REVIEWER FOR COR 012 (Contemporary Philippine Arts of the Regions)

LESSON 1: DEFINING THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

HUMANITIES - refers to the study of the arts.

- Came from a Latin Word “humanus”, which means human, cultured, and refine.

ARTS - something that is created with imagination that expresses important ideas or feelings.

- derived from a Latin word “ars”, which means ability or skill.

THE SCOPE OF HUMANITIES

1. VISUAL ARTS. Perceived by the eye.

- GRAPHIC ARTS. Two-dimension Arts

- PLASTIC ARTS. Three Dimension Arts

2. LITERATURE. The art of combining spoken or written and their meanings into forms.

3. MUSIC. An art of arranging sound in rhythmic succession.

4. DRAMA AND THEATRE. A story re-created by actors and actresses.

5. DANCE. The most direct art form makes the human body as its medium.

LESSON 2: TRACING THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARTS: INDIGENOUS ARTS OF THE
PHILIPPINES

First inhabitants of the Philippines arrived by migration through land bridges Negritos, the Aetas, then the
Indonesians, and through the seas, those from Malaysia.

The Philippine Indigenous arts are made with specific functions that made the lives of the first inhabitants of the
Philippines adapt and survive to their environment.

Sculpture

- three-dimensional artwork
- created by shaping or combining hard materials.
- Carving is one of the techniques used in sculpture.

IFUGAO SCULPTURE

Bul-ul. Carved Anito figures

- ancestral spirit and granary gods

- guardians of the harvest

Hagabi. a chair made of wood “Narra”.

- commonly used by the highest class of individual in the society.

- The Hagabi represents power.
MARANAO SCULPTURE

Torogan. the ancestral home of Maranao’s Sultan or Datu

Panolong is carved end beam of Torogan

Sarimanok represents a fowl with wings, feathered tail and a head decorated with ornaments of scrolled and
painted motif of leaves, spirals, and feather like foms.

- The wooded figure, usually perched atop a bamboo pole, stands among decorative flags during weddings
and other festive occasions.

Pottery- first shape of wet clay, then hardened by baking.

PHILIPPINE POTTERY

Palayok is clay pot used as the traditional food preparation.

Manunggul Jars. These jars are commonly used for burial.

Weaving - means to make cloth and other objects.

- Thread or strands of material are passed under and over each other.
- Common forms of weaving in the Philippines: hats, mats, bags, baskets, and textiles (clothes and blankets)

MARANAO WEAVING

Malong bearing okir designs.

- Common colors are, red, yellow, green, blue or violet.

- Red is the favoritre color along yellow, these colors represent royalty and aristocracy.
Okir a Datu – gentlemen’s design. In this design the dominant patterns used are commonly spiral in form.

Okir a Bay – ladies design. In this design the dominant patterns are the zigzag and the angular forms.

Tapis is originated in Ifugao,

- worn by wrapping the cloth around one’s waist and holding the ends together with the use of a tightly tied
sash.
- In cordillera the known tapis is called alampay.

Physical Ornaments

Pintados was term for tattoed indigenous Cebuano Visayan People. They were found in Bohol.

Boaya is a head-hunting necklace made with shell, boar tusk, rattan, fiber and bone. These physical ornaments
were introduced by Ifugaos.

Linglingo is Ifugaos warrior silver earings.

Bawisak is Filipino physical ornaments made of bead and shell.

LESSON 3: DEFINING ART INTEGRATION AND CONTEMPORARY ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippine Arts to Its Contemporary Form

◾ The ethnic art forms such as pottery, weaving and metalwork were retained even after the arrival of different
colonizers. Nevertheless, Spanish friars and the Chinese, the colony’s primary trading partner, were slowly
introducing newer art forms. Icons brought by the friars were used as models for sculpture. Filipino artisans were
taught the Chinese brushwork technique in painting. Engraving was also introduced.
◾ The concept of patronage emerged. Artisans were commissioned and paid to carve, engrave, and paint. They
replaced the arts that were once done in a communal spirit and community setting for rituals.
◾ The Influences from East and West help shape the Filipino art in its contemporary form. Nevertheless,
contemporary art in the Philippines has evolved into wide variety of expressions and medium turning the country into
a situation of creative upheavals.

The Face of the Contemporary Art in the Philippines

✓ The modern Filipino artist has more freedom to explore on his own.
✓ The most interesting works of our contemporary artist show his love for country and evolving culture.
✓ His style is from cross-cultural exposures in the Eastern and Western world yet he has not forgotten his
Filipino roots.
✓ The forms maybe universal but the content is local.
✓ Many artists use color for their emotional rather than intellectual values.

LESSON 4: IDENTIFYING THE ELEMENTS OF ARTS

Line is an element of art the defined by a point moving in space.

- maybe two-or-three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

Color is an element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.

- Hue is the name of Color,

- Value is the lightness and darkness shade of color, and
- Intensity is the quality of color used to produce a value.

Perspective represents three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional surface creating an illusion of space and
depth on a flat surface.

Space is which positive and negative areas or a sense of depth are applied

Texture is way things feel or look as if they might feel if touched.

Form is the three dimensional and encloses volume, includes height, width and depth like cube, sphere, pyramid or
a cylinder.

Shape is a two dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

Volume represents the mass in an art work or a sculpture.

- stimulate volume in their paintings to give their paintings a three-dimensional effect.

LESSON 5: APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF ARTS

Balance refers to the visual weight of the elements of the composition.

Balance can be achieved in 3 different ways:

 - Symmetrical, in which both sides of a composition have the same elements in the same position, as in a
mirror-image, or the two sides of a face.

- Asymmetrical, in which the composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the elements of art. For
example, a large circle on one side of a composition might be balanced by a small square on the other side.

Rhythm is created by movement implied through the repetition of elements of art in a non-uniform but organized
way.

- Unlike pattern, which demands consistency, rhythm relies on variety.

Emphasis is when the artist creates an area of the composition that is visually dominant and commands the
viewer's attention. (a focal point of art)

Proportion – Relationship of certain elements

Variety – the diversity or contrast

Movement – the look and feeling of action and to guide viewer’s eye.

Unity – The combination of elements of arts

Pattern – The uniform repetition of elements of arts

LESSON 6: IDENTIFYING VARIOUS CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS AND PRACTICES OF NORTHERN REGIONS IN THE
PHILIPPINES: REGION I

REGION 1 – ILOCOS REGION

PROVINCES:

- ILOCOS NORTE
- ILOCOS SUR
- LA UNION
- PANGASINAN

Ilocanos are among the largest ethno-linguistic groups in the country.

- Highly influenced by Christianity

- Paoay church and old houses of Vigan are remnants of the distant past.

- Abel Fabric -special fabric made of cotton by doing binatbatan.

- Binatbatan - beating of cotton balls using a bamboo stick to separate the seeds.
- Panagabel - oldest ilocano weaving tradition.

- tilar (sinulid) - The ingredient of loom

- Sagut - natural dye made from the sap of black plum.

- Known for their dishes called pakbet and dinengdeng.
- In literature, Biag ni Lam-ang, an oral epic believed to have been transcribed by the Father of Iloco Literature
Pedro Bucaneg.
 LESSON 7: IDENTIFYING VARIOUS CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS AND PRACTICES OF NORTHERN REGIONS IN THE
PHILIPPINES; CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (CAR)

CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

PROVINCES:

- APAYAO
- ABRA
- KALINGA
- MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
- IFUGAO
- BENGUET CITY

BENGUET

- Home for the Cordillerian (Igorots). Igorots are hillside dwellers.

- TINALIK baskets made from RATTAN.

KALINGA

- Kalinga are also great weavers.

- Cloth weaving and basketry are among the finest in the region.
- Textiles: dominant red stripes and motifs of geometric patterns as well as nature symbols interlaced with
white, yellow and black fibers.

IFUGAO

- Ifugao means people from the hills.

- weaved loincloth called IKAT- an Indonesian term which means to bind together
▪ motif is diamond stripes of white and red stripes (dominant color is blue), it is less colorful,
they use darker colors.
- Weaving is an exclusive task for women
- Great basket weavers and the different types of baskets depends on their use and size.

- Known for amulets called LINGLING-O or DINUMUG. Worn around the neck and they symbolize fertility

MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

- Known for hanging coffins and mummified bodies

- Known for their KADANGYAN burial cloth for rich people (only grandmothers are allowed to weave the said
cloth during their olden times)
- Tattoo art is another form of folk arts; tattoo is part of their clothing and considered decoration.

- Cloth fabrics called SINIWSIWAN are used as blankets and clothing.

▪ used for wanes or men’s g-string;

▪ women used the fabrics as wrap-around called GETUP or LUFID
- Motifs of Bontocs include geometric shapes of things (man, lizard, mountain, rains and flowers)

ABRA

Use natural dye for fabric cloth; they are still practicing loom weaving. Embellish embroideries in their fabrics.
 LESSON 10: GETTING TO KNOW THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF PHILIPPINE ARTS AND SOME FAMOUS ARTISTS BEHIND
THEM - (MUSIC)

Music of the Philippines (Filipino: Musika ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Música de Filipinas) include musical performance arts
in the Philippines or by Filipinos composed in various genres and styles. The compositions are often a mixture of
different Asian, Spanish, Latin American, American, and indigenous influences.

Contemporary music in the Philippines usually refers to compositions that have adopted ideas and elements from
twentieth century art music in the West, as well as the latest trends and musical styles in the entertainment industry.

Renowned Filipino Artists in Music

1. Nicanor Henson Abelardo

▪ Composer
▪ finished his first composition “Ang Unang Buko” at the age of 8
▪ became head of the conservatory of music in 1921
▪ composed “UP Naming Mahal”

2. Levi Celerio
▪ Composer and lyricist
▪ was the youngest member of the Manila Symphony Orchestra
▪ known as the “Leaf Player” in the Guinness Book of World Records
▪ named as National Artist of the Philippines for Music
▪ gained a lifetime achievement award for film for numerous songs of his used in movies

3. Ryan Cayabyab
▪ currently the Executive and Artistic Director of the San Miguel Foundation for the Performing Arts
▪ has won numerous awards and acknowledgments like CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts, Lifetime
Achievement Award (for promoting and developing Filipino music), Professional Award, and etc.

4. Francis Magalona
▪ rapper, songwriter, actor, director and producer
▪ one of the people who popularized Pinoy Rock
▪ most of his songs has a nationalistic flavor
▪ received the Pioneer Hall of Fame Award in 2005 at the 1st Annual Hip-Hop Music Awards
▪ has his own record and production company, Red Egg Records and Filipino Pictures, Inc., respectively

LESSON 11: GETTING TO KNOW THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF PHILIPPINE ARTS AND SOME FAMOUS ARTISTS BEHIND
THEM (DANCE)

Dance is an integral part of Filipino culture that dates to the period before Ferdinand Magellan stepped foot in the
Philippines. The traditional dances of the Filipinos are vibrant and colorful, capturing the history of the archipelago.

Tinikling, the national dance, is considered the oldest of the Philippine folk dances. The dance, which comes from the
countryside, takes its name and movements from the "tinikling" bird as it roams between grass steams, crushes tree
branches and avoids traps set by rice farmers. Dancers skip gracefully back and forth while trying to avoid getting their
feet caught by two bamboo poles.
 WHAT IS DANCE ART?

- Dance simply started as man’s expression of his own life for almost all occasions, in whatever aspects, as birth,
death, healing of the sick, asking for forgiveness, war, marriage – were celebrated by dancing

- is a rhythmic and expressive movement of the body in successive movement usually accompanied by music.

- There are dances that express thankfulness for a good harvest, in celebration of religious festivities, or just a mere
pleasurable expression of the body.

FUNCTIONS OF DANCE
✓ It has been used in worship.
✓ It plays a role in courtship.
✓ It serves as a form of acquaintance for a man and woman.
✓ It is an expression of the joy one feels.
✓ It brings victory or somehow restores health to life.
✓ It even breaks the monotony of the daily activities.
✓ It serves to entertain others.
✓ It gives beauty and inspiration to others.
✓ It provides effectiveness to personal communication.

FEATURES OF DANCE

1. MUSIC – It is closely related to dance for it plays a significant role in it. It is used as accompaniment that
somehow motivates the dancer’s movement.
2. MOVEMENT – It refers to action of dances with the use of their bodies to create organized patterns.
3. THEME – It pertains to the content or main ingredient of the dance. It actually conveys the message of the
dance.
4. TECHNIQUES - It refers to the skill in executing movement. As a dancer, one needs to have a complete control over
the muscles of his body for him to be said technically proficient.
5. DESIGN – It refers to the arrangement of movements according to pattern in time (either fast or slow) and space
(one’s position in relation to his background).
6. PROPERTIES AND COSTUME – These contribute to the visual effect of dance. The costumes can somehow relate
closely to the beliefs and environment of people.

FORMS OF DANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. ETHNIC DANCE – This is a dance that is indigenous to a certain culture or country. The term ethnic is used to
distinguish religious dances, and designed as hymns of praise to a god, or to bring on good fortune in peace and war.
They are symbolic in meaning that can’t be understood easily by persons who don’t belong to the ethnic group.

2. SOCIAL DANCE – These are popular type of dancing for pleasure as generally performed by pairs or group of people
following a definite step or pattern. Most of these have specific rhythms and coordinate with the movement and
steps of the body, hand, foot and head.

a. BALLROOM DANCE – It actually originated as square dance which was followed by waltz, tango, foxtrot,
swing, etc.

b. FOLK DANCE – It usually derived from ethnic dances. People all over the world have their own folk dances as
distinct to their specific culture.
3. SPECTACULAR OR THEATRICAL DANCE – These are dances which are intended for viewing audience. Usually, these
are performed for the entertainment of spectators.

a. BALLET – It’s the ultimate expression of art in dance which originated in the royal courts during the Middle
Ages. The term ballet refers to series of solo and converted dances with poses and steps combined with
light flowing figures, music accompaniment and expressive scenic accessories of a dramatic atmosphere.
The movement of the dance is subject to definite discipline of the body,hands, legs and others. Usually a
ballet includes staging, scenery, costumes dancing and music;but no singing and dialogue.

b. MODERN DANCE – It is often characterized as something natural and free. It is also been called as
expressional dance. This dance emerged as a form of a revolt against the strictness governing the old forms
of dance. It has varied styles of movements based on the new trend; therefore, it doesn’t stick to
conventions. The major emphasis of this dance is on the expression through the dancer’s execution.

Renowned Filipino Artists in Dance

1. Francisca Reyes Aquino

 First National Artist in Dance – awarded in 1973
 Known as the Folk-Dance Pioneer
 First to gain national and international recognition in the field of dance.

2. Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company

 First Filipino dance group to perform on an international stage
 They captivated the world at Brussels Exposition in 1958.

Other Renowned Dancers of the Philippines

▪ Leonor Orosa Goquingco

-National Artist for Dance in 1976, Mother of Philippine Dance Theater and Dean of Filipino Performing Arts
Critics

▪ Lucrecia Reyes- Urtula

-National Artist for Dance in 1988, one of the pillars of Philippine folkdance

▪ Alice Reyes
-National Artist for Dance in 2014, Artistic Director of Ballet Philippines 1990-1991

▪ Remedios de Oteyza
-abstract ballet

▪ Ligaya Francisco-Amilbangsa
-Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for her research on the pangalay or igal, a pre-islamic traditional dance among
the ethnic groups in Southern Philippines)

▪ Anita Kane
-Philippine Ballet

▪ Lisa Macuja- Elizalde

-Philippine Ballet