Chapter 4

Inertia and Two-

Dimensional Motion

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4.1 Newton’s First Law

• Everybody continues in the state of rest or of

uniform motion in a straight line unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces impressed
upon it.

• The law involves a property of bodies called inertia:

The inertia of a body is its tendency to resist any
change in its state of motion.

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4.1 Newton’s First Law

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4.1 Newton’s First Law

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

av

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion

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4.3 Projectile Motion

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4.3 Projectile Motion

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4.3 Projectile Motion

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• When throwing a ball straight up, which of the following is
true about its velocity and acceleration at the highest point in
its path?
• A. both v = 0 and a = 0
• B. v ≠ 0, a = 0
• C. v = 0, a ≠ 0
• D. v ≠ 0, a ≠ 0
• E. not really sure

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 • WhenWhenthrowing
throwing a ball straight
a ball straightup,
up,which
which of
of the following is
the following
is true
true about
about its velocity
its velocity and and acceleration
acceleration at the highest
at the highest point in
point in its path?
its path?
• A.A.both
bothvv== 00 andand aa==00
• B.B.vv≠≠0,0,aa == 00
• C.C.vv==0, 0, aa ≠
≠ 00
• D.D.vv≠≠0,0,aa ≠≠ 00
• E.E.not
not really
really sure
sure

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Which of these three balls would
hit the floor first if all three left
the tabletop at the same time
(They all start with a vertical
velocity of zero) ?

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They will hit the floor at the same
time

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• A rifle sight is set so that you will hit a target at 100 m. If, instead, you
wish to hit a target closer than 100 m, should you aim high or low?

• A. You should aim high, since the bullet will drop due to the effect of
gravity
• B. You should aim directly at the target, if the rifle sight is set, it will
aim true no matter the distance to the target
• C. You should aim low, since the bullet will not drop as much as
expected due to the effect of gravity

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 • AArifle
riflesight
sight is
is set sothat
set so thatyou
youwill
willhithita a target
target at 100m.
at 100m. If, instead,
If, instead, you
you wish to hit a target closer than 100m, should you
wish to hit a target closer than 100m, should you aim high or low? aim high
or low?

• A. You should aim high, since the bullet will drop due to the
effect ofYou
A. should aim high, since the bullet will drop due to the
gravity
effect of gravity
• B. You should aim directly at the target, if the rifle sight is set, it
will aimYou
B. trueshould aimthe
no matter directly at to
distance the
thetarget,
target if the rifle sight is
set, it will aim true no matter the distance to the target
• C. You should aim low, since the bullet will not drop as much as
C. You
expected dueshould aim low,
to the effect since the bullet will not drop as
of gravity
much as expected due to the effect of gravity

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4.4 Uniform Circular Motion

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4.4 Uniform Circular Motion

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4.5 Inertia Reference Frames

• A reference frame in which Newton’s first law is

valid is called an inertial reference frame.

• In an inertial reference frame, a body subject to no

net force will either stay at rest or move at constant
velocity.

• The laws of mechanics have the same form in all

inertial frames.

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4.5 Inertia Reference Frames

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4.6 Relative Velocity

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4.6 Relative Velocity

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4.6 Relative Velocity

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4.7 The Galilean Transformation

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4.7 The Galilean Transformation

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4.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion

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4.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion

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4.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion

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Special Topic:
Real Projectiles --- shotput (I)
• Q: At what angle should the shot be projected to
obtained maximum range (the initial velocity is v0)?

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Special Topic:
Real Projectiles --- shotput (I)
• Q: At what angle should the shot be projected to
obtained maximum range?

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Special Topic:
Real Projectiles --- shotput (II)

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Special Topic:
Real Projectiles --- shotput (III)

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Exercises

• A Frisbee is loaded in a tree 6.4 m above the ground. A rock

thrown from below must be going at least 3 m/s to dislodge
the Frisbee. How fast must such a rock be thrown upward if
it leaves the thrower's hand 1.3 m above the ground?

• Droplets in an ink-jet printer are ejected horizontally at 12

m/s and travel a horizontal distance of 1.0 mm to the paper.
How far do they fall in this interval? .

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