CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In order for any nation to make significant progress in economic and social
development, it is essential to have fuel resources that are effectively monitored and

managed. Effective fuel monitoring systems are essential in Sudan, a country that is
abundant in natural resources and highly dependent on the petroleum industry [1, 2].

These systems are necessary for ensuring the optimal utilization of fuel, preventing fuel
theft, reducing fuel waste, and promoting sustainability. The conventional manual

approaches to fuel monitoring are both ineffective and prone to errors, resulting in
considerable monetary losses and negative environmental effects [3]. Real-time data

monitoring, accurate measurements, and improved control mechanisms are some of

the benefits of introducing automated smart fuel monitoring systems during the past

several years [4, 5]. These systems have transformed the way fuel resources are
handled. This thesis aims to investigate the application and efficiency of an automated

smart fuel monitoring system in Sudan and evaluate the system's possible advantages,
disadvantages, and repercussions for the fuel industry in that nation.

With the growth of technology, namely in the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor

networks, fuel monitoring systems have substantially transformed in recent years [6, 7].
Integrating sensors, communication technologies, and data analytics into these

systems enables them to deliver extensive and real-time insights regarding fuel usage,
storage levels, and distribution patterns. Such systems offer continuous monitoring and
data collecting by deploying smart sensors, which enables stakeholders to make
educated decisions and take timely actions based on accurate and reliable information

[8].

Enhancing operational efficacy is one of the primary advantages that will result from
introducing an automated intelligent fuel monitoring system in Sudan [9]. Visual

inspection and periodic manual measurements are examples of time-consuming and

labor-intensive manual approaches that are also prone to human error because they

are performed manually. Automated systems, on the other hand, deliver data in real-
time, which makes it possible to do preventative maintenance, restock at the

appropriate time, and improve fuel procurement. This results in a reduction in

downtime, a minimization of disturbances in operations, and an enhancement of

resource allocation, eventually leading to cost savings and productivity improvement

[10-12].

Furthermore, the integration of fuel monitoring systems allows for identifying and

suppressing fuel theft, a major issue in Sudan. Fuel theft places a significant financial
strain on enterprises and the economy and adds to the illicit black market, affecting

national income sources [13]. Automated systems can detect irregular fuel
consumption patterns, pinpoint probable leaks or unlawful usage, and trigger quick

alarms or shutdowns to prevent losses [14, 15]. Such skills function as a deterrent,
minimizing fuel theft and encouraging openness and transparency in the fuel supply

chain.

Another key issue tackled by intelligent fuel monitoring systems is environmental

sustainability. Sudan and many other countries confront the issue of lowering

greenhouse gas emissions and fighting climate change. Inefficient fuel management
methods, such as overfilling tanks or inefficient usage, contribute to needless carbon

emissions and environmental harm [16, 17]. Automated systems offer exact
measurement and monitoring of fuel usage, supporting optimal consumption patterns
and finding opportunities for energy efficiency improvement. These solutions can help

Sudan's sustainability goals and fit with global environmental commitments by

promoting responsible fuel usage.

Despite the various potential benefits, implementing an automated smart fuel

monitoring system in Sudan has hurdles. First and foremost, technological

infrastructure restrictions, such as connection and power supply, may impede the

widespread adoption of such systems, particularly in distant or impoverished locations

[18, 19]. To overcome these issues, government agencies, private-sector partners, and

technology suppliers must work together to provide stable and accessible

infrastructure.

Furthermore, integrating automated systems into existing fuel infrastructure and

processes may necessitate significant investment and modifications in operating

procedures. This might require retrofitting existing gasoline storage tanks with IoT

sensors, creating communication networks, training employees, and developing data

management and analysis processes. These issues demand careful planning,

stakeholder participation, and cost considerations to guarantee a gradual transition to

the automated smart fuel monitoring system. Thus, this study will use a qualitative

research technique to solve these problems and assess the performance of an

automated smart fuel monitoring system in Sudan. It would include designing a smart

fuel monitoring system and presenting it on various offline and online platforms to
help important players in the fuel system, such as government authorities, fuel

suppliers, and consumers. In addition, quantifiable data from field trials and case
studies done in chosen Sudanese locations will be collected to examine the impact of

the automated system on fuel efficiency, theft prevention, and environmental

sustainability.

As a result, developing an automated smart fuel monitoring system in Sudan will have
enormous potential for revolutionizing fuel resource management. These systems

provide real-time monitoring, precise measurements, and increased control

mechanisms by integrating IoT technology and data analytics, improving operational

efficiency, theft prevention, and environmental sustainability. While technical

infrastructure and operational changes provide hurdles, the advantages exceed the

drawbacks. This thesis intends to add to the current body of knowledge by

investigating the implementation and efficacy of such a system in Sudan, giving

significant insights to industry stakeholders and fuel management experts.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Like many other countries, Sudan has trouble keeping tabs on and controlling
its fuel supply and usage. Difficulties, inconsistencies, and fraudulent activities plague

Sudan's current manual fuel monitoring system, which results in massive economic
losses and a lack of responsibility. An automated gasoline monitoring system that can

precisely record fuel use, spot outliers, and supply real-time data for effective
administration is, thus, urgently required. The key challenges that may address are as

follows:

o There are inconsistencies between the reported and real fuel consumption since
Sudan's existing manual fuel monitoring system frequently relies on human

involvement, leading to incorrect results. This causes losses for fuel providers and
creates difficulties in managing resources efficiently.

o Fuel theft, illegal usage, and fraud are difficult to identify when a reliable
monitoring system is in place. As a result, gasoline distributors lose a lot of money,

and the country's economic security suffers.

o Inadequate Allocation of Resources: It is difficult to effectively allocate resources
and prepare for future needs without reliable real-time data on fuel usage and
 distribution. The economy's transportation, agricultural, and industrial sectors are

all vulnerable to the repercussions of fuel shortages, delays, and interruptions.

o Problems with fuel management are difficult to track down and resolve because of

a lack of responsibility among stakeholders brought about by the absence of an

automated fuel monitoring system. Because of this, corruption in the fuel supply

chain is exacerbated, openness is decreased, and public trust is undermined.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of the project are as follows:

1. To design an automated fuel monitoring system in Sudan that ensures accurate

measurement of fuel levels in storage tanks or containers. The system should

employ reliable sensors or instruments capable of providing precise and real-

time data on fuel quantities.

2. To develop a system that enables real-time monitoring of fuel levels, allowing

stakeholders to access up-to-date information remotely. Implement a robust

communication infrastructure to transmit data from the monitoring system to a

centralized database or a dedicated monitoring platform.

3. To incorporate an alert mechanism within the fuel monitoring system to notify

relevant personnel or stakeholders when fuel levels reach predefined thresholds.

This feature will help prevent fuel shortages, identify potential leaks or thefts,
and enable timely action to maintain an uninterrupted fuel supply.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

An automated fuel monitoring system comprising pH, temperature, pressure,

gas, flow rate, and level sensors, will be developed and implemented in Sudan as part
of this project. A Raspberry Pi will be used for system control and monitoring, with data
being shown on a Raspberry Pi Display and delivered online through cloud and

mobile/web monitoring. In order to collect sensor data, process it, and operate the
monitoring system, a Raspberry Pi is a necessary component of this project. In addition,

we have sensors for measuring things like pH, temperature, pressure, gases, flows, and
levels.

The fuel's key parameters may then be measured, and a Raspberry Pi Display
can be utilized as a real-time data and system status display. Cloud storage will transmit

data for the mobile app and the web-based monitoring system. The sensors will be
placed strategically to gather information on fuel quality and amount. The fuel's acidity

or alkalinity will be tracked by the pH sensor, the fuel's temperature will be measured
by the temperature sensor, the fuel's pressure will be tracked by the pressure sensor,

the fuel's gas content will be tracked by the gas sensor, and the flow rate sensor will
track the fuel's flow rate and the fuel's level will be determined by the level sensor. The

sensors will be connected to a Raspberry Pi to process the information. The processed

and evaluated data may reveal insights regarding the fuel's health and state. The

Raspberry Pi will serve as the system's brain, collecting sensor data, running the control
algorithms, and sending warnings and messages based on user-defined parameters.

The Raspberry Pi Display will be your go-to interface for keeping tabs on the fuel
system. Fuel quality, temperature, pressure, gas leaks, flow rate, and levels are just some

metrics that may be monitored and shown in real-time. Warnings and alarms will also
be displayed on the screen in case the user needs to be made aware of any problems.

When serious problems or abnormalities arise, the system will be set up to notify
the appropriate people immediately. The system will warn if certain conditions are met,

such as when the pH level rises above a certain limit or when a gas leak is detected.
System design, sensor integration, code implementation, and user instructions are just

some of the many facets of the project that will be meticulously documented. Detailed
advice for maintenance and troubleshooting will also be supplied to ensure the

longevity of the automatic fuel monitoring system. The project scope may change
depending on factors unique to Sudan, such as the availability of suitable fuel storage
facilities, applicable legislation, and other site-specific factors.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The significance of a project to design an automated fuel monitoring system in

Sudan can have several important implications. Here are some key points highlighting
its significance:

o Efficient and accurate fuel management is easy with an automatic fuel monitoring

system. Fuel levels, usage trends, and any leaks or inconsistencies may be tracked
in real-time. Fuel efficiency in industries like transportation, electricity generation,

and agriculture may all be improved using this data.

o In order to save money, an automated monitoring system should be used to keep

tabs on gasoline use. Because of this, businesses may take preventative actions

against losses and cut expenses. Costs may be reduced further by better planning
and forecasting made possible by enhanced fuel management, eliminating

wasteful overstocking and understocking.

o Transparency and Accountability: Fuel theft, smuggling, and corruption are

problems that affect many countries, including Sudan. The gasoline supply chain

gains transparency and accountability by introducing an automated fuel

monitoring system. Keeping track of all fuel purchases and sales may inhibit

criminal behaviour and encourage a culture of compliance.

o Impact on the Environment: Reliable fuel monitoring can aid in environmental

preservation. Finding ways to improve fuel efficiency and optimize usage is one-

way businesses can lessen their environmental impact. This is especially important
in the transportation industry, where pollution from automobiles and machines is
a major contributor to global warming.
o Fuel is essential for developing the Sudanese economy, which relies on
transportation, agriculture, and industry. Installing an automatic fuel monitoring

system may guarantee the availability and effective usage of fuel resources. The
resulting streamlined processes, lower manufacturing costs, and more investment

can help the economy grow.

o Decisions Based on Data: The automated fuel monitoring system provides

actionable information that may be used to guide strategic planning. It is possible

to get valuable insight into market dynamics, energy demand, and opportunities
for development by analyzing patterns and trends in fuel usage, among other

pertinent variables. Better resource allocation, infrastructure planning, and policy

development in Sudan's energy sector are all possible outcomes of making data-

based decisions.

Developing an automated fuel monitoring system in Sudan is crucial because of its

potential benefits in efficiency, cost-cutting, accountability, environmental

friendliness, economic growth, and data-driven decision-making. An effective fuel

management system may improve the nation's energy security and standard of

living.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

The system's technological constraints may be based on the precision and

dependability of the sensors employed, which might be a problem for the project.
Maintenance and calibration of the system may also be necessary for dependable data

collection.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Fuel is a vital issue in the modern world. Nowadays, automated systems are an
integral part of Fuel stations' work in the world. Moreover, some countries use manual

measurement methods specially in Sudan and which indicates inaccurate fuel levels
and many problems, to address the problems in current fuel measurement methods

the paper took upon the related researches of smart fuel monitoring systems.

Smart fuel monitoring systems for fuel stations are an emerging technology that has
gained significant attention in recent years. These systems use a combination of IoT

sensors, cloud-based analytics, and machine learning algorithms to provide real-time

data on fuel inventory levels, fuel consumption, and other critical metrics. By
leveraging this data, fuel stations can optimize their operations, reduce fuel waste, and

improve their bottom line[20].

Several research papers have been published on smart fuel monitoring systems for fuel
stations, which have demonstrated the potential benefits of these systems for various

applications. For example, smart fuel monitoring systems can enable fuel station
operators to monitor fuel inventory levels, detect fuel leaks, and prevent fuel theft.

They can also help fuel station operators optimize their fuel ordering and delivery
processes, reduce downtime due to maintenance issues, and improve customer

service.

Some of the key features of smart fuel monitoring systems for fuel stations include the
ability to provide real-time data on fuel inventory levels, the ability to monitor fuel
consumption and detect fuel leaks, and the ability to integrate with other systems, such
as point-of-sale systems and fuel dispensers. These systems are typically designed to

be user-friendly and easy to install, and they can be customized to meet the specific
needs of fuel station operators.

the paper provides a valuable contribution to the research on similar fuel measurement

and monitoring systems that using IOT Technology [21]. The proposed systems have
the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of fuel monitoring, reduce fuel

loss and improve efficiency. The use of IoT technology and fuel monitoring systems
can provide real-time data analysis and improve the efficiency of fuel monitoring

systems.

2.1 OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATED SMART FUEL STATIONS

Automated and smart monitoring of fuel stations involves the use of advanced
technologies to remotely monitor and manage various aspects of fuel station

operations. This can include monitoring fuel levels in storage tanks, tracking fuel
dispensing activities, managing inventory, and conducting preventive maintenance.

Smart monitoring systems typically use Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as sensors

and meters, to collect data from various points in the fuel station infrastructure. The
data is then transmitted to a central database or cloud-based platform where it is

analyzed to provide real-time insights into fuel station operations.

Automated monitoring systems may also utilize machine learning algorithms to detect
anomalies or predict equipment failures before they occur. This can help fuel station

owners and operators to proactively address issues and improve the efficiency of their
operations.

Some of the key benefits of automated and smart monitoring of fuel stations include
improved fuel management, reduced downtime and maintenance costs, enhanced

safety and security, and increased profitability. Additionally, these systems can help
fuel station operators to comply with regulatory requirements and minimize the risk

of environmental incidents.

Overall, automated and smart monitoring of fuel stations is becoming increasingly

important as fuel station owners and operators seek to optimize their operations and

improve customer satisfaction.

2.1.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT

Automated fuel smart monitoring system is a type of technology that utilizes sensors,
meters, and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices to remotely monitor and manage

various aspects of fuel station operations. This includes monitoring fuel levels, tracking
fuel dispensing activities, managing inventory, and conducting preventive

maintenance.

The system collects real-time data from various points in the fuel station infrastructure
and transmits this data to a central database or cloud-based platform. The data is then

analyzed using machine learning algorithms to provide insights into fuel station
operations. This analysis can identify potential issues or anomalies, predict equipment

failures before they occur, and optimize fuel management efficiency.

The system can also generate alerts or notifications when thresholds are exceeded,
such as low fuel levels or unusual fuel dispensing patterns. This allows fuel station

operators to proactively address issues, reduce downtime and maintenance costs, and
improve the safety and security of their operations.

automated fuel smart monitoring system is a powerful tool for fuel station owners and
 operators to optimize their operations, comply with regulatory requirements, and

provide a better customer experience.

2.1.2 KEY FEATURES AND COMPONENTS OF FUEL MONITORING SYSTEM

The key features and components of an automated fuel smart monitoring

system typically include:

o Sensors and Meters: IoT devices such as fuel level sensors, flow meters, and

temperature sensors are installed at various points in the fuel station infrastructure to
collect real-time data.

o Data Collection and Transmission: The data collected by the sensors and meters is
transmitted to a central database or cloud-based platform through wired or wireless

communication channels.
o Data Analytics: Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the data collected

from the sensors and meters in real-time. This analysis can provide insights into fuel
station operations, such as fuel levels, dispensing patterns, inventory management,

and equipment performance.

o Alerts and Notifications: The system can generate alerts and notifications when

certain thresholds are exceeded, such as low fuel levels or unusual fuel dispensing
patterns. This allows fuel station operators to proactively address issues.

o Integration with Other Systems: The system can be integrated with other fuel station
management systems, such as point-of-sale systems, inventory management systems,

and maintenance management systems.

o User Interface: The system typically includes a user interface that allows fuel station

operators to view real-time data, generate reports, and manage system settings.

an automated fuel smart monitoring system is a comprehensive solution that

leverages advanced technologies to provide real-time insights into fuel station

operations and optimize the efficiency and profitability of the fuel station.
 2.1.3 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

Benefits of automated fuel smart monitoring system:

1. Improved Fuel Management: Automated fuel smart monitoring systems provide

real-time information on fuel levels, dispensing patterns, and inventory management,

allowing fuel station operators to optimize their fuel management processes.

2. Reduced Downtime and Maintenance Costs: The system can detect equipment

issues and notify fuel station operators before they lead to costly downtime or require
expensive repairs.

3. Enhanced Safety and Security: The system can detect and respond to security

breaches or environmental incidents, such as fuel spills or leaks.

4. Increased Profitability: By optimizing fuel management, reducing downtime,

and minimizing maintenance costs, automated fuel smart monitoring systems can

increase the profitability of fuel station operations.

5. Regulatory Compliance: The system can help fuel station operators comply
with regulatory requirements and minimize the risk of environmental incidents.

Challenges of automated fuel smart monitoring system:

1. Initial Investment: The installation and setup of an automated fuel smart monitoring

system can require a significant upfront investment.

2. Data Security: The system collects and transmits sensitive data, so it is important to
ensure that the system is secure and protected from cyber threats.
3. Technical Expertise: The system may require specialized technical expertise to install,
configure, and maintain, which can be a challenge for some fuel station operators.

4. Integration with Legacy Systems: Integrating the system with existing fuel station

management systems may require additional effort and resources.

the benefits of automated fuel smart monitoring systems outweigh the challenges, as
they can help fuel station operators optimize their operations, reduce costs, and

improve the customer experience. However, it is important to carefully consider the

challenges and ensure that the system is implemented and maintained properly to

ensure its effectiveness.

2.3 EVOLUTION OF FUEL SMART MONITORING SYSTEM FOR FUEL STATIONS

Fuel smart monitoring systems for fuel stations have evolved significantly over the past
few years with the advancement of technology. These systems are designed to

help fuel station owners and operators monitor the fuel inventory, track fuel usage,
detect leaks, and prevent fuel theft.

Here are some key developments in the evolution of fuel smart monitoring systems for

fuel stations:

1. Management Systems: A Brief History" by Fuel Force, Fuel monitoring systems, which
are connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). [20] have become increasingly popular

in recent years. These systems allow fuel station managers to monitor fuel levels,
detect leaks, and prevent fuel theft in real-time.

2. Integration with IoT: Fuel monitoring systems have become increasingly connected
 to the Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years. These systems use IoT-enabled sensors

to provide real-time data on fuel inventory, usage, and other metrics.[21]

Figure (1) IOT Fuel management system

3. Cloud-based monitoring: Cloud-based fuel monitoring systems provide real-time

visibility into fuel levels and usage, enabling fuel station owners and operators to

better manage their inventory and prevent fuel loss.

Figure (2) cloud-based Fuel management system

4. Mobile access: "Mobile fuel monitoring apps allow fuel station owners and operators
to remotely monitor fuel levels, receive alerts, and access real-time data on fuel usage
 and inventory. This enhances the efficiency of fuel management and reduces the risk

of fuel theft.[23]

Figure (3) Mobile Access Fuel management system

5. Machine learning and AI: "Fuel monitoring systems that use machine learning and
artificial intelligence can analyze data from sensors and other sources to optimize fuel

usage, predict equipment failures, and identify opportunities for cost savings [24].

6. Integration with other systems: "Fuel monitoring systems that integrate with other
systems, such as point of sale (POS) systems and security systems, can provide a more

comprehensive view of fuel inventory, transactions, and security [25].

2.3.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL SYSTEM

Fuel monitoring systems have been developed and improved over the years to provide
accurate and efficient monitoring of fuel levels and transactions in fuel stations. Here

is a brief overview of the historical development of fuel monitoring systems:

o Manual Systems: In the early days of fuel stations, fuel monitoring was done manually,
with attendants recording fuel levels and transactions on paper. However, this system
was prone to errors and fraud.[26]
o Mechanical Systems: In the 1970s, mechanical fuel monitoring systems were
introduced, which used mechanical gauges to measure fuel levels and flow. These

systems were more accurate than manual systems, but still had limitations[27].

o Electronic Systems: In the 1980s, electronic fuel monitoring systems were developed,
which used sensors and electronic controllers to measure fuel levels and transactions.

These systems were more accurate, efficient, and reliable than mechanical systems.

o Wireless Systems: In the 2000s, wireless fuel monitoring systems were introduced,
which used wireless communication to transmit fuel level and transaction data to a

central server. These systems were more convenient and allowed for remote
monitoring and management of fuel stations.[28]

o Cloud-based Systems: In recent years, cloud-based fuel monitoring systems have

become popular, which allow for real-time monitoring and analysis of fuel data from

anywhere in the world using the internet.

2.3.2 Technological Advancements of fuel monitoring system for fuel stations

Fuel monitoring systems have undergone significant technological advancements over

the years, resulting in more accurate, efficient, and reliable systems. Here are some

notable technological advancements in fuel monitoring systems for fuel stations:

1. Automated Tank Gauging (ATG): ATG systems use sensors and probes to measure
fuel levels in storage tanks. [29]These systems can provide real-time data on fuel levels,

temperature, and water content, allowing for more accurate inventory management
and leak detection.

2. Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: POS systems are integrated with fuel dispensers and
 allow for automated fuel transactions and data recording. These systems can track fuel

sales, inventory, and payment data, reducing the risk of errors and fraud.

3. Wireless Communication: Wireless communication technology allows for remote

monitoring and management of fuel stations[29,30]. Fuel data can be transmitted in

real-time to a central server, allowing for quick response to fuel shortages, leaks, or
other issues.

4. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT technology can be used to connect fuel monitoring

systems to the internet, allowing for real-time data analysis and predictive
maintenance. IoT can also enable the integration of multiple systems, such as ATG,

POS, and security systems, for more efficient and effective fuel station management
[31].

5. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI can be used to analyze large amounts of fuel data and

identify patterns and anomalies. AI can also be used for predictive maintenance,
detecting potential issues before they become major problems.

2.3.3 Case Studies and Implementations:

Related implementations of Fuel monitoring system

1- SANKI Fuel monitoring system (ATG) automatic tank Guage

ATG smart console is especially designed to use at mobile petrol station or tank area.

The console can be directly installed at tank area, no need other protection
instruments. It optimizes intelligent micro-controller technology, and combined with

excellent electronic crafts; this console attracts more attention on its well-formed
shape.[32] And it is easy to operation even integrates more functions. The console is
mainly composed of display screen, core processing CPU, safety barriers and power
module. The display screen is 320 * 240 black and white LCD screen, which is used for

real time information display and related report parameter query. The CPU which
composed of the advanced embedded processor and peripheral circuit is the control

center of the whole tank gauge system. The safety barrier is intrinsic safe parts, offer
safety power to probe. The power supply module provides safe and reliable power for

the whole system.

Figure (4) sanki fuel monitor system structure

2- DDA Automatic tank Guage monitor system
The Level Plus® DDA automatic tank Guage system monitor is an industrial quality

microprocessor-based data acquisition and display system for use with the Level Plus
DDA tank gauges. In its standard form,[33] the monitor performs the following

functions:
• Provides intrinsically safe power and communications to the tank gauges (up to 8)

• Displays the following parameters: -

Product level, volume and mass- Interface level and volume- Temperature- Alarm

status
• Provides 8 alarm contact outputs

• Provides 8 isolated 4-20 milliamp analog outputs

• Provides 1 serial asynchronous host communication port (RS485 or RS232

Figure (5) Level plus dda system

3- Fuel tank monitoring system, Kunlun

The fuel storage tank area of the oil depot is an important storage base for oil

protection. It has the characteristics of wide distribution space, high safety and
explosion-proof requirements, many monitoring points, complicated wiring, and
difficult integration of automation systems. Fuel tank monitoring system of fuel
storage tank area, A adopt advanced measurement and control and management

technology,[34] Design the monitoring and control and data acquisition system of the
fuel storage tank area, Improve the current situation of high labor intensity, poor

working environment, and backward management methods in oil tank measurement,

these have become an important part of the current oil depot automation
construction. Real-time, accurate, reliable and economical collection of multi-faceted
oil tank monitoring information to achieve large-scale data sharing; Based on multi-

parameter real-time data, intelligent analysis and processing are carried out to further
improve the measurement accuracy; Based on the monitoring information and data,

the oil balance analysis of the fuel tank area is carried out, and the intelligent level of
the safety management of the fuel tank area is improved.

Figure (6) kulun fuel system

4- PTS controller over fuel dispensers and ATG consoles

PTS Tank ATG consoles allows to monitor operation of the fuel dispensers and tanks

(and optionally to make sales when required). [34] At this PTS controller is connected
between existing POS system and fuel dispensers and ATG console (tank probes), PTS

controller communicates with fuel dispensers and ATG console (probes) using their
proprietary communication protocols and with POS system – using open

communication protocols for pumps and ATG console. Monitoring system can connect
to PC port of PTS controller and get all data of fuel dispensers’ sales and tanks real

time, at this it can also provide control over the dispensers when required.
Figure (7) PTC fuel control system

2. Recent research on Fuel monitoring system

1- Vijayakumar P. (2019) IoT Based Smart Fuel Monitoring System According to a

study by Vijayakumar P. (2019) The proposed system is made of using the 2 paddle
wheel flow sensors (YFS201) at the inlet and outlet of the fuel tank, a load sensor at

the bottom of the tank. These sensors are connected to the Atmega16 microcontroller
which is in-turn connected to an LCD display that displays the values of fuel intake and

consumption.[35] The microcontroller is also attached with a Wi-Fi module to replay

the collected information to the cloud as well as user mobile device. The system is
implemented in the following way,
Figure (8) Based Smart Fuel Monitoring System
2- Nevşehir Bilim 2015 Automation Approach for Fuel Station Management

System
There is a research work on an electronic meter reader and data base management

system whose objective is to develop a system which can transmit the meter reading
of local area electric meter to the nearest electric meter billing and controlling

station.[36] The designs and implements the gas station automation management
system based on neural network. Another research presents an automation experiment

setup of fuel cell test station and a grid-connected circuit design of PAFC power plant.
This paper focuses on a new approach to design and implement an automated fuel

management system that can maintain the account of the fuel stations and also print
a receipt automatically after every transaction.

Figure (9) Automation Fuel Station Management System

3- Raja Fazliza (2019)-Gas Station Fuel Storage Tank Monitoring System using
Internet of Things

According to a study by Raja Fazliza (2019) This paper presents the development of a
prototype of gas station fuel storage tank monitoring system using Internet of Things

(IoT). In Malaysia, the current method to measure the fuel level in the underground
tank is by using dipstick; which is inefficient and unsafe. The proposed monitoring

system is automatic, gives real time reading of fuel level and fuel temperature in the
underground storage tank collected from an ultrasonic sensor and waterproof

temperature sensor.[37] All the input values from these sensors are transmitted to an
IoT platform called Blynk, through the medium of an open-source microcontroller

board: Node MCU. The fuel storage tank monitoring system alerts the users whenever
the fuel is on low stock; or at a high temperature above 35°C. The proposed IoT-based

system may help gas station operators to monitor the fuel parameters from anywhere
via devices with internet connection. Efficient monitoring without physical presence at

the local site can be achieved.

For the prototype: we uses two input devices which are ultrasonic sensor to measure

the fuel level and waterproof temperature sensor to measure the fuel temperature. Fig.
1 shows the process flow diagram of our proposed work. The system starts off with the

microcontroller (on the Node MCU board) being initialized. Then, both of the sensors
will simultaneously measure the fuel and temperature level. The microcontroller will

calculate the fuel volume and process the temperature value of the fuel. These
measured data are stored in cloud and can be monitored through the IoT platform

that we use (Blynk). The system will alert the user when the fuel is on low stock (lower
than 0.5 Liters) and when the fuel temperature is high (greater than 35℃).
Figure (10) Gas Station Fuel Storage Tank Monitoring sensors and diagram

4- Nang Khin Su Yee (2015) Fuel Monitoring and Electronics control of Dispenser

for Fuel Station:

In this research, the controller will compensate the fuel volume depending on the

temperature changes. PIC16F877A is used as a controller for this purpose. LM35DZ will
sense the environmental temperature and then it will send analogue signal to the

controller as input signal. Depending on the input signals, [38] the controller will
control the total fuel pumping time with compensation time. The fuel level in the tank

is monitored by the level sensor. The metal probes are used in this control used as fuel
level sensor.

Figure (11) Fuel Monitoring and Electronics control

 2.4 AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN FUEL STATIONS OPERATIONS

Automation and robotics have been increasingly used in fuel station operations to

improve efficiency, accuracy, and safety. Here are some of the technological
advancements in fuel monitoring systems for fuel stations:

1. Automatic Tank Gauging (ATG) Systems: These systems use sensors to measure fuel

levels and other parameters such as temperature and water accumulation in fuel
storage tanks. They provide real-time data and can detect leaks and other problems.

2. Electronic Flow Meters: These devices accurately measure the flow rate of fuel during

dispensing, ensuring accurate billing and inventory management.

3. Fuel Management Systems: These systems integrate various components of fuel

station operations, including fuel dispensing, payment processing, inventory

management, and data analysis. They provide real-time data and analytics to optimize
fuel station performance.

4. Remote Monitoring: With the help of wireless and cloud-based technologies, fuel

station operators can remotely monitor fuel levels, transactions, and other aspects of
fuel station operations. This improves efficiency and reduces the need for physical

presence at the fuel station.

5. Robotic Fuel Dispensers: These devices use advanced sensors and algorithms to
accurately and efficiently dispense fuel. They can reduce the need for human

intervention and improve safety.

6. Automated Fueling Stations: These stations use robotic arms to fuel vehicles without
the need for human intervention. They can significantly reduce the time and cost of
 fueling while improving safety and efficiency.

automation and robotics in fuel station operations have the potential to significantly

improve efficiency, accuracy, and safety. They can reduce costs, minimize human error,
and provide real-time data and analytics for better decision-making.

1.4.1 Robotic Fueling Systems

Robotic fueling systems are a type of automation technology that can significantly
improve fuel station operations. These systems use robotic arms to fuel vehicles

without the need for human intervention. Here are some of the benefits of robotic
fueling systems for fuel monitoring systems at gas stations:

1. Improved Efficiency: Robotic fueling systems can reduce the time required to fuel

vehicles, improving throughput and reducing wait times for customers. [40]They can
also reduce the time required for fuel station staff to manually refuel vehicles, allowing

them to focus on other tasks.

2. Increased Safety: Robotic fueling systems can reduce the risk of accidents and injuries
associated with manual fueling. They can also minimize the risk of spills and leaks,

which can be hazardous to the environment.

3. Accurate Fueling: Robotic fueling systems use advanced sensors and algorithms to
accurately dispense fuel, minimizing the risk of overfilling or underfilling. This can

improve billing accuracy and reduce the risk of fuel theft.

4. Remote Monitoring: Robotic fueling systems can be remotely monitored, allowing

fuel station operators to keep track of fuel levels, transactions, and other aspects of
 fuel station operations in real-time.[41]

5. Cost Savings: Robotic fueling systems can reduce labor costs associated with manual

fueling, allowing fuel station operators to allocate resources elsewhere. They can also
reduce the cost of fuel theft and minimize the risk of costly accidents and spills.

robotic fueling systems are a promising technology that can significantly improve fuel

station operations. While they require an initial investment, they can provide long-term
benefits in terms of efficiency, safety, and cost savings.

1.4.2 Autonomous Fuel Dispensing

Autonomous fuel dispensing is a type of automation technology that allows vehicles

to fuel themselves without the need for human intervention. Here are some of the

benefits of autonomous fuel dispensing: [42]

2. Improved Efficiency: Autonomous fuel dispensing can reduce the time required to
fuel vehicles, improving throughput and reducing wait times for customers. It can also

reduce the time required for fuel station staff to manually refuel vehicles, allowing
them to focus on other tasks.

3. Increased Safety: Autonomous fuel dispensing can reduce the risk of accidents

and injuries associated with manual fueling. It can also minimize the risk of spills and
leaks, which can be hazardous to the environment.

4. Accurate Fueling: Autonomous fuel dispensing uses advanced sensors and

algorithms to accurately dispense fuel, minimizing the risk of overfilling or underfilling.

This can improve billing accuracy and reduce the risk of fuel theft.[43]

5. Convenience: Autonomous fuel dispensing allows drivers to fuel their vehicles

without leaving their cars, providing a convenient and hassle-free experience.

6. Cost Savings: Autonomous fuel dispensing can reduce labor costs associated

with manual fueling, allowing fuel station operators to allocate resources elsewhere. It
can also reduce the cost of fuel theft and minimize the risk of costly accidents and spills.

autonomous fuel dispensing is a promising technology that can significantly improve

fuel station operations. While it requires an initial investment, it can provide long-term

benefits in terms of efficiency, safety, convenience, and cost savings.

2.4.3 Automatic Payment and Billing on fuel management system

Automatic payment and billing on fuel management systems is a type of automation

technology that streamlines the payment process for fuel transactions. Here are some
of the benefits of automatic payment and billing on fuel management systems:

1. Improved Efficiency: Automatic payment and billing can reduce the time required to

process transactions, improving throughput and reducing wait times for customers. It can
also reduce the time required for fuel station staff to manually process payments, allowing

them to focus on other tasks.[44]

2. Increased Accuracy: Automatic payment and billing can improve billing accuracy,
minimizing the risk of errors or disputes related to fuel transactions.

3. Convenience: Automatic payment and billing allows customers to pay for fuel
transactions without leaving their cars, providing a convenient and hassle-free experience.
4. Data Analytics: Automatic payment and billing can provide real-time data and analytics
on fuel transactions, allowing fuel station operators to optimize fuel station performance.

5. Cost Savings: Automatic payment and billing can reduce labor costs associated with

manual payment processing, allowing fuel station operators to allocate resources

elsewhere. It can also reduce the risk of fuel theft and minimize the risk of costly errors or

disputes related to fuel transactions.[45]

automatic payment and billing on fuel management systems is a promising

technology that can significantly improve fuel station operations. While it requires an

initial investment, it can provide long-term benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy,

convenience, data analytics, and cost savings.

2.4.4 Safety and Security Measures of fuel monitoring systems

Fuel monitoring systems are important for ensuring the safe and secure operation of

fuel stations. Here are some safety and security measures that are commonly
implemented in fuel monitoring systems:

1. Leak Detection: Fuel monitoring systems can include sensors that detect leaks

in fuel storage tanks or pipelines. These sensors can alert operators to potential safety
hazards and prevent environmental contamination.
 Figure (12). Sensor hose system for pipeline leakage detection [Sensors | Free Full-Text | Recent Advances in Pipeline Monitoring
and Oil Leakage Detection Technologies: Principles and Approaches (mdpi.com)].

2. Overfill Prevention: Fuel monitoring systems can use sensors to detect when fuel

storage tanks are close to capacity, preventing overfilling and spills[46].

3. Fire Suppression Systems: Fuel stations can be equipped with fire suppression
systems that quickly detect and extinguish fires, preventing damage to property and

injury to people.

4. Access Control: Fuel stations can implement access control measures, such as security
cameras, card readers, and biometric scanners, to ensure only authorized personnel can

access sensitive areas.[47]

5. Alarm Systems: Fuel stations can be equipped with alarm systems that detect and
alert operators to suspicious activity, such as unauthorized access or tampering with

equipment.

6. Data Encryption: Fuel monitoring systems can use data encryption to protect
sensitive data, such as customer payment information, from unauthorized access.

safety and security measures are essential for the safe and secure operation of fuel
stations. By implementing these measures, fuel station operators can minimize the risk

of accidents, environmental damage, and theft, while ensuring the integrity of fuel
transactions and data.

2.5 COMMUICATION AND CONNECTIVITY IN SMART FUEL MONITORING

SYSTEM FOR FUEL STATIONS

Communication and connectivity are critical components of smart fuel monitoring

systems for fuel stations. Here are some of the communication and connectivity

technologies used in smart fuel monitoring systems:

1. Wireless Communication: Smart fuel monitoring systems can use wireless

communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks, to transmit

data between sensors, controllers, and other components of the system.

2. Internet of Things (IoT): Smart fuel monitoring systems can be integrated with IoT
technologies, allowing them to collect and analyze data from various sources, such as

sensors, weather stations, and traffic sensors.[48]

3. Cloud Computing: Smart fuel monitoring systems can use cloud computing
technologies to store and process large amounts of data, providing real-time analytics

and insights into fuel station performance.

4. Mobile Apps: Smart fuel monitoring systems can be integrated with mobile apps,
allowing customers to access fuel station information, such as fuel prices, discounts,

and promotions, and pay for fuel transactions using their smartphones.[49]

5. Remote Monitoring: Smart fuel monitoring systems can be remotely monitored

and managed using web-based dashboards or mobile apps, allowing fuel station
operators to access real-time data and analytics from anywhere in the world.[50]

communication and connectivity technologies are essential for the effective operation

of smart fuel monitoring systems. By using these technologies, fuel station operators
can improve efficiency, accuracy, and customer experience while reducing costs and

minimizing risks.

2.5.1 Internet of Things (IoT) in Fuel Stations

The Internet of Things (IoT) can play a significant role in fuel stations by enabling
remote monitoring and control of various equipment and systems, which can lead to

improved efficiency, safety, and customer experience.

For example, IoT sensors can be installed in fuel storage tanks to monitor fuel levels,
temperature, and pressure, and transmit this data to a central control system. This can

help fuel station operators to manage fuel inventory more efficiently, optimize delivery
schedules, and prevent fuel theft and leaks.

IoT technology can also be used to monitor and control various other equipment and
systems in fuel stations, such as pumps, dispensers, payment terminals, and lighting.

By collecting and analyzing data from these devices, fuel station operators can identify
potential issues before they become problems, and take proactive measures to address

them.

In addition, IoT sensors can be used to monitor customer traffic and behavior in fuel
stations, allowing operators to make data-driven decisions about store layout, product

placement, and promotions. This can help to improve the overall customer experience
and increase revenue.

the use of IoT technology in fuel stations can bring many benefits, including increased
 efficiency, improved safety, and enhanced customer experience.

Figure (13). Automated fuel stations using IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices and systems that
communicate with each other to collect and exchange data. In fuel stations, IoT

technology is being used to enable smart fuel management systems that can optimize
fuel station efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer experience. Here are some

of the ways IoT is being used in fuel stations:

• Fuel Inventory Management: IoT sensors can be installed in fuel storage tanks to
monitor fuel levels and detect leaks or spills. This data can be analyzed in real-time,

helping fuel station operators to optimize fuel delivery schedules and reduce waste.

• Fuel Dispensing: IoT sensors can be installed in fuel dispensers to track fuel
dispensing rates and prevent fuel theft or errors in billing.

• Equipment Maintenance: IoT sensors can be used to monitor the performance of fuel
station equipment, such as pumps and dispensers. This data can be used to schedule
 preventative maintenance, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

• Customer Analytics: IoT systems can track customer behavior, such as fuel usage and

payment patterns, to provide insights that fuel station operators can use to optimize
customer experience.

• Energy Management: IoT systems can be used to monitor and optimize energy usage

in fuel stations, reducing costs and improving sustainability.

IoT technology is transforming fuel stations by enabling smart fuel management

systems that provide real-time data and analytics on fuel transactions and station

performance. By using IoT, fuel station operators can optimize operations, reduce
costs, and improve customer experience, while also enhancing safety and

sustainability.

2.5.2 Depot-to-Station (D2S) Communication

Depot-to-Station (D2S) communication is a type of communication technology used

in fuel monitoring systems to enable fuel stations to receive real-time data on fuel

delivery from depots. This technology ensures that fuel stations can maintain optimal
inventory levels and avoid stockouts or overstocking. Here are some key features and

benefits of D2S communication in fuel monitoring systems:

Figure (14). Fuel management system structure

1. Real-time Data Transmission: D2S communication enables fuel stations to receive

real-time data on fuel delivery from depots, allowing them to adjust their inventory

levels and delivery schedules accordingly.

2. Increased Efficiency: D2S communication can increase the efficiency of fuel

delivery operations by reducing the time required for manual data entry and

processing.

3. Improved Accuracy: D2S communication can improve the accuracy of fuel delivery
data by eliminating the risk of errors associated with manual data entry or processing.

4. Cost Savings: D2S communication can reduce costs associated with fuel delivery

and inventory management by optimizing delivery schedules and reducing the risk of
stockouts or overstocking.
5. Enhanced Safety: D2S communication can enhance safety by ensuring that fuel

stations always have sufficient fuel supplies, reducing the risk of fuel shortages that
could lead to accidents or equipment damage.

D2S communication is an important technology in fuel monitoring systems that

enables fuel stations to optimize their inventory levels and delivery schedules. By using
D2S communication, fuel station operators can increase efficiency, improve accuracy,

and reduce costs, while enhancing safety and customer satisfaction.

Depot-to-Station (D2S) communication is an important aspect of fuel monitoring

systems in fuel stations. D2S communication refers to the transfer of data between the
fuel depot and the fuel station, typically through a wireless communication network.

In a fuel monitoring system, D2S communication is used to transmit critical data such
as fuel inventory levels, delivery schedules, and quality control information. This data

is essential for fuel station operators to manage their inventory, ensure timely delivery
of fuel, and maintain the quality of the fuel.

D2S communication can be achieved through various wireless communication

technologies such as cellular networks, satellite communication, or dedicated radio

frequency (RF) communication. The choice of communication technology depends on

factors such as distance between the fuel depot and the fuel station, the availability of

network coverage, and the required data transfer rate.

In addition to ensuring reliable and secure communication between the fuel depot and

the fuel station, D2S communication can also enable real-time monitoring and control
of the fuel inventory. This allows fuel station operators to optimize their inventory

management, reduce fuel losses due to overstocking or stockouts, and improve their
overall operational efficiency.

2.5.3 Station-to-Dc head office (S2Co) Communication

Station-to-DC head office (S2Co) communication is another important aspect of fuel

management systems in fuel stations. S2Co communication refers to the transfer of

data between the fuel station and the central head office of the fuel distributor or
retailer.

In a fuel management system, S2Co communication is used to transmit various types

of data such as sales data, inventory levels, equipment status, and maintenance

information. This data is essential for the head office to manage the operations of
multiple fuel stations, plan inventory replenishment, and ensure compliance

with regulatory requirements.

S2Co communication typically uses a secure and reliable network infrastructure such

as a virtual private network (VPN) or a dedicated leased line. This ensures that the data
transferred between the fuel station and the head office is protected from

unauthorized access and remains confidential.

With S2Co communication, the head office can monitor the performance of each fuel

station in real-time and take proactive measures to address any issues that may arise.
For example, if a particular fuel station is experiencing a higher than usual rate of fuel

dispensing errors, the head office can quickly identify the problem and dispatch a
technician to fix it.

Figure (14). Fuel management system structure s2co

Station-to-DC head office (S2Co) communication is a type of communication

technology used in fuel management systems to enable fuel stations to communicate
 with their head office or distribution center. This technology allows fuel stations to

receive real-time data on fuel transactions, inventory levels, and other operational
metrics, as well as to receive instructions from their head office or distribution center.

Here are some key features and benefits of S2Co communication in fuel management
systems:

• Real-time Data Transmission: S2Co communication enables fuel stations to receive

real-time data on fuel transactions, inventory levels, and other operational metrics,
allowing them to optimize their operations and improve customer service.

• Enhanced Inventory Management: S2Co communication allows fuel stations to

receive instructions from their head office or distribution center on inventory levels
and delivery schedules, enabling them to maintain optimal inventory levels and reduce

the risk of stockouts or overstocking.

• Improved Efficiency: S2Co communication can improve the efficiency of fuel station
operations by reducing the time required for manual data entry and processing, and

by enabling real-time decision-making.

• Cost Savings: S2Co communication can reduce costs associated with fuel delivery and
inventory management by optimizing delivery schedules and reducing the risk of

stockouts or overstocking.

• Enhanced Security: S2Co communication can enhance security by allowing fuel

stations to receive instructions and alerts from their head office or distribution center

on security issues, such as fuel theft or equipment damage.

S2Co communication is an important technology in fuel management systems that

enables fuel stations to optimize their operations and improve customer service, while
reducing costs and enhancing security. By using S2Co communication, fuel station

operators can increase efficiency, improve accuracy, and reduce costs, while enhancing
safety and customer satisfaction.

2.5.4 Integration with Smart Grids and Energy Management Systems

Integration with smart fuel management systems grids and energy management

systems can bring additional benefits to fuel stations, such as improved efficiency, cost
savings, and environmental sustainability.

Smart fuel management systems grids use advanced technology to optimize the
distribution of fuel from the depot to the fuel station. By integrating with these

systems, fuel stations can benefit from more efficient and cost-effective fuel delivery,
reducing the need for manual intervention and ensuring timely replenishment of fuel

inventory.
Energy management systems, on the other hand, are designed to optimize the use of

energy in buildings and facilities. By integrating with these systems, fuel stations can
monitor and control their energy consumption, reduce energy waste, and lower their

operating costs.
For example, fuel stations can use energy management systems to monitor and control

the energy consumption of lighting, HVAC systems, and other equipment. By adjusting
the energy usage based on occupancy patterns and weather conditions, fuel stations

can reduce their energy bills and minimize their carbon footprint.
Furthermore, smart fuel management systems and energy management systems can

be integrated with each other to provide even greater benefits. For instance, fuel
stations can use real-time data on fuel consumption and energy usage to optimize

their operations and reduce their overall environmental impact.

integration with smart fuel management systems grids and energy management

systems can bring significant benefits to fuel stations, including improved efficiency,
cost savings, and environmental sustainability.
 Figure (15). Fuel management system Full structure

Integration with smart fuel management systems, smart grids, and energy
management systems is becoming increasingly important for fuel stations as they look

for ways to reduce energy consumption, improve sustainability, and optimize fuel
management operations. Here are some ways in which fuel management systems can

be integrated with these technologies:

1. Real-time Energy Monitoring: Fuel management systems can be integrated

with energy monitoring systems to provide real-time data on energy usage, helping

fuel station operators to identify areas where energy consumption can be reduced.
2. Energy Storage: Fuel stations can integrate energy storage systems with their fuel

management systems to store excess energy generated by solar panels or other

renewable energy sources, reducing dependence on the grid and ensuring reliable

power supply during outages.

3. Smart Charging: Fuel stations can integrate smart charging technology with their fuel

management systems, enabling electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to communicate

with the grid and adjust charging rates based on energy demand and availability.

4. Demand Response: Fuel stations can participate in demand response programs,

allowing them to adjust their energy usage based on grid conditions and receive
 incentives for reducing energy consumption during peak demand periods.

5. Energy Efficiency Optimization: Fuel management systems can be integrated

with energy management systems to optimize energy efficiency and reduce costs by

identifying areas where energy consumption can be reduced, such as lighting, HVAC,
and equipment.

integration with smart fuel management systems, smart grids, and energy

management systems can help fuel stations to reduce energy costs, improve
sustainability, and optimize their fuel management operations. By using these

technologies, fuel station operators can increase efficiency, improve accuracy, and
reduce costs, while enhancing safety and customer satisfaction.

2.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILTY IN AUTOMATED FUEL ENERGY

Automated fuel stations can contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability by

implementing various technology-based solutions to reduce their energy

consumption, minimize their carbon footprint, and improve their overall environmental
performance[51].

One way to increase energy efficiency in automated fuel stations is to use energy-
efficient lighting systems, such as LED lights. LED lights consume less energy than

traditional lighting systems and have a longer lifespan, reducing maintenance

costs[52].

Another approach is to use renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind
turbines to generate electricity for the fuel station. This can help reduce the

dependence on grid electricity and lower the carbon footprint of the station.
Automated fuel stations can also implement energy management systems to optimize

their energy usage. These systems can monitor energy consumption in real-time and
adjust energy usage based on occupancy patterns and other factors, reducing energy
waste and costs.
In addition to energy efficiency, automated fuel stations can also improve sustainability

by implementing fuel monitoring systems to prevent fuel losses and leaks. These
systems can detect fuel spills or overfills and alert station operators to take immediate

action, reducing the risk of environmental damage.

Furthermore, automated fuel stations can implement recycling programs for materials

such as plastics, paper, and oil, reducing waste and promoting environmental
sustainability.

automated fuel stations can contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability by

implementing various technology-based solutions, such as energy-efficient lighting,

renewable energy sources, energy management systems, fuel monitoring systems, and

recycling programs. These solutions can help reduce operating costs, minimize the
carbon footprint, and promote a more environmentally sustainable fueling experience.

Energy efficiency and sustainability are critical considerations for automated fuel

stations, as they consume significant amounts of energy and contribute to

environmental pollution. Here are some ways in which automated fuel stations can

improve energy efficiency and sustainability, supported by references:

o Renewable Energy Sources: Automated fuel stations can be powered by

renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind turbines, reducing dependence

on fossil fuels and lowering energy costs. According to a report by the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), solar PV and wind energy are now the cheapest

sources of new electricity in most countries, and their costs are expected to continue
to decline in the coming years.

o Energy-efficient Lighting: Automated fuel stations can use energy-efficient

lighting, such as LED lights, to reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs.
According to the US Department of Energy, LED lighting uses up to 75% less energy
and lasts up to 25 times longer than traditional incandescent lighting.

o Smart HVAC Systems: Automated fuel stations can use smart HVAC systems

that can adjust temperature settings based on occupancy and weather conditions,
reducing energy consumption and costs. According to the US Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), smart HVAC systems can reduce energy costs by up to 30%.

o Water Conservation: Automated fuel stations can install water-efficient

fixtures, such as low-flow faucets and toilets, to conserve water and reduce costs.

According to the EPA, water-efficient fixtures can reduce water use by up to 30%.

o Waste Management: Automated fuel stations can implement waste

management programs to reduce the amount of waste generated and increase

recycling [56]. According to the US EPA, recycling can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by reducing the need for energy-intensive manufacturing processes.

o Carbon Offsetting: Automated fuel stations can offset their carbon emissions
by investing in renewable energy projects or purchasing carbon credits. According to

the Carbon Trust, carbon offsetting can help organizations achieve carbon
neutrality and support sustainable development [53,56].

improving energy efficiency and sustainability in automated fuel stations can help

reduce environmental impact, lower operating costs, and enhance customer

experience. By incorporating renewable energy sources, energy-efficient

lighting, smart HVAC systems, water-efficient fixtures, waste

management programs,[54] and carbon offsetting, fuel station operators can reduce

energy consumption and costs, while also promoting sustainability and environmental
responsibility.

2.6.1 Renewable Energy Integration

Renewable energy integration is an important consideration for fuel management
systems, as it can help reduce energy consumption, lower costs, and promote

sustainability. Here are some ways in which renewable energy sources can be
integrated into fuel management systems, supported by references:

1. Solar Energy: Fuel management systems can be powered by solar energy, which

can be generated through the installation of solar panels on the roof of the fuel station.
According to the US Department of Energy, solar energy can help fuel stations to

reduce their energy bills and carbon emissions by up to 80%.[57]

2. Wind Energy: Fuel management systems can also be powered by wind energy,
which can be generated through the installation of wind turbines on the fuel station

premises. According to the American Wind Energy Association, wind energy is the
fastest-growing source of renewable energy in the United States, and it has the

potential to provide up to 20% of the country's electricity needs by 2030.[58]

3. Energy Storage: Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy can be
stored in energy storage systems, such as batteries or flywheels, to provide reliable

power supply during outages and reduce dependence on the grid. According to the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, energy storage can help fuel stations to

optimize their energy usage and reduce costs by providing energy when it is most
needed [59].

4. Smart Grid Integration: Renewable energy sources can be integrated with smart

grid technology to enable fuel stations to communicate with the grid and adjust their
energy usage based on supply and demand. According to the Smart Electric Power

Alliance, smart grid integration can help fuel stations to reduce energy costs, improve
reliability, and promote sustainability.[60]
5. Renewable Energy Certificates: Fuel stations can purchase renewable energy
certificates (RECs) to offset their carbon emissions and support the development of

renewable energy projects. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, RECs

can help fuel stations to reduce their environmental impact and promote sustainability.

integrating renewable energy sources into fuel management systems can help reduce

energy consumption, lower costs, and promote sustainability. By using solar and wind
energy, energy storage systems, smart grid integration, and RECs, fuel station

operators can reduce their environmental impact, increase energy independence, and
enhance customer experience.

2.6.2 Energy Storage Solutions of fuel management system

The future of fuel management lies in renewable energy integration and energy
storage solutions. As the share of solar and wind power grows, energy storage will be

crucial to manage intermittency and ensure a stable grid. Potential storage

technologies for fuel stations include:

• Lithium-ion batteries: A mature technology already used in electric vehicles,

lithium-ion batteries offer high energy density, rapid response times and scalability.
They are well-suited for short-term energy storage (minutes to hours) to smooth

fluctuations from renewables. However, costs remain high and lifespan is limited.
Figure (16) The average annual change in electrical energy generation and (b) the electricity

generation mix in 2018.

• Flow batteries: These use liquid electrolytes pumped through a storage cell. They
offer longer lifespan, lower costs and ability to decouple power and energy capacities.

However, power densities are lower. Well-suited for medium-term storage (4-12
hours).

• Hydrogen fuel cells: Electrolysis can use excess renewable power to produce
hydrogen that is then stored and converted back into electricity via fuel cells. This

provides a long-term storage solution (days to weeks) with high roundtrip efficiency.
However, technologies remain expensive and immature.

• Thermal storage: Excess power heats or cools a storage medium like molten salts,
rocks or water, which retains the thermal energy for later use. Cost-effective and

proven at scale, but limited to providing heating/cooling rather than electricity.

A holistic energy storage strategy for fuel stations will likely involve a combination of
these technologies, each suited to a different duration and application:

Batteries for short-term smoothing, flow batteries for mid-term load balancing,
hydrogen fuel cells for seasonal storage, and thermal storage to provide
heating/cooling. Energy management software will optimize usage based on cost,
availability and grid needs.

With intellectually rigorous analysis of the benefits, limitations and synergies among

these options - and a long-term vision for the role of energy storage within a
sustainable, decarbonized grid - we can develop energy solutions that will transform

the future of fueling.

Energy storage solutions can play an important role in fuel management systems by
providing an efficient and reliable way to store excess energy generated by renewable

sources such as solar or wind power. Energy storage solutions can help to optimize the
use of renewable energy, reduce reliance on the grid, and promote energy

independence for fuel stations.

There are several energy storage solutions that can be integrated into fuel
management systems:

1. Batteries: Batteries are the most common energy storage solution for fuel

management systems. They can store excess energy generated by renewable sources
and release it when needed. Batteries are available in different chemistries and sizes,

allowing them to be customized to meet the specific needs of a fuel station.

2. Flywheels: Flywheels are another energy storage solution that can be used in fuel
management systems. They store kinetic energy in a rotating mass and release it when

needed. Flywheels are particularly useful in applications that require high power output
for short durations.

3. Hydrogen fuel cells: Hydrogen fuel cells are an emerging energy storage solution

that can be used in fuel management systems. They convert hydrogen and oxygen into
electricity, releasing only water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cells can be particularly
useful in fuel stations that generate excess hydrogen as a byproduct of their

operations.

By integrating energy storage solutions into fuel management systems, fuel stations
can store excess energy generated by renewable sources during times of low demand

and release it during times of high demand, reducing reliance on the grid and
promoting energy independence. This can help fuel stations to reduce their operating

costs, improve their environmental performance, and provide a more sustainable

fueling experience.

2.6.3 Emissions Reduction Strategies of fuel management system

Emissions reduction strategies are critical for fuel management systems, as they can
help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and promote sustainability.

Here are some emissions reduction strategies that can be integrated into fuel
management systems, supported by references:

1. Renewable Energy Sources: Fuel management systems can be powered by

renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, which can help reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability. According to the US

Department of Energy, solar energy and wind energy are now the cheapest sources of
new electricity in most countries, and their costs are expected to continue to decline

in the coming years [61].

2. Energy-efficient Equipment: Fuel management systems can use energy-efficient

equipment, such as fuel dispensers and HVAC systems, to reduce energy consumption

and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency,

energy-efficient equipment can reduce energy costs by up to 30%. [62,63]

3. Low-carbon Fuels: Fuel management systems can offer low-carbon fuels, such as
biodiesel or ethanol, which can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve

air quality. According to the US Department of Energy, biodiesel can reduce

greenhouse gas emissions by up to 86%, compared to petroleum diesel.

4. Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: Fuel management systems can use vehicle-to-grid

technology, which enables electric vehicles to feed excess energy back into the grid
during peak demand periods. By using vehicle-to-grid technology, [64]fuel station

operators can reduce the demand for fossil fuels and promote sustainable
transportation. According to a report by the International Energy Agency, vehicle-to-

grid technology can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy
efficiency.

5. Carbon Offsetting: Fuel management systems can offset their greenhouse gas

emissions by investing in renewable energy projects or purchasing carbon credits. By

offsetting their emissions, fuel station operators can promote sustainability and

environmental responsibility. According to the Carbon Trust, carbon offsetting can

help organizations achieve carbon neutrality and support sustainable development.

integrating emissions reduction strategies into fuel management systems can help

reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and promote sustainability. By
using renewable energy sources, energy-efficient equipment, low-carbon fuels,

vehicle-to-grid technology, and carbon offsetting, fuel station operators can optimize
their environmental impact and costs, while also promoting sustainable transportation

and environmental responsibility.

2.6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

Here is a literature review on the potential environmental impacts of using smart

monitoring systems in fuel stations and the strategies to mitigate these impacts:
1. "An Environmental Impact Assessment of Smart Monitoring Systems for Fuel
Stations" by S. S. Rajput and A. V. Bhosale (2020)

This paper presents an environmental impact assessment of smart monitoring systems

for fuel stations, focusing on the potential positive and negative impacts of these
systems. The authors conclude that smart monitoring systems have the potential to

reduce fuel waste, improve operational efficiency, and promote sustainability, but also
highlight the potential negative impacts, such as electronic waste and energy

consumption. The authors suggest strategies to mitigate these impacts, such as using
energy-efficient components and properly disposing of electronic waste [66].

2. "Environmental Impact Assessment Intelligent Monitoring Systems for

Transportation of Perishable Products based Internet of Things (IoT) Technology

M. Hossein Ahmadzadegan1, M. Saeed Mohammadzadeh1, Ghazaleh

Eftekharnejad (2020)

This paper presents an environmental impact assessment of an IoT-based fuel

monitoring system for sustainable transportation, focusing on the potential positive

and negative impacts of the system. The authors conclude that the system has the

potential to reduce fuel consumption, reduce emissions, and promote sustainable

transportation, but also highlight the potential negative impacts, such as energy

consumption and cybersecurity risks. The authors suggest strategies to mitigate these
impacts, such as using energy-efficient components and implementing robust

cybersecurity measures [67].

3. "An Environmental Impact Assessment of Smart Fuel Monitoring System for

Efficient Fuel Utilization in Vehicles"Lisa Watson, anne lavrik university of
 Regina. (2017)

This paper presents an environmental impact assessment of a smart fuel monitoring

system for efficient fuel utilization in vehicles, focusing on the potential positive and
negative impacts of the system. The authors conclude that the system has the potential

to reduce fuel consumption, optimize fuel usage, and promote sustainability, but also
highlight the potential negative impacts, such as energy consumption and

cybersecurity risks. The authors suggest strategies to mitigate these impacts, such as
using energy-efficient components and implementing robust cybersecurity measures

[68].

the literature suggests that smart monitoring systems for fuel stations have the
potential to reduce fuel waste, improve operational efficiency, and promote

sustainability, but there are also potential negative impacts that need to be considered
and mitigated. Strategies to mitigate these impacts include using energy-efficient

components, properly disposing of electronic waste, and implementing robust

cybersecurity measures. An environmental impact assessment can help to identify and

assess these impacts and develop strategies to mitigate them.

2.7 USER EXPERIENCE AND HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTION OF FUEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

o User Experience Design for the Internet of Things" by A. Wiberg, et al. (2016).
This paper discusses the challenges of designing user experiences for IoT systems,

including the need to consider the physical and social context in which the system will
be used. The authors propose a framework for user experience design that includes four

dimensions: physical space, social context, temporal continuity, and data dimensionality
[69].

o Human-IoT Machine Interaction: A Review of the Literature and Directions for

 Future Research" by P. J. McCann, et al. (2020).

This paper provides a review of the literature on human-IoT machine interaction and
highlights the importance of designing systems that are user-friendly, transparent, and

trustworthy. The authors propose a framework for designing human-IoT machine

interactions that includes four dimensions: usability, user experience, trust, and privacy

[70].

o Designing for Human-Internet of Things Interaction: A Review of the Literature

and Directions for Future Research" by Y. Lim, et al. (2018).

This paper reviews the literature on designing for human-IoT interaction and proposes
a framework for designing user experiences that includes four dimensions: physical

environment, social environment, temporal environment, and data environment. The

authors highlight the importance of considering the needs and preferences of users

when designing IoT systems [71].

o User-Centered Design in the Internet of Things: A Review of User-Centered

Challenges and Design Solutions" by A. F. M. S. Islam, et al. (2019).

This paper provides a review of the challenges of designing user-centered IoT systems
and proposes a framework for user-centered design that includes six stages:

understanding user needs, defining requirements, ideation and concept development,

prototyping, evaluation, and implementation. The authors highlight the importance of

involving users in the design process to ensure that IoT systems meet their needs and
preferences [72].

2.7.1 User Interfaces and Experience Design of related studies of fuel

monitoring

1. Designing a User-Friendly Interface for Fuel Monitoring Systems in

Vehicles" by Y. Liu, et al. (2019
 This paper presents a user-centered design approach for designing a user-friendly
interface for fuel monitoring systems in vehicles. The authors conducted a user study to

identify user needs and preferences and used the results to design an interface that is
easy to use and provides clear and actionable information to users [73].

2. User-Centered Design and Evaluation of a Fuel Monitoring System for

Heavy-Duty Vehicles" by M. R. Hasanzadeh, et al. (2019).

This paper presents a user-centered design and evaluation approach for a fuel
monitoring system for heavy-duty vehicles. The authors conducted a user study to

identify user needs and preferences and used the results to design an interface that is
easy to use and provides real-time fuel consumption information to users. The authors

also evaluated the system with users and found that it improved fuel efficiency and
reduced fuel consumption [74].

3. Design of User Interface for Fuel Monitoring System Using IoT" by S. Kim,

et al. (2019).

This paper presents a design approach for a user interface for a fuel monitoring system
using IoT. The authors used a user-centered design approach to identify user needs

and preferences and used the results to design an interface that is easy to use and
provides real-time fuel consumption information to users. The authors also conducted

a user study to evaluate the interface and found that it improved user satisfaction and
reduced fuel consumption [75].

4. Design and Evaluation of an Eco-Driving Assistant System with Fuel

Monitoring Functionality" by H. Kim, et al. (2018).

 This paper presents a design and evaluation approach for an eco-driving assistant

system with fuel monitoring functionality. The authors used a user-centered design
approach to identify user needs and preferences and used the results to design an

interface that provides real-time fuel consumption information and eco-driving advice
to users. The authors also evaluated the system with users and found that it improved

fuel efficiency and reduced fuel consumption [76].

the literature suggests that designing user interfaces and user experiences in fuel

monitoring systems is a critical factor in promoting fuel efficiency and reducing fuel
consumption. User-centered design approaches can help to ensure that interfaces are

easy to use and provide clear and actionable information to users. These studies
provide valuable insights and guidelines for designing user-centered fuel monitoring

systems.

User interfaces and experience design are critical components of fuel monitoring

systems. Here are some key considerations for effective user interfaces and
experience design in fuel monitoring systems:

o Design for usability: The user interface should be designed to be intuitive and easy

to use. Users should be able to quickly and easily access the information they need
and perform actions such as adding fuel data or generating reports.

o Provide clear and concise instructions: The system should provide clear and concise

instructions to guide users through each step of the process, from entering fuel data
to generating reports. This can include tool tips, on-screen guidance, and help

documentation.

o Use feedback and alerts: The system should provide users with feedback and alerts
to keep them informed about the status of the system and any issues that require
attention. This can include notifications about low fuel levels, errors in fuel data, or
 upcoming maintenance needs.

o Design for mobility: For fuel monitoring systems that are used on-the-go, the user

interface should be designed with mobility in mind. This can include mobile-friendly
interfaces that are optimized for smaller screens and touch input.

o Incorporate data visualization: Effective data visualization can help users quickly

understand and analyze fuel data, identifying trends and patterns that can inform
decision-making. Graphs, charts, and maps can be used to display fuel usage, fuel

costs, and other key metrics.

o By considering these factors, fuel monitoring systems can be designed to provide an

effective and user-friendly experience for users.

2.7.2 User Acceptance and Adoption of IOT system

User acceptance and adoption of IoT systems are critical factors in their success. Here

are some key considerations for promoting user acceptance and adoption of IoT
systems:

o User-centered design: IoT systems should be designed with the user in mind, taking

into account their needs, preferences, and abilities. This can include conducting user
research to understand user needs, preferences, and pain points, and designing

interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use.

o Clear communication: Clear and concise communication is critical to promoting user

acceptance and adoption of IoT systems. This can include providing clear instructions

for setting up and using the system, and communicating the benefits of the system in
terms that are meaningful to users.
o Addressing privacy and security concerns: Users may have concerns about the
privacy and security of their data when using IoT systems. Addressing these concerns

through transparent data policies, secure data storage, and encryption can help to
promote user acceptance and adoption.

o Training and support: Providing training and support to users can help to ensure that

they are able to use the system effectively and confidently. This can include providing
online tutorials, user manuals, and help desk support.

o Demonstrating value: Demonstrating the value of the IoT system can be a key factor

in promoting user acceptance and adoption. This can include providing case studies
and testimonials from other users, and showcasing the benefits of the system through

metrics such as increased efficiency, cost savings, and improved outcomes.

2.7.3 Human Factors and Safety Considerations fuel management system

Human factors and safety considerations play a critical role in fuel management
systems, as they can impact the safety and efficiency of the fuel management process.

Here is a review of the human factors and safety considerations that are important in
fuel management systems:

1. Training and Competence: Fuel management personnel should be properly trained

and competent in the fuel management process, including safety procedures, to

ensure safe and efficient fuel handling.

2. Communication: Effective communication between fuel management personnel

and other personnel involved in the fuel management system, such as pilots and
ground crew, is important to ensure that everyone is aware of the fuel status and any
potential safety issues.

3. Human Error: Human error can occur in fuel management systems and can lead to

safety incidents. It is important to design the fuel management system to minimize the
risk of human error, such as through the use of automation and clear procedures.

4. Safety Procedures: Well-defined safety procedures should be in place for all aspects

of the fuel management system, including fuel storage, handling, and transfer. These
procedures should be regularly reviewed and updated as needed.

5. Risk Assessment: A risk assessment should be conducted for the fuel management

system to identify potential hazards and risks. Mitigation strategies should be

developed and implemented to reduce the risk of incidents.

6. Monitoring and Maintenance: The fuel management system should be regularly

monitored and maintained to ensure that it is functioning properly and safely. Any
issues should be promptly addressed to prevent safety incidents.

ensuring the safety and efficiency of fuel management systems requires careful

consideration of human factors and the implementation of appropriate safety

procedures and mitigation strategies. Proper training and communication, as well as

effective risk assessment, monitoring, and maintenance, can help to minimize the risk
of safety incidents in fuel management systems.

2.8 REGULATIONS STANDARDS AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

Fuel monitoring systems are subject to a variety of regulations, standards, and legal
considerations, which can vary depending on the jurisdiction and industry. Here are
some key considerations:

1. Environmental regulations: Fuel monitoring systems may be subject to

environmental regulations governing the storage, handling, and disposal of fuels and
other hazardous materials. These regulations can vary depending on the jurisdiction

and industry and may include permits, reporting requirements, and compliance
inspections.

2. Safety standards: Fuel monitoring systems may be subject to safety standards

related to the design, construction, and operation of fuel storage and dispensing
equipment. These standards can vary depending on the jurisdiction and industry and

may include requirements for equipment testing, maintenance, and inspection.

3. Data privacy regulations: Fuel monitoring systems may collect and store sensitive
data related to fuel usage, including personal information about drivers and vehicles.

These systems must comply with data privacy regulations governing the collection,
storage, and use of this data, including regulations related to data security and user

consent.

4. Contractual obligations: Fuel monitoring systems may be subject to contractual

obligations with customers or suppliers, which can include requirements related to

data privacy, liability, and indemnification.

5. Liability and insurance: Fuel monitoring systems may be subject to liability and
insurance requirements related to accidents or other incidents that occur as a result of

fuel usage, storage, or dispensing. These requirements may vary depending on the
jurisdiction and industry and may include requirements for liability insurance,

indemnification agreements, and risk assessments.

By considering these regulations, standards, and legal considerations, fuel monitoring

systems can be designed and implemented in ways that comply with applicable laws
and regulations, minimize risks, and protect the interests of stakeholders.

Here is a literature review on regulations, standards, and legal considerations for fuel
monitoring systems, along with references and DOIs:

1. "International Standards for Fuel Monitoring Systems for Marine Vessels"

by G. Atkinson and R. Wright (2015).

This paper discusses international standards for fuel monitoring systems for marine
vessels, including the ISO 8217 standard for marine fuel quality and the ISO 19030

standard for methods of measuring and reporting fuel consumption. The authors also
discuss the importance of complying with relevant regulations, such as

the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) [77].

2. "Legal and Ethical Considerations for Fuel Monitoring Systems in the

Shipping Industry" by J. H. Kim and S. Kim (2020).

This paper discusses the legal and ethical considerations for fuel monitoring systems

in the shipping industry, including compliance with relevant regulations, data privacy
laws, and liability issues. The authors also discuss ethical considerations, such as the

impact of fuel monitoring systems on the environment and the need for transparency
in reporting fuel consumption [78].

3. Regulation and Standardization of Fuel Cell Systems" by K. Shin et al.

(2019).

This book chapter discusses the regulation and standardization of fuel cell systems,
including the importance of complying with relevant regulations, such as the European
Union's Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) regulation. The authors

also discuss the need for international standards, such as the ISO 16111 standard for
fuel cell vehicle safety [79].

4. "Aviation Fuel Quality Control and Monitoring" by G. N. Petrov and T. S.

Petrova (2015).

This paper discusses aviation fuel quality control and monitoring, including the

regulations and standards for aviation fuel quality in the United States and Europe. The
authors also discuss the importance of proper fuel handling and storage, as well as the

need for accurate fuel monitoring systems to ensure safety and efficiency [80].

the literature suggests that compliance with relevant regulations, standards, and legal
considerations is critical for the safe and effective operation of fuel monitoring

systems. International standards and regulations, such as those developed by

the ISO and the EPA, provide guidelines for design, implementation, and operation of

fuel monitoring systems, while data privacy laws and liability issues must also be
considered.

2.8.1 Policy Framework for Automated Fuel Stations

Automated fuel stations, which use technology to automate fuel dispensing and
payment processes, are becoming increasingly common. A policy framework for

automated fuel stations can help to ensure their safe and efficient operation, as well
as protect consumers and the environment. Here are some key elements that could be

included in a policy framework for automated fuel stations:

1. Safety Standards: Automated fuel stations must comply with safety standards to
protect consumers, employees, and the environment. Safety standards could include
requirements for fuel quality, storage, handling, and dispensing, as well as fire safety

and emergency response procedures.

2. Data Privacy: Automated fuel stations collect and store sensitive data, such as
payment information and fuel usage data. A policy framework should include

guidelines for the collection, storage, and use of this data, as well as requirements for
data privacy and security to protect consumers and prevent fraud.

3. Consumer Protection: A policy framework should ensure that consumers are

protected from fraud, unfair practices, and price gouging. This could include
requirements for transparent pricing, clear labeling, and dispute resolution

mechanisms.

4. Environmental Protection: Automated fuel stations should be designed and

operated in an environmentally responsible manner. A policy framework could include

requirements for fuel efficiency, emissions control, and environmental impact

assessments.

5. Compliance and Enforcement: A policy framework should include mechanisms for

ensuring compliance with safety, data privacy, consumer protection, and

environmental protection requirements. This could include regular inspections, audits,

and penalties for non-compliance.

a policy framework for automated fuel stations should balance the benefits of
automation with the need for safety, data privacy, consumer protection, and

environmental protection. It should be designed to promote the safe and efficient

operation of automated fuel stations while protecting consumers and the

environment.
 2.8.2 Safety Standards and Certifications fuel management system

Fuel management systems are important tools for monitoring and managing fuel
consumption in a variety of industries, including transportation, agriculture, and

manufacturing. However, these systems can also pose safety risks if they are not
designed, installed, and operated in accordance with appropriate safety standards and

certifications.

Safety standards and certifications are critical for ensuring the safe and reliable
operation of fuel management systems. Standards and certifications provide

guidelines and requirements for the design, installation, and operation of fuel
management systems to ensure that they are safe, reliable, and compliant with relevant

regulations.

Some key safety standards and certifications that are relevant to fuel management
systems include ISO 9001, API 2350, UL 2085, NFPA 30, and ATEX. These standards and

certifications cover a range of safety considerations, including overfill prevention, tank

design and construction, fire safety, and equipment safety in hazardous environments.

Here is a literature review on safety standards and certifications for fuel management
systems, along with references:

1. "API 2350: Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities" by M.

A. Ruggieri and J. P. Kevern (2015).

This paper discusses API 2350, a safety standard developed by the American Petroleum
Institute for overfill prevention systems for storage tanks. The authors discuss the

importance of compliance with this standard to prevent spills and other safety
incidents [81].

2. "UL 2085: Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible

Liquids" by Underwriters Laboratories (2019).

This webpage provides information on UL 2085, a certification standard developed by

Underwriters Laboratories for aboveground storage tanks used to store flammable and
combustible liquids. The webpage discusses the safety requirements for tanks that

meet UL 2085 certification [83].

3. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code" by the National Fire
Protection Association (2018).

This webpage provides information on NFPA 30, a safety standard developed by the

National Fire Protection Association for the storage, handling, and use of flammable
and combustible liquids. The webpage discusses the safety requirements for fuel

management systems that comply with NFPA 30[83].

4. "ATEX Directive" by the European Commission (2014).

This webpage provides information on the ATEX Directive, a European Union directive
that outlines safety requirements for equipment used in potentially explosive

atmospheres. The webpage discusses the safety requirements for fuel management
systems that comply with the ATEX Directive.

Overall, compliance with safety standards and certifications is critical for ensuring the

safe and reliable operation of fuel management systems. Companies should ensure
that their fuel management systems comply with all relevant safety standards and

certifications, and should regularly review and update their systems to ensure ongoing
compliance [84].

Compliance with safety standards and certifications is important not only for ensuring
 the safety of employees and the public, but also for protecting the environment and

preventing costly accidents and spills. Companies that use fuel management systems
should ensure that their systems comply with all relevant safety standards and

certifications, and should regularly review and update their systems to ensure ongoing
compliance.

2.8.3 Legal Issues and Liability on IOT and fuel stations fuel management

The use of IoT technology in fuel management systems can introduce additional legal

issues and liability concerns for fuel stations. Here are some key considerations:

o Data privacy and security: IoT systems collect and store sensitive data related to fuel
usage and transactions. Fuel station owners and operators must comply with data

privacy regulations governing the collection, storage, and use of this data, including
regulations related to data security and user consent.

o Cybersecurity: IoT systems are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, which can compromise

the safety and security of the fuel station and its customers. Fuel station owners and
operators should implement cybersecurity measures to protect against hacking, data

breaches, and other cyber threats.

o Product liability: The use of IoT technology in fuel management systems can
introduce new product liability concerns, such as defects in IoT devices or software.

Fuel station owners and operators should ensure that their IoT systems are properly
maintained and inspected to minimize the risk of defects.

o Negligence: Fuel station owners and operators can be held liable for injuries or

damages caused by negligence related to their IoT systems, such as failure to properly
maintain or update their systems. Fuel station owners and operators should take
 reasonable measures to prevent accidents and injuries related to their IoT systems.

o Contractual obligations: Fuel station owners and operators may have contractual

obligations with IoT device manufacturers or software providers, which can include
requirements related to data privacy, liability, and indemnification.

2.9 ECONOMIC VIABILITY AND MARKET TRENDS USING FUEL MONITORING

SYSTEM ON FUEL STATIONS

Fuel monitoring systems are increasingly being used in the fuel station industry to
improve fuel management, reduce costs, and increase profitability. These systems

provide real-time data on fuel inventory and consumption, allowing fuel stations to
optimize fuel delivery and reduce fuel losses due to theft or leaks. Fuel monitoring

systems also enable fuel stations to gather data on customer behavior and preferences,
which can help them to develop targeted marketing strategies and increase customer

loyalty.

In addition to the economic benefits, there are also several market trends driving the
adoption of fuel monitoring systems in the fuel station industry. These trends include

increasing competition, changing consumer preferences, and the growing demand for
renewable fuels. Fuel stations are investing in new technologies, including fuel

monitoring systems, to remain competitive and meet the changing needs of their
customers.

fuel monitoring systems are an important tool for fuel stations to improve efficiency,

reduce costs, and increase profitability in an increasingly competitive market. As the

industry continues to evolve, fuel stations will need to adapt to changing market trends

and invest in new technologies to remain competitive and meet the changing needs
of their customers.
Fuel monitoring systems are becoming increasingly popular in the fuel station industry

due to their ability to improve fuel management, reduce costs, and increase
profitability. Here are some key economic factors and market trends related to the use

of fuel monitoring systems on fuel stations:

1. Cost Savings: Fuel monitoring systems can help fuel stations to reduce costs by
improving fuel management and reducing fuel losses due to theft or leaks. By

accurately monitoring fuel inventory and consumption, fuel stations can also reduce
the need for manual inventory checks and reduce labor costs.

2. Improved Efficiency: Fuel monitoring systems can help fuel stations to improve

efficiency by reducing downtime due to equipment failures or fuel shortages. By

providing real-time data on fuel inventory and consumption, fuel stations can also

optimize fuel delivery and reduce the need for emergency deliveries.

3. Increased Profitability: By improving fuel management and reducing costs, fuel

monitoring systems can help fuel stations to increase profitability. Fuel stations can

also use fuel monitoring systems to gather data on customer behavior and
preferences, which can help them to develop targeted marketing strategies and

increase customer loyalty.

4. Market Trends: The fuel station industry is rapidly evolving, with increasing
competition and changing consumer preferences. Fuel stations are increasingly

investing in technology, including fuel monitoring systems, to improve efficiency and

increase profitability. In addition, there is a growing trend towards renewable fuels,

such as biofuels and electric vehicles, which may require new types of fuel monitoring
systems.

fuel monitoring systems can provide significant economic benefits to fuel stations by
improving fuel management, reducing costs, and increasing profitability. As the fuel

station industry continues to evolve, fuel stations will need to adapt to changing
market trends and invest in new technologies to remain competitive.

2.9.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis of fuel management system

A cost-benefit analysis can help fuel station owners and operators determine whether
implementing a fuel management system is financially feasible and beneficial. Here are

some key factors to consider:

Benefits:
1. Reduced fuel consumption: Fuel management systems can help to reduce fuel

consumption by providing accurate data on fuel usage, identifying inefficiencies, and

detecting fuel theft.

2. Increased efficiency: Fuel management systems can streamline fuel management

processes, reduce manual labor, and increase operational efficiency.

3. Improved data analysis: Fuel management systems can provide detailed data on
fuel usage, which can be analyzed to identify trends, optimize operations, and make

informed business decisions.

4. Reduced risk of errors: Fuel management systems can reduce the risk of errors

associated with manual fuel tracking, such as data entry errors and miscalculations.
5. Improved accountability: Fuel management systems can improve accountability

by tracking fuel usage and identifying discrepancies, which can deter fuel theft and
reduce the risk of fraud.

Costs:

1. Equipment costs: Fuel management systems require an initial investment in

equipment, such as fuel sensors, meters, and software.

2. Installation and maintenance costs: Fuel management systems require

professional installation and ongoing maintenance, which can add to the overall cost.
 3. Training costs: Fuel management systems require training for employees to use the

system effectively, which can add to the overall cost.

4. Data management costs: Fuel management systems generate large amounts of

data, which must be properly managed and analyzed, adding to the overall cost.

By weighing the benefits and costs of a fuel management system, fuel station owners
and operators can determine whether the system is financially feasible and beneficial.

It is important to conduct a thorough cost-benefit analysis that takes into account the
specific needs and circumstances of the fuel station, as well as any regulatory or legal

requirements.

2.9.2 Market Potential and Growth Opportunities of IOT smart management

system

The market potential for IoT smart management systems in the fuel industry is

significant, and there are several growth opportunities for companies that develop and
implement these systems. Here are some key factors driving market potential

and growth opportunities:

Increasing demand for efficiency and cost savings: Fuel station owners and operators
are under increasing pressure to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and maximize

profits. IoT smart management systems can help achieve these goals by providing real-
time data on fuel usage, identifying inefficiencies, and optimizing operations.

o Growing focus on environmental sustainability: There is a growing focus on

environmental sustainability in the fuel industry, with increasing demand for alternative
fuels and reduced carbon emissions. IoT smart management systems can help fuel

stations track and manage their environmental impact, such as by reducing fuel waste
and improving fuel efficiency.
o Advancements in IoT technology: Advancements in IoT technology, such as the
development of low-power wireless sensors and cloud computing, are making it easier

and more affordable to implement smart management systems in the fuel industry.

o Increasing demand for data-driven insights: Fuel station owners and operators are
increasingly relying on data-driven insights to make informed business decisions.

IoT smart management systems can provide detailed data on fuel usage, which can be
analyzed to identify trends, optimize operations, and make informed business

decisions.

o Regulatory compliance: Fuel stations are subject to a variety of regulatory

requirements related to fuel storage, handling, and reporting. IoT smart management
systems can help fuel stations comply with these regulations by providing accurate

data and reporting capabilities.

2.9.3 Industry Players and Competitive Landscape of fuel management system

The fuel management system industry is comprised of a variety of players that offer a

range of solutions and services for fuel management, including fuel monitoring,
tracking, and reporting. Here is an introduction to some of the key industry players

and the competitive landscape:

1. Fuel management system providers: These are companies that specialize in the
development and sale of fuel management systems. Examples include Fuel Force, OPW

Fuel Management Systems, and Veeder-Root.

2. Fuel card providers: These are companies that offer fuel cards that can be used to

purchase fuel at participating fuel stations. Fuel card providers may also offer fuel
management tools and reporting capabilities. Examples include WEX, FleetCor, and

Comdata.

3. Fleet management software providers: These are companies that offer fleet
management software that includes fuel management capabilities. Examples include

GPS Insight, Fleetmatics, and Verizon Connect.

4. Fuel station equipment manufacturers: These are companies that manufacture

fuel dispensers, pumps, and storage tanks that are used in fuel management systems.

Examples include Gilbarco Veeder-Root, Wayne Fueling Systems, and Tuthill Transfer
Systems.

5. Energy companies: These are companies that supply fuel to fuel stations and may

also offer fuel management solutions and services. Examples include ExxonMobil, BP,
and Shell.

The competitive landscape of the fuel management system industry is highly

fragmented, with a large number of players offering a range of solutions and services.
Competition is driven by factors such as product features, pricing, customer service,

and regulatory compliance. Companies that offer comprehensive solutions that

address all aspects of fuel management, such as fuel monitoring, tracking, reporting,

and compliance, are likely to have a competitive advantage in the market. Additionally,
companies that are able to provide value-added services, such as data analysis and

reporting, may also have a competitive edge.

2.10 RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming various industries, and the fuel industry is
no exception. The IoT smart fuel management system (IoT SFMS) is an emerging

technology that allows organizations to monitor and manage their fuel usage in real-
time. IoT SFMS can help organizations reduce fuel costs, improve operational

efficiency, and ensure compliance with environmental and safety regulations.

Despite the significant progress made in IoT SFMS, there are still several research gaps

that need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of this technology. This paper
aims to identify these research gaps and suggest future directions for IoT SFMS.

The research gaps identified in this paper include the lack of standardization in

communication protocols, the need for robust security mechanisms, the challenge of
developing energy-efficient sensors and devices, the need for scalable architectures,

the need for predictive analytics models, and the challenge of integrating IoT SFMS
with other systems.

Addressing these research gaps will require collaboration among researchers, industry
stakeholders, and policymakers. Future research should focus on developing standard

communication protocols and interfaces, developing secure communication protocols

and encryption techniques, developing energy-efficient sensors and devices,

developing scalable architectures, developing predictive analytics models, and

developing integration frameworks that can seamlessly integrate IoT SFMS with other

systems.
addressing these research gaps will help organizations fully realize the potential of IoT

SFMS and improve their fuel management processes, resulting in significant cost
savings, improved operational efficiency, and reduced environmental impact.

While fuel monitoring systems have become increasingly sophisticated and effective

over the years, there are still some research gaps and areas for future development.
Here are some potential research gaps and future directions for fuel monitoring

systems:
1. Integration with other systems: Fuel monitoring systems can be integrated with

other systems, such as fleet management and maintenance systems, to provide a more
comprehensive view of fuel usage and vehicle performance. There is potential for

further research into the development of more seamless and effective integration
between these systems.

2. Predictive analytics: Fuel monitoring systems generate large amounts of data that

can be used to predict future fuel usage and identify potential issues before they occur.
There is potential for further research into the development of predictive analytics

capabilities that can help fuel station owners and operators optimize fuel usage and
reduce costs.

3. Alternative fuel monitoring: With the growing demand for alternative fuels, such

as electric and hybrid vehicles, there is a need for fuel monitoring systems that can
track and manage the usage of these fuels. There is potential for further research into

the development of fuel monitoring systems that can accommodate a wider range of
alternative fuels and provide accurate data on their usage and performance.

4. Cybersecurity: As fuel monitoring systems become more connected and reliant on

the internet of things (IoT) technology, there is a growing need for cybersecurity
measures to protect against hacking and data breaches. There is potential for further

research into the development of more robust cybersecurity measures specific to fuel
monitoring systems.

5. Improved accuracy: While fuel monitoring systems have become increasingly

accurate over time, there is still potential for further research into the development of
more precise and reliable monitoring technologies. This could include the use of new

sensors and improved algorithms to detect fuel usage and identify potential issues.
there are several areas for future development and research in the field of fuel

monitoring systems, including integration with other systems, predictive analytics,

alternative fuel monitoring, cybersecurity, and improved accuracy. Continued research

and development in these areas can help fuel station owners and operators optimize
their operations, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction.

2.10.1 Identified Gaps in Existing Literature

The literature on IoT smart fuel management system (IoT SFMS) is growing rapidly, but

there are still several gaps in the existing literature. Here are some of the identified
gaps:

1. Lack of empirical studies: Most of the literature on IoT SFMS is theoretical in nature

and lacks empirical studies to validate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.
Future research should focus on conducting empirical studies to evaluate the

performance of IoT SFMS in real-world settings.

2. Limited focus on cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is a critical concern for IoT SFMS,

but the literature on this topic is relatively limited. Future research should focus on

developing robust security mechanisms to protect IoT SFMS from cyber threats.

3. Limited focus on energy efficiency: IoT SFMS relies on sensors and devices that
consume a significant amount of energy. However, the literature on energy-efficient

sensors and devices for IoT SFMS is relatively limited. Future research should focus on
developing energy-efficient sensors and devices to reduce the energy consumption of

IoT SFMS.

4. Limited focus on integration: IoT SFMS needs to be integrated with other systems
such as fleet management, maintenance, and scheduling systems to provide a
complete solution. However, the literature on integration frameworks for IoT SFMS is

limited. Future research should focus on developing integration frameworks that can
seamlessly integrate IoT SFMS with other systems.

5. Limited focus on user acceptance: User acceptance is critical for the success of any

technology, including IoT SFMS. However, the literature on user acceptance of IoT
SFMS is limited. Future research should focus on understanding the factors that

influence user acceptance of IoT SFMS.

In summary, the identified gaps in the existing literature on IoT SFMS include the lack
of empirical studies, limited focus on cybersecurity, limited focus on energy efficiency,

limited focus on integration, and limited focus on user acceptance. Addressing these
gaps will help researchers and practitioners fully realize the potential of IoT SFMS and

develop effective solutions that meet the needs of organizations in the fuel industry.

2.10.2 Research Opportunities and Areas of Exploration on IoT and Fuel

management system

The IoT and fuel monitoring system is a rapidly evolving field with several research
opportunities and areas of exploration. Here are some of the research opportunities

and areas of exploration:

1. Energy harvesting: IoT fuel monitoring systems rely on sensors and devices that
consume a significant amount of energy. Energy harvesting techniques, such as solar

and kinetic energy harvesting, can be used to power these sensors and devices without
the need for frequent battery replacements. Future research can explore the use of

energy harvesting techniques to improve the energy efficiency of IoT fuel monitoring
systems.

2. Edge computing: Edge computing is a distributed computing paradigm that brings

computation and data storage closer to the edge of the network. Edge computing can

be used to process data in real-time and reduce latency in IoT fuel monitoring systems.
Future research can explore the use of edge computing to improve the performance

of IoT fuel monitoring systems.

3. Artificial intelligence and machine learning: Artificial intelligence (AI) and

machine learning (ML) can be used to analyze large amounts of data collected by IoT

fuel monitoring systems. AI and ML can help organizations predict fuel usage, detect
anomalies, and optimize fuel delivery schedules. Future research can explore the use

of AI and ML in IoT fuel monitoring systems.

4. Blockchain: Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can be used to

securely record and track fuel transactions. Blockchain can help organizations ensure

the integrity and authenticity of fuel transactions while minimizing the risk of fraud.
Future research can explore the use of blockchain in IoT fuel monitoring systems.

5. Human factors: IoT fuel monitoring systems need to be designed with human

factors in mind to ensure user acceptance and adoption. Future research can explore
the factors that influence user acceptance of IoT fuel monitoring systems and develop

user-friendly interfaces and applications.

6. Interoperability: IoT fuel monitoring systems need to be interoperable with other

systems and devices to provide a complete solution. Future research can explore the

development of standard communication protocols and interfaces to ensure

interoperability between different systems and devices.

In summary, the IoT and fuel monitoring system presents several research

opportunities and areas of exploration, including energy harvesting, edge computing,

AI and ML, blockchain, human factors, and interoperability. Addressing these research
opportunities can help researchers and practitioners develop effective solutions that

meet the needs of organizations in the fuel industry.

2.10.3 Recommendations for Future Studies

Smart fuel management systems (SFMS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are
transforming the fuel industry by providing real-time visibility into fuel consumption

and inventory levels. Although significant progress has been made in this area, there
are still several research gaps and opportunities that need to be addressed to fully

realize the potential of SFMS and IoT in the fuel industry.

This paper presents recommendations for future studies of SFMS and IoT, based on
the research gaps and opportunities identified in the existing literature. The

recommendations include conducting empirical studies, developing robust security

mechanisms, improving energy efficiency, developing integration frameworks,

exploring the use of AI and ML, and focusing on user acceptance.

Empirical studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of proposed solutions and
identify areas for improvement. Robust security mechanisms are needed to protect

SFMS and IoT from cyber threats. Energy-efficient sensors and devices are needed to
reduce the energy consumption of SFMS and IoT. Integration frameworks are needed

to seamlessly integrate SFMS and IoT with other systems. AI and ML can be used to
analyze large amounts of data and optimize fuel delivery schedules. User acceptance

is critical for the success of SFMS and IoT, and user-centered design principles and
usability testing should be used to ensure user acceptance and adoption.

In summary, future studies of SFMS and IoT should focus on addressing the research

gaps and opportunities identified in the existing literature. This will help researchers
and practitioners develop effective solutions that meet the needs of organizations in

the fuel industry and fully realize the potential of SFMS and IoT.
 2.11 Conclusion
Fuel monitoring systems have become an increasingly important tool for fuel station

owners and operators to optimize fuel usage, reduce costs, and improve operational
efficiency. These systems have evolved over time to incorporate new technologies such

as IoT, data analytics, and predictive analytics. However, there are still some identified
gaps in the existing literature, including limited empirical research, lack of

standardization, limited focus on human factors, limited focus on SMEs, and limited
focus on developing countries.

To address these gaps, future studies should focus on empirical research,

standardization, human factors, environmental sustainability, developing countries,

integration with other systems, and cybersecurity. Continued research and

development in these areas can help fuel station owners and operators optimize their

operations, reduce costs, and improve sustainability.

In conclusion, fuel monitoring systems are a critical tool for fuel station owners and

operators to manage their operations effectively. By addressing the identified gaps in

the existing literature, researchers and industry professionals can continue to improve

these systems and enhance their impact on the fuel industry.

2.12 Table summary:

No Name, system Advantage Technology Remark
used
1 SANKI Fuel monitoring Smart console designed RS485-RS322 No specific
system (ATG) automatic for mobile petrol stations Serials, details
tank gauge or tank areas, No need for Modbus about
other protection
connection features or
instruments, Optimized
Technology capabilitie
micro-controller
technology, Well-formed s.
shape
2 DDA Automatic tank Industrial quality IOT Limited to
gauge monitor system microprocessor-based Technology use with
data acquisition and Level Plus
display system, provides DDA tank
intrinsically safe power gauges
and communications to only
tank gauges, displays
product and interface
level, temperature, alarm
status Provides alarm
contact outputs, analog
outputs, and
communication port
3 Fuel tank monitoring Advanced measurement IOT Enables
system, Kunlun and control technology Technology real-time
Real-time, accurate, monitorin
reliable, and economical g and
collection of multi-faceted control of
oil tank monitoring fuel
information Intelligent dispensing
analysis and processing of pumps
multi-parameter real-time
data Improved safety
management of fuel tank
area
4 PTS controller over fuel Uses paddle wheel flow Sensors, Specific to
dispensers and ATG sensors, load sensor, controllers, one
consoles microcontroller, LCD display, and cloud- proposed
and Wi-Fi module -Displays
based system
fuel intake and consumption
software design
values Replays collected
information to the cloud and
user's mobile device
5 Vijayakumar P. (2019) IoT New approach to design and IOT technology Focuses on
Based Smart Fuel implement an automated a new
Monitoring System fuel management system approach
Maintains account of fuel rather than
stations and prints receipt specific
automatically after every features or
 transaction capabilities

6 Raja Fazliza (2019)-Gas Automatic monitoring Node mcu Proposed s

Station Fuel Storage Tank system Gives real-time Technology ystem
Monitoring System using reading of fuel level and design usin
Internet of Things temperature in underground g ultrasonic
storage tank Alerts users sensor, wat
when fuel is on low stock or erproof
high temperature - Allows temperatur
remote monitoring via e sensor,
internet-connected devices NodeMCU,
and Blynk
7 Nang Khin Su Yee (2015) Controller compensates fuel Electronics Specific to
Fuel Monitoring and volume depending on control and one
Electronics control of temperature changes Uses IOT technology research
Dispenser for Fuel Station level sensor to monitor fuel study using
level in tank PIC16F877A
controller
and
LM35DZ
temperatur
e sensor

Figure (17) summary table

2.13 APPLICATION

On this figure (18) depicts an advanced fuel monitoring and management system that

utilizes sensors to gather data from the fuel tank and transmit it to a data display
device. This system allows for real-time monitoring of the fuel level, temperature,

pressure, and quality, and can trigger an alarm if any warning results occur.

The system is comprised of multiple sensors that are connected to the fuel tank to
collect data on the fuel level, temperature, pressure, and quality. This data is then

transmitted to a data display device, which presents real-time readings and enables
operators to monitor the quantities from remote locations. Additionally, the data can

be uploaded to the cloud, providing remote monitoring and management of the fuel
station.

The system is designed to provide precise and dependable measurements of the fuel

level, enhancing the station's operation and enabling accurate quantity processing.
The sensors can also detect the presence of water in the fuel, which can affect fuel

quality and cause damage to the fuel tanks and supply machines. Moreover, the system
can detect the presence of flammable gas, which can pose a safety hazard and trigger

an alarm to alert operators.

this advanced fuel monitoring and management system helps overcome the
challenges of fuel management, ensuring that the fuel station operates efficiently and

safely. By providing real-time monitoring of the fuel level, temperature, pressure, and
quality, the system can prevent potential problems and ensure that the fuel station

provides high-quality fuel to its customers, even if there is some water present.

The application of the fuel monitoring system is designed to provide accurate and
reliable measurements of the fuel level, temperature, pressure, and quality in real-time.

The system comprises multiple sensors that are connected to the fuel tank to gather
data on various parameters such as the fuel level, temperature, pressure, and quality.

This data is then transmitted to a data display device, allowing operators to monitor

the quantities from remote locations.

The data display device presents real-time readings, providing operators with an up-
to-date understanding of the fuel status. This allows for quick decision-making
and timely interventions, ensuring efficient and safe fuel usage. The data can also be

uploaded to the cloud, providing remote monitoring and management of the fuel
station. This feature allows for better management of fuel inventory, reduces the risk

of fuel theft, and enables timely maintenance of the storage tanks and dispensing
equipment.

Figure (18) application of suggested fuel monitoring automated system

 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this chapter is to present the research methodology used in the project.

The methodology is designed to ensure that the project is completed efficiently and
effectively, and that it meets the project objectives. The chapter is organized in a logical

manner, with each section building on the previous one, to provide a clear
understanding of the project's construction and analysis.

The first section of the chapter discusses the planning-based project methodology used

in the project. This methodology involves defining the project objectives, identifying
the project scope, and developing a project plan that includes the project schedule,

budget, and resources required for the project.

The second section of the chapter focuses on the project schedule, which outlines the
timeline for completing the project. The schedule includes the major milestones, tasks,

and deliverables for the project, and is used as a tool for tracking project progress and
ensuring that the project remains on track.

The third section of the chapter discusses the project programmers, which are the

software tools and programming languages used in the project. This section provides
an overview of the various components used in the project, such as the Raspberry Pi

controller and the set of sensors that will be used in the fuel monitoring system.

Finally, the chapter provides an overview of the components used in the project,
including the level sensor, temperature sensor, pH sensor, pressure sensor, gas sensor,
solenoid valve, and power solution. The section describes the function of each

component and how it contributes to the overall project objectives.

Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the research methodology

used in the project, and outlines the various components and tools that will be used to

construct and analyze the fuel monitoring system.

3.1 Project Methodology

The system development life cycle (SDLC) is the methodology used in this project. The

SDLC contains a distinct job description for each stage while maintaining project
objectives that can be broken down and managed in sections. Every stage of growth

takes place in an accurate sequence without overlapping or repeating.

phase1:
planing

phase5 : phase2:
Impleme
ntations analysis

phase4: phase3:
Desigin calculating

Figure (19) Project Methodology SDLC.

3.1.1 Planning

The first part of this study focuses on comprehensive planning to analyze the possibility
of monitoring the fuel level in the tank, the possibility of the presence of another

substance that may reduce the quality of the fuel, and showing the current temperature
of the tank using the monitoring system with sensors connected to the tank. Defining the

problem is the primary focus of the planning phase. Once a core problem has been
identified, the planning phase begins to formulate a solution approach. The distinguishing

criterion is the search in the project and the record, which allows the detection of damage
to equipment that uses fuel, whether in storage or in cars or fuel machines that are

damaged due to fuel quality, so the monitoring system detects the problem.

3.1.2 Analysis

In the analysis phase, assessment needs are researched and organized. The writer
gathers information from current journals or research papers and case studies from

different agents to establish constraints and details, as well as to define objectives for
the evaluation of a fuel control-related problem analysis. Relevant literary works and

products are analyzed to improve the procedure.

3.1.3 Calculation

In this step of the study, an in-depth analysis of the damages of not controlling the fuel
level and quality in the tank is done.

3.1.4 Design and Simulation

In this step of the study, the conceptual design of the control system and the fabrication

process from the 3D modeling of the proposed device, and its design for fuel control
is taken into consideration until the mechanism specifications and requirements. After

3D modeling of the proposed device, it is designed actually to control fuel. The case
study is.

3.1.5 Implementation

In this step of the studies, implementation is instigated as an application to design a

device that measures the fuel and detects the presence of another product, such as

water in the tank, and manufactures an application that facilitates the monitoring
process for the station or warehouse manager—implementation of all plans set for

designing the device and connecting sensors.

3.2 Development Methodology

The basis of these studies is collecting data from the oil and gas industry on the use of
technology to accurately operate fuel stations and measure quantities and check their

quality. After collecting the data, case studies are created with similar cases already
found in journals and scientific research. The data is analyzed so that the formulation

of the problem can be determined. After the data has been analyzed, the calculations
Discussions are held to resolve existing problems so that a decision is made between

repairing or replacing damaged equipment. The finite element analysis of fuel

measurement processes and its quality will be the end result of monitoring the fuel

level and discovering the presence of water in the tank, the prototype of the monitoring
system will be designed and tested to show the actual quantities of fuel and

temperature and the presence of a protection and alert system in the event of high
temperatures or gas emission that would cause a fire and also the existence of an

application to monitor quantities remotely solution to existing problems.

 Gathering Data

Analyze data

Calculation & Discussion

simulation

Designing ATG system

implemention & Testing

Figure (20) Development Methodology

3.3 Block Diagram

The block diagram represents the findings of research on problems with manual fuel
measurement processes and the checking of its quality. These problems can lead to

inaccurate readings from fuel station sensors, which can result in issues with fuel levels
and quantities. Inaccurate fuel quality detection can also lead to problems with cars and

fuel supply machines, and increased consumption of spare parts. A modern control

system that can detect the current quantities, temperature, and all fuel parameters in
the fuel tank is needed to solve these issues. The implementation of such a system

would be a significant technological advancement in the field of oil and gas. The project
aims to produce a prototype of the monitoring system as its final output.
Figure (21) Block Diagram

3.4 Flow chart of the system

This flowchart represents a basic sequence of steps for using a fuel monitoring system.
It starts by initializing the sensors and controllers. Then it reads the fuel level,

temperature, pressure, flow rate, gas concentration, and pH values from their respective
sensors. Afterward, the system checks the sensor values to determine if any action is

required.

If an action is necessary, such as refilling fuel or addressing a potential issue, the system

proceeds to open the electric valve. It then waits for the fuel to settle or stabilize,
ensuring accurate measurements. Once the settling time is complete, the system closes

the electric valve.

Finally, the system can perform logging or alerting to keep a record of the

measurements or notify relevant personnel about any anomalies or critical events.

Ultimately, the flowchart concludes with the end of the process.
 Please note that this flowchart provides a general overview and may require customization based

on specific requirements and system design.

Figure (22) Flow chart of fuel monitoring system

3.5 TOOLS AND HARDWARE

The project's development uses hardware and software to achieve its goals. The table

lists project hardware and software.

Fuel monitoring is a critical aspect of many industries, including transportation, power

generation, and manufacturing. It ensures that fuel is used efficiently and that safety

protocols are followed. To achieve this, a variety of hardware and tools are required to
accurately measure and monitor the fuel.

One of the most important components of fuel monitoring is the level sensor. This sensor

measures the level of fuel in the tank and provides information on when it needs to be
refilled. Temperature sensors are also crucial to monitor the temperature of the fuel, as it

can affect the performance of the engine or equipment.

The pH sensor is another important tool that measures the acidity or alkalinity of the fuel.
This information is critical as it helps to identify contamination and potentially harmful

substances in the fuel. Pressure sensors are used to monitor the pressure of the fuel in
the tank and ensure that it remains within safe operating limits.

Gas sensors are used to detect and monitor the presence of potentially harmful gases in

the fuel system. They can detect gas leaks and help prevent accidents and injuries.
Solenoid valves are also used in fuel monitoring systems to control the flow of fuel and

prevent overfilling or spills.

Finally, power solutions are required to power the various sensors and tools used in fuel
monitoring systems. This can range from battery-powered solutions for portable fuel

monitoring systems to AC-powered solutions for more permanent installations.

Overall, the hardware and tools used for fuel monitoring are critical to ensure safe and
efficient fuel usage, and they play an important role in many industries.
2.5.1 Tools and Hardware of the Project Table:

Specification of the Hardware Name of the Hardware to be Utilize

Input source • Level sensor

• Temperature sensor
• Ph sensor

• Pressure sensor
• Gas sensor

• Solenoid valve
• Power solution

Processor • Raspberry Pi 4

Output source • ATG smart display console

(Monitoring) Device

• Pc (web)
• Mobile Phone (web)

Figure (23) Tools and Hardware of the Project

2.5.2 Hardware and components Definition

1- Raspberry Pi 4B Microcontroller:

Figure (23) Raspberry pi 4B

Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/) is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United
Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom.[14] The Raspberry Pi
project originally leaned towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and
in developing countries.[15][16][17] The original model became more popular than
anticipated,[18] selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many
areas, such as for weather monitoring,[19] because of its low cost, modularity, and open design. It is
typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to its adoption of
the HDMI and USB standards.

After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity, named
Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO, with the responsibility of developing
technology.[20] The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the
teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries. Most Pis are made in
a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales,[21] while others are made in China and Japan.[22][23]

There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each have been released.
Raspberry Pi SBCs feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-
compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU), while
Raspberry Pi Pico has a RP2040 system on chip with an integrated ARM-compatible central
processing unit (CPU).

2- Ultrasonic JSN-SR04T Level sensor, Waterproof

Figure (24) ultrasonic jsn-sr04t

The ultrasonic JSN-SR04T sensor is a distance measuring sensor that uses sound waves
to determine the distance between the sensor and an object. It consists of a transceiver

module that emits ultrasonic waves and a receiver module that detects the reflected
waves. The sensor operates using the time-of-flight principle, which calculates the

distance by measuring the time it takes for the ultrasonic waves to travel to the object
and back to the sensor.

The JSN-SR04T sensor has a range of 2cm to 4 meters with an accuracy of up to 3mm.

It operates at a frequency of 40kHz and communicates with a microcontroller using a

trigger signal and an echo signal. When the trigger signal is sent, the sensor emits an

ultrasonic pulse and starts a timer. The echo signal is then sent when the reflected
wave is detected, and the timer is stopped. The microcontroller can then calculate the

distance based on the time elapsed and the speed of sound.

The JSN-SR04T sensor is commonly used in robotics, automation, and security

systems, and it is a popular choice due to its low cost and simple design. However, its

accuracy can be affected by factors such as temperature, humidity, and interference

from other ultrasonic sources. Proper calibration and filtering techniques can be used

to improve the accuracy of the measurements.

3- Temperature sensor DS18B20, Waterproof

Figure (25) Temperature sensor DS18B20

The DS18B20 is one type of temperature sensor and it supplies 9-bit to 12-bit readings
of temperature. These values show the temperature of a particular device. The

communication of this sensor can be done through a one-wire bus protocol which
uses one data line to communicate with an inner microprocessor

4- PH 4502c Sensor:

Figure (26) PH 4502c sensor

A pH sensor is a scientific device used to accurately measure acidity and alkalinity in

water and other liquid substances and get the water level.

The PH-4502C pH sensor module can be used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of
a fuel sample, which can provide an indication of the fuel quality. Fuel quality is an

important factor in ensuring efficient engine performance and preventing engine

damage.

5- Pressure Sensor: BMP180

Figure (27) Bmp180 pressure sensor

The BMP180 pressure sensor is a high-precision, low-power digital barometer that can
measure both atmospheric pressure and temperature. It is designed to be used in a

wide range of applications, including mobile devices, GPS modules, weather

forecasters, and altitude-hold functions in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

The BMP180 sensor uses advanced MEMS technology to provide accurate

pressure and temperature measurements with low power consumption. It has a

measuring range of 300 to 1100 hPa (hectopascals) with an accuracy of ±0.12 hPa in
advanced resolution mode. It also has a temperature measuring range of -40°C to

+85°C with an accuracy of ±1°C.

The BMP180 sensor communicates with a microcontroller using the I2C

communication protocol. It has a built-in 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that

converts the analog sensor readings into digital values that can be read by the
microcontroller. The sensor also includes internal calibration coefficients stored in its

non-volatile memory, allowing it to provide accurate measurements without the need

for external calibration.
6- Gas Sensor MQ-2 (Co2-Gas-Flame Detection):

Figure (28) mq-2 gas sensor

The MQ-2 LPG Butane Hydrogen Gas Sensor Detection Module is useful for gas leak
detection (home and industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, alcohol,

smoke or propane. Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, the measurement
can be performed as soon as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be set by the

potentiometer.

MQ-2 gas sensor using gas sensitive material should be clean air in low conductivity
tin oxide (SnO2). When the sensor is present When flammable gases are present in the

environment The conductivity of the sensor increases with the increase in the
concentration of the flammable gas in the air , and its very necessary to detect the fuel

vapor and flame .

7- Flow Rate sensor:

Figure (29) flow rate sensor

The YF-S201C flow rate sensor is a type of turbine flow sensor that is designed to
measure the flow rate of liquids, such as water or fuel. It consists of a plastic housing

with a turbine wheel inside that rotates when the liquid flows through the sensor. The

rotation of the turbine wheel generates pulses that are proportional to the flow rate
of the liquid, and these pulses can be counted and used to calculate the flow rate.

The YF-S201C sensor has a measuring range of 1-30 liters per minute (L/min) with an

accuracy of ±2%. The sensor operates at a voltage of 5V DC and communicates with

a microcontroller using a pulse output signal. Each pulse represents a certain volume

of liquid that has passed through the sensor, and the microcontroller can calculate the
flow rate by counting the number of pulses per unit of time.

One advantage of the YF-S201C sensor is its simple design and low cost, which makes

it a popular choice for applications that require basic flow rate monitoring. However,
its accuracy can be affected by factors such as temperature, viscosity, and the
properties of the liquid being measured. Calibration and filtering techniques can be
used to improve the accuracy of the measurements in such cases.

The YF-S201C sensor is commonly used in various applications, such as water heaters,

industrial control systems, and fuel monitoring systems. It is a reliable and cost-
effective solution for measuring the flow rate of liquids in many different
environments.
A flow Rate meter (or flowmeter) is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear,
volumetric or mass flow rate of a liquid or a gas.

8- LCD Touchscreen HD Display 10.1 inch

Figure (30) 10.1-inch LCD display

The Raspberry Pi 10.1-inch LCD display is a high-resolution touchscreen display that

is designed to work with the Raspberry Pi single-board computer. The display features

a 10.1-inch IPS panel with a resolution of 1280 x 800 pixels and supports up to 10-
point touch input.

The Raspberry Pi 10.1-inch LCD display connects to the Raspberry Pi board using

a ribbon cable and can be easily mounted on top of the board. The display also
includes an on-board driver circuit that allows the Raspberry Pi to control the display

using the Display Serial Interface (DSI) protocol.

The display is compatible with all Raspberry Pi models that have a 40-pin GPIO header,
including the Raspberry Pi 4, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B,

and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B. It can be used for a variety of applications, such as

creating interactive kiosks, digital signage, or as a portable touchscreen display for the

Raspberry Pi.
In addition to its high-resolution display, the Raspberry Pi 10.1-inch LCD display also

includes a built-in audio amplifier and a pair of speakers, allowing for audio output
directly from the display. The display also features a wide viewing angle, making it easy

to view from different angles.

9- solenoid valve 12DC

Figure (31) solenoid valve 12DC

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical device that is used to control the flow of fluid
or gas through a pipe or duct. It consists of a coil of wire, a plunger, and a valve body.

When an electric current is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that pulls the
plunger into the coil, opening or closing the valve and allowing or blocking the flow

of fluid or gas.

A solenoid valve that operates on 12V DC (direct current) is designed to be powered

by a 12V DC power supply, such as a battery or a DC power adapter. This type of

solenoid valve is commonly used in applications that require low power consumption
or where an AC (alternating current) power source is not available.

The main advantage of a solenoid valve that operates on 12V DC is its low power
consumption, which makes it suitable for use in battery-powered applications or other

low-power systems. Additionally, DC solenoid valves are often more precise and
faster-acting than AC solenoid valves, making them a popular choice for applications
that require high speed and accuracy.

Solenoid valves that operate on 12V DC can be used in a variety of applications, such
as irrigation systems, pneumatic control systems, and automotive applications. They

are available in different configurations, such as normally open or normally closed, and
can be made from a variety of materials to suit different types of fluids or gases.

10- Portable Power station solutions

Figure (32) power station device

power station solutions can be customized to meet the specific energy needs of a
particular location. For example, larger solar panel arrays and battery banks can be

used to provide higher energy output, while smaller systems can provide enough
power to run low-power devices such as lighting or communication equipment.

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