INTRODUCTION

 UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF VALENCY:

Atomic No. Name of Element Electronic Configuration
K-shell L-shell M-shell N-shell
1 Hydrogen(H) 1
2 Helium(He) 2
3 Lithium(Li) 2 1
4 Beryllium(Be) 2 2
5 Boron(B) 2 3
6 Carbon( C ) 2 4
7 Nitrogen(N) 2 5
8 Oxygen(O) 2 6
9 Fluorine(F) 2 7
10 Neon(Ne) 2 8
11 Sodium(Na) 2 8 1
12 Magnesium(Mg) 2 8 2
13 Aluminium(Al) 2 8 3
14 Silicon(Si) 2 8 4
15 Phosphorous(P) 2 8 5
16 Sulphur(S) 2 8 6
17 Chlorine(Cl) 2 8 7
18 Argon(Ar) 2 8 8
19 Potassium(K) 2 8 8 1
20 Calcium(Ca) 2 8 8 2

 SOME COMMON MONOATOMIC IONS (POSITIVELY CHARGED):

+ 1 Charge + 2 Charge + 3 Charge + 4 Charge
Hydrogen H+1 Beryllium Be+2 Aluminium Al+3 Lead(IV) or Pb+4
Sodium Na+1 Magnesium Mg+2 Ferric Fe+3 Plumbic
Potassium K+1 Calcium Ca+2 Iron(III) Platinum Pt+4
Silver Ag+1 Zinc Zn+2 Chromium Cr+3
Mercurous Hg+1 Copper Cu+2 Bismuth Bi+3
Barium Ba+2
Cobalt Co+2
Lead Pb+2
Ferrous Fe+2
Iron(II)

 SOME COMMON MONOATOMIC IONS (NEGATIVELY CHARGED):

-1 Charge -2 Charge -3 Charge
Chloride Cl-1 Oxide O-2 Phosphide P-3
Bromide Br-1 Sulphide S-2 Nitride N-3
Fluoride F-1
Iodide I-1

 SOME COMMON POLYATOMIC IONS:

 +1 Charge -1 Charge -2 Charge -3 Charge
Ammonium NH4+1 Hydroxide OH-1 Carbonate CO3-2 Phosphate PO4-3
Bicarbonate HCO3-1 Sulphite SO3-2 Phosphite PO3-3
Nitrate NO3-1 Sulphate SO4-2 Borate BO3-3
Acetate CH3COO-1