Psychology
1: Theories and Concepts in Psychology
Psychology
is the science that deals with human
behavior and mental processes.
As a field that focuses on the human
being, Psychology draw findings based
on empirical data.
Self
The self in psychology pertains to how
one creates a schema of his/her person.
Self is ― the sense of personal identity
and of who we are as individuals‖
(Stangor, Jhangiani &Tarry, 2014).
Schema
describes a pattern of thought or behavior
that organizes categories of information
and the relationships among them.
1.1. Individual Self: The Biological
Foundations of Behavior
Brain
The center of all our bodily activities.
composed of billions of specialized cells
called neurons that receive and send the
signal from the central nervous system
(brain) to different parts of the body.
chemicals in our brains also affect our
responses or behavior. These brain
chemicals are called neurotransmitters.
1.2. Individual Self: Stages of Human
Development
Sigmund Freud
believed that childhood experiences
primarily shape the adult personality, his
stages are limited only up until the puberty
stage.
emphasized the sexual drive as the main
reason for our behavior.
Erik Erikson
believed that interpersonal relationships
take the central role in the development of
the individual (Knight, 2017).
Both theories believe in the influence of
the unconscious mind in the development
of an individual.
Freud‘s 5 stages of Psychosexual
Development
Oral Phase
Pleasure center is on the mouth
Anal Phase
Satisfaction focuses on the expulsion of
bowel and bladder elimination; coping with
demands for control.
Phallic Phase
Pleasure zone is the genitals; dealing with
incestuous sexual feelings towards
opposite sex parent.
Latent Phase
Dormant sexual feelings.
Genital Phase
Maturation of sexual interest. Sexual
impulses reappear.
Oedipus complex is traditionally used to
describe a boy's attraction towards the
mother and sense of rivalry with father.
Electra complex describes a girl's
attraction towards the father and sense of
rivalry with mother.
Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial
Development
Basic trust vs. Mistrust
If needs are dependably met, they
develop a sense of trust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do
things for themselves or they doubt their
abilities.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Pre-schoolers learn to initiate tasks and
the ego follows the reality principle
carry out plans or they feel guilty about
o acts according to the balance of the id,
their efforts to be independent.
supergo and reality.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of doing tasks
Carl Jung
former colleague of Sigmund Freud
or they feel inferior.
believed that the unconscious mind should
Identity vs. Role Confusion be the center in the study of the self.
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self Collective Unconscious
by testing roles and integrating them to the ideas or thoughts we have inherited
form a single identity or they become
from our ancestors.
confused of who they are.

Intimacy vs. Isolation Anima Helps us understand

Young adults struggle to form close Mask that is adopted (Feminine) behavior
feminine in males (moods
response to
in feelings
&
relationships and to gain the capacity for demands
the of
convention )
intimate love or they feel socially isolated. social
SELF Shadow
Generativity vs. Stagnation Persona
The middle aged discover a sense of One’s striving ( Evil )
for unity side and
contributing to the world, usually through Unpleasant
the work, or they may feel lack of purpose. Helps us reprehensible
socially
masculine
understandbehaviour feelings, and
thoughts,
females (thinking
Animus actions
Ego Integrity vs. Despair in (masculine)
& reasoning)
When reflecting on his/her life, the older
adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or
failure.

1.3. Individual Self: The Subjective Being

Freud (1905) believed that the human mind is
divided into three levels:

Conscious Mind
comprises all those thoughts that you are
aware of.
Subconscious Mind
thoughts that are not currently in present
awareness but could easily be
remembered when needed.
Unconscious Mind
resides in the deepest and the hard to
access part of our mind.
The three provinces of the mind
the id which follows the pleasure principle
o consider what it wants
the superego follows the morality
principle
o prompting it to make unreasonable
demands often in conflict with id.
2: Me-Self and I-Self: William James
James (1890) identified two understandings
of the self, the self as "Me" and the self as "I."
“ME”
self refers to the self as an "object of
experience" (self as object)
can be considered as a separate
individual or object a person can refer to
when narrating his/personal experience.
“I”
self reflects the self as a subject of
experience (self as subject)
is the one who knows who he/she is and
what he/she has done in his/her own life.
3: Real and Ideal Selves
3.1. Individua Tenets of Karen Horney’s
Theory (1950)
  Idealized self is created when individuals
feel alienated from self
 An idealized self-image is an
extravagantly positive picture of
themselves
 The Real Self can only be achieved
through self-realization
 Incongruence of ideal self and real self
leads to self-hatred.
3.2. Carl
Rogers’ Theory of Self Concept
Carl Rogers (1959) asserted that self-
concept has three (3) different components:
1. Self-image – how you view yourself
influenced by external factors such as
expectations from significant others.
2. Self-esteem or self-worth – is the value you
assign to yourself.
3. Ideal-self – is what you desire or expect of
the self.
Ideal self and Actual self.
According to Rogers, the congruence or
incongruence between the ideal and real
self affects our self-esteem.
Congruence
Self-concept meshes well
with experience (some
Self-concept
incongruence is probably
unavoidable)
Incongruence
Self-concept does not Self
-concept
overlap with experience.
Congruence
When we feel good about ourselves, it is
said that there is congruence or
alignment or there is a small gap between
our real self and ideal self.
When there is congruence, we feel more
confident, satisfied and become self-
actualized, leading to a high self-esteem.
Incongruence
There is incongruence if there is
misalignment or a big gap between the
real and ideal self.
In effect, we become distressed and
anxious, leading to a low self-esteem or
self-worth and be defensive in our actions.
4: Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy
Self-esteem
refers to one‘s overall assessment of
one‘s worth as a person.
Our self-esteem refers to how much we
value ourselves and perceive our worth as
a person.
Self-efficacy
is directly correlated with self-esteem.
When our performance improves, our self-
esteem improves which lead to
congruence.
 Rogers believed that a fully functioning
person is one who is, "in touch with
the here and now, his or her subjective
experiences and feelings, continually
growing and changing"
Experience
Actual
experience