart, motion detector, lab pro
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mincl.html#c3
Procedure – Arrange the equipment so a freely rolling cart will accelerate along the inclined track.
Set up – Elevate one end of the ramp ________ cm.
Data
Draw a sketch below of how the Draw an FBD of all the forces Derive an equation for the
equipment will be set up. Identify acting on the cart while rolling acceleration as a function of the
all necessary measurements on freely along the track. Ignore angle.
the sketch. friction.
Calculate the acceleration along

the incline. (Show your work.)
When ready call your teacher over to collect the acceleration while traveling up and down the incline.
Calculated Acceleration: _________________ m/s2
Measured Acceleration when traveling UP the incline: _________________ m/s2
Measured Acceleration when traveling DOWN the incline: _________________ m/s2
Analysis – If the calculated and measured values are different, explain the difference.

9
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Atwood Performance Lab
Purpose - Calculate the acceleration of the Atwood masses.
Materials motion detector, lab pro, mass set, Atwood apparatus
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mincl.html#c3
Procedure – Arrange the equipment so the masses can rise and fall freely.
Draw the FBDs for m1 and m2 while m1 was falling and rising. Remember m1 ____ m2.
m1 Ascending m1 Descending
m1 rising m2 falling m1 falling m2 rising
Derive an expression for the acceleration of the masses as a function of the masses and the acceleration
due to gravity. Definition of Derive - A detailed sequence of mathematical statements showing that a result
is a necessary consequence of previously accepted statements. m1 = ______ grams, m2 = ______ grams,
Prediction (circle one) – The acceleration of m1 is greater than – less than – equal to the acceleration
of m2.
Prediction (circle one) – The acceleration of m1 when rising is greater than – less than – equal to the
acceleration of m1 when falling.
Prediction (circle one) – The acceleration of m2 when rising is greater than – less than – equal to the
acceleration of m2 when falling.
When ready call your teacher over to collect the acceleration of the masses.
Measured Acceleration Measured Acceleration

Calculated Acceleration
when m1 is RISING when m1 is FALLING
Analysis – If the calculated and measured values are different, explain the difference.

10
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Newton’s Laws Problems
Atwood
Three blocks of masses 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kilograms are
connected by massless strings, one of which passes over a
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as shown. Calculate each
of the following.
a. The acceleration of the 4-kilogram block.
b. The tension in the string supporting the 4-kilogram
block
c. The tension in the string connected to the l-kilogram
block
d. What effect would switching the 2.0 kg and 1.0 kg
masses have on the answers a through c
e. How much force does the support bracket apply to the
pulley? Assume the pulley and strings are massless.

11
Double Incline
A 4 kg block and a 5 kg block are connected by a rope that passes
over a frictionless pulley that slides on frictionless inclines.
a. Find the acceleration of the blocks and the tension in the
rope.
b. The two blocks are replaced by two others of mass m1 and
m2. What values of m1 and m2 will result in the blocks not
accelerating?
c. Examine the results of varying either one of both of the
angles and/or masses.
Standard Newton's Laws Problems


12
Mechanics
AP-C Newton’s Laws
Friction
Static Friction
Force that opposes impending motion.
Kinetic Friction
Frictional Force
Force that opposes relative motion.
Applied Force
Forklift
A 300-kg box rests on a platform attached to a forklift. Starting from rest at time = 0, the box is lowered with
a downward acceleration of 1.5m/s2.
a. Determine the upward force exerted by the horizontal platform on the box as it is lowered.
At time t = 0, the forklift also begins to move forward with an acceleration of 2 m/s2 while lowering the
box as described above. The box does not slip or tip over.
b. Determine the frictional force on the box.
c. Given that the box does not slip, determine the minimum possible coefficient of friction between the
box and the platform.
d. Determine an equation for the path of the box that
expresses y as a function of x (and not of t),
assuming that, at time t = 0, the box has a horizontal
position x = 0 and a vertical position y = 2 m
above the ground, with zero velocity.
e. On the axes sketch the path taken by the box

13
Stacked
Block 1 of mass m1 is placed on block 2 of mass m2 which is
then placed on a table. A string connecting block 2 to a
hanging mass M passes over a pulley attached to one end of
the table, as shown. The mass and friction of the pulley are
negligible. The coefficients of friction between blocks 1 and 2
and between block 2 and the tabletop are nonzero and are
given in the following table.
Coefficient Between Coefficient Between

Blocks 1 and 2 Blocks 2 and Tabletop
Static µs1 µs2
Kinetic µk1 µk2
Express your answers in terms of the masses, coefficients of friction, and g, the acceleration due to gravity.
a. Suppose that the value of M is small enough that the blocks remain at rest when released. For each
of the following forces, determine the magnitude of the force and draw a vector on the block
provided to indicate the direction of the force if it is nonzero.
The normal force The friction force The force T The normal force The friction force
N1 exerted on f1 exerted on exerted on block N2 exerted on f2 exerted on
block 1 by block 2 block 1 by block 2 2 by the string. block 2 by the block 2 by the
tabletop tabletop
b. Determine the largest value of M for which the blocks can remain at rest.
c. Now suppose that M is large enough that the hanging block descends when the blocks are
released. Assume that blocks 1 and 2 are moving as a unit (no slippage). Determine the
magnitude a of their acceleration.
d. Now suppose that M is large enough that as the hanging block descends, block 1 is slipping on
block 2. Determine each of the following.
i. The magnitude a1 of the acceleration of block 1
ii. The magnitude a2 of the acceleration of block 2

14
15
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Friction Lab
Purpose - Calculate the coefficient kinetic friction.
Materials inclined plane apparatus, mass set, mass block and motion
detector
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/incpl.html#c1
Procedure The incline must be positioned at 30° and use different mass
relationships for all 6 trials.
Data Record your data in the table below.
Acceleration is positive and less than 1.5 m/s2
Direction m1 m2 Acceleration Friction Force (N) Coefficient of

Trial Angle (m/s2) (complete after data Friction
of Motion (kg) (kg) collection)
1 30°
Up
2 30°
Incline
3 30°
1 30°
Down
2 30°
Incline
3 30°
Derivation
Derive an expression for the force of friction between the block and the inclined surface when the masses
are accelerating.
Definition of Derive - A detailed sequence of mathematical statements showing that a result is a necessary
consequence of previously accepted statements.
Up Incline Down Incline

FBDs FBDs
m1 m2 m1 m2
Data Analysis Using your lab data, calculate the force of kinetic friction and coefficient of friction for each
trail. Calculate the average coefficient of kinetic friction.

16
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws
Air Resistance Lab
Purpose - Determine the mathematical relationship between air resistance and
speed. Fair
Background
When an object falls through the air it experiences an upward air resistance force.
The air resistance force depends on the speed of the falling object. When the object Fg
has reached terminal speed the air resistance force is equal to the weight of the falling
object; the object is no longer accelerating.
Falling Object
(Terminal Speed)
How does the air resistance force depend on the speed?
LINEAR QUADRATIC
At terminal speed Fair = W. At terminal speed Fair = W.
Let’s assume air resistance is proportional Let’s assume air resistance is proportional
to the object’s speed. Fair = k v; where k is to the square of the object’s speed. Fair = k
a constant. v2; where k is a constant.
Combine the above equations, k v = W Combine the above equations, k v2 = W
Solve for speed, v = W/k Solve for speed, v = (W/k)½
The distance that an object moves while falling a The distance that an object moves while falling a
constant speed or terminal speed equals speed constant speed or terminal speed equals speed
times time; d = vt. times time; d = vt.
Combine equations and solve for d. Combine equations and solve for d.
d = (W/k)t = (t/k)W d = (W/k)½ t = (t/k½)W½
This relationship shows that at terminal speed, This relationship shows that at terminal speed,
distance fallen is proportional to object’s weight. distance fallen is proportional to square root of the
object’s weight.
Materials coffee filters, meter sticks, stopwatches, motion detector, ULI, computer, and Logger Pro
Procedure
The mass of a single coffee filter is far less than the precision of our classroom balance. Since we are
looking for a general relationship we will define the weight of one coffee filter to equal one arbitrary unit of
weight.
Select a data collection method.
Method A Time to fall is constant - Collect distance fallen and weight data.
Method B Reaching terminal speed - Collect weight and terminal speed data.
Record data in a self-generated Excel spreadsheet. Either generate an Excel graph or use the one available
on GravityKills to determine the relationship between air resistance and speed.
Show your data and graph to your teacher.

17
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws & Dynamics
UCM
Centrifugal (force and acceleration)
Directed radial away from the center. The APPARENT force, equal and opposite to the centripetal force,
drawing a rotating body away from the center of rotation, caused by the inertia of the body.
Centripetal (force and acceleration)

Directed radial towards the center. The component of force acting on a body in curvilinear motion that is
directed toward the center of curvature or axis of rotation. Centripetal force is necessary for an object to move with
circular motion.
Vector Relationships
Draw a sketch of an object in UCM
along with the vectors: displacement,
velocity and acceleration.
Twirl
An object of mass M on a string is whirled with increasing speed in a
horizontal circle, as shown. When the string breaks, the object has
speed vo and the circular path has radius R and is a height h above
the ground. Neglect air friction.
a. Determine the following, expressing all answers in terms of h,
vo, and g.
i. The time required for the object to hit the ground after
the string breaks
ii. The horizontal distance the object travels from the time
the string breaks until it hits the ground.
iii. The speed of the object just before it hits the ground.
b. Draw and label all the forces acting on the object when it is in
the position shown in the diagram.
c. Determine the tension in the string just before the string
breaks. Express your answer in terms of M, R, vo, and g.

18
Banked Curve
A highway curve that has a radius of curvature of 100
meters is banked at an angle of 15° as shown.
a. Determine the vehicle speed for which this curve is
appropriate if there is no friction between the road
and the tires of the vehicle.
On a dry day when friction is present, an automobile
successfully negotiates the curve at a speed of 25 m/s.
b. On the diagram to the right, in which the block
represents the automobile, draw and label all of the
forces on the automobile.
c. Determine the minimum value of the coefficient of friction
necessary to keep this automobile from sliding as it goes
around the curve.
Standard Newton's Laws Problems (Friction Included)


19
AP-C Mechanics
Newton’s Laws

Multiple-Choice Test Fundamentals #1-19
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions 1-Mass Systems #20-22
Free Response Test 2-Mass Systems #23-25
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions Friction #26-31
Inclines #32-35
Multiple-Choice Questions UCM #36-41
Practice multiple-choice questions with answers are available on the
Learning Guide.

Unequal Accelerations
Block m1 has a pulley attached to its side. It is connected by string
to block m2 as shown to the right. Friction between block m1 and
the table prevents the system from moving. All strings and pulleys
are massless and pulleys are frictionless.
Let m1 = ____ kg and m2 = ____ kg m1 > m2 and Let g = 10 m/s2
IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU DRAW FBDs.
a) Calculate the tensions: T1, T2, T3.

b) Calculate the minimum coefficient of friction needed to prevent the blocks from moving.
The friction between block m1 and the table is reduced to zero.
a) Draw the FBDs for both masses
b) Calculate the acceleration of block m1. (HINT – Solve as a system of equations; a1 ≠ a2)
c) Calculate the acceleration of block m2. (HINT – Solve as a system of equations; a1 ≠ a2)

20
Lift Up
A student weighing Ws wants to reach a piece of fruit without climbing the
tree. The student ties a piece of rope to a chair weighing Wc then throws the
rope over a high reaching branch. A spring scale is then attached to the free
end of the rope. Assume the rope passing over the branch behaves as a
massless and frictionless pulley.
Let Ws = ____ N and Wc = ____ N Wc < Ws and Let g = 10 m/s2
a) If the chair and the student are suspended above the ground at rest,
calculate the tension in the rope?
The student now pulls on the rope so that the acceleration of the student
and the chair is 2 m/s2 upward.
b) Calculate the tension in the rope under these new conditions?
c) Under these conditions, calculate the force exerted by the chair on the person?
After a short time, the person and the platform reach and sustain an upward velocity of 0.4 m/ s.
d) Calculate the tension in the rope.
Pull Up
Wilma, a worker of mass m1 is holding crate of mass, m2, at rest as
shown to the right. The pulley is massless and frictionless.
Let m1 = ____ kg and m2 = ____ kg; m1 > m2 and Let g = 10 m/s2
a) Calculate the tension in the rope.

b) Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted on Wilma by the
ground.
Wilma now lowers the crate towards the floor with an acceleration of
1.0 m/s2.
c) Calculate the tension in the rope.
The crate has been lowered to and is resting on the ground. Wilma then begins pulling on the rope.
d) Calculate the crate’s minimum acceleration to just lift her off the ground.

21
Newton’s Laws Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - The summation of forces determines the motion of an object.
Key Terms Resources
• Action-Reaction Pair • Mass Newton’s Laws
• Air Resistance • Net Force http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Newt.html#ntcon
• Centripetal Acceleration • Newton's 1 of Motion
st Inclines
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mincl.html#c1
• Centripetal Force • Newton's 2nd Law of Motion Atwood Machine
• Coefficient of Friction • Newton's 3rd Law of Motion http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atwd.html#c1
• Dynamics • Normal Force Friction
• Equilibrium • Period http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/frict.html#fri
• Force • Relative Motion Circular Motion
• Free Body Diagram (FBD) • Restoring Force http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/cf.html#cf
• Frequency • Resultant Hooke’s Law

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/permot2.html#c3
• Frictional Force • Spring Constant
• Gravitational Force • Static Friction Textbook – Chapters 5 and 6
• Hooke’s Law • Tangential Velocity https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-
1/pages/5-introduction
• Inertia • Tension Force
• Kinetic Friction • Uniform Circular Motion, UCM
2. Draw an FBD for all problems that involve force.
3. Do not resolve forces on your FBD. Resolve forces on a separate diagram.
4. Define the direction of the acceleration as positive. If the direction of the acceleration is unknown, assign a direction
as positive. If the answer comes out positive, your choice of direction was correct. If negative, reverse directions.
5. Acceleration is not always constant.
Flowchart Extras
Free-Body Diagrams
• Draw FBDs proportionally correct if possible.
• Label all forces with the type of force. Never label a force as the net force or centripetal force.
Newton’s Laws
• Newton’s 1st Law - Constant Motion - balanced forces
• Newton’s 2nd Law - Accelerated Motion – unbalanced force(s) = Net Force = SF = summation of forces
• Newton’s 3rd Law - Action-Reaction Pairs - applied to different objects, same type of force and expressed as “force of
type X on object 1 from object 2 is equal and opposite to the force of type X on object 2 from object 1”
2 Mass Systems
• Internal forces always cancel out.
Inclined Plane
• If the acceleration is parallel to an inclined surface, rotate the axes so the acceleration lies along an axis.
Friction
• Force of kinetic friction is a constant value.
• Force of static friction ranges from zero to a maximum value.
• Coefficients of kinetic and static friction are constant and depend on the surfaces.
Circular Motion
• Define the positive direction towards the center of the circular motion.
Springs
• The FBD defines the sign of the force, not the equation.
• 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐹!""#$%& = 𝑚𝑔 ± 𝑚𝑎 -. ! -. !
• 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝐹!""#$%& = 𝑚𝑔 ± + 𝑜𝑟 + − 𝑚𝑔
'
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 − 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝: 𝑇 = (
• 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑: 𝑣 = D𝑔𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
)*+
• 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝑣 = , = 2𝜋𝑟𝑓
• 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑: 𝑣 = D𝑔𝑟

22
Name ____________________ Period ___
Mechanics
Enduring Understanding - Energy can be transferred and/or
exchanged when objects interact.
Essential Questions
1. How does calculus advance the study of physics?
2. Is energy always transferred when work is done?
3. What forms of energy can result in work being done?
Work and Energy
Calculus Work Energy
Constant or Integral Form Work-Energy Conservative

Differentiation Theorem Forces Mechanical
Integration Average
Energy
Force
Power Rule
Potential Kinetic
Work-Kinetic Spring Potential Energy Energy
Energy Energy
Theorem
Interactions
Transfer of Energy - is Exchange of Energy - is

the conveyance of the conveyance of
energy from one object different forms of energy
or system to another. within an object or system.
Transfer Exchange
Energy Energy

1
Mechanics
AP-C Work and Energy
Calculus
Calculus - Derivatives and Integrals
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hmat.html#hmath
I’m assuming at this point in your study of calculus you know the Power Rule.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/deriv.html#c3
Derivative Practice
!"
Find
!# !"
Find
!'
1. 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 𝐹𝑡
2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 $ + 4𝑥
%
2. 𝑦 = 𝑡 $ + 4𝑡 ()
$
!
% !
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 " + 5 )
& 3. 𝑦 = 𝑡 (" + 𝑡
$

2
Now let’s look at integration or finding the antiderivative. Integration is nothing more than undoing
differentiation. It’s running the Power Rule backwards.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Math/intalg.html#c1
Find the antiderivative. In other words, what antiderivative will give you the given function below when you
differentiate with respect to x.
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥
) )
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 $ + 𝑥
% $
3. y = 4
Let’s now connect integration to what you already know.
A ball initially at rest rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2. If it accelerates for 8 seconds,
how far will it travel? Answer Dx = 128 m
First solve this algebraically.
Second Solve this graphically. HINT – sketch a velocity vs. time graph and find the area beneath the curve.

3
Let’s repeat but change the problem slightly
A ball with an initial velocity of 2 m/s rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2. If it accelerates
for 8 seconds, how far will it travel between t = 2 and t = 8 seconds? Answer D x = 132 m
First solve this algebraically.
Second Solve this graphically. HINT – sketch a velocity vs. time graph and find the area beneath the curve.

4
Now let’s solve this using Calculus
Recall, the derivative of a function gives us the slope of the line tangent to the curve. The integral gives the
area beneath the curve. Let’s solve the last problem again.
A ball with an initial velocity of 2 m/s rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2. If it accelerates
for 8 seconds, how far will it travel between t = 2 and t = 8 seconds? Answer Dx = 132 m
Draw a velocity vs. time graph and write the equation for the line.
You need to find the area beneath the curve from t = 2 to t = 8 seconds. You need to integrate the function
from 2 to 8 seconds.
*
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑑 = ; 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
$
*
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑑 = ; (𝑣+ + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡
$
Time to run the Power Rule backwards. What antiderivative gives you 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 when you differentiate with
respect to t?
'#
1 ' 1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ; (𝑣+ + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ?𝑣+ 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 $ + 𝐶B |'#$ = ?𝑣+ 𝑡, + 𝑎𝑡, $ + 𝐶B − ?𝑣+ 𝑡+ + 𝑎𝑡+ $ + 𝐶B
'$ 2 2 2
'#
1 1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ; (2 + 4𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ?2𝑡 + 4𝑡 $ + 𝐶B |*$ = ?2(8) + 4(8)$ + 𝐶B − ?2(2) + 4(2)$ + 𝐶B = 132 𝑚
'$ 2 2 2

5
AP-C Mechanics
Work and Energy
Introduction
Resistive Force
An object of mass m moving along the x-axis with velocity v is
slowed by a force F = -kv, where k is a constant. At time t = 0,
the object has velocity vo at position x = 0, as shown.
a. What is the initial acceleration (magnitude and
direction) produced by the resistance force?
b. Derive an equation for the object's velocity as a function
of time t, and sketch this function on the axes below.
Let a velocity directed to the right be considered positive.
c. Derive an equation for the distance the object travels as a function of time t and sketch this function
on the axes below.
d. Determine the distance the object travels from t = 0 to t = ¥.

6
Work
Definition
The product of the magnitudes of the component of a force along the direction of the displacement and the
displacement.
Equation (Dot Product)

• W = F • Dx = FDx cosq
• This equation only works if F is constant or
equals the average force.
• The area beneath a force vs. displacement
graph equals the work done.
Units (joules and eV)

Joule = J = Nm
1 eV (electron-volt) = 1.6 X 10-19 J
Work done be a variable force

n
W = å Fi,average Dx i
i=1
Let Dx ® 0, then Dx ® dx
W = ò F • dx
Integral gives the area beneath the curve = work done
Work done by a Spring Derivation Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Derivation

7
Chain
A uniform chain of mass M and length L hangs from a hook in the ceiling. The
bottom link is now raised vertically and hung on the hook as shown.
a. Determine the increase in gravitational potential energy of the chain by
considering the change in position of the center of mass of the chain.
b. Write an equation for the upward external force F(y) required to lift the
chain slowly as a function of the vertical distance y.
ò
c. Find the work done on the chain by direct integration of F • dx .

8
AP-C Mechanics
Work and Energy
Potential
Potential Energy
Definition
Energy of position.
Conservative Forces
The work a conservative force does on an object in moving it from A to B is path independent - it
depends only on the end points of the motion.
Nonconservative Forces
The work a non-conservative (or dissipative) force does on an object in moving it form A to B depends
on the path taken.
Potential Energy Functions (gravitation derivation)
Potential – U(x)
The graph shows the potential energy U(x) of a
particle as a function of its position x.
a. Identify all points of equilibrium for this
particle.
Suppose the particle has a constant total energy
of 4.0 joules, as shown by the dashed line on
the graph.
b. Determine the kinetic energy of the particle

at the following positions
i. x = 2.0 m
ii. x = 4.0 m
c. Can the particle reach the position x = 0.5 m?

Explain.
d. Can the particle reach the position x = 5.0 m?

Explain.
e. On the grid, carefully draw a graph of the

conservative force acting on the particle as a
function of x, for 0 < x < 7 meters.

9
Work-Energy Summary
The Work-Energy Theorem:
The work done on a system is the change in energy of the system:
W = DE
Specifically applied as the Net Work – Kinetic Energy corollary:
The work done on a system by the net force is the change in kinetic energy of the system.
Wne t = DK
This expression is used to derive the equation for the kinetic energy:
K = 21 mv 2
This comes from evaluating
! xf
!
DK = ò Fnet • dx
xi
The Conservative Force – Potential Energy corollary:
Wcons = -DUcons
The work done on a system by a conservative force (one that doesn’t change with time, although it can
and frequently does change with position) is the opposite of the change in potential energy associated with
that conservative force.
With this one we evaluate any conservative force in
! xf
!
DUcons = - ò Fcons • dx
xi
and get things like
m1m2
Ug = mgh or Us = 21 kx 2 or UG = -G
r
The Work-Total Energy Theorem corollary:
Wnon = DE
The work done on a system by the non-conservative net forces is the change in the total energy of the
system. In the absence of the work done by non-conservative forces we have no change in the total
energy and conservation of energy reigns:
Ei = E f

10
Mechanics
AP-C Work and Energy
Conservation of Energy
Cliff
From the top of a cliff 80 meters high, a ball of mass 0.4
kilogram is launched horizontally with a velocity of 30 meters
per second at time t = 0 as shown. The potential energy of
the ball is zero at the bottom of the cliff. Use g = 10 meters
per second squared. [79B1]
a. Calculate the potential, kinetic, and total energies of
the ball at time t = 0.
b. On the axes below, sketch

and label graphs of the
potential, kinetic, and total
energies of the ball as
functions of the distance
fallen from the top of the
cliff
c. On the axes below sketch and

label the kinetic and potential
energies of the ball as
functions of time until the ball
hits cliff

11
Ice Hill
A ball is placed on the top of a hemispherical mound of ice of radius
R. Consider the ice to be frictionless. The ball is given a very small
nudge and starts sliding down the ice. Show that the ball leaves the
ice when it is 2R/3 above the ground.
Turnabout
A box can slide along a track with curved ends and a flat
middle part, as shown. The flat part has length L with
coefficient of kinetic friction is µk = 0.20. The curved ends of
the track are frictionless. The box is released from rest from a
height h = L/2 above the flat part of the track. Where does the
box come to rest?

12
AP-C Mechanics
Work and Energy
Bull’s Eye Lab
Purpose - Experimentally determine an equation to predict the impact of a projectile.
Materials track, steel ball, meter stick, tape, carbon paper, target, scissors
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/circ.html#rotcon
Procedure – Measure and collect all necessary data to complete either Task A or B.
Task A - You will release the projectile from a calculated position along the inclined ramp and accurately
strike the bull's-eye of a target placed on the floor by your teacher. You will repeat your chosen
task 3 times to demonstrate the accuracy of your attempts.
Task B - You will release the projectile from a position given by your teacher along the inclined ramp and
accurately strike the bull's-eye of the target placed on the floor by you. You will repeat your
chosen task 3 times to demonstrate the accuracy of your attempts.
Data Table – Construct your own data table below.

13
AP-C Mechanics
Work and Energy
Multiple-Choice Test Work #1-19
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Energy #20-41
Free Response Test
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions

Resistive Force
A small body of mass m located near the Earth’s surface falls from rest in the Earth's gravitational
field. Acting on the body is a resistive force of magnitude kmv, where k is a constant and v is the speed
of the body. Neglect the buoyancy force of the air. Let UP/DOWN be the positive direction.
a) On the circles below draw vectors representing the forces acting on the small body
i. just after it is released and
ii. after it has been falling for a long time and reached terminal velocity. Give each vector a descriptive
label
i. ii.
b) Write the differential equation that represents Newton's second law

for this situation.
c) Determine the terminal speed vT of the body.
d) Integrate the differential equation to obtain an expression for the
speed v as a function of time t. Use the condition that v = 0 when
t= 0.
e) On the axes provided below, draw the graphs of motion as a
function of time t showing significant values of the motion on the
graph just after the small body is released, when it reaches terminal
velocity at time t = T, and after a long time.

14
Knowledge of the following calculus skills will be necessary to solve portions of the problems placed on the
free response.
Express the velocity and acceleration as a differential equation.
Differentiation – Know the following derivatives.

!
•
!"
(𝑥 # ) = 𝑛𝑥 #$% (power rule)
! !
• !"
(𝑒 " ) = 𝑒 " and !"
(𝑒 & ) = 𝑒 & 𝑑𝑢
Integration – Know the following integrals.

%
• ∫ 𝑥 # 𝑑𝑥 = #'% 𝑥 #'% , 𝑛 ≠ −1
• ∫ 𝑒 " 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 " and ∫ 𝑒 & 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 &

!" !&
• ∫ "
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| and ∫ &
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢|

15
Work and Energy Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - Energy can be transferred and/or exchanged when objects interact.
Key Terms Resources
• Conservation of • Non-Conservative Work, Energy and Power
Energy Force http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/work.html#wep
• Conservative Force • Non-mechanical Conservation of Energy
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/conser.html#coneng
• Conserved Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
• Dot Product • Potential Energy http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pespr.html#pe2
• Elastic Potential • Power
Energy • Total Mechanical Textbook - Chapters 7 and 8
• Energy Energy https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/7-introduction
• Exchange • Stable Equilibrium
• Gravitational Potential • Transfer
Energy • Unstable Equilibrium
• Heat • Work
• Kinetic Energy • Work-Kinetic Energy
• Mechanical Energy Theorem
2. Energy is always conserved.
3. A loss of mechanical energy is due to the production of heat (99% of the time).
4. Written explanations should be concise.
Flowchart Extras
Calculus
• There should only be one variable in the integral. The variable of integration and the differential of the variable must
!
be the same - ∫" 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Work
• Work is the transfer of energy.
• Do NOT assume graphs are constant acceleration/force unless otherwise indicated.
• Slope of a:
o work/energy vs. time graph = power
o force vs. distance graph = work
o net force vs distance graph = work or change in kinetic energy, DK
o power vs time graph = energy or work
• A net force is required to change an object’s kinetic energy
Work-Energy
• Positive work = gain in energy; negative work = loss of energy
• Conservative forces:
o are path independent
o do no work along a closed path.
o have to be able to exchange energy between kinetic and potential.
#$
• 𝐹 = − #%
o stable equilibrium - produces a force in the opposite the direction of the displacement
o unstable equilibrium - produces a force in the same the direction as the displacement
Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Transferring energy is between objects; exchanging energy is within an object.
• None

16
Name ____________________ Period ___
Mechanics
Enduring Understanding - Momentum is transferred
when objects interact.
Essential Questions
1. Where must the center of mass lay?
2. What the relationship between Newton's Second Law
and the conservation of momentum?
3. Which has a greater impact on the motion of an object:
the force applied or the time applied?
4. What are the implications of Newton's Third Law of
Motion?
Momentum
Center of Momentum Impulse-

p = mv Impulse Momentum
Mass
Theorem
Continuous Conservation of Constant or Integral Form

Discrete
Momentum Average
Force
Elastic Inelastic Perfectly Recoil

Collision Collision Inelastic Collision
Collision
Kinetic Energy Energy is

is Conserved Conserved
Momentum
is Conserved
Type of Collision Problems
Step #1 Step #2 Step #3

How can the bullet acquire How might the target and bullet What the situations could be
energy (velocity)? collide? encountered after the collision?
ο given an initial velocity ο hit and stick − an energy exchange
ο an energy transformation ο hit and bounce o swing
o gravitational ο hit and pass through o loop
o elastic o hill
o curved-vertical path
- an energy transformation
o slides on a rough surface.
− projectile motion

1
AP-C Mechanics
Momentum
Center of Mass
Definition – System of Particles
! n
!
M rcm = å m i ri
i=1
Definition – Continuous Object

! !
M rcm = ò r dm
Earth-Moon System
Calculate the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.
Center of Mass of a Uniform Rod Derivation

Calculate the center of mass of the rod.
Center of Mass of a Uniform Semicircular Hoop Derivation

Calculate the center of mass of the semicircular hoop.

2
Exploding Projectile
A projectile is launched from the top of a cliff above level ground. At launch the projectile is 35 meters
above the base of the cliff and has a velocity of 50 meters per second at an angle 37° with the horizontal.
Air resistance is negligible. Consider the following two cases and use g = 10 m/s2 sin 37° = 0.60, and
cos 37° = 0.80.
Case I: The projectile follows the path shown by the curved line in the following diagram.
a. Calculate the total time from launch until the projectile hits the ground at point C.
b. Calculate the horizontal distance R that the projectile travels before it hits the ground.
c. Calculate the speed of the projectile at points A, B and C.
Case II: A small internal charge explodes at point B in the above diagram, causing the projectile to
separate into two parts of masses 6 kilograms and 10 kilograms. The explosive force on each part is
horizontal and in the plane of the trajectory. The 6-kilogram mass strikes the ground at point D, located
30 meters beyond point C, where the projectile would have landed had it not exploded. The 10-kilogram
mass strikes the ground at point E.
d. Calculate the distance x from C to E.

3
AP-C Mechanics
Momentum
Center of Mass Lab
Purpose - Calculate the center of mass for a 1D and 2D system.
Materials meter stick, mass set, center of mass apparatus, tray, marker and protractor
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html#equi
Procedure Place each system in static equilibrium.
One Dimensional System – Part 1

Procedure
1. Take a meter stick and support it at its center of mass.
2. Hang 4 masses at different positions along the meter stick.
3. Vary the masses and positions until the meter stick balances at its center of mass.
4. Measure and record each mass’ position from fulcrum (balancing point).
5. Using the center of mass relationship, calculate the center of mass of the 4 masses.
Data (Suggestion – Draw a sketch and record your data on your sketch).
Let the balancing position of the meter stick equal zero.
Calculated center of mass position - __________________________
One Dimensional System – Part 2

1. Using one mass determine the mass of the meterstick.
2. Calculate the mass of the meterstick in the space below.
What is the mass of the meterstick? ______________ grams

4
Two Dimensional System
Procedure
1. Record the mass of your tray.
2. Select and record 3 masses greater than 100 grams. Place the masses on the tray according to your
teacher’s directions.
3. Pick the origin as the un-weighted tray’s center of mass.
4. With a water soluble pen, draw one axis parallel to the long side of the tray and the other axis
parallel to the short side of the tray.
5. With a water soluble pen, mark the position of each mass’ center of mass.
6. Record the position of each mass’ center of mass.
7. Calculate the center of mass (balancing point) for the tray when supporting the 3 masses.
8. Clearly mark the balancing point on the bottom of the tray.
9. When ready bring your tray and masses to your teacher. Your teacher will test your calculation by
attempting to balance your tray with its positioned masses on your marked balancing point.
Calculated balancing point - ________________________________________________

5
AP-C Mechanics
Momentum
Momentum and Impulse
Momentum
Definition
Conservation of Momentum Derived
Types of Collisions
Conserved
Type Momentum Energy Kinetic Energy
Elastic
Inelastic
Perfectly Inelastic
Recoil
Type of Collision Problems
How can the bullet acquire energy How might the target and bullet What the situations could be
(velocity)? collide? encountered after the collision?
• given an initial velocity • hit and stick • An energy transformation
• an energy transformation • hit and bounce o swing
o gravitational • hit and pass through o loop
o elastic o hill
o curved-vertical path
• An energy transformation
o slides on a rough surface.
• Projectile Motion

6
Collision
Two objects of masses M1 = 1
kilogram and M2 = 4 kilograms
are free to slide on a horizontal
frictionless surface. The objects
collide and the magnitudes and
directions of the velocities of the
two objects before and after the
collision are shown on the
diagram. (sin 37° = 0.6, cos 37°
= 0.8, tan 37º = 0.75)
M1 = 1 kg M2 = 4 kg
px (kgm/s) py (kgm/s) px (kgm/s) py (kgm/s)
Before
Collision
After
Collision
a. Calculate the x and y components (px and py, respectively) of the momenta of the two objects
before and after the collision, and write your results in the proper places in the table.
b. Show. using the data that you listed in the table, that linear momentum is conserved in this collision.
c. Calculate the kinetic energy of the two-object system before and after the collision.
d. Is kinetic energy conserved in the collision?

7
Impulse
A motion sensor and a force sensor record the motion of a cart along a track, as shown. The cart is given
a push so that it moves toward the force sensor and then collides with it. The two sensors record the
values shown in the following graphs.
a. Determine the cart's average acceleration between t = 0.33 s and t = 0.37 s.
b. Determine the magnitude of the change in the cart's momentum during the collision.
c. Determine the mass of the cart.
d. Determine the energy lost in the collision between the force sensor and the cart

8
Mechanics
AP-C
Momentum
Multiple-Choice Test Center of Mass #1-7
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Momentum #8-13
Free Response Test Impulse-Momentum #14-22
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions Collisions #23-43

Conservation
A ramp of mass M is at rest on a horizontal surface. A small cart of mass m is placed at the top of the ramp
and released. The wheels on the cart and ramp turn freely.
a) Write an equation that expresses the initial and final momentum of the system.
b) Write an equation that expresses the initial and final energy of the system.
c) Derive an expression for the velocities of the ramp and the cart relative to the ground at the instant the cart
leaves the ramp?
d) Calculate the velocity of the ramp and cart relative to the ground at the instant the cart leaves the ramp
if M = ______ kg, m = ______ kg and h = ______ m.
e) How would the velocity of the ramp and cart change if the wheels on the ramp do NOT turn freely (the
wheels turn, but not freely)?
i. ramp’s velocity would – increase – decrease – remain unchanged
ii. cart’s velocity would – increase – decrease – remain unchanged
f) How would the velocity of the ramp and cart change if the wheels on the cart do NOT turn freely (the wheels
turn, but not freely)?
i. ramp’s velocity would – increase – decrease – remain unchanged
ii. cart’s velocity would – increase – decrease – remain unchanged

9
Momentum Problem Set Ups
Before the Collision – How does an object acquire its initial velocity before a collision?
• Energy transfer – Firing of an object from a compressed spring.
• Energy exchange – Releasing of an object from a given height (fall, drop, slide, swing, etc.).
Collisions
• Identify and solve: elastic, inelastic, perfectly inelastic and recoil collisions.
After the Collision – What does the object(s) do after acquiring its final velocity?
• Energy transfer – Slides to a stop along a rough surface
• Energy exchange – swings, loop, hill, curved vertical path, inclined path, projectile motion

10
11
Momentum Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - Momentum is transferred when objects interact.
Key Terms Resources
• Center of Mass • Inelastic Collision Center of Mass
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/cm.html#cm
• Conserved • Kinetic Energy
Momentum
• Conservation of • Momentum http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/conser.html#conmom
Momentum • Perfectly Inelastic Impulse
• Elastic Collision Collision http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/impulse.html#c1
• Impulse • Recoil Collision
• Impulse-Momentum • Coefficient of the Textbook - Chapters 9 Omit 9.7
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/9-introduction
Theorem Restitution
2. Momentum is always conserved.
Flowchart Extras
Center of Mass
• The center of mass must lie within the bounds of the object, not necessarily on the object.
Momentum
• Momentum is a vector and may need to be resolved into components
• Perpendicular motions/momenta are independent of one another.
• Momentum of a system is conserved only if the system is isolated. Isolated system conditions:
o no external net force is present
o the system does not interact with its surroundings
o the total mass of the system does not change
Impulse
o force vs. time graph = impulse or change in momentum, Dp
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• A net force is required to change an object’s momentum
• 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 𝑚! 𝑣! + 𝑚" 𝑣" = 𝑚! 𝑣!# + 𝑚" 𝑣"#

12
Name ____________________ Period ___
Mechanics
Enduring Understanding - The motion of an object or system depends on the
point of application of a force or forces.
Essential Questions
1. What's are connections between translational and rotational motion?
2. How does a net force applied away from the center of mass of an object affect
its acceleration?
3. Can the moment of inertia of an object change?
4. Is there a limit to the translational acceleration a torque can produce?
5. Can an object posses translation kinetic energy without rotational kinetic
energy; rotational kinetic energy with translational kinetic energy?
6. What is the relationship between Newton's Third Law of Motion and angular
momentum?
Rotation
Translational
Rotational Work and Angular Rotational
Rotational
Free-Body Energy Momentum Variable
Kinematics
Diagrams Exchange
FBD
Right-Hand m[I
Torque Rules
Angular Angular Acceleration Work and Rotational d[θ
Displacement Velocity Energy Energy v[ω
a [α
F[τ
Right-Hand
Rules
Discrete Continuous Conservation

Equations of Angular
Momentum
Newton's Newton's
First Law for Second for
Rotation Rotation
Translation Moment of
Constant Angular
Rotation Inertia
Acceleration
Connection Torque
Arc Right-Hand Equations

Length Rules
Rotation
Discrete Continuous
Parallel Axis
Theorem Problems
Tangential
Velocity
Common Moments of Inertia
Tangential Radial
Acceleration Acceleration
Rotating Rotating Rolling on a Rolling on a

Atwood Machine about FIXED about SMOOTH ROUGH
Axis MOVING Surface Surface
Axis

1
Mechanics
AP-C Rotation
Kinematics and Torque
Translational vs. Rotational
Definition of Translational
Motion along a line.
Definition of Rotational
Motion about an axis.
Rotational Variables
Angular Position
s
q=
r
2pr
1 revolution = 360° = = 2p radians
r
1 radian = 57.3° = 0.159 revolutions
q is the cumulative angular measure.
Angular Displacement
Dq = q - qo
Clockwise = Negative
Counterclockwise = Positive
Angular Velocity
Dq q - qo
wavg = =
Dt t - to
Dq dq
w = lim =
Dt ®0 Dt dt
Angular Acceleration
Dw w - wo
a avg = =
Dt t - to
Dw dw
a = lim =
Dt ®0 Dt dt
Angular Variables – Vector Quantities?

Variable Yes No
Dq
w

2
Connection between Translational and Rotational Variables
Recall Arc Length and Angular Position
s = qr
ds
Differentiate with respect to time - =
dt
dv
Differentiate with respect to time - =
dt
Is this acceleration Tangential or Radial?
v2
Recall Centripetal Acceleration - a =
r
Derive the analogous rotational equation for centripetal acceleration.
Is this acceleration Tangential or Radial?
Equations of Constant Angular Acceleration
Translational Rotational
x = xo +vavgt
v = vo +at
1 2
x = xo +vot + at
2
v2 = vo2 +2aDx

3
Test Pilot
A test pilot is being tested in a centrifuge. The centrifuge has a radius of 10 meters and rotates according
to q(t) = 0.25t2, where t is in seconds and q is in radians.
a. Calculate the magnitude of the astronaut’s angular velocity at t = 4 seconds?
b. Calculate the magnitude of the astronaut’s linear velocity at t = 4 seconds??
c. Calculate the magnitude of the astronaut’s tangential acceleration at t = 4 seconds??
d. Calculate the magnitude of the astronaut’s radial acceleration at t = 4 seconds??
Tractor Wheel
A wheel on a tractor with a diameter of 1.5 meters rotates at an angular speed of 150 rev/min.
a. What is the angular speed of the wheel in radians per second?
b. What is the linear speed of a point on the rim of the wheel?
c. What constant angular acceleration will increase the wheel’s angular speed to 1000 rev/min in 1
minute?
d. How many revolutions does the wheel make during to the 1 minute of acceleration?
Torque
Definition
A quantity that measures the ability of a force to rotate an object about an axis.
Equation (Cross Product)
t = r X F = rFsinq

4
Bicycle
The pedal crank on a bicycle is 15 cm long. A force of 550 N is applied downward to the pedal by the
rider’s foot. What is the magnitude of the torque about the pedal crank’s pivot point when the crank
makes an angle of 30°, 60°, 90°, and 180° with the vertical?
Box
A box or uniform density weighing 100 newtons moves in a straight line with
constant speed along a horizontal surface. The coefficient of sliding friction is
0.4 and a rope exerts a force F in the direction of motion as shown to the right.
a) On the diagram to the right, draw and identify all the forces on the
box.
b) Calculate the force F exerted by the rope that keeps the box moving
with constant speed.
c) A horizontal force F’, applied at a height 5/3 meters above the surface as shown in the diagram
above, is just sufficient to cause the box to begin to tip forward about an axis through point P.
The box is 1 meter wide and 2 meters high. Calculate the force F’.
Power
Derivation

5
AP-C Mechanics
Rotation
Torque Lab
Purpose - Determine the mass of an object.
Materials torque apparatus, meter stick and balance
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html#torq
Procedure – Place the system in static equilibrium.
Part 1 – Wood
Mass of the PVC pipe = ____________________
Using the PVC pipe and wood dowel calculate the mass of the wood dowel. Draw a sketch showing how
you established equilibrium and all necessary measurements and FBDs.
Show your calculations below.
Mass of the wood dowel = ____________________

6
Part 2 – Metal
Using the PVC pipe, wood dowel and metal rod calculate the mass of the metal rod.
Draw a sketch showing how you established equilibrium and all necessary measurements and FBDs.
Show your calculations below.
Mass of the metal rod = ____________________

7
Mechanics
AP-C
Rotation
Free-Body Diagrams
Directions: In each case, draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the objects below. Only one FBD is in
rotational equilibrium; the torques add up to zero.
Label forces using the following notation: Force of Gravity Þ W Friction Force Þ f
Tension Force Þ T Normal Force Þ N
FBD-1 Cylinder is supported on a FBD-2 Same as FBD-1. FBD-3 String is tied to ceiling and
frictionless horizontal axle wrapped around cylinder. Cylinder
is falling.
FBD-4 Cylinder is rolling down a FBD-5 Cylinder was released with FBD-6 Beam is slipping. Both wall
rough (not frictionless) incline. zero angular velocity on a and floor are frictionless.
frictionless incline.
FBD-7 Hinged beam is swinging FBD-8 Hinged beam is swinging FBD-9 Beam is falling on a smooth
down through horizontal position downward. surface.

8
AP-C Mechanics
Rotation
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
Definition
A measure of a body’s resistance to a change in rotational motion.
Equation – System of Particles

n
I = å m iri
2
i=1
Equation – Continuous Object

I = ò r 2 dm
Derivations (hoop and disk)
Parallel Axis Theorem Derivation
Torque and Moment of Inertia

9
Faster than Gravity
A long, uniform rod of mass M and length l is supported at
the left end by a horizontal axis into the page and
perpendicular to the rod, as shown. The right end is
connected to the ceiling by a thin vertical thread so that the
rod is horizontal. The moment of inertia of the rod about the
axis at the end of the rod is Ml2/3. Express the answers to
all parts of this question in terms of M, l, and g.
a. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force
exerted on the rod by the axis.
The thread is then burned by a match. For the time immediately after the thread breaks, determine
each of the following:
b. The angular acceleration of the rod about the axis.
c. The translational acceleration of the center of mass of the rod.
d. The force exerted on the end of the rod by the axis
The rod rotates about the axis and swings down from the horizontal position.
e. Determine the angular velocity of the rod as a function of q, the arbitrary
angle through which the rod has swung.

10
Atwood Again
A pulley of mass 3m and radius r is mounted on frictionless
bearings and supported by a stand of mass 4m at rest on a
table as shown. The moment of inertia of this pulley about
its axis is 1.5mr2. Passing over the pulley is a massless
cord supporting a block of mass m on the left and a block of
mass 2m on the right. The cord does not slip on the pulley,
so after the block-pulley system is released from rest, the
pulley begins to rotate. [85C3]
a. On the diagrams below, draw and label all the forces
acting on each block.
b. Use the symbols identified in part (a) to write each of the following.
i. The equations of translational motion (Newton's second law) for each of the two blocks
ii. The analogous equation for the rotational motion of the pulley
c. Solve the equations in part (b) for the acceleration of the two blocks.
d. Determine the tension in the segment of the cord attached to the block of mass m.
e. Determine the normal force exerted on the apparatus by the table while the blocks are in motion.

11
Mechanics
AP-C Rotation
Rolling
Which Way
A string in wrapped around a spool of outer radius R and inner radius r. The spool rest on a rough flat
horizontal floor. The string is pulled with a small force such that the spool does not slide on the floor.
a. Which way will the spool roll?
b. Calculate the angle of the string with the horizontal that will allow the spool to remain stationary
when the string is pulled with a small force.

12
Billiards
A billiard ball has mass M, radius R, and moment of inertia
about the center of mass Ic = 2/5(MR²)
The ball is struck by a cue stick along a horizontal line
through the ball's center of mass so that the ball initially
slides with a velocity vo as shown. As the ball moves across
the rough billiard table (coefficient of sliding friction µk), its
motion gradually changes from pure translation through
rolling with slipping to rolling without slipping. [80C3]
a. Develop an expression for the linear velocity v of the
center of the ball as a function of time while it is rolling with slipping.
b. Develop an expression for the angular velocity w of the ball as a function of time while it is rolling
with slipping.
c. Determine the time at which the ball begins to roll without slipping.
d. When the ball is struck it acquires an angular momentum about the fixed point P on the surface of
the table. During the subsequent motion the angular momentum about point P remains constant
despite the frictional force. Explain why this is so.

13
Mechanics
AP-C Rotation
Energy
Rolling
Rotational Kinetic Energy
Down Hill
A solid cylinder with mass M, radius R, and rotational inertia ½MR2
rolls without slipping down the inclined plane shown. The cylinder
starts from rest at a height H. The inclined plane makes an angle q
with the horizontal. Express all solutions in terms of M, R, H, q,
and g.
a. Determine the translational speed of the cylinder when it
reaches the bottom of the inclined plane.
b. On the figure below, draw and label the forces acting on the cylinder as it rolls down the inclined
plane Your arrow should begin at the point of application of each force.
c. Show that the acceleration of the center of mass of the cylinder while it is rolling down the inclined
plane is (2/3)g sinq.
d. Determine the minimum coefficient of friction between the cylinder and the inclined plane that is
required for the cylinder to roll without slipping.
e. The coefficient of friction µ is now made less than the value determined in part (d), so that the
cylinder both rotates and slips.
i. Indicate whether the translational speed of the cylinder at the bottom of the inclined plane is
greater than, less than, or equal to the translational speed calculated in part (a). Justify
your answer.
ii. Indicate whether the total kinetic energy of the cylinder at the bottom of the inclined plane is
greater than, less than, or equal to the total kinetic energy for the previous case of rolling
without slipping. Justify your answer.

14
15
Box vs. Hoop
A block of mass m slides up the incline shown to the right with an
initial speed vO in the position shown.
a. If the incline is frictionless, determine the maximum height H
to which the block will rise, in terms of the given quantities
and appropriate constants.
b. If the incline is rough with coefficient of sliding friction µ,
determine the maximum height to which the block will rise in
terms of H and the given quantities.
A thin hoop of mass m and radius R moves up the incline shown
to the right with an initial speed vO in the position shown.
c. If the incline is rough and the hoop rolls up the incline without
slipping, determine the maximum height to which the hoop
will rise in terms of H and the given quantities.
d. If the incline is frictionless, determine the maximum height to
which the hoop will rise in terms of H and the given
quantities.

16
Mechanics
AP-C Rotation
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum of a Particle

Fall Rock
A rock of mass m is dropped D meters horizontally from the edge of a cliff. What is the angular momentum
L of the falling rock about edge of the cliff?
System of Particles
Two objects are moving as shown. What is their total angular momentum about point O?
Rigid Bodies
A hoop of radius R and mass m is affixed to a square. Each side of the
square has length R and mass m. The system is rotated about the axis
shown. Derive an equation for the angular momentum.

17
Hanging Mass
A uniform solid cylinder of mass m1 and radius R is mounted on frictionless
bearings about a fixed axis through O. The moment of inertia of the
cylinder about the axis is I = ½m1R2. A block of mass m2, suspended by a
cord wrapped around the cylinder as shown, is released at time t = 0.
a. On the diagram below draw and identify all of the forces acting on
the cylinder and on the block.
b. In terms of ml, m2, R. and g, determine each of the following.

i. The acceleration of the block
ii. The tension in the cord
c. The angular momentum of the disk as a function of time t.
Torque and Angular Momentum

Equation Relationship

18
Mechanics
AP-C Rotation
Conservation of L
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Definition
Dart and Wheel

A bicycle wheel of mass M (assumed to be concentrated at
its rim) and radius R is mounted horizontally so it may turn
without friction on a vertical axle. A dart of mass mo is
thrown with velocity vo as shown and sticks in the tire.
a. If the wheel is initially at rest, find its angular velocity
w after the dart strikes.
b. In terms of the given quantities, determine the ratio:
K fina l
K inital

19
AP-C Mechanics
Rotation
4 Methods
A cloth tape is wound around the outside of a uniform solid cylinder (mass M,
radius R) and fastened to the ceiling as shown in the diagram above. The
cylinder is held with the tape vertical and then released from rest. As the
cylinder descends, it unwinds from the tape without slipping. The moment of
inertia of a uniform solid cylinder about its center is ½MR2. [76C2]
a. On the circle below draw vectors showing all the forces acting on the
cylinder after it is released. Label each force clearly.
b. In terms of g, find the downward acceleration of the center of the cylinder as it unrolls from the tape.
Method #1 Method #2 Method #3 Method #4

(Center-of-Mass) (Rim) (Energy - Kinematics) (Energy - Calculus)
c. While descending, does the center of the cylinder move toward the left, toward the right, or straight
down? Explain.

20
AP-C Mechanics
Rotation
Test Breakdown
Multiple-Choice Test QUEST Breakdown
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Kinematics #1-11
Free Response Test Moment of Inertia #12-18
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions Torque #19-29
Energy #30-37
Angular Momentum #38-42

One or more of the free response problems below, in part or in whole, will be integrate into the Free
Response test. In addition, one or more free response problems will be selected from past AP exam
problems, QUEST, in-class activities or class notes.
Many Methods
Two blocks are connected by a massless rope that passes over a
pulley with radius r. The ropes are aligned with each boxes’ center of
mass. The blocks are initially at rest. The blocks have mass m1 and
m2; the pulley has mass m3 and moment of inertia I.
Let m1 = ___ kg, m2 = ___ kg, m3 = ___ kg, r = ___ m, and I = ____
A. Calculate the minimum coefficient of static friction to hold the blocks at rest.
B. Derive an equation for the acceleration of the blocks for each of the scenarios below.
i. Using summation of FORCES and TORQUES find the acceleration of the blocks if:
a. the blocks are sliding along a smooth tabletop.
b. the blocks are sliding along a rough tabletop with coefficient of kinetic friction, µ. Let µ = ___.
ii. Using CONSERVATION OF ENERGY and KINEMATICS find the acceleration of the blocks if:
iii. Using CONSERVATION OF ENERGY and CALCULUS find the acceleration of the blocks if:
C. Using your derived equation calculate the acceleration using the given values above.
D. Calculate the angular momentum for m1, m2, the pulley ___ seconds after its released from rest about the
center of the pulley when the tabletop is smooth.

21
Rotation Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - The motion of an object or system depends on the point of application of a force or forces.
Key Terms Resources
• Angular Acceleration • Fulcrum Angular Velocity
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/rotq.html#avel
• Angular • Lever Arm
Angular Acceleration
Displacement • Moment of Inertia http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/rotq.html#avel
• Angular Frequency • Parallel Axis Rotational Equations
• Angular Momentum Theorem http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/rotq.html#drot
• Angular Speed • Period Torque

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html#torq
• Angular Velocity • Revolution Moment of Inertia
• Arc Length • Right Hand Rules http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mi.html#mi
• Conservation of • Rolling 2nd Law for Rotation
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/n2r.html#n2r
Angular Momentum • Rotational Motion Linear-Rotation Parallels
• Cross Product • Translational Motion http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mi.html#rlin
• Frequency • Torque Rotational Energy
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/rke.html#rke
Angular Momentum
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/amom.html#am
Conservation of Angular Momentum
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/conser.html#conamo
Textbook – Chapters 10 and 11, Omit 11.4

2. Draw an FBD for all problems that involve force.
3. Sum both forces and torques.
4. Angular momentum is always conserved
Flowchart Extras
Rotational Kinematics
• Rotational kinematic terms are vectors. Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the vector quantity.
Rotational FBDs
• Draw the forces at the point of application.
Moment of Inertia
• Use the parallel axis theorem to calculate the moment of inertia when not rotating about the center of mass.
• Memorize the 6 standard moments of inertia (rod, hoop, disk and sphere)
Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
• The lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force.
• Rotating = about a fixed axis.
• Rolling = about a moving axis.
Work and Energy
• Consider rotational kinetic energy.
Angular Momentum
• Angular momentum of a system is conserved only if the net torque applied to the system is zero.
Translational-Rotational Variable Exchange
• There are 5 exchange variable pairs. (𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑 → 𝜃, 𝑣 → 𝜔, 𝑎 → 𝛼, 𝑚 → 𝐼, 𝐹 → 𝜏)
• For every translation equation of motion there is an analogous rotational equation of motion.
!"
• 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦: 𝜔 = # = 2𝜋𝑓
• 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚: 𝐼 = 𝐼$%& + 𝑚𝑑!

22
Name ____________________ Period ___
Mechanics
Enduring Understanding - Simple harmonic motion is motion that repeats
about a point of stable equilibrium.
Essential Questions
1. Is the choice of fulcrum important?
2. What is the relationship between Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation,
NLUG, and Kepler's Law of Periods?
3. Where do gravitational fields exist?
4. Are kinetic and gravitational potential energies positive or negative?
5. What do all simple harmonic motion derivations have in common ?
Statics, Gravity and SHM
Static Gravity Simple

Equilibrium Stability vs. Harmonic
Instability Motion
(SHM)
Static
Equilibrium Energy
Newton's Gravitational
Law of Gravitational Graphs of
Potential SHM
Universal Field Energy
Gravitation
(NLUG)
Problems
Discrete Continuous
Mass on a Simple
Spring Pendulum
Strings, Ropes, Tip Over Equilibrium Kepler's Law

Cables and of Planetary
Chains Motion
Sphere of
Mass
First Law Physical

Second Law Third Law Pendulum
Law of Law of
Ellipses Law of Areas
Periods Outside Inside
r>R r<R
Solid and Hollow Solid

Mass Mass
Uniform
Mass Density
Orbits
Kinetic Energy Total Energy Orbital and

Escape Velocity

1
Mechanics
AP-C Statics, Gravity and SHM
Statics
Center of Gravity
Definition
The gravitational force on a body effectively acting at a single point, called the center of gravity of the
body.
If g (acceleration due to gravity) is the same for all elements of the body, then the body’s center of
gravity is the same as the body’s center of mass.
Equation
Xcg W = å w i x i
i
Statics
Conditions for Equilibrium
1. The net external force acting on the body must equal zero.
åF = 0
2. The net external torque acting on the body must equal zero.
åt = 0
Hangover
Four identical bricks of length L, are stacked on top of one another in such a way that part of each brick
extends beyond the one beneath. Find, in terms of L the maximum distance each brick can extend and the
overall extension of all four bricks.

2
Net Zero
The masses shown are in equilibrium.
Find T1, T2, T3 and q.
Qualitatively draw the FBD for the each of the knots above
the masses.
Write the summation of forces for each knot.
Left Knot Right Knot

SFX = 0 SFY = 0 SFX = 0 SFY = 0
Solve for the following.
T1 T2 T3 q

3
Painter and Ladder
A 4 m ladder of weight WL = 150 N leans against a smooth vertical wall.
The ladder makes an angle of 50 degrees with the ground. A painter WP =
650 N stands 3 m from the bottom of the ladder.
a) Calculate the normal force the ground exerts on the ladder.
b) Calculate the force of friction between the ground and ladder.
Walk the Plank

A uniform beam 8 m long, weighing 200 N rest
symmetrically on two supports 4 meters apart A
child weighing 350 N starts at point A and walks to
the right.
a) Derive an equation for the upwards forces FA and FB exerted on the plank at points A and B as
functions of the x-coordinate of the child.
b) How far from point B can the boy walk before the plank tips?
c) Haw far from the right end of the plank should support B be placed so the child can walk just to the
end of the plank without causing it to tip?

4
AP-C Mechanics
String Strength Lab
Purpose - Calculate the tensile string of the supporting string and the force applied to the supporting pin.
Materials simple truss apparatus, mass set, string, ruler
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html#equi
Procedure – Set the equipment up as demonstrated at the front of the class. Begin with a small mass and
incrementally move it along the length of the beam until the string breaks. If the string fails to break increase
the mass or change in angle of the supporting string.
Data – Draw a picture of your apparatus. Label and record all necessary quantities.
Calculations – Show your work for the tensile strength of the string and force from the supporting pin.
Tensile Strength Force from Supporting Pin

5
AP-C Mechanics
Kepler’s Laws
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Equation
Gm1m 2
FG =
r2
.
Two Parts
An object of mass M is split into two parts. How must the mass be distributed to produce the greatest
gravitational force between the masses?
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s First Law – Law of Ellipses
All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus.
Kepler’s Second Law – Law of Areas
A line joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
Kepler’s Third Law – Law of Periods
The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of orbit.
T 2 = kr 3

6
Jupiter
An explorer plans a mission to place a satellite into a circular orbit around the planet Jupiter, which has
mass MJ = 1.90 x 1027 kg and radius RJ = 7.14 x 107 m.
a. If the radius of the planned orbit is R, use Newton's laws to show each of the
following.
i. The orbital speed of the planned satellite is given by
GMJ
v=
R
ii. The period of the orbit is given by
4 p 2R 3
T=
GMJ
b. The explorer wants the satellite's orbit to be synchronized with Jupiter's rotation. This requires an
equatorial orbit whose period equals Jupiter's rotation period of 9 hr 51 min = 3.55 x 104 s.
Determine the required orbital radius in meters.
c. Suppose that the injection of the satellite into orbit is less than perfect. For an injection velocity that
differs from the desired value in each of the following ways, sketch the resulting orbit on the figure. (J
is the center of Jupiter, the dashed circle is the desired orbit, and P is the injection point.) Also,
describe the resulting orbit qualitatively but specifically.
i. When the satellite is at the desired altitude over the equator, its velocity vector has the
correct direction, but the speed is slightly faster than the correct speed for a circular orbit of
that radius.
ii. When the satellite is at the desired altitude over the equator, its velocity vector has the correct
direction, but the speed is slightly slower than the correct speed for a circular orbit of that radius.

7
AP-C Mechanics
Gravitational Field
Gravitational Field
Definition
A region of space in which an object with mass experiences a gravitational force.
FG GM
g= = 2
m r
5 Masses
Five equal masses M are equally spaced on the arc of a semicircle of radius R. A mass m is located at the
center of the arc.
a. What is the gravitational field at the center of the arc?
b. What’s gravitational force on m?
Uniform Spherical Mass

Derive the gravitation field as a function of distance from the center of a sphere of uniform mass M and
radius R. Graph the g(r).

8
AP-C Mechanics
Gravitational Potential Energy
Derivation of Gravitational Potential Energy
Three Masses
Three particles form a system. Find the gravitational potential energy of the system.

9
AP-C Mechanics
Orbits
Satellites – Orbits and Energies
Escape Velocity

10
Satelite
A satellite of mass m is in an elliptical orbit around the Earth,
which has mass Me and radius Re. The orbit varies from
closest approach of a at point A to maximum distance of b
from the center of the Earth at point B. At point A, the speed
of the satellite is vo Assume that the gravitational potential
energy Ug = 0 when masses are an infinite distance apart.
Express your answers in terms of a, b, m, Me, Re, vo, and G.
a) Write the appropriate definite integral, including limits,
that can be evaluated to show that the potential
energy of the satellite when it is a distance r from the
center of the Earth is given by
GMEm
Ug = -
r
b) Determine the total energy of the satellite when it is at
A.
c) What is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the satellite about the center of the Earth when
it is at A ?
d) Determine the velocity of the satellite as it passes point B in its orbit.
As the satellite passes point A, a rocket engine on the satellite is
fired so that its orbit is changed to a circular orbit of radius a
about the center of the Earth.
e) Determine the speed of the satellite for this circular orbit.
f) Determine the work done by the rocket engine to effect this
change.

11
AP-C Mechanics
Derivations
Simple Harmonic Motion Derivations
Mass on a Spring

12
Simple Pendulum
Physical Pendulum

13
Clay and Pan
An ideal spring is hung from the ceiling and a pan of mass M
is suspended from the end of a spring, stretching a distance
D as shown. A piece of clay, also of mass M, is then
dropped from a height H onto the pan and sticks to it.
Express all algebraic answers in terms of the given quantities
and fundamental constants.
a) Determine the speed of the clay at the instant it hits
the pan.
b) Determine the speed of the pan just after the clay
sticks to it.
c) Determine the period of the simple harmonic motion
that ensues.
d) Determine the distance the spring is stretched (from
its initial outstretched length) at the moment the
speed of the pan is a maximum. Justify your answer.
e) The clay in now removed from the pan and the pan is returned to equilibrium and the end of the
spring. A rubber ball, also of mass M, is dropped from the same height H onto the pan, and after
the collision is caught is midair before hitting anything else. Is the period of the of the resulting
simple harmonic motion of the pan greater than, less than, or the same as it was in part c. Justify
your answer.

14
Tunnel
A spherical, nonrotating planet has a radius R and a uniform density r
throughout its volume. Suppose a narrow tunnel were drilled through
the planet along one of its diameters, as shown in the figure, in which a
small ball of mass m could move freely under the influence of gravity.
Let r be the distance of the ball from the center of the planet. [99C2]
a) Show that the magnitude of the force on the ball at a distance
r < R from the center of the planet is given by F = -Cr. where
C = 4/3(pGrm).
b) On the axes to the right, sketch the force F
on the ball as a function of distance r from
the center of the planet.
The ball is dropped into the tunnel from rest at
point P at the planet's surface.
c) Determine the work done by gravity as the
ball moves from the surface to the center of
the planet.
d) Determine the speed of the ball when it
reaches the center of the planet.
e) Fully describe the subsequent motion of the
ball from the time it reaches the center of
the planet.
f) Write an equation that could be used to calculate the time it takes the ball to move from point P to
the center of the planet. It is not necessary to solve this equation.

15
16
AP-C Mechanics
Gravity & Harmonic Motion
Physical Pendulum Lab
Purpose - Calculate the period of oscillation and compare it to the measured period.
Materials pendulous mass, ruler
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pendp.html#c1
Sketch - Sketch your pendulous mass. Identify and label all necessary variables to calculate the period of
oscillation.
Calculation – Calculate the period of your pendulous mass. Show your work.

17
Mechanics
AP-C

Test Breakdown
Multiple-Choice Test QUEST Breakdown
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Statics #1-14
Free Response Test Gravity #15-28
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions SHM #29-40

Group Free Response Test

This free response test will be a group test. Group size is 3 or less. Groups will either be teacher assigned or
student selected. If student selected, there will be a group sign up at the beginning of the unit.
The test will consist of 3 free response problems. One problem will focus on statics, one problem will focus on
gravity and one problem will focus on simple harmonic motion. The group will have 45 minutes to work
together and complete the test. The test will be scored, and all members of the group will receive the same
grade. If absent the day of the group test, the test will be made up individually. Absent students will not receive
the group grade. Absent students will have their individual test scored.

18
19
Statics, Gravity and SHM Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - Simple harmonic motion is motion that repeats about a point of stable equilibrium.
Key Terms Resources
• Center of Gravity • Newton’s Law of Equilibrium
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html#equi
• Ellipse Universal
Kepler’s Laws
• Foci Gravitation, NLUG http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kepler.html#c1
• Focus • Orbital Period Gravity
• Escape Velocity • Oscillation http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/grav.html#grav
• Period Gravitational Potential Energy
• Equilibrium http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/gpot.html#mgh
• Concentric • Physical Pendulum SHM
• Gravity • Simple Harmonic http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/shm.html#c1
• Gravitational Field Motion, SHM Pendulum
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pend.html#c1
• Kepler’s Laws • Simple Pendulum
• Statics Textbook – Chapter 12, Omit 12.3 and 12.4
Chapter 13, Omit 13.6 and 13.7
Chapter 15, Omit 15.5 and 15.6
2. The force of gravity acts at the center of mass when in a uniform gravitational field.
3. The change in the gravitational potential energy is more important than the value of the gravitational potential
energy.
4. Differential equations contain either 𝑑𝑦⁄𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑! 𝑦⁄𝑑𝑥 ! .
Flowchart Extras
Static Equilbrium
• The linear and angular accelerations equal zero.
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
• Force of gravity is an attractive force.
Gravitational Field
• For a spherical body, the strength of the gravitational field only depends on the mass beneath the point; not what’s
above it.
Gravitational Potential Energy
• The sign of the total mechanical energy means:
o negative = bound
o positive = unbound
Simple Harmonic Motion
• SHM results when the restoring force is linear with displacement.
• UCM is two-dimensional SHM.
"!# % !'
• The basic form of a SHM differential equation is 𝛼 "$ ! + 𝛽𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 &
= 𝜔! 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 = (
• 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝐻𝑀 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑣)*# = 𝐴𝜔
• 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝐻𝑀 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑎)*# = 𝐴𝜔!
• 𝑆𝐻𝑀 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
o 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
o 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐴𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
o 𝑎(𝑡) = −𝐴𝜔! 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

20
Name ____________________ Period ___
Electricity and Magnetism
Enduring Understanding - The distribution of charge determines the
strength and form of the electric field.
Essential Questions
1. Does quantized charge mean quantized electric field?
2. What are the relationships between charge, electric field and electrostatic
force?
3. How important is symmetry in the derivation of an electric field?
4. How does the electric flux change as the area changes?
Charge Electric Field
Discrete Continuous
Continuos with
Electric Field Point Charge Electric Flux Symmetry
Quantized Electric
Q = Ne Force
Coulomb's Rules for

e = 1.6 X 10-19 C Law Electric Field Enet = ΣE
Lines
Line of Arc of Ring of Disk of Infinite Sheet

Charge Charge Charge Charge of Charge
Center of Arc Above Center Above Center
Infinite Line
Finite Line Gauss' Law
End On Above
Radial Component
Point Charge Infinite Line
of Charge Infinite Sheet
of Charge
Tangential Component
Sphere of
Charge Cylinder of
Charge Infinite
Parallel
Sheets of
Charge
Outside Inside Outside Inside

r>R r<R r>R r<R
Solid and Hollow Hollow Insulator Solid and Hollow Hollow Insulator
Insulator and & Conductor Solid Insulator and & Conductor Solid
Conductor Solid Conductor Insulator Conductor Solid Conductor Insulator
Uniform Uniform
E=0 Charge E=0 Charge
Density Density
Important Facts for AP Physics C

1. The electric field inside a CONDUCTOR is zero. Non-Uniform Charge Non-Uniform Charge
2. The Discontinuity of the Electric Field is equal toσ/εo Distribution Distribution
3. The electric field is always perpendicular to the surface.

1
AP-C Electricity & Magnetism
Electric Fields
Introduction
Law of Charges
Opposites – Attract Likes – Repel
Quantization of Charge
Q = Ne e = 1.6 X 10-19 C
Electrostatic Materials
Conductor
A material that easily transfers charge.
Insulator
A material that doesn’t easily transfers charge.
Methods of Charging
Charging by Conduction Charging by Induction
Coulomb’s Law
Definition
Nm 2
k = 9 X10 9
kq1q2 C2
FE =
r2 1 -12 C2
k= e 0 = 8.85 X10
4pe 0 Nm 2
Qualitative Example
Electric Field
Definition
A region of space in which a charged particle experience an electric force.
FE
E=
q
Electric Field Lines

1. The electric field lines must begin on positive charges and must terminate on negative charges.
2. Electric field lines may never cross.
3. The number of lines drawn is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

2
Electric Fields
Coulomb’s Law Lab
Purpose – Calculate the static charge on a balloon.
Materials meter stick, string, balance and two balloons
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html#c1
Derivation
1. Two nonconducting balloons of identical mass and identical charge
hang from a nonconducting thread of length L.
2. Draw the FBD for each of the balloons and the diagrams below.
3. Write the summation of forces for the horizontal and vertical forces acting on either balloon.
SFX = 0 SFY = 0
4. Assume that q is small and that tan q can be replaced by its approximate equal sin q.
5. Combine the summation of forces above and solve for the charge q as a function of the variables on
the illustration above and fundamental constants.
Working Equation
q=
3
Data
1. Tie each end of a 2 meter piece of string to two inflated balloons.
2. Place a charge on each balloon by rubbing it against your hair or shirt.
3. Support the balloon-string system at the midpoint of the string.
4. Allow the systems to come to equilibrium and record the necessary measurements below.
Length, L
Mass, m
Angle, q
Data Analysis – SHOW YOUR WORK.

1. Using your working equation, calculate the charge on each balloon.
2. Calculate the number of excess electrons on the balloon.
3. Calculate how much additional mass the excess electrons add to the balloon.

4
Electric Field
Electric Field Problem
Two point charges are fixed on the y-axis at

the locations shown. A charge +q is located
at y = +a and a charge of +2q is located at
y = -a.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the

electric field at the origin. Express your
answer in terms of q, a and fundamental
constants.
A third charge –q is first place at an arbitrary

point A (x = -x0) on the x-axis as shown.
Write expression in terms of q, a, x0 and

fundamental constants for the magnitudes of
the forces on the -q charge at point A caused
by each of the following.
The +q charge The +2q charge

5
The – q charge can also be placed at other points on the x-axis.
At each of the labeled points (A, B, and C) in the At each of the labeled points (A, B, and C) in the
following diagram draw a vector to represent the following diagram draw a vector to represent the
direction of the net force on the –q charge due to direction of the electric field on the –q charge due
the other two charges when it is at those to the other two charges when it is at those
positions. positions
Write an expression for the electric field at point A in terms of q, a, x0 and fundamental constants
EX (horizontal component EY (vertical component)

6
Electric Fields
Derivations
Set Up Description Derivation
A finite long straight line with a uniform Derive the electric field at point P,
1 Finite Line of
Charge
positive charge l distributed along its
length.
a distance r (r > L) along the line
of charge.
An infinitely long straight line with a Derive the electric field at point P,
2 Infinite Line
of Charge
uniform positive charge l distributed
along its length.
a distance r above the line of
charge.
A finite long straight line with a uniform Derive the RADIAL electric field at
3 Finite Line of
Charge
length.
point P, a distance r above the
center of a line of charge.
A finite long straight line with a uniform Derive the PARALLEL electric
4 Finite Line of
Charge
length.
field at point P, a distance r above
the center of a line of charge.
A thin ring of radius R with a uniform Derive the electric field along
5 Ring of
Charge
circumference.
central axis at point P, a distance
z from the plane of the ring.
A thin arc of radius R with a uniform Derive the electric field at the
6 Arc of
Charge
length.
center of the arc.
A thin disk of radius R with a uniform Derive the electric field along
7 Disk of
Charge
positive charge s over its area. central axis at point P, a distance
z from the plane of the disk.
An infinitely plane with a uniform positive Derive the electric field at point P,
8 Infinite Sheet charge s over its area. a distance D above the line of
charge.
#1 Finite Line of Charge

7
#2 Infinite Line of Charge

8
#3 Finite Line of Charge – Radial #4 Finite Line of Charge - Parallel

9
#5 Ring of Charge

10
#6 Arc of Charge

11
#7 Disk of Charge

12
#8 Infinite Sheet

13
AP-C
Electricity & Magnetism
Electric Fields
Multiple-Choice Test Charge #1-11
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Point Charges #12-27
Free Response Test Continuous Charge #28-45

Two Charges
Two positive charges are placed along the x-axes a distance X
from the origin.
a) Find an expression for the electric field for any point
along the +y-axis in terms of the given variables and y.
b) Where along the +y-axis for values of y > 0 is the
electric field a maximum?
c) Sketch a graph of the electric field, E(y).
d) Find an expression for the force required to hold a -Q
charge at the origin.
e) Evaluate your expression from part “a” when y >>X.
Moving Electron
An electron with an initial horizontal velocity, vo, enters a region of uniform electric field, Eo, of width W. The
electric field is oriented vertically. Develop expressions for the following quantities in terms of vo, Eo, W and
fundamental constants. Ignore gravitational effects
a) Find the time it takes the electron to exit the electric field.
b) Find the acceleration of the electron while in the electric field.
c) Find the vertical displacement of the electron when it exits the electric field?
d) Find the electron’s speed when it exits the electric field?
e) Draw a detailed illustration of:
• the electric field,
• the path of the electron while in electric field, and
• the path of the electron after it exits the electric field.

14

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+"--!"'%1)+,,"('"'-+&,(('/+"% +"--!"'%1)+,,"('(+-!%-+""%

15
Roll Set Up Description Derivation
A finite long straight line with Derive the electric field at point P, a distance r
1 Finite Line of
Charge
a uniform positive charge l
distributed along its length.
(r > L) along the line of charge.
An infinitely long straight line Derive the electric field at point P, a distance r
2 Infinite Line
of Charge
with a uniform positive charge
l distributed along its length.
above the line of charge.
A finite long straight line with Derive the RADIAL electric field at point P, a
3 Finite Line of
Charge
distance r above the center of a line of charge.
A finite long straight line with Derive the PARALLEL electric field at point P, a
4 Finite Line of
Charge
distance r above the center of a line of charge.
A thin ring of radius R with a Derive the electric field along central axis at
uniform positive charge l
5 Ring of
Charge distributed along its
point P, a distance z from the plane of the ring.
circumference.
A thin arc of radius R with a Derive the electric field at the center of the arc.
6 Arc of
Charge
uniform positive charge l
A thin disk of radius R with a Derive the electric field along central axis at
uniform positive charge s point P, a distance z from the plane of the disk.
7 Disk of
Charge
over its area.
You don’t have to derive the electric field
for a ring.
An infinitely plane with a Derive the electric field at point P, a distance D

uniform positive charge above the line of charge.
s over its area. .
8 Infinite Sheet
You don’t have to derive the electric field
for an infinite line.
You may NOT derive using a disk that

becomes infinitely big.

16
17
Electric Fields Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - The distribution of charge determines the strength and form of the electric field.
Key Terms Resources
• Charge • Insulator Coulomb’s Law
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html#c1
• Charging by Conduction • Inversed Squared
Electric Field
• Charging by Induction Relationship http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefie.html#c1
• Closed Surface • Law of Charges Multiple Point Charges
• Closed Area Integral • Negative http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/mulpoi.html#c2
Electric Field – Finite Line
• Conductor • Neutral http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elelin.html#c1
• coulomb (unit) • Neutron Electric Field - Ring
• Coulomb's Law • Non-Uniform http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elelin.html#c2
• Permittivity of Free Electric Field - Disk
• Discontinuity http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elelin.html#c3
• Electric Field Space Electric Flux
• Electric Field Lines • Point Charge http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/gaulaw.html#c3
• Electrostatic Force • Polarization Gauss’ Law
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/gaulaw.html#c1
• Elementary Charge • Positive Application of Gauss’ Law
• Enclosed • Quantized http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/gaulaw.html#c4
• Flux • Separation of
Charge Textbook – Chapter 5, Omit 5.7
• Gauss’ Law https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/5-
• Gaussian Surface • Test Charge introduction
• Grounding • Uniform
2. Charge is quantized
3. Electric field lines point in the direction of the force on a positive test charge.
4. Electric field inside a conductor is zero.
5. Electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface.
Flowchart Extras
Charge
• When using Coulomb’s Law, drop the sign on the charges. The FBD defines the sign of the force, not the equation.
Electric Field
• When using electric field equations, drop the sign on the charge. Your sketch defines the sign of the electric field, not
the equation.
• Electric field is a vector and may need to be resolved into components.
Electric Field
• When possible, use symmetry to set up and evaluate the electric field integral.
Electric Flux and Gauss’ Law
• The electric flux through a closed surface depends only on the charge enclosed.
• Symmetry is necessary when using Gauss’ Law. Use with Gaussian surfaces that have and angle between the
electric field and area vectors of either 0°, 90° or 180°.
• 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
! #$%&'(
o 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 − 𝜆 = " = "()'*$ ; 𝜆 = 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎
! #$%&'(
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝜎 = = ; 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎
+ +&(%
! #$%&'(
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 − 𝜌 = = ; 𝜌 = 𝑟ℎ𝑜
, ,-./0(
D⃑ ⃑
• 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥: 𝜙 = ∫ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)

18
Name ____________________ Period ___

Enduring Understanding- The electric potential changes when work is done.
Essential Questions
1. Who or what is doing the work?
2. How is the total potential from two or more charges calculated?
3. Can you have an electric field and no electric potential; can you have an
electric potential and no electric field??
4. How important is symmetry in the derivation of an electric potential?
5. How should you set up the integral to findΔV?
Electric Potential
Discrete Continuous
Electric E-V Relationship

Point Charge Lines of
Potential Equipotential
V = W/q
Uniform
Uniform
Electric Field
Electric
Potential
Energy
VTotal = ΣV
U = qV
V = Ed
Sphere of
Charge
Line of Arc of Ring of Disk of

Charge Charge Charge Charge
Center of Arc Above Center Above Center
Inside Outside
r<R r>R
Hollow Insulator Solid Solid and Hollow

& Conductor Insulator Insulator and
Solid Conductor Conductor
Uniform Charge
Density

1
Electric Potential Flux
Electric Flux
Definition
Through a Surface
The electric flux through a Gaussian surface is proportional to the net number of electric field lines
passing through the surface.
F E = E • A = EA cos q
Through a Closed Surface

The net number of electric field lines leaving any surface enclosing the charges is proportional to the net
charge enclosed by the surface.
FE = ò E • dA
Cone
Calculate the electric flux through a paper cone.
Cube
A cube of edge length L is oriented with its edge along the coordinate axis. Find the flux through one face
of the cube for various fields.

2
Amoeba
Consider four point charges, q1, q2, q3, and q4, which lie in the plane of the page as shown in the diagram.
Imagine a three-dimensional closed surface whose cross section in the plane of the page is indicated.
a. Which of these charges contribute to the net electric flux through the surface?
b. Which of these charges contribute to the electric field at point P1 ?
c. Are your answers to a and b the same or are they different? Explain why this is so.
d. If the net charge enclosed by a surface is zero, does this mean that the field is zero at all points
on the surface? Justify your answer.
e. If the field is zero at all points on a surface, does this mean there is no net charge enclosed by
the surface? Justify your answer.
Gauss’s Law
Definition
qenclosed
F E = ò E • dA =
eo

3
Electric Potential
Derivations

A positive point charge. Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Point Charge electric field a distance r from
the point charge.
• A charged hollow conducting sphere Using Gauss’s Law derive the
with uniform positive charge s electric field a distance r from
distributed on its surface. the center of the sphere.
Hollow Sphere
• A charged hollow insulating sphere
with uniform positive charge s
distributed on its surface.
• A charged solid conducting sphere Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Solid Sphere
• A charged solid insulating sphere with
uniform positive charge r distributed
within its volume.
An infinitely long straight line with a Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Infinite Line of Charge uniform positive charge l distributed electric field a distance r from
along its length. the center of the line
• An infinitely long straight hollow Using Gauss’s Law derive the
conducting cylinder with a uniform electric field a distance r from
positive charge l distributed all its the center of the cylinder
Hollow Infinite Cylinder length.
of Charge • An infinitely long straight hollow
insulating cylinder with a uniform
positive charge l distributed all its
length.
• An infinitely long straight solid Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Solid Infinite Cylinder length.
of Charge • An infinitely long straight solid
positive charge r distributed within its
volume.
An infinitely plane with a uniform Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Infinite Sheet of
positive charge s over its area. electric field surrounding the
Charge
sheet.

4
Point Charge
Hollow Sphere
Conductive Sphere Insulated Sphere

5
Solid Sphere
Conductive Sphere Insulated Sphere (uniform density)
Insulated Sphere (non-uniform density)

6
Infinite Line of Charge
Hollow Infinite Cylinder of Charge
Conductive Cylinder
Insulated Cylinder

7
Solid Infinite Cylinder of Charge
Conductive Cylinder Insulated Cylinder (uniform density)
Insulated Cylinder (non-uniform density)
Infinite Sheet of Charge
Infinite Sheet Discontinuity of Electric Field
Parallel Sheets

8
Electric Potential
Potential Defined
Potential Difference
Defined – Electric Field
Defined - Work
Derivation – Point Charge

9
Four Charges
What is the electric potential at point P, located at the center of the square of
point charges shown? The distance d is 1 m and the charges are: q1 = +12
nC, q2 = -24 nC, q3 = +36 nC and
q4 = +18 nC.
What’s the electrical potential energy of an electron placed at point P?
Comparison
Vector Equations Scalar Equations
q-Q without sign q-Q with sign

10
AP-C Electromagnetism
Electric Potential
Potential Mapping Lab
Background
Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb or volts. Like
mechanical potential energy, a potential of zero can be chosen at any point. It is the difference between
two electric potentials or the potential difference that is physically meaningful. The potential difference is a
measure of the work done per unit charge to move a positive test charge against the electric field.
Directions – Complete the lab. Print a copy of your 3D mapping and cut and tape/paste it below.

11
Electric Potential
Equipotential Lab
Purpose - Map the equipotential lines around various charge distributions.
Materials equipotential mapping kit, batteries, battery holders, wires and digital multimeter
Background Tipler Chapter 24-5
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/efiecon.html#c1
Dipole
Materials: dipole mapping sheet, multimeter, one 9V battery, three pins and three wires.
1. Set up the equipotential mapping apparatus as demonstrated.

2. Map the line of zero potential.
3. Map 2-3 lines of equipotential around each charge.
4. Draw the electric field around dipole.
Place common along centerline between the charges
5. Graph the electric potential as a function of distance.

12
Spheres
Materials: solid and hollow sphere mapping sheets, multimeter, one 9V battery, two pins and three wires.

2. Verify that the potential varies as 1/r when outside the sphere.
3. What is the shape of the equipotential lines around the spheres?
4. Predict then measure the electric potential inside the sphere.

5. Can you explain the measured potential inside the sphere?
6. Graph the electric potential as a function of distance.
Parallel Plates
Materials: parallel plate mapping sheet, multimeter, one 9V battery, three pins and three wires.

2. Map 5 lines of equipotential around the plates.
3. Draw the electric field.
Place common along the centerline between the plates.

13
4. Graph the electric potential as a function of distance. Set up the equipment and test out your graphs.
Derivation - Uniform Electric Field

14
An electron initially moves in a horizontal direction and has a
kinetic energy of 2.0 x 103 electron-volts when it is in the
position. It passes through a uniform electric field between two
oppositely charged horizontal plates (region I) and a field-free
region (region II) before eventually striking a screen at a distance
of 0.08 meter from the edge of the plates. The plates are 0.04
meter long and are separated from each other by a distance of
0.02 meter. The potential difference across the plates is 250
volts. Gravity is negligible.
a) Calculate the initial speed of the electron as it enters region I.
b) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field E between the plates and indicate its direction on the
diagram above.
c) Calculate the magnitude of the electric force F acting on the electron while it is in region I.
d) Sketch the path of the electron in regions I and II. For

each region describe the shape of the path.

15
Electric Potential
Potential Derivations
Continuous Charge Distribution Derivations
A thin ring of radius R with a uniform Derive the electric potential along
Ring of Charge positive charge l distributed along central axis at point P, a distance x
its circumference. from the plane of the ring.
A thin disk of radius R with a Derive the electric potential along
Disk of Charge uniform positive charge s over its central axis at point P, a distance x
area. from the plane of the disk.
Ring of Charge Disk of Charge

16
Electric Field from Electric Potential
Electric Potential From The Electric Field
Charged Hollow Conducting Sphere

17
Charged Solid Insulating Sphere – Uniform Charge Density

18
AP-C
Electric Potential
Multiple-Choice Test Flux #1-10
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Gauss’ Law #11-25
Free Response Test Electric Potential #26-43

Four Charges
Four charges of equal magnitude and unknown sign are placed at the corners of a
square of side length L. A single charge produces an electric field of magnitude, Eo,
and electric potential of magnitude, Vo, at the center of the square. What are the
signs of q1, q2, q3 and q4 that would produce the following results?
a) Greatest Electric Field
i. Sketch one such configuration.
ii. Write an expression for the magnitude of the electric field at the center
of the square in terms Eo.
b) NO Electric Field
c) Greatest Electric Potential
ii. Write an expression for the electric potential at the center of the square in terms of Vo
d) NO Electric Potential
e) Direction of the Electric Field
i. Sketch how to arrange the charges to produce an electric field at the center of the square that
points to the: right, left, up or down or towards: q1, q2, q3 or q4.
ii. Write an expression for the magnitude of the electric field at the center of the square in terms Eo.
f) Work
i. Sketch how to arrange the charges to require positive/negative work done by the field to place
an electron at the center of the square.
ii. Write an expression for the electric potential at the center of the square in terms of Vo
g) Electric Flux
i. Draw a Gaussian surface around N charges that produces an electric flux of ±nq/ɛo. N and n are
a numbers between 1 and 4; N and n can be different too. Let N = ___, n = ___

19
Two Charges
Two positive charges are placed along the x-axes a distance X
from the origin.
a) Find an expression for the electric potential for any point
along the +y-axis.
b) Where along the y-axis is the electric potential a maximum?
c) Sketch a graph of the electric potential, E(y).
d) Sketch a closed/open path that requires no work to move a
charge along its length. Justify your answer.
e) Using Gauss's law, determine the net electric flux through a
spherical surface of radius r = NX centered at the origin. N
is a number greater than zero. Let N = ___.
f) Find an expression for the work required to place a charge, Q, at the origin.
Charged Sphere
A sphere of radius R has a charge density, r(r) = arn where n = ±1 or ±2, spread non-uniformly throughout its
volume. Develop expressions for the following quantities in terms of R, r, Q, and fundamental constants (a can
NOT be in your answer).
a) The electric field E when r > R. (Must use Gauss’ Law)
b) The electric field E when r < R. (Must use Gauss’ Law)
c) Sketch a graph of electric field, E(r).
d) The electric potential V when r > R.
e) The electric potential V when r < R.
f) Sketch a graph of electric potential, V(r).

20
Derivations – Electric Field

A positive point charge. Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Point Charge electric field a distance r from
the point charge.
• A charged hollow conducting sphere Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Hollow Sphere
• A charged hollow insulating sphere
with uniform positive charge s
distributed on its surface.
• A charged solid conducting sphere Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Solid Sphere
• A charged solid insulating sphere with
uniform positive charge r distributed
within its volume.
An infinitely long straight line with a Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Infinite Line of Charge uniform positive charge l distributed electric field a distance r from
along its length. the center of the line
• An infinitely long straight hollow Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Hollow Infinite Cylinder length.
of Charge • An infinitely long straight hollow
positive charge l distributed all its
length.
• An infinitely long straight solid Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Solid Infinite Cylinder length.
of Charge • An infinitely long straight solid
positive charge r distributed within its
volume.
An infinitely plane with a uniform Using Gauss’s Law derive the
Infinite Sheet of
positive charge s over its area. electric field surrounding the
Charge
sheet.
Derivations – Electric Potential

A thin ring of radius R with a uniform Derive the electric potential along
Ring of Charge positive charge l distributed along central axis at point P, a distance x
its circumference. from the plane of the ring.
A thin disk of radius R with a Derive the electric potential along
Disk of Charge uniform positive charge s over its central axis at point P, a distance x
area. from the plane of the disk.

21
Electric Potential Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - The electric potential changes when work is done.
Key Terms Resources
• Electric Potential • Equipotential Point Charge Potential
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/potpoi.html#c1
• Electric Potential • Point Charge
Potential Derivations
Difference • Potential Difference http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elepot.html#c1
• Electric Potential • Volt
Energy • Voltage Textbook – Chapters 6 and 7

2. A change in electric potential is due to the work done by the electric field.
Flowchart Extras
Electric Potential
• Electric potential is defined to equal zero at infinity.
• Electric potential energy is scalar. Include the sign of the charges when calculating the electric potential energy.
Point Charges
• Electric potential is scalar. Include the sign of the charge when calculating the electric potential.
Lines of Equipotential
• Intersecting equipotential and electric field lines are perpendicular to each other.
• The strength of the electric field is directly related to the closeness of the equipotential lines.
Electric Potential
• Since electric potential is scalar, the electric potential should not be resolved into components.
E-V Relationship
• Potential difference is evaluated in the direction of the electric field from a position of unknown value to a position of
!"#$"
known value; Δ𝑉 = 𝑉!"#$" − 𝑉%"!"#$" = − ∫%"!"#$" 𝐸'⃑ ∙ 𝑑𝑥⃑
• None

22
Name ____________________ Period ___

Enduring Understanding - A capacitor is device characterized by its
capacity to store an electric charge
Essential Questions
1. How can capacitance be changed?
2. What do all forms of capacitance have in common?
3. What does a dielectric affect?
Capacitance
Capacitance Derivations Dielectric

C = Q/V κ
Parallel Cylindrical Spherical

Capacitor Capacitance
Capacitors in Plate Capacitor C = κCo
Series & Parallel Stored Energy
Parallel
Battery Battery
Connected Disconnected
Series
Isolated Charge Electric Field
Sphere Q = κQo
Voltage
CQVE Charts

1
Capacitance
Building a Capacitor
Purpose – Construct and measure the capacitance of a capacitor built from tin foil and wax paper.
Materials aluminum foil, wax paper, paper, wire, micrometer, faradometer, textbooks, ruler and large
weights (20 pounds)
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capac.html#c1
A capacitor is two conductive plates separate by an insulator.
Procedure
Construct a capacitor out of aluminum foil and wax paper. You will Weight
need to “sandwich” the capacitor between two textbooks. Stack the
materials in the following order. Extend the aluminum foil on one
side of the capacitor beyond the edge of the books. This will allow Textbook
you to connect the faradometer. Carefully place 20 pounds on top of Aluminum Foil
the capacitor. This ensures that there is no substantial thickness of Wax Paper
Aluminum Foil
air between the layers.
Textbook
Data
Measure and record the following:
Surface area of the book cover
Surface area of the top plate
Surface area of the bottom plate
Distance between the plates
Analysis
Calculate the capacitance of the constructed capacitor. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is
eo A
given by the equation, C = where A is the area of one plate and d is distance between the plates.
d
Show your work below.
CCalculated
CMeasured
Percent
Difference
Summary
Give two reasons for the difference in the calculated and measured values.
Post Lab Problem

You have two flat square metal plates each oppositely charged 1mm apart with which to construct a
parallel plate capacitor. If the capacitance of the device is to be 1.0 farad, what are the dimensions of each
plate?

2
Capacitance
Series and Parallel
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
Derivations
Parallel Capacitors
Series Capacitors
Potential Energy – Capacitor

Derivation

3
CQVE
Complete the CQVE charts.
.
C Q V E C Q V E
1 1
2 2
3 3
T T
C Q V E

4
Capacitance
Derivations
A oppositely charge parallel q enclosed
Parallel Plate plates of area A and separated Using ò E • dA = eo
derive the
by a distance d.
Two oppositely charge electric field necessary to calculate the
Cylindrical concentric cylinders of radius electric potential difference
r1 and r2.
Two oppositely charge
ò
using DV = - E • dr . Finally calculate
the capacitance as the ratio of charge to
Spherical concentric spheres of radius r1
and r2. Q
potential difference, C =
A positively charge sphere of DV
Isolated Sphere
radius R.
Capacitance Derivations
Parallel Plate Capacitor
1
Cylindrical Capacitor HINT: ò r dr = ln r

5
Spherical Capacitor
Isolated Sphere

6
Capacitance
Dielectric
Dielectrics

7
Slab
A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and
plate separation d has a potential difference Vo
applied across the plates. The battery is then
d b
disconnected and a dielectric slab of thickness b
and dielectric strength k is placed between the
plates.
A = 115 cm2 d = 1.24 cm Vo = 85.5 V
b = 0.780 cm k = 2.61
a. What is the capacitance Co before the dielectric slab is inserted?

b. What free charge appears on the plates?
c. What is the electric field Eo in the gaps between the plates and the dielectric slab?
d. What is the electric field E1 in the dielectric slab?
e. What is the potential difference V across the plates after the slab has been inserted?
f. What is the capacitance with the slab in place?

8
AP-C
Capacitance

Multiple-Choice Test Circuits #1-27
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Derivations #28-33
Free Response Test Dielectrics #34-46

Dielectric
A parallel plate capacitor Co with plate area A0 and plate separation do has charge Qo and voltage Vo. A
dielectric, k, is inserted between the plates. How do the following quantities change for cases I and II shown
below? Express all answer in terms of Co, A0, do, Qo, Vo and k.
• charge on the capacitor,
• potential difference across the capacitor,
• the net electric field between the plates of the capacitor
• capacitance of the capacitor, and
• energy stored in the capacitor.
For both cases, draw a qualitative drawing of the electric fields between the plates of the capacitor due to the
free charge and dielectric. Pay particular attention to the number of free charges and number of electric field
lines.
CASE I CASE II
Capacitor is fully charged then the battery is Capacitor is fully charged and the battery remains
DISCONNECTED before the dielectric is inserted. CONNECTED while the dielectric is inserted.
k k

9
2D Motion
A positively/negatively charged particle, q,
with mass, m, is shot horizontally with a velocity
v0 between two parallel plates connected to a
battery with a potential V. The particle is
deflected upwards/downwards. The plates are
L long and are separated from each other by a
distance d. Ignore gravitational forces.
Express all answers in terms of the given
variables and fundamental constants.
a) Find an expression for the time it takes
for the charged particle to exit the plates.
b) Find an expression for the acceleration of the charged particle while between the plates.
c) Find an expression for the minimum vertical distance from the left end of the attractive plate for the
charged particle to just clear the plates when it exits.
d) Find an expression for the speed of the charged particle when it exits the plates.
e) Draw a sketch of the set up.
i. Identify the sign of the charge on each plate.
ii. Draw the electric field between the plates.
iii. Draw how the battery is wired.
iv. Draw the path of the particle.
f) How would the answers to parts a) through c) change if the space between the plates was filled with a
dielectric gas with a k greater than/less w air? kAIR = 1.00059
g) How would the answers to parts a) through c) change if the charge on the particle was
increased/decreased?
Internet Resource - http://ophysics.com/em6.html
CQVE Chart
The circuit will contain 5-8 capacitors. Complete a CQVE chart.
Derivations – Capacitance
A oppositely charge parallel qenclosed
Parallel Plate plates of area A and separated Using ò E • dA = eo
derive the
by a distance d.
Two oppositely charge electric field necessary to calculate the
Cylindrical concentric cylinders of radius electric potential difference using
r1 and r2. DV = -ò E • dr . Finally calculate the
Two oppositely charge
capacitance as the ratio of charge to
Spherical concentric spheres of radius r1
and r2. Q
potential difference, C =
Isolated Sphere
A positively charge sphere of DV
radius R.

10
11
Capacitance Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - A capacitor is device characterized by its capacity to store an electric charge.
Key Terms Resources
• Capacitance • Equivalent Capacitance
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capac.html#c1
• Capacitor • Farad, F
Combination of Capacitors
• Dielectric • Free Charge http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capac.html#c2
Energy
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capeng.html#c1
Parallel Plate Capacitor
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/pplate.html#c1
Cylindrical Capacitor
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capcyl.html#c1
Spherical Capacitor
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capsph.html#c1
Dielectric
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/dielec.html#c1
Textbook – Chapter8
• Learn concepts before equations; think concepts before equations.
• Capacitance depends on geometry; not charge or voltage
• Show all your work in a well-organized manner.
Flowchart Extras
Capacitance
!
• In the equation, 𝐶 = "#, Q is the charge on the positive plate and DV is the absolute value of the potential difference
across the plates.
Derivations
• Check the sign of your derived capacitance. Capacitance is always positive.
Dielectric
• Inserting a dielectric while the battery is connected increases the stored energy; proportional to k.
• Inserting a dielectric while the battery is disconnected decreases the stored energy; inversely proportional to k (1/k).
• None

12
1DPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB3HULRGBBB

Enduring Understanding - Charge flows in the direction of decreasing electric
potential.
Essential Questions
1. What is analogous to internal resistance?
2. What determines the amount of resistance?
3. What are rules for current flow and voltage distribution in an electric circuit?
4. How do capacitors behave in an electric circuit?
Circuits
Kirchhoff's Kirchhoff's
Batteries Rules RC Circuits
Rules
Internal Simple
Kirchhoff's Complex RC Circuit
Resistance Kirchhoff's Derivations Behavior
Problems Problems
Problems
Resistors Just After Long Time

ONLY Time
Constant
= RC Closed
Switch Open Switch
Resistors in
Series & Parallel
Power
Resistance Charging Discharging
Equations Equations
VIRP Charts

1

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20
AP-C
Circuits
Multiple-Choice Test Resistors #1-30
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Kirchhoff #31-33
Free Response Test RC Circuits 34-41

Kirchhoff
The circuit to the right contains 2 batteries and 3
resistors. The orientation of the batteries has
intentionally been left blank.
1. For each resister calculate the:
• Voltage
• Current
• Power
2. Calculate the power of each battery.
Complete the chart below using the teacher provided

graphing calculator.
Battery on R1 R2 R3 Battery on the

the LEFT (on the left) (center) (on the right) RIGHT
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Direction of Current UP LEFT UP LEFT UP
(Circle your choice) DOWN RIGHT DOWN RIGHT DOWN
Power
(W)
The POWER
PROVIDED PROVIDED PROVIDED PROVIDED PROVIDED
is being:
CONSUMED CONSUMED CONSUMED CONSUMED CONSUMED
(Circle your choice)
RC Circuit
Given an RC circuits, solve for voltage, current and power immediately after the switch is closed and a long
time later.

21
)7C;G3E;@?D
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22
23
Circuits Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - Charge flows in the direction of decreasing electric potential.
Key Terms Resources
• Ammeter • Ohm’s Law Resistance
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/resis.html#c1
• amp (unit) • Open Circuit
Resistivity and Conductivity
• Closed Circuit • Parallel http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/resis.html#c2
• Conductor • Potential Difference Resistors in Combination
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/resis.html#c3
• Current • Power
Ohm’s Law
• Electron Flow • Resistance http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/ohmlaw.html#c1
• Electromotive Force, • Schematic Diagram Power
EMF • Schematic Diagram http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elepow.html#c1
• Equivalent Symbols Charging a Capacitor
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capchg.html#c1
Resistance • Series Discharging a Capacitor
• Insulator • Simple Circuit http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capdis.html#c2
• Internal Resistance • Time Constant Derived Equations
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capdis.html#c1
• Junction Rule • Total Resistance Time Constant
• Kirchhoff’s Rules • volt (unit) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/filter.html#c2
• Loop Rule • Voltage
Textbook – Chapters 9 and 10; Omit 9.2 and 9.6
• ohm (unit) • Voltmeter https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-introduction
2. Before solving any circuit problem, identify which elements are in series and parallel.
3. Before solving any circuit problem, redraw a complicated circuit with clearly drawn current paths and junctions.
Flowchart Extras
Batteries
• The terminal voltage of a battery is equal to the battery’s EMF minus voltage drop across the internal resistance or
𝑉! = 𝜀 − 𝑖𝑟
Kirchhoff’s Rules
• An ohmic device has constant resistance; a non-ohmic device does not have constant resistance.
Kirchhoff’s Rules
• Assign a direction for each current. If the answer comes out positive, your choice of direction was correct. If
negative, reverse the direction of the assigned current.
• Batteries are a positive potential gain when the current flows out the positive battery terminal; a negative potential
gain when current flows into the positive battery terminal.
• Resistors are a positive potential gain when you transverse the resistor against the direction of your chosen current; a
negative potential gain when your transverse the resistor in the direction of your chosen current.
RC Circuits
• Capacitors are a positive potential gain when discharging; a negative potential gain when charging.
• None

24

Enduring Understanding - Moving charges produce magnetic fields and
experience magnetic force when traveling across the field lines of an external
magnetic field.
Essential Questions
1. How are magnetic poles different from electric charges?
2. What determines the magnetic force on a charged particle?
3. How can the motion of a charged particle be manipulated?
4. Under what conditions must Biot-Savart be used to calculate the magnetic
field?
5. Under what conditions must Ampere's Law be used to calculate the magnetic
field?
Magnetic Fields
Behavior of
Magnetic charged Ampere's
Magnetic Force particles in E Law
Field FB and B Fields
Current
Charged Current Uniform Velocity Current

Particle Carrying Circular Selector
Wire Motion
Rules for Infinite Line Solenoid Toroid

Magnetic Mass
Field Lines Spectrometer Hall Effect
Torque
Gauss' Law for

Magnetism Biot-Savart Law
Cyclotron
Right Hand
Rule
Line of Current Loop of Current

1
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field
Definition of B Field
Equation
FE
Recall the Electric Field is defined as E =
q
If magnetic monopoles were available we could define B in a similar way. Since they are not we’ll need
to fire a charged particle into a magnetic field and measure the magnetic force. The magnetic field is
FB
then defined as B =
qv
N N
The SI unit for magnetic field is the tesla, T. T = =
m A •m
C•
s
A common non-SI unit for B is the gauss, G
1 tesla = 104 gauss
Field Lines
Rules
1. Magnetic fields lines travel North to South on the exterior of a magnet.
2. Magnetic fields lines travel South to North on the interior of a magnet.
3. Magnetic fields lines form closed loops.
4. Magnetic field lines never cross.
5. The field strength is proportional to the density of the field lines.
Magnetic Force Relationships

Particle
Magnitude
! !
FB = qv ´ B = qvB sin q
The magnitude of the force equals FB = qvB sin q
The direction of the force is determined by the right hand rule.
Direction (right hand positive flow, left hand negative flow)
1. Point your index fingers in the direction the magnetic field, B.
2. Point your thumb in the direction of the charge's velocity, v.
3. The magnetic force FB is directed out of the palm of your hand.
Wire
Magnitude
! !
FB = IL ´ B .
The magnitude of the force equals FB = ILB sin q
The direction of the force is determined by the right hand rule.
Direction (right hand positive flow, left hand negative flow)
1. Point your index fingers in the direction the magnetic field, B.
2. Point your thumb in the direction of the current.
3. The magnetic force FB is directed out of the palm of your hand.

2
AP-C
Magnetic Fields
Hand Rule Worksheet
A uniform magnetic field B points vertically downward. At a certain time, a
proton moves with speed v from East to West through the magnetic field, B.
1. What is the direction of the force acting on the proton at this time?
A particle with charge -q and mass m is undergoing circular motion with speed v.
At t = 0, the particle is moving along the negative x axis in the plane perpendicular
to the magnetic field B, which points in the positive z direction.
2. What’s the direction of centripetal acceleration?
Consider the circular motion of a positively charged particle in the plane of this paper, due
to a constant magnetic field B which points out of the paper.
3. What is the direction of the orbital motion of the particle?
A wire carrying a current has a length l is placed in a magnetic field at an angle of

60°.
4. What is the direction of the force on the wire?
A charged particle is accelerated from rest in the plane of the

page through a potential difference between two parallel plates.
The particle is injected through a hole in the right-hand plate into
a region of space containing a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude oriented perpendicular to the plane of the page. The
particle curves in a semicircular path and strikes a detector.
5. What is the sign of the charge on the particle?
6. Which way does the magnetic field point?
A magnetic field is directed out of the page. A charged particle moves in the plane
of the page following a counter-clockwise spiral of increasing radius as shown.
7. What is a reasonable explanation?
8. What if the particle spiraled inward rather than outward?

3
A proton enters a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude, B,
directed into the page. The proton enters the magnetic field at an
angle of 60° with respect to the normal of the field's boundary and
exits the magnetic field at an angle f with respect to the normal of
the field's boundary at a distance d from the place where the charged
particle entered the magnetic field.
9. Find the angle f.
10. Find the speed, v¢ at which the proton exits the magnetic field.
A device (“source") emits a bunch of charged ions (particles) with a

range of velocities. Some of these ions pass through the left slit and
enter “Region I" in which there is a vertical uniform electric field and a
uniform magnetic field, B, shown by the shaded area.
If the electric potential across the plates in region I is +V and the
magnetic field in region II points into the plane of the page find the
following.
11. What conditions are necessary for the charged particle to pass
through region I undeflected?
12. The direction of the magnetic field in region I.
13. The sign of the entering charged particle.
A rectangular loop of wire hangs vertically. A magnetic field, B, is directed

horizontally, perpendicular to the wire, and points out of the page at all points.
The magnetic field is very nearly uniform along the horizontal portion of the
wire ab which is near the center of a large magnet producing the field. The top
portion of the wire loop is free of the field. The loop hangs from a balance
which measures a downward force (in addition to the gravitational force) of the
wire.
14. What direction must the current flow so that the scale reads a value greater
than the weight of the wire loop?
A rod of mass, m, and radius, r, rests on two parallel rails that

are d apart and L long. The rod carries a current of i and rolls
along the rails without slipping. The rod is initially at rest and
placed in a magnetic field perpendicular the plane of the rails.
The rod experiences a magnetic force that accelerates the rod
to the right.
15. What’s the direction of the magnetic field?
A current segment flows along the edges of a cube. The cube has sides of
length a. The current flows along the path A Þ C Þ D Þ E Þ G.There is a
uniform magnetic field, B in the positive x-direction.
16. Find the direction of the net magnetic force on the wire.
Reproduce with permission from QUEST, University of Texas

4
AP-C
Magnetic Fields
Electric vs. Magnetic Field
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on a proton in each of the following situations. Describe
qualitatively the path followed by the proton in each situation and sketch the path on each diagram.
Neglect gravity.
The proton is Illustration In the same electric Illustration

released from rest at field as in part to the
the point P in an left, the proton at point
electric field E P has velocity v = 105
having intensity 104 meters per second
newtons per directed to the right as
coulomb and shown.
directed up in the
plane of the page as
shown.
The proton is Illustration In the same magnetic Illustration

released from rest at field as in part to the
x x x x x x B x x x x x x B
point P in a magnetic left, the proton at point
x x x x x x
field B having P P has velocity v = 105 x x x x x x
P v
intensity 10-l tesla x x x x x x meters per second x x x x x x
and directed into the x x x x x x directed to the right as x x x x x x
page as shown. x x x x x x shown.
x x x x x x
Comparison between Electric and Magnetic Field Lines
1. Electric field lines are in the direction of the electric force on a positive charge, but the magnetic field
lines are perpendicular to the magnetic force on a moving charged particle.

5
2. Electric field lines begin on positive charges and end on negative charges; magnetic field lines form
closed loops. Since isolated magnetic poles apparently do not exist, there are no points in space
where magnetic field lines begin or end.
Uniform E and B
An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference
of magnitude V between infinite parallel plates P1 and P2. The
electron then passes into a region of uniform magnetic field
strength B which exists everywhere to the right of plate P2. The
magnetic field is directed into the page.
a. On the diagram above, clearly indicate the direction of the
electric field between the plates.
b. In terms of V and the electron’s mass and charge,

determine the electron's speed at plate P2.
c. Describe in detail the motion of the electron through the magnetic field and explain why the electron
moves this way.
d. If the magnetic field remains unchanged, what could be done to cause the electron to follow a
straight-line path to the right of plate P2?
Motion of a Charged Particle in a B Field
Velocity Selector

6
AP-C
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Force
A wire bent into a semicircular loop of radius R and carries a current I along its length. There is a uniform
magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Find the force acting on the semicircular loop of the
wire.

7
Thomson’s Measurement of q/me for Electrons
Mass Spectrometer
Cyclotron
Hall Effect
Torque

8
AP-C
Magnetic Fields
Biot Savart
Biot-Savart Law - Currents
Perhaps the most challenging electromagnetic equation is the Biot-Savart Law
(pronounced bee-yo-suh-var).
µ o id! sin q
dB =
4p r 2
This law is the magnetic equivalent of Coulomb's Law. Like Coulomb’s Law, the magnetic field decreases
with the square of the distance from a "point of current" or “current element”.
Let's derive Biot-Savart using what we know about Coulomb's Law and other facts about electromagnetic
relationships. Recall the expression for the differential electric field around a charge element, dq:
dq
dE = k
r2
exchange
o dq with id! ( id! is referred to as a “point of current” or “current element”)
o dE with dB
id!
dB = k this is nearly the Biot-Savart equation.
r2
Next, k needs to be replaced.
The value of k is equal to 1/4peo. The permittivity of free space, eo, is used with electric fields and the
permeability of free space, µo, is used with magnetic fields. These two constant are always found on the
opposite side of the fraction. The k for Biot-Savart Law is
µo
k= Unit - Tm/A µ o = 4p X 10-7
4p
µ o id!
dB =
4p r 2
Electric field lines point in the radial direction for point charges. Magnetic field lines are at right angles to
current elements. This right angle relationship is expressed using the cross product.
# !
µ o id " ´ r
dB =
4p r 2
µ id! sin q
dB = o
4p r 2 "
!
where q is the angle between r and d ! .
Biot-Savart Law – Point Charges

Replacing id! with qv give the magnetic field from a moving point charge.
!
µ o qv ´ r̂ µ o qv sin q
B= =
4p r 2 4p r 2 ! !
where q is the angle between v and r .

9
Hydrogen
An electron orbits a proton at a radius of 5.29 X 10-11 m. What is the magnetic field at the proton due to the
orbital motion of the electron?
Biot-Savart Derivations
Finite Current-Carrying Wire

10
Direction of Magnetic Field about a Current-Carrying Wire
Rules
Magnetic field about a current-carrying wire
1. Point your thumb in the direction of the conventional current.
2. Curl your fingers into a half-circle around the wire, they point in the direction of the magnetic field, B
The magnitude of the magnetic field in teslas at a distance

d from a long straight wire carrying a current I is given by
the relation B = 2 X 10-7 I/d. The two long straight wires
shown are perpendicular, insulated from each other, and
small enough so that they may be considered to be in the
same plane. The wires are not free to move. Point P, in
the same plane as the wires, is 0.5 meter from the wire
carrying a current of 1 ampere and is 1.0 meter from the
wire carrying a current of 3 amperes. [88B4]
a. What is the direction of the net magnetic field at P due
to the currents?
b. Determine the magnitude of the net magnetic field at P due to the currents.
A charged particle at point P that is instantaneously moving with a velocity of 106 meters per second toward
the top of the page experiences a force of 10-7 newtons to the left due to the two currents.
c. State whether the charge on the particle is positive or negative.
d. Determine the magnitude of the charge on the particle.
e. Determine the magnitude and direction of an electric field also at point P that would make the net
force on this moving charge equal to zero.

11
Loop of Current-Carrying Wire
Along the Axis

12
AP-C
Magnetic Fields
Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law
Equation
" "
ò • d! = µoienclosed
B
Limitations
Infinite Line Derivation

13
Ampere’s Law Derivation – Solenoid
Ampere’s Law Derivation – Toroid
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism

14
AP-C Magnetic Fields
Solenoid Lab
Purpose - Determine the permeability of free space
Materials 2 D-cell batteries, 2 battery holders, ammeter, bundle of wires, Slinky, meterstick, two ringstand,
two ringstand clamps, LabPro, magnetic field sensor, bar magnet, logger pro and computer
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/solenoid.html#c1
Set Up
1. Slide the Slinky over a meterstick.
2. Slide the Slinky to the middle of the
meterstick.
3. Align the meterstick/Slinky so it lies parallel to
the Earth’s magnetic field.
4. Support the ends of the meterstick, with the
Slinky in the middle, several centimeters
above the lab table with two clamps and two
ring stands.
5. Mark and label the “1st” coil at one end of the
Slinky
6. Locate and label the LAST coil.
7. Wire the circuit shown to the right with the 1st and 75th coils as points of connection with the Slinky.
Directions
1. Get familiar with the probe by measuring the field of a bar magnet and Earth.
2. Zero the probe while holding the probe with the end facing the ground and the white dot facing north.
3. Insert the probe approximately half way between the 1st and 75th coil. The probe must be position as
follows when taking data
• The probe is vertical.
• The white dot is facing north
• The tip of the probe lies a long the axis of the Slinky.
4. Measure and record the magnetic field for various coil densities. Check for shorts between the coils.
Data Table
Current (A)
Position of Position of Length of Measured Magnetic

n
Trial 1st Coil Last Coil Solenoid Field
(turns /meter)
(m) (m) (m) (T)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

15
Questions
1. Why was the magnetic field probe zeroed?
2. What’s the direction of the magnetic field along the center of your solenoid?
3. Using Ampere’s Law, derive the magnetic field for a solenoid.
4. Graphically determine the permeability of free space, µo.
5. Calculate the percent difference. µ o = 4p ´ 10 -7 T • M

A

16
AP-C
Magnetic Fields
Multiple-Choice Test Hand Rules #1-2
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Magnetic Force #3-22
Free Response Test Magnetic Fields #23-45

Spectrometer
You’ve been assigned to set up the mass
spectrometer shown to the right. The
spectrometer accelerates ions, ±q, from rest
through a distance, d, across a potential
difference, Ɛ, after which the beam enters a
region containing a uniform magnetic field, B, of
constant magnitude and perpendicular to the
path of the ions. The ions exits the
spectrometer at a distance, x, from the entrance
point. You can adjust the EMF and
direction/strength of the magnetic field. Develop
expressions for the following quantities in terms
of q, Ɛ, B, x, d and fundamental constants.
a) For the given charge, draw a sketch of
the mass spectrometer with the battery
correctly wired and the direction of the
electric and magnetic fields.
b) Find an expression for the magnitude of
momentum of an ion when it exits the
magnetic field.
c) Find an expression for the times it takes
an ion to exit the electric field.
d) Find an expression for the speed of an ion when it exits the electric field.
e) Find an expression for an ion’s acceleration while in the:
i. electric field
ii. magnetic field
f) Find an expression for the mass of an ion.
g) Find an expression for the work done by the electric field.
h) Find an expression for the work done by the magnetic field.

17
Hall Effect - https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/11-6-the-hall-effect
A _____ V battery is connected to a rectangular bar of
length 0.080 m, uniform (square) cross-sectional area
5.0 X 10-6 m2, resistivity 4.5 X 10-4 Wm and a free
electron density 8.5 X 1028 electrons/m3, as shown
below. Electrons are the sole charge carriers in the bar.
The wires have negligible resistance. The switch in the
circuit is closed at time, t = 0 .
(a) Calculate the power delivered to the circuit by the battery.
(b) On the diagram to the right, indicate the direction of the

electric field in the bar.
(c) Calculate the strength of the electric field in the bar.
A uniform _____ T magnetic field directed

INTO or OUT OF the page and
perpendicular to the bar is added to the
region around the bar, as shown below.
(d) Calculate the magnetic force on the bar.
(e) The electrons moving through the bar are initially deflected by the
external magnetic field. On the diagram below, indicate the
direction of the additional electric field that is created in the bar by
the deflected electrons.
(f) Calculate the drift speed of the free electrons in cm/hr.
(g) The electrons eventually experience no deflection. Calculate the strength of the additional electric
field indicated in part (e).
(h) Illustrate how to wire a voltmeter to measure the Hall voltage

across the bar.
(i) Calculate the Hall voltage.

18
Magnetic Field Derivations
The derivations require a clear, organized and detailed solution. Provide a sketch when necessary to illustrate
components, angles, differential elements, etc.
Biot-Savart
• Point Charge
• Finite Current-Carrying Wire
• Infinite Current-Carrying Wire
• Loop of Current-Carrying Wire
Ampere’s Law
• Infinite Current-Carrying Wire
• Infinite Current-Carrying Cylinder
• Solenoid
• Toroid

19
Magnetic Fields Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - Moving charges produce magnetic fields and experience magnetic force when traveling
across the field lines of an external magnetic field.
Key Terms Resources
• Ampere’s Law • Magnetic Force Magnetic Force
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfor.html#c1
• Closed Path Integral • Magnetic Pole
Interactions
• Cross Product • Motor http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magint.html#c1
• Current • Permeability of Free Biot-Savart Law
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/Biosav.html#c1
• Current Density Space
Ampere’s Law
• Current Element • Right Hand Rules http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/amplaw.html#c1
• Current-Carrying • Solenoid Applications of Ampere’s Law
Wire • Tangent http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/amplaw.html#c2
• Drift Velocity Galvanometer
Textbook – Chapters 11, 12; Omit 12.7
• Generator • tesla (unit) https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/11-introduction
• Law of Poles • Toroid
• Magnetic Domains • Turns: n vs. N
• Magnetic Field • Transformer
2. A moving charge produces a magnetic field.
3. A moving charge experiences a magnetic force only when it moves across magnetic field lines.
Flowchart Extras
Magnetic Fields
• Magnetic field lines always form closed loops.
Magnetic Force
• Current is defined as the flow of positive charge.
• Hand Rules: right hand for positive charges moving in an external magnetic field; left hand for negative charges
moving in an external magnetic field.
Charge Behavior
• Magnetic forces are perpendicular to magnetic field lines; electrostatic forces are parallel to electric field lines.
Biot-Savart Law
• Magnetic field is a vector and it may be necessary to resolve the differential magnetic field into components.
Ampere’s Law
• The magnetic field must be constant along the closed path and tangent to the closed path.
• None

20

Enduring Understanding - Changing magnetic flux is the origin of all
inductance phenomena.
Essential Questions
1. How is an induced EMF produced?
2. What do all forms of inductance have in common?
3. How do inductors behave in an electric circuit?
4. How do electric circuits oscillate?
5. What is the function of a resistor in an electric circuit?
6. How does light propagate?
Inductance
Magnetic Flux Inductance Maxwell's

LR Circuits LRC Circuits Equations
Changing
Magnetic Flux LR Circuit
Derivations Behavior Problems
Induced Electric Field

Induced EMF Just After Long Time
Time
Constant
τ = L/R Closed
Open Switch LC Circuits
Switch
Motional
Four Ways Faraday's EMF
1. Current Law Lenz's Law
2. Field Rise of Current Equations Decay of Current
3. Orientation Equations LC Circuit
Derivations Behavior Problems
4. Area
Transformers Mechanical
Oscillation
Analogy
Solenoid Toroid Back EMF Magnetic
Energy
Gauss' Law for Gauss' Law Faraday's Law Displacement

Electricity for Current
Magnetism
Ampere-Maxwell Law

1
Induction
Induction Lab
Purpose – Qualitatively investigate induction phenomena.
Directions: Use the simulation “Faraday’s Electromagnetic Lab” to complete this paper.
http://phet.colorado.edu/new/simulations/sims.php?sim=Faradays_Electromagnetic_Lab
General Magnetism
1. Click on the Bar Magnet Tab. You should see a bar magnet and compass on the screen.
• What color refers to the north pole? ________
• What color refers to the south pole? ________
• Move the compass around the bar magnetic and observe the deflection of the compass needle.
What’s the relationship between the tip of the compass needle and the bar magnet?
2. Draw an illustration of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Induction – Pickup Coil

3. Click on the Pickup Coil Tab. You should see a bar magnet and a looped circuit. Set the number of
loops to 1 and note what happens when the follow conditions are produced.
Motion of Speed of
Magnet Location Bulb Brightness
the Magnet the Magnet
Outside the Loop Rest Zero
Outside the Loop Right Slow
Outside the Loop Left Slow
Outside the Loop Right Fast
Outside the Loop Left Fast
Inside the Loop Rest Zero
Inside the Loop Right Slow
Inside the Loop Left Slow
Inside the Loop Right Fast
Inside the Loop Left Fast
4. Does the direction of the magnetic’s motion affect the bulb brightness? If so, describe how.
5. Does the speed of the magnetic affect the bulb brightness? If so, describe how.
6. Does changing the number of loop affect the bulb brightness? If so, describe how.

2
7. Does changing the area of the loop affect the bulb brightness? If so, describe how.
8. Does flipping the magnet’s polarity affect the bulb brightness? If so, describe how.
Electromagnetic Induction – Electromagnet

9. Click on the Electromagnet Tab. You should see a battery connected to a coiled loop and a
compass. Move the compass around the electromagnet magnetic and observe the deflection of the
compass needle. Move the compass around the electromagnet in order to determine the North and
South poles of the electromagnet. Use the RHR to explain the polarity of the coil. What’s the sign
of the charges moving in the simulation?
10. Does changing the current source from DC to AC affect the compass? If so, describe how.
11. Describe the movement of the charges in the loop in DC and AC current.
Electromagnetic Induction – Transformer

12. Click on the Transform Tab. You should see a battery connected to a coiled loop and a looped
circuit. Move the electromagnet around the looped circuit and observe the brightness of the bulb.
What conditions are necessary to light the bulb?
13. Does changing the current source from DC to AC affect the bulb brightness? Does the
electromagnet have to move to light the bulb?
14. What variables affect whether the bulb is lit and the bulb brightness?
Electromagnetic Induction – Generator
15. Click on the Generator Tab. You should see a faucet, a magnet fixed to a paddle wheel and a
looped circuit. Describe what happens when the water is turned on.
16. What variables affect the whether the bulb is lit and the bulb brightness?

3
Induction
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux
Induced EMF
Faradays’ Law

4
Faraday Example
A uniform magnetic field B exists in a region of space defined by a
circle of radius a = 0.60 m as shown to the right. The magnetic
field is perpendicular to the page and increases out of the page at
a constant rate of 0.40 T/s. A single circular loop of wire of
negligible resistance and radius r = 0.90 m is connected to a light
bulb with a resistance R = 5.0 W, and the assembly is placed
concentrically around the region of magnetic field.
a. Determine the emf induced in the loop.
b. Determine the magnitude of the current in the circuit. On the figure above, indicate the direction of
the current in the loop at point O.
c. Determine the total energy dissipated in the light bulb during a 15 s interval.
The experiment is repeated with a loop of radius b = 0.40 m placed

concentrically in the same magnetic field as before. The same light bulb is
connected to the loop, and the magnetic field again increases out of the
page at a rate of 0.40 T/s. Neglect any direct effects of the field on the light
bulb itself.
d. State whether the brightness of the bulb will be greater than, less
than, or equal to the brightness of the bulb in part (a). Justify your

5
Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s Example
A circular loop of wire of resistance 0.2 ohm encloses an area 0.3 square meter and lies flat on a wooden
table as shown. A magnetic field that varies with time t as shown below is perpendicular to the table. A
positive value of B represents a field directed up from the surface of the table; a negative value represents
a field directed into the tabletop.
a. Calculate the value of the magnetic flux through the loop at time t = 3 seconds.
b. Calculate the magnitude of the emf induced in the loop during the time interval t = 0 to 2 seconds.
c. On the axes to the right, graph the current I through

the coil as a function of time t, and put appropriate
numbers on the vertical scale. Use the convention
that positive values of I represent counterclockwise
current as viewed from above.

6
Induction
Induced E Fields & Transformers
Induced Electric Fields
Transformers

7
Induced E Field Example
According to Faraday's law, the induced emf E due to a changing magnetic flux fm is given by
ò
e = E • dl = -dfm / dt , where E is the (induced) electric field and dl is a line element along the closed
path of integration. A long, ideal solenoid of radius a is shown below. The magnitude of the spatially
uniform magnetic field inside this solenoid (due to the current in the solenoid) is increasing at a steady rate
dB/dt. Assume that the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
a. For r < a, where r is the distance from the axis of the solenoid, find an expression for the magnitude
E of the induced electric field in terms of r and dB/dt .
b. The figure to the right shows a cross section of the solenoid, with
the magnetic field pointing out of the page. The electric field
induced by the increasing magnetic field lies in the plane of the
page. On the figure, indicate the direction of the induced electric
field at the three labeled points, P1, P2 ,and P3
c. For r > a, derive an expression for the magnitude E of the induced

electric field in terms of r, a, and dB/dt.
d. On the axes below, sketch a graph of E versus r for 0 £ r £ 3a.

8
Induction
Motional EMF
Motional EMF
Moving Rod
Moving Rod Along A Closed Path

9
Motional EMF Example
A rectangular conducting loop of width w,
height h, and resistance R is mounted
vertically on a nonconducting cart as
shown to the right. The cart is placed on
the inclined portion of a track and
released from rest at position P1 at a
height y0 above the horizontal portion of
the track. It rolls with negligible friction down the incline and through a uniform magnetic field B in the
region above the horizontal portion of the track. The conducting loop is in the plane of the page, and the
magnetic field is directed into the page. The loop passes completely through the field with a negligible
change in speed. Express your answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.
a) Determine the speed of the cart when it reaches the horizontal portion of the track.
b) Determine the following for the time at which the cart is at position P2, with one-third of the loop in
the magnetic field.
i. The magnitude of the emf induced in the conducting loop.
ii. The magnitude of the current induced in the conducting loop.
c) On the following diagram of the conducting loop, indicate the direction of the
current when it is at Position P2.
d) Using the axes to the right, sketch a

graph of the magnitude of the magnetic
flux f through the loop as a function of
the horizontal distance x traveled by the
cart, letting x = 0 be the position at which
the front edge of the loop just enters the
field. Label appropriate values on the
vertical axis.
e) Using the axes to the right, sketch a

graph of the current induced in the loop
as a function of the horizontal distance x
traveled by the cart, letting x = 0 be the
position at which the front edge of the
loop just enters the field. Let
counterclockwise current be positive
and label appropriate values on the
vertical axis.

10
Induction
Inductance
Inductance
Solenoid
Toroid Example
Show that the inductance of a toroid of rectangular cross section
as shown is given by
µ oN2H ln(b / a)
L=
2p
where N is the total number of turns, a is the inside radius, b is the outside radius, and H is the height of
the toroid.

11
Self Inductance or Back EMF
Magnetic Energy

12
LR Circuit Derivations
Rise of Current

13
Decay of Current
LR Example
Let e = 10 V, R1 = 5 W, R2 = 10 W and L = 5 H. Calculate the
following when: the switch is just closed
the switch is closed for a long time
a) the current i1 through R1,
b) the current i2 through R2.
c) the current i through the switch.
d) the potential difference across R2,
e) the potential difference across L, and
f) the rate of change of di2/dt.

14
AP-C Induction
LR Lab
Purpose - Construct and examine the behavior of LR circuits.
Materials computer and internet
Background http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/induct.html#c1
Directions
1. Construct the circuit shown to the right.
2. What is the unit of the quotient of inductance and resistance?
Show your work below.
3. The quotient of L and R is called the time L=

constant. Adjust the time constant of the
circuit to one second. Record the value of R=
inductor and bulb’s resistance.
4. An inductor will be fully charged/discharged in
a time of 4 to 5 L/R. How long will it take your time =
LR combination to fully charge or discharge?
5. Add the necessary meters and sketch the graphs of i vs t, and VResistor vs t, on the graphs below when
the inductor is charging and discharging.
Current is Rising Current is Decaying
Current vs. Time Current vs. Time
VResistor vs. Time VResistor vs. Time

15
6. Add the necessary meters and sketch the graphs of i vs t, and VInductor vs t, on the graphs below when
the inductor is charging and discharging.
Current is Rising Current is Decaying
Current vs. Time Current vs. Time
VInductor vs. Time VInductor vs. Time
7. When is the brightness of the bulb increasing?
8. When is the brightness of the bulb decreasing?
9. When does the battery supply the potential to light the bulb?
10. When does the inductor supply the potential to light the bulb?
11. Does the direction of charge flow change through the inductor? If yes, explain when.
12. Complete the chart below.

Current Changes
Behaves as a Conductor Behaves as an Insulator
Direction
Capacitor
Inductor

16
AP-C Induction
LR Post Lab
Purpose - Quantitatively investigate the behavior of an inductor.
Directions
1. Construct the circuit shown below.
2. Set the values of the circuits elements to
V=
R1 =
R2 =
L=
3. Experimentally determine the following:
• Case I – The switch is just closed.
• Case II – The switch is closed for a long time (time > 4-5 L/R)
Case I Case II
Current – i1
Current – i2
Current through Switch
Potential – V1
Potential – V2
4. Experimentally determine the voltage across R2 immediately after the switch is opened.

17
AP-C Induction
LC Lab
Purpose – Qualitatively investigate the behavior of LC circuits.
Directions
1. Construct the circuit shown below.
V=
R1 =
C=
L=
2. If a capacitor, C, stores are charge, Q, the
capacitor’s electric field stores an energy
given by the equation.
UE =
3. If an inductor, L, carries a current, i, the inductor’s magnetic field stores an energy given by the
equation.
UB =
4. Close switch S1 and open switch S2. Once the capacitor is fully charged open switch S1 and close
switch S2. Observe the periodic charging and discharging of the capacitor and inductor.
5. Graph and identify the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor for one period on the axis below.
UE - MAX or MIN UE - MAX or MIN UE - MAX or MIN UE - MAX or MIN UE - MAX or MIN
UB - MAX or MIN UB - MAX or MIN UB - MAX or MIN UB - MAX or MIN UB - MAX or MIN
6. Draw a curve representing the total energy of the LC system.

18
7. These energy oscillations should look identical to the mechanical energy oscillations of a mass on a
spring. Recall the following derivation.
ETotal = KBlock + USpring
1 1
E T = mv 2 + kx 2
2 2
dE T
= 0 in the absence of a nonconservative force
dt
d æ1 1 2ö dv dx
ç mv + kx ÷ = mv + kx =0
2
dt è 2 2 ø dt dt
d2 x
m + kx = 0
dt 2
What function models the behavior of this differential expression?
k
x(t) = A sin(wt + f) where w =
m
8. The mechanical differential equation is expressed in terms of x and t. What are the analogous
variables for the LC oscillation?
x becomes m becomes
t becomes k becomes
9. Derive the angular frequency, w, for the LC oscillation. Begin with the expression
ETotal = UInductor + UCapacitor
10. Insert a light bulb for R2.
V=
R1 =
R2 =
C=
L=
11. Recharge the capacitor, see step 4, and
observe the periodic charging and
discharging of the capacitor and inductor.
dE T
12. Does = 0 . If no, what does it equal?
dt
13. Write an expression for the charge as a function of time, q(t).

19
Induction
Displacement Current
Maxwell’s Equations
Gauss’s Law for Electricity
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
Faraday’s Law
Ampere’s Law
Displacement Current

20
AP-C
Induction
Test Breakdown Faraday/Lenz’s Law #4-13
Multiple-Choice Test Induced E #14-18
• 25 AP Level and Style Questions Motional EMF #19-23
Free Response Test Transformers #24-27
• 2-3 Free Response Level and Style Questions Inductance #28-31
Circuits #32-40
Maxwell’s Equations #41
QUEST Breakdown
Magnetic Flux #1-3

Open Notes Free Response Test

This free response test will be an open notes test. Students may use their packet while taking the test.
Packets will be collected at the end of the testing period and returned after all make up tests have been taken.
All notes in the packet must reflect only the lessons presented in class. Any material in the packet deemed as
inappropriate will result in an open notes test being rejected and a non-open notes test being required.
Topics to review include but are not limited to those identified below.
Magnetic Flux
Find an expression for the magnetic flux through a given area by direct integration for:
i.a constant magnetic field
ii.a time-varying magnetic field
Induced EMF
Find an expression using Faraday’s Law for the induced EMF for the five different ways to vary the magnetic
flux.
i.The current producing the magnetic flux may be increased or decreased.
ii.Permanent magnetic may be moving towards or away from the circuit.
iii.The circuits itself may be moving towards or away from the source of flux.
iv.The orientation of the circuit may be increasing or decreasing.
v.The area of the circuit may be increasing or decreasing, motional EMF.
Induced Current
Determine the direction of the induced current using Lenz’s Law.
Induced Electric Fields

Find an expression using Faraday’s Law for an induced electric field.
i.Explain how the field induced electric field is different from the field produced by static charges.
ii.Explain the difference between an EMF and electric potential.
LR Derivations

21
LR Derivations
One of the derivations below may be selected at random as part of the Free Response test. ALL derivations
require a clear, organized and detailed solution. Draw a schematic diagram of the circuit selected.
If a derivation is not selected, knowledge of the equations and graphs will be necessary to solve portions of the
free response problems.

An inductor, resistor and switch are Derive the current in the
Rise of Current
wired in series with a battery. inductor as a function of time.
An inductor, resistor and switch are Derive the current in the
Decay of Current
wired in series with a battery. inductor as a function of time.
i.Identify and write Maxwell’s equations.
ii.Explain displacement current

22
23
Induction Help Sheet
Enduring Understanding - Changing magnetic flux is the origin of all inductance phenomena.
Key Terms Resources
• Back EMF • Induced EMF Magnetic Flux
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/fluxmg.html#c1
• Displacement • Lenz’s Law
Faraday’s Law
Current • Magnetic Energy http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html#c1
• Faraday’s Law • Magnetic Flux Lenz’s Law
• Induced Electric • Motional EMF http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html#c2
Field Inductance
• Self Inductance http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/induct.html#c1
• Inductance • Time Constant Inductance of a Coil
• Inductor • Transformer http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/indcur.html#c2
Energy of an Inductor
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/indeng.html#c1
Derived Expressions
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/indtra.html#c1
Time Constant
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/filter.html#c2
Transformer
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/transf.html#c1
Textbook – Chapters 13 and 14

• Learn concepts before equations; think concepts before equations.
• There is always a response to a changing magnetic flux.
• Show all your work in a well-organized manner.
Flowchart Extras
Magnetic Flux
• An induced electric field forms closed loops.
• Electric potential is produced by static charges
• Electromotive force (EMF or e) is produced by induced electric fields.
Inductance
• Inductance depends on geometry, not current or flux.
LR Circuits
• Inductors are a positive potential gain when current is decaying; a negative potential gain when current is rising.
LC Circuits
• Recognize the similarities between an LC oscillation and simple harmonic motion, SHM.
LRC Circuits
• Energy is dissipated as heat by the resistor.
• Gauss’ Law for Electricity and Magnetism are closed area integrals.
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Law are closed path integrals.
• None

24

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Name ____________________ Period ___

Velocity vs. Acceleration

Slope Area Area

Constant Components Changing Patterns

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

b. Determine the sprinters velocity after 2 seconds have elapsed.

c. Determine the total time needed to run the full 100

d. On the axes provided below, draw the displacement

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

b. Calculate the total time the rocket is in the air.

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Velocity vs Time Velocity vs Time

Acceleration vs Time Acceleration vs Time

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Velocity vs Time Velocity vs Time

Acceleration vs Time Acceleration vs Time

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

v = 1.0 m/s @ t = 10 s Velocity vs Time v = 0 m/s @ t = 1 s

Acceleration vs Time Acceleration vs Time

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Materials meter stick and launcher

Identify what variables equal zero. ______________________________________________________

Record your data in a table below.

Trial Height (m) Time (s) Range (m)

What was the speed of the projectile? ______________________________________________________

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Definition of Derive - A detailed sequence of mathematical statements showing that a result is a

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

b. Find the position of the vector at t = 4 s. Find the particle’s displacement.

c. Give the magnitude and direction of the position vector at t = 4 s.

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Crazy Physics Teachers

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

2. How are mass and inertia related?

3. How many oscillations/vibrations are there

Purpose – Determine the mass of an unknown object using an inertial balance.

Data – Record data in a self-generated spreadsheet.

Analysis – Generate a graph to determine a relationship between period and mass.

Record your general and empirical equations in the boxes below.

General Equation Empirical Equation

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Test Breakdown QUEST Breakdown

Free Response Problems

Graph Reconstruction (Test and/or Quiz)

Projectile Motion – 2D Motion

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

First Law Second Law Third Law

Inclined Plane(s) Flat Surface Push Uniform Uniform

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Newton’s Laws of Motion

1st Law 2nd Law 3rd Law

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Label forces using the following notation: Force of Gravity Þ Fg or W

#1 Equilibrium #2 Equilibrium #3 A block is sliding at constant

#4 A block is sliding to a stop #5 A block falling. No friction #6 A block falling at constant

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

#10 Equilibrium #11 Equilibrium #12 Equilibrium

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Plano West - Mr. Carroll

Purpose - Calculate the weight of an unknown object.

Materials - force scales, calculator and unknown mass

Name __________________ Period _

Let m1 = kg and m2 = kg m1 > m2 and Let g = 10 m/s2

Let Ws = N and Wc = N Wc < Ws and Let g = 10 m/s2

Let m1 = kg and m2 = kg; m1 > m2 and Let g = 10 m/s2