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Design
g of Permanent Joints
J

Welding Symbols
 Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or
more parts are fused together by means of heat,
pressure or both forming a joint as the parts cool.
 Welding is usually used on metals and
thermoplastics.
 The completed welded joint may be referred to as a
weldment.
 The welds must be precisely specified on working
drawings, and this is done by using the welding
symbol, shown in Fig. as standardized by the
American Welding Society (AWS).
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 The arrow of this symbol points to the joint to be

welded. The body of the symbol contains as
many of the following elements as are deemed
necessary:
• Reference line
• Arrow
• Basic weld symbols as in Fig.
• Dimensions and other data
• Supplementary symbols
• Finish symbols
• Tail
• Specification or process
 The arrow side of a joint is the line, side, area, or
near member to which the arrow points. The side
opposite the arrow side is the other side. 3

Fig: The AWS standard welding symbol showing the

location of the symbol elements.
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Arc- and gas-weld symbols.

Fillet welds. The number

indicates the leg size; the arrow
should point only to one weld
when both sides are the same
The symbol indicates
that the welds are
intermittent and
staggered 60 mm
along on 200-mm 5
centers.

 The circle on the weld

symbol indicates that
the welding is to go all
around.

 Butt or groove welds:

(a) square butt-welded
on both sides; (b) single
V with 60° bevel and
root opening of 2 mm;
(c) double V; (d) single
bevel.

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 Special groove welds: (a) T joint for thick plates;

(b) U and J welds for thick plates; (c) corner weld
(may also have a bead weld on inside for greater
strength but should not be used for heavy loads);7
(d) edge weld for sheet metal and light loads.

Butt Welds

 Figure shows a single V-groove weld loaded by

the tensile force F.
F
 For either tension or compression loading, the
average normal stress is

 where h is the weld throat and l is the length of 8

the weld (h does not include reinforcement)

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 If fatigue loads exist, it is good practice to grind or

machine off the reinforcement.
 The average stress in a butt weld due to shear
loading

Fillet Welds
 At angle Ө the forces
on each weldment
consist of a normal
force Fn and a shear
force Fs. Summing
forces in the x
and y directions
gives 9

 Using the law of sines for the triangle

 Solving for the throat thickness t

 The nominal stresses at the angle Ө in the

weldment, τ and σ, are

 The von Mises stress σ’ at angle Ө is

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 The largest von Mises stress occurs at Ө = 62.5°

with a value of
 The corresponding values of τ and σ are

 The maximum shear stress can be found by y

differentiating Eq. of τ with respect to Ө and
equating to zero.
 This point occurs at Ө = 67.5° with a corresponding

 Stress concentrations
St t ti exist
i t att A and
d B on the
th
horizontal leg and at B on the vertical leg.
 Actual plot of stress along AB and BC are given by
Norris and Salakian.
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Stress distribution in fillet welds:

(a) stress distribution on the legs as reported by Norris
(b) distribution of principal stresses and maximum
shear stress as reported by Salakian. 12

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 The most important concept here is that we have no

analytical approach that predicts the existing
stresses.
 The approach has been to use a simple and
conservative model, verified by testing as
conservative.
ti
 Consider the external loading to be carried by shear
forces on the throat area of the weld. By ignoring
the normal stress on the throat, the shearing
stresses are inflated sufficiently to render the model
conservative.
 Use distortion energy for significant stresses.
 Circumscribe typical cases by code.
 For this model, the basis for weld analysis or design
employs
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 Note that this inflates the maximum estimated

shear stress by a factor of 1.414/1.207 = 1.17.

 Under circumstances of combined loading we

 Examine p primary
y shear stresses due to external
forces.
 Examine secondary shear stresses due to
torsional and bending moments.
 Estimate the strength(s) of the parent metal(s).
 Estimate the strength of deposited weld metal.
 E ti
Estimatet permissible
i ibl load(s)
l d( ) ffor parentt metal(s).
t l( )
 Estimate permissible load for deposited weld
metal.

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Stresses in Welded Joints in Torsion

 The reaction
at the
support of a
cantilever
always
consists of a
shear force
V and a
moment M

 The shear
force
produces a primary shear in the welds of magnitude

where A is the throat area of all the welds.

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 The moment at the support produces secondary

shear or torsion of the welds, and this stress is
given by the equation

where r is the distance from the Centroid of the

weld group to the point in the weld of interest and
J is the second polar moment of area of the weld
group about the centroid of the group.
 r is usually the farthest distance from the centroid
of the weld group.

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E: Electrode; First two or three digits: tensile strength

(in thousands of psi); Last digit: Variable in the welding
technique such as Current; Next to last digit: indicates
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the welding position.

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Reference Books
 Mechanical Engineering Design by J. E.
Shigle McGraw-Hill
Shigley, McG a Hill

 Design of Machine Element by V. B. Bhandari,

Tata McGraw-Hill

 Machine Design An Integrated Approach by R

R. L.
L
Norton, Pearson Prentice Hall

 Design Data – PSG College of Technology

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Questions ??

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Thank You.

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