Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Ergonomics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apergo

Review article

Soft computing applications in the field of human factors and ergonomics:

A review of the past decade of research
Erman Çakıt a, *, Waldemar Karwowski b
a
Department of Industrial Engineering, Gazi University, 06570, Ankara, Turkey
b
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2993, USA

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The main objectives of this study were to 1) review the literature on the applications of soft computing concepts
Ergonomics to the field of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) between 2013 and 2022 and 2) highlight future de­
Human factors velopments and trends. Multiple soft computing methods and techniques have been investigated for their ability
Complexity
to address various applications in HFE effectively. These techniques include fuzzy logic, artificial neural net­
Review
works, genetic algorithms, and their combinations. Applications of these methods in HFE have been highlighted
Soft computing
Fuzzy logic in one hundred and four articles selected from 406 papers. The results of this study help address the challenges of
Artificial neural networks complexity, vagueness, and imprecision in human factors and ergonomics research through the application of
Genetic algorithms soft computing methodologies.

1. Introduction soft computing methodologies.

The contemporary field of human factors and ergonomics (HFE)
represents a unique scientific discipline focusing on human–artifact in­
teractions. Such interactions between humans and technology are
analyzed and evaluated using a comprehensive approach that involves
various fields such as science, engineering, design, technology, and
management. The focus is on developing and managing systems
compatible with human beings, including natural and artificial prod­
ucts, processes, and environments where people live and work (Kar­
wowski, 2005). However, since its inception, HFE has also explored the
complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity of human-system interactions
viewed from both theoretical and practical application perspectives
(Murrell, 1965; Grandjean, 1980; Karwowski and Zhang, 2021; Kar­
wowski and Mital, 1986; Wickens, 1992; Chapanis, 1995; Dempsey
et al., 2000; Wilson, 2000; Walker et al., 2010; Karwowski, 2012;
Guastello, 2017; Salmon et al., 2019; Salvendy and Karwowski, 2022).
As pointed out by many researchers, the human sensory, perceptual,
reasoning, and decision-making processes, as well as human behavior,
exhibit natural fuzziness, vagueness, and impression (Kacprzyk, 1986;
Karwowski, 1992; Zadeh, 1997; Hancock et al., 2000; Zaheeruddin and
Garima, 2006; Zadeh, 2008; Rodríguez et al., 2014). Therefore, under­
standing, modeling, and simulating such processes can be supported by
the applications of the fuzzy-theoretical approaches and, more broadly,
Zadeh (1994) defined soft computing as “a collection of methodologies
that aim to exploit the tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty to achieve
tractability, robustness, and low solution cost. Its principal constituents are
fuzzy logic, neurocomputing, and probabilistic reasoning. Soft computing is
likely to play an increasingly important role in many application areas,
including software engineering. The role model for soft computing is the
human mind.” A variety of soft computing techniques, such as fuzzy logic
(FL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and genetic algorithm (GA), as
well as combinations thereof, have been successfully used to effectively
address various problem areas and applications in HFE. Within this
framework, this study aimed to: i) briefly introduce the various soft
computing methods, ii) classify the literature according to the applica­
tions of soft computing concepts in HFE during the past 10 years (2013
and 2022), and iii) highlight future developments and trends. The
remainder of this article is structured as follows. Section 2 follows the
introduction in Section 1 and explains the research technique and pro­
cedure for this study. A brief summary of soft computing approaches is
given in Section 3. Key findings regarding soft computing applications in
ergonomics/human factors are presented in Section 4. Section 5 sum­
marizes the review’s results in relation to the study objectives. The
discussion, conclusion, study limitations, and a summary of pertinent
future research are included in Section 6.

* Corresponding author. Gazi University Department of Industrial Engineering, 06570, Ankara, Turkey.
E-mail address: ecakit@gazi.edu.tr (E. Çakıt).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104132
Received 23 April 2023; Received in revised form 23 August 2023; Accepted 31 August 2023
Available online 5 September 2023
0003-6870/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
2. Methods
2.1. Sources and search methods
Several repositories were used in the literature search, together with
specific search keywords and Boolean operators., i.e., (“ergonomics” OR
“human factors”) AND (“soft computing” OR “fuzzy” OR “neural net­
works” OR “neuro-fuzzy” OR “genetic algorithms”).
Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore,
PubMed, EBSCO HOST, and Scopus were the databases used in this
study. The procedure was performed according to the sequence of steps
illustrated in Fig. 1.
2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Identified sources (see Table 1) were filtered with the following
criteria: i) articles available in English, ii) articles appearing in peer-
reviewed journal publications, and iii) articles published until
December 31, 2022 (last search date). Unrelated books, book chapters,
conference proceedings, and review articles were excluded from the
research. Selecting high-quality, high-impact journals from reputed
digital libraries is a good strategy to ensure that the studies we are
considering have undergone rigorous peer review and are likely to have
high scientific validity. Additionally, considering the novelty of the
techniques proposed and the technical content, such as the data set and
evaluation methods used, can also help ensure that the studies are
relevant and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of
HFE. By relying solely on journal articles, we prioritized accessing in-
depth research that thoroughly explores the topic.
2.3. Article selection
From the designated databases, 406 articles were identified through
the search process. Initially, duplicate articles from 406 journals were
removed to start the selection process for this research, and 138
Fig. 1. Study steps for the literature review.
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Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
Table 1
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
Published between January 2013 and Published before 2013 and after
December 2022 2022
In English Not in English
Indexed in search engines used in this study Not a journal article
Relevant to ergonomics or human factors Not relevant ergonomics or human
factors
publications were ultimately eliminated. English-language publications
were then assessed to determine whether they complied with the
exclusion criteria according to their abstracts and, in some cases, in­
troductions. After the second round of screening, 133 items were
removed. Because more recent versions of these documents were present
in the same dataset and were redundant, 31 articles were rejected in the
third round. After the application of the exclusion criteria in three
phases, a total of 104 papers were included in the evaluation. The final
article selection included original research reported through peer-
reviewed scientific publications.
3. Brief overview of soft computing techniques
According to (Nauck et al., 1997), the main objective of soft
computing is “to mimic how an expert handles complicated issues”.
Furthermore, Jang et al. (1997) pointed out that soft computing is an art
using applications of artificial intelligence approaches, including fuzzy
logic, neuro-computing, evolutionary and genetic computing, and
probabilistic computing. Depending on the application area, these
methods have been used separately or together (Fig. 2).
Soft computing techniques have been applied in the field of HFE due
to their ability to model complex systems, make decisions based on
incomplete or uncertain information, and learn from data. The specific
soft computing methods used in HFE depend on the nature of the
problem being addressed and the data available for analysis. For
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
Fig. 2. Key components of soft computing and hybrid techniques (Cord, 2001).
instance, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are particularly useful when
dealing with non-linear relationships between input and output vari­
ables and when the data available for analysis is noisy or incomplete.
ANNs have been used in ergonomics to model complex systems, such as
human-machine interfaces, and to predict human performance in
various tasks. In another approach, fuzzy logic is particularly useful
when dealing with complex systems that involve multiple factors and
when the data available for analysis is subjective or qualitative. It has
been used in HFE to evaluate workplace-related risks and optimize er­
gonomic system design. On the other hand, Genetic algorithms (GAs) are
particularly useful when dealing with complex optimization problems
that involve multiple objectives and constraints. GAs have been used in
HFE to optimize the design of ergonomic systems and to evaluate the
effectiveness of different ergonomic interventions.
In summary, the specific soft computing methods used in HFE are
chosen based on the nature of the problem being addressed, the data
available for analysis, and the strengths and weaknesses of each method.
The primary soft computing approaches are summarized below.
3.1. Fuzzy logic
Unlike Aristotle’s bi-valued logic, which is based on the idea of true
or false, Lukasiewicz’s logic (1920) introduces a third value which can
Fig. 3. A framework of a fuzzy system.
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Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
be defined as “possible” (Fullér, 1999). Zadeh (1965) proposed the idea
of infinite-values logic in “fuzzy sets,” which are an extension of stan­
dard (crisp) set theory and reflect ambiguous data. Each set element is
given a degree of membership by using a function between 0 and 1,
which defines a fuzzy set (Ammar and Wright, 2000). Zadeh (1968)
made a significant contribution to the field of fuzzy logic by providing a
linguistic explanation for human thinking and a linguistic approach for
modeling complex and ill-defined fuzzy systems (Zadeh, 1973).
A fuzzy system consists of five functional building components:
fuzzification, database, rules, fuzzy inference systems, and defuzzifica­
tion (Fig. 3). Additionally, input and output variables can be incorpo­
rated. The process of fuzzification involves mapping real numbers onto
fuzzy sets that have linguistic values using an interface. The fuzzy rule
base is a key component of a fuzzy logic system. It consists of several
fuzzy if-then rules that handle all feasible fuzzy relationships between
the input and output variables. In addition to these rules, the fuzzy rule
base also offers a database that explains the membership functions of the
fuzzy sets used in the rules.
3.2. Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
ANNs are mathematical representations of the human brain that can
recognize intricate nonlinear correlations between input and output
data sets (Çakıt and Dağdeviren, 2023) (Fig. 4). A neuron is a funda­
mental unit of a neural network, and can be thought of as a mathe­
matical model that processes information (Çakıt et al., 2014). It is
composed of a weighted-summation input and a nonlinear output acti­
vation function.The weighted-summation input refers to the sum of each
input and the weight of its connections (Zurada et al., 1997). The acti­
vation function f is used to modify the sum and add a bias unit.
Generally, ANNs are more reliable, and frequently perform better, than
traditional computational tools in resolving a range of issues from seven
different areas (Basheer and Hajmeer, 2000).
3.3. Neuro-fuzzy systems
Fuzzy logic and ANNs have been discussed separately to date.
Combining ANNs with fuzzy logic, sometimes known as neuro-fuzzy
systems, is an effective design strategy for systems that must be both
interpretable and able to learn (Zaheeruddin and Garima, 2006). ANNs
can be integrated with fuzzy inference systems in a variety of ways. The
objective of a neuro-fuzzy system is to use learning strategies obtained
from neural networks to establish the parameters of a fuzzy system,
allowing for a more accurate and flexible modeling of complex systems
(Nauck et al., 1997). Jang’s Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems
(ANFIS) model combines the learning capabilities of neural networks
with the interpretability of fuzzy logic, resulting in a powerful modeling
tool (Çakıt and Karwowski, 2017a; Çakıt et al., 2020). One of the key
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
Fig. 4. Illustration of an ANN.
advantages of ANFIS is its ability to automatically generate a set of fuzzy
if-then rules with appropriate membership functions (Jang, 1993). Fig. 5
depicts the layer structure of ANFIS.
3.4. Genetic algorithms (GA)
The “survival of the fittest” principle is the basis of the genetic al­
gorithms (GA), which is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm
that mimics Darwin’s theory of evolution (Holland, 1975). According to
the definition by Koza (1992), “the genetic algorithm is a highly parallel
mathematical algorithm that transforms a solution set, each with an associ­
ated fitness value, into a new population using operations patterned after the
Darwinian principle of reproduction and survival of the fittest and after
naturally occurring genetic operations.” Over the past decade, the ability
to apply GA to real-world problems has tremendously improved. The GA
is a powerful optimization tool that has been widely used in various
fields, including engineering, computer science, and finance. In later
sections, GA have been successfully applied in the field of ergonomics
and human factors.
4. Key findings regarding soft computing applications in
ergonomics and human factors
Based on our search results, we compiled data on the number of
articles published in the field of ergonomics/human factors with soft
computing techniques from January 2013 to December 2022. According
to the data presented below (Fig. 6), the number of publications on soft
computing techniques substantially increased, particularly in
2021–2022. The number of publications included in the study increased
from 9 in 2020 to 14 in 2021 and 23 in 2022. Thus, soft computing
Fig. 5. ANFIS model structure (after Jang et al., 1997).
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Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
Fig. 6. Number of included articles per year (n = 104).
techniques are growing in popularity as a method to handle various
problems in the HFE field. Specifically, a total of forty-four published
papers focus on applications of fuzzy logic in HFE. Table 2 includes
author names in alphabetical order, publication years, methods, study
objectives, and application areas. The table provides an overview of the
general structure and nature of the components contributing to fuzzy
logic explorations in human factors research.
Over the last ten years, various types of soft computing approaches
have been distributed as follows: 44 studies apply fuzzy logic techniques
(42%), 31 (30%) studies conduct the applications of artificial neural
networks, 8 (8%) studies are related to neuro-fuzzy systems, 9 (9%)
studies concern genetic algorithms, and 12 (11%) studies perform
hybrid techniques (Fig. 7).
A summary of the thirty-one applications of ANNs in the field of HFE
is presented in Table 3, including author names in alphabetical order,
publication years, methods, study objectives, and application areas. The
table also provides an overview of the structure and nature of the
components contributing to ANNs applications in ergonomics/human
factors.
Table 4 presents a summary of the applications of neuro-fuzzy
techniques to HFE, including author names in alphabetical order, pub­
lication years, methods, study objectives, and application areas. The
table also provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and na­
ture of the components that contribute to neuro-fuzzy techniques in
human factors/ergonomics.
Nine applications of genetic algorithms are described in Table 5,
including author names in alphabetical order, publication years,
methods, study objectives, and application areas. The table provides a
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132

Table 2
Fuzzy logic applications in the field of ergonomics/human factors (n = 44).
Authors, year Method Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Adem (2022) Fuzzy decision Make just in time compatible Green ergonomics Global Weights Preventing carbon emission (0.645) is the
analysis with the green ergonomics and sustainability most critical measure group to be taken to
concept make the JIT compatible with green
ergonomics
Adem et al. (2022a) Fuzzy decision Analyze design principles for Green ergonomics Global Weights Among the sub-principles, “using indigenous
analysis green ergonomics and sustainability raw materials, knowledge, and expertise” is
determined as the most important one.
Adem et al. (2022b) Fuzzy decision Rank distance learning Human-machine Global Weights The most important criterion was “the
analysis platforms according to systems possibility of causing mental workload”.
human–computer interaction
criteria
Adeyemi et al. (2016) Fuzzy linguistic Predict work-related WMSDs and RMSE RMSE level of 1.61 provided a very
model discomfort assessing human respectable result for the model performance
postures
Adeyemi et al. (2015) Fuzzy inference Investigate the risk Manual material Linguistic and crisp The result of Spearman’s correlation, which
system associated with single-task handling output examines if there is a statistically significant
manual lifting difference between the newly constructed
expert system and the current one, is nearly
perfect with a coefficient of 0.97.
Ahmadi et al. (2017) Fuzzy decision Prioritize ergonomic WMSDs and Priority vector The most significant criteria is “safety” with a
analysis checkpoints assessing human relative weight of 0.3823.
postures
Alessio et al. (2022) Fuzzy inference Classify tasks efficiently and Work and task Linguistic and crisp The results of the suggested task
system optimize the collaboration design output classification approach align with the
between humans and robots specified specifications and requirements.
Aras et al. (2014) Fuzzy logic Introduce a novel risk WMSDs and Linguistic and crisp Risk results change between 19.84 and 34.41
assessment model assessing human output
postures
Asadzadeh et al. (2013) Fuzzy cognitive Analyze and assess the Occupational A leading indicator Increasing the level of awareness of hazards
maps integrated HSEE health and safety of injury rate in the workplace can lead to increased staff
preparedness and readiness when
encountering incidents, which can ultimately
result in a lower rate of injury.
Ayyildiz and Taskin Fuzzy decision Propose a novel distance Occupational Factor weights The most significant main factor for distance
Gumus (2021) analysis learning ergonomics health and safety learning ergonomics during Covid-19 was
checklist specified as“Psychosocial Health and Sa-
tisfaction,“with an importance weight of
0.2416.
Azadeh and Moradi Fuzzy decision Optimize the flow shop Work and task Priority weights The results indicate that the proposed
(2014) analysis facility layout design design algorithm is a comprehensive and accurate
problem with safety and approach with respect to safety and
ergonomics variables ergonomics indicators
Chen et al. (2019) Fuzzy Assess mental workload Assessment of Correlation The results revealed that the fuzzy
comprehensive physical and mental coefficient comprehensive assessment score is
evaluation theory workload substantially connected with the NASA-TLX
score (r = 0.492, p = 0.02), task speed (r =
0.615, p 0.01), and the majority of eye
response data.
Chihara et al. (2014) Fuzzy numbers Formulate the relationship Manual material Average absolute The average absolute error of ten subjects
between subjective handling error was found as 4.78
discomfort and the joint
moment ratio
Contreras-Valenzuela Fuzzy inference Assess risk factors associated Manual material Linguistic and crisp From the comparison with fuzzy logic
et al. (2022) system with manual material handling output interface, only three evaluations (0.02%)
handling differed with respect to the expected results.
Eraslan et al. (2016) Fuzzy decision Assess mental workload Assessment of Risk score The red and orange zones represent all
analysis physical and mental academic employees. Administrative workers
workload control 76.5% of the yellow zone and 23.5%
of the green zone. Technical personnel own
56,25% of the green zone.
Geng et al. (2013) Intuitionistic fuzzy Assess the ergonomics of a Human-machine Ranking score The best design in terms of performance is x1.
sets cockpit display systems
Golabchi et al. (2016) Fuzzy logic Account for perceptual gaps WMSDs and Correlation The findings of the RULA and Fuzzy RULA
in discriminating between assessing human coefficient are determined to have a correlation
human postures postures coefficient of 0.832.
Gul (2019) Fuzzy logic Evaluate ergonomic design Work and task The total-relation The largest impact on ergonomic design
for an emergency department design fuzzy matrix ergonomic design has been observed by
“A35: Determination of all door widths in the
ED at least 1.5 m” (2.15)
Juang and Ni (2022) Fuzzy logic Classify human postures WMSDs and Classification rate The experimental results suggest that the
assessing human method proposed by the authors
postures outperformed the alternative methods in
terms of classification accuracy.
(continued on next page)

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Table 2 (continued )
Authors, year Method Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Khandan et al. (2017) Fuzzy decision Prioritize corrective WMSDs and Relative closeness Results show that the Leher shop (0.363) was
analysis activities in manufacturing assessing human the first saloon that required interventions in
postures order to improve ergonomic conditions.
Lin et al. (2019) Fuzzy decision Evaluate product Green ergonomics Criteria priority The defuzzified values for all of the
analysis sustainability and sustainability components, which range from 0.625 to
0.875, indicate that all of them are significant
influencing factors in the production of
sustainable products.
Liu et al. (2021) Intuitionistic fuzzy Improve the ergonomics of Human-machine Ranking vector When there are more than 16 experts, the
evaluation method cockpit display design systems range in intuitionistic fuzzy value is already
modest. When the number of experts exceeds
22, the estimated findings remain steady.
Liu et al. (2016) Fuzzy logic Classify lower body shapes WMSDs and Linguistic and crisp According to the findings, the fuzzy approach
assessing human output of body classification may describe body
postures information more correctly than the
traditional method.
Malakoutikhah et al. Fuzzy best-worst Quantify the workload Assessment of The mean of correct The Fuzzy based-NASA-TLX
(2021a) approach physical and mental responses questionnaireused for estimating scores and
workload making was more realistic about the
workload in the task under study
Malakoutikhah et al. Fuzzy logic Predict relevant factors WMSDs and Linguistic and crisp The fuzzy model demonstrated23.8%
(2021b) affecting MSDs assessing human output predictabilityfor the actual data of the study
postures
Maldonado et al. (2013) Hierarchical fuzzy Evaluate the ergonomic Work and task The total weighted The alternative which has the minimum
axiomatic design compatibility of advanced design ergonomic ergonomic incompatibility is chosen as the
technique manufacturing technologies incompatibility best selection
Maldonado-Macías Fuzzy decision Evaluate modern Human-machine Relative closeness The best alternative is the one with highest
et al. (2014) analysis manufacturing technologies systems coefficient closeness coefficient value.
in terms of ergonomic
compatibility features
Mistarihi et al. (2020) Fuzzy decision Assess the value of technical Work and task Relative degree of The most important factor, with an overall
analysis attributes for wheelchair design importance significance weight of 0.43, is the material’s
design quality.
Mouzé-Amady et al. Qualitative fuzzy Measure mental workload Assessment of Linguistic and crisp The coefficients show a relative good
(2013) integrals physical and mental output reliability (0.70) of the Fuzzy-TLX
workload
Oluwole et al. (2016) Fuzzy-based expert Forecast the risk of WMSDs and Linguistic and crisp The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient
system discomfort intensity during assessing human output between the WSRP and Pain Intensity
jobs involving shoveling postures Prediction Expert System was found to be
0.70
Ozdemir et al. (2021) Fuzzy model Design assembly lines while Ergonomics in Objective function The study found that the largest objective
considering ergonomic risks. assembly lines function value is obtained when the objective
of minimum cycle time is given a higher
weight (0.99).
Pancardo et al. (2018) Fuzzy logic Classify perceived exertion in Assessment of Linguistic and crisp Matching percentages for sweeping, cleaning
workplaces physical and mental output windows, and stacking chairs were 75%,
workload 75%, and 80%, respectively, according to the
fuzzy customized Chamoux-based technique.
Rathore et al. (2022) Fuzzy-based Improve workers’ health and Occupational Lean performance The fuzzy-based technology reduced lead
ergonomic-value safety health and safety indicators time by 17.73%, which helped to increase
stream mapping tool operational effectiveness.
Rathore (2021) Fuzzy Delphi Prioritize enablers to WMSDs and Criteria priority With the aid of the fuzzy Delphi technique,
method implement ergonomics assessing human 16 facilitators of ergonomics intervention
intervention practices postures practices were filtered from the list of 19 that
were found through the literature study.
Satapathy et al. (2018) Fuzzy decision Rank workers by studying WMSDs and Criteria priority The evaluation criteria are mainly divided
analysis their body parts and body assessing human into body movement and body parts
movement postures
Savino et al. (2017) Fuzzy logic Develop a new fuzzy-based WMSDs and Partial Ergonomic Based on the proposed approach, the fuzzy
full-body postural assessment assessing human Score engine highlights the highest criticalities of
tool postures the elementary operations through IcUL
values
Tang et al. (2018) Fuzzy expert system Propose an integrative safety Occupational Linguistic and crisp The outputs did not show a significant
performance evaluation health and safety output difference in terms of R-squared values
framework (0.89).
Upadhyay et al. (2021) Fuzzy decision Analyze ergonomics-related WMSDs and Criteria priority “Psychosocial disorders” have been ranked
analysis disorders assessing human the first position (with priority 0.456)
postures
Valipour et al. (2022) Fuzzy C-Means and Address Health, Safety, and Occupational The weight of risk “S” and “O” were chosen as the best and
Fuzzy Best-Worst Environment risks health and safety factors worst risk factors, respectively.
Method
Vijayakumar and Multigrade fuzzy Determine the human factor Human-machine Human factor index A multigrade fuzzy method was used to
Robert (2022) approach index systems calculate a human factor index of 7.86.
(continued on next page)

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Table 2 (continued )
Authors, year Method Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Wang et al. (2021) 3D fuzzy ergonomic Accurately quantify WMSDs and RMSE Average decreases of 2.49% and 6.43% in
risk analysis ergonomic risks of assessing human RMSE for REBA and RULA respectively.
continuous motion postures
Yan et al. (2022) Fuzzy model Assess the mental workload Assessment of Fuzzy evaluation The mental workload is at a “normal” level,
of ship operators physical and mental score with a fuzzy assessment score of 2.844.
workload
Zhang et al. (2017) Fuzzy based Identify mental workload Assessment of Classification The maximum classification accuracy for
approach physical and mental accuracy both the KNN and SVM was 99.55%.
workload
Zhai et al. (2022) Fuzzy model Evaluate work efficiency in a Environmental Work efficiency The work efficiency of different individuals
demanding thermal-radiation Ergonomics index weight can indeed vary significantly when exposed
environment to a high-temperature heat-radiation
environment

*RMSE: Root mean square error.

Fig. 7. Distribution of various categories of soft computing techniques over the past decade.

comprehensive overview of the structure and nature of the components
that contribute to genetic algorithm applications in ergonomics/human
factors.
Various soft computing approaches, such as fuzzy logic, ANNs, ge­
netic algorithms, and their combinations, have been used to assess the
ability of soft computing methods and techniques to address different
HFE challenges. Twelve applications using combined soft computing
techniques are highlighted in Table 6, which includes author names in
alphabetical order, publication years, methods, study objectives, and
application areas. The table provides an overview of the structure and
nature of the components that contribute to combined soft computing
techniques in HFE.
As previously stated, the application areas of soft computing include
work-related musculoskeletal disorders and assessment of human pos­
tures; assessment of physical and mental workload; occupational health
and safety; manual material handling; work and task design; human-
machine systems; environmental ergonomics; green ergonomics and
sustainability; and ergonomics in assembly lines. The distribution of the
main application areas across studies was as follows: 30 studies focus on
work-related musculoskeletal disorders and assessing human postures
(29%), 16 (15%) studies evaluate physical and mental workload, 13
(12%) studies are related to occupational health and safety, 12 (12%)
studies concern manual material handling, 12 (11%) studies address
work and task design, 8 (8%) studies on investigate human-machine
systems, 6 (6%) studies consider issues related to environmental ergo­
nomics, 3 (3%) studies discuss green ergonomics and sustainability, and
4 (4%) studies evaluate the design of assembly lines (Fig. 8).
The selected papers were published in 70 journals. Applied Ergo­
nomics and the Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
published the most articles (n = 6). These were followed by the Indus­
trial Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (n = 5), the Journal of Biome­
chanics (n = 4), Sustainability (n = 4), Ergonomics (n = 3), Human
Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries (n = 3),
Safety Science (n = 3), and the International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology (n = 3). Table 7 shows the 15 journals that
published at least two articles on soft computing applications in the HFE
field between January 2013 and December 2022.
The significant keyword network illustration is shown in Fig. 9. The
presented cloud map displays the keyword frequency and its relation­
ship to the other keywords. Every phrase in the network is represented
by a circle whose size corresponds to the number of publications in
which the word appears. The thickness of the connections indicates the

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E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132

Table 3
Applications of ANNs in the field of ergonomics/human factors (n = 31).
Authors, Year Method Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Abobakr et al. Deep convolutional Predict body joint angles WMSDs and MAE MAE of 3.19 and a RULA grand score
(2019) neural network assessing human prediction accuracy of 89%
postures
Antwi-Afari et al. ANNs Detect and classify awkward WMSDs and Classifier performance Classification performance with an accuracy
(2018) working postures assessing human accuracy (%) of 99.70%
postures
Asadi et al. (2020) Deep neural Detect isometric grip exertions WMSDs and Classifier performance For two- and three-level classifications, the
network classifier assessing human accuracy (%) Deep Neural Network classifier performed
postures the best, with 96% and 87% accuracy,
respectively.
Bhuiyan and ANNs Develop ergonomic furniture Work and task MAPE MAPE value was calculated as 12.38
Hossain (2015) design
Çakıt et al. (2015) ANNs Examine the relationship Manual material MAE, RMSE, R2 MAE, RMSE and R2 values are calculated as
between grip strength and hand handling 3.21, 3.84 and 0.85
anthropometry
Dasgupta and Nag ANNs Investigate correlations among Environmental Overall R2 and adjusted In comparison to the overall MSE value of
(2020) environmental parameters ergonomics R2, MSE 0.0072, the overall R2 and adjusted R2 values
for ANN model 1 were as high as 0.9999 and
0.9996, respectively.
Di Angelo and Di ANNs Predict upper trunk posture WMSDs and Error percentage The maximum error does not exceed 2.4% of
Stefano (2017) assessing human the inclination angle dimension
postures
Escobar-Linero ANN-based Understand the relationship Assessment of Classification accuracy With an accuracy rate above 92%, proposed
et al. (2022) classifier system between physical activity and physical and mental (%) model is demonstrating its ability to
fatigue workload accurately classify the variation of physical
fatigue based on the collected physical
activity data.
Fan et al. (2022) EEG-TNet, a new Estimate mental workload Assessment of Estimation accuracy(%) Both the dual-task estimation accuracy (No
neural network physical and mental task vs. TASK) and the triple-task estimation
structure workload accuracy are 99.82 and 99.21%, respectively.
Gholipour and ANNs Predict 3D spinal posture in WMSDs and RMSE, coefficient of Root-mean-squared-error(RMSE) < 11◦ and
Arjmand (2016) reaching and lifting activities assessing human determination coefficient-of-determination (R2) >40.95
postures
Hernandez et al. ANNs Predict the force feasible set for WMSDs and Coefficient of ANNs can predict with high values of
(2018) a wide range of postures of the assessing human determination coefficient of determination (R2) >0.89
upper limb postures between the true and predicted data.
Hokmabadi and ANNs Predict factors affecting WMSDs and Coefficient of The chair had the highest correlation with
Sepehr (2021) musculoskeletal disorders in assessing human determination the ROSA score (R2 = 0.46), followed by
computer users postures telephone-monitor (R2 = 0.43) and mouse-
keyboard (R2 = 0.42).
Hu et al. (2018) Deep neural Recognize chronic low back WMSDs and Overall accuracy, Deep neural networks were shown to be
networks pain assessing human precision capable of recognizing low back pain
postures populations with precision of up to 97.2%
and recall of up to 97.2%.
Ismaila et al. ANNs Obtain the palm surface area Work and task p-value The estimated values from the models were
(2016) design not significantly different from the research
values (p = 0.000).
Jain et al. (2019) ANNs Predict pulling force values Manual material RMSD The RMSD value for the ANN model, which is
handling better than the results of the regression
model, was lower when the projected value
of the various subgroups of pulling force data
at the waist handle height was used (68.2 N
vs 104.1 N).
La Delfa and ANNs Predict manual arm strength Manual material Root mean square The ANN predictions had a lower RMSD (9.3
Potvin (2016) data handling difference(RMSD) N vs. 17.2 N), vs. the regression model.
La Delfa and ANNs Predict manual arm strength Manual material Coefficient of The “arm force field” method predicted the
Potvin (2017) data handling determination, Root manual arm strength values very well (r2 =
mean square difference 0.97, RMSD = 5.2 N, n = 456) and
(RMSD) maintained good generalizability with
external test data (r2 = 0.842, RMSD = 13.1
N, n = 80).
Li et al. (2021) ANNs Predict lifting posture WMSDs and RMSE The outcomes demonstrate that a generative
assessing human model may predict postures with a
postures respectable level of accuracy and validity
(RMSE of coordinates = 0.049 m; RMSE of
joint angles = 19.58◦ )
Lin et al. (2022) ANNs Assess mental workload Human-machine Coefficient of The actual output value and target output
systems determination value are very close (r2 = 0.99)
Mehrizi et al. Deep neural Estimate 3D pose during lifting Manual material Euclidean distance On the whole dataset, the average Euclidean
(2019) networks handling separation between the calculated 3D
posture and reference (3D pose error) was
14.72 2.96 mm.
(continued on next page)

8
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132

Table 3 (continued )
Authors, Year Method Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Mohseni et al. ANNs Predict human posture Manual material RMSE Results show that the RMSE of the new
(2022) handling ANNPosture, ANNAngle, and ANNMoment
decreased by, respectively, 43%, 10%, and
29%.
Ogundokun et al. Convolutional Classify human posture image WMSDs and Accuracy The suggested models’ accuracy on AlexNet,
(2022) neural networks assessing human VGG16, CNN, and MLP was 91.2%, 90.2%,
postures 87.5%, and 89.9%, respectively.
Umer et al. (2022) ANNs Monitor physical exertion Manual material RMSE ANN regression had the lowest root mean
handling square error (1.651), while ensemble
classifiers had accuracy ranges from 64 to 81
percent
Ushada et al. ANNs Forecast workstation Environmental RMSE The RMSEs of the training and validation
(2017) temperature set point ergonomics data were 0.081 and 0.086, respectively.
Wang et al. (2020) ANNs Assess relationships among Environmental Average error rate The average error rate between the
environmental parameters ergonomics developed BP neural network model’s
prediction of visual comfort and the actual
subjective rating is 3.82%.
Wang et al. (2016) ANNs Estimate wrist rotation angles Manual material Adjustment error The maximum adjustment error of the system
handling after testing is 5.378%
Webber et al. Probabilistic neural Present the design of a gesture Human-machine Categorization accuracy The probabilistic neural network algorithm
(2022) network recognition system specifically systems achieved a classification accuracy of 73%
tailored for light when categorizing hand gestures.
communication systems.
Yang et al. (2022) ANNs Predict relationships between Environmental Coefficient of According to the four performance criteria,
visual ergonomics and ergonomics determination, MRE, the prediction performance of extreme
operation efficiency MSE, MAE learning machine (MRE 5.046, MSE 494.6,
MAE 0.051, R2 = 92.24%) model was always
better than that of BPNN model (MRE 5.52,
MSE 772.3, MAE 0.055, R2 = 87.18%)
Zhao and Obonyo Deep neural Assess ergonomics risk with a WMSDs and Macro F1 Score The Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory
(2021) networks posture recognition model assessing human model with “shallow” (up to two)
postures convolutional layers achieved high
recognition performance (Macro F1 Score)
under personalized (0.87) and generalized
(0.84) modeling.
Zhao and Obonyo Deep neural Recognize construction WMSDs and Macro F1 Score Macro F1 Score between 0.83 and 0.85
(2020) networks workers’ postures assessing human
postures
Zhao et al. (2019) ANNs Demonstrate relationships Work and task RMSE The model explained 99% of the variance in
between various seat pitches design overall comfort index with the RMSE of
and overall comfort index 0.1255.

*RMSE: Root mean square error; MSE: Mean square error; MAE: Mean absolute error; MRE: Mean relative error; RMSD: Root mean square difference.
MAE: Mean absolute error; MAPE: Mean absolute percentage error.

Table 4
Neuro-fuzzy applications in the field of ergonomics/human factors (n = 8).
Authors, Year Method Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Azadeh et al. (2014) ANFIS Measure human performance with respect to job Occupational health and safety MAPE 0.19
security and HSEE factors
Azadeh et al. (2013b) ANFIS Evaluate operators’ stress levels with respect to Occupational health and safety MAPE 0.18
HSEE
Azadeh et al. (2015) ANFIS Propose an ANFIS for assessment of HSEE programs Occupational health and safety MAPE 0.27
Kolus et al. (2016) ANFIS Classify work rate Assessment of physical and Accuracy 93.7%
mental workload (percentage)
Kolus et al. (2015) ANFIS Predict oxygen consumption Assessment of physical and MAPE 20.06
mental workload
Kolus et al. (2014) ANFIS Estimate oxygen consumption Assessment of physical and MAPE 8.21
mental workload
Çakıt and Karwowski ANFIS Estimate normalized electromyography responses WMSDs and assessing human MAPE 1.43
(2017) postures
Mousavi et al. (2020) Neuro-fuzzy Forecast stresses on the L5-S discs WMSDs and assessing human Error (percentage) Min-Max
approach postures (3.1–19.1%)

*MAPE: Mean Absolute Percentage Error.

approximate strength of the relationships. Each color represents a
collection of terms grouped into clusters.
Based on the analysis of 104 articles, a total of 708 keywords were
identified. Of these, 448 words appeared only once, thus resulting in a
63.3% prevalence rate. Another 25 keywords appeared more than four
times, thus resulting in a 3.53% prevalence. The keywords “ergo­
nomics,” “model,” “musculoskeletal disorders,” “design,” “safety,”
“work,” and “fuzzy logic” appeared more than ten times. The keyword
“ergonomics” occurred in 27 articles and was used most often to sum­
marize the analyzed articles’ main subject. The keyword “ergonomics”

9
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132

Table 5
Applications of GA in the field of ergonomics/human factors (n = 9).
Authors, Year Method Aim Application area Performance parameters Accuracy

Chen et al. GA Minimize cognitive friction Assessment of Affordance based GA developed solutions of better perceived quality
(2022) physical and mental interactive genetic overall
workload algorithm (ABIGA)
parameters
Liao and Choe GA Assess keyboard layout options on Work and task Layout score The layout received an acceptable overall score of
(2013) the basis of on ergonomic factors design 1.73, which is 43.2% higher than the QWERTY layout
(3.05) and 51.2% better than a randomly generated
pattern (3.55).
Poirson and GA Estimate the anthropometry of male Work and task Percentage of accurate Popliteal height (98.6%),buttock-popliteal length
Parkinson pilots design prediction (98.5%),seated acromial height (98.4%),and seated
(2014) hip breadth (98.7%)
Ahmed et al. GA Identify the effects of design Work and task Mean difference The surrogate model and digital human modeling
(2021) variables on human performance design groups had mean differences of 0.11 and 0.644,
respectively.
Dalle Mura and GA Resolve the typical assembly line Ergonomics in Fitness value The solution with the best fitness value, equal to 0.83,
Dini (2022) balance problem while accounting assembly lines was chosen because it was extremely near to the
for human-robot collaboration maximum value of 1, indicating that both objectives
of the issue were met.
Barathwaj GA Minimize the number of Ergonomics in GA parameters The total assembly time for a single product is
et al. (2015) workstations and workload index assembly lines decreased from 18 min to 13 min.
Rout et al. GA Predict optimal posture of human WMSDs and GA parameters RULA score was improved from 7 to 4 and 6 to 3 for
(2022) upper body motions assessing human subject 1 and subject 2 respectively.
postures
Dalle Mura and GA Solve the assembly line balance Ergonomics in Fitness value The algorithm’s solution yielded the best fitness
Dini (2019) problem assembly lines value, 0.765.
Harari et al. GA Develop a manual material handling Manual material GA parameters The results show that the new formulation of the
(2019) task design handling optimization problem improved the predicted
productivity by 105%

Table 6
Application of combined techniques in the field of ergonomics/human factors (n = 12).
Authors, Year Methods Aim Application area Performance Accuracy
parameters

Azadeh et al. ANFIS and ANN Optimize demographic aspects Occupational health MAPE The ANN model has lower relative error than
(2013c) of integrated HSEE-ISO and safety conventional regression and ANFIS
systems approaches.
Azadeh et al. ANFIS and ANN Estimate mental workload Assessment of MAPE The results concluded that ANN provides better
(2013a) physical and mental solutions than ANFIS.
workload
Ushada et al. Genetic algorithm and Develop an intelligent Environmental Incentive It is suggested that 84.4% of workers receive an
(2019) fuzzy inference incentive model based on ergonomics percentage incentive, whereas 15.6% do not.
modeling environmental ergonomics
Wang et al. (2022) Fuzzy pattern Classify and forecast drivers’ Assessment of Recognition In terms of recognition accuracy, low mental
recognition algorithm mental workload physical and mental accuracy rate effort has a rate of 99.71%, while high mental
and genetic algorithm workload strain has a rate of 93.94%.
Ghasemi and Fuzzy sets and Bayesian Perform a new scoring method WMSDs and Risk score Compared with traditional approaches, the
Mahdavi (2020) networks for REBA called FBnREBA assessing human novel scoring system built using fuzzy set
postures theory and BN was more responsive to changes
in input variables.
Azadeh and Zarrin ANFIS and genetic Assess productivity according Occupational health MAPE MAPE is calculated as 0.0537 using the ANFIS-
(2016) algorithm to HSEE factors and safety genetic algorithm structure
Teoh and ELANFIS, particle swarm Forecast mental workload Assessment of MSE, RMSE The recommended model yields good
Keikhosrokiani optimization and genetic physical and mental prediction results, with improvements of
(2021) algorithm workload 6.0665 in the Mean Squared Error (MSE) and
1.279 in the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE).
Amalnick and ANFIS and fuzzy Evaluate performance Occupational health Correlation The findings show that FDEA is the preferred
Zarrin (2017) decision-making according to HSEE factors and safety coefficient model because to its resilience in coping with
the introduced noise. (r = 0.801)
Yang et al. (2021) ANN and SVM Determine a relationship Work and task design MRE The MRE of the SVM model was 64.3%,
between design features and whereas the BPNN model had a MRE of 78.1%.
system usability
Taghi-Molla et al. Bayesian network–ANN Enhance safety Occupational health R2, RMSE In this study, 0.92 and 2.7 are calculated values
(2020) approach and safety for the R2 and RMSE indices, which
demonstrate the validity of the suggested
model.
Deng et al. (2016) Genetic algorithm and Design layout of human Human-machine The value of The value of the optimal layout scheme is
ant colony algorithm machine interaction systems layout scheme 2.822.
González Fuentes Genetic algorithm with Predict the number of days of Occupational health R2, RMSE The average value of the R2 was 74.26%. The
et al. (2020) multivariate adaptive absence from work due to and safety RMSE average value was 27.51
regression splines health-related leave among
workers

10
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
Fig. 8. Number of articles per application area (expressed in percentages).
was followed by “model,” with 20 occurrences, and “musculoskeletal
disorders” and “design,” with 11 events.
5. Soft computing studies on ergonomics and human factors
5.1. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and assessment of human
postures
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a group of
painful and debilitating conditions that affect the muscles, tendons,
ligaments, and nerves of the body. These disorders are caused or
aggravated by work-related activities, such as repetitive motions,
awkward postures, and forceful exertions. WMSDs are increasingly
acknowledged as major occupational health issues that can have a sig­
nificant impact on workers’ quality of life and productivity (Karwowski
and Marras, 1997). Several studies addressing risk factors of
ergonomics-related disorders have been conducted. Upadhyay et al.
(2021) have used the fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) tech­
nique to investigate ergonomics-related illnesses, such as afflictive,
specific, psychosocial, and chronic disorders in online education. In
their study at an Iranian steel plant, Malakoutikhah et al. (2021b) uti­
lized fuzzy logic to predict the factors that influence MSDs. They
analyzed factors such as occupational stress, work-family conflict, gen­
eral health, and postural work in order to identify their impact on MSDs.
Recently, Hokmabadi and Sepehr (2021) implemented a neural network
method to analyze posture; examine MSDs; and determine, weigh, and
prioritize risk variables among computer users. The chair, telephone
monitor, and mouse-keyboard had the highest weights among the var­
iables affecting MSDs in computer users based on neural network al­
gorithm priority. To predict work-related discomfort in sand shoveling,
Adeyemi et al. (2016) developed a fuzzy linguistic model. In a study
conducted by Hu et al. (2018), deep neural networks were used to
recognize populations with chronic low back pain based on their human
balance and body sway performance during standing trials. Oluwole
et al. (2016) have developed a fuzzy-based expert system to forecast the
risk of discomfort intensity during jobs involving shoveling. Despite
being a significant cause of musculoskeletal injuries, forceful exertions
are challenging to quantify in real workplace settings. To detect iso­
metric grip exertion, Asadi et al. (2020) developed a deep neural
network classifier using wearable photoplethysmograms and face video
recordings.
Four primary categories of methods and procedures have been used
for determining the risk of WMSDs: direct or instrumental approaches,
11
Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
video recording and computer-assisted analyses; self-reported assess­
ment tools; and pen and paper observational methods (Li and Buckle,
1999). The most common observational techniques involve pen and
paper because this approach is rapid, simple, affordable, and requires
little training. Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) (Hignett and
McAtamney, 2000), Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) (McAtamney
and Corlett, 1993), and Ovako Working Analysis System (OWAS) (Karhu
et al., 1977) are among the most commonly used pen and paper obser­
vational approaches. To address the apparent shortcomings of the con­
ventional REBA approach, Ghasemi and Mahdavi (2020) developed
FBnREBA, a novel scoring technique for REBA that uses fuzzy sets and
Bayesian network methods. According to the authors, FBnREBA is more
responsive to changes in WMSD risk variables than REBA. Aras et al.
(2014) have introduced a novel risk assessment model based on the
fuzzy logic technique. Khandan et al. (2017) have prioritized corrective
tasks in an Iranian manufacturing firm using the Assessment of Repeti­
tive Tasks (ART) of the upper limbs, integrated with Fuzzy TOPSIS.
WMSDs are typically the result of multifactorial processes that
involve multiple risk factors. These risk factors can include working
posture, repeated and forceful activities, and static muscular stress,
among others. The complexity of these risk factors and the interactions
between them can make it difficult to identify and prevent WMSDs in the
workplace (Kroemer, 1989; Kumar, 2001). Various methods have been
applied in many articles to measure posture and assess potential risk
factors for WMSDs (Marras and Karwowski, 2021a,b). For instance,
Satapathy et al. (2018) used a fuzzy-AHP technique to rank workers by
studying their body parts and movement. Savino et al. (2017) have
developed a new tool for evaluating full-body posture using a
fuzzy-based approach. This tool takes into account the complex and
dynamic nature of human posture, which can vary depending on a va­
riety of factors such as body position, movement, and external load. The
fuzzy approach used by Liu et al. (2016) takes into account the impre­
cision and uncertainty inherent in body shape classification, by using
fuzzy triangular numbers to represent the range of each body mea­
surement. They have concluded that the fuzzy approach of body clas­
sification reflects body information more correctly than the
conventional method without expanding the number of body categories.
Wang et al. (2021) have suggested an automated proactive 3D fuzzy
ergonomic risk analysis approach for rapid workplace design and
adjustment, which properly estimates ergonomic hazards of continuous
motions. Çakıt and Karwowski (2017b) have proposed an ANFIS tech­
nique to estimate normalized electromyography responses, with de­
mographic data such as population, gender, ethnicity, age, height,
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
Table 7
Number of included articles (n = 104) by journal.
Rank Journal
1 Applied Ergonomics
1 Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
2 Industrial Journal of Industrial Ergonomics
3 Journal of Biomechanics
Sustainability
4 Ergonomics
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries
Safety Science
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
5 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems
Advanced Engineering Informatics
Automation in Construction
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
Neural Computing & Applications
6 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Applied Intelligence
Applied Sciences-Basel
Applied Soft Computing
Canadian Journal Of Civil Engineering
Cirp Journal Of Manufacturing Science And Technology
Cogent Engineering
Cognition Technology & Work
Computer Methods And Programs In Biomedicine
Computer Methods In Biomechanics And Biomedical Engineering
Computer-Aided Design And Applications
Computers & Industrial Engineering
Concurrent Engineering-Research And Applications
Electronics
Energies
Expert Systems with Applications
Frontiers In Neuroscience
Global Business Review
Health Policy and Technology
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
International Arab Journal of Information Technology
International Archives of Health Sciences
International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health
International Journal of Environmental Science And Technology
International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
International Journal of Industrial Engineering-Theory Applications
And Practice
International Journal of Interactive Design And Manufacturing
International Journal of Production Economics
International Journal of System Assurance Engineering And
Management
International Journal of Technology
International Journal of Business Excellence
International Journal of Industrial And Systems Engineering
Journal of Central South University
Journal of Engineering And Technological Sciences
Journal of Engineering Design
Journal of Engineering Design And Technology
Journal of Health And Safety At Work
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing
Journal of Manipulative And Physiological Therapeutics
Journal of Marine Science And Engineering
Journal of Mechanical Science And Technology
Journal of Systems Engineering And Electronics
Journal of The Balkan Tribological Association
Mathematical Problems In Engineering
Mindanao Journal Of Science And Technology
Mobile Information Systems
Neural Network World
Nuclear Engineering And Technology
Production Planning & Control
Robotics And Autonomous Systems
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
Sustainable Cities And Society
Tehnicki Vjesnik-Technical Gazette
Work-A Journal Of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation
Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
weight, posture, and muscle groups serving as independent variables.
The experimental findings have indicated that ANFIS has superior pre­
n dictive accuracy to linear regression. Zhao and Obonyo (2021) have
introduced an incremental deep neural network model to study incre­
6
6 mental learning, in which trained recognition models continually learn
5 new postures from incoming participants while regulating the forgetting
4 of known postures.
4 Soft computing techniques have superior characteristics to regres­
3
3
sion analysis in terms of prediction. Good predicted anthropometric data
3 are useful for specifying the physical dimension of products and better
3 design of comfortable body postures. Spinal posture, comprising thorax/
2 pelvis orientations and intervertebral disc stresses, is an important
2
component in biomechanical models and ergonomics for assessing the
2
2 risk of low back injury.
2 To forecast stresses on the L5-S discs, and the orientations of the
2 thorax and pelvis, during various static activities, Mousavi et al. (2020)
1 have designed an intuitive and precise tool using a neuro-fuzzy
1
1
approach. The suggested method has shown promising performance
1 on the basis of the comparison of anticipated and target values. Di
1 Angelo and Di Stefano (2017) have proposed a neural network model
1 integrating the kinematic model of the spine with knowledge regarding
1
human postures, which accurately predicted the upper trunk posture of
1
1 real video terminal operators. The ability of ANNs to forecast the
1 three-dimensional position of the spine during diverse activities has
1 been evaluated by Gholipour and Arjmand (2016). The study’s findings
1 have enabled more precise prediction of spinal position during 2D and
1
3D reaching and lifting exercises.
1
1 A deep convolutional neural network and a semi-automated holistic
1 ergonomic posture assessment system have been applied by Abobakr
1 et al. (2019) to predict body joint angles from a single depth image.
1
Hernandez et al. (2018) have examined whether ANNs can generalize
1
1 the force feasible set from musculoskeletal models for various
1 upper-limb postures. Golabchi et al. (2016) applied the fuzzy logic
1 model to assess the ergonomic quality of different postures, taking into
1 account factors such as joint angles, muscle activation, and discomfort
1
level. The model was also able to account for individual differences in
1
1 perception and adapt to different evaluation scenarios. The optimal
1 posture of human upper body motions has been predicted by Rout et al.
(2022) by using a stochastic genetic algorithm optimization approach.
1
Recently, Juang and Ni (2022) performed a system that can accurately
1
1
and robustly classify human postures based on the 3D fuzzy body voxel
features extracted from camera data. More applications in WMSDs and
1 posture assessment using soft computing techniques have been
1 described by Antwi-Afari et al. (2018), Zhao and Obonyo (2020), Li et al.
1
(2021), Ogundokun et al. (2022), Ahmadi et al. (2017), and Rathore
1
1 (2021).
1
1 5.2. Manual material handling
1
1
1 Manual material handling is a primary cause of low back disorders at
1 work. Lifting is a significant risk factor for the development of back
1 problems (Hildebrandt, 1987; Marras et al., 1993). Umer et al. (2022)
1 carried out experiments on manual material handling while ANN based
1
1
regression analysis and ensemble classifiers were used to monitor
1 physical exertion using cutting-edge heart rate variability features. Ac­
1 cording to the results, ANN regression had the lowest root mean square
1 error (1.651), while ensemble classifiers had accuracy ranges from 64 to
1
81 percent depending on how many levels of physical exertion data were
1
1 divided. To assess the risk factors associated with manual material
1 handling, Contreras-Valenzuela et al. (2022) have presented a fuzzy
1 inference as a decision support system. Harari et al. (2019) have
1 developed a manual material-handling task design using a genetic al­
1
gorithm. Adeyemi et al. (2015) have developed and verified a fuzzy
inference system technique capable of investigating the incoming risk
associated with single-task manual lifting in construction work and
providing relevant suggestions on how to avoid the risk. Mehrizi et al.
12
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
Fig. 9. Keyword co-occurrence analysis of significant keywords.
(2019) have developed a cutting-edge method for 3D posture estimation
during lifting, using a deep neural network (DNN). This approach in­
volves training a DNN to recognize and analyze the complex movements
involved in lifting, and then generating accurate 3D posture estimations
based on this analysis. The study conducted by Mohseni et al. (2022)
involves the development of three artificial neural networks to predict
various aspects of human posture and biomechanics during static
manual material handling activities.
In the field of ergonomics, predicting strength is one of the key
components of understanding and optimizing human performance in
various tasks. One commonly used approach is to employ linked-
segment biomechanical models in conjunction with independent eval­
uations of strength along each axis of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder
joints. The importance of determining upper limb force capacities to
decrease the risk of injury for employees has been highlighted by Jain
et al. (2018). Predicting pulling force with more reliable population
estimates and using regression models to identify the influences of
different variables on pulling force values are two typical approaches to
solving this problem. In a study conducted by Jain et al. (2019), artificial
neural network (ANN) and regression models were compared for their
ability to predict pulling force values. These findings suggest that ANNs
are a reliable and accurate alternative to regression approaches and that
they may be used to evaluate the biomechanics and ergonomics of tasks.
In a study conducted by Çakıt et al. (2015), the relationship between
hand grip strength and hand anthropometry was investigated using both
artificial neural networks (ANNs) and stepwise regression analysis. The
13
Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
authors aimed to identify the most significant predictors of grip strength,
in order to develop a more accurate and reliable method for assessing
hand grip strength in various applications, such as sports performance,
occupational health, and clinical rehabilitation. In another study, La
Delfa and Potvin (2016) compared the efficacy of ANN and regression
models in predicting similar sets of development and validation manual
arm strength data. The results suggest that ANNs should be used more
frequently in ergonomics investigations, because they provide a more
accurate and reliable alternative to regression approaches. Similarly, La
Delfa and Potvin (2017) have presented a novel ANN approach to esti­
mate manual arm strength for predicting acceptable female hand force
demand for the upper extremity. Chihara et al. (2014) have used L-R
fuzzy numbers to account for interindividual variability and to define
the relationship between subjective musculoskeletal pain and joint
moment ratio for 12 upper limb joint motion directions. Wang et al.
(2016) have estimated the wrist rotation angles by using a three-layer
backpropagation neural network.
5.3. Human-machine systems
The users, the human-machine interface, and the machine comprise
the human-machine system. The interaction of humans and machines
with industrial plants and other dynamic technological systems is crit­
ical for process safety, quality, and efficiency (Johannsen, 2004).
However, complexity and ill-defined relationships between humans and
machines are important issues that might limit people’s ability to
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
perceive necessary information. Soft computing methods are an appro­
priate means of addressing these issues. In the context of soft computing
and human-machine interface technology with ergonomics as a factor,
the relationships among self-efficacy, abusive management, and orga­
nizational performance have been examined by Lin et al. (2022).
In another study, to consider the psychological and cognitive aspects
affecting operation comfort and achieve an autonomous layout design,
Deng et al. (2016) developed genetic algorithms and ant colony algo­
rithms. Liu et al. (2021) have proposed a new intuitionistic fuzzy eval­
uation method to improve the ergonomic level of cockpit display design.
To assess the ergonomics of the cockpit display and control system of an
airplane, Geng et al. (2013) have developed a novel group
decision-making approach based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets. In their
recent research, Vijayakumar and Robert (2022) have developed a novel
technique for measuring human factor index, which takes into account
various physiological, psychological, environmental, and safety risk
aspects that can impact human performance and well-being. The tech­
nique uses a multigrade fuzzy approach, which allows for a more
nuanced and flexible assessment of human factors, depending on how
these risks are related.
To optimize production systems, advanced manufacturing technol­
ogy selection plays an essential role in industry decision-making
worldwide; nevertheless, improved human-advanced manufacturing
technology interaction and engagement are also major concerns. Mal­
donado-Macías et al. (2014) have developed a fuzzy decision-making
model in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment for evaluating modern
manufacturing technologies in terms of ergonomic compatibility fea­
tures. In a recent study conducted by Adem et al. (2022b), a spherical
fuzzy extension of AHP was used to rank distance learning platforms
according to human–computer interaction criteria. In another study,
Webber et al. (2022) presented the design of a gesture recognition sys­
tem specifically tailored for light communication systems. The system
utilizes a novel pre-processing technique and a probabilistic neural
network to accurately recognize and interpret gestures. The system’s
application extends to various domains where human-computer inter­
action is crucial.
5.4. Assessment of physical and mental workload
In human factors research, workload is a key concept that refers to
the cost or effort required by a human operator to achieve a certain level
of performance in a task (Hart and Staveland, 1988). Both physical and
cognitive workloads are of interest to the field of human factors and
ergonomics (Mital et al., 1986; Karwowski et al., 2005; Marras and
Karwowski, 2021a,b; Longo et al., 2022). Physical workload focuses on
the capacities and limitations of the human body, such as the level of
muscular effort required to perform a physical task (Kantowitz, 1987;
Sanders and McCornick, 1993; Salvendy and Karwowski, 2022). Using
numerical assessments that do not directly reflect task performance or
physiological reactions to work, subjective workload metrics attempt to
quantify the effort expended in performing a job (DiDomenico and
Nussbaum, 2008). However, representing feelings through rating scales
is difficult. A heart rate-based customized technique to measure
perceived effort has been proposed by Pancardo et al. (2018), who have
used fuzzy logic as a possible solution to handle the imprecision and lack
of clarity regarding the relevant variables. In new approaches based on
ANFIS and an analytical method, Kolus et al. (2014) have used heart rate
measurements to estimate oxygen consumption.
In contrast, Kolus et al. (2015) have provided a novel model based on
ANFIS to estimate oxygen use from easily measurable factors. The
traditional FlexeHR approach, which is one of the most precise tech­
niques for estimating oxygen consumption according to heart rate,
provided the foundation for the proposed ANFIS prediction model. Kolus
et al. (2016) have proposed an ANFIS-based method to classify work
rates based on factors that account for inter-participant variability and
are easily evaluated in real-world settings. Recently, Escobar-Linero
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Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
et al. (2022) contributed to the understanding of the relationship be­
tween physical activity and fatigue and provide a valuable tool for
estimating fatigue levels in 10-min intervals using a neural
network-based classifier system.
Mental workload is a “construct that reflects the relation between the
environmental demands imposed on the human operator and the oper­
ator’s capabilities to meet those demands” (Parasuraman and Hancock,
2001). Eraslan et al. (2016) have developed an integrated mental
workload assessment method using a fuzzy hierarchical approach
considering subjective techniques. Malakoutikhah et al. (2021a) have
introduced the Fuzzy Best-Worst approach to quantify workload by
using a broad modification to the NASA-TLX questionnaire. The study’s
findings have demonstrated that the FBWM-NASA-TLX questionnaire
can generate accurate workload estimates and scores for the task under
consideration. In their research, Azadeh et al. (2013a) proposed the use
of ANNs and ANFIS for estimating mental workload among operators in
a large gas treatment company with a focus on health, safety, environ­
ment, and ergonomics (HSEE). Yan et al. (2022) developed a fuzzy
model that uses subjective assessment, physiological measurement, and
performance measurement to estimate the mental workload of ship
operators. In a recent study conducted by Teoh and Keikhosrokiani
(2021), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and micro-genetic algorithm
(MGA) were used to enhance the performance of the extreme learning
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ELANFIS). The study aimed to
estimate the mental workload of knowledge workers by improving the
accuracy of the ELANFIS model. In another study, Fan et al. (2022)
proposed an innovative approach for mental workload estimation using
an end-to-end brain computer face framework.
To obtain accurate workload estimates, Mouzé-Amady et al. (2013)
measured mental workload by integrating several load sources. The
authors presented a novel approach for computing weights using qual­
itative fuzzy integrals and applied it to the NASA-TLX subscales. The
study aimed to find a more effective method for computing weights for
the NASA-TLX subscales, which are commonly used to assess the sub­
jective workload of individuals performing various tasks. Wang et al.
(2022) have used the Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Algorithm and a genetic
algorithm to classify and forecast drivers’ mental workload. Using a
fuzzy mutual information-based wavelet-packet transform approach,
Zhang et al. (2017) have suggested a framework for inter-individual
mental workload identification. Chen et al. (2019) have used fuzzy
comprehensive evaluation theory to assess interface designs in nuclear
power plants by considering operators’ mental workload. Recently,
Chen et al. (2022) have integrated a modified multi-objective genetic
algorithm and an affordance-based design to minimize cognitive friction
in using digital products.
5.5. Green ergonomics and sustainability
Thatcher et al. (2013) have defined green ergonomics as “ergo­
nomics approaches with the emphasis on nature, especially ergonomics
that are oriented toward the natural environment in terms of human
affinity.” Green ergonomics is an approach to human-environment
interaction that considers the bi-directional interactions between natu­
ral and human structures to maintain the welfare and effectiveness of
social and economic systems (Thatcher, 2013). Developing low-intensity
infrastructure structures with minimal negative effects on the environ­
ment while providing for the population’s needs is a goal of green er­
gonomics (Thatcher, 2013). Adem et al. (2022a) have used the hesitant
fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to calculate the weights of green er­
gonomics framework principles. The authors have determined that the
most critical principle is to “acknowledge how natural systems value
design”. Adem (2022) has proposed a novel approach for identifying and
assessing the steps necessary to make Just-In-Time (JIT) compatible
with the concept of green ergonomics. The study used the
interval-valued type-2 fuzzy extension of the AHP with a group
decision-making approach to evaluate the different steps required for
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
JIT implementation in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.
A fuzzy Delphi technique has been used by Lin et al. (2019) to assess the
significance of the discovered components and to provide well-defined
ergonomics-based criteria for product sustainability evaluation.
5.6. Occupational health and safety
The aspects of HSEE are closely related. Ergonomics relates to any
factor affecting people’s behavior (Azadeh et al., 2008). Decreased
safety might result from an improper design between humans and ma­
chines, and management errors may result from improper system
design. HSEE describes ergonomics and human factors as the environ­
mental, organizational, and occupational elements and human and in­
dividual factors affecting workplace behavior. The frequency of injuries
and illness incidents at work decreases when human aspects are care­
fully considered, enhancing health and safety. The expenses associated
with these incidents are reduced, and efficiency is increased, both of
which have substantial positive effects. Azadeh et al. (2015) have
developed an ANFIS model for assessing HSEE programs in a petro­
chemical facility. To demonstrate the model’s applicability and superi­
ority, the authors have used the proposed neuro-fuzzy technique with a
set of operators at a petrochemical facility. In a recent study, Valipour
et al. (2022) proposed a two-phase approach to address Health, Safety,
and Environment (HSE) risks. In the first phase, potential risks are
identified. To determine the value of risk factors, the Failure Mode and
Effects Analysis technique is utilized. Additionally, the Fuzzy C-means
algorithm is applied to cluster these risks. After clustering, the weight of
risk factors is calculated using the Fuzzy Best-Worst Method.
Azadeh et al. (2014) proposed a novel approach for measuring
human performance concerning job security and HSEE factors. The
study introduced a non-parametric efficiency frontier analysis method
based on the ANFIS to evaluate the performance of employees in a
manufacturing plant.To analyze and optimize demographic aspects of
integrated HSEE-ISO systems among operators of a gas transmission
refinery, Azadeh et al. (2013c) have developed ANNs and ANFIS in
addition to the traditional regression approach. Asadzadeh et al. (2013)
analyzed and assessed the integrated HSEE factors with a fuzzy cognitive
map approach. Amalnick and Zarrin (2017) have developed an intelli­
gent algorithm based on ANFIS along with fuzzy data envelopment
analysis for performance evaluation and analysis of human resources
concerning the factors of an HSEE management system. Ayyildiz and
Taskin Gumus (2021) have proposed a novel distance-learning ergo­
nomics checklist using fuzzy techniques based on the OSHA checklists.
More applications in HSEE factors by using soft computing techniques
can be found in Tang et al. (2018), Azadeh et al. (2013b), Azadeh and
Zarrin (2016), Rathore et al. (2022), González Fuentes et al. (2020), and
Taghi-Molla et al. (2020).
5.7. Work and task design
Several authors have proposed soft computing applications for the
design/layout of workstations and tasks. To evaluate the ergonomics
compatibility of advanced manufacturing technologies, Maldonado
et al. (2013) introduced a hierarchical fuzzy axiomatic design technique.
Liao and Choe (2013) have used a genetic algorithm to assess several
keyboard layout options based on five ergonomic factors, including the
distribution of the tapping effort, hand and finger alternation, avoiding
major steps, and key press direction. Ahmed et al. (2021) have devel­
oped a proactive ergonomics assessment toolset based on a genetic al­
gorithm technique, enabling designers to discover design factors’ effects
on human performance. Azadeh and Moradi (2014) collected data on
the manufacturing process and used it to develop a mathematical model
for simulating the flow of materials through the facility. The fuzzy data
envelopment analysis (DEA) technique was then used to evaluate the
efficiency of the layout design based on multiple criteria, including
safety and ergonomics factors. To classify tasks efficiently and optimize
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Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
the collaboration between humans and robots, a Fuzzy Inference System
(FIS) is employed by Alessio et al. (2022). The system takes into account
the evaluation criteria and their metrics, and based on the input values,
it assigns tasks to the most suitable entity (human or robot).
Gul (2019) has proposed a two-stage method based on fuzzy logic for
evaluating emergency department ergonomic design. Mistarihi et al.
(2020) have presented a wheelchair design by combining a Quality
Function Deployment framework with a Fuzzy Analytic Network Pro­
cess to assess the value of technical attributes. Based on anthropometric
measurements, Bhuiyan and Hossain (2015) have developed an ANN
technique for designing ergonomic furniture university students use.
With an ANN and support vector machine, the relationship between
design elements and system usability has been determined in a study by
Yang et al. (2021). Poirson and Parkinson’s (2014) study on the
anthropometry of male commercial pilots in Europe is a valuable
contribution to the field of aviation ergonomics. The use of a genetic
algorithm in conjunction with the anthropometric data is a novel
approach that allowed for the optimization of the cockpit seat design in a
multivariate context. Zhao et al.’s (2019) use of a multilayer
feed-forward neural network technique to investigate the relationship
between seat pitches and overall comfort index, as well as seat-interface
pressure factors and predicted comfort, is an important contribution to
the field of aviation ergonomics. By using advanced machine learning
methods, they were able to gain insights into the complex relationships
between different factors that contribute to passenger comfort.
5.8. Ergonomics in assembly lines
Assembly lines are a crucial component of many production firms
and require a significant investment of funds and labor force. Improving
assembly systems can have a positive impact on the overall performance
of these firms, as well as the safety and health of their workers. The
assignment of operations in assembly lines is important for ergonomics,
even with a fixed cost. Properly assigning tasks can help reduce the risk
of injury and strain on workers, ultimately improving their productivity
and well-being. Given its potential implications regarding both pro­
ductivity and concerns relating to human factors, ergonomics is a high
priority for addressing challenges in manual assembly. In addition, it is
important for companies to prioritize ergonomics in their assembly line
processes to ensure the safety and health of their employees. The as­
sembly process is characterized by several key elements, some of which
may lead to worker overload, including the routine execution of
repeated actions and handling of heavy components. Proper distribution
of assembly tasks and corresponding workloads on a production line
based on workers’ anthropometric and physiological characteristics can
greatly improve ergonomic aspects in the workplace. In a study con­
ducted by Barathwaj et al. (2015), a genetic algorithm was developed to
minimize the number of workstations, workload index across stations,
and workload index inside each station. By using a genetic algorithm,
the authors were able to consider multiple variables simultaneously and
generate an optimal solution. In another study, Dalle Mura and Dini
(2019) have suggested a multi-objective genetic algorithm based on
energy expenditure to solve the assembly line balance problem. In a
similar study, Dalle Mura and Dini (2022) developed a genetic algorithm
for resolving the typical assembly line balance problem while account­
ing for job rotation and human-robot collaboration to improve worker
ergonomics. In another study, Ozdemir et al. (2021) developed a fuzzy
model for designing assembly lines while considering ergonomic risks.
Ergonomic risks refer to the factors such as the weight, size, and shape of
the components, as well as the posture of the workers who perform tasks
involving these components.
5.9. Environmental ergonomics
Environmental ergonomics examines how users interact with their
surroundings from an ergonomics viewpoint in systems in which people
E. Çakıt and W. Karwowski
operate in a physical environment (Parsons, 2000). The distinctive
characteristics of environmental ergonomics are only beginning to
become apparent, although numerous studies over hundreds of years
have examined human responses to the environment (Parsons, 2000).
For example, Dasgupta and Nag (2020) have investigated the relation­
ships among environmental, behavioral, and intrinsic input factors and
thermoregulatory outputs using ANN models. Wang et al. (2020) have
also used a back propagation neural network to characterize the re­
lationships among viewing visual comfort, ambient conditions, screen
settings, and user physiological features. Recently, Zhai et al. (2022)
addressed the challenge of evaluating work efficiency in a demanding
thermal-radiation environment, where traditional methods might not
adequately capture the complexity and uncertainty involved. By using
the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the study seeks to provide
a more holistic assessment that considers both objective and subjective
factors. The results of this evaluation could inform strategies for
improving worker safety, performance, and well-being in
high-temperature thermal-radiation environments.
In small and medium-sized food businesses, Ushada et al. (2019)
have proposed an intelligent incentive strategy based on environmental
ergonomics. By using a genetic algorithm and fuzzy inference modeling,
employers can create personalized incentives that are tailored to the
needs of individual employees. This approach takes into account a va­
riety of factors that can impact an employee’s health and comfort,
including heart rate, temperature, and humidity. Ushada et al. (2017)
sought to develop an ANN model that could accurately forecast the
temperature set point for workstations in a given environment, with the
goal of improving employee comfort and productivity. The authors took
into account two key factors that can impact temperature regulation in
the workplace: heart rate and the workstation environment. Yang et al.
(2022) have evaluated driving behavior under various temperature and
interface layout combinations. The back propagation neural network
model has been found to perform worse than the extreme learning
machine model in comparing the relationship between visual ergo­
nomics and process optimization by using ambient temperature as an
input. According to Lee et al. (2007), understanding the surface area of
the hand, palm, and fingers may help ensure that employees exposed to
very cold or hot situations are thermally protected with appropriate
work gloves. Ismaila et al. (2016) measured university students’ palm
surface area at a Nigerian tertiary institution and suggested a model for
calculating palm surface area using a neural network to reflect the ef­
fects of age, height, and weight on palm surface area.
6. Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive review of published research
on applications of soft computing methods such as fuzzy sets, ANNs,
neuro-fuzzy systems, and genetic algorithms in human factors and er­
gonomics conducted over the past ten years. The review included a total
of 104 publications meeting the established inclusion criteria.
The HFE community can contribute to the broader evolution of soft
computing in several ways: Firstly, HFE professionals can play a crucial
role in validating and evaluating the performance of soft computing
models in real-world HFE applications. By conducting studies, experi­
ments, and user evaluations, the community can provide valuable
feedback on the effectiveness and practicality of soft computing tech­
niques in solving HFE problems. This feedback can help refine and
improve the algorithms and methodologies used in soft computing.
Secondly, soft computing techniques can help address the subjective and
qualitative nature of HFE. The HFE community can contribute by
providing insights into subjective human factors like comfort, satisfac­
tion, and usability. By integrating subjective factors into soft computing
models, the community can help develop more comprehensive and ac­
curate representations of human responses and preferences. Thirdly,
HFE professionals can contribute by collecting and validating high-
quality data relevant to HFE. Soft computing techniques heavily rely
16
Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104132
on data for training and validation purposes. By collecting accurate and
representative data related to human performance, preferences, and
physical characteristics, the HFE community can improve the accuracy
and reliability of soft computing models.
The reported literature review has some limitations regarding iden­
tifying and assessing articles published within a certain period. The
second limitation of the present study is identifying relevant documents
based on the limited number of keywords. The third limitation is that
article discovery was confined to a few search databases. This study
revealed that soft computing approaches were applied to most tradi­
tional fields of HFE. Although we used many search terms, some pub­
lications that met the inclusion criteria might have been missed in our
evaluation. Articles published after December 2022 were not included.
Second, our analysis included only publications from the Web of Sci­
ence, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Third, unrelated books,
book chapters, conference proceedings, and review articles were
excluded from this research. Fourth, we included only articles available
in the English language.
Despite the abovementioned limitations, we identified the primary
applications of soft computing techniques in the field of HFE. According
to the data presented herein, the number of publications on soft
computing techniques has recently (2021–2022) increased substan­
tially. The application areas of soft computing techniques in HFE
included work-related musculoskeletal disorders; assessment of human
postures; manual material handling; human-machine systems; evalua­
tion of physical and mental workload; green ergonomics and sustain­
ability; occupational health and safety; layout and design perspectives;
environmental ergonomics; and ergonomics in assembly line balancing.
Furthermore, our study indicated that soft computing techniques in the
field of HFE had been used primarily to assess work-related musculo­
skeletal disorders. Future research should focus on those HFE areas that
received little attention in previous studies. In addition, the applications
of artificial intelligence techniques, such as deep learning and machine
learning in the field of HFE, should be discussed. In conclusion, the re­
sults of this study can help address the challenges of complexity,
vagueness, and imprecision in human factors and ergonomics research
through the application of soft computing methodologies.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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