1.

Answer all the Following 2 Marks Questions

1. A)Explain the following types of events in the context of probability theory:

i) Mutually Exclusive Events

ii) Independent Events

iii) Complementary Events.

i) Mutually Exclusive Events: Mutually exclusive events are events that cannot occur at the same time. If one event
happens, the other event(s) cannot occur simultaneously. In other words, the occurrence of one event excludes the
possibility of the other event occurring. For example, in a single roll of a fair six-sided die, the events "rolling a 3"
and "rolling a 5" are mutually exclusive because you cannot roll both a 3 and a 5 on the same roll.

ii) Independent Events: Independent events are events where the occurrence or non-occurrence of one event does
not affect the probability of the occurrence or non-occurrence of another event. In other words, the outcome of
one event has no influence on the outcome of the other event. For example, when flipping a fair coin, the outcome
of the first flip (heads or tails) does not impact the outcome of subsequent flips, making the flips independent
events.

iii) Complementary Events: Complementary events are pairs of events that cover all possible outcomes of an
experiment and have no outcomes in common. The occurrence of one event is the exact opposite of the occurrence
of the other event. For example, in rolling a six-sided die, the event "rolling an even number" and the event "rolling
an odd number" are complementary events. If one of these events happens, the other cannot happen.
B) In a school's music club, there are 50 students. 30 students play the piano, 20 students play the guitar, and 15
students play the violin. If a student is chosen randomly from the music club, what is the probability that the student
plays either the piano or the guitar?
 C) In a town, there are three types of restaurants: Italian, Chinese, and Mexican. A survey indicates that among the
residents: 30% enjoy Italian cuisine, 25% enjoy Chinese cuisine, 20% enjoy Mexican cuisine, 12% enjoy both Italian and
Chinese cuisines, 10% enjoy both Italian and Mexican cuisines, 8% enjoy both Chinese and Mexican cuisines, and 5%
enjoy all three types of cuisines.

i) Determine the percentage of residents who enjoy at least one of the three types of cuisines.

ii) Calculate the percentage of residents who enjoy exactly one type of cuisine.

Given information:

Percentage enjoying Italian cuisine (I) = 30%

Percentage enjoying Chinese cuisine (C) = 25%

Percentage enjoying Mexican cuisine (M) = 20%

Percentage enjoying both Italian and Chinese cuisines (I ∩ C) = 12%

Percentage enjoying both Italian and Mexican cuisines (I ∩ M) = 10%

Percentage enjoying both Chinese and Mexican cuisines (C ∩ M) = 8%

Percentage enjoying all three cuisines (I ∩ C ∩ M) = 5%

i) To determine the percentage of residents who enjoy at least one of the three types of cuisines, we can use the
principle of inclusion-exclusion.

ii)
 D) Consider a random variable Z that follows an exponential distribution with a parameter λ = 0.3.

i) Calculate the mean and variance of Z.

ii) Let's say there's another random variable W that also follows an exponential distribution, but with a
parameter λ = 0.7. If V is defined as the sum of Z and W, what is the mean and variance of V?

Given: Random variable Z follows an exponential distribution with parameter λ = 0.3.

i) The mean (μ) of an exponential distribution with parameter λ is given by the formula: μ = 1/λ.

For Z, with λ = 0.3, the mean (μ) is:

μ_z = 1/0.3 = 3.33

The variance (σ²) of an exponential distribution with parameter λ is given by the formula: σ² = 1/λ².

For Z, with λ = 0.3, the variance (σ²) is:

σ²_z = 1/(0.3)² = 11.11

ii) Given another random variable W following an exponential distribution with parameter λ = 0.7.

The mean (μ_w) of W is:

μ_w = 1/0.7 ≈ 1.43

The variance (σ²_w) of W is:

σ²_w = 1/(0.7)² ≈ 2.04

Now, let V be the sum of Z and W. The mean of the sum of two random variables is the sum of their means, and the
variance of the sum of independent random variables is the sum of their variances:
Mean of V (μ_v) = μ_z + μ_w = 3.33 + 1.43 = 4.76

Variance of V (σ²_v) = σ²_z + σ²_w = 11.11 + 2.04 = 13.15

So, for the sum of Z and W (V), the mean is approximately 4.76 and the variance is approximately 13.15.

E. A chemistry teacher conducted an experiment to explore the relationship between reaction time (in seconds) and
concentration of a certain chemical solution (in moles per liter). The data collected from the experiment is as follows:

Reaction Time: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55

Concentration: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0.

Create a scatter plot to visualize the relationship between reaction time and concentration.

F. A researcher is investigating the reaction times (in milliseconds) of participants in a cognitive experiment. The recorded
reaction times for a sample of participants are as follows:

212, 198, 215, 224, 370, 205, 199, 230, 205, 220

After collecting the data:

i) Calculate the sample mean and median of the reaction times.

ii) Identify the specific data point that might be causing a notable difference between the mean and median in this
dataset.
Given reaction times: 212, 198, 215, 224, 370, 205, 199, 230, 205, 220

i) To calculate the sample mean and median:

Sample Mean (Average):

Mean = (Sum of all data points) / (Number of data points)

Mean = (212 + 198 + 215 + 224 + 370 + 205 + 199 + 230 + 205 + 220) / 10

Mean ≈ 227.8

Sample Median:

To find the median, first, arrange the data in ascending order:

198, 199, 205, 205, 212, 215, 220, 224, 230, 370

Since there are 10 data points, the median is the average of the 5th and 6th values:

Median = (212 + 215) / 2 = 213.5

ii) To identify the specific data point causing a notable difference between the mean and median, we can notice that there's
an outlier in the dataset: 370. This value is significantly higher than the rest of the reaction times and is causing the mean to
be skewed upwards. The median is less affected by outliers, which is why it is closer to the central tendency of the majority
of the data.

This outlier (370) is responsible for the notable difference between the mean and median in this dataset.
2. Answer all of the following 16 marks

2 A. In a factory that produces light bulbs, it's known that the probability of a bulb being defective due to a filament issue is
0.08, the probability of a bulb being defective due to a glass issue is 0.06, and the probability of a bulb having both filament
and glass defects is 0.02. 4 marks

Given this information:

a) Calculate the probability that a randomly selected light bulb will be either defective due to a filament issue or a glass
issue.

b) Determine the probability that a randomly selected light bulb will have neither filament nor glass defects.

c) Find the probability that a randomly selected light bulb will have only one type of defect (either filament or glass, but not

both).
2B. Suppose that the error in the reaction temperature in 0C, for a controlled laboratory experiment is a C.R.V ‘X’ having the
P. d. f. 4 MARKS

{
2
x
f ( x )= 3 −1< x <2
0 otherwise

i)Verify that the given function is density

ii) Find P(0<x<1)

2C.A biologist measures the lengths (in centimeters) of leaves from two different plants, Plant A and Plant B. The measured
leaf lengths for each plant are as follows: 4 marks

Plant A: 12.5, 13.2, 11.8, 14.0, 12.9, 12.3, 13.6

Plant B: 9.7, 10.2, 9.5, 10.8, 11.3, 9.9, 10.5For each plant:

a) Calculate the mean (average) length of the leaves.

b) Calculate the standard deviation of the leaf lengths.

2D. A software company has collected data on the number of hours spent on software development (x) and the lines of
code written (y) for different projects. The summary of the data is as follows:

Mean hours spent: 45 hours

Mean lines of code: 3500 lines

Standard deviation of hours: 8 hours

Standard deviation of lines of code: 400 lines

Correlation coefficient: 0.75

If the company is targeting a project with a goal of writing 4000 lines of code, estimate the number of hours that would
likely be spent on this project.
3 .ANSWER ALL THE FOLLOWING CHOICE QUESTION 4 11 MARKS

3A. A computer exam has 10 multiple-choice questions, each with 4 answer choices. A student answers each question by
randomly selecting one of the choices. To pass the exam, the student must answer at least 6 questions correctly.
5 MARKS

i) Determine the probability that the student passes the exam.

ii) Calculate the probability that the student answers exactly 4 questions correctly.
3B In a quality control process, a manufacturer produces a batch of 500 computer chips. It's known that the probability of a
chip being defective is 0.04. Let Y be the number of defective chips in the batch.

6 MARKS

Given this information:

i) Calculate the probability that there is exactly 2 defective chips (P(Y = 2)).

ii) Determine the probability that there are at least 3 defective chips (P(Y ≥ 3)).

iii) Find the mean and variance of the number of defective chips (Y) in the batch.
4A. A telecommunications company experiences on average 2 network outages per week due to

5 MARKS

technical issues. The number of outages per week follows a Poisson distribution.

i) Calculate the probability that there will be at most 1 network outage in a given week.

ii) Determine the probability that there will be more than 3 network outages in a given week.
4B. In a quality control process for a manufacturing line, it's observed that an average of 0.15 defects occur per minute. The
number of defects per minute follows a Poisson distribution. 6 MARKS

i) Calculate the probability of spotting exactly 2 defects in a span of 10 minutes.

ii) Determine the probability of spotting fewer than 4 defects in 20 minutes.

iii) Find the probability of spotting at least one defect in 5 minutes.

5 .ANSWER ALL THE FOLLOWING CHOICE QUESTION 6 11 MARKS

5 MARKS

5A. In a manufacturing process for electronic components, the resistance values of a certain component are critical. The
company specifies that the resistance should be 1000 ± 10 ohms. It's known that the resistance values follow a normal
distribution with a mean μ = 1000 ohms and a standard deviation σ = 5 ohms.

On average, what percentage of manufactured components will be rejected due to falling outside the specified resistance
range?
5B.In a study of smartphone battery lifetimes, it was determined that the battery life of a particular model follows a normal
distribution with a mean of 18 hours and a standard deviation of 1.5 hours.

6 MARKS

Estimate the number of smartphones likely to last for:

(i) More than 20 hours of battery life.

(ii) Less than 16 hours of battery life.

(iii) More than 17 hours but less than 19 hours of battery life.

6A. A study aimed to investigate the relationship between the number of hours students spend studying and their exam
scores. The data collected from a sample of students is as follows: 5 MARKS

Study Hours (x): 8 5 9 7 4 6

Exam Scores (y): 80 65 85 75 60 70

Analyze the data using Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation and discuss the strength and direction of the relationship
between study hours and exam scores.
6B .Suppose a study on a network server shows that the time between consecutive requests follows an exponential
distribution with a mean of 8 seconds. 6 MARKS

Determine:

i) The probability that the time between consecutive requests exceeds 12 seconds.

ii) The probability that the time between consecutive requests is less than 6 seconds.

iii) The mean and variance of the time between consecutive requests.