Name: _____________________________ ( ) Class: _______

(SECONDARY)

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2022

SECONDARY 4 EXPRESS
PHYSICS 6091/02
Paper 2 Theory

Date: 30 August 2022 Duration: 1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.

Sections B
Answer all questions. Question 13 has a choice of parts to answer.

Hand in section A and section B separately.

Candidates are reminded that all quantitative answers should include appropriate units.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.
Candidates are advised to show all their working in a clear and orderly manner, as more marks are
awarded for sound use of Physics than for correct answers.

The total number of marks for this paper is 80.

For Examiner’s Use

Section A / 50
Parent’s / Guardian’s Signature:
Section B / 30

Total / 80

This document consists of 23 printed pages including the cover page.

Name: _____________________________ ( ) Class: _______

Section A (50 marks)

Answer all the questions in this section.

1 A ball is released from rest and falls vertically. The ball hits the ground and rebounds vertically,
as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

The variation with time t of the velocity v of the ball is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.2

(a) Using Fig. 1.2 and without calculation,

(i) describe the variation in the magnitude of the velocity of the ball with time from t = 0
to t = 2.1 s, and [2]

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(ii) explain how the graph shows the ball does not rebound to the same height as the
initial position. [2]

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(b) On Fig. 1.3, sketch the variation of the speed of the ball with time t. [2]

Fig. 1.3

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2 A hydrogen balloon is used to support a non-uniform beam PQ that is 100 cm long and of weight
2.5 N on a smooth pivot as shown in Fig. 2.1. The tension T in the string is 0.80 N when the
beam is horizontal. The beam is pivoted at its mid-point.

balloon

T = 0.80 N

T = 0.80 N
P Q
50 cm
25 cm

Fig. 2.1

(a) Calculate the distance of the centre of gravity of the beam from P. [2]

distance of centre of gravity from P = …………………………

(b) The volume of the balloon is 1000 cm3 and the density of hydrogen is 0.090 kg/m3.

Calculate the mass of the hydrogen gas in kg. Leave your answer in standard form. [2]

mass of hydrogen = …………………………

(c) The air around the balloon exerts an upward force on the balloon. This upward force is
proportional to the volume of the balloon.

If the hydrogen balloon is replaced by a higher density gas like a helium balloon of the
same volume, state and explain whether the beam remains in equilibrium. [3]

………………………………………………………………...…………………………………….

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a pump called a hydraulic ram.

Fig. 3.1

In one such pump the long approach pipe holds 500 kg of water. A valve inside the pump shuts
when the speed of this water reaches 2.0 m/s and the kinetic energy of this water is used to lift
some water by a height of 15 m. The efficiency of the pump is 10%.

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the water. [1]

energy = …………………………

(b) Calculate the mass of water that could be lifted to a height of 15 m. [2]

mass = …………………………

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4 A hydraulic press is used at a recycling centre to compress waste material. Fig. 4.1 is a side
view of the press.

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

A force to the left is exerted on piston 1. Oil is pushed along the pipe and this moves piston 2
downwards. Piston 2 compresses the waste.

(a) Oil is a liquid.

(i) State the property of a liquid that makes it suitable for use in a hydraulic system. [1]

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Explain, in terms of molecules, why a liquid has this property. [2]

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(iii) Suggest one advantage of using oil as the liquid in a hydraulic press. [1]

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(b) The cross-sectional area of piston 1 is 0.018 m 2. The area of piston 2 that is in contact
with the oil is 1.4 m2.

A force of 4500 N is exerted on piston 1.

The pressure of the atmosphere is 1.0 × 10 5 Pa.

(i) Calculate the total pressure of the oil in the pipe. [2]

total pressure = …………………………

(ii) Point Y is a point in oil as shown in Fig. 4.1. Initially, the upper surface of the piston
2 is level with point Y.

Calculate the force exerted on piston 2 due to the total pressure of the oil in the pipe.
[1]

force = …………………………

(iii) Comment on how the magnitude of the force exerted by piston 2 on the waste
compares with the force obtained in (b)(ii). Ignore the weight of the piston 2. [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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5 A hot steel rod is cooled by plunging it into cold water.

(a) The steel rod has a mass of 2.0 kg and is initially at a temperature of 500 °C. It cools to
50 °C when placed in the water. The specific heat capacity of steel is 460 J/(kg °C).

Calculate the thermal energy transferred by the steel rod as it cools to 50 °C. [2]

energy = …………………………

(b) A small mass of water boils when the rod is placed in the water. The remaining water then
cools to room temperature and some of it evaporates. In both boiling and evaporation,
water molecules escape into the air.

(i) State one way in which boiling is different from evaporation. [1]

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Explain, using ideas of molecules, why the rate of evaporation decreases as the
water cools. [2]

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows three light rays from the top of an object O passing through a converging lens.
The points labelled F are one focal length from the lens.

F F

Fig. 6.1

(a) Using all three rays from O, complete Fig. 6.1 to show the image formed. Draw and label
the image I. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows light rays from the same object passing through a diverging lens.

Fig. 6.2

State one similarity and one difference between the images formed by the two lens in Fig.
6.1 and 6.2 respectively. [2]

similarity ………..…..……………………………………………………………………………..

difference ………...…..……………………………………………………………………………

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7 Ultrasound is used in medical imaging.

(a) Describe what happens to ultrasound waves as they meet the boundary between two
different materials. [2]

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(b) To produce the image of an unborn child, an ultrasound emitter and receiver are placed
close together on the mother’s skin.

Fig. 7.1 shows pulses detected by the receiver.

Fig. 7.1

Pulse A is the emitted pulse and pulse B is the first pulse that returns from the unborn
child. The average speed of ultrasound waves in human tissue is 1500 m/s.

Calculate the distance between the emitter and the child. [2]

distance = …………………………

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8 Fig. 8.1 shows an uncharged metal can that is connected to a galvanometer.

glass rod

metal can to ground

galvanometer
insulator

Fig. 8.1

(a) When a positively-charged glass rod is lowered into and not touching the metal can, it is
observed that the galvanometer shows a deflection but returns to zero soon after.

Explain the observation. [3]

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….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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(b) Describe one way to change the direction of the deflection of the galvanometer. [1]

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9 An electric iron consists of two heating elements as shown in Fig. 9.1. The heating elements
can be connected to the electrical mains supply in various ways so that the heating power of
the iron can be varied.

heating element

R1 P L
Q
N
R2 R
S E

Fig. 9.1

(a) On Fig. 9.1, draw lines to complete the circuit in the iron to show how the heating elements
can be connected to the mains to give the highest heating power. [2]

(b) Fig. 9.2 shows an electric plug connected through a cable to the iron. There are wrong
wiring connections made within the electric plug.

green and yellow

stripes
fuse
brown
blue

cable grip

cable connected
to iron
Fig. 9.2

The live wire (brown) on the end of the cable connected to the iron comes loose and
touches the metal surface of the iron. Normally, the fuse will blow when this happens.

Explain why the fuse does not blow in this case. [2]

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10 Fig. 10.1 shows a portable generator connected by cables to floodlights. The generator
produces a current of 10 A at a constant potential difference of 240 V.

Fig. 10.1

The total resistance of the cables is 2 Ω.

(a) Calculate the potential difference across the floodlights. [2]

potential difference = …………………………

(b) Explain why it is not advisable to use very long cables between the generator and the
floodlights. [3]

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BLANK PAGE

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Section B (30 marks)

Answer all the questions in this section.

Answer only one of the two alternative questions in Question 13.

11 Fig. 11.1 shows a multi-mode optical fibre with glass of uniform refractive index.

Fig. 11.1

Fig. 11.2 shows three rays of light entering the fibre from air. Each of these rays follows one of
the three possible paths through the fibre.

Fig. 11.2 (not to scale)

The three rays travel different distances and take different times to pass through the fibre.
Fig. 11.3 gives information about the three rays and their paths in two cables of length 1 km and
2 km respectively.

angle of angle of distance time spent distance time spent

incidence refraction covered in in 1km covered in in 2km
on entry /° on entry /° 1km cable /m cable / µs 2km cable /m cable / µs
ray 1 0 0 1000 5.0 2000 10.0
ray 2 20 13 1027 5.1 2054 10.3
ray 3 35 X 1082 5.4 2164 10.8

Fig. 11.3

(a) Using data for ray 1 from Fig. 11.3, calculate the refractive index of the glass.

The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 10 8 m/s.

[2]

refractive index = …………………………

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(b) Calculate the angle of refraction X for ray 3. [2]

angle = …………………………

(c) At time t = 0, a single pulse of light enters the optical fibre of length 2 km. The pulse lasts
0.1 µs. Fig. 11.4 shows the brightness of the pulses of light that leave the fibre.

Fig. 11.4

(i) Using data from Fig. 11.3, explain Fig. 11.4. [1]

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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(ii) At t = 0, a single pulse of light enters the optical fibre of length 1 km. This pulse also
lasts 0.1 µs.

On Fig. 11.5, draw the pulses of light that leave the fibre. [2]

Fig. 11.5

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(iii) Fig. 11.4 shows that a pulse of light, lasting 0.1 µs when it enters the 2 km optical
fibre, becomes three pulses lasting in total 0.9 µs when it leaves.

In a telephone conversation, a series of pulses is sent along the optical fibre. It is

important that no light from one pulse overlaps light from the next pulse. A second
pulse of 0.1 µs must enter the fibre at least 0.9 µs after the first.

Estimate the maximum number of pulses of light that can enter the 2 km optical fibre
in one second. [2]

number of pulses / second = …………………………

(iv) Explain why this type of optical fibre is not used to transmit data at high rates over
very long distances. [1]

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12 A person uses a trolley to move suitcases at an airport. The total mass of the trolley and
suitcases is 72 kg.

(a) The person pushes the trolley and suitcases along a horizontal surface with a constant
speed v.

Assume that an average resistive force f opposes the motion of the trolley and suitcases.

(i) Describe how the person does work on the trolley. [1]

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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(ii) State what happens to the work done by the person as the trolley and suitcases are
moving with constant speed. [1]

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(iii) The power required to overcome the average resistive force on the trolley and
suitcases when they move with a constant speed is P.

Deduce the relationship between P, f and v. [1]

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) At another place in the airport, the same trolley and suitcases are on a slope, as shown in
Fig.12.1.

Fig. 12.1 (not to scale)

The person releases the trolley from rest at point X. The trolley moves down the slope in
a straight line towards point Y.

The distance along the slope between point X and Y is 9.5 m. The component F of the
weight of the trolley and suitcases that acts along the slope is 54 N.

Assume that an average resistive force of 18 N opposes the motion of the trolley and
suitcases.

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(i) Calculate the acceleration of the trolley. [2]

acceleration = …………………………

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, calculate the speed of the trolley at point Y. [3]

speed = …………………………

(iii) Calculate the work done by F for the movement of the trolley from X to Y. [1]

work done = …………………………

(iv) The trolley is released at point X at time t = 0.

On Fig. 12.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with time t of the work done by F
for the movement of the trolley from X to Y.

Numerical values of the work done and t are not required. [1]

Fig. 12.2

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13 EITHER

Fig. 13.1 shows a device used to measure the flow rate of air. The turbine is made to rotate by
the air that flows through it. The rim of the turbine contains small magnets. An alternating e.m.f.
is induced in the coil nearby.

coil wound
on soft-iron
core output to a
air step-up
transformer

poles of
magnets turbine
in rim

Fig. 13.1

(a) Explain why an alternating e.m.f. is induced in the coil. [3]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) The graph on Fig. 13.2 shows how the induced e.m.f. varies with time when the turbine
rotates at a steady speed.

On Fig. 13.2, draw a graph to show how the induced e.m.f. varies if the turbine rotates
twice as fast. [3]

10

induced
e.m.f. / V

– 10
0 20 40 60 80 100
time / ms
Fig. 13.2

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(c) The coil wound on soft-iron core is connected to the primary coil of a step-up transformer
to amplify the voltage signal, as shown in Fig. 13.3.

soft iron core

from coil in V2 output

Fig.13.1 V1

I1 I2

primary coil secondary coil

Fig. 13.3 (not to scale)

Fig.13.4 shows the data for two different air flow rates. Some values are missing from the
table.

transformer
air flow rate /
cm3 s–1
I1 / A V1 / V I2 / A V2 / V

15 1.6 5 0.4 20

30 15

Fig. 13.4

(i) Calculate the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of turns
in the primary coil. [1]

ratio = …………………………

(ii) State if the transformer is 100% efficient. Explain by showing your working clearly.
[1]

(iii) Complete Fig. 13.4 by filling in the missing values for V2, I1, and I2. [2]

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OR

Fig. 13.5 shows a motor lifting a mass. Fig. 13.6 shows part of the circuit diagram of the
connections to the motor.

motor
switch motor

mass

Fig. 13.5 Fig. 13.6

(a) The current in the motor is 1.5 A and the voltage supplied by the battery is 8.0 V.

Assume the battery has no internal resistance.

(i) On Fig. 13.6, complete the circuit diagram to show an ammeter and a voltmeter in
the correct positions to take these measurements while the motor is working. [1]

(ii) The motor takes 4.0 s to lift the mass.

Calculate the electrical energy transferred to the motor in this time. [1]

energy = …………………………

(iii) Calculate the resistance of the motor. [1]

resistance = …………………………

(iv) A variable resistor of resistance R is added to the circuit in Fig. 13.6 to vary the speed
of the motor. It is connected in series to the motor. As the resistance of the variable
resistor increases from 0 Ω to its maximum value, the potential difference across the
motor decreases from 8.0 V to 2.9 V.

Calculate the maximum value of R. [2]

resistance = …………………………

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(b) Fig. 13.7 shows the structure of the motor.

axle
coil

A
B

Fig. 13.7 (front view)

(i) Name the device connected between A and B that enable the motor to turn
continuously in the same direction. Explain how it works. [2]

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(ii) When the mass reaches the top of its motion, the switch is opened. This disconnects
the battery and causes the mass to fall. The coil turns as the mass falls.

The coil turns clockwise when viewed from the front. As the coil turns, a small voltage
is produced.

A student connects a wire between the points A and B shown in Fig. 13.7.

1. On Fig. 13.7, draw arrows to indicate the direction of the induced current flowing
in the coil. [1]

2. The student notices that the mass takes a longer time to fall when the wire is
connected.

Explain why the mass takes longer to fall. [2]

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~ End of Paper ~

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