ELEMENTS OF ART

1. Line- is the path of a moving point. Lines define the edges of shapes and forms.

______________________________

2. Shape- is an area enclosed by line. It is 2 dimensional and can be

geometric or

organic.

3. Forms- are 3-Dimesional. They occupy

space or give the illusion that they occupy the space.

4. Color- is the most expressive element of

art and is seen by the way light reflects

of a surface and also adds interest and reality to an artwork.

5. Value- is the lightness and darkness of a

surface. It is often referred to when shading. Value is also important in
the
study of color.
6. Texture- is the actual surface feel or the simulated appearance
of roughness, smoothness and many others.

7. Space- is the distance around, between,

above, below, and within an object.

PRINCIPLES OF ART

1. Balance- refers to the visual of the elements of the composition. It is a

sense that the painting “feels stable and feels right”.

2. Contrast- is the difference between elements of art in the composition,

such that each element is made stronger in relation to the other.

3. Emphasis- is when the artist creates an area of the composition that is visually dominant and
commands the viewer’s attention.

4. Pattern- is
the uniform
repetition of any of the elements of art
or any combination thereof.

5. Movement- is the result of using the elements of art such that they move
the viewer’s eye around and within the image.

6. Rhythm- is created by movement complied through the

repetition of elements of art in a non-uniform but organized
way.

7. Unity/Variety- is visually pleasing agreement among the elements in a

design; it is the feeling that everything in the work of art works together and
looks like it fits.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS AND CRAFTS IN LUZON

ILOCOS REGION AND THE CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

ILOCOS REGION

 Inabel literally means “woven” and abel is Ilocano term for weave. You can
interpret Inabel as pertaining to any kind of woven fabric but it is mostly used
to refer to that distinctly Ilocano textile of plane or patterned woven cotton
made in hardwood looms using techniques passed down through generation.
The abel is the traditional woven product of Vigan and Ilocos region. The abel
cloth is known for being a strong and colorful material. The fabric is so strong
and beautiful that some families have them as heirlooms that last long as their
antic furnishing. The abel is made from yarns of cotton or sagut plant that are
source of their materials from the many lands in Northern Luzon.
After the cotton is harvested, it is prepared to be made into yarns and dyed into different colors. The different colored yarns
are then arranged in a wooden hand loom to create varied and unique designs. The process is intricate and labor-intensive.
Weavers must master synchronizing the movements of their hands and feet to properly use the wooden hand loom.

 Calle Crisologo is considered as the “intramuros of the North”, retains the Spanish
colonial architecture along its narrow and cobble-stoned streets in Vigan.

 Pottery is the process of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other
ceramic materials which are fired and exposed to high temperatures to give
them a hard, durable form.
Pots in the Philippines have different sizes, shapes, and designs. Pottery became
more functional as the time pass by. An example of this is palayok, which is
used for cooking. Banga and tapayan are used for storing liquids. There is also
the clay-made stove or kalan. The making of burnay pottery in Ilocos Sur is still
a lively tradition that continues up to the present.

KALINGA

 Tattoo is the marking or coloring of the skin. Tribal tattoos are derived from
ancient tribal art. In many cultures, getting tattooed was (and still is) a rite of
passage. Modern tribal tattoos are based on ancient designs. These cultures used
their art to depict social status and family identification.
Filipino tattoos have a rich history, dating back before the Philippine islands were
colonized by Spaniards. When Spanish ships first arrived, they were greeted by the heavily-tattooed Visayas tribe and they
called the islands “La Isla De Los Pintados” which meant “The Island of the Painted Ones”. In the Philippines, tattoos were
seen as a source of accomplishment and rank. Men bore ink on their chests and heads as a signs of their strength as warriors.
Women wore detailed lines on their arms and wrists (Visayas and Mindanao tribes) or full chest and arm tattoos (Luzon
mountain tribes) and they were seen as marks of beauty. Most tattoos were earned through the passage of rites ceremonies, or
for accomplishing tasks. The styles varied depending on the region and tribe that the people came from.
 Wang-od is the last “mambabatok” or traditional Kalinga tattoo artist.

 Kadangyan is a burial cloth known in Mountain Province, woven by female elders.

  Basketry
The basketry of the Kalinga shows their fine craftsmanship. The labba is a bowl-shaped basket made from rattan, with sizes
that vary from 20 to 150 cm in diameter.

 Jewelry decorative objects such as wings, necklaces, and earrings that people wear
on their body.
Jewelry making is a source of livelihood for the family and it is traditionally a
home-based industry. The government gives their support and attention in this
industry. By this support, the country became the top producer of gold.
There are two major product categories that the fine jewelry industries in the
Philippines are engaged for production. First category is the metal jewelries which
are made of gold and silver.
It can be in the form of wings, earrings, bracelets, brooches, pendants, necklaces, tie pins, and
a cuff links. Decorative items like spoons and forks, and office items such as pen and pen
holders are also included in this category. Second category is the pearl jewelry, these are
unworked or worked pearls. Colored gemstones like emerald, rubies, and sapphires are also in
this group.

IFUGAO

 Wood Sculpture “Bul’ul”- is a wooden sculpture that represents the rice granary
spirits. It is used in rituals that are performed to call the ancestors to protect their
rice fields from pestilence and to ask for an abundant harvest.
 Bul’ul has simplified shape of a human being, whether male or female. It consists
of a simplified head, a torso, and a pair of hands and legs mounted on a platform for
stability. It is carve out of strong narra or ipil wood and sometimes stone. Sizes also
vary, depending on its use.

 Dinumug or Lingling-o are amulets made from jade, gold, copper, bronze, stone and
other materials. These are fertility symbols worn around the neck.

 Ginaspala wanes the men’s traditional attire is called wanes. The women use a short
and narrow wrap around skirt called lufid, which extends from the navel to the knees,
and has side opening.
The Ginaspala wanes designs are composed of continuous zigzag patterns woven in
double faced with braided warps that end as tassels.

ABRA

 Bankudo are noted for their white textile with horizontal stripes found in the edges ( like
those in the bankudo or wrap around skirt) or vertical stripes in the center ( like those
found in the balwasi or female blouse)

CAGAYAN VALLEY AND CENTRAL LUZON

CAGAYAN VALLEY

 Ivatan House is made primarily of lime, stone, wood and thatch. It commonly consists of
two structures, the house proper
 and the kitchen or storage area. It is famous for its resilience to typhoons.
The Ivatans live in houses made of coral and limestone cement with thatched roof made of grass. Their houses have square
structures that have two big windows as big as doorways. With the presence of typhoons all year round, the houses’ walls and
roofs need to be built almost a meter thick, while the floor is raised about two meters high.

ISABELA

 Tumauini Church is a Roman Catholic Parish church of San Matias apostle. This
Baroque church was built in 1873 and can be found in the municipality of Tumauini,
Isabela. It is made from red bricks ornamented with carvings of flowers, leaves,
scallops, saints, religious symbols, and other fanciful motifs. The unique cylindrical
belfry of the church looks like a huge wedding cake because of its design motifs like
laces, hearts and beads.

NUEVA VIZCAYA

 Bakwat is a belt used by mothers after giving birth. This cloth, unlike of the Ikat of
the Ifugaos, is usually made of white with beads as accents and patterns of rivers and
mountains with beadworks on the central portion of the cloth.

BULACAN

 Bulacan arts and crafts include the singkaban, pastillas wrappers, fire crackers,
and goldsmithing in Mecauayan.
The women cut intricately- designed pastillas wrappers adorned with different
linear, curvilinear, and geometric designs that depict local floras and scenes of
everyday rural life.
 Singkaban is a local term for bamboo arches designed with a kayas or
woodshaving. These are used as decorative arches that adorn the entrance of a barangay or town during fiestas and other
grand celebrations.

PAMPANGA

 Pampanga is known for its giant lanterns or parol. Its special feature is its
dancing lights and several shapes, and colors that form intricate geometric
patterns.
The patterns change with the rotation of a special rotor that controls the lights
inside the parol. The parols are used to adorn houses, streets and building, not only
in Pampanga but all over the Philippines during the Christmas season.
These are created from steel frames and other locally available materials. The
Pampanga lanterns are progressively developed as they become bigger and the designs become more complicated.

ZAMBALES

 Spanish gate is one of the historic landmarks located in Olongapo City, Zambales.
It was built in 1885. It faced the Spanish era settlement of Olongapo and used to
serve as the west gate of the armory of the town.

It has high walls made from locally quarried stone connected to the south gate that
faced the waterfront.
Aside from being used as an entrance and exit to the naval station, it was also used
as a jail during the Spanish and American occupation.
BATAAN

 Abucay Church is a 17th-century Baroque church located at Brgy.

Laon, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines. The parish church founded by the Dominican
Missionary Friars in 1588, is dedicated to Saint Dominic of Guzman.
The church door was embossed with figures of a bull, a man, an eagle and what appears
to be a jaguar.

CALABARZON AND BICOL REGION

LAGUNA

 Taka refers to paper machѐ (papier machѐ) made using a curved wooden sculpture used as a mold. The craft originated in
the town of Paete, Laguna.
Paper Machѐ is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp,
sometimes reinforced with textiles, bound with an adhesive, such as blue starch,
or wall paper paste.
Paper machѐ makes use of paper strips glued together with adhesive, and the
other uses paper pulp obtained by soaking or boiling paper to which glue is then
added. A form of support is needed to glue the paper strips.
 Paete one of the towns in Laguna, is famous for its wood carving and is
considered as the “Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines.” The local term for
carving is ukit. Paete carvers usually produced wooden religious images and
wood panels with decorative floral patterns and florid geometrical designs.

RIZAL PROVINCE

 Higantes are big papier machѐ

figures of humans that represent
farmers and fisherman. According to stories, the original higantes were
representation of hacienderos during the Spanish colonial period. The inhabitants
of Angono paraded theses higantes on the streets to ridicule the arrogant and
cruel landlords.
The earliest known “higantes” are composed of a father, mother, and a child
measuring between seven to ten feet. These are traditionally paraded on the 22 nd and 23rd of November in Angono during the
higantes festival that highlights the town fiesta celebration.

TAAL, BATANGAS

 Taal, Batangas is famous for producing embroidered piña fabric, made from the
fibers of pineapple and woven into a costly fabric. These are used for piña barong,
wedding gowns, and other formal attires.The burda, called calado, is painstakingly
made by three groups of people- the designer, the embroiderer, and the cutter. The
most common motifs for their embroidery are leaves and flowers, which enhance
the fine, smooth, and delicate qualities of the textile.
 Balisong is also known as butterfly knife. Its name is derived from “bali”, the
Filipino term for broken, and “sungay”, which means horn. This is a type of knife that
 can be folded closed like a fan and come in different sizes. Batangas is considered as the “Balisong Capital of the
Philippines”.

QUEZON

 The town of Lucban is famous for the Pahiyas Festival celebrated on the 15th of May
to honor San Isidro Labrador, the patron saint of farmers.During the festival, the
town’s people decorate their houses with product and colorful thin rice wafers called
kiping. The kiping is made from ground glutinous rice that is thinly “on mature leaves
and steamed over low fire”.

BICOL REGION

 Among the arts and crafts of the Bicol Region includes baskets, bags, slippers,
coin purses, and other crafts that are made from abaca and raffia fibers. The
abundance of these natural fibers in the region allowed the Bicolanos to excel in
weaving. Their motifs are simple yet very colorful when compared to those of
Northern Luzon cultural communities.