electric and magnetic fields represented actual stresses and strains in an invisible primordial

jellylike "ether." Special relativity has forced us to abandon the notion of ether, and with it
Maxwell's mechanical interpretation of electromagnetic fields. (It is even possible, though
cumbersome, to formulate classical electrodynamics as an "action-at-a-distance" theory,
and –dispense
24/08/2023 with– Profesor
Campos I (Fis220) the field concept
Rodolfo Gallardoaltogether.) I can't tell you, then, what a field is-only
how to calculate it and what it can do for you once you've got it.
1
Clase 6 – El Campo Eléctrico
Problem 2.2 $
1 𝑞"
𝐄(𝐫) = and *
(a) Find the electric field (magnitude . a distance z above the midpoint between
# 𝓻"
direction)
4𝜋𝜖! 𝓇 "
two equal charges, q, a distance d apart (Fig.
"%& 2.4). Check that your result is consistent with
what you'd expect when z d.
1
» 𝑑𝑞
(b) Repeat part (a), only this 𝐄(𝐫) =
time make the .
/right-hand
𝓻 charge -q instead of +q .
4𝜋𝜖! 𝓇 #

Para una carga lineal es:

& *+𝐫 " - •p

𝐄(𝐫) = '() ∫𝒫

p
!

Para una carga superficial:

𝓇#
. 𝑑𝑙 /
𝓻

(a) Continuous
-L
dl'
(b) Line charge, A.
& 1+𝐫 " - distribution
𝐄(𝐫) = '() ∫𝒮 . 𝑑𝑎/
𝓻
! 𝓇# 4 .p
z
Para una carga volumétrica: dr:'

& 3+𝐫 " -

𝐄(𝐫)
q =d/2 . 𝑑𝑉′
∫d/2 q𝓻 (c) Surface charge, (J (d) Volume charge, p
'() 𝒱 𝓇 #!

EJERCICIO: Encuentre
Figure 𝑧 por encima
2.4 el campo eléctrico a una distanciaFigure 2.5 del centro de
un disco circular plano de radio 𝑅, que lleva una carga superficial uniforme 𝜎. ¿Qué
ocurre en el límite 𝑅 → ∞? También marque el caso 𝑧 ≫ 𝑅.

2.1.4 Continuous Charge Distributions

Our definition of the electric field (Eq. 2.4), assumes that the source of the field is a collection
of discrete point charges qj. If, instead, the charge is distributed continuously over some
region, the sum becomes an integral (Fig. 2.5a):

E(r) = -1-
47fEo
f I ,
24dq.
1-
(2.5)

1 Las siguientes notas permiten complementar la clase. Pueden tomar apuntes en ellas mismas o traspasar al cuaderno.

1
24/08/2023 – Campos I (Fis220) – Profesor Rodolfo Gallardo
72 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

Divergencia y Rotor de Campos Electrostáticos

1. DIVERGENCIA Y ROTOR DE CAMPOS ELECTROSTÁTICOS

El flujo de 𝐄(𝐫) a través de una superficie 𝒮 es:

𝛷5 ≡ / 𝐄(𝐫) ⋅ 𝑑𝐚
\ Gaussian surface 𝒮

1
Figure 2.19 𝛷5 = 𝑄 Figure 2.20
𝜖! 6$7
𝜌
2.2. DIVERGENCE AND CURL OF ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS 73
𝛁⋅𝐄=
𝜖!
Now,
Example 2.3symmetry dictates that E must point radially outward, so for the curved portion of the
Gaussian cylinder we have:

A long cylinder (Fig. 2.21) carries a charge density that is proportional to the distance from
the axis: p = ks, for some constant jlE1da=IElj
jE.da= k. Find the electricda=IEI2rrsl,
field inside this cylinder.

Solution: Draw a Gaussian cylinder of length 1 and radius s. For this surface, Gauss's law
while the two ends contribute nothing (here E is perpendicular to da). Thus,
states:

1. E . da= =--rrkls
IEI2rrsl
I 2 Qenc.3
.
j EO
EO 3
S

Thefinally,
or, enclosed charge is
I 2,

Qenc = J p dr = J E= -ks s.
3EO
(ks')(05' ds' d¢ dz) = 2n kl is 05'2 ds' = kls 3 .

(I used the volume element appropriate to cylindrical coordinates, Eq. 1.78, and integrated ¢
Example 2.4
from 0 to 2n, dz from 0 to 1. I put a prime on the integration variable s', to distinguish it from
the radius s of the Gaussian surface.)
An infinite plane carries a uniform surface charge (Y. Find its electric field.

Solution: Draw a "Gaussian pillbox," extending equal distances above and below the plane
(Fig. 2.22). Apply Gauss's law to this surface:

1. E . da = Qenc.
j EO

In this case, Qenc = (Y A, where A is the area of the lid of the pillbox. By symmetry, E points
away from the plane (upward for points above, downward for points below). Thus, the top and
bottom surfaces yield 2
J
E . da = 2AIEI,
Figure 2.21