HowtoPlayChess 10000948

Q T OW
TJ‘
T
r r / SO N
Co pyri ght , 1 9 0 7,
BY TH OMAS Y CRO WE
. LL
PRE FAC E
In prepari n g the p res e n t w o r k the com

piler wishes to give full credi t t o thos e
bo ok s wh i ch she h as had oc c asi on t o use
as auth o rities for the general pr i nciples
and l aws of th e game and for such of i ts
history as th e limi ted space of the IN T R O
D U C T ION permitted The list is as follows
.
”
The C hess Play er s H andbo ok
-
’
by ,
”
H o w ar d S taunton ; !
Chess by R F
,
. .
Gree n ; The Princi ples o f Ches s in The

”
ory an d P ra ct i ce and
,
T h e A rt o f
!
C hess ,
”
by J ames M as on ; The A mer i
”
can Cy c l op zed i a ,
a nd The Life o f Phili
dor by Geo rge A llen
,
.
0 B B . . .
M ay 1 , 1 90 7 .
[7 19 9 1 64
CO N T E N T S
P AGE
IN TRO DU C T IO N
TH E BO A RD AN D TH E M EN
Th e G am e — T h e Bo a r d Th e M en
— Set t i ng U p t h e Bo a r d — N a m es of
th e P c
i e es a n d a wn s — N P a m es of the
S qu a re s .
O BJ E C T O F T H E GA M E A N D O RDER O F
P RO C E DU R E
TH M O VES
E
K i ng M v ’
Qs n M v
o e —
u ee
’
s o e
Bi h p
s o M v ’
—s K n i gh t M v
o e
’
s o e
R k M v P wn M v
’ ’
oo s o e a s o e .
T E C H N IC A L T E RM S E XP LAI N ED
C E SS R ULE S
H
R l u es wh n O dd e G iv n s a re e
R l u es f Pl y by C n l t t i n
or a o su a o
R l u es f P l y by C
or p nd n c
a o rres o e e .
SU GG E S T IO N S F O R BEG I NN E R S
F m il i i t y w i th T c h n i c l T m
a ar e a er s
P l y i ng w i t h E i th C l
a — V l er o or a ue
of P c t i c i ng O n e G m — P l y i ng by
ra a e a
T im e D v l p i ng t h e G m
e o Th e a e e
V l a ue f t h Pi c
o — St d yi ng t h
e e es u e
B oard .
vi CO N TE N TS
C H A RT R E P AGE
VIII . SY S TE M S OF N OT A TIO N
E ng l i h s N ota t ion Ge ma n
r N o ta
ti on .
P RA CTIC E ‘
GA M E
CH E SS O PE NING S
T h e K i ng
’
s Kni gh t
’
s O p ening Th e
K i ng ’
s B i sh o p ’
s O p eni ng Th e Qu een
’
s
Bi sh o ps ’
O p en i ng Th e Ki ng
’
s Gam
b it Th e G am b it D ec l i ne d Th e
Qu een
’
s G a m b it I rregul a r O p en
i ngs .
E N D GA M ES
M IDDLE G A M E S
CO N C LU S IO N
C h es s P o bl
r em s — Key to C h es s
P b
ro l em s — E xa m p l es of M a st erp l a y
B IBLIOGRAP H Y
e U J J
) J
H O W T O P LA Y C H E SS
C H A PT E R I
IN T RO D U C T ION
The game of Chess o rigi n ate d i n I nd i a

about fiv e thousand years ago an d is the
old e st an d most sci en tific game of a seden
ta ry character The name comes from the
.
P e r si an s ha h o r King which is the n am e

,
of the pr i ncipal P i ec e and upon wh o s e c ap

ture the fate o f the game dep en ds .
Th e history o f Chess is extremely i n

teresti n g as people o f all nations fam o u s
,
in all professions h av e give n it c areful at

,
t ention and study F rom its origin in

.
India its populari ty sp read Eastward t o

,
C hina and J apan ; an d then Westward ,

through Persia and Bys antiu m to E u rop e
where dur i ng the M iddle A ges i t be cam e
, ,
H O W TO PL A Y CH E SS
the ri te
f avo p as ti me o f the Cloister and
th e tco urt In this c onn e c ti o n i t is worthy
‘ ‘
o f no te th at C hes s s the o nly gam e of the

I
kind that has always bee n approved by

the priesth oo d o f all fai ths ; C ath olic ,
P ro testa n t Buddhist and M oslem In

, ,
.
P h i l i dor s day during the first half o f th e

’
,
Eighteenth C ent u ry it was th e cust om in ,
Europe for the musicians at the r oyal

chapels t o amus e thems elves with C h e ss
when their services were not re quire d dur
i ng H igh M ass ; an d i t was for this rea
son that the name of P h i l i dor has lived
in the hist o ry o f Chess rathe r than in the
history o f mus i c, for he was a gr eat m u
si c i an as well as a remarka bly sk i lle d
C hess play e r .
S inc e the i n v ent ion o f the game fi ve ,
thousand years ago , i ts devel o pm en t may

be sa id to have undergone three distinct
per i ods Th e first lasted until about 60 0
.
A D an d during th a t time it was p laye d

. .
,
by four persons the move o f each Chess

,
m an b e ing about th e same as it is now but ,
a dic e was thr o wn to deci d e whi ch

I N TR O D U CTI O N 3
one was t o be played The sec on d perio d

.
lasted from th e S eventh to th e S ixteenth

C entury during which time the game was
,
r e duc e d to a c o ntes t b etween two pers ons .
The elem ent of chanc e was als o done away

with an d the di c e dis c arde d The thir d
,
.
an d last stage in the develop men t of the

game bega n at the cl o se o f th e S ixteenth
C entury and cont inu es un ti l an d du r ing
the presen t day .
D uring th e las t c entury C hess p er iod

,
i c al s w e re intro d uced and public contes ts

were establish e d betwee n fam o us players
o r be tween the diffe rent clubs Chess as .
sem bl i e s tournaments and c ontes ts for

, ,
amat eurs w ere als o first held in the Nine

teen th C entury which added grea tly t o
the int eres t and general p o pularity of the
game To day , even the daily newspaper s
.
—
give space t o the subj ect recording the ,
moves in match t o urnament games so that

a person may follow ea c h play by reading
his paper just as readily as if he were an
eye witn ess of the game
-
.
In connection with the study of the

4 HO W TO PL A Y CH E SS
g am e it is interes ting to know tha t among

,
i ts de vo tees have be e n such monarchs as

C harles XII Na p o leon I F rederick the
.
, .
,
Great C harlemagne and H ar oun al

, ,
Rashid ; a n d such philosophers as Vol

taire R oss e au and F ranklin
, .
The literature o f the game has be en con

tributed t o by wr i ters o f all nati o ns and ,
while th e student cann ot be expected to

b ec o m e familiar with all th at has be en
written on the subj ect he should kn ow , ,
at least the n ames which are most prom

,
i nent i n connection with the scientific de

ve l o p m en t of C hess A mong th em are .
H a n ste in Von der L asa , L ange an d H ar

, ,
witz of Germany ; C unningham J anssen

, , ,
S arrat t M D onn el l and S taunton of

,
’
, ,
England ; P etrofi and Ki eseri tz ky of R u s

’
,
si a ; Sz é n an d Lo we n thal o f H ungary ; ,
S tein o f H olland ; Stamm a of S yria ;

, ,
P hi l i dor D esch ap p elles and L a Bou rdeu

, ,
nais of F rance ; B u y L op ez and X eron e

, ,
o f S pain ; D uboi s S alvio P aoli Boi and , ,
D el B i o of Italy ; and M orphy o f the

,
United S tat e s The E ast wh er e the game

.
,
I N TR O D UC TI O N 5
o r i ginated has also contribut e d to its liter

,
ature and the A siatic names ass o ciated

with it are : Sokeiker Rhazes S ul i D ami
, , ,
ri Ibn Sherf M ohamme d Ghulam Kas

, ,
sim an d A li Sh atranj i .
While C hess i s a purely sc i ent i fic form

o f amusement ,
and o ne th at requires con
stant practice and study i f a player de ,
sires to b ecome skilled it affords such ,
pleasure t o those wh o are among i ts de

v o te es an d Offe rs such excepti o nal o p p or
tu n i ti es fo r mental developm ent tha t no

pers on of culture can a fford t o n eglect it .
O f c o urse the sc o pe o f th e pr esent volume

,
only permits a surv ey o f the general p ri n

c i pl es and laws o f the game but the c o m
p i ler has en d eav o r ed t o give the studen t a

th o r o ugh gr o un d w o rk for o r d inary pur
po ses ; bu t fo r the benefit o f th o se who
wish t o go i nt o t h e m in utest d eta i ls o f the
most sc i enti fi c play a Bibl i ography has
,
b een prepare d t o w hi ch th e stu d en t i s re

ferred after h e has mast ere d the c ontents
o f the pres e n t w o rk .
C H AP T ER II
TH E BO A R D AN D TH E M EN .
TH E GAM E
The Game of C hess is playe d o n a
boa rd by tw o persons o r parti e s each ha v ,
ing sixteen m en ; eight o n the first rank

called Pi e c es and eigh t on the secon d
,
rank called P awns

,
.
TH E BO A R D .
A C hess Board is a perfect square which

is further divided into s i xty four small e r -
squar e s o f alternate c ontrasting colors ;

,
one light o r white, and o ne d ark or black .
The light col o red square i s always r eferre d

to as Whit e and th e d a rk color e d square
,
is always referre d to as Black The board .
i s plac e d be t w ee n th e two players so that

e ach has a whit e square at his r i ght h and ,
6
O
TH E B A R D A N D TH E M E N 7
and one half of the boar d is call e d the

King s S ide, and the other h alf the
’
Que en s S id e but the beginner will und er

’
,
stand the arrangement m o re clearly when

he i s familiar with the men .
TH E MEN .
The Game o f Ch e ss is played w i th thir

ty two men , sixteen of which are light in
-
color and r eferred t o as White ; and sixtee n

dark and spoken of as Black The player .
or party on one side of the bo ard h as th e

Black men while the player o r party on
the oth e r side has th e White men T he .
C hessmen are divided i nto two classes

Pieces and P awns When the bo ar d i s
.
set up th e Pieces stand o n the first ran k
and i nclude
.
O n e King of each color indicated by ,
K .
c olor I n di cate d by
,
E A
T w o Bish o ps of each col o r in d i ca te d ,
by B .
Two Kn i ghts of ea ch c ol o r ind i c ate d

,
by K h o w N
a
r
Two R ooks o f ea ch c o l o r indi c ated by

,
R .
F ormerly
the w o r d C astle was used
!
but it is n o w almost obsolete the wor d ,
R ook be ing giv e n the prefer ence .
Th e P a w ns of which there are eight of

,
.
e ach color, are all alik e i n desi gn a n d

stand on the sec ond rank a t the open
ing of the game They are i n d icate d by
.
P .
S E T T IN G U P TH E B O A RD .
D IA G R AM
I shows the board arr a nge d
for the play The student will n o te tha t
.
th e King and Qu een occupy the two mi d

dle square s e ach Q uee n be ing on the
, !
square of her o wn color Next come the .
'
Bishops one o n each side o f the King an d

,
TH E B A R O D A N D TH E M E N 9
Quee n ; th en the Knights and finally the ,
R ooks which occupy th e corner s quares .
Th e P awns are arranged o n th e s quares i n

fr ont o f the P i e c es .
B LACK
Qu een s Si de King s Si d e
’ ’
. .
Qu een s Si d e K i ng de
’
Si
’
.
s .
W HIT E .
D IA G RA M I .
Pi eces a nd Pa wn i n P o si ti on
s .
10 HO W TO PLA Y CH E SS
NAM E S O F TH E P I E C E S A N D PAW N S .
The Chessmen of each player are fur

th er nam e d acco rding t o their p o siti o n s
upon the board Thus the Bishop n e x t
.
,
’
to th e Queen is called the Queen s Bishop ,
indicated by QB and the Bishop next t o

’
the King is calle d the K i ng s Bish o p i n ,
d i c ate d by KB The K n ight on the

.
’
Que en s side i s c alle d the Queen s K n ight
’
,
indicated by QKt and the Knight on the,

’
King s side is calle d the King s Knight
’
,
indicated by KKt The R oo k o n the

.
’
Que e n s side i s called the Qu een s R o ok
’
,
indicated by QR and the R ook on the ,

’
King s sid e i s called the K in g s B ook i n
’
,
di c ate d by KR .
T h e P awns are name d after th e P i eces

in front of w hich they stand Thus be .
,
gin n ing a t the left ( as shown i n D I A G R AM

’ ’
I ) th e P awns are call e d the Queen s R ook s
’ ’
P awn ( QR P ) the Que en s Knight s
P awn ( QKtP ) the Queen s Bishop s ’ ’
Pawn ( QBP ) the Queen s P awn ( QP ) ’

,
’
the King s P awn ( KP ) th e King s Bish
’
TH E B OA R D A N D TH E ME N 11
op s P a wn ( KBP ) ; th e King s Knight s

’
,
’ ’
Pawn ( KKtP ) ; and the King s R ook s

,
’ ’
P awn ( KR P ) T h e student should f a

,
.
m i l i ari z e hims elf with the letters by which

the di ffe rent Pi ec e s and Pa w ns are distin
gu i s h e d so that he may readily identify
th em as the names are seldom used in full
,
.
NAM E S O F TH E S QU A R E S .
T he squares are named after the Pieces

w hich occupy them at the beginning of th e
gam e Th e square o ccupi e d by the Queen
.
is call e d the Queen s S quare ( QSq ) and ’
the squares in front of it are number e d in

order across the board thus : Q2 ; Q3 ; Q4 ;
Q5 ; Q6 ; Q7 ; Q8 It will be not e d fr o m .
D I A GR AM II that Q8 of the Black Queen

.
,
’
is the Qu e en s S quare o f the Wh i te Queen ,
as e ach player counts from his o wn side of

th e board The names of the squares are
.
abbr eviat e d thus : K Sq ; K 2 ; K 8 ; K4 ;

K 5 ; K 6 ; K 7 ; K 8 ; K B Sq ; KB 2 ; KB S '
KB L; KB 5 ; KB 6 ; KB 7 ; KB S ; KKt Sq ;
é
KKtQ ; K Kt 3 K Kt4 ; KKt 5 KKt 6

KKt7 KK t 8 KR Sq ; KR Q ; KR 3 ;
KR 4 ; KR 5 ; KR 6 ; KR 7 ; KR 8 ; and cor
resp o n d in gl y
on the Que en s sid e If the ’
.
studen t will stu dy D IA G R AM II with care

B LA CK .
W HIT E .
D I A G R A M II .
Sh o wi ng th e N a m es of th e S qu a re s .
he will h ave no di ffi culty in recogni z ing

th e di ffer e nt squar e s wh en r ef e rence i s
ma d e to the m ,
C H AP T E R III
OB J E C T O F TH E G AM E AN D O R D ER O F PRO
C E D UR E
The game of C hess as alre ady state d, ,
is playe d by tw o pers o ns o r parties and the ,
obj e ct of e ach i s to capture his opponen t s ’
King or plac e h i m in such a p o sition th at

h e cannot mov e without being take n If .
the King is attack e d o r threa t ened with

,
capture the attacking p arty must give

,
warning by calling ou t C he ck and i f

th e King In the n ext mo v e ca n n o t av o id
,
” !
th e attack h e is checkmate o r mat e
and the game is at an end the person hav ,
ing first captured his o pp on ent s King be ’
ing the w inner The studen t will n o t e

.
that the gam e stops one move sh o rt of the

final play w hich tak e s th e King .
I f fo r any r e a son th e Kings o ccu py

, ,
13
14 H o w TO P A
L Y CH E SS
such po siti o ns up o n the board that neither

can be captur e d the game is drawn .
The play e rs firs t arrange the board as

shown in D I A G RA M I and d raw l o ts for
,
the col o r w i th which each i s t o play The .
game i s generall y op ene d by the White .
M en . When the player wh o has d rawn

the Wh i te M en m o ves a Piece o r a P awn ,
it is his o pponent s turn and so th e game

’
,
continues each moving alte rnately one

, ,
man at a time , o f h i s o w n c olor and cap

turing only the men o f the o pp o sit e col o r .
Under o nly o ne c ond it ion o f wh i ch the

,
stu d en t will learn later is a player all o wed

,
to make tw o m oves in succession Until .
a student has ha d c o nsi d erabl e exper i ence ,
and learne d t o pla y a game o f h i s own h e

will d o well t o m o ve each P i ece o nce be
fo re he has m ov e d any Pie c e tw i c e as th i s ,
w ill enable him t o keep his forces t o gether

and pr eve n t needless exp o sure and weak
ness in his d e fence and attack .
Both distance and di re ction mus t be

tak en into consid e ration with every mov e ,
as well as the advantages that are t o be .

O BJ E C T O F TH E GA ME 15
gained by m o ving any o ne P i ece i n pref

e r ence to anoth e r but the student must be
,
come familiar with the r elative valu e of

the Pieces and P awns an d with their re
s p ec tiv e m o ves
,
before this can be ma d e
p erfectly clear to him .
C HA P T E R I V
TH E M OVES
I n lea rning th e m o ves of the v ari o us

P ieces an d P awns the beginner is advis e d
,
to hav e a bo ard b efo re him and t o secu re

the assistance o f a n experienced playe r if
available ; for while they are v e ry simple
t o understand wh en demonstrat e d their ,
description in w o r d s m ay sound c ompli

c a te d
. The diagrams , however sh ou ld be ,
carefully studied .
TH E K IN G ’
S M O VE .
The King m ay move one squar e at a

time in an y direc tion Thus when the .
,
Black King for example stands o n Q5

, ,
”
he commands o r may move to any o ne
, ,
of the eight adj acent squares as indicated

in D I A GR AM III S hould one of thes e
.
s qu ares b e o c c up i e d h o wever by o ne of
, ,
16
TH E M O VE S
his own men he c o ul d not m ove t o it o r

, ,
should his a dv e rsary the White King be

, ,
near his move would be further restrict ed

, .
LACK
B .
W H ITE .
D IA G RAM III .
T h K i ng
e M o ve
’
s .
Fo r example : S uppos e the Bla ck Ki ng

stand s on Q5
,
a Bla ck P a w n stands on K 6
and the White King stand s o n K 2 N O W .
!
I
18 HO W TO P L A Y CH E SS
th e Blac k King comm ands all of the ad
j oining squa res but he can only mov e to
,
one of six of th em and not to any one of

the eight as he could in D IA G R AM III
,
.
H e cannot move to K 6 b ecaus e his o wn

P awn occupies it and also be cause the
White King could m o ve int o it w er e he
al o n e O n th e board Nor can the Black
.
King move into Q6 because that also is a

,
square with i n the range of mov ement of

his a dv ersa ry o r o ne o f the eight s q u ares
,
c o mm an d ed by th e Wh i te King w ere he
alone u p on the b o ard Thus the sph e re
.
,
o f i nfluence o f the tw o Kings overlaps at

K 6 a nd Q6 with the result that those tw o
s qu ar e s are neutral terr i t o ry forbidden to
,
b oth by the fun d amental laws of C hess ,
f o r the Kings mus t always have an inter

v al of at least one s quare between the m .
A s th e Obj ect o f the game is to capture

or checkm a te th e a d versa ry s it is
readily seen that he i s o f paramount i m
p ort a n,
ce and t h at the moves of all the
o ther P i eces and P awns are ma d e w i th
re ference to him .
TH E M O VE S 19
TH E . Q UE E N ’
S M OV E .
The Quee n mov e s in any dir ection like ,
the King but Sh e is n ot res trict e d to di s

,
B LACK .
W HITE .
D IA G RA M IV .
Th e Qu een s M o v e
’
.
tance and may cover any number of unoc

c u p i e d squar e s to th e limits of th e bo a rd
in a horizontal v ertical and diagonal lin e

,
.
Thus a Queen on Q4 as sho w n in D I A
, ,
G R AM I v c o mmands twenty s ev en squar e s

,
-
.
O wing to th e squares at h e r comman d sh e ,
is the most po w erful of the Pi e c e s but h e r ,
power w o uld be di sproportionally gr e a t

w ere it n o t that sh e can be exchange d o nly
for the opposing Que en without mat erial
loss When the Qu e en o c cupi e s a s i de
.
squa re the sum of the diagonal moves pos

,
sible to h e r is al w ays sev en .
TH E B I SH O P ’
S M O VE .
The Bishop mov e s ov e r any numbe r of

unoccupied squa res in a diagonal lin e ,
from which it will be s een that h e al w ays

occupi es squa res of the sam e color as the
one on which he stands at th e b eginning
of th e game A s the King s Bishop i s o n
.
’
’
a square of one color and the Queen s
Bi shop on a s quar e of anoth e r color a t ,
th e opening of the game it will be s e e n ,
that the two Bishops are easily di sti n

gu i sh e d and nev e r int e rfere with e ach
other From a center squar e Q4 for ex

.
, ,
ample as shown O n D I A G R AM V the Bish op ,

TH E M O VE S 21
c o mman d s thirteen squares When he .
O cc u pies a si d e square however the s u m

, ,
B LACK .
W HITE .
D IA GRA M V .
Th e B i h p s M v e
’
s o o .
of the diagonals to which he can m o ve i s

‘
always sev en the same as the Queen

,
.
22 H O W To PL A Y CH E SS
TH E K NIG H T ’
S M OV E .
The Knight s move is L sh ap e d and

’
m o r e d i fficult to explain than any of the

B LACK .
D I A G RA M VI .
T h e Kn i gh t
’
s M ov e .
others H e moves ho rizontally o r verti

.
cally in any di rection tw o squares for

,
TH E M O VE S 23
ward and o ne square t o eith e r the righ t or

,
t he left ,
l e aping o ver th e interv ening
squares whether they are o ccupi e d or not .
Thus the Knight on Q4 commands eigh t

s quares as sh own o n D IA GR AM VI By .
placing the Knigh t o n any o f the cent e r

s quares th e stu d en t will see that his move
appear s t o be a leap from the square on
which he stands to the next but o n e of a
di fferent color F r o m a ma thematical
'
.
,
p o in t the Kni ght s mov e is the diagonal

,
’
of a rectangle o f six squar e s and is as reg

ular as tha t o f any of th e oth e r Pi e ces .
O w i ng t o the charact e r of his move he i s

less liabl e to resistance than any o f the
o t h er P i ece s
,
TH E Roox
’
s M OV E .
Th e Ro ok m o ves i n four directi o ns

parall el to the sides of the b o ard and over ,
any number of un o ccupied squares Thus .

,
a rook standing on Q4 commands fou rtee n

squar es as shown in D IA G R AM VII a n d
is n ext in p ower t o th e Quee n .
24; HO W TO PLA Y CH E SS
B LACK .
WH IT E .
D IA G RA M VII .
Th e R k M ve’
oo s o .
TH E P AWN ’
S M OVE .
Th e P awn moves fo rward only one ,
s qua re at a time ; exc e p ting in the firs t
move wh en it m ay mov e o ne o r two squa re s

at the o p tion of the player In m o ving .
TH E M O VE S 25
two squa res however if the Pawn passes

, ,
an adv ers e P a wn , it may be taken in pass .
ing by th e adve rsary When a P a wn has

.
advanc e d eight squa re s in any fil e it must ,
imm e diat e ly be exchange d for a Pi ec e of

its own colo r at th e choic e of its own er
, ,
aft e r whic h it acts as if it w ere an original

.
Piece j ust moved int o that squa re by the

player .
F ro m this it will be seen that th e re may

be thr ee or mor e Qu eens Bishop s Knights , ,
or R ooks on th e board at th e sam e tim e be

longing to the same player though th e ,
numb e r of C hessmen belonging to each

player can nev e r exce e d sixt een This .
power of the P awn to become a Pi ec e in

creas e s its importance in spite of its slow
,
progress across th e board and makes it of

mor e valu e than would at first be i m ag
in ed. A fine player may always be id en
ti fie d by h i s jud i ci o us handling o f the
P awn s .
’
While the P awn s mov e is forward in
a v ertical lin e its pow e r of capturi ng ra d i
,
ates fo rwar d diagonally Thus i f a White

.
26 H O IV T O PL A Y CH E SS
P awn occupie s QB 3 and a Black Pa wn

stands on Q5 the Whit e P awn moves di
,
a o n al l
g y f rom its QB 3 to Q4 and captur e s
the Black Pawn If ther e were no a d

.
vers e Pi ece to capture the White P awn

,
woul d m o ve t o QB4 .
C HA P T ER V
TEC H NI C A L T ER M S E X P L A IN E D
A d vers e P i ece . A P i ece o f the o p p o

site color .
A tta c k . This term may b e expla i ne d

in s everal different ways :
( )
1 A ny force commanding a S q uare
occupied by an a dv erse fo rce is said to at
tack the latt er though at tack may exist
,
without p o wer to capture .
( )
2 A combin e d movement o f two . o r
more Pieces tending to compel th e adv er
s ary to abandon s o me ar ticular force o r
p
position .
( )
3 A c om bi n a t ion aga i nst the K i n g o r
his position .
( )
4 Th e player o pening the game ( ge n
e ral l
y the Whit e ), m akes the attack .
( )
5 A strateg i c mov e dir e cte d aga i ns t
’
a weak part o f th e enemy s fo rce .
27
B li ndfo ld Chess, or C h ess Sans Voir

.
Games played without seeing either the

boar d or the men The po wer of playing
.
at least o ne game i n this way is gen erally

ac qu i re d by ev e ry p layer ; a n d pers ons wh o
are skilled i n the science o f Chess have
been kn o wn t o c on duct as many as a dozen
su ch games s i m u lta n e ously .
Cap tu ri ng M oving a P i e c e o r P aw n
.
i nt o a s quare o c cupied by an a d verse P i ec e

”
o r P awn and taking or capturi ng it .
A ny Pi ece o r Pawn may be captured w i th

the exce p t ion o f the King his capture is
,
”
a c c ompl i she d by checkmate The v ar i
.
o us Pieces captur e according t o the direc

tion and extent of their respect i ve m ov es .
The P aw n s however vary fr o m th i s rule

, ,
and are all ow ed to m o ve one square fo r

war d i n a diagonal lin e from th e one on
which they stan d in o rder t o capture an
,
a d vers e P iece or P awn .
Cas tli ng
. A combin e d m o ve o f King
an d Book allo w ed to each player onc e
i n a gam e and consisting of moving the
R o ok to the square next to the King an d ,
TE CH N I CA L TE R M S EX PL A I N E D 29
the King t o th e
square on the other side
o f th e Bo ok A fter castling with th e
.
King s R o ok the King occupies KKt Sq

’
.
and the R o ok o ccupi es KB Sq as shown .

,
i n D IA GR AM V III After castling with

.
(1) Before Ca stl i ng .
( 2) A f ter C a stl i ng .
DI A G RA M V III .
C a s tl i n g Wi th T h e K i ng
’
s R oo k .
’
the Queen s R ook th e King o ccu p i es
QB Sq and th e R ook occupies QSq The
. .
conditions under which castling are al

lowed are
( )
1 That neither King nor R o o k has
be en moved .
( )
2 Th a t no P i e ces o r P awn s i nter
( )
3 That the K i ng i s no t in check .
( )
4 That th e Ki ng d oes n o t ha v e t o
cr o ss and d o es n o t mov e t o a s quare c om

m an ded by an o pp o s i ng P i ece o r P aw n .
C enter . Pawn s i n the m idd le field es ,
p ec i a l l y i f well supp o rted It i.s u sually a
grea t obj e ct to k ee p the c enter i n tact o r ,
unb rok en an d t o b reak the c e n te r o f th e

a dversary i f i t be stronger .
Che c k . The warn ing wh i c h mu s t be

’
g i ve n when the adversary s Kin g i s at
tacke d In such a case th e King i s sa i d
.
,
to b e i n check and the threate n ed cap

ture must be av o ided by :
( )1 T a king t h e a tta c kin g P i e c e o r
P awn .
( )
2 M ovi n g th e K ing .
( )
3 I n te r o sm
p g o r m ovi ng a n othe r
P i ece o r P awn between the King and th e

attack i ng Piece o r P awn .
Fo r example i f th e Wh i te K ing stands

,
on QR 4 an d the Black Queen s R ook ’
stan d s on QR S the n the Whit e K i ng i s

,
TE C H N I CA L TE R M S EX PL A I N E D 31
in check by the Black R ook White may .
avoid the ch e ck by moving his King to

Q K t 3 , Q K t 4 or QK t 5 ; or h e may tak e
th e attacking P i ec e with his Bishop sup

po sing i t to be o n Q4, in a diagonal line
w ith the square o cc u p i e d by the attacking
R ook .
fl h ec k m a te o r
, M a te A p o s i t ion in
.
whi ch the King cannot by a ny means a vo id

being captur e d by the o pp o sing fo rce An .
example of simpl e checkmate i s sh own i n

D I A G R AM Ix The stu d ent w ill see that
.
if the White King remains where he

is he can be taken by the B l ack Knight ;
if he m oves to KB Sq o r KKt 2 he c an be
.
,
take n by the Bla ck Bish o p as both o f th o s e

squares are c o mman d e d by him ; a nd i f
he m oves int o KR 2 again he c o mes w i th in
,
the sphere of in fl uenc e o f th e B l ack

Knigh t wh om he i s try in g t o a void T hus .
,
it w i l l b e see n t h at h e h as no m ea n s o f es
cape .
C los e Game A g ame in wh i ch the d e

.
v el op m en t of the P i eces is e ffect e d chie fl y

be hin d the Pa wns This meth od requ i res
.
32 HO W TO PLA Y CHE SS
the greatest accuracy and j udgment and
is only adopted by the most exper i ence d
players ( S ee O p en Gam e )
. .
B LACK .
W HITE .
DIA G RA M IX .
C h eck m te
a .
C om bi na ti on
. The c o n c erted act ion o f
tw o or more Piec es for a particular ob
j ec t ; two or mor e mov es for a c o mm o n
purpose . S kill in mak i ng effe c t iv e com

bin ati o n s i s a cc o u n te d the s u res t tes t o f a
Chess pl ayer .
C omm and A s qu ar e i s c o mman d e d

.
when any P ie ce o r P aw n oc c upying it may

be atta cked A P i ec e i s sa id t o c omma nd
.
a s quar e when it can m ove in t o i t .
C ou n ter A ttac k A n indi re c t an d ef

.
f ec tiv e way of n eutraliz i n g an atta ck F o r .
exampl e a c ombinati o n against one K i ng

,
may be halted o r destr oye d by an e qually

strong combinati on aga i ns t t h e o ther ; or
an attacked force m ay be s u cc essfu lly
gu ard ed by an atta ck up on an e qu al o r
greater ad v erse P i ece o r P awn .
C ou n ter Gam bi t T he sacrifice O f s o m e

.
’
part of the sec ond p layer s fo rce usually ,
a P awn in the o pe n i ng o f th e game to

,
obta i n an advantage i n p o s i t ion ( S ee

‘
O pen i ngs an d Gam bi t ) .
D ebu t . O pen i ng .
D efen c e . The c o rrel at ive of attack .
The second player generally the Black at

, ,
the beginning of the game is said to hav e ,
the d efence as the first player is sai d t o

,
34 H O IV T O PLA Y CH E SS
have the attack D efensive measures a re
.
thos e taken to provide against or to r ep e l

attack To d efend a Pi e c e or P awn is to
.
p rotect o r supp o r t i t fr om or against an

ad v ers ary.
D ev elop . T o d evel o p a P i ece o r P aw n

is t o brin g i t fr om th e com p aratively p o w
e rl ess an d i nactiv e p o sition which i t oc
c u p i e s at th e beginning o f the game t o a
position which is m ore fav o rabl e for de

fence or attack To d evel o p a game is to
.
bring all o r nearly all of the P iec e s an d

Pawns int o p o siti o ns o f defence or attack .
D evelop m en t . The early positions of

the fo rces for d efence o r attack In a .
goo d o r str ong d evel o pment th e forces c o

,
operate w i th out much obstru cti on In a .
bad or weak d e v el o pment there i s need

,
l ess obstruct i o n and lack o f co operatio n -
which fre que n tly lea d s t o a permanent d is

advantage .
D i sc ov ered Chec k . A n attack Op ene d

up on th e Ki ng by the rem oval o f an inter
v en in g Pi e ce or Pa wn F or example : If
.
the Black King oc cupi es KKt7 the Whit e ,

Bishop occupies KKt 5 and the Whit e ,
Qu ee n occupies KKt 8 by r em o v ing th e

.
Bishop the file is o pen e d to the Quee n

and th e adverse K i ng i s attacked M ov .
ing the Bish o p i s sa id to di s c ov e r

check .
D ou ble C heck Th e s i multane ous at .
tack by two Pieces upon the King

, ,
.
D ou ble P a wn T w o Pawns ou th e sam e

.
fil e .
E n d Gam e The stage at wh i ch the

.
forces of both Sides hav e b ecome so re

du c ed that the o ret i cal analysis is aga i n .
possibl e A compl ete an d p erfect gam e of

.
C hess is divi d e d i nto thr ee p arts !
( )
a The O p en i ng .
( )
b The M i d dle Gam e .
( )
c The En d Game .
E ach o f thes e w i ll b e di s cu sse d at l engt h

i n later chapters .
E n P assan t Taken in pass ing If a

. .
Pawn i n its firs t move passes an a dv ers e

, ,
Pawn the latter in its next m ov e only , ,
may capture i t en passant as if it ha d

mov ed only o ne squ are Thus if there is .
36 HOW TO PLA Y CH E SS
a W h i te P aw n on Q5 and Black P awns

o n QB 2 and K2 and either o f the Black
,
P awns m o ve s two squares to QB4 o r K4 , ,
i t may be c ap t u re d e n p assa n t by the

White P awn .
E n P rise
. A P i e c e o r P awn i s en prise
whe n i t is not fully defended and can be
taken by the adversary The t e rm i s used .
with reference t o everything but the King

and c o rresponds with check o r checkmate .
A Piece or P awn is en p r i se while the ,
King is in check .
E s tab li sh
. A Piece o r P awn i s e stab
l i sh e d when i t o c cupi e s a position from
which i t c annot be dislodged and whence ,
i t exercis e s a d i re c t i n flue n ce up o n the op

p o sing f o rc e .
E xchange . To take fo rce f or force In .
it there m ay be e quality or rela tiv e gain

or loss T o w i n an exch ange i s t o capture
.
a R ook in return fo r the loss o f a Knight

o r a Bishop To l o se an exchange is to
.
capture a Bish o p o r Knight in exchange

for a R ook .
F a ls e M ov e A move that is c on trad ic

.
TE CH N I CA L TE R M S EX PL A I N E D ’
37
t o ry to the fundamental laws of Chess .
F o r exampl e t o move a Bishop like a

,
King o r a Qu een like a Knight is a false

, ,
move and subj ects the player to certain

p enalties .
F i les .The r o ws o f squar e s across the

boa rd from one player to an o th e r and dis
,
t i ngu i sh e d from the R anks which are the

horizontal r ow s o f squares The fil es are .
named after the Pieces which o ccupy them

at the beginni ng of the game Th u s fr om .
,
White s sid e b eginning at the right we

’
,
’ ’ ’
have the King s R ook s file the King s ,
Knight s file the King s Bish o p s file an d

’
,
’ ’
the King s file an d s o on across t o the

’
,
Quee n s R ook s file ( See R anks )

’ ’
. .
F orce A term use d t o refer t o a Piec e

.
or Pawn .
F ork .The attack by a Knight up on

tw o advers e Pieces o r P awn s It is als o .
used t o descri be the d ouble attack of a

Queen B i sh o p o r P awn A c omm o n and
, .
fatal example o f a fork is fou nd whe n the

Whit e Kn i ght occup i es K 3 an d the Black ,
K i ng occu p ies KB 8 an d tlie Black Queen , ,

KKt5 . K ing b e i n g in check mus t

The , ,
move ,which leaves the Queen at the mercy

of the adverse Knight .
Gam bi t A voluntary s u rren der, or

.
pr o ffer o f a P i ec e or P awn by the fi rst

,
player at the early par t o f the game , w i th

a view t o sub se quen t a dv an tage .
Gam e I n additi on to i ts o r din ary

.
mean i ng the te rm has a tec hnical mea n

”
ing which i s explaine d und er O pening .
In terp os e T o m ov e a P ie c e o r P aw n
.
betwee n an attacke d a nd at ta c k i ng P iec e

or P aw n The term i s fr equently use d i n
.
conne c t ion with the K i ng When h e i s in .
ch eck an d a Piec e o r Pawn i s placed be

,
t wee n him an d the attacki n g Pie c e or

Pawn th at P i e c e or P awn i s sa id to be
,
interp o sed .
I llega l M ove A m ove which , whil e

.
no t i n o pp o siti on to the fu nd amental laws

o f m ov ement i s still c ontra d ictory t o the
,
o r di n ary rules of p lay un d er the p arti c u ,
lar c i rcumstances o f the c ase such as m ov ,
ing o ut o f turn ; m oving an adverse P iece

o r Pawn castling t o a void chec k or cast ,
TE C H N I CA L TER M S EXP LA I N ED 39
ling after the K ing or R ook h as bee n

moved .
Is ola ted P awn A P aw n i s sa id to be

.
isolate d when there are n o Pawns o f the

same c ol o r on the a d j o ini ng files .
J a d ou be Th e F rench f o r !
I ad
’
.
”
just ; an express i on that Is u se d by a
player wh en he wishes t o to uch a ma n
that he does n ot i nten d to play or t o take .
W i thout this d eclarat io n the Piece or ,
P awn t o uche d must be m oved o r c ap ture d

’
i n th e player s n ext turn i f the c on di t io n s
p erm i t.
M an . T he gen er i c n ame fo r any Ch es s

fig ure o r force inclu d ing th e Pieces an d
,
Pawn s There are th i rty tw o Chessmen

.
-
,
sixteen P i eces an d s ixteen P awn s as al ,
ready stated .
M ate See
. Checkmat e ”
.
M a ti ng F orc e A ny fo rce that i s su ffi

.
cient to mate the lone K i ng ; such as th e

Queen or R ook .
M i ddle C am e or M i d Game T ha t ,
-
.
stage o f a gam e when th e P i eces an d

Pawn s are all o r nearly all rea dy for
, ,
40 H O W TO PL A Y CH E SS
action ; and said to b egin when theoretical

analysis ends M any o f the m o st bril
.
l i an tly played games are brought to a fin

i sh i n the M iddle Game bef o re E n d
! ”
,
Gam e positions are r e ached .
M i nor P i ece The B i sh o p o r Knight

.
i n contradistinction t o th e m o re v aluable
mating f o rc e s su ch as the Qu een or R ook .
M ov e . The pers on w h o begi n s the

game has the mov e ; a slight but un c ertain
advantage T he term is als o used wit h
.
r e ference to th e p erson whose tur n i t is t o

play when a critical stage o f th e g ame is
,
reach ed and the i ssues have b een fairl y

,
j oin e d or the c o ntest is drawing to a cl o se

,
.
In such a cas e the pers on wh o plays n ext

has the move .
N o ta ti on T h e system o r method o f re
.
c or ding the m o ves o f a game .
O dds . A n i n i tiary advan tage c onc e d e d

to a weaker player by a stronger o ne .
A ll Impo rtant C hess club s hav e a c arefully

graded s c ale of odds m arking the classes
,
of play ers A c omm o n gra d at ion i s give n

.
i n th e f oll ow i ng
TE CH N I CA L TER M S E XP LA I N ED 41
( )
1 Pawn an d move ( Wh en a Paw n .
i s conce d ed the KEP i s u nderstoo d unl ess

an o ther i s s p ecified ) Th e player giving.
the od d s takes his KBP off the b oar d an d

hi s adversary has the first m ov e .
( )
2 P awn and t w o m o ves T h e playe r .
gi vi ng the o dds takes O ff his KBP as be

fore and his o pp onen t has th e fi rs t tw o
successive moves .
( )
3 K ni ght .
( )
4 R oo k .
( )
5 Tw o min o r P i ec e s .
( )
6 Queen .
O p en Fi le A file hav i ng all o f i ts

.
s quares un o c cupie d .
O p en Ga m e A game in which the de

.
v el op m en t of the Pieces is acc o mplish e d
i n advanc e o f the P awns M oving t h e .
KP to K4 as a fi rst m o ve o n both sides

generally l ea d s t o an open game but open ,
games d epen d upon the positions resulti ng

from the open ings i rrespec t i ve o f the first
,
moves .
O p eni ngs . Th e fi rst few m o ves in a

game or those by which th e P i eces a nd
,
P aw ns are lib erate d a nd arranged for ao

ti o n against the en emy O p enings have.
bee n a stu dy o f all skille d C hess players

and are a subj ec t o f keen c o ntro v ersy .
Th o s e wh i ch are no t gi v en i n sta nd ar d
works on the subj ec t, o r are n ot class i c s,
”
are called Irregular O pe ni ngs O p en
.
i ngs are kn own as :

( )
1 Games ,
wh en neither player makes
a ny c onc ession or o ffers his adversary any
i nit i al advanta ge .
( )
2 Ga mbits ,
w h e n th e fi rs t player
v oluntarily gives up s o m e p art of his
for c es gen erally a Pawn for th e sake of
, ,
obt a ining a n advantage in p o sition .
( )
3 C o unter gambits
-
when,
the sacri
fic e i s made by the s ec o n d player .
( )
4 D efe n ces ,
whe n the m oves o f th e
se c o n d player g i ve the game i ts d istin c t iv e

c haracter .
A ll recogni z e d o penings have s o m e dis

ti ngu i shi ng name generally one that i s
,
associat e d with som e notable chess player

or o ne that is identical with that of the
i nvent o r o f the p arti c ular o pening D i f .
TE CH N I CA L TER M S EX PL A I N ED 43
f e ren t openings will be discusse d at length ,

i n a later chapter .
O p p os i ti on Th e p o sses si on
. by th e ,
King of a ce rtain key square which forc e s

,
th e ad ve rse King t o take u p a less favor

able position If th e White King stands
.
on K 3 and the Black King on K 8 th en

, ,
the King w h o has th e move loses the o p

position The value of the o ppositi o n de
.
p ends upon the number value an d p o si ,
tion of th e o ther Pi ec e s and P awns up o n

th e board bu t the student can no t be ex
,
p e c te d to understand it until he has at

t ai n e d som e skill in playing the game .
P assed P a wn O n e that has no adv e rse

.
P awn in front of it eith e r on its o wn file ,
or on on e o f the adj oining files .
P a wns The name given to the i n

.
f eri o r C hessmen which stand on the sec

ond rank at the beginning of the game .
P erp etu a l C h eck A position in which

.
th e King finds that by avoiding one

,
ch eck h e r end ers hims elf liabl e to anoth er

,
—
a se ri e s of checks from w hich h e canno t
escape Fo r example ; If th e Black King

.
o ccup i es KB Sq and the Wh i te Queen oc
.
,
c u p i es K 8 then the Bla c k King is in per

,
p e tu al ch eck f o,
r he can o nly m o v e on e
s quar e at a time T o avoid the c heck he

.
must m o ve t o KR 2 whereup o n the White

Quee n m o ves t o KR 5 again giv ing check , .
T he King then m o ves to KKtsq and the .
Queen aga i n checks him from K 8 Thus .
the check c on tinues to be p erpetual w her

ever he m oves In all c ases of perpetual
.
check the g ame i s d rawn .
P i eces . The n ame giv en to the Chess

men o f super io r v alue which stan d o n the
fi rst ra nk at the b egi n ni ng o f the game .
The term is also used by s o me auth o rities

t o refer to all th e Chessme n, i ncluding th e
P awns .
P in. A for c e i s sa id t o be p i nne d wh en

i t c ann o t m ov e w i t hou t e x p o s i ng a m o re
v aluable Pie c e to attack from the en emy .
Th e term i s gen eral l y u se d with refer ence

t o a P i ece o r Pawn th at i s pr o tec t in g a .
King or Quee n .
P i on C oi fie or M a rked P a wn
,
A de .
scr i p t ion o f odds th at i s rarely giv e n and ,

TE CH N I CA L TE R M S E X P LA I N E D 45
only when one player is much mo re skilled

than the other Th e supe rior player puts
.
a cap or ring on o n e of his P awns gener ,
ally the KKtP , and under takes t o check

mate the adv erse King with that p artie
ula r P awn H e i s not allo w e d t o Quee n
.
it and if he loses it or checkmates with

,
any oth e r P i e ce o r P awn he l o ses the

'
game .
P osi ti on Th e situa ti o n o f the Pieces

.
and Pa w ns in gen eral at any given stage

of th e gam e T h e r elative situation of
.
th e fo rces on e ith e r sid e as be tw een th em,
se lv e s and as th ey a re di spos e d with r e f er

,
enc e to th e enemy A player h as a good

.
p os ition wh en his forces h ave free sco pe

for action and can be combin e d for de
,
‘
fence or a ttack A play e r has a poo r p o

.
s i ti o n w h en his P i e c e s an d P a w ns are
hamp ere d and wh en they cann o t suppor t
o n e a n other for d e fenc e o r attack .
P ro bl em A n imagina ry position in
.
w hich the co rr ec t lin e of play is conc e al e d

and h as to be discov er ed under diffe ren t ,
46 H O W TO P L A Y CH E SS
conditions Probl ems may be divide d
.
i nt o two class e s
( )
1 D i re ct mate i n which,
White mov
ing fi rs t has to force a checkmate in a
given num ber o f moves generally tw o , ,
three or four,
.
( )
2 S uimate in which
,
Whit e playing ,
first has to fo rce Black t o ch e ckmate him

,
in a give n number of moves .
Problems involving o ther c o nditi o ns are

known as puzzles .
P ro tec t To guar d o r supp o r t a Piece

.
by th e int erposition of another force be

tween the P iec e attacked and the attacking
Piece A superior force is protected o r
.
c o vered fr o m attack by a n infe rior one .
Q ue en i n g a P a w n o r A d v a nc i n g a P a wn .
to Qu een . When a player has adv anc e d a

Pawn t o th e eighth , or las t square o f a ,
fil e it assumes th e rank and po w e r of a

,
Qu ee n or any o ther Pi e ce exc epting a ,
King that the play e r chooses in which

, ,
cas e h e i s said to hav e Qu een ed a Pa w n .
R a nks .T h e ho ri z ontal ro w s of squa re s

ac ross the b oa rd from one sid e to the
,
othe r Th ey are numb er e d from one ( 1 )

.
to e igh t each play er counting f rom

his o wn sid e of th e bo ard ( See F il e ) . .
Sac ri fic e The voluntary loss of a

.
Pi ece or P awn in o rder to obtain a lat e r

and mor e d ecisive advantage .
Sa ns Vo i r S ee Blindfold Chess
. .
Sm o th ered M a te A ch eckmate som e

.
tim es given by the Knight wh en the a d

verse King is hemmed i n or smothered , ,
by his ow n forc e s .
Stal em a te A positi o n in which a

.
play er cannot make any l egal mov e in c o n ,
sequ ence O f which the gam e is consid ered

d rawn F o r e xam p le :
. S uppos e Black
still has a King and a R ook on th e board ,
and White has a King and a Que en .
Black s King stands on QR and his R ook

’
on QB 2 ; while Whit e s King is on QB 3 ’
and his Queen o n QB4 I t is Whit e s .

’
m ove but if h e takes his Queen fr o m in

,
front of his King h e exposes it to ch ec k

,
from the adversary s R ook If he mov es ’

.
th e King th en his Queen w ill be cap

,
tu red and the game will have to be drawn ,

an d if h e takes Black s Ro ok with th e ’
Que en th en the advers e King w ill be

,
placed in a similar position i e stal e ,

. .
m at e
.
Su pp ort A force is suppo rted whe n i t

.
is within th e range of anoth er of th e sam e

c ol o r that would be in a position to cap
ture it w e re i t an en emy A n attacking .
f o rc e is suppo rt e d by an o th e r Pi e c e or
P awn which commands the squa re or p o
si ti on attack e d .
T a ke .T o captur e .
Ti m e .A condition of mod e rn m atch

and tournament play which requi re s that
ea ch play e r shall mak e a giv en numb e r of
mov e s within a specified time ; g en e rally

fr o m fift een t o tw enty mov e s p er ho u r .
T o P la y T o move White s turn t o

. .
’
p lay means that i t is his tu rn to move .
Wings The extreme flanks to right

.
’
an d left in advanc e on the enemy s ground .
From Whit e s s id e of th e board the ex

’
treme right is the King s Wing and th e ’
’
extreme left, the Queen s Wing .
C HAP T ER VI
C H E SS R ULE S
I The bo ar d m u st be s o place d be tw ee n
.
the tw o players , tha t each has a whit e

squar e at his righ t hand corn er .
II If a board is incorrectly arrange d

.
i t may be adj uste d pr o vided the err o r is

,
discovered be fore either of the players has

mad e mo re than three mov e s When m ore .
than three m oves have b een ma d e o n either

side the players mus t continue the gam e
,
with out c o rrect ing the posit i on of th e

B o ar d .
III The Chessmen must be o f a pat

.
tern i n general use and any player may

O bj e ct t o playing W i th men of a fo reign
d e sign provided the obj ection is made be

,
for e th e first move A game onc e begu n

.
mus t be c ompleted with the same set o f

men .
IV If at any stage of th e game e ith er

.
, ,
play e r di scov ers that a P i ec e or P a w n h as

bee n omitt e d o r w rongly plac e d in setti ng
up the bo a rd th e game must be annull e d
, ,
n o matt e r how far it may hav e p rog re ss e d .
V T h e choic e of color w ith which e ach

.
person plays is decid ed by dra w ing lot s ;

and the person who d raws the White m en
is entitled to the first move unless other
wise agreed In a match or series of games
.
be twee n the sam e playe rs each r etains th e

color which he drew for the first ga m
,
e ,
bu t th e first m o v e of each succ e ssive gam e

alternates b e tween them If a game i s an .
n ulled h ow ever th e person who op ened

, ,
that game h as the p rivil ege of making the

first move in the next game .
VII When odds are giv en the odds

.
,
giver has th e choic e of m en and th e first

m o ve in each game unless othe rw is e agreed .
VIII The players mov e alte rnately

.
,
one Piece or P awn at a tim e except in ,
castling ; and in no case does a player

make tw o moves in successi o n unless they ,
are giv en as o dds .

CHE SS RU E L S 51
I X If a play e r touch one of his own

.
Pi ec e s or P a w ns he must move it , i f he ,
can do so legally If he cannot legally .
move it , h e must m o ve his King If a .
play er t ouch mor e than one of his o wn

Pieces or P awns h e mus t move any o n e of,
them which his opp o nent may s ele c t ; if

none of them can be legally m o ved he ,
must m ov e his King .
If a player touch one of his o pp o nents

Piec es or P awns, he must take it if i t can
be taken l egally ; but if he c annot tak e i t
legally he must mov e his King
,
If a .
play e r touch more than on e of hi s oppo

n en t s Pi e c e s or P awns , h e must take any
’
o n e of th e m which his opponent may se
l ect ; or i f none o f them can be taken l e

gally he mu st m ov e his King Th e tou ch
,
.
i ng of a f orce i m p li es an i n ten ti on to m ov e
ta ke i t, a c c ord i n
i i
’
or
g t s t h e l
p ya er s as
o wn o r hi s O b i l
pp on e n ts ; u t f a p y a er
wi sh es to tou c h a P i ece or P a wn for the

u
p pr ose o
f a d u s ti ng
j it on th e board ,
etc .
,
h e m u s t m ake his i n ten ti on c lear by sa y
i ng J ’
AD OUB E ,
”
or words to tha t e ff ec t ,
52 HO W TO P L A Y CHE SS
bef ore tou chi ng i t . I t mu st a ls o be u nder
s to o d, th a t i n c o m p e l li ng a l
p ya er to m o v e
a a rtic u la r P i e c e th e opp o nen t ca n on ly

p ,
i n di ca te th e P i ec e to be m ov ed , n ot the p ar
ti cu la r m ov e i t sh a l l ma k e .
X A legal move i s complete an d i rr e

.
vocable when the p layer making i t has

ceas ed t o tou c h the ma n moved but as ,
l ong as his han d remains in contac t with

it he may m ove it to any squar e which i t
,
c o mm an d s an d which he h as no t t ouched
with it during his d eliberation If a play .
er aft e r taking h o l d o f a Piec e o r P aw n
touches with i t all the squares which i t

commands h e must move it t o any o ne o f
,
them which his a d versary may select

.
.
XI A Pawn on reaching th e eighth

.
rank mus t be queened o r exchanged f o r

any other P iec e e xce p t a King tha t the
, ,
player may selec t ; and the m ove i s n ot

complete unt i l th e pl ayer has made the
exchange .
XII E ach player may castle o nce d u r

.
ing a game w i th e i ther his King s R oo k o r ’

CHE SS RU E L S 53
'
his Queen s R o ok under th e follo w ing con

’
di ti on s
a If neither his King o r th e R oo k
( ) n
with which he intends to castle has bee n

m o ved .
( )
b If the squar e s b etwe en the King
and Ro ok are un oc cu p i e d .
( )
c If th e King i s not in check .
( )
d If th e King in m o ving do e s n o t
c r o ss a s quare c ommand e d by any opposing
m an .
A play e r must make eviden t his i nten

ti o n to ca stl e by e ith er :
( )
a M oving his King first or ,
( )
b M ovi n g King and R ook s i m u l ta
XIII The captur e of a Pa w n en pas

.
sant is a fo rced move if no oth e r mov e is

possible .
XIV If a player makes a fals e or il

.
l egal move when i t is his turn to play h e ,
must retract i t and make a legal mov e or

mov e his King as his opp on ent may s el ect :
If he captures a P iece o r P a wn b elonging
to his adversary in an illegal or false m ov e ,
he must tak e that Piec e or P awn l egally
o r mov e his King as his adv e r s ary may
select.
XV . M ov ing o ut o f tur n i s an illegal

move .
XVI If a player i n attacking his ad

.
,
v ersa r
y fails
, to call C he c h e cannot
exac t any penalty if his opponent fails to
n o tice the check .
XVII Wh en check is given any m o v e

.
,
made by th e player whose King is in ,
check is illegal if it does n o t stop the

,
c hec k
.
XVIII If a fals e o r i llegal move i s

.
found to have b een made in a game all , ,
subs equent m o ves must be retract ed an d ,
a proper m o ve made after which the game

,
procee ds as if no error had be en mad e
Bu t if the s o ur ce of th e man i fest illegal

o r false m o v e cannot be trac e d then the ,
game must be annulled .
XIX In the case of a dispute betwee n

.
the p layers if the questio n is one o f fact

, ,
it mus t be referred to a bystander o r um

pire ; and if i t is a questio n o f law it mus t
CH E SS L S
RU E 55
be r efe rre d to any acknowledged author

ity on th e gam e The d ecision i n e ith er
.
,
cas e must be final and acc epted bv both

,
p laye rs .
XX Bystanders or umpires are n o t al

.
l owed t o int e rfe re in a gam e o f Ch e ss o r

with the players except under th e follo w
,
ing conditions
a
( ) When appeale d t o to settle a ques
tio n of fact .
b Wh e n a Piece o r P awn has been

( )
omitt e d or misplaced in setting up the
Board .
( )
c W hen a false o r illegal m o ve has
been made but only after another m ove
,
has bee n ma d e t o all o w the players t i m e

to discover the error .
XXI If a bystan d er interferes in a

.
gam e or gives advic e t o either player as

,
to his move or cautions o r encourages him

,
in any way by voice o r gesture the game ,
must be annull e d .
XXII If a playe r waives his right to

.
impos e a penalty or agrees t o d ep art from

the rules o f the gam e, he cann o t d em an d a
l i k e c oncession from his a d versary A .
player cannot impose a penalty afte r he

has mad e his o wn next m o ve o r t o uche d a
Piece or P awn in reply to the illegal or
fals e move of h i s adversary .
XXIII Wh en a P ie ce or P awn t ouche d

.
canno t be legal l y mov ed and wh en the ,
K ing c annot be legally m o ve d n o penalty ,
c an be exacted .
XXIV When the King is m oved as a

.
penal ty he cann o t be castled

,
.
‘
X X V Wh en a game is played by time
.
,
an d wh en a player is c on sidering what p en

alty t o infl ict the time shall be c o un te d
,
against him and not against his adversary .
XXVI E ach player must make a giv en

.
num ber o f m o v es ( generally eightee n )

within a n h o ur which is arra nged for at
,
th e b eginning o f the game and if a player ,
fails to m ak e the given num ber of moves

with i n th e sp eci fi e d time he fo rfe its the
g ame .
XXVII E ach player must k e ep his ad

.
~
v ers ary s time but he is not oblige d to

’
,
CH E SS L S
RU E 57
give his adversary any information con

cerning it .
XXVIII A player l o ses a ga m e

.
a
( ) When a dispute aris e s and b e re
fuses t o accept th e Opinion of a bystand e r

or u m p ire o r that of a recognized author
,
ity .
( )
b When h e ceases t o play an d fails to
resume within a reasonable tim e .
( )
c Whe n he wilfully disarranges the
m en or ups ets the board .
XXIX A playe r m ay claim a draw

.
( )
a Wh e n t h e sam e move or s e ri e s,
of
moves has b een rep e at ed th ree tim es
,
.
( )
b Wh e n the sam e position has o c
curr e d th re e times i t b eing th e sam e play

,
’
er s turn to mov e e ach time .
( )
c When after fifty,
moves n o Pi e ce ,
or Pawn has be en c aptur e d by e ith er Side .
R U L E S W H E N O DD S ARE G IV EN .
XXX The player giving O dds is eu

.
titled to th e choic e of color and to the first

mov e unl es s oth e rwis e agreed .
XXXI When a P a wn i s given as o dds

.
i t i s to be the King s Bish op s P awn ’ ’

.
XXXII The player receiving the

.
o d d s o f a move o r moves mus t not play

any P i ece o r P a w n beyo n d the fo urth
rank or beyon d the middle o f the board
, ,
b efor e his a dversary has ma d e a m ove .
XXXIII A player givi ng the odd s o f

.
t h e exchange may rem ov e whichever R ook

he m ay select and he may also call upon
,
his opponen t t o rem ov e either Knigh t or

B i shop .
XXXIV A p l ayer re c e iv i ng tw o or
.
m o re move s as o dds must make those move s

at o nce and they are to be c o unt ed co l l e e
ti v ely as if th ey w er e his fi rs t m ove .
XXX V A player giving a Knight o r

.
R o ok o r two min o r P ieces as o dds may

, , ,
rem ov e wh i chever K night o r R o ok o r

minor P ieces he may cho o se .
XXXVI A player giving a R ook as

.
odds cannot castl e on the sid e from which

the R ook was tak en .
XXXV II W h en a p layer undertake s

.
CH E SS L
R U ES 59
to mate w ith a p arti c ul ar P awn he may ,
n ot Queen i t .
XXXVIII When a player un d ertakes

.
to mate o n a p articular s quare his adv er ,
sary s King must be o n the s quare in ques

’
ti on whe n i t i s mate d .
X XXIX If a p layer un d erta k es t o

.
w in a game in a p articular way he i s t o be ,
adj udged the los e r if he wins i t in a ny

other way o r if the game i s drawn
,
.
( T h e ru l es for ord i n a r la a l
y p y pp y wh en
o dds are gi v en u n less they are obvi ous ly
i nap p li ca ble) .
RULE S FO R PLA Y B Y C ON SUL T A T ION .
X L E ach player i s bo und by the m o v e

.
communicated t o the adversary whether ,
such m o ve be declared by word o f mouth ,
in writin g o r be ma d e on th e a dv ersary s
,
’
bo ar d .
X LI If the m ov e c o mm uni c ated d if

.
fer fr om that made on the player s o w n ’
bo ard the latter must be al tered

, .
X L II If a m o ve as commun i cated ,
.
,
a dmit o f m o re than o ne i nterpretat i on t h e ,

60 H O W TO PL A Y CHE SS
a dversary may a dop t wh i chever i nterpreta
ti o n h e ch oo ses H e must h o wev e r befo re
.
, ,
m aking his m ov e, annou n ce which inter

re tati on he ad o pts otherwise the m o v is
p ,
e
t o b e i nterpreted according to the i nte n

ti on o f the p layer mak i ng it .
X L III A player moving m o re than on e

.
man ( e x cept in cas tling ) o r m o ving a man

when it i s n o t his t u rn t o pla y sh all for ,
'
feit th e game .
X L I V If ei ther player p erm i t a by

.
sta nd er t o tak e part in a consultati on game ,
the adversary m ay claim a win .
X L V If any bysta n d er i n terfer e by

.
Sign ,
w o rd o r gestur e, in a consultatio n
,
game such game shall be null and void

,
.
i lso app ly
( T h e ru l es of o rd na r l
y p y
a a
to consu ltati on l
p y
a u n less o bvi ou s ly i na p
p li c able
) .
RU L E S FO R P LA Y B Y C O RR E SP ON D E N C E .
X LV I A n um p ire o r referee shall be

.
ap p o i n te d wh o se decision shall be final

upon all questions submitted t o him .
X LV II A m ove i s fi nal an d ca nn o t b e
.
CH E SS RU E L S 61
recalle d when di spat c hed by the medium

agreed upon before the beg inning o f the
game If it i s a false or illegal m o ve th e
.
,
pers o n making it is subj ect t o the same

pe nalties that he w o ul d be subj ecte d to
were h e play ing over the bo ard .
X LVIII If a m ov e is sent i n such a

.
way that i t admits o f more than one i n

t erp retati on the adversary may int e rpre t
,
i t to suit himself When sending his own

.
move in return however he must state

, ,
which interpretati o n he used otherwis e ,
the m o ve mus t be made acc o rding t o the

intentio n of the sender .
X LIX A player i s n o t oblige d to send

.
m o re tha n o ne m o ve at a time and if he ,
d oes he must abid e by those moves if th ey

are legal and if not he must pay the pen
,
al ti e s for false o r illegal moves .
L Wh en no penalty for d elay has been

.
agreed upon the person who fails to send

,
his move o n or befo re the app o inted time

forfeits the game .
L I If a player accepts assista n ce o ther

.
tha n tha t which may have been a greed

u p o n at the begin ni ng o f the game he ,
loses the game .
L I I If a player sen d s an un in telligible

.
m ov e , h e is subj e c t t o the same pe n alty that

he w o ul d have t o pa y i f he did n ot send
any mov e at all ; bu t the o pp on ent m ust
ann o unce t o the ump i re that the m ov e i n
questi o n i s no t i ntell igi ble .
( T h e ru l es for ordina r la
y p y a ls o a l
pp y
to p lay by c orresp ondenc e u nless obvi ou s ly
i nap p li cable)
.
C HAP T ER V II
SU GG EST ION S FO R B EG I NN ER S
When t h e begi nn er i s famil i ar w i th th e

rules o f C hess, wit h the m ov es of th e v ari
ous P i eces an d P awn s an d und ers tan d s
,
the mean i ngs of the tec hn i c al terms us ed

in playi ng th e game , he i s rea d y to p u t
into practice wha t he h as l earn e d But .
before beginn i ng the fi rs t g ame there are,
a few genera l suggesti ons w hi ch h e wil l

fin d helpful u ntil he h as a c qu i re d su fl i
cient sk ill to d e v el op a syste m o f play f o r
himself I n C hess as in everything else
.
, ,
there are except i ons wh ere h ar d a nd fas t

rules c a nno t always be foll owed .
FAM I L I A R I T Y WI T H T E C H NI C A L T ER M S
.
Ex p er i enc e d pl ayers of al l games u se

tech n i cal term s w i th a f ac i l i ty tha t i s awe
i nsp i ring to the beginner ; a nd hi s ignor
63
'
ance of th e ir m e anings o ften cau ses him
much embarrassment to say nothing of
,
poor playing Fo r this reason the stud ent

.
should become thoroughly familiar w ith

the lan guage o f C hess studying the defin i
,
~
tions of th e technical te rms and i ll u strat

ing the positions on the Chessbo ar d .
The use o f the bo ar d i n stu dyin g the

t erms cannot be too str o ngly urged for ,
only in this way ca n a play e r recognize

th e charact e r of the m ov es when he puts
his study int o practice Th en when he i s
.
a specta tor of a game p layed by p ers o n s

of experi ence and much can be l e arned
by o bservation he will be familiar with
the technical t e rms which apply to the
va ri o us p o siti ons resulting fr o m the
moves .
P L AY IN G WIT H E IT H E R CO L OR .
The student must learn to play wi th

both the Whit e an d the Black men thus ,
be ing a bl e to play a game o f def ence or at

tack In most bo oks on the subj e ct of
.
Chess it is gen e rally understood that the

,
S UGG E S TI O N S F O R BE GIN N ERS 65
stu d en t plays with the White men but this ,
i s a mistake for when he c omes t o lay

,
aside his t extbook and play with some o ne

else he may draw the Blac k men which
,
puts him at a disad v antage a nd he i s like

,
ly to make m oves that are fa v orable t o his

Opponent w i th the idea tha t the White me n
must win H e is als o liable to m ove a
.
, ,
White man by mistake and the n he m u s t

pay the penalty of a false m o ve H e wil l .
fin d it helpful to substitute Black men f o r

Wh ite men i n illustrati v e moves and fig ,
u re out for himself to which s quar e a
Black Pi ec e o r P awn Sh o ul d m ov e figur ing

from Black s si d e
’
.
VA L U E O F P R A C T I C IN G ON E GA M E .
Until a pers o n has be c ome a really sc i

en tific C hess player he cann o t be expec te d
,
to kno w all the di flerent gam es ; a n d as a

’
little kn o wledge on many subj ects i s dan

g e ro u s
,
th e student will find i t v er y help
ful to play one game ov er and o ver pref ,
e rabl y,
o f course some matc h or tourna
,
m ent gam e until he is familiar w i th eve ry

,
-
66 HOW TO PL A Y C HE SS
m o ve and w i th the reas o n i ng tha t p r ompt
ed i t I n th i s connection he wil l do wel l
.
,
to try vary i ng the m o ves an d seeing the

results as i t w i ll hel p h im t o un d ers tan d
,
why th e p art i cular m oves made by the o rig

in al p layers wer e the o nly sc i e n t i fic on es
to make un d er the c i rc umsta nces .
The st ud ent w h en p lay ing w i th o t h ers ,

,
sh o uld stu dy a g ame o f his o wn a n d p la y

i t o ver an d o ver u ntil h e h as c o rrec te d al l
o f the weaknesses in h i s meth o ds o f attack
an d defence ; a nd he sh o ul d study ou t for
hi mself how t o vary h i s system of play t o
meet a nd con quer his op po n ent F or only .
i n this way will he be a bl e t o Co pe with

un expe c te d p o s i t ion s up o n the C hess
bo ar d It i s very well t o foll o w th e rul e s
.
a nd systems o f sc i entifi c players , b ut i f

th e st ud ent s o pp o nen t d o es n o t foll o w th e
’
same system and make the correct m o ve s

i n return the stud ent s kn owledge will be
,
’
o f l i ttl e avai l an d luck ma y wi n for the

ign o rant player an advantage that r i ghtly
bel o nge d to the o n e wh o was familiar with
the science o f the game but wh o faile d to
,
S U GGE S TI O N S FO R B E G I N N ERS 67
v ary h i s general system of play t o mee t

unexpected si tuations The gam e of Chess
.
,
ho w ever is like a b attle and the general

,
wh o changes his tact i cs to o o ften suffers i n

co n sequence The obj ec t o f the game is
.
,
of c ourse t o checkmate the K i ng and be

, ,
fo re the firs t m o ve the player sh o ul d d e

,
term i ne i n his o wn m i nd h o w he is go ing

t o do i t and th en d evel o p the fighting qual
ities o f his me n a c c o r d ingly O nly in this
.
way can the begin n er ev er e xpe c t t o play

a really scient i fic game It i s fatal t o move
.
a man with out ha v ing s ome obj ec t i n V iew ,
a nd u nles s the o the r m ov es foll o w i t up ,
any strength i n pos i ti on tha t was ga i n ed

by that m ov e i s o f n o avail .
PLA Y ING RY T IM E .
I n th e earl y d ays o f Chess play ing pe o

-
,
~
p l e use d to take literally weeks i n which

t o make a single m o ve , as they w i she d t o
study ev ery possible situation which m i ght
d evel o p there from The Chessboard woul d
.
bec ome gr ey wi th du st and all interes t as ,
far as the spectato rs were concerned would ,

b e gone T o d ay conditions have cha nged
.
-
and now there is a rule that each play e r

mus t make a given numbe r of moves with
in a certain p e ri od and if a player fails to
,
do this he forfe its th e game Fo r this rea .
son the student sh o uld learn from the

, ,
V ery beginning to think quickly and be

,
ready to m ake his m ov e when his turn

comes Quick playing sustains th e inter
.
est o f th e game and adds to the pleasure of

the players as well as t o th at of the spec
,
tate rs .
I n C hess Club s and in m atch and tour

n amen t games a system of clocks or
,
watch es i s used so that th e l en gth of time

i t takes each play e r to make a move can
be rec o rded , j ust as time is taken in races
and o the r contests o f skill and spee d When .
a beginner is hurrie d h o wever he becomes

, ,
n er v ou s an d m akes unnecessary mistakes ;

and to avoid this he should l e arn to play
,
by time and then he will not be embar ~
rasse d by keeping his opp o nent wait i n g fo r
him to make h i s mov e .

SU GG E S TI O N S F O R BE G IN N ER S 69
D E V E L O P ING TH E GAM E .
In developing a game of Ch e ss the be ,
ginn er should remember this maxim

M ove no Pi ece or Pawn twice until each ,
has been moved o nce By foll o wing this .
principl e n one o f the forc es will be need

l essly expos e d to attack from the enemy ,
fo r it is true o f Chessme n tha t divide d

they fall and united th ey stand
,
Th e .
student should also develop his game on

, ,
bo th wings that is o n the King s side

.
’
and on the Qu een s side — before begin

’
ning an attack A S th e student pr og res ses

.
he will learn that there are many Chess

openings and that each de v elops a certain
line of play which he mus t follow u p ;
,
otherwise his study of the subj ec t i s of

,
no avail for the obj ect of an op enin g is

t o lead up to a certain line o f play for de ,
fence or att ack .
TH E . VA L U E O F TH E P IE C E S .
T h e Ki ng . A s the King i s o f grea test

impo rtanc e ,
the stud ent should consid e r
70 H O W TO PL A Y CHE SS
him first and before b eginning t o play de
,
termine how he is to be handled For .
merly i t was the custom for skilled players

,
t o kee p this R oyal Fo rce i n a corn e r ou t

’
of harm s way, but th e m od er n te nd ency i s
to develo p hi m as a fighting P i ece a nd
br i ng him i nt o the fi eld T he be gin ne r .
m u st remem be r th at the K i ng cannot be

castle d after h e has b ee n m o ve d an d th a t it
i s advantage o us t o retain the privilege of
castling as long as possible i f i t d oes n ot ,
interfer e w i th th e d e vel o pme n t of the

gam e .
’
Wh en attack i s m a d e on the Q u ee n s
’
w ing i t i s well t o castle with the King s
,
Roo k an d V ice v ersa O r di nar i ly t h e K i ng

.
,
’
i s safest i n h i s o wn file o r i n the Q u een s
file for then h e c ann o t b e d r i ve n i nt o a
,
corner fr o m whi ch he h as no means o f es

ca p e .
The Qu een A fte r t h e K in g th e Q u een ,
i s next i n i mp o rtance ; a nd as th e stu d en t

has already learne d sh e c omman d s m o re,
squares tha n any o f th e o ther P i eces By .
c ompari ng her stre ngth with tha t o f the

S UGGE S TI O N S FO R BE GI N N ER S 71
other P i e c es the st ud en t will see tha t she

,
i s a bo ut double the value of a R ook e x ,
cept i n en d game positi o ns when tw o Ro ok s

-
c o op erating could accomplish m o re than a

-
Queen An adverse R ook on the same

.
rank or file as the Quee n i s v er y d angero u s ,
no matter ho w ma ny P iec es a nd P awn s

may c ome be tween, an d the player sh o ul d
g u ard against i t b y capturing th e adverse
R ook i f i t can be d o ne with o ut sacrifi c e
, ,
o r by m o v i ng the Quee n i nt o a safer p o s i

t ion .
T h e R oc k T he Ro ok i s a mat ing f o r ce
.
like th e Queen an d tw o R o oks c o op erat

,
-
ing are e qua l in v alue t o thre e m inor

Pieces Because o f the n umber o f s quar e s
.
wh i ch the Ro oks c omm and they are of ,
greatest val u e in end game p o siti o ns, whe n

the bo ar d i s c o mparatively clear an d the
ranks a nd files are o pen The beginn er .
,
h o wever, must n ot leave the d evelopmen t

of his R ooks until to o late i n the game fo r ,
if he does he will find hims elf with bad

positions w hich i t i s to o late to remedy .
They must n ot be mov ed th ou gh , until the

,
72 H ow T o PLA Y CH ESS
player h as determined whether i t i s to h i s
advantage t o castle ; and if his de c isi on i s
in the a ffirmative he must d ecide w h ether
,
h e will castle with the Kin g s R ook or ’
’
wi th the Queen s Roo k be fo r e e i ther has
,
b ee n moved ;
T h e B is h op . T he B i sh o p an d the
Knight are of a bo u t equal value th o ugh ,
i n the middle gam e the latter has the ad

,
v antage I n the end game how ev e r the

.
, ,
Knight i s a t a disadvanta ge if there are

n o oth e r P i e c e s to support him be c ause of ,
the ch aract e r of his move In this case .

,
two Bishops can accomplish more than two

Knights or a Knight an d a Bishop Bish .
o ps are particularly strong when comman d

i ng l ong diagonals an d shoul d be dev el
o ped early i n the game .
T he Kn igh t . T his P i ece i s e qu al in

value to three P awns and i s the best P i e ce
w i th wh i ch to begin an attack as his move ,
is n ot hampe r e d by i nt ervening fo rc es or ,
a cr o wd ed boa rd T w o Knigh ts c o oper

.
-
ate most succ essfully when not pr o tecting

e ach oth e r To avoid attack from a K night
.
,
SU GGES TI O N S FO R BE G I N N ER S 73
the player sh o ul d m ov e the Piece threa t

ened to the square next but one i n th e
same diago nal as that In which the Knight
stands H e canno t then attack fo r three
.
moves The player who castles with his

.
K ing s R ook must lo o k out for a n a dv erse

’
Knight o n his KB 5 .
T he P a wn The P awn i s of less value

.
than any of the o ther Chessme n and can

n ot tak e a very pr o minen t part in the gam e
when i s o lated H is greatest value is real
.
i z e d h o wever when he forms part of a

, ,
diagonal ; and diagonals of pawns are most

e ffec tive when inclining toward the cen t er
of th e board and not toward the wings

,
.
A s Pawn s m ove o nly one square at a time ,
excepting in the first m o ve th e i r pr o gres s

,
i s slow but i f develope d together it i s pos

,
sible for one or m o re of them t o reach the

eighth rank and be Queened For this .
reas on they sho uld n o t be needlessly sacri

,
fi c ed . O n ly skillful players fully ap p re

ciate what can be done with them an d use ,
them to the be st advantage In the o pen .
i ng o r middl e gam e P awns are more easily

,
74 H o w To P L A Y CH E S S
supp o rte d o n K4 or Q4 tha n whe n fu r
,
ther a dvanced P awns o n these s quares

.
Sh o uld b e mainta i ne d abreast as l o ng as
p o ssible ; f o r if one is a d vance d th e posi ,
ti o n of th e o ther i s weakene d T h e stu d .
ent w i ll fin d i t be neficial t o st udy en d

games in wh i ch P awns take p art in the
checkmate and also P awn m ov es in ge n
,
eral thr o ugh o ut the game .
S T U DY IN G TH E B OARD .
It i s o f grea t i m p o rtan c e that the be

g i nner acquires a c lear i d e a o f the appear
ance o f the bo ard s o th a t h e ca n see it in
h i s M i nd s Eye whe n i t i s no t really
’ ”
,
be fore hi m H e sh oul d b e able t o tell at

.
o nce wha t s qu ares are c omman d e d by a

c erta in P i e c e in a g i ven p o s i t io n a n d he ,
shoul d als o be a ble t o p lay o n b o ar d s w i th

s quar es o f o ther c ol o r c o mb i nat ion s than
th e one w i th wh i ch he i s f am il ar such as ,
re d a nd wh i te, black an d wh i te black an d ,
yell o w br o wn an d yellow etc H e must

, ,
.
als o accust o m h i mself to play w i th squares

o f a di fferent Si z e t ho ugh when p o ssibl e
, ,
S UGG E S TI O N S F O R BE G I N N ER S 75
he should always use a bo ard that has

squa re s measuri ng 2 by 2 or ,
by
inch e s in size Ch essmen of th e S taun
.
to n pat te rn are preferable and they ,
should always be loaded s o as n o t to upse t

e asily
.
C HAP T ER VII I
-
Y ST E M S
S OF NO T A T ION
N o tati o n is the meth o d o r system by

which the vari o us mov e s or plays in a game
of C hess are rec ord e d There are tw o sys
.
t ems in general use ; and the student shoul d

become familiar with th em bo th The first .
an d most important is the E ngl i sh o r ,
P h i l i do r s Notation and the secon d is the

’
,
German Nota tion The form e r syst em is

.
used in all of th e L atin and E nglish sp e ak

i ng countries , while th e latt er is used in
Germany an d in the c o untries o f th e
N o rth
.
E NG L I SH N O T A T ION .
In r ecording th e mov e s of a game by

t he E nglish system of notation it is neces
sary to i n dicat e four things
( )
1 The color of the man m o ved .
76
SYS TE M S OF N O TA T I O N
( )
2 The nam e of the man m o ved .
The s q uare to which the m ov e h as

( )
3
been made .
( )
4 T he num ber of the m ov e o r t u r n .
Th e stu d ent has already learne d th e

names o f the Pieces and P awns an d the
names o f the squares H e also kn o ws tha t
.
they are referred t o by their ini ti al l et

ters as for exampl e KB for King s Bish o p
,
’
,
and QKt5 for Qu een s Kn i gh t s fi ft h

’ ’
s q uar e s o he has now onl y t o lear n th e

,
abbreviati o ns and signs an d the way tha t

the moves are arranged to indicate th e
c o lor of the man played and the num be r
,
o f the turn when the m ov e was ma d e .
Fo r example : If the stude n t w i shes t o

recor d that i n the firs t turn o f e ach side
White m o ve d hi s King s P awn t o h i s
’
’
King s f o urth square , and Black move d
his Q u een s Knight to his Queen s Bishop s
’ ’ ’
third square h e could w rite it in the f o rm

of two columns with the name of each
,
colo r at the h e ad thus

W HIT E . B LACK .
( 1) KP t o K4 QKt to one.
.
The student will n o te that Wh i te i s

plac ed in the first colum n as it is gen e rally
understood to play first, an d that th e nu m
b er o f the move i s als o plac ed befo r e
Wh i te s move i t being u nnecessary to re
’
,
p eat i t b e fore Black s m o ’

ve as Black s
’
’
move always follow i ng White s , w o ul d
,
have the sam e number For further abbre

.
v i a ti on th e dash i s use d in place of

”
the word to !
If the Piece o r Pawn
.
move d had capt u re d an adverse Piece o r

P awn th e n am e o f the fo r c e m o ved an d
,
th e name of the force capture d w o uld be

giv en but i nstea d o f u si ng the w o r d
,
!
!
take ,
or capture a multi pl i cat i on
sign ( X ) i s use d Thus i f a Queen t ak es
.
a Bishop it w o ul d be rec o r d ed Q X B .
F requ ently in notat ion i t i s no t essen

, ,
tial to indicate whether i t i s a P ie c e be

longing t o the King o r to the Queen tha t
has b een moved fo r i t rarely happens
,
that the player has the option of m o ving a

’
Qu e en s Bishop or a King s Bishop etc
’
,
.
The Pawns a re als o d esi gnated o nly by the

initial P The student wil l als o observ e
SYS TE M S OF N O TA T I O N 79
tha t it is no t always essential to i ndicate

’ ’
in the case of a Queen s mov e to a Knight s
s quare whether i t i s the QKt o r the KKt , . .
as i t is seld om that the player would have

the ch o ice of moves S ometimes for the .
,
sake of brevity even the dash

,
which
”
indicat e s t o is o mitted and the mov e
!
recorde d P K4 I n analytical w o rks

.
,
even m o re c oncise arrangements of the

moves are used, than that o f arranging
them in c olumns with White s m o ves on ’
o ne sid e a n d Black s on the other The

,
’
.
stud ent w ill find them written in the form

.
’
o f fracti ons , with Wh ite s move as the
’
numerator abo ve the line, and Black s
,
m o ve as the den om in at o r below the li n e ,

.
Thus : OKt QBS—
QXB .
The number of the m o ve mus t always

be pl aced b efore it parallel with the line
,
which divi d es the W hite move fr o m

the Black m ov e I n notes or annotations
.
to a gam e the moves are writ ten a s a se

'
,
’
ries with a s emi colon to separat e White s
-
m o ve from that of Black White s move .

’
be i n g pl a c e d fi rst thus : ( 1 ) P K4 ; P
,
—
Q 4 ,
in d i cates that in the first move of th e
game White m o ve d his P awn to his King s ’
fourth s quare an d Black moved his P awn

,
’
t o his Queen s fourth s quare .
C erta i n technical terms are als o abbre

v i ate d in the E nglish system of notati o n .
Tho se ess en tial f or the student to kn o w

are :
O h for Check
. W hen the Piece or
.
P awn m ov e d g i ves c h eck .
D i s c h for D i s cov ered Ch eck

. . W he n .
t h e P i ece o r P awn m ove d disc o vers check .
E P for E n P as sant
. . Whe n the P awn .
c ap t u res e n passa n t .
M a te for Ch ec km ate W hen th e Piece .
o r P a wn check mates .
0 0 for Cas tli ng

-
When the player .
’
castles with his Kin g s R ook .
O O O for Cas tli ng

- -
Whe n the player .
’
castles w i th his Queen s R o ok .
after a m o ve in d icat es tha t i t i s a

p oo r o r i nfer io r play .
after a m ove indi cates that i t i s a

goo d o r s c i en t ifi c pl ay .
SYS TE M S OF N O TA TI O N 81
G E R MA N N O T A T ION .
Befo re taking up the study of Ge rman

notation th e studen t mus t make a careful
,
B LACK .
0 d e
D IA G RA M X .
G e rm a n N ot a t i on .
examinati on o f D I A GRA M x wh i ch sh ows ,
him how the squares on a Germa n

82 H ow T o PL A Y CH E SS
C hessb o ard are marked off It will be .
noted that th ey are indicat e d in a di ff er en t

way from the E nglish system The ranks .
are numbe re d from 1 to 8 from White s ,

’
sid e only and the files are l etter ed with

the first eight letters of the alph ab et a b , , ,
’
c d e f g h beginning at Whit e s l e ft
, , , , , ,
hand sid e .
Fo r example : White s KB 3 by the

’
,
E nglish syst em of notati o n is f 3 by th e

German method ; while KB 3 from Black s ,
’
s i de is f 6 F rom this it will be seen that

.
,
each s quare has a letter an d a number ,
and the l ett er i s always given first .
In rec o rding a m ove by the German sys

tem o f notati o n , the i nitial l ett er of the
Chessman i s given then th e squ are on ,
which it stands and finally th e squa re t o

,
which it is mov ed Th e o mission o f the ini

.
tial letter sh o ws tha t the move is made by

a P awn A capture is indica te d by a col on
.
placed after the m ove ; a check i s i n

d i c ated by a dagger ( t ) pla ce d after th e ,
move and a captur e and check is indicate d

,
by a dou bl edagger ( I) placed after th e ,

move C as tling is alw ays indicat e d by th e

.
signs 0 0 or O O O as already explain ed

,
-
,
- -
in th e E nglish syst em of notation .
F o r example the mo v es us e d to illus

,
trat e th e E nglish syst em would be record ed

by the Ge rman system thus
W H ITE .
—
(1) e2 e4 .
The moves are also frequently written

in a line or as fractions as sh own in the
E nglish notation .
The G erman S yst em of Notation is

some times abbreviated by
( )
1 T h e omi s sion of th e dash the mov e ,
be ing writ ten e2e4 .
( )
2 By the omission of t h e initial l e t
ter of the P ie c e mov e d wh en it is evident
that it could not be a Pawn .
( )
3 By the omission o f th e squar e f rom
which the Piece o r P awn was moved .
F O R E IGN NAM E S O F TH E C H E SSM E N .
In ev e ry country whe re Ches s i s play e d

, ,
th e P i ec e s are referr ed to by the i r i ni tial

84 H O W TO PLA Y CH E SS
n g l i s h G er m a n Dan is h a nd
Du tc h Swed i sh
E .
N o r w e gi a n ,
. .
Kin g Kon ig K ong e K oni n g K un g
Q u ee n D am e D ro nn i n g K o n ing i n D ro tt ni n g
R oo k T hu r m T a a rn K a s t eel T orn
B i s ho p L a u f er L o b er R a a d sh ee r L p a re
o
K nigh t Sp r in g er S p r ing er P aa r d H ast
P aw n B au er B on d e P i n
o Bo nd e
F re n h I t al i a n
c . P o r t ugu ese . R u ss ia n . Sp an i sh .
T sa r or R ey
Ko r l o or
P er z
D am e D onna R ai nha K O I O l in a
‘
R e in a.
To ur To rr e To rre L a d ia T o rre
Alfle re Bis p o or S l on e A lfil

D e lp h im
C a a l i er C a all o C a a ll o
v v v K ogn e C a b a ll o
P i n
o P ed n e P ea
o o P i ec h k a P e n
o
letters an d as the student may ha v e o cca

,
si on t o study the games playe d by p ersons

of skill in foreign countries a table is
,
giv en o n page8 4 so that the stu d ent may

,
familiariz e himself with the n ames of the

C hessm en in the langu ages o f the pri nci
pal c o untr i es o f E uro p e
.
CH A PT ER IX .
P R A C T I C E G AM E
T he stu d ent has n o w rea che d a p oi nt in

the stu dy of Chess, when he i s ready t o
play his first game as he i s familiar w i th
,
the ru l es of play an d with the m oves o f

,
th e P i e c es an d P awns It i s well h ow
.
,
ever fo r him to follow i n the foo tsteps o f

,
exper i ence d p layers ; a nd as a p ra c ti c e

game he sh o uld stu dy the foll o wing game
,
which w as playe d by c o rresp o n d e n ce be

twee n two wel l kn o wn A mer i ca n C h es s
C lu bs .
The begi nn er shoul d h a v e hi s bo ar d be

fore h im w i th the me n set u p in p o siti on
a s sh ow n in D I A G R AM I H e sh o uld
.
the n foll o w the m o ves o f each play s o tha t

,
he will un d erstand them and study the

,
ex planat io ns so th at he will kn o w why

ea ch m o ve was mad e The game i s ca l l e d
.
86
PR A C TI CE GA M E 87
the S teinitz Gambi t be cause o f the name

of the m an wh o i nv ente d the op e n ing
m oves.
T he m ov es are n o tate d as fol l o ws
STE I N IT Z G A M R IT .
WHITE . B LACK .
P — K4 . P — K4 .
Ki — t oB s . K t—
Q B3 .
P— B4 . PXP .
—
Q R5
K— KZ .
P XP . B — KKt 5
Kt— B3 . O — O — O .
P X Kt . B— Q B4 .
P XP K— K t s q .
P XB ? . K t— B 3
QX R R XQ .
—
B Q2 . R —
q .
( eh ) .
K Q sq
-
.
Q — B7 .
K— B s
q . B X Kt .
P XB . Q X K Kt P . .
g
R esi ns .
The student w i ll n o te that the game was

played in fifte en moves on each side and
’
that at White s sixteenth move he resigns ,
the game to Black givi ng up any fu rther ,
a ttempt to win i t .
In studying a nd foll o w i ng th e m o ves ,
the studen t must be careful t o reckon

’
Wh i te s moves fr o m his sid e of the board ,
’
a n d Black s m o ves from his side , o ther
wise he w i ll make m istakes .
P — K4
( )
1 White s fi rst m ov e i s P K4 and
’
—
,
the s tudent sees at once that the mov e is , ,
made w i th the KP as n o o ther P awn could

be m o ve d i nt o that file A s this is the .
fi rst m o ve of the P aw n i t can m o ve two

s quares at a time The advantage o f this .
’
m ove i s t o make a n o pening fo r White s
’
King Queen an d King s Bish o p i f he de
,
si res t o play them in future turn s

In Black s first turn he m
.
’
akes the same ,
m o ve and by following the two pl ays o n

, ,
the bo ard the student will see that the

,
tw o P awns o ccupy a d j oining squares in

the sam e fil e An o ther advantage in this
.
play as an opening mov e i s th e opportun

, ,
i ty i t o ffers a pl aye r for ga i ning the c ent er

PR A C T I C E G A M E 89
of the bo ard bu t this will be clearer t o the

,
student as the game pr o gresses .
K t—
QB 3
2,
K t—
QB3
’
( )
2 In White s sec on d turn h e m oves ,
a Kt t o QB3 and the student sees at onc e

.
that it is the QKt that he has m o ved as .

,
the KKt c o uld no t be m oved t o that s quare

.
in his first m o ve .
Bla c k follows w i t h a s i m i lar m ove to

that o f Whit e, and fr om the p o sit io ns tha t .
the tw o Knights o c cup y up o n the boar d i t ,
will be seen that each pro tec ts his own

Pawn o r c omman d s the s qu a re o cc u p ie d
by his P awn .
P — B4
3
P >< P
( )
3 White s th i r d m ov e i s to pl a c e hi s
’
B i sh o p s P awn on his Bish o p s fou rth

’ ’
square and as h i s Queen s Knight o c cu

,
’
pi e s his QB} i t i s ev id ent th a t th e mov e

is mad e with the KBP The stu d ent will .
see that this P awn is no w in a p o s i t i on to
be capture d b y Black s KP b ut this o fl er

’
,
’
ing of a P aw n o n W h i te s p art w il l g a i n
for hi m a l ater a dv an ta ge .
90 HO W TO PL A Y CHE SS
’
In Black s third m ove he captures th e ,
Pa wn that White has j ust played and re

moves i t from the b o ard H e has als o .
moved his own P awn fr om the middle of

the bo ard which better enabl e s White to
form a c enter which was th e advan tage h e
hoped to gain when he o ffered Black th e
P awn Black h o wever has retained th e
.
, ,
advantage of force h aving one m o re P awn

than his adversary and i f he can kee p i t
he may eventually w in th e g am e .
P —
Q4
4
Q — R5 ( eh ) .
( )
4 White hav i ng ent i ced B l ack s
,
’
P awn from the cent e r proceeds t o occupy ,
it himself by moving his QP t o Q4 Thi s

square how ever i s c omm ande d by th e
, ,
Black Knight but i f he ca p tured th e

,
White P awn he would place himself on a

squa re commanded by the White Quee n .
This mo v e consti tut e s the S t e inmetz Gam

bit and all gam e s of th at name mus t fol
l o w the mov e s a s rec o r d e d u p to thi s
point .
In Black s fourth m o ve he brings ou t

’
,
PR A C TI CE GA M E 91
his Queen and m oves her al o ng the d iag

o nal that ends o n R 5 This of c o urse c an
.
, ,
only be the KR 5 as the Queen fr o m h er

o riginal p o sit i on w o ul d h a ve t o fo ll ow
the diagonal term i nating i n QR 4 i f sh e
played into a square on h er own s id e o f
the board The student will see th at whe n
.
the Black Queen occupi e s R 5 she gives ,
ch eck to the White King as there are n o

P i eces or P awn s interp o se d b etwee n them !
K— K2
5,
—
P Q4
’
( )
5 A s check h as bee n give n t o Wh i te s
King the only m o ve he can l egitimately
,
make i s one t o avoi d the check A s the .
stu d ent has already learned there are thre e

ways of acc omplish i ng this : ( 1 ) By cap
turing the checking force ; ( 2) By i nte r
posing anoth e r Piece or P awn ; ( 3 ) B y
moving the K i ng The stu d en t will see
.
that there is o nly o n e play o pen t o Whi te

and that is to mov e th e King t o K 2 ; for
if a Piece o r P awn were in terp os ed i t
’
would be capture d i n the Black Queen s
next move when she w o ul d aga i n give
92 HO W TO P L A Y CHE SS
’
check an d, as the R oo k s P a wn i s in th e
,
wa y the Queen can not be cap tured by

,
the R o ok By m o ving th e Ki ng h o wever,

.
,
W hite cann o t castl e .
’
F or Black s fifth m ov e, he takes hi s QP
which has n o t yet bee n m oved and places
i t o n Q4 This o pens th e d iagonal for
.
’
the Queen s Bish o p an d for the King s ’
Bishop H ad Black only m o ve d his P aw n

.
to Q3 i t w o ul d h ave freed his QB bu t

,
i t woul d have i nterfere d with the long

d iago nal c o mma nd e d by the KB It i s evi .
dent from this that Black i nt ends to mov e

h is QB to KKt5 and gi ve ch eck w ith i t so
Wh i te should l ook out fo r him ( See .
D I A G RA M XIII ) .
P >< P
6.
( )
6 Whit e h o w ev er do e s no t no t i c e
, ,
that Black can gi ve check i n the n ext m ove

’
but captures h i s a dversary s P awn with
h is o wn P a w n that stands on K4 The .
forces of the two players are n ow equal

and the advantage gained by White i s to
place his P awn on Q5 where it c o mma nd s
PR A C TI CE G A M E 93
t h e square occupied by the Black Kn i ght .
Black now takes the a d vantage gaine d

by h i s last move an d giv es with h is
LACK
B .
D IA G R A M X III .
P o s it i o n A fter B l c k Fi fth
a
’
s M ove .
QB by m oving it to Kt 5 where i t com ,

'
mands the squar e o ccupied by the Wh i te

King .
’
( )
7 Again W h i te s only legal m ov e i s
,
t o av o i d the check but o f the three way s

,
t o do i t i nterp o s i ng a no the r fo rce betwee n

,
the K ing an d the attacking man is the

best p lay s o he m o ves h i s Knight t o B 3
,
.
T he stu den t sees at o nce tha t the KKt i s .
the only on e that ca n be m ov e d int o that

s quar e as the QKt is out i n the mid d l e of
.
the bo ar d The Knight i s n ow pi nne d as

.
i t p r o tec ts the King fr o m the Black Bish ,
o p otherw i se i t w o ul d b e i n a p o s i t ion t o
,
capt u re the Black Quee n .
B l ack i n h is se v enth move c astles w i th

, ,
hi s Quee n s R o ok as the squar e s on th at

’
Si d e o f the bo ard are v acant In o r d er .
to d o th i s , he m o ves the R ook t o q an d .
th e n m oves the Ki n g t o the QBsq o n the .
o ther sid e o f th e R o ok A lthough Black

.
h as left h i s K n igh t en p ri s castling is ,
h is correct play for i t enables him to de

v el op his R o ok which is a m o re po w erful
P i e c e than t h e Knigh t and as the White ,
K ing sta nd s o n a n o p en file Black in on e , ,

PR A C T I CE GA M E 95
mo r emove can gi v e check w hich will fo rc e

,
Whit e to move his King The R o ok will .
th en command th e ope n file and w ith h i s

Qu een Black will h ave a very str ong p o si
,
tion.
P X Kt .
8’
—
B QB4
( )
8 Whit e n ow captures the Black
!K nigh t with his P a w n A lth ough his .
P awn is thr e at en e d h e is w illing t o face ,
t he dange r in having won a Piece fr o m his

adve rsary .
F or Bla ck s eighth m o ve , he play s h i s

’
KB to his QE 4 : the stud ent see s at on c e , ,
that it is only th e KB that could make this

.
m ove for th e QB stands on KKt 5 This .
move plac es the Bi shop en p ris but if ,
Whit e takes him in th e next m ove he ,
lea v e s his Queen s fil e open to th e adv e rs e

’
Ro ok which is likely to capture the Queen

i n hi s nex t turn .
P XP ( eh .
)
9
K — Kt sq .
( )
9 Wh it e takes the P awn that threat
ened him and als o giv e s check which fo rces
Black to protect his King .
96 H O W To PLA Y CH E SS
Black s only l egal mov e is to avoid check

’
by pro te cting his King and of th e thr ee

ways two are ope n to him i e captu ring
, ,
. .
,
t he attacking P a w n and moving the King ,

.
T h e latt e r play is pr efe rabl e and his King

commands tw o squa res ; Q2 and K tsq If .
the forme r mov e w e r e mad e Whit e would ,
tak e the KB with his P a w n disc ov ering ,
check w ith th e Que en and again Black

would hav e to mak e a mov e to avo i d th e
ch eck Thus Black s c o rrect move is K
.
,
’
K ts q .
P XB ?
’
Kt .
— B3 !
( )
1 0 Whit e captur e s th e adv erse B i sh
o p w ith his P awn but h e l e av e s th e fil e
,
o pen to the Black R ook w h o can captur e
th e Queen A s W hit e has now tak en four

.
a dv e rs e fo rc e s thi s play of his o rdina rily , ,
w ould not have be e n a bad m o ve but as a ,
m a tte r of fact it los e s th e gam e for him .
The stud ent should n ote the qu e stion mark

’
afte r the notation of Whit e s play .
Wh i te c an also tak e the R ook which cap

'
tu re s th e Queen with his Knight if Blac k

PRA C TI CE GA ME 97
takes advantage o f the open file S t e in .
i tz ; i n his not e s to this gam e indicat e s ,
Kt .
—
Kt 5 as th e cor re ct mov e for th en th e ,
’
Knight can prot e ct the Qu ee n s P awn
.
.
Black instead of taking th e adv ers e

,
Que en with his R o ok mov e s his K nigh t

,
to B 3 which i s a v ery skilful m o ve as the

,
King s and Queen s files are bo th open and

’ ’
if he can succee d i n posting his R ooks on

th e q and th e q
. h e will practically
.
hav e control of the bo ard A s one R ook .
already occupies the q he has only to .
move the KR t o q i n his nex t m o ve

.
to give c h eck with it H e can als o gi ve

.
check by mov i ng his QR to q and as .

,
Wh ite cannot move his King in to any

square that i s no t c ommand e d by an ad
verse force , and as he cann o t capture the
attacking fo rce, he will have to interp o se ,
but the only men h e c ould i nterp o se c o uld

be captured by Black s o in his elevent h ,
move he has t o gu ar d aga i ns t th i s che ck

befo re i t i s giv en .
Q X R ( ch )
.
,
R XQ
’
( 1 )
1 Whit e s Queen n o w takes a d v an
tage of the op e n fil e and captur e s the

’
Qu een s R ook , at the same tim e giving
check .
A s White ha s gi ven check Black mus t ,
av o i d i t an d there are tw o things for h i m

t o d o ; m ov e the King or take th e attack
ing force The latter o f c o urse i s th e
.
, ,
better p lay as th e Queen i f left o n the

, ,
bo ar d c oul d aga i n g i ve check

,
.
A t thi s p o int i n the game the stu d ent ,
sh oul d study the p o si tions of the White

men an d o f th e Black and he will see that ,
it is quality o f p o siti on rather than quan

ti ty of men that g iv es Black the a dv an
tage Black has l o st a n umber o f his men
.
but th e o the rs are s o well d e vel ope d tha t

’
they h a v e far m o re stren gth tha n Wh it e s
which are either p iIin ed i n o r undeveloped .
’ ’
Wh ite s two R ooks and his King s Bishop
’
are shut in by their P awn s and his Kin g s
Knight is pinn e d to prot e ct the King from
the adverse B i sh op .
R —
q ( eh )
.
PRA C TI CE G A M E 99
( )
1 2 W hit e migh t move his QB to KB 4
and captur e th e Black P a w n but his posi
tion i s too critical an d i t i s wiser f o r h im
to bring his st rength n earer the King so
that i f he i s at tacke d he can m ove i nt o ,
and be p rotecte d F this reason

q . o r .
,
th e best m o ve is QB —
Q2 A nother reas on .
for this move is t o cl e ar the first rank fo r

’
th e Qu e e n s R o ok .
Black n e w mov e s his remaining R ook

to q and gi v es check
. .
K q
1 3,
— B7
Q
( )
1 3 Whit e must d o something t o a v oid
the check and i t has already be en shown
h ow difficult i t i s for him t o int e rp ose O f .
the five squares which he c omman d s thre e ,
a re commanded by a d verse f o rces ; q .

,
KB 2 K 3 therefo r e his o nly m o ves are

, , ,
t o Q3 o r q T he latt er is the correct

.
play as it enables h i m to get his King into

,
cover opens the d iagonal fo r the King s

,
’
Bi shop and opens the way for the King s

,
’
R ook aft e r the KB has bee n move d .
F o r Black s thirteenth move he puts his

’
1 00 H ow T o PLA Y CH E SS
Queen on B7 which is preparatory t o tak

,
ing the adv e rse KKt with his Bi shop If . .
White then take the Bishop w i th h is KtP

th e Queen wil l tak e th e P awn giving ,
check and attacking the White King s ’
R ook at the same time White can see .
th e obj e ct of Black s play so in his n e xt

’
move he mus t try t o prevent it ( S ee .
D I A G R AM XIV ) .
K— Beq .
E XE L
( )
1 4 White m o ves his King to E sq .
whi c h puts him mor e und e r cover though

it blocks his QR IIe gains an advant age
.
-
h o wev e r for by moving f rom th e diagona l

,
c omm and e d by the adve rse QB his own ,
Knight is un p inned and can be moved if

n eces sary .
Black takes the Knight w i th his Bish o p ,
though h e exposes his Bishop to capture in

Whit e s n ext move, bu t as the tw o pieces
’
are of abou t equal v alue the exchange is ,
even .
P XB
Oxxxt r
P R A C TI C E SGAME
15 Whit e takes the Bl aficli QB wi th

)
’ f
,
his KtP m ak i ng an even exchange for

,
’
th e loss of his Knigh t .
B LACK .
W H ITE .
D IA G R A M X IV .
P o s it i o n A ft Bl c k M o ve
’
er a Th i t s r eent h .
Black h as so many mov e s that to an ,
e xpe ri enc e d play e r i t i s d o ubtful whi ch

,
o n e i s be s t to mak e C aptu ring the KtP

. .
H O WETDQ
PLA Y CHE SS
is t h e
!
!
c pl a y as I t puts the Queen In
Co n ta t ,
a position to ta ke thr ee of Whit e s force s

’
Q K t. KB
,
and K R O f,
the thr e e t h e KB .
,
i s prot ect e d by the KR and the QKt is .
rot e ct e d by t h e QKt P and t h e QB so

p .
th ey are both safe T h e KR is not pro .
t ec te d nor is th e pa w n on QKt 7 so Whit e

,
must tak e st eps to protec t the mo re v al u a

bl e, i . e .
,
th e KR .
1 6, R e s i gns .
’
( )
1 6 Whit e s Pieces and P awn s are
now in such a poo r position that ev en if
h e did try to pro te ct his King s R ook h e
’
,
would gain so li ttl e tha t h e could not p o s

s i bl y hop e to w i n the game and i n couse ,
q u e n c e of this h e resigns and Blac,

k sco res
th e gam e as won .
Th e stud ent sh o uld n o tic e th a t in thi s

gam e in spit e of th e op eni n g mov e s on
,
Whit e s pa rt h e h as bee n on th e d e fensive

’
,
side all th e tim e Black on th e contra ry .

, ,
has m ad e th e attack with such success that

his adve rsa ry re si gned without even w ait
ing for the checkmate .
C HA P T E R X
C H E SS O P E NING S
The opening m oves in a game o f C hes s

are of particular imp o rtanc e for it is i n
them that the strategy of the game is mos t
clearly distinguished from m ere C hess
tactics E ach opening is intended t o de
.
v el o p a certain theory or course of pla y ,
and the skill of a C h ess player is indicated

by his first m o ves as they are made o f his
,
own fre e will and not be cause his a dv er

sary forces him t o take an aggressive or
defensive p o sition as is often the c ase in
,
the later dev elopment o f the game F o r .
this reason Ch es s openings have been a

,
stu d y of profound i nterest t o Chess play

e rs all over the wo rld wh er e v e r th e gam e
is play e d and th e principal or reg ula r

,
op enings are nam ed aft er the Pi e c e or

P awn which determines their charact e r ,
1 03
1 04 H O W To PLA Y CHE SS
the p ers ons wh o i nvente d them o r th e ,
count ri es where they w ere o r i gi n ally

a dop ted .
It i s ev id ent t o the stu d ent th erefo re ,

,
h ow impo rtant it is f o r him to b e familia r

wi th th e p reliminary mo v e s i n a game of
C h e ss and h e must give careful atte n tio n
,
to the study of th i s chapter ; following

e ach play on his o wn b oar d s o that it will
be p erfe ctly clear to him and easy t o re

m emb er fo r every successful Chess player
,
should know the o pen i ngs by name whe n

h e has occasion t o refe r to them .
Th e student has alrea d y lea rn e d tha t

s ome O p enings are regu lar an d som e i rreg
u lar
,
but it is only n ecessary fo r him to
be com e familiar with the fo rmer until he
has h ad much exp erience in pract i cal play .
T h e four most generally pract i ce d op en

.
i ngs are mad e o n the K i ng s side o f the

’
bo ar d an d the stud ent shoul d bec o me

,
thoroughly familiar with them .
T h e first Op ening is calle d th e K I N G S

’
K NIG H T S O P E NING E ach pl ayer i n

’
.
,
turn moves his KP to K4 and then th e

,
CHE SS O PE N I N G S 105
firs t player m ov es hi s K t t o his KB 3 . .
The sec o n d opening is calle d the

K ING S BI SH O P S O P E NING E ach playe r
’ ’
.
in turn moves his KP to his K4 and th en

,
th e fi rst player m o ves his KB along the

d iago nal t o QB4 .
The th ir d opening i s called th e

QU E E N S
’
BI SH O P S P A W N S O P E NIN G
’ ’
.
E ach player i n turn mov e s his KP to

, ,
K4 an d then the firs t player m o ves his

Q B P to Q B 3 .
The fourth op ening i s called th e

K ING S G AM BI T T he student will re
’
.
m ember tha t a gambit mea n s the sacr i fic e

of a P iece or P a w n for th e sake of an ad
vantage that is to be gain e d lat e r by th e
first play e r E ach player i n turn mov e s
.
, ,
his KP to K4 and then the first p l ayer

m ov e s his KBP to KB4 wh ere i t i s in a ,
pos ition t o be captured by the adv e r se

P awn .
T h e stu d en t w i ll note th at i n each of

‘
thes e openings th e first move of each

,
playe r i s id ent i cal i e the KP to K4 ,

. .
,
.
This opening mov e clears the way for the

1 06 H O W TO PL A Y CH E SS
'
King th e Queen and th e King s Bish o p

, ,
’
,
if the player cares t o devel o p them E ach .
o f th ese o penings has a number o f varia

tions in the plays which f o llow and these ,
va riations are rec ogn ized and given spe

c i fic names w i th which the st u den t must
,
become familiar .
TH E K IN G ’
S K NI GH T ’
S O P E NIN G .
The most i m p o rta n t and hence t o be ,

’
consid e red first is the King s Knigh t s
,
’
O p ening which has ten recogn i zed varia

tions In n o tating them , i t will be u n der
.
stood that Whi t e plays first and h i s m o ves

will be rec o rde d i n th e first column Un .
fortunately lac k of space prevents re

,
c ording games that illustrate the de v elop
ment of these variati o ns but there are so ,
many excellent w o rks on the subj ect that

th e stud e n t who wishes t o go i nt o them
m o re deeply W Ill find ampl e mater i al fo r
his purpose .
’
T h e ten vari a tions und e r th e K i ng s
Knight s O p ening are as foll ows
’
CHE SS O PE N I N G S 1 07
The D a mi a no G a mb i t
1 . P— K4
2 . Kt— K B3
P hi l i dor
’
s D f
e ense .
1 .K4 P—
2 Kt.
—KB3 .
P e tro fi s
’
D f
e ense .
1 .K4 P — P —K4
2 Kt.
— K B3 . Kt — KB3 .
( Th e st u d ent wi l l no te i n th i s d fen
e se th a t ea ch
P w n i p t c t d by h i
a s ro e e s K ni gh t as ea ch Kni gh t
c m m nd t h
o q e a s e s ua r oc u c p i d by e his o wn
P wn ) a .
Th C u n t G a mb i t i n
e o er t he Kni g h t ’
s O p eni ng .
1 . P — K4 P— K4
2 Kt. .
— KB3 P— K B4
( Th e s tud nt wi ll note th t th two B l ck

e a e a
P wn a s cc u p y qu
o c mm nd d by Wh ite s
s a re s o a e
’
f c o r es . Th i c n t i tu t th e c ou nte g m b it th e
s o s es r a
sac ifi r ce f o f c be ing m d e by t he sec o nd

a or e a
pl y a er .
)
The G iu oco Pi ano .
1 . P — K4
2 . Kt .
— B3
3 . K B— QB4
C a p tor
/ in E v a ns
’
s Ga m bi t .
l . P — K4 P — K4
2 Kt . .
— K B} Kt .
—
QB 3
3 . K B—
QB4 K B— QB4
4 . P— QK t . 4
108 H O W To PLA Y CH E SS
T h e Tw o K ni g h ts ’
D efen se .
1 . P — K4
2 K t — KB 3
. . Kt — QB3 .
3 KB.
— B
Q i-
K t — KB3 .
T h e K ni g h t ’
s Ga m e or Ra y L op ez .
1 . P — K4 P — K4
2 Kt. .
-
KB 3 Kt .
—
QB 3
3 K B— QKt 5
T he Qu een s
’
P a wn s
’
G a me , or S c o tc h G a m b i t .
1 . P — K4 P — K4
2 Kt. .
— K B3 Kt .
—
QB3
3 . P— Q4
Th e Q u ee n s
’
Bi s ho p ’
s P a wn s
’
G ame in th
K ni g h t ’
s Op eni ng .
1 . P — K4 P — K4
2 Kt. .
-
KB 3 Kt .
—
QB3
3 . P —
QB3
TH E K IN G S B I SH O P ’ ’
S O P E NIN G .
T he second o pening the King s Bish o p s ,

’ ’
O pe ning h as seven recogniz e d varia tions

, ,
all of which are i mportant for th e student

t o know and he w i ll als o find them of par
ti c u l ar i nte r e st I n the d ays of P h il i dor .
and his contemporaries this was c on si d ,
e red the safest opening as it demands ,
no initiato ry sacrifice from th e fi rst play

er a n d permits the P awns t o advance nu
Ob structed bu t modern players give it sec

,
on d place and c onsid e r th e King s Knight s ’ ’
O pening the safest and most e ffective

means of attack T h e variations under .
’ ’
the King s Bish o p s O pening with their ,
specific names are ,
Th G m f teh Tw K
a i ng
e oB i h op s e o s
’
s .
1 . P — K4 P — K4
2 K B—
.
QB4 K B— QB4
Th e It a li a ns
’
D f
e ens e .
1 . P— K 4 P — K4
2 K B—
.
QB4 K B—
QB4
P— — KKt 4
3 .
QB 3 Q .
Mc D o nne l l s
’
D ou b l e G am bi t .
1 . P — K4 P — K4
2 K B
.
—
QB4 KB —
QB4
3 P —
.
QK t 4 . B X Kt P .
4 . P — K B4
The
‘
L p o ez G a mb i t .
1 . P — KA
2 . K B—
QB4
3 .
Q — K2
4 . P — K B4
T h e Ki n g
’
s Kni g h t ’
s D f
e e ns e .
1 P — K4
. P —K4 .
2 K B— QB4
. Kt — K B3
.
The C o u n t er G am b i t .
l . P— K 4 P — K4
2 K . B—
QB4 P — K B4
1 10 H O W To PL A Y CH E SS
Th e Qu een s
’
B is h op s Pa wn s D
’ ’
f
e en s e .
1 . P— K4 P — K4
2 K B— P —
.
QB4 QB3
TH E Q UE E N ’
S B I SH O P ’
S O P E NIN G .
The Quee n s Bish op s Paw n s O p e ning

’ ’ ’
was a great fav o r i te with E uropea n C hess

players in the sixteenth century and R uy ,
L opez has dev o ted much space t o i t i n h i s

oft quoted work on C hess P h il i dor how
-
.
,
ever condemned i t bu t the Italian sch o ol

, ,
has proved tha t i t can safely be adopt e d ,

though it offers comparatively few o pp or
tu n i ti e s for striking o r instructiv e c o mbi
nati o ns of play The obj ect o f the open
.
i ng on the part o f the firs t player is t o

, ,
occupy the c enter of the bo ard with his

P awns rather than t o develop his P i eces .
The variations have n o specific nam es but ,
to i llustrate this opening th e stud en t

should study the follo w in g p relimina ry
moves from gam e s played by famous C h e s s
play e rs O nly the fir st four m ov es of e ach
.
p layer a re giv en .
CHE SS O PE N I N G S 1 11
CAPTAI N EV AN S ( W H IT E ) VE R S U S AN AM ATE UR
( BLACK ) .
W H IT E. B LACK .
1 . P — K4
2 P .
—
QB 3
3 . P —
Q4
4 . P — K5
STAU N TO N ( W HIT E ) VE R SU S C O CH RAN ( BLACK )

.
W HITE .
1 . P— K4
—
2 . P QB 3
3 . Kt .
— K B3
4 K Kt X P
. .
WALKER ( W HIT E) VE R S U S A M AN T ( BLACK ) .
W HITE .
1 . P — K4
2 P—.
QB 3
3 . P >< P
Kt .
— KB3 .
In the game between C aptain E v a n s

and th e amat eur C aptain E vans was the ,
v ictor ; in the game be tween S taunt o n and

C och ran S taunton won ; and in th e game
,
betwee n Walker and S t A mant S t A ma n t .

,
.
won .
TH K ING GAM BI T
’
E S .
T he
King s Gam bit th e fourth of the ’
,
p ri ncip al o penings is the delight o f the ,
C hess player s heart as it affords op p o r

’
.
tu n i ti es fo r th e m o st intricate and s c i en
t i fic c o mbinations to which C hessmen a re
subj e c t and their study gives the student
,
an alm o st unlimit e d fu n d o f i nstruction

and ente rtainment .
’
T he v ariations of the King s Gamb i t ,
w i th the i r spe c ific names are ,
Th e Ki ng s ’
G a mbi t ( Prop e r ) .
l . P — K4 P — K4
2 . P — K B4 P >< P
3 Kt — K B3
. P — KKt 4 .
CHE SS O PE N I N GS 113
4 . KB—
QB4 P — KKt 5 .
5 KKt — K5 —
Q R 5 ( eh
. . .
)
6 .
( A cc d i ng
or to C oc h
ra ne )K — B sq .
6 .
( A cc o rd i ng t o Sal v i o )
K Esq
— . Kt — KBsq . . or KR 3
T h e M u z i o Gam i t b .
1 K4 . P —
2 P K B4
— .
3 KT — 4—
.KE B .
4 KB.
—
QB4
5 . 0 — 0, or P— Q4
Th e A l lga ier Gam i t b .
1 P K4
—. P — K4
2 P K B4 -
P >< P
3 . K B— QB4
TH E GAM BI T DE C L IN E D .
When th e Gambit is declin ed

sec ond move is generally one o f
low i ng
114 H O W To PLAY CHE SS
KB— — or P —
QB 4, P O S, Q4 .
s econd move i s obj ec tio nable as it

T he ,
confines th e King s Bishop a P i ec e tha t ’

,
th e student wil l learn t o use with adv an

tage .
T H E Q U E E N S GAM BI T ’
.
A n o ther Chess o peni ng with wh i ch the ,
stud en t sh ould be familiar i s th e ,
Q U E E N S G AM BI T While it re quires less

’
.
skil l and brilliancy o f play than the

’
King s Gambit, i t is imp roving f o r th e
student to study as it o ffers h i m practi c e
,
in accurac y o f p lay It i s no tat ed .
thus
1 . P—
Q4
2 P—.
QB4
’
When the Quee n s Gam b i t i s d ec l i ned ,
’
Black s second mo ve is generally one o f
th e following
P — K 3 , P— QB3 , or P— KB3 .
I RR E GU L AR . O P E NIN G S .
Befo re leaving the subj ect of o pen i ngs ,

a w o rd may be said of I R R E GU L AR O P E N
IN G s They are generally rec ogni ze d

.
as thos e i n which the firs t move o f

each player is s ome o ther than P K4, o r
—
P —
Q 4 S taunt on ho wever c lass i fies
.
, ,
them as th o se of attack i n which the fi rst

,
player s fi rst m ov e is either P KB4 or

’ —
P — B and th o s o f defence in whi h

Q 4 e c
the sec on d player in answering the firs t

,
player s firs t mov e , P K4 o r P Q4,

’ — —
moves his P K3 P QB4, P KB4, o r

— — ~
,
—
P —
t 3 .
C HA P T E R X I
EN D G AM E S
The stu d en t ca nn o t giv e too m u ch t i m e

to the study of E n d Games f o r i t is her e
,
that h e can put to the tes t the i nfo rmatio n

that he has acquire d i n studying the el e
mentary principles o f p lay T h e E nd .
Game he will re m embe r, i s the th i r d di

,
v ision o f a game o f C hess whe n ther e are

so few Piec e s an d P awn s u p on th e bo ar d
that theoretical analysis of the m ov es has

.
again become possible A l l games h o w

.
,
ever do n ot reach th i s stage as i t f re

, ,
quen tly happens th at checkmat e i s give n

by a strong c omb i n at ion o f fo rces after th e
opening m o ves whe n the P ieces an d
,
P awns are s o far d evelope d that th e an aly

sis of th e m ov es wh i ch character i zed th e
op ening are no l o nger p o ssible ; bu t the
stu d ent n ee d no t devote his time t o thi s
116
E N D GA M E S 117
part o f the game as it is treated in a la te r

,
chapt er .
To illustrat e the science of m an i p u l at

ing the Chessmen , when there are only a
few l eft on the board the fo l lo w m g ex
.
,
amples ha v e be en selected from standa rd

w o rks on the subj ect If the studen t has
.
made a careful study of the contents of

th e preceding chapters he will have n o ,
difficulty in foll o wing the m o ves and in

understanding the reas o ns f o r making
them .
The stud ent should have his board set

up for e ach exampl e as indicate d s o tha t
he can fo ll o w each m ove .
E XA M P L E I . W H I T E K ING A N D Q U E E N
—
A GA IN ST B L A C K K ING .
The Black King occupies K4 the White ,
King Q3 and the White Queen q

, as ,
indicated on D I A G R AM xv .
Whit e has th e fi rst m o ve an d the stu

d ent will see that his best plan of attack is
t o d riv e th e adverse King int o a Corn e r
or t o the si d e o f the bo ard bring his o wn,
King as cl o s e as possi ble and gi v e chec k

,
B LACK .
W HITE .
D I A G R AM xv .
EN D G AM E, E XAM PL E I.
Ki ng a nd Q
u een A ga i nst Ki ng .
w i th h i s Queen A s Black holds the c en

.
ter o f the b o ard his position is as go o d as

:
,
EN D GA ME S 119
possible consider i ng the o d d s W hite

, .
mus t be car eful no t t o give stalemate .
The gam e is won by White i n nin e m ov es

and is notated thus
W HITE .
1 .
Q Kt 4
— .
— K 4 eh
2 .
Q ( ) .
3 .
Q Q4 ( eh )
— .
K — B4
—
5 .
Q Q6
6 . K— Kt 5 .
7 .
—
O O 7 ( eh ) .
8 . K — Kt 6 .
—
9 .
Q Q8 , ( m ate ) .
The stud en t will no t e that fo r Wh i te s ,

’
ninth play there were fo ur o ther moves

,
which he might h ave mad e all o f which ,
w ould have enabl e d him to w i n the game ;

they are Q Kt 7 , Q B8, Q Q8 o r
— — —
.
Q —
K8 .
This exampl e of an E n d Gam e i llus

t rates the impo rtanc e of the Queen as a
mating forc e and als o illustrat e s to the
, ,
student h oWimportan t it is for him to

,
p rotect h er s o t h at h e ca n use h er i n j us t
1 20 H O W To PL A Y CH E SS
s u ch meth od s o f attack as were seen in

the m ov es j us t no tate d Bla ck having .
,
neither a Piec e nor a Pawn o n th e bo ard ,
c o ul d on l y h op e t o win by a drawn game
i f White had gi v en a stalemate .
E XAM P L E II . W H I T E K ING A N D
. RO C K
A GA IN ST B LA C K K IN G .
The Bla ck K ing o cc u p i es QKt 4 the .

,
White King QKt sq and the White . .

,
R ook QBs q as indicated on D I A G R AM XVI

.
,
.
This example i llustrates the stren gth of

the Rook as a mating force an d as in the ,
former example White s meth od o f attack ,

’
is to c o rner the a dverse King The pos i .
tio n is in White s favor as Black i s al ’

,
ready n ear the si d e of the bo ard The .
mov e s of th e R o ok, ho w ever are more re ,
stri c te d tha n th o se of the Quee n so it ,
tak e s eleven m oves b efo re Wh ite can give

checkm at e The game is notated thus
.
W H IT E .
1 . K— Kt 2 .
2 R .
—
q . !
3 . K — B3
EN D GA ME S 1 21
W HITE .
4 . R—
Q5 ( eh ) .
5 . K— B4
6 . R—
Q6 ( eh ) .
7 . K B5
—
W HITE .
D IA G RAM XVI .
EN D G AM E , E XA M L E P II
.
K i ng a nd Ro o k a ga i nst K i ng .
R— O7 ( eh .
) K R3 —
K— B 6 . K— R 4
K R3
— .
R — R 4, ( m a t e )
1 22 HO W TO PL A Y CH E SS
If the stude n t w i ll go ov e r these m ov es
aga i n he will see that W h i te in his sec
, ,
o n d turn, c o ul d have given check by p l ay

ing R QBsq , bu t that w o ul d have forc e d
—
.
the K i ng t o p lay t o Q5 which w oul d,
h ave enable d h im t o get in t o the cente r

o f the bo ar d , whi c h i s j us t where White
di d no t wa n t h i m ; h ence the m o ve R
q . w as a n e x c elle n t p lay The. stu
’
d en t als o see s that Black s n i n th and tenth
m o ves wer e fo r c e d m o ves , as White had
left h i m no c h oi ce Wh ile illustrat ing the
.
u se o f the R o ok in th e E n d Game, this
e x am p le als o sh ows the s tu d ent that i t

i s s om eti mes be tter t o let wha t appears
t o b e a good m o ve go by fo r i f White had
,
t ake n advantage of his o p p o rtu ni ty t o giv e

check it w o uld ha v e taken h i m a l o ng time
to force h i s adversary to the s id e o f the
bo ar d aga in Wh en t h e p laye r has a
.
c hoice of m o ves he should always consider
th e co n sequences an d deliberate c arefully

before he p lays .
EN D GA ME S 1 23
E XA M P LE III W H I T E K ING B I SH O P
.
.
AN D K NIG H T AGA IN ST B L A C K
K ING A N D PA W N .
T he White King occupies QB 6 th e ,
Whit e Bishop Q6 th e White Knigh t Q7 , ,
th e Black King QR 3 and the Black P awn
Q K.t 4 as
,
indicated on D I A G R AM XVII .
The Knight is generally used to be s t

:
advantage in th e M iddle Game as hi s ,
p rogr ess is n ot hamper e d by intervenin g

forces bu t in this illustration of an E n d
,
Game he is us e d most successfully in con

,
.
junction with the Bishop The student .
will see that Bla ck s only hop e lies in ’
qu eening his P awn for then he will be a s ,
w ell o ff as if h e had n o t already l o st h i s

Queen H is efforts are in vain how ev er
.
, ,
for Whit e wins in Six m o ves The gam e .
i s n otat e d thus
W HIT E .
1 . B — Kt 4 .
2 B .
—
B5 ( eh )
.
3 K Kt 6
.
— .
4 K— R6.
5 . B -
Q6
6 Kt — K t . . 6, ( m a t e ) .
HO W TO PL A Y CH E SS
This exampl e al so illustrat e s White s ’
attacking m ethod of fo rcing his O ppon ent

B LACK .
W HIT E .
DI A G R A M X VII .
EN D G A M E E XA M PLE III
, .
K i ng B i s h o p
, ,
a nd K n i gh t a ga i n st K i ng a nd P a wn .
int o the corner i n order to checkmat e him .

E N D GA M E S 1 25
E XA M P L E IV .W H I T E K IN G A N D PA W N
AG A IN ST B L A C K K ING .
T he White K i ng o ccupies q the .

,
Whit e Pawn K2, and th e Black King

q . as
,
indicated on D I A G RA M X VIII .
The stud ent will n o te tha t both Kings

occupy their original positions at the be
ginning of th e game Whit e has the a d
.
vantage having a P awn but his success

, ,
depe nds upon his ability to queen it .
This illustration is inte resting as i t takes

,
White twel ve m o ves in order to win ,
wh en he plays first ; while if Bla ck has the

first m ov e Whit e gives stal emat e in the
,
fift een th move and the game is a draw .
If Whit e m o ve s first the gam e is no tate d

thus
1 26 HO W T O P LA Y CH E SS
W HITE .
9 . P— K 5
10 . K— K 6
ll . K—
Q7
12 P .
— K G ( ch )
.
B LACK .
W HIT E .
D IA G R A M X V III .
EN D G AM E , E XA M P LE W .
K i ng P wn g i n t Ki ng
a nd a a a s .
Black has to move to a vo id th e ch eck

and as Whit e can Queen his P awn in tw o
EN D GA ME S 1 27
mov es a nd as the White Ki ng is s o situ

at e d that he prote cts th e P awn until it is
Queened there is n othing o f a d vantage to
,
Black that he can d o .
If Black had ha d the fi rst m ov e the ,
game w ould ha v e resulte d in a stal emate

aft er White s fifteen th m ov e It is no
’
.
tated th u s
l .
2 .
3 K.
— K3
4 K.
—
Q3
5 P — K4 ( c h )
. .
6 K— K 3
.
7 K.
— B4
8 P.
— K 5 ( eh ) .
9 K— K4
.
10 K.
—
Q5
1 1 P.
— K 6 ( ch ) .
1 2 K— K 5
.
1 3 K B6
.
—
14 . P
15 . K — K6 ( stal em ate ) .
E XA M P L E V W H I T E K ING A N D T wo
!
B I SH O P S A GA IN ST B L A C K K IN G .
The Whit e King o ccupies q the

.
,
White Kin g s Bishop KBsq

’
.
,
the White
1 28 HO W TO PL A Y CHE SS
’
Queen s Bishop QBsq and the Black King .
q as.in d
,
icated on D I A G R AM XIX .
W HIT E .
D I A G R A M X IX .
EN D G A M E E XA M P L E V
, .
King a nd Two B i sh o p s a g i nst K i ng

a .
The student will note that each Piece

o c cupies its o riginal p o sition at the begin
EN D G A ME S 1 29
’
n ing o f th e gam e Wh i te s meth od o f at
.
tack i s to force h i s adversary i nt o a c o r

n e r s quare or into one that adj o i ns a c o r
n e r and th en che c kmate w i th the B i sh o p
that is o n the s quare in the sam e di ag

o n al White can accompl ish th i s i n four
.
te en m o v es T he game i s no tate d thu s

.
W HIT E . B LACK .
1 . B— KR 3
2 B—. K B4
3 K—. K2
m K— K B 3
!
m B— K B5
K —K Kt 4
5
9 .
7 K — KK t 5
. .
8 K —
. K B6
9 . B— QB7
10 . B— Q7
11 . K— KKt 6 .
12 B .
13 . B
1 4 B— K 5
.
( m at e )
.
T h e p o ssibilit i e s fo r Black t o w in In
this game are so small that the o nly thing
for him to do is to m ove back and forth ,
postponing White s victory as lon g as pos

’
sibl e There are many instan ces h o w

.
,
1 30 H O W TO PLA Y CH E SS
ever, wh ere th e o d d s are i n fa vo r o f on e

p l ayer which result i n a drawn game be
,
cause the lone K i ng cannot be forced fr o m

som e ad v a n tage ou s p o s i t io n that he has
g a in e d
.
E XA M P L E VI W H I T E K IN G B I SH O P
.
,
A N D PAW N AGA IN ST BLA o K K IN G .
The W hi t e Ki ng occupies KB4 the ,
White B i shop K2 the Whi te P awn KB 5

-
and the Black King q ~
as indicate d on .
,
D I A G R AM XX .
This E xample illustrates a d rawn game ,
W hite ha vi ng the advantage i n n umbers

and Black the advantage in p o si ti o n Un .
l ike most o f the other illustrative E n d

Game p o sitio n s White s hope of w i nning
,
’
lies in hi s abili ty to keep the adverse King

from gett i ng in a c o rner and this is j ust
what he succee ds in do i ng The game i s _
.
d rawn after Black s fifth mo v e Black

!
’
.
plays first T he game is n o tate d thu s

.
W HITE . B LACK .
2
. B— B4 K— BB
EN D G A ME S 1 31
W HITE .
3 . B— Q5
K — K
4 . t 5 .
5 . P— R 6
WH IT E .
D IA G RA M XX .
EN D G AM E ,
E XA M PLE VI .
Ki ng ,
Bi sh o p a nd P a wn a g a i ns t King .
A s Whit e cannot forc e Blac k to l eave

his corn e r th e gam e is drawn
, .
C H A P T ER X II
M ID D L E GA M E S
Th e M idd l e Game as t h e stu d en t h as

,
alrea d y lear n e d is that st age o f a game o f

,
C h ess whe n th e Piec es and Pawn s are so

far d e veloped tha t the o retical a n alysis i s no
lo nger p o ss ible as it was in the opening
,
m ov es A t th i s p o int, all of th e player s

.
’
ski ll in the art and sc i e n c e o f c ombi n a

t ion i s pu t t o th e test an d ma ny o f the
m os t br i ll i a n t Ch ess players are a ble t o
give mate w i th ou t l ett i ng the game reach
wha t th e st ud en t h as alrea dy learn e d t o
be E nd Gam e p o s i t io ns It i s o f p arti c u
.
lar i m p o rt an ce therefo re for the stu d en t

, ,
to giv e the c on te n ts o f th i s chapter c are

fu l atte n ti o n f o ll o w ing the m o ves on his
,
own boa r d an d stu d ying ou t v ar i at ions for

hi mself O nly in this way can he mas
.
1 32
M I DD L E GA M E S 1 33
te r the diffic ulties which confr o n t the ama

teu r in M iddle Gam e positions .
The stud en t should arr ange his boar d

for each example as indicated i n the D I A
G RA M s an d foll o w each m ov e .
E X AM P L E I P os i ti on d e v el o pe d fr o m .
—
a B u y Lo p ez Gambit .
’
White s forc es should be arrange d thus
K on KKt sq , B on QKt 3 Kt on K 5
. . .
,
.
,
RS o n QBs q an d q P s on KR 2 .
,
.
, ,
KKt2 K B S QB 4 and QKt 5

, ,
.
Black s forces sho u ld be arrange d thus

’
K on KB sq Kts o n KB S and K 2 R s on
.
,
.
, ,
q an d.
Q B 2 and P s on K R 3 K K t 2 , ,
KB4 QKt 3 a n d QR 4
, (
. S ee ,
D I A G R AM .
XXI ) .
White h as the first m ov e and wi n s after

his ninth mo ve as Bl ack resigns The .
gam e i s no tate d thu s :

W HITE . B LACK .
1 . P — B5 ! P XP
2 R— — Kt sq
.
Q6 ! R .
— R ( R 2)— q
3 .
Q R q .
4 . P — Kt 6 . P — R5
5 . B XP K K t sq— . .
6 Kt— BG
. Kt X K t .
'
W HITE .
7 . B XK t .
( dis .
8 . P— K t 7 ! .
—
9 . R Qs .
W HITE .
D I A G RA M XX I
M ID D LE G A M E E XA M PL E I, .
White has to make the most of the p o s i

tion of th e adverse King which he does ,
M IDD L E G AM E S 1 35
th o ugh in his fifth m o v e he might have

played B B 4 still holding the King
—
,
!
which w o uld have be en even stro n

ger than
the move he mad e H i s eighth m ove .
,
ho w ever is good an d he wins easily after

!
his ninth play as Black cann o t escape .
E X AM P L E II
a match b etwee n . F rom
M o rphy and H arrw i tz It is c on sI dered .
a mod el of its kind and unsurpass ed in

th e history of the game .
’
White s forces should be arranged thus
K on KKt sq R on QKt 8 Kt on Q8 . .
,
.
, .
,
and P s on QR S Q5 K 3 KB4 KKt ? , , , ,

.
and KR 2 .
’
Black s forces should be arranged thus
K on K 2 B on Q2 R on QR S and P s
, ,
on QB4 Q3 K 5 KB4 KKt 2 and KE 5 ;

,
,
.
, , ,
( S e e D I A G R AM XXII ) .
Black ( M orphy ) has the first m ov e an d

win s The Game i s n o tated thus :
.
WH IT E .
1
2 K— BZ
.
3 K— K 2
.
4 Kt. . B X Kt .
1 36 HO W TO PLA Y CH E SS
WHIT E .
5 . P XB
6 K—.
QZ
7 . K Bs q
— .
B LACK .
D IA G RA M XX II .
M I DD L E GAM E ,
E XA M PLE II .
8 . R — Kt 3
.
9 . R— RS
10 . P — Kt 3
.
M I DD LE GA ME S 1 37
W HITE . B LACK .
11 . RP XP P xP
1 2 Kt P >< P
. . K— K T 3 .
13 . R — R5 R — B4
14 . R — R6 R — B6
15 . R XP ( ch )
. K — R4
16 . R— Q2 K Kt 5
— .
17 . R K B6
—
18 . R — Kt 5 . R — B4
19 . R — R5 K xP
20 . R — R4 K B6
— et c .
n i ng ea s i l y .
The stu d ent will n ote tha t Black has

mad e such b rilliant combinations with his
forc es that th ere is almos t nothing for
.
Whit e to do bu t mov e his B ook back a n d

forth from o n e squar e to anoth er .
E X AM P L EIII Position develop e d

from a B u y Lo p e z Gambit .
Whit e s forces should be arrang e d

’
thus K on K Bs q
—
Q on Q B 4 R on .
, ,
q . Kt,
on Q 5 and P s on
. K B 2 K Kt 2 ,
.
KB 3 K 4 QKt 3 and QR 2
, ,
. .
Black s forces should be arranged

’
thus —
K on KKt sq Q on q R on . .
, .
,
Q sq Kt on Q5 and P s on Kr2 KKt 2

B .
,
.
, ,
KB 2, Q3 , QB4 and QR 4 .
( S ee D I A G R AM
XXIII .
W HIT E .
DIA G R A M X X III .
M IDD LE G A M E E X A M PLE III

, .
Whit e has the fi rs t mov e and wins for

’
Black s position is hope l es s aft er Whit e s ’
M IDD L E GA M E S 1 39
WHITE .
Kt .
-
K 7 ( eh ) .
Q X R1
( c h ) .
o xo w h )
K— Kt s q . .
K— B2
P — K5
K K2 —
K Q3
— a nd wi ns .
Th e student will no te that for Wh ite s ,

’
s ec ond play h e might have moved Q X R

, ,
but if he had made that play alth ou gh ,
he would have captur e d an adverse P iece ,

,
i t would hav e los t h i m the gam e .
E XAM P L E IV Positio n d evel o ped

. .
from a Giuoco Pian o .
’
White s fo rce s sh oul d b e arrange d
thus — K on KBs q Q o n K 5 R s o n K 8 .
, ,
and KB 5 B o n t 3 and P s on KR 4
,
.
, ,
KKt 3 K4 QB 3 QKt 4 and QR Q

.
, , ,
.
,
.
Black s f o rc es should be arra nge d

’
thu s —
K on KR 3 Q on K Kt 3 R s on ,
.
,
KKt 5 and Q7 Kt on KR 2 and P s on

.
,
.
,
KR 4 K B 2 QB 2 QKt 2 and QKt 3

, , ,
. . .
( See D I A G R AM XXIV ) .
Whit e pl ays fi rs t an d Wi ns . T he g am e
i s no tate d thus
W HIT E .
D IA G RA M XX I V .
M ID DLE G A M E , E X A M PL E IV .
W HIT E .
1 . R — K Kt 8 !
.
2 R XP
.
NH )
3 .
Q— K B 5 ( eh )
.
M IDD L E GA ME S 1 41
W HITE .
4.
QX R ch ) .
5 Q K B4
.
—
—
6.B Q5
7 Q X K BP a n d
.
'
Wi n s .
The stud ent will see tha t Wh i te made

Spl e ndid comb inations with his for c es so
that Black was quit e powerless t o resis t

th em Und e r the circumstances Bla ck
.
,
did the be st he c o ul d .
E X AM P L E V Game de v el o pe d fr o m a.
L op e z Gambit an d played between M ac

kenzi e and S teinitz .
’
White s forc es sh o uld be arrange d
thus —
K on KB sq Q on KB2 R o n .
, ,
KBsq B s on KKt 5 and QB 2 and P s on

.
,
.
KR 2 K Kt 2 QB 3 , QKt 2 an d QR 2
,
.
,
. .
Bla c k s fo rc es sho ul d be arranged

’
thus K on KKt sq , Q o n QB 3 , R o n
-
. .
q . B
,
s o n K K t 2,
an d Q K t 2 and P s .
,
on KR 2 KKt 3 K B 2
, Q Q
4 B 5 Q K t 4
.
, , , ,
and QR S ( See D I A G R AM XXV )

. .
Black plays fi rst and th e game results i n

’
p erp etual ch eck afte r Whit e s sixth mov e .
Th e gam e is notat e d thus

1 42 HO W TO PLA Y CH E SS
W HITE .
1
2 P >< P
.
3 .
Q X P ( ch ).
A
BL CK .
W HITE .
D IA G RA M XXV
.
M ID D LE G A M E, E XA M PL E V .
4
.
. B— K4 !
5 . B
6 .
Q X B ( ch ).
M I DDL E GA ME S 1 43
T his ex amp le o f a M i ddle Game p o s i

tion res ulting in a perpetual check is m o s t
ingenious and mus t have been wholly u n
exp ected to the players While Black had .
th e o rig i nal a d vantage he l o st i t by his ,
first m ove H i s obj ect ev i dently was to

.
, ,
queen his P awn but his first m o ve w as

,
weak an d cau sed him t o l o se wha t he ha d

gain ed by his open ing m ov es .
E XA M P L E V I Illustrates the adv an

.
tages a n d disadvantages o f o pen files .
’
Whit e s forc es sh o uld be arranged
thus —
K on QB sq Q o n QB4 Kt o n .
, ,
.
KR 4 R s on K q and q
,
. an d P s on .
,
KKt 2 KKt 4 K 5 QB 3 and QR 2

,
.
, ,
.
Black s fo rces sh o uld be arranged

’
thus — K on KB sq Q on KB 2 Kt on .
, ,
.
Q R S, R s o n Qq and K B sq . and P s .
,
on KR 2 KKt 2 QB 3 QKt 2 an d QR 2
, , ,
. .
( See D I A G R AM XX VI
) .
The student will note fr o m the position

’
of White s King that the playe r has ev i
dently castle d with h i s QR White play s .
1 44 H O W TO PLA Y CHE SS
first and m ates in five m ov es . The gam e

is notat e d thus
BLACK .
W HITE .
D IA G RA M X XV I .
M IDD LE GAM E ,
E XA M PL E VI.
W H IT E .
1 — E sq
. Q
R .
2 Kt. .
—K t . 6 ( ch .
)
M IDD L E GA ME S 1 45
W HIT E .
3 . Kt .
-
K 7 ( ch .
4 . R XP wh )
5 . R —
q .
( m a te )
’
The err or in Black s play was to take
th e adv e rs e Qu e en as i t m ad e an op ening ,
in the gua r d of his King that he could not

r epair T h e op en fil es w ere an advantage
.
t o White, bu t th ey wer e fatal to Black .
E XA M P L E : Po sition d eveloped V IL
from a P etro ff s ( R ussian ) D e fense ’
.
Whit e s fo rce s should be arrange d

’
thus K on KKt sq Q on QKt 7 QKt . .

,
.
,
.
o n QKt s q K K t o n KB 3 QB on QB sq
. .
,
.
,
.
,
KB o n Q3 and P s on KR 2 KKt 2, KB 2 ,
.
,
Q Q
‘
4 ,
K t 2 and Q B 2 . .
Black s fo rc es should be arrange d

’
thus — K o n K Kt sq Q on q R s on . .
,
.
,
Q qB s .and K B s
q K t s on K 5 and Q 2 B s .
,
.
,
on Q3 and K 3 and P s on KR 2 KKt 2 , , ,
K B4 QB 5 QB 2 and QR 2
, (,
S ee D I A .
G R AM XXVII ) .
Whit e plays fi rst but Black w ins The ,

.
game is nota te d thu s

W HI TE . B LACK .
1 . B X Kt .
QR — Kt sq
. .
2 .
QX RP P XB
3 . K t — Kt 5 . B— Q4
B LACK .
W HITE .
I G R A M XXV II D A .
M IDD LE G A M E E X A M P LE , V II .
4 .
Q— R5
5 .
Q —B3
6 . Kt .
— KR 3
M IDD L E GA M E S 1 47
W HIT E .
7 . P — K Kt 3 .
8 . Kt .
— B4
9 . E XE
10 . P — K R4
11 . P XR
1 2 P— B 3
.
Whit e ma d e a poor play in his second

mov e by taking th e P awn H e should .
hav e mov ed t o QR 6 aft er which th e ,
Queen could have be en play e d to QR 4 and

wi th the Knigh t o n QKt sq a g o od attack . .
,
could hav e been dev elop e d T h e captu re .

,
ho w eve r only los t time and enabl ed Black

,
to gath e r his fo rc e s for an attack on th e

Whit e King A s it is Whit e has to try
.
,
t o sav e his Qu ee n and cannot d evelop his
Q K .t T h e student wil l note in going ,
ov e r th e mov es in this game that White ,
do es n o t gi v e ch e ck once and that Black ,
al so gath e rs his forc e s f o r the attack i n

such a w ay that he do e s not giv e check u n
til th ere is no e scap e for his adve rsary .
Black s moves are carefully mad e an d

’
should be studied .
C HA P T ER XIII
C ON C L USION
When the studen t has reached this con

cluding chapter h e should have a thor
,
ough knowl e dge of the gen eral principl es

of the mov e s and und erstand th e la w s of
,
th e game . H e should also be suffici ently

familia r with th e O p enings and w ith E n d
and M iddl e Gam e po sitions to m eet and ,
compete favorably with th e average C h ess

,
play e r In fact th e r e is no el eme ntary

.
,
point that can be discussed in a hand book

on th e gam e that has not b een explain e d
,
and illu st rat e d But for that skill and

.
scientific kno w ledge tha t disting ui sh e s

th e p rofessional from th e amat eu r ,
he
must p l ay f re quently w ith exp eri enc e d
play e rs and also study th e book s that are
d evot e d to som e o n e pa rticula r fe atu re of
th e gam e . A numb e r of titl e s are giv en
C NC O L US I O N 1 49
in the B ibl iograp hy whi c h w i ll pr ove hel p

ful to the stude nt Who Wi shes t o go m o re
deeply int o the subj ec t .
Befo re cl os i n g h ow ev er the stu den t , ,
may be in ter es te d i n work i ng ou t s om e

C hess p roblems for him self and for thi s ,
reason several h av e be en selecte d from

Cu ri o us C h es s P r o bl ems i n on e o f S ta u n
t on s book s
’
.
If the stude n t cann o t s olv e th ese pr ob

l ems aft e r he h as given them a fa i r trial ,
,
he w i ll fin d a Key f oll o w i ng them .
C H E SS P R OB LE M S .
P R OB LE M I Wh i te play i ng fi rst .
, ,
mates in seven m ov es .
’
White s forces sh o ul d be arrange d
thu s — K on q Kts on QKt 3 and .
, . .
,
KB 7 B o n QKt 7 and P s on QR 2
, .
, ,
QKt 2 K4 KB 2 and KKt 7

.
, , ,
. .
’
Black s forc es should be arranged
thus !
K on QB 5 , R on KKt sq Kt on . .
,
.
Q B 2 ,B on QKt sq an d P s o n QKt 5 , . .
,
QB4 K4 a n d KR2
, , .
1 50 HO W TO PLA Y C HE SS
P R OB L E M II White p l ay in g first .
, ,
compels Blac k to m a te h i m in fo urt een

mov e s .
’
Whit e s forces should b e arranged
thus K o n KBs q Q o n QKt 3 Rs on
-
.
, .
,
QKt sq and QB sq , Kts on QKt 8 and

. . . .
Q B 5 ,
B S o n QB 3 and KR 5 and P s o n ,
Q2 KB4 KKt 2 and KR 2

, ,
. .
Bla c k s forces should be arran ge d

’
thus —
K on q Q on K 8 K t s on .
, , .
QBsq an d KKt 8 B s o n QR 4 and KR 6

.
, ,
Rs on K 5 an d KB 6 a nd P s o n Q6 a nd ,
KB2 .
P R OB L E M III W h i te playi ng fi rst .

, ,
mates in six m ove s .
Bla c k s forces should be arrange d

’
thus — K on QBs q Bs on QB sq an d .
,
.
KR 5 Kt o n K 2 an d P s o n QR 2 and
,
.
,
K Kt 6 . .
Whit e s forces should be arrange d

’
thus : K on KB sq B on KKt 2 R on .
,
.
,
Q 5,
Kt on QB 6 and P S on
.
QR 6 QKt 6 , ,
.
,
KKtA and KR 3 .
.
P R OB L E M IV . Whi te ,
playing first ,
C N O CL US I O N 1 51
’
Wh i te s fo r ce s sh o ul d be arrange d
'
thus — K on q , Q on K 8 K ts o n .
, .
K Kt 3 a nd Q4 Rs on Qq
. and K 7 B s
,
.
,
o n QR 2 and KB 8, an d P s o n KB2, K 5 ,
Q B 2 an d QK t 2 . .
’
Black s fo rces sh ou l d be ar ranged
thus -
K on QR 3 , Q on QB 5 Kts on .
,
.
QKt 2 and Q4 R s o n Q3 and QR 5 and

.
, ,
P s on KKt 5 a n d KB 6 . .
P R OB L E M: V White playing first

.
, ,
mates in fo ur m ov es .
Whit e s forc e s should be arrange d

’
thus — K on q R on QB sq B on .
,
.
,
Q K .t 4 ,
K t s o n .
QK t 7 and Q 7 and P s o n .
Q B 6 a nd Q K t 3 . .
Bla c k s force s sh o uld be arrange d

’
h
t u s z— K on K 3 R on KB4 Kt on , ,
.
K R 5 ,
B s o n K R 6 a nd K K t 8 and P S on .
,
KB 6 and K 5 .
I n trying to s o lv e thes e Probl ems th e ,
s tuden t will find i t h elpful to notat e his

moves e ach tim e h e tri e s , as it w ill sav e
h i m from r ep e tition and w ill also h elp him
to fin d Wh er e his j udgm en t has be en at
fault if he fails .
KE Y To C H E SS P R OB LE M S .
PRO BLE M I .
W H IT E .
1 . Kt .
P —
2 .
QR 3
3 . P — KKt 8 ( B ec omes.
a Qu een )
4 Kt. . K rem o ves .
K P —
5 .
—
Q2 .
QB 5
6 QR P X P
. Wh ere he Wil l .
7 M a t es
. .
PRO BLEM II .
1 .
Q X P ( c h) . K—
q .
2 . B X B ( ch ) . Kt QKt 3
.
— .
3 . K QBs q
— .
R —
4 Q .
q .
5 QX R ( c h )
. .
QX Q
6 Kt . . on B 5— Q7 ( di s . K— Kt . 2
7 . B XKt
( di s . . ch .
) K— q .
8 B X R ( ch )
. . Q i nte rp o ses .
9 . P XB
10 . B— K4 Q QB3
—
11 B— .
Q4 Q QK t 2
—
1 2 R— —
Q QB 3
.
q .
—4K
13 . Kt— QR 6 31 2
14 . B— QR 6 Q X B ( Fo r c e d m o v e ,
( m at e )
PRO BLE M III
1 . P —
QKt 7 ( ch ) . .
2 R—.
Q7
CO N CL US I O N 1 53
W HITE . B LACK .
3 . R XB Kt — .
q .
K —
4 . R ch .
) t QKt 2
.
,
.
5 . R X Kt . Wh ere he Wi ll .
6 R . ch .
)
M a te .
PRO BLEM IV .
u CF ch K— Kt 3
QR 8 ( .
) .
w K re m o ves .
w BXR m
. h ) K X Kt .
O— O —
p Q QG
m QX R ( c h ) . Kt —.
QKt 5 , .
m K — Kt s
q . .
—
Q Q7
u P K Q6
—
p QXKt .
Q XR M at e )
( Force d mo ve )
PRO BLE M
Kt— QS ch . K— Q4
O — O — O ( ch ) . B i nt er p oses
B— QB5 A ny m ov e .
R XB ( m a te ) .
E XA M P L E S O F M A ST ER P LA Y -
.
The i mp o rtance o f g o ing o v e r e x am pl e s

of master play has al ready been impressed
-
upon th e student and for this r e as o n sev , ,
e r al gam e s have been sel e cted tha t the stu
dent should play over on his own bo ard .
H e sh oul d h av e no diffic ulty in see ing why

1 54 .
HO W TO PL A Y CH E SS
each move i s mad e and in und erstanding

th e meth o ds of attack and d efense that are
used .
E X AM P L E I w i th a Fi anc het
. O pen e d
to D e fens e and play e d betw een Paul sen
,
”
A ( i L
!
( Whit e
) and lt e r Black ) n o n ,
don in 1 8 62 .
White plays first an d gives mate with

his tw enty fourth m o ve The game is n o
-
.
tated thus
B LACK .
P —
QKt 3 .
P — K3 .
B— K t2 .
P — K B4 .
K t— KB 3 .
B— Kt 5 .
O —
O . B X Kt .
Kt X B .
Kt X P Kt X K t .
Q— R ch .
) P — Kt 3 .
B LACK .
—
Q K2 .
QX R .
PX P .
—
B R3 .
Q X P .
P qu ee ns ( ch )
.
Q — Kt 7 ( m a t e ) .
E XAM P L E
’
II O pened with a K ing s
Bishop s Gambit and played be twee n Kie
’
,
se ri tz k
y ( Whit e
) and A nd e rss e n
( Bla c k ) .
White plays first and mat e s i n his

tw enty third m o ve The game is n o tated
-
.
thus
W HITE . B LACK .
1 . P — K4 . P — K4
2 P —
. K B4 . P XP .
3 . B— B4 .
Q— R5 ch . )
4 K—. E sq . P— QK t4 .
5 B X Kt P
. . Kt— K B 3 .
6 Kt— KB 3
. .
7 . P— Q3 .
8 . Kt — R 4 .
9 . K t— B 5 .
10 . P — K Kt4 .
R —
Kt s q .
12 P .
—
KR4 .
13 . P— R 5 .
W HIT E . BL ACK .
14 .
Q — B3 . K t— Kt s q .
15 . B >< P .
1 6 Kt
.
— B3 . B— B4 .
17 . Kt —
Q5 .
B—
18 .
Qfi . E XR .
19 . P — K5 .
Q X R ( eh ) .
20 . K — KZ . Kt QR 3
—
.
21 . K Q sq
— .
22 .
Q
M a t es i n next m ov e .
Th i s gam e i s c onsid e re d o ne o f the m o st

br i lliant on r ecord and is kno wn among
C hess players as th e Immo rtal Game .
E XA M P L E III O pe n ed fr o m a G u i oc o
.
P ian o an d played between N euman

( White ) an d Von G u retz k
y C o rn i tz -
( Black ) in,
B e rlin in 1 8 63 .
White plays first and aft e r seventeen ,
moves Black resign s The game is no

,
.
t ate d thus
W HITE . B LACK .
P— Q5 . K tQKt sq
— .
R— K sq . K t— QS .
— R esi gns
Q QR 4 . .
E XAM P L E I V O p en e d with a Fre n ch

.
D efense and played betw een Bl ackbu rn e

( Whi te ) and S chwarz ( Bla c k ) a t the
Berlin C ongre e i n 1 8 8 1 .
Whit e plays first a nd Bla ck res i gns

after the twenty eighth m ove T he gam e -
.
is n ota te d thus :
BL C AK .
3 . Kt—
QB 3 .
4 . P XP .
5 . K t— B 3 .
6 . B—
Q3 . P— B3 .
7 . 0 — 0 .
8 . K K2
t— .
9 . Kt K t 3
— .
Q — B2.
W HIT E . B LACK .
10 . B— K 3 .
QK t —
Q2 .
11 . K R— K s q .
12 .
QR —
K sq . K t— K 5 .
13 .
Q B sq
—
. B X K Kt .
14 . P XB . Kt X K t .
15 . R P X Kt . BXP .
16 . K — K t2 . B— Q3 .
17 . R— R sq . Kt — B s q .
18 . R— R 3 . P — KK t 3 .
—
19 .
Q R — R sq .
Q R Q sq .
20 . B— KK t 5 . R —
Q2 .
21 . P —
QB4 . PXP .
22 B X B P
. . P — K R4 .
23 .
—
R R4 . P — Kt4 .
24 . B— Kt3 . Kt — K3 .
25 . B — B6 . Kt — B5 ch .
)
26 .
Q X Kt .
27 . R XP .
28 . R XP .
T he final combi n at io n o f fo rc es in thi s

gam e is said t o be one of the most brilli ant
on re c o rd an d rarely surpass e d in actual
,
play .
E XAM P L E V O pened with a Phili .
dor s D efense and played b etw een M orphy

’
,
( Wh ite ) and A llies ( Black ) in 1 8 5 8 .
White pl ays fi rst and mat es in seventeen

moves T h e game is notat e d thus
.
W HIT E .
1 .
2 . Kt — KB 3 .
3 .
4 . P >< P .
5 QX B
. .
—
6 B .
QB4 .
7 Q QKt 3
—. .
Kt — B3 P — B3
8 . . .
9 . B— K Kt5 .
10 . Kt XP .
11 . B X QKt P
12 0 .
— 0 — 0
13 . R X Kt .
14 R .
Q sq —
.
1 5 B X R ( ch )
. .
16 .
17 . R
From Whit e s t enth m o ve on he plays ’

,
a b rilliant gam e and th e stu d ent should

study it ca re fully as i t sho w s accuracy ,
and j u dgm en t .
Th ese fiv e exampl e s of m asterpl ay all

illust rat e a sci entific kno wl e dge of the
gam e and th e stud en t should play the m
,
ove r sev eral tim es on his ow n board as ,
th ey w ill giv e him m any points on th e de

v elopm ent o f his forc e s aft e r the positions
1 60 H O W TO PLA Y CHE SS
attai n e d by the o pening mov es an d they
,
will al so h elp him in gath ering h i s m en

, ,
together purp o s es of attack an d

fen se .
BIB L I O GR AP HY .
C h ess O penings I G u n sbe rg

. .
( L o n .
don : G e o rge B ell S on ) .
Ch e ss Play e r s C ompanion
’
H o ward .
S taunton ( N ew Y ork : M acmillan C o )

. .
C h e ss Pocket M anual G H I) G o s . . . .
Y C S ’
sip.
( New ork : has cribner s .
S ons ).
Chess S parks J . H E llis.

( New . .
Y o rk : Longm an s G re en C o ) ,
.
C hess S t rat egetics F ranklin . K .
Y oung ( Boston : Littl e B ro w n C o )

.
,
.
Game of Ch ess P C M o rphy N ew

. . . .
Y ork : M acmillan C o ) .
Grand Tactics of Ch es s F ranklin K . .
Y oung ( Bos to n L ittl e Brown C o )

.
!
,
.
M in o r Tac tics O f C hess F ranklin K . .
Y oung ( B o ston : Littl e B rown C o )

.
,
.
M odel C hes s Instructor William .
Stei n m i tz ( New
. Y ork : G P Putnam s . .
’
S ons ).
P rincipl e s of Ch e ss in Theo ry and Pra e

tice J am es M ason ( London : H ora ce
. .
Th eory of C h e ss O p enings G . . H D . .
Gos sip (.N e w Y o rk : F r e derick Warne

Co ) .
T w o M ove Ch e ss Probl ems . B G

. .
L aws .
( L o ndon : Georg e B ell So ns ) .

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Q T OW

In prepari n g the p res e n t w o r k the com

Gree n ; The Princi ples o f Ches s in The

The game of Chess o rigi n ate d i n I nd i a

P e r si an s ha h o r King which is the n am e

of the pr i ncipal P i ec e and upon wh o s e c ap

Th e history o f Chess is extremely i n

in all professions h av e give n it c areful at

t ention and study F rom its origin in

India its populari ty sp read Eastward t o

C hina and J apan ; an d then Westward ,

o f no te th at C hes s s the o nly gam e of the

kind that has always bee n approved by

P ro testa n t Buddhist and M oslem In

P h i l i dor s day during the ﬁrst half o f th e

Eighteenth C ent u ry it was th e cust om in ,

Europe for the musicians at the r oyal

S inc e the i n v ent ion o f the game ﬁ ve ,

thousand years ago , i ts devel o pm en t may

A D an d during th a t time it was p laye d

by four persons the move o f each Chess

m an b e ing about th e same as it is now but ,

a dic e was thr o wn to deci d e whi ch

one was t o be played The sec on d perio d

lasted from th e S eventh to th e S ixteenth

r e duc e d to a c o ntes t b etween two pers ons .

The elem ent of chanc e was als o done away

an d last stage in the develop men t of the

D uring th e las t c entury C hess p er iod

i c al s w e re intro d uced and public contes ts

sem bl i e s tournaments and c ontes ts for

amat eurs w ere als o ﬁrst held in the Nine

give space t o the subj ect recording the ,

moves in match t o urnament games so that

In connection with the study of the

g am e it is interes ting to know tha t among

i ts de vo tees have be e n such monarchs as

Great C harlemagne and H ar oun al

Rashid ; a n d such philosophers as Vol

The literature o f the game has be en con

while th e student cann ot be expected to

at least the n ames which are most prom

i nent i n connection with the scientiﬁc de

H a n ste in Von der L asa , L ange an d H ar

witz of Germany ; C unningham J anssen

S arrat t M D onn el l and S taunton of

England ; P etroﬁ and Ki eseri tz ky of R u s

S tein o f H olland ; Stamm a of S yria ;

P hi l i dor D esch ap p elles and L a Bou rdeu

nais of F rance ; B u y L op ez and X eron e

o f S pain ; D uboi s S alvio P aoli Boi and , ,

D el B i o of Italy ; and M orphy o f the

United S tat e s The E ast wh er e the game

o r i ginated has also contribut e d to its liter

ature and the A siatic names ass o ciated

ri Ibn Sherf M ohamme d Ghulam Kas

While C hess i s a purely sc i ent i ﬁc form

sires to b ecome skilled it affords such ,

pleasure t o those wh o are among i ts de

tu n i ti es fo r mental developm ent tha t no

O f c o urse the sc o pe o f th e pr esent volume

only permits a surv ey o f the general p ri n

p i ler has en d eav o r ed t o give the studen t a