Date: Thursday 05 July 2023 Definition of Probability ard Assesietel love let E denote an sutame ofan experiment e.g throw ing aq die are getting a Sk The probabi lity of te cutceme f& giver by p(&) and it can be obtained by twe methods : @M Classical definition Hf the experiment comprises of N equally likely outcomes, tHe pel= a . (DD Fre enc cefini bin Suppose tet after N repetitions of the experiment the outcome E ofcucs Ne times, then if Ej= im (Ne i Rare N ) Clorge pupa ber of repetibiors of the. Experiment Sample Gree S = St of all possibk outemes of an experiment Event © = Aetof outwnrs A Subsel of the sample space S.AUB = Brent A oR Event B OR Both ANB 3 Event A AND Evert & A 23 NoTA > Com plement of A Example Throw a die. The Sampk Space S = 2,345.63 = event that an even number occurs B= event Hut an odd number occurs = event Hat a prime number occurs The: Az €2,4,63 , B= £1,355} and C= f235} huc = $2,3,4,565 is te event Het an even number or a prime number occurs Bac = {3,5} iS the event Hen ar add prime number occurs - C= a 4,6} is the ever that a prime number ches net occur (1) Fer ary event A, esp < @) the events A, jhe, 23,0 » An ore wee onebely disjoint | then CA, UA 2Oag 0 0 An) CA.) + plAa) 4 pls) + mae oD.Mutually disjoiat = Matually exclusive AL fa As An No intersection between the ects. m p(B => , p= 1-7 If A SB, then p(A) < ple) tw) p (ANB) = p (Aone) A B = p(A) - plang) G ) () plaus) = plA)-+ p(B)-p(4ng) A 8 =P +P Pe (uw) Fer the case of 3 events \, 8 ard C: p(Au 8 UC) = p+ ple) + plo) - pl(ANe)- planc)- pene) +p (ANBND Prove the :A B CN p(Au BUC) (Xp = P+ Pl+Pst Py tt hatha ey) Cc plAvg UC) = plA) + p(@)+pCo— png) - planc)- pBIo) + p(AaBnc) = Pith pe + Pot Pst RA Ry + Py thst RAR (Ra TRARY Peed + Ph = Pi4P+ Pt Rt Rt Bt Py [Proved | (wu) P (0 Ai) =p(A,U AUAVAg UV... U An) = lire p(B AL) +p ida) + PQn A Ke) (Wy De Morgans laws. pas) = p(huB) p (AUB) = p@nB)Example hein & tossed 4wice euch that tHe sSampk spac Sa Thhy ht, th, tt Each outcome 'S epally likely de occuc since the cofn 6 assumed to lke ofGir wins p (Head) = pail) = 2. The 4otal qumber of eutcomes From the Sample Space is 4. So, each outcome oceuss witha probability of + « pleach outeme) = ~ + 4 ~ No of possible oukones of the experimert p leach outcome) = Lt x + = x ptyZ Ned toss \,= heads first = g hh, bad p(A) =o's A.= only ore head = tht thy, pa) =o5 As = at least are head = thh, he, th} ps) s0-75 Re present the events and he sample space ona \lenn Diagram .e=S p(AvAn uv fa) List the elenente of A,VALUAs A\UAVAg= thr be Hh] p(A,UA,VAs) = 675 plAi OAL vs) = P(A) +p(Aa) + ps) + p (ANA, AAs) os + O54+0158 -— — pnaa)- p (as) — piaafias) 0-25 -0-5 -o:'S to2s = 015 p (0 Ad = PAD + pl AL) + p(B Rats) 6-25 +4 90