Date: Thursday 20 July 2025 Example 5 Solve the gpeston using 2 signal Flow diagram Note: pCal@)= |- pals) Write down the given data ‘ Ds event teat @ Person has the discase Pad event that the blood test & positive pO= , p(PID) =5 > pCPID) = x3 f 200 False posttve Fake nega Ve Signal Fh Dagrem Disease —_p(AID)= 1 p(P ID) 198 Test pO)=L D 3p lo00 = PID=a perl) ==. 5-196) D PB )=1-p() D por oCalD= 1 p(PID= |cooEst is positve . What & he probability that Me Bho has the disease ? pl P) > pir) = p(n?) p(P) i p D)- p (PID) p(D)-p(PID) + P (D)- p (PID 1» 132 lo00 20 x —e 10d 200 1GOO J x 195 + (000 = 199 = 0:035058 297 Baye's Theorem for candi hional probabilityDiscrete Random Variable (d.r.w) A random varvable (ev) X can be either diccrete Gin amplitude) or conh'nuous Cin amplide) a Diecrefe or continuous > In terms of amplitude An exam pe of q continuous rard be a person's height, the fem poroture of a room , direchon of motion of a Car, > - An exarn ple of a discrete rarclom Narva be d ev) be the outcome fF throwing adie , the output of an to digi tal converter with an analogue inpat lor Vartable. Gv) will the analogue signal . Definition ofa random variable Ce.y) AL rordom Va rigble fev) 6 afunchon whose domain (6 the eet of outcomes RES, and whose range & the real line. For every outcome A GS, the random Variable qesigns a va ken, X(N 5 such thot : pl x, , %,)°-) thet X=; denoted by p(x=xi) for Yelp yA andis called the probability mass funchon . X 2 Varisbe name xi > Valve taken by the Variable Fer example i Throwing a die . XK ea discrete random varialde of the outcome f the throw oF the die . K= 1,745 HDS | “The number of valves taken by Qa diccrek vardom Ventabe can cither be Finite or infinite . Proof by Induction ane Generating Funchons = Sammabon notahon Tas @ Runetinality A aor o f n si= =! _ 484 tte Fe Pee. +4 ro rao ee (n+) ifn Sere OF tze 54+ tto gn =O Ths & an Arithmehic Progre (St dem OQ =O and common difference a=1 and N= No of termein the series . = 2 A [2a+Q-) d] A [a+ arQ-d] A> lost term = ar [a +L) = +) [orn] = a (n+) 2 " esion (AP) With \\ 2 2 2 2 ot¢ ee tse TO a ro This deriverhon leg to be done using Summing operator . = on 41) (ent!) the = = or 424+ s°+ ee r= ° his den'va tion has to be clone using the oO perator . summin i}Consider the table below . foo Proof by inductor Basus of proof by induction i> For) = Mathenat al expression in terms fn [Fthe summahon (6 comet for the cose of nak, then it should also bold for the wee of na Kt! . Example (Prove by induction Haat Sto 4 Gee 1: nakk J fa Pat Pe Bee 44k r=o0 = G ~D<— From the given ex pression . Gee 2° n= Kel +! Ss t= feet +0 Pr. athe ae rao se = k+l From cose + r=0 Replace result from coce 4 = Ck41) 4+ t = k+2 (Proved) Kindly nobe Hat the result would be (k+2) Ff you had replaced n= Kt! 10 te eypreesion = Vontt. @ Prove by induction sre 2 (n+) "=o pe k 3 S+- wate k= Elke) r=0 > From the given =xpress1en - Ker he ke > Btefor er a he (e+!) ES Ee Ss r= K Cha) => Replace 2 reculh = Kl) Serb = EDO@) Prove by induchon Sy? = Dor) Gent) r=0 k 2 n=k> are o*+ 242 43t-- ~k = ke (K+!) Gl ro) From the giver SG expression ket n= ke > —s — (A+ 242+ Pr 2 + Ck)? K = r2s E (kx) ke) => Replace re 5 = a (en Qk) t (ka) 6 = SD) [caer + 6 (K+!) | 6 = Ce) a+ k+ ckré | 6 = 0) (ape +3) Proved 6 Note ‘ General ethtahon . Ktl K Ss fo = sft SF (kr) reo r=o = Rephcs hnown + £(K4) resy Then Streplify(4) Prove by induction = cl =£ (a +1)? nck @ Rec oteis aa oe. iK we Bath Fem te giver expression a 3 n= kel = a (05 + P+ Paste. + 5) + (ke) = ~ =,3 => Replace the result rao 3 C407 + (e+0) a ea [K+ 4 (K+) | wei [K+ ak + 4] = = ro (442) ) = ir (ns)? 3 2 he iNen hek> Zor 1) = = LFW gene ae hpokH 2 = EH (5,5, 7) = £ (See) + (r= Ke term) rs! Replace by known expression .= ie (e® + 5 (kn)? + Ck a (ka [e+ 6(k+) + 2] (ke) [iS + eC +2k+1) * 2] i =i 2 =i (kei) [B+ eke tak +6 +2] =i (ke [Eck +uk+s] _ Car) = e+(Z)Ke +($)k.2* +2 = Beak 24ake rs — Be ce 4ank +8 = a Cea (eH) frved Genereting Factor ‘The Genereiting Function for a, Ss given by : xe r Hx) = =0* = at Axt a,xt +458 to: : - ay) Derive the grrecatting funchon fe ar=t.> UG) = Fax” v=o vw == x ro = (4= 4074+ p+: : This ts a Geometr'c Progression with Stterm asd and common ratio r= oc Hie = =Sum to infinity of the GP a ) Jri<4 jer = a > {xl <4 { 2 = Gx)" Recap : Binomial Expansion q-x% (\-x) yie eG) 2) P+ QO" . = i¢ 2+ 2 = (02) + or Xaes & *) / = lt xe pend be. - sf) Co Qe” (Bors = 14 32 t BOI Jo ID 3) lee. =— )+ 2x+3x 24425 +