Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.

Tech VI Semester (AR20)

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 1

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

Block Diagram For Pendulum

Fig1.Radar Trainer System For Moving Pendulum

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 2

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT UESING DOPPLER RADAR

AIM:

To Find Frequency of Pendulum and Tuning Fork by using Doppler Radar

APPARATUS:

1. Radar Trainer system.

2. PC with RF-Beam signal viewer Software.
3. Experimental manual.
4. Digital Storage Oscilloscope.
5. Pendulum.
6. Tuning fork (256Hz)
7. USB Cable.

THEORY:
If the target is not stationary, then there will be a change in the frequency of the
signal that is transmitted from the Radar and that is received by the Radar. This
effect is known as the Doppler Effect. According to the Doppler Effect, we will get
the following two possible cases −
 The frequency of the received signal will increase, when the target moves towards
the direction of the Radar.
 The frequency of the received signal will decrease, when the target moves away from
the Radar.

Analyzation Of Doppler Frequency

The distance between Radar and target is nothing but the Range of the target or
simply range, R. Therefore, the total distance between the Radar and target in a two-
way communication path will be 2R, since Radar transmits a signal to the target and
accordingly the target sends an echo signal to the Radar. If λ is one wave length, then
the number of wave lengths N that are present in a two-way communication path
between the Radar and target will be equal to 2R/λ2.We know that one wave
length λ corresponds to an angular excursion of 2π radians. So, the total angle of
excursion made by the electromagnetic wave during the two-way communication path
between the Radar and target will be equal to 4πR/λ radians.
Following is the mathematical formula for angular frequency, ω –
ω=2πf Eq (1)

Following equation shows the mathematical relationship between the angular

frequency ω and phase angle ϕ –
ω= dϕ /dt Eq (2)

Equate the right hand side terms of Equation 1 and Equation 2 since the left hand side terms of
those two equations are same.
2πf=dϕ / dt
⇒f=1/2π dϕ /dt Eq (3)

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 3

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

Block Diagram For Tuning Fork

Fig2.Radar Trainer System for Moving Tuning Fork

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 4

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

Substitute, f =fd and ϕ=4πR/λ in Equation 3.

fd=1/2πd/dt(4πR/λ)

⇒fd=1/2π 4π/λ dR/dt

⇒fd=2Vr/λ Eq (4)
Where,
fd=is the Doppler frequency
Vr=is the relative velocity
We can find the value of Doppler frequency fd by substituting the values
of Vr and λ in Equation 4.
Substitute, λ=C/f in Equation 4.

fd =2Vr C/f

⇒fd=2Vrf/C Eq (5)
Where,
f =is the frequency of transmitted signal

C= is the speed of light and it is equal to 3×10^8m/sec

We can find the value of Doppler frequency, fd by substituting the values of Verify
f and C in Eq 5.

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 5

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

PROCEDURE:

For pendulum

1. Do the Experimental setup as shown in Fig 1. To set up hardware for the experiment.
2. Pendulum should oscillate perpendicular to the radar transreceiver
3. Assemble the pendulum on the stand provided for this, refer to the photograph as shown
below.
4. Connect radar trainer System to the computer with USB cable provided.
5. Radar Trainer System does not require external power supply. It gets power from Computer.
6. The computer will treat radar training system hardware as “USB Sound System” & thus does
not require any driver.
7. When pendulum moves to and from in front of transceiver antenna it will reflect the incoming
microwave Signal.
8. The reflections can be observed on RF-Beam Signal Viewer software or on DSO at Amplified
Radar signal Post.
9. Measure the time period for received signal on DSO. Measured time is the time required by
pendulum to complete one oscillation. From this calculate the frequency of pendulum.
10. In another case move the pendulum in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the radar.
Analyse the difference in their reflected signals.
11. Vary length of pendulum, and find out the different Time periods using Radar.
12. Theoretically Time Period of pendulum is given by: T = 2π. √(l/g) where l is length of
pendulum and g is constant 9.8 m/s2.

For Tuning Fork

1. Do the experimental setup as shown in fig 2. Connect radar trainer System to the computer
with provided USB cable.
2. Hit the tuning fork to rubber pad and hold in front of trans-receiving antenna of the radar.
3. Observe reflected signal due to the damped oscillation of the tuning fork in time domain
display of the software or at Amplified Radar Signal port.
4. Measure the frequency of the oscillation of tuning fork using spectrum of Rfbeam software.
5. Compare the practical value of oscillation with the frequency of the tuning fork given on it
and you can find out the accuracy of the radar.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Time Domain Display of Signal Viewer software.

2. Frequency Domain Display of Signal Viewer software.
3. Amplified radar Signal on Front panel of System.

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 6

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

Fig 3.Snap of software window shows reflections due to movement of pendulum.

Fig 4. Snap of software window shows damped oscillations of tuning fork

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 7

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

RESULT:
The Oscillation frequency of moving pendulum & tuning fork is calculated by using Doppler
Radar

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 8

 Advanced Communication Engineering Lab B.Tech VI Semester (AR20)

Dept of ECE, Aditya Engineering 9