News and Views - Split

Iraq’s New President Pledged to
Uphold Democratic Principle
/ 9 Reading and Ustenlng

r. Talabani, an ethnic Kurd, is modem Iraq's first elections. They also say it is a major victory for Iraq’s minority
non-Arab head of state. Mr. Talabani’s Kurds, who suffered decades of oppression under ousted Iraqi
M
Swearingen came one day after he was etected leader Saddam Hussein.
by Iraq's interim 275-member National Assembly - During his inauguration speech, the 72-year old Kurdish
ending weeks of political deadlock following the January political leader pledged to reach out to all Iraqis, regardless of
30 elections - the country’s first free and fair elections in ethnicity or religion.
50 years. 1 swear by God that i’ll sincerely perform my tasks and legal
responsibilities and work towards maintaining the general and
private freedoms and the independence of the judiciary,” said Mr.
Talabani.
He also called for reconciliation with Iraq’s Sunni Arab
population, which ruled the country under Saddam Hussein, and
which is believed to make up the backbone of the country’s
insurgency.
Mr. Talabani’s newly-formed presidential council quickly
named Shi’ite Ibrahim al-Jaafari as interim prime-minister, the
country’s most powerful position.
Mr. al-Jaafari has two weeks to name his cabinet The
transitional government will then be charged with drafting a
Analysts say his designation to the largely ceremonial post is permanent constitution to pave the way for fresh elections in
a gesture of reconciliation and unity by Iraq’s Shi’ite majority, which December.
dominated the
NgwWonis
assembly /a'sem.bli/ noun : a group of people who are elected to make decisions or laws for a particular country,
area, or organization (e.g. state/legislative/federal/local assemblies)
• Power has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies.
backbone /'bsk.baun/ noun : the backbone of sth : the most important part of sth, providing support for everything
else
• Farming and cattle-raising are the backbone of the country’s economy.
cabinet /'kaeb.i.nat/ noun : the politicians with important positions in a government who meet to make decisions or
advise the leader of the governmait
• The Prime Minister has announced a cabinet reshuffle (= changes in the Cabinet).
ceremonial /.ser.i'mau.ni.sl/ adj.: used in a ceremony or done as part of a ceremony
• The full costume is only worn on important ceremonial occasions. charge
/tjoids |1 tjairds/ verb : charge sb with sth : to give sb a responsibility or task
• The commission is charged with investigating war crimes.
constitution /,kDn.sti'tju:.fan || ,ka:n.sti'tu:-/ noun : a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is
governed by
• The right to speak freely is written into the Constitution of the United States.
NEWS & VIEWS: A Course in Reading British & American News
deadlock /'ded.lok || -la:k/ noun : a situation in which agreement in an argument cannot be reached because neither
side will change its demands or accept any of the demands of the other side
• The peace talks have reached a complete deadlock.
decade /'dek.eid/ noun : a period of 10 years, especially a period such as 1860 to 1869, or 1990 to 1999
• The 1980s were considered to be a decade of great change in our culture.
designation /.dez.ig'nei.Jan/ noun : designation as sth: the act of choosing sb/sth for a particular purpose, or of giving
them a particular description
• The area qualifies for designation as a site ofspecial scientific interest. dominate
/'dom.i.neit || 'dar.ma-/ verb : to be the most important or noticeable feature of sth
• In that report, organizers listed the five big issues that dominated discussions.
draft /dra:ft || drasft/ verb : to write a plan, letter, report etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its finished
form
• Officials are hefting a strategy which aims to raise teaching standards through training and staff'support.
elect /I'lekt/ verb: to decide on or dioose, especially to choose a person for a particular job, by voting
• The candidate promised to lower taxes if he got elected, but no one trusted him. election
/I'lek.Jsn/ noun: a time when people vote in order to choose sb for a political or official Job
• In America, presidential elections are held every four years.
ethnic /'еб.шк/ adj. : relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions
• The President hoped the different ethnic groups in the country could live together in реасфй co-existence.
ethnicity /eG'nis.i.ti || -a.ji/ noun : the fact of belonging to a particular race
• His ethnicity is unclear; he has both Asian and African features.
gesture /'d3es.tj“a(r) || -tja/ noun : sth that you do or say to show a particular feeling or intention
• The government has made a gesture towarck public opinion (= has tried to do something that the public
will like). inauguration /i,no:.gju'rei.j9n || -,na:-/ noun : holding an official ceremony when sb starts doing an
important job in government
• In the United States, Inauguration Dcy is the day when a person officially becomes President in a special
ceremony and takes responsibility from the previous President.
insurgency /m's3:.d33nt.si || -sy.-t noun : an attempt by a group of people to take control of their government using
force and violence
• About 50,000 people are estimated to have been killed in a decade of insurgency.
interim /'in.tar.im/ adj. : intended to be used or accepted for a short time only, until sth or sb finally can be made or
found
• An interim government was set up for the period before the country's first free election.
judiciary /d3u:'dij'.ar.i || -vs^-l noun : the part of a country’s government which is responsible for its legal system and
which consists of all the judges in the country’s courts of law
• The judiciary, not the executive or legislative branches, is the most powerful institution in this country.
maintain /mem'tem/ verb : to support sb/sth over a long period of time by giving money, paying for food, etc.
• The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region.
majority /ma'd3Dr.9.ti || -'d3a:.ra.li/ noun : the larger number or part of sth
• Although they are the biggest single party, they don’t have an absolute majority. minority
/mai'nor.i.ti || -'naa-.a.ji/ noun : a small group of people or things within a much larger group
• The challenge of any government is to see that the majority respects the rights of the minority in their
culture.
oppression /s'prej.an/ noun : when people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having
opportunities and freedom
• War, famine and oppression have forced people in the region to fiee from their homes.
oust /aust/ verb: oust sb from sth: to force sb out of a job or position of power, especially in order to take their place
• The rebels finally managed to oust the government from power.
pave the way /peiv da 'wei/ verb: to make a later event or development possible by producing the right conditions
• An African proverb suggests that a man who pays respect to the gyeat paves the way for his own greatness.
pledge /pled3/ verb: to make a serious or formal promise to give or do sth
• In many American schools, the students pledge allegiance to the flag (= state that they are loyal to their
country) at the beginning of the school day.
presidential /,prez.i'den.tj'al/ adj. : relating to a president
• Another candidate has now entered the presidential race.
LESSON 1 Iraq’s New President Pledged to Uphold Democratic Principles
Prime Minister /praim 'min.i.st3(r) || praim 'min.i.sta/ noun {abbreviation PM) : the most important minister and
leader of the government in some countries which have a parliament
• The Prime Minister announced major changes to his cabinet today. reach
out /riitj 'aut/ verb : reach out to sb: to offer help and support to someone
• The society needs to find new ways of reaching out to young people.
reconciliation /,rek.3n,sil.i'ei.j'an/ noun : reconciliation between/with : when two people or groups of people become
friendly again after they have argued
• It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides.
state /steit/ noun : the government or political organization of a country
• The use offorce occurs more frequently in societies where loyalty to the state is fragile.
swear /swea(r) || swer/ verb : to state or promise that you are telling the truth or that you will do sth or behave in a
particular way
• I swore an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.
swearing-in /.swea.rig'in || ,swer.ig-/ noun : a ceremony in which sb with a new public job or position officially
promises to do their duty well
• She had a good seat at the President’s swearing-in ceremony.
transitional government /traen'zij.an.al 'gAv.an.mant/: a temporary government, usually one that governs until
official elections can take place in a country
• The transitional government continued to face challenges to its authority.
uphold /Ap'hauld/ verb : to defend or maintain a principle or law, or to state that a decision which has already been
made, especially a legal one, is correct
• The government has promised to uphold the principles of democracy.
victory /'vik.tar.i/ noun: the success you achieve when you win a battle, game, election etc.
• The polls were predicting that the party would win a landslide victory (=the winning of an election with an
extremely large number of votes).
Fill in the blanks with the words you learned in this unit. Make the necessary changes. There
are some extra words in the box below.
1. The industry is ................... by five multinational companies.

A. elect 2. How many candidates are standing for .................. ?
B. draft 3. The prisoners sat down together to ........................ a letter to the governor.
C. cabinet 4. He was appointed president until an ...................... government was established.
D. gesture 5. ......................................................................................................... We do not
E. assembly accept responsibility but we will refund the mraiey as a .............................. of goodwill.
F. designation 6. Her income was barely enough to ................... one child, let alone three.
G. dominate 7. What has been happening since the President was ............... from power in 1990?
H. insurgency 8. .................................... The group one of its members to be their spokesperson.
I. maintain 9. .................................... The new and other ministerial appointments are
J. swOar announced within a
K. interim matter of days, sometimes within a matter of hours.
L. oppression 10. The government is reported to be concerned about the growing .......... in the South.
M. election 11. The new law provided for the election by all people of representatives to local and
N. uphold provincial ...........................
O. oust 12. What matters are the structures of power, the institutions and the social practices
P. state that produce racial .......................... and discriminatory outcomes.
Q. reconcile 13. The committee aims to .................. educational standards across the country.
14. Some people opposed the ................... of Martin Luther King Jr.’s birthday as a
national holiday.
15.1 think his birthday is on the Sth, but 1 wouldn’t .................. to it.
Ü Mü
Match the words with their synonyms. Write the letter in the box.
1 inauguration A. order (v.)

2 dominate B. vow, swear
3 oppression C. vote for
4 charge (v.) D. gatha*ing
5 oust E. temporary
6 insurgency F. triumph
7 draft (v.) G. make an outline
8 deadlock H. expel
9 pledge (v.) I. stalemate
10 maintain J. rebellion
11 elect (v.) K. opening ceremcmy
12 reconciliation L. control (v.)
13 victory M. settl«nent
14 assembly N. uphold
15 interim O. tyranny
Match the headlines with the news leads and write them in the spaces provided above each
news lead.
a. U.S. Praises Iraqi Judges

b. Iraq Leader Signals Cabinet Shake-Up
c. Democrats Plan To Fight Expansion Of Troops In Iraq
d. Suicide Bombing Raises 3-Day Toll In Iraq Above 150
e. To Exit Iraq« How Is As Important As When
1. Headline: __________ _____________________ ________

Nen« lead: The announcemoit came hours afto- a pair of suicide bombers blew themselves up at police recruitment
center in Baghdad, killing at least 35.
2. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The latest deaths underscored the government’s inability to tamp down spiraling cycles of sectarian
violence that, more and more, are characterized by execution-style reprisal killings.
3. Headline: _________ _ _________ • ______ _________ _______ ________ _____ _
News lead: The White House said Sunday that Saddam Hussein^s conviction 1^ an Iraqi court of crimes against
humanity showed that Iraq’s judiciary was indepeadent.
4. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Any troop withdrawal could take up to 18 months and would need careful planning, military experts say.
5. Headline: _____________________ ______ _ ________ ____________________________________
News lead: The new leaders of Congress on Wednesday accused President George W. Bush of ignoring strong
American sentimeit against the war in Iraq.
mm mm
Which of the choices fits best in the headlines?
1. ...................................... Policeman Over City Murder
A. Elected B. Maintained C. Charged D. Dominated
2. ...................................... President Closer EU-Africa Ties
A. Drafts B, Charges C. Swears
D. Pledges
LESSON 1 Iraqis New President Pledged to Uphold Democratic Principles
3. New Offensive Appears To Target ............................Strongholds

A. Insurgent B. Demonstrator C. Reformist D. Activist
4. Minister .......................... In Brazil Over Air Safety
A. Ousted B. Pledged C. Swore D. Inaugurated
5 ........................ Violence Driving Iraqis From Home And Country
A. Presidential B. Sectarian C. Minority D. Majority
Match the first part of the sentences with the second part.
1 ........ In 1982 eight ministers lost their jobs A. with the development of sport inthe region.
2 ....... Their change of policy brought about B. a reconciliation with Britain.
3 ....... The committee has been charged C. against minorities and women.
4 ....... The second section of the third article of D. the deadlock between the two warring factions.
5 ....... The law prevents job discrimination E. in a mid-year cabinet reshuffle.
6 ....... Conflicts between the different ethnic F. her speech for next week’s conference.
7 ....... Britain is one of the member G. states of the European Union.
8 ....... They called for a compromise to break H. groups in the country exploded into civil war.
9 ....... Hugo Chavez won a decisive victory 1. the constitution defines the extent of the judicial
10 ..... She’s busy drafting power of the United States.
J. over Francisco Arias in his bid for a six-year tom as
Venzuela’s President.
Listen to audio dip 1 and fiil in the blank spaces in the following piece of news.
Kofi Annan Launches Global Humanitarian Forum

The Global Humanitarian ......................... officially gets under way Monday. Mr. Annan, who left his U.N. post
at the end of 2006, says the ...................... and strategies of the Forum are still being developed. But certain
things are clear.
He says the Forum does not ............................. to compete with other organizations. It aims to .........................
the work that is being done and to .......................... new ways of .............................. humanitarian disasters so the
..................... can receive help in a more efficient and..................... manner.
For example, he says the United Nations and otha* members of the ............................... community would not
have been able to deal with natural ........................ such as the Indian Ocean ............................ and the earthquake
in Kashmir without the help of the military.
“If the military had not come in and provided heavy ........................ support. Many more people would have
died as we would not have been able to get to them,” said the former U.N. chief. “And, so the military have
become important players in humanitarian .................................... And, yet, when we get together to discuss
humanitarian issues, they are not around, they are not at the table.”
“I think we would want to bring them to the table to discuss with humanitarian actors how we could And,
from my own previous experience, I know it is not an easy relationship,” he added.
Mr. Annan says he ............................. private aid groups are not comfortable working with the military. He
says he hopes the ............................. can improve this relationship. The ................................... ... according to Mr.
Annan, will deal with such issues as the humanitarian .................................. of climate change. He says more
people are likely to .................................. their homes as natural resources, such as water and food become
Yet, these so-called environmental ............................have no legal protections under international law. No one
knows how to deal with them. This, he says, is an area of .......................research for the Forum.
He says his group will also work to persuade developing countries they have an ................................ to take
carbon ........................ and ...................... warming seriously. Although industrialized countries are chiefly
responsible for these emissions, he says China, India, Brazil, South Africa and other developing countries cannot
..................... to just sit back and do nothing.
“Not only should they begin now, they should take ................................ and avoid the mistakes of earlier
..................... and frog ...................... some of the mistakes the others make and really begin to look for green
technology, even if it is a bit more expensive,” he said. “But there are reasonable technologies that can help
them. I do not think they can sit back and say let those who are responsible for the ......................... of it take care
of it and ...................... that stopping .................... will slow their growth,” he continued.
On the .................. , Mr. Annan says, ............................to protect the environment may ........................... to be
the greatest ........................... on growth and development around the world.
See video clip 1 (Iraq after the US-led Invasion) and answer the following questions.
A. Find the meanings, pronunciations and parts of speech of the following words.
1. Oxfam ...................................................................... 12. statistics ........................................................
2. emergency ............................................................... 13. rudimentary ..................................................
3. humanitarian assistance ........................................... 14. sanitation ......................................................
4. inevitably ................................................................. 15. virtually ........................................................
5. vulnerable ................................................................ 16. comfort .........................................................
6. malnourished ......................................................... 17. rusting barrel .....................................................
7. scarce..................................................................... 18. aid agency .........................................................
8. ........................................................................... significantly ............................................................ 19.
relief organization ........................................................
9. invasion ................................................................... 20. withdraw ......................................................
10. typical .................................................................... 21. frustration .....................................................
11. illustrate ................................................................. 22. irony .............................................................
B. Using the words in part (A), provide a summary of the piece of news.
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Oxfam International
Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over
3000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty
and injustice.
The Oxfam International Secretariat leads, facilitates and supports
collaboration between the Oxfam affiliates to increase Oxfam International’s
impact on poverty and injustice through advocacy campaigns, development
programs and emergency response.
United Nations Special Commission

United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was a United Nations oi:^nization performing
inspections in Iraq to ensure its compliance wi^ the policies of the Unit^ Nations concerning Iraqi
production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War. Its director between 1991 and
1997 was Rolf Ekeus and from 1997 to 1999 Richard Butler. After the expulsion of Scott Fdtter and his
ensuing resignation, as well as the press attention that followed, the United Nations Special Commission
was ^solved. Hie successor of United Nations Special Commission is the United Nations Moiutoring,
Verification and Inspection Commission.
LESSON 1 Iraq’s New President Pledged to Uphold Democratic Principles
f he lineiiaee ef News Media 111

■'
1
A
i
M.'l
iis* ilij
study the following vignette and discuss its major points.
Wh'cit'i s,' Ne :
The word “news,” presumably, results from the combination of N (North), E (East), W (West) and S (South) in
which each individual direction indicates the four com^s of the world. News is defined as any new information
or information on currait events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third
party or mass audioice. The reporting and investigatiem of news &lls within die profession of journalism.
News is often reported by a variety of sources, such as newspapo's, television, and radio programs, wire
services, and web sites. News reporting is a type of journalism, typically writtai or broadcast in news style.
Most news is investigated and presented by journalists and can be distributed to various outlets via news
agencies.
There are many categories of news. The weather is typically presented by a certified meteorologist or, on
smaller stations, a less-trained “weatherman” and is considered news. Otha- news categories are: sports, society,
entertainment, business, cartoon strips, features, lives of celebrities, advertising, md more.
In its in^cy, news gathering was primitive by today’s standards. Printed news had to be phoned in to a
newsroom or brought thwe by a reporter where it was typed and eitha- transmitted over wire services or edited
and manually set in type along with other news stories for a specific edition. Today, the t»m “breaking news”
has become trite as broadcast and cable news services use live satellite technolc^ to bring curr^t events into
consumers’ homes live as it happens. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in
towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumo*s via radio, television, cell phones, and the Internet.
Commonly, news content should cemtain the 5W*s and H (vv4io, what, whê, \diy, and also how) of an
evmt. Thê should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally write hard news stories, sudi as those
p«taining to murders, fires, wars, etc. in inverted pyramid (▼) style so that the most important irformation is at the
beginning and busy readers can read as little or as mudi as they desire. In the same way, local TV stations and
networks with a set format must take news stexies and h*eak ftion down into die most important aspects due to
time constraints. News channels are able to take advantage of a steny, sacrificing otho' decidedy less important
stones, and giving as mudi detail about breaking news as possible. In geioal, the tosic elonoits that make iq}
important news stories are:
1. Timeliness: People do not need yesto*day’s news. So, news is poishable commodity, normally
reporting on vdiat has happened today o* since the last minute.
2. Proximity: Events that are geographically or onotionally close to die reado, view«- or listoia', are
regarded as proximity elonoit
3. Conflict: Conflict frequoitly attracts m(H*e human into’est than otho- news elemoits.
4. Eminence or Prominence: Evoits involving well-known people or institutions are viewed as prcsninoit
elonent.
5. Consequence or Impact: Readers pay attenticxi to a news story diat directly affects how diey live or
have ainy impact on them.
6. Human Interest: Stories of human interest have influmce over the reado^’ emotion, introducing diem
to oth^’s lives or to topics of broader concon.
In summaiy, news is always bound up with time, place and audience’s interest. In writing news stexies, media
write's ncxmally combine two or three basic news elâits to oihance the story’s into'est and impcxtance.
Blair in Effort to Reactivate
Peace Process in ME
/ Q Reading and Ustanlng
T
ony Blair met with Israel’s Foreign Minister Tzipi These are two major reasons we will make him most welcome
Livni shortly after he arrived in Israel. Earlier in him here in Israel. That will be slightly less so perhaps in the
the day he held talks with Jordanian Foreign Palestinian Authority because the Arab family is more suspicious
Minister Abdel Hah al-Khatib in Amman. because of his dose association, both to Bush and to Israel,” he
added.
Last week at a meeting in Portugal, members of the Quartet
gave Mr. Blair a mandate to help prepare for an eventual Palestinian
state by encouraging reforms and building up institutions in the
Palestinian territories.
However, Mr. Blair has no independent authority to negotiate
peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians - raising questions
about his effectiveness in his new role.
While Mr. Blair will hold talks with Mr. Abbas he will have no
dealings with Hamas ofRcials who iast month seized power in the
Mr. Biair meets with Israei's Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Gaza Strip effectively dividing the Palestinian territories in two.
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas on Tuesday as the new Hamas offidais critidzed his appointment, but say they are
representative of the Quartet of Mideast Negotiators, made up of the willing to talk to the former British prime minister - something that is
United States, Russia, the European Union and the United Nations. unlikely to happen because of the Hamas refusal to recognize Israel.
Shlomo Ben>Ami, a former Israeli Foreign Minister, and a key Last week President Bush called for an international peace
participant in past Mideast peace talks says Mr. Blair will be taken conference on the Middle East later this year. Later this week the
seriously by both Israelis and Palestinians. Foreign Ministers of Egypt and Jordan are expected to visit Israel to
*êll i think that Tony Blair will obviously be taken seriously for discuss the so-called Arab Peace Plan with Israeli offidais. The plan
two reasons; one because of his own caliber, and his Image, and calls for Israel to withdraw to its 1967 borders in exchange for
the reality of him being a friend of Israel. And, the second reason is recognition from Arab states.
him being a friend of President Bush,” said Ben-Ami.
appointment /a'pDint.mant/ noun: the act of choosing a person for a job or position of responsibility; the fact of being
chosen for a job, etc.
• They congratulated him on his appointment as Vice President.
association îssu.si'ei.jdn || -,sou-/ noun: a relationship with a particular person, organization, group etc.
• This event was organized in association with the Sports Council.
authority /o:'0or.i.ti l| a'Goa-.i.ji/ noun : an official organization or. a government department that has the power to
make decisions, and has particular responsibilities
• The will of the people should be the basis of the authority ofgovernment.
border /bo:.da(r) |l 'boir.da/ noun ; the official line Aat separates two countries, states, or areas, or the area close to
this line
• The border between the United States and Canada is the world's longest frontier.
LESSON 2 Blair in Effort to Reactivate Peace Process in ME
caliber (AmE) or claibre {BrE) /'ksBİ.ı.bə(r) || -bə/ noun : the degree of quality or excellence of sb/sth
• The competition entries were of such a high caliber that judging them was very difficult.
dealings /'dii.ligz/ noun [pi,]: the business activities or relationships that sb is involved in
• Our company policy states that we are committed to fairness and honesty in all our dealings.
European Union, the /ju.rə,pi:.ən 'juı.ni.ən/ noun : {abbreviation the EU) an economic and political organization that
many European countries belong to
• The European Union is a political and economic organization that encourages trade and friendship
between the countries that are members.
eventual /ıVen.tju.əl/ acj.: happening or existing at a later time or at the end, especially аЛет a lot of effort,
problems, dc.
• Both sides were happy with the eventual outcome of the talks.
exchange /ıks'tj’emds/ noun : an act of giving sth to sb or doing sth for sb and receiving sth in return
• She observed that the public interest is best served by the free exchange of ideas.
Gaza Strip, the /gaezə 'strip/ noun : a coastal area in the Middle East, between Egypt and Palestine, which belongs to
Palestinians but is controlled by Israel
• The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is adding to violence and chaos in the Gaza Strip.
hold /həüld || hoold/ (past tense held) verb : to have a meeting, party, election etc. in a particular place or at a
particular time
• A meeting was held to discuss a broad number of issues currently facing the company. institution
/,ınt.stı'tju:.fən || -'tu:-/ noun : a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose
• The change in the law has been welcomed by banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions.
make up /meik 'əp/ verb : be made up of sth: to combine together to form sth; constitute
• The committee is made up of representatives from every state.
mandate /'maen.deit/ noun : the authority given to an elected group of people, such as a government, to perform an
action or govern a country
• The government has won an impressive mandate with over 63% percent of the vote.
ME /em i:/ noun : (abbreviationfor the Middle East) an area that covers SW Asia and NE Africa
• The venue has not been announced but U.S. officials say it will probably be held in the ME.
Middle East, the /,mid.l 'i:st/ noun : (also ME or the Mideast) the area from the eastî Mediterranean to Iran,
including Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq, and sometimes also Egypt
• Unless these conditions are met, there is no hope of lasting peace in the Middle East.
Mideast /'midi;st/ noun (AmE)\ (also ME or the Middle East) the area that includes Iran and Egypt and the countries
which are between them
• The Mideast peace process was stalemated: negotiations were stymied.
negotiate /nə'gəo.fi.eıt || -'goo-/ verb: to discuss sth in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
• These discussions have gone on far too long, and the union is not willing to negotiate any further.
negotiator /nı'gəü.J‘i.eı.tə(r) || -'goo.Ji.eı.tə/ noun : sb who takes part in official discussions, especially in business or
politics, in order to try and reach an agreement
• In politics there are some very successful makers of deals and some very skilled negotiators.
official /d'fif.dl/ noun: a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization
• Government officials expect the governor to make an announcement this afternoon.
Quartet, the /kwoi'tet || kwo:r-/ noun : The Quartet on the Middle East, sometimes called the Diplomatic Quartet or
Madrid Quartet or simply the Quartet, is a group of four nations and international and supranational entities involved
in mediating the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Quartet are the United States, Russia, the
European Union, and the United Nations.
• In 2007, Tony Blair was appointed as the special envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East.
raise /reız/ verb : to begin to talk or write about a subject that you want to be considered or a question that you think
should be answered
• A number of important issues were raised at the conference.
recognition /,rek.əg'nıj.ən/ noun : the act of officially accepting that an organization, government, person etc. has
legal or official authority
• The Prime Minister declared the recognition of Latvia as an independent state.
recognize (AmE) or recognise (BrET) /'rek.əg.naız/ verb : to officially accept that an organization, government,
document etc. has legal or official authority
• The international community has refused to recognize the newly independent nation state. reform /ri'foim ||
-'fo:rm/ noun : a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it
• The government announced a much-needed program of economic reform.
refusal /n'fjut.zəl/ noun; refusal of sth/to do sth : whoi you say firmly that you will not do, give, or accept sth
• Refusal to do military service was a criminal offence.
representative /,rep.n'zen.ta.tiv || -ts.jiv/ noun: sb wtio has been diosen to speak, vote, or make decisions for sb else
• Japan has refused to send a representative to the talks in Geneva.
seize /si:z/ verb: to take possession of sth by force or official order
• The army has failed in its attempts to seize power from the President.
shortly /'jD:t.li || Jo:rt-/ adv. : a short time; not long
• Her last novel was published shortly after her death.
slightly /'slait.li/ adv. : a little
• January's sales were slightly better than average.
suspicious /sa'spijf.ds/ adj. : making you think that sth bad or illegal is happening
• A full murder inquiry was launched cfter the company chairman died in suspicious circumstances.
territory /'ter.i.tar.i, -tri || -tD;r.i/ noun : land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler, or military
force
• The Palestinians hope to gain control of the territories occupied by Israel.
United Nations, the /ju.naitid 'neijanz/ noun : {abbreviation the UN) an association of many countries that aims to
help economic and social conditions improve and to solve political problems in the world in a peacehil way
• The United States is home to the United Nations and many of its agencies, including the World Bank.
unlikely /An'lai.kli/ adJ. : not likely to happen
• Analysts say that the President's re-election is not an unlikely event.
welcome /'wel.kam/ adj. : (of people) accepted or wanted somewhere
• This year’s bonus will be welcome to those on lower incomes.
willing /'wil.ig/ adj. : willing (to do sth): prepared to do sth, or having no reason to not want to do it
• Unemployment can be defined as the number of people who are willing and able to work, but who can not
find jobs.
withdraw /wid'dro: || -'dra:/ verb : if an army withdraws, or if it is withdrawn, it leaves a place
• The US government has decided to withdraw its troops from Iraq.
ixerelses
m
1. At the forthcoming elections, the government will be seeking a fresh ..................

A. negotiate from the people.
B. official 2 ........................ believe the plane crash was due to a build-up of ice on the wings.
C. appointment 3. The new government has attempted to introduce some feirly radical ................... ...
D. withdraw but the Opposition is fighting hard against them.
E. caliber 4. Mexico lost half its ...................... to the United States in the war which lasted
F. territory from 1846 to 1848.
G. . exchange 5. It is impossible to predict \n4iat the.................... outcome will be.
H. border 6. If teaching paid more, it might attract people of higher ......................
L negotiator 7 ........................ of the different governments convened at the United Nations to
J. reform discuss the crisis.
K. recognition 8. In 1989, the Soviet Union completely ..................... its troops from Afghanistan.
L. representative 9. .................................................................................. The organization is
M. dealing dedicated to the free .............................................................of information.
N. eventoal 10. Refugees have been warned not to attempt to cross the .....................
O. mandate 11 ............................ of Bosnia marked a new stage in the breakup of Yugoslavia.
P. institution 12. Our department expects to make five new .......................this year alone.
I Q. United Nations u 13. The company has given the representative a free hand to......................... a deal
with the Japanese.
14. According to the ........................ Chart«-, everyone has the right to a &ir trial.
15.1 think it’s time to adopt a different strategy in our .............................. with them.
1 mandate (n.) A. acknowledgement, approval

2 official (n.) B. administrator
3 negotiate C. quality, importance
4 recfîtion D. audiOTization, command
5 border E. region, district
6 recognize F. improvement, amendment
7 exchange (n.) G. hold talks, debate
8 refusal H. trade-off int^change
9 raise I. approve, admit
10 withdraw J. boundary
11 seize K. bring up
12 representative (n.) L. agent, delâte
13 reform (n.) M. rejection, doiial
14 territory N. take control oL take forcibly
15 caliber O. pull out; retreat
Read the news leads below and then write a headline for each lead. Try to write each one in
about five words.
1. Nepal faces security problems and food shortages in the critical po-iod before elections in November aimed at
sealing peace after a decade-long Maoist rebellion, U.N. ofl5cials said on Thursday.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
2. South Korea said Thursday it had proposed another round of high-level talks with the North and indicated it
hoped to discuss formally ending decades of hostility on the divided peninsula with a peace treaty.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. Conflicts must be resolved by “peaceful negotiations and dialogue'" rather than by force. Pope John Paul II said
upon his arrival in Kazakhstan Saturday, referring to possible reprisal attacks after the September 11 terrorist assault
in the United States.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
4. Arab nations want the UN Security Council to help launch a new peace process to end the broader Arab- Israeli
conflict, saying the “road map” unveiled in 2003 to establish a Palestinian state is dead.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Arab League Secretary General Amre Moussa said that the Arab peace initiative is based on the principle of the
Israeli withdrawal fi*om all occupied Arab lands and the commitm^t to the UN resolutions, die main principles of
the UN Charter and to the international law.
Headline: _ _ ____________ ____________________________________
1. Official ......................... Nation-Wide Referendum

a. Seizes b. Backs c. Campaigns d. Exchanges
2. Teens March Across U.S. To ...........................War

a. Threaten b. Escalate c. Protest d. Declare
3. EU Gets .......................... On Chinese Low Quality

a. Promising b. Delighted c. Tough d. Violent
4. Markets Happy With . ...................... Outcome

a. Mandate b. Pledge c. Recognition d. Election
5. Dictator ......................... . To Death By Hanging

a. Associated b. Declared c. Appointed d. Sent^ced
B
il
1 ...... .... Recent changes included the appointment A. a high caliber of student.
2 ...... .... He was the chief negotiator B. participant in the murder.
3 ...... .... Negotiators are considering the exchange C. with the intematicHial community.
4 ...... .... Both powers withdrew D. their forces from the region.
5,.... .... The badminton tournament is held E. annually, usually in the first week of July.
6 ...... .... The police believe he was a willing F. to tackle violent (Time.
7 ...... ....He has learnt little in his dealings G. of a new Foreign Minister.
8 ...... .... The school has always attracted H. rect^nition from the international community.
9 ...... .... It’s a new country, hoping for diplomatic I. for the United States at the Paris peace talks.
10. . . ..... The Présidait was elected with a clear mandate J. of land for peace.
.
ti
Listen to audio clip 2 and fill in the blank spaces in the following piece of news.
Blair to be Named as Mideast Envoy
The .................. of Middle East ........................... met for about three hours at the U.S ....................... in Jerusalem.
Media reports say at the top of the ..................... was the expected ................................. of .......................... British
.................................. Tony Blair as a new special .......................... to the Middle East.
The quartet is made up of the United States, the ....................... ...... Russia, and the ............................ Quartet
diplomats would not ............................ following their talks, but speaking in London, Mr. Blair said he is willing
to take on the ...................
“Anybody who cares about greater peace and .............................. in the world knows that the lasting and
enduring ......................... of the Israeli-Palestinian issue is ............................ ,” he said. “As I have said on
many ......................... ,1 would do whatever 1 could to help such a resolution come about.”
The Quartet meeting follows a ......................... in Egypt that brought the leaders of Israel, the Palestinian
Authority, Jordan, and Egypt together.
At the summit, Israeli ftime Minister Ehud Olmert said he would .......................... 250 prisoners who belong
to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas’ Fatah ............................
He also...................... to ease ....................... on Palestinian .................... in the West Bank by............................
roadblocks and ...........................
The Palestinian .................... split last week, following a military .............. of Gaza by Hamas ..........................
Mr. Abbas ................. the Hamas-led Palestinian ................. government and ....................... a new ..........................
government based in the West Bank.
At the ........................ Egyptian and Jordanian leaders ........................... support for Mr. Abbas, but they also
said that any .................... deal in the region must include all of the Palestinian ..........................
See video dip 2 (Ahmadinejad Pays a Visit to Azerbaijan) and answer the following
questions.
A. Find the
1. counter meanings, pronundations
...................................................... and parts
............ of speech
6. diplomatic of the following words.
tour ...
2. on the doorstep ...................................................... 7. privileged ...............
3. ........................................................................... strengthen................... 8. ally
4. ........................................................................... bilateral 9. Caucasian region
5. counterbalance ...................................................... 10. concern.................
11. Shanghai Cooperation Organization .................... 14. apparently

12.......................................................................... summit 15. accusation .
13.......................................................................... reportedly 16. perpetrate .
B. Using the words in part (A), give a summary of the piece of news.
?SpotmilltI2]
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Address I ^ SPOTLIGHT
United Nations (UN)

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose
stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law,
international security, economic development, social progress and
human rights issues.
There are currently 192 United Nations member states,
encompassing almost every recognized independent state. The five
permanent members of the UN Security Council, each of which has
veto power on any Security Council resolution, are the main victors of World War II or their
successor states: the People’s Republic of China (which replaced the Republic of China in
1971); France; Russia (which replaced the Soviet Union in 1991); the United Kingdom; and
the United States.
From its headquarters in New York City, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on
substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout each year. The
organization is divided into administrative ladies, including the General Assembly, Security
Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice
(ICJ). Additional bodies deal with the governance of all other UN System agencies, such as
the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The
UN’s most visible public figure is the Secretary-General. The current Secretary-General is Ban
Ki-moon of South Korea, who assumed the post on 1 January 2007.
European Union (EU)

The European Union (EU) is a unique supranational union, made up
of twenty-seven member states. It was established as the European
Economic Community in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome and has
undergone many changes since, most notabb^ in 1992 by the
Maastricht Treaty. Since 1957 new accessions have raised ê number
of member states, and powers have expanded. As a result, the EU can
be described as both a supranational and an intergovernmental body.
The combined economy of the EU is the largest in the world with a nominal GDP of €11.6 (US$15.7)
trillion in 2007. The EU has a single market between member states with a common trade policy, a
Common Agricultural/Fisheries Policy, and a regional development policy. It introduced a common
currency, the euro, which has been adopted by thirteen member states. Since 1993, the EU has developed
a limited Common Foreign and Security Policy, and co-operation in police and judicial matters.
The language tf Пеню Media 121

of Journalism
The following are the most important types of journalism found in different news media:
Arts journalism is a branch of journalism concerned widi the reporting and discussion of the arts. This can
include, but is not limited to, film, litonture, music, theater, and ardihecture. Traditionally, journalists and oitics
writing about the arts have a background in writing and the arts; there is no formal advanced training in diis field.
Business journalism is the branch of journalism that tracks, records, analyses and int^prets the econcmiic
changes that take place in a society. It could include anything fi-om personal finance, to business at the local
market, to the malls, to performance of well-known and not-so-well-known companies.
This form of journalism covers news and feature articles about people, places and issues related to the field
of business. Almost all general newspapers and magazines, radio and television news channels carry a business
segment. But one finds detailed and in-dq)th business journalism in dedicated business or financial publicaticHis,
radio and television channels.
Entertainment journalism is an umbrella term used to describe all forms of journalism that focus on the
entolainment business and its products. Entertainmoit journalism covers industry-specific nevtrs while targeting
goieral audioices beyond those working in the industry itself Common forms include television and film criticism,
music journalism, and celebrity coverage.
Environmental journalism is the collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of
information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with
which humans necessarily intoact To be an environmental journalist, one must have an unda'standing of scientific
language and practice, knowledge of historical envircHimental events, the ability to keep abreast of environmoital
policy decisions and the work of ^vironmental organizaticms, a gmo*al unda*standing of curroit aivironm^tal
concerns, and the ability to communicate all of that information to the public in such a way that it can be easily
imderstood, despite its complexity.
Medical journalism is the clissemination of health-related information through mainstream media outlets.
Medical issues are widely reported, and these reports influence doctors, the geno-al public, and the govemmoit.
The coverage is often criticized for being misleading, inaccurate, or speculative.
Political journalism is a broad branch of journalism that includes coverage of all aspects of politics and
political science, although the term usually refers specifically to coverage of civil governments and political
power. Political journalism is a fi*equent subject of opinion journalism, as current political events are analyzed,
intapreted, and discussed by news media pundits and editorialists.
Science journalism is a branch of journalism foat uses the art of reporting to convey informaticxi about
science topics to the public. The communication of scientific knowledge through mass media requires a special
relationship between the world of science and news media, which is still just beginning to form.
Sports journalism is a form of journalism that reports on sports topics and events. While the sports
department within some newspapers has been mockingly called the toy department, because sports journalists do
not concern themselves with the 'serious* topics, sports coverage has grown in importance as sport has grown in
wealth, power and influence.
Technical journalism is a branch of journalism that uses the art of reporting to convey information about
technology to the public.
Trade journalism reports on the movements and developments of the business world by way of articles or
analysis. Trade journalism also refers to industry-specific news, such as exclusive focus on commodities (e.g. oil,
gas and metals) or sectors (e.g. finance, travel, food). Due to its business nature, trade journalism is often expected
to process and interpret a substantial amount of market commentary.
..AJtraffic report is an element of a radio program or TV news broadcast that informs listener about
;eneral^^^5^9PQditions. The reports goierally list the locations and severity of traffic accidents, construction ând
ôwdowns, etc., cm foe roadways within foe broadcast area.
I Âtftplbiâs'tiiig is foe applicaticm of scisice and technology to predict foe state of foe atmosphere for a
future time and a^giyfiR'*location. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about foe Current
ofate^.theatmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospho'ic processes to project how the aimosphere
will evolve.
Iran Plays Down
Threat of US Military Action
/ Q leadlno and Ustanlng
I
n Tehran Saturday, Iranian Foreign Minister The United States accuses Iran of secretly pursuing a nuclear
Manouchehr Mottaki told reporters he does not see bomb, a charge Tehran denies.
the United States imposing another crisis on its On Monday, diplomats from the UÜ. Security Council’s five
taxpayers by starting another war in the Middle East, permanent members, plus Germany, will meet in London to
and should instead be thinking how to extricate itself discuss further measures against Iran, after a report from the U.N.
from Iraq. nuclear watchdog agency found Iran has defied the council, and
not hatted sensitive uranium enrichment work.
Mr. Cheney sad the United States favors a diplomatic
approach for dealing with Iran’s nudear ambitions, but he also left
open the possibility of military action.
“We have worked with the European Community and through
the United Nations to put in place a set of polides to persuade the
Iranians to ê up their aspirations and to resolve the matter
peacefully, and that is still our preference,” he added. “But I have
also made the point and the president has made the point, that all
His remarks follow comments by Vice President Dick Cheney options are still on the table.”
during a visit to Australia Mr. Cheney toid a news conference in Iran’s foreign minister said negotiations, not threats, are the
Sydney that the United States is “deeply concerned” about Iran’s way to resolve the impasse.
activities, including its sponsorship of the Lebanon-based Hezbollah Mottaki said Tehran wants the meefings in London next week
militant group and inflammatory statements made by Iranian President to make what he called the “brave decision to resume talks with
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, as weii as Its nuclear activities. Iran,” a move he says could also lead to International cooperation.
“We beSeve it would be a serious mistake If a nation such as Iran
were to become a nudear power,” said Mr. Cheney.
NeMrWonis
accuse /a'kjuiz/ verb : accuse sb of sth; to say that you believe sb is guilty of a crime or of doing sth bad
• Pakistan has accused India of violating the 14-month ceasefire in Kashmir.
ambition /æm'bif.an/ noun : a strong desire for success, achievement, power or wealth
• The government has announced its ambition to modernize the railway network.
approach /s'prsutj || -'proutf/ noun : approach (to sth): a method of doing sth or dealing with a problem
• The country is currently taking a cautious approach to economic reform.
as well as hz wel az, æz wel æz/ : in addition to sb/sth; too
• The Prime Minister was accompanied on his trip by a number,,
important business leaders.
aspiration /.æs.pi'rei.J'an || -pa'ei-/ noun : a strong desire to have or achievelsHï“
• The railway had become the symbol of progress without which In .
achievement. I f
charge /tj“a:d3 || tjairds/ noun : a written or spoken statement blaming sb
• The charge against him was dropped when someone else confessed to t> .c J. IiO
council /'kaunt.sal/ notm: a group of people that are chosen to make rules, laws, or decisions, or to give advice
• Our party won the majority of seats on the city councils.
crisis /'krai.sis/ noun : a situation that has reached an extremely difficult or dangerous point; a time of great
disagreement, uncertainty or suffering
• The financial crisis in Asia is over, and the economies of the region are improving rapidly.
defy /di'fai/ verb: to refuse to obey or show respect for sb in authority, a law, a rule, etc.
• Hundreds of people today defied the ban on political gatherings.
deny /di'nai/ verb : to say that sth is not true, or that you do not believe sth
• There ’s no denying the fact that quicker action could have saved the injured soldiers.
diplomat /'dip.b.maet/ noun : an official whose job is to represent one country in another, and who usually works in
an embassy
• Someone once suggested that when a diplomat says yes, he means maybe; when he says maybe, he means
no; when he says no, he is no diplomat.
enrichment /m'ntf.mant/ noun technical: to increase the number of atoms in a nuclear fuel so that it produces more
power
• North Korea recently declared its decision to halt its uranium enrichment activity.
European Community, the /ju8.ra,pi:.an ka'mju:.na.ti || jur.d,pi:.an ka'mjui.na.ti/ nom : die formw name of the
European Ihiiai (1967-1993)
• The European Community was the name of the organization through which particular European
governments made decisions and agreed on shared action in social and economic matters until November
1993. Then it became the European Union.
extricate /'ek.stri.keit/ verb : extricate sb/sth/(yourself) (from sth) : to escape from a difficult or embarrassing
situation, or to help sb escape
• He had managed to extricate himselffrom most of his official duties.
give up /giv 'Ap/ verb : to stop doing sth, especially sth that you do regularly
• The politician was a very combative man, and he refused to give up even when polls showed he was certain
to lose the election.
halt /holt II ha:lt/ verb: to (cause to) stop moving or doing sth or happening
• The continuing conflict between the two countries has haltedforeign investment in both countries. impasse
/aem'paes || 'im.pass/ noun : a situation in which further development is impossible
• The dispute had reached an impasse, as neither side would compromise.
impose /im'pauz || -'pouz/ verb : impose sth on sb/sth: to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule,
punishment, etc. be used
• They have imposed restrictions on trade with foreign companies. inflammatory
/in'flaem.a.tri || -toir.i/ adj. : intended to cause very strong feelings of anga*
• The Prime Minister was extremely cautious, saying nothing infiammatory and giving no hostages to
fortune.
measure /'mes.afr) || -a/ noun: an action, especially an official one, that is intoided to deal with a particular problem
• Preventive measures are being taken to reduce crime in the city.
militant /'mil.i.tant/ adj. : using, or willing to use, fiirce or strong pressure to achieve your aims, especially to achieve
social or political change
• Student demonstrators in some countries are quite militant, and often throw fire bombs, rocks and bottles
during clashes with police.
negotiation /na.gau.Ji'ei.j'an || -,goo-/ noun : official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who
are trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
• fVe’ve reached a broad agreement, but the details are subject to negotiation.
nuclear /'nju:.klid(r) || 'nu:.kli:.s/ adj. : relating to or involving the use of weapons that use nuclear aiergy
• A nuclear war could result in the total destruction of vast portions of our planet.
option /'op.Xdn II 'a:p-/ noun : a choice you can make in a particular situation
• The mayor has set up a system of monthly forums for the public to look at various development options in
the city,
play down /plei 'daun/ verb : to try to make sth seem less important or less likely than it really is; downplay ' •
Military spokespeople tried to play down the seriousmss of the disaster. puiîe /^'bj\ir|l p^su:/ verb: to continue
doing an activity or trying to adiieve sth over a long period of time ‘ • The country has chosen to pursue a policy of
neutrality in the conflict.
resolye /nhsüNSlpzailv/ verb: to find an acceptable solution to a problem or difficulty; solve; settle
• A committee has been fijrmed of workers and management to try to resolve issues between them before
they become a serious problem.
LESSON 3 Iran Plays Down Threat of US Military Action
resume /n'zjuim || -'zu:m/ verb : to start doing sth again after a pause
• The government is set to resume talks with the union after a three-day cooling-off period.
Security Council, the /si'kjua.n.ti ,kaun.sal \\ si'kjur.a.ii ,kaunt.s9l/ noun ; a part of the United Nations whose purpose
is to prevent war and maintain peace
• The Security council is a committee of five permanent members (the US, the UK, Russia, France, and
China) and ten other members who change every two years.
sponsorship /'spon.sajip || 'spa:n.s9-/ noun : the act of officially agreeing to help sb else, or to be responsible for what
they do
• Restrictions on tobacco advertising and sponsorship are key parts of a global treaty being organized by
the World Health Organization to reduce smoking.
statement /'steit.mant/ noun : sth you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions
or opinions, or to record facts
• In an official statement, the leaders of the two nations pledged their support for a continuation of the peace
talks.
taxpayer /'tteks,pei.a(r) || -a/ noun ; a person that pays tax
• It is unfair to expect taxpayers to make up the deficits (= lack) caused by government budget cuts. threat
/0ret/ noun : a statement in which you tell sb that you will cause them harm or trouble if they do not do what you want
• Martin Luther King once observed that injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
UN, the /ju:'en/ noun : {abbreviation for the United Nations) : an international organization that tries to find peaceful
solutions to world problems
• One of the goals of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security.
vice president /,vais 'prez.i.dant/ noun : the person who is next in rank to the president of a country and who is
responsible for the president’s duties if he or she is unable to do them
• Control of government has been assumed by the Vice-President until the President is well enough to take
over again.
watchdog /'wotj'.dog || 'waitf.daig/ noun : a person or group of people whose job is to check that companies are not
doing anything illegal or ignoring people’s rights
• The committee acts as an independent watchdog over government spending.
Exorcises
mm m
1. After his heart attack, he abandoned his .................to become Prime Minister.
A. deny 2. After the floods, contaminated water was a serious ...................... to public health.
B. spottsoifship 3. He believed that a gentle ...........................to resolving conflicts and attacks is the
C. crisis most effective.
D. impasse 4. ................................................................................... The government discussed a
E. pursue number of different ............................................................... during their recent meeting.
F. militant 5. The two governments are trying to normalize relations, now that the conflict has
G. statement been ...............................
H. resdlvel 6. ......................................................................................................... The
L extricata govemmoit minister was forced to resign after making racist....................... to the media.
J. appn»^h 7. The party is expecting to gain control of the city ...................... in the next election.
K. nuclear 8.1 tried to .......................... myself from the situation but it was impossible.
L. haM I 9. The Prime Minister was criticized ft>r tiie way in which he handled the national ...
M. threat^ 10. His ........................remarks provoked storms of protest,
N. council 11. Security forces .......................... the demonstrators by blocking the road.
O. ambition 12. The proposal offered both sides a way out of the diplomatic ...........................
P. inflammatory 13. We need to decide soon what marketing strategy we should ..................... .... for
Q. opdonj these new products.
14. It can’t be ........................that we need to devote more resources to the country’s
economic problems.
15. Although the court found that he was not a ....................... member of the guerrilla
group, he received a maximum saitaice.
1 give up A. deadlock
2 watchd<^ B. aspiration, hope
3 approach (n.) C. mediod, manner
4 play down D. place blame on sb
5 impose E. (cause to) stop
6 deny F. refuse
7 impasse G. release, free
8 accuse H. enfrirce, require
9 pursue L resist, oppose
10 extricate J. accusation
11 defy K. debate, discussion
12 charge (n.) L. make less important
13 ambition M. abandon
14 halt (v.) N. follow, continue
15 negotiation O. guardian, monitor
Match the headlines with the news leads and write them in the spaces provided above
each news lead.
a. Iraq Defends Iranians Seized By The U.S.
b. Iran Denies Entry To 38 UN Nuclear Inspectors
C. From Iran, A Word Of Measured Good Will
d. Crippled, Iraq Leans On Longtime Enemy Iran For Trade
e. A Bjft Emerges Over U.S. Policy Toward Iran
1. Headline: '' . - _______ __ _________________ ^
News lead: The decision to bar die monitors is in apparoit retaliation for UN sanctimis impost last m<mdi.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The economies of the two Mideast neighbors, the largest Shiite countries in the world, are becoming
closely intertwined.
3/Headline: . '- - > ____________ __ ___ . . .. .■ - ■
News lead: L-an’s presid^t said his country was smously considoing a proposal to resolve the dispute over
Iran’s nuclear pffo^Ä
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The Iraqi foreign minister said Friday that five Iranians detained by U.S. forces in Kurdish northmi
Iraq on Thursday were working in a liaison office that had government approval and was in the process of being
approved as a consulate.
5. Headline: ______________ - - > ' ____ ■ - :: ■ • ■ -
News lead: A behind^ho'scmes debate has troken out within die U.S adminisfaôn over whedier their
appr<»ch has any hqpe of reining in Tehran’s nuclear program, according to sooim* adthinistration officials.
u
mu
1. Authorities Uiê Flood ........................ Not To Take Risks
a. Watdidog b. Sponsorship c. Victims d. Al^
2. Dozens Of ......................... Killed In Air Strikes

a. Watdidogs b. Negotiators C. Parties d. Civilians
3. MPs Struggle To Solve Political ........

a. Aspiration b. Ambition c. Statement d. Impasse d.
4. Former PM Questioned In Smear

a. Threat b. Scandal c. Option c. Negotiation d.
5. Car Bomb ... Kills 25 In Capital

a. Shelter b. Threat Blast Enrichment
1 .......... Human rights lawyers have accused A. that he lied to

the committee.
2 ....... The government needs to take B. extricate the driver from the wrecked car.
3 ....... The representatives said they would dety C. the police of beating him to death.
4 ....... It is difficult to see how this conflict D. the party leader and vote against him.
5 ....... The President is denying charges E. a statement about the investigation to the press.
6. ......... The group has tak^ a militant F. since negotiations with the rebels broke down.
7 .......... War is last becoming a certainty G. hostilities against government troops.
8. ......... It took firemai almost an hour to H. can be resolved without taking the matter to court.
9 .......... The rebels have resumed I. measures to curb violent
crimes.
10 ........ The government is expected to issue J. position on the
issue and is reftising to compromise.
Listen to audio clip 3 and fill In the blank spaces in the following piece of news.
Bush Says Diplomacy Best Option for Dealing with Iran
The focus of the trip was supposed to be health care for the elderly. But when senior ....................................... got a
chance to ask questions, they asked about Iran.
The president told them the goal is to prevent Iran from using its ...................... program to develop atomic
........................ He said in the case of Iraq, diplomacy ..................................... to bring Saddam Hussein in
........................ with international demands. But he said this time, diplomatic efforts to ................................ the
........................ may succeed.
“The first choice and a choice that I think will work with the Iranians is diplomacy,” Mr. Bush says. “And 1
believe we can .......................... this through diplomacy.”
He made the ............................. at a time when members of the United Nations ....................................... are
........................ to find the best way to put pressure on Iran, with China and Russia resisting calls for economic
The president said he would not ............................ in public, and would let the diplomats do their work in
private. But he made clear, while there are differences in ...................... ... they all agree the ................... aim is to
prevent Iran from getting nuclear ............................
“The first step toward good diplomacy is to have different countries agree to a ......................... goal, which is
that the Iranians should not have the ....................... and-or nuclear weapons,” Mr. Bush says.
Mr. Bush said through hard work, the countries dealing wiA the Iran nuclear issue will remain
........................ together. He said they all recognize the danger ................................ in a nuclear-armed Iran. He
said they understand the ........................... .... and added Tehran must understand the consequences of its continued
“It’s very important for the Iranians to know they will be .................................. in the world,” Mr. Bush says.
“The rest of the world, much of the world, shares the same demands that those of us involved in say.”
The president made no mention of the letter, .............................to him Monday by the Swiss .................. in
Tehran, from Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The 18-page letter has many criticisms of the Bush
........................ but does not refer directly to the .............................over Iran’s nuclear...........................
It was quickly rejected by Bush administration ................................ and the White House has made clear Iran
should not expect a formal written ..........................
SBHPHSü nSiüSPM ÜM
êssÊmiksii MÜ Hi/
See video clip 3 (Chemical Plant Explosion) and answer the following questions.
1. ........................................................................... explosion.....................
8. extinguish ................................................................
2. ............................................................................ build-up ......................
9. ecological..................................................................
3. furnace ....................................................................... 10. catastrophe...........
4. emergency crew ......................................................... 11. criminal case .......
5. debris ......................................................................... 12. violation ...............
6. evacuate ..................................................................... 13. safety regulation
B. Using
7. halt the words in part (A), provide a summary
............................................................................. of the
14. overhaul piece of news.
...............
?spoiiiaiit(3]
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United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the
organ of the United Nations charged with maintaining
peace and security among nations. While other organs
of the United Nations only make recommendations to
member governments, the Security Council has the
power to make decisions which member governments
must carry out under the United Nations Charter, The
decisions of the Council are known as United Nations
Security Council Resolutions.
The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of five permanent seats and ten
temporary seats. The permanent five are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. These members hold veto power over substantive but not procedural resolutions allowing a
permanent member to block adoption but not debate of a resolution unacceptable to it. The ten temporary
seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the UN General Assembly on a regional
basis.
European Community (EC)
The European Community was formed in 1967 with the merger of the
European Economic Community, European Coal and Steel Community, and
European Atomic Energy Community. The merger created a single
Commission of the European Community and a sinê Council of Ministers.
Other executive, legislative, and judicial bodies also were collected under the
umbrella of the EC. In 1993 the EC became the basis of the European Union,
and the European Economic Community was renamed the European
Community.
The language Of News Media 13 ]

Major Roles in Journalism
The following are some of the major roles in journalism:

A journalist is a perscm who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about
current events, tr^ds, issues, and people while striving for viewpoints diat aroi’t biased.
A reporter is a type of journalist who researdies and presents informatioi in certain types of mass media .
Reporters gadi^ their information in a variety of ways, including tips, press releases, sources (those with
newsworthy information) and witnessing events. Th^ perform researdi through interviews, public records, and
oth^ sources. The information-gadiering part of the job is sometimes called reporting as distinct from the
production part of the job, such as writing articles. Reporters goierally split their time betweoi working in a
newsroom and going out to witness events or intmdew people.
A columnist is a journalist who writes for publication in a series, creating copy that can somîmes be
strongly opinionated. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and otha* publications, including blogs on the
Internet Readers often open a publication with an expectation of reading a new essay by a specific write* vifro
offers a personal point of view. Some colunmists appear on a daily basis and later rqnrint the same material in
book collections.
Editing is the process of preparing language^ images, sound, video, or film Üırou^ correcticm,
condensation, organization, and other modifications in various media. A pa*son MÔ edits is called an editor. In
a sense, the editing process originates with the idea ft>r the work itself and continues in die relationîp between
the author and the editor. Editing is, dierefore, also a practice that includes a*eative skills, human relaticms, and
a precise set of methods.
A pundit is someone iô offa*s to mass-media his or her opinicxi or commoitary on a particular subject area
(most typically political analysis, the social sciraces or sport) on iîdi di^ are knowledgeable. Hie term has been
increasingly applied to popular media pa*sonalities. In certain cases, it may be used in a derogatory mann«* as
well.
A news presenter (also known as newsreader, newscaster, anchorman <»* anchorwoman, and news anchor)
is a person who presents a news ôw on televisimi, radio or die Internet.
Violence across Iraq Scattered
/ 9 Readina and ustanina

s and Iraqi forces in Baghdad are Increasing Joint suspected insurgents. U.S. officials also reported they continue to
patrols, and s^ng up new checkpoints, but build fortified combat outposts in the middle of Baghdad's most
U
Iraqi ofRdäs say the dt/s new security operation violent neighborhoods.
still has not been fully impiemented. Iraq's Kurdish Outside Baghdad, Iraqi police say they plan to increase
preddent, Jalal Talabani, and Its Shi’ite prime minister, checkpoints to stop insurgents who may flee the city's security
Nouri ai Maliki, told reporks that the security plan will be crackdown. Sherkou Shakir, a police commander in Kirkuk, 250
sqiplled equally across the capital city’s religiously kiiometers north of Baghdad, says his forces plan to guard the
divided neighborhoods. Prime Minister Maliki dismissed highway from Baghdad.
news reports that the plan had already started in one He says, "all of us together support this plan to face these
predominantly Sunni neighborhood. armed groups." Iraqis forced to flee sectarian violence In their
Baghdad neighborhoods are hoping that the operation will help
them return. This Shi'ite woman said she left Baghdad after
insurgents came to her home and threatened her.
She says, "I hope to go back home and to see my neighbors,
who I have known for a long time. I pray that the plan will help all
families go back home in
He says, "It will never start from one neighborhood - it will Meanwhiie, at a news briefing in Baghdad, a senior U.S.
start for all of Baghdad at the same time." He says, "Do not listen to defense official, who spoke with reporters on condition his name
those who say that It started from this or that kind of not be used, said increasingly sophisticated bombs were sent to
neighborhood." Iraqi extremists firom Iran. He said inteliigence analysts believe the
As part of the Increased security, the U.S. military reported weapons are manufactured in Iran and smuggled into Iraq on
that Iraqi and U.S. forces conducted 7,400 patrols in Baghdad this orders from the Iranian government He did not elaborate.
week, uncovering 14 weapons stockpiles and detaining about 140
New Words
apply /d'plai/ verb : to use sth such as a method, idea, or law in a particular situation, activity, or process
• The trial judge had applied an incorrect principle of law.
armed /a:md [| a:rmd/ adj. : using or carrying weapons
• There is very little support for an armed struggle (=fighting with weapons) against the government.
briefing /'brii.fig/ noun : information that is given to sb just before they do sth, or a meeting where this happens
• Details of the scheme will be announced at a press briefing later today.
capital /'kaep.i.tal || -{al/ noun: an important city where the main government of a country, state, etc. is
• London has long been the financial capital of England
checkpoint /'tj'ek.point/ noun : a place where people are stopped and questioned and vehicles are examined,
especially at a border between two countries
• The officer said the new equipment could be used at checkpoints to search people for explosive devices.
combat /'kom.baet || 'ka:m-/ noun : fitting or a fight, especially during a time of war
• The U.N. has set 18 as the minimum age for soldiers sent into combat.
LESSON 4 Violence across Iraq Scattered
commander /ka'ma:n.d9(r) || -'m^n.ds/ noun : an officer of any rank who is in charge of a group of soldiers or a
particular military activity
• The commander of the U.N. forces is asking for help in getting aid supplies to the refugees.
conduct /ksn'dAkt/ verb ; to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove
facts
• In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. crackdown
/'kraek.daun/ noun : crackdown on sb/sth: action that is taken to deal more strictly with crime, a problem, protests,
etc.
• The capital city faced an anti-government unrest that ended with the violent army crackdown.
detain /di'tein/ verb : to keep sb in an official place, such as a police station, a prison or a hospital, and prevent them
from leaving
• A suspect has been detained by the police for further questioning in the murder of a local woman. dismiss
/di'smis/ verb ; to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion, etc., because you think it is not serious, true, or important
• The judge dismissed the charges, saying there was insufficient proof.
elaborate /I'laeb.s.reit/ verb: elaborate on/upon sth: to explain or describe sth in a more detailed way
• The general did not elaborate on his strategy, saying only that we would hear the details when necessary.
extremist /ik'stri:.mist/ noun : a person whose opinions, especially about religion or politics, are extreme, and who
may do things that are violent, illegal, etc. for what they believe
• A previously unknown extremist group has said it carried out Friday's bomb attack.
flee {past tense and past participle fled /fled/) /fli:/ verb : to leave a person or place very quickly, especially because
you are afraid of possible danger
• Thousands of refugees are fleeing the area, and the U.N. is afraid (that) war is about to break out. fortify
/'foi.ti.fai II 'foir.ts-/ verb : to make a place more able to resist attack, especially by building high walls
• They fortified the village with barricades of carts, tree trunks and whatever came to hand
guard /ga:d 1| ga:rd/ verb : to protect sb/sth from being attacked or stolen
• The soldiers guarding the government officials were killed during the rebel attack.
implement /'im.pli.ment/ verb : to put a plan or system into operation
• Politicians make all sorts of promises during an election campaign, but very few of them are ever
implemented
insurgent /in's3:.d3ant || -S3\-I noun : one of a group of people fighting against the government of their own country,
or against authority
• The government reported that it had subsequently killed 80 insurgents in a series of raids. intelligence
/in'tel.i.dsans/ noun : secret information that is collected, for example about a foreign country, especially one that is
an enemy; the people that collect this information
• They received intelligence reports that the factory was a target for the bombing.
joint /dsDint/ adj. : involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them
• The union and management have come to a joint agreement on a salary increase of 5%. manufacture
/,maen.ju'faek.tj‘a(r) || -tj'a/ verb : to use machines to make goods or materials, usually in large numbers or amounts
• This country imports a lot of manufactured goods from China.
outpost /'aut.paust || -poust/ noun : a small military camp away from the main army, used for watching an enemy’s
movements, etc.
• The troops had to stay in a remote mountain outpost, linked to the outside world by the poorest of roads.
patrol /pa'traul || -'troul/ noun : (especially of soldiers or the police) when sb goes around an area or a building to see
if tho-e is any trouble or danger
• A policeman found the body ofa young man in the park while out on patrol last night.
predominantly /pn'dom.i.ndnt.li || -*da:.ma-/ adv. : mainly, primarily, mostly
• The men employed in the mills were predominantly young and unmarried.
scattered /'skset.ad || 'sk£{.9d/ adj.: spread over a wide area or over a long pîod of time
• There was scattered gunfire and looting in the area.
sectarian /sek'tea.ri.an || -'ter.i-/ adj. : (often disapproving) connected with the differences that exist between groups
of people who have different religious views
• The Prime Minister called on both sides of the sectarian divide to end the cycle of violence.
senior /'si:.ni.d(r) || -njd/ adj. : having a higher position, level, or rank
• A senior official in the government has denied rumors that the President is ill.
set up /set 'AP || sej 'Ap/ verb : to start a company, organization, committee etc.; establish
• The two sides agreed to set up a commission to investigate claims.
smuggle /'smAg..I/ verb: to take things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally
• The punishment is harsh for smutting drugs into the country.
sophisticated /sa'fis.ti.kei.tid || -$id/ adj. : complicated and advanced in design
• The commander claims that the missile has a sophisticated guidance system.
stockpile /'stok.pail || ’sta:k-/ noun: a large supply of sth that is kept to be used in the future if necessary
• President Bush claimed that the objective of the war was to destroy Iraq’s secret stockpile of weapons of
mass destruction.
suspected /ss'spek.tid/ adj. : sb who is thought to be guilty of a crime
• The arrest of the suspected serial killer has brought a great deal of relief to the city. threaten
/'0ret.an/ verb : to say that you will cause trouble, hurt sb, etc. if you do not get what you want
• The hijackers threatened to kill one passenger every hour if their demands were not met. uncover
/An'kAv.a(r) || -a/ verb : to discover sth that was previously hidden or secret
• Customs officials uncovered a plot to smuggle weapons into the country.
violence /'vaia.bns/ noun : actions or words which are intended to hurt people
• In a recent outbreak/eruption of racial violence, 20 people were killed
violent /'vaia.bnt/ adj.: involving actions tiiat are intended to injure or kill people, by hitting them, shooting them,
etc.
• Many Americans believe they have to arm themselves to protect against violent criminals in their
communities.
weapon /'wep.an/ noun: sth that you use to fight with or attack sb with, such as a knife, bomb, or gun
• Einstein once said: ‘7 don 7 know with what weapons World War Three will be fought, but World War
Four will be fought with sticks and stones. ”
Exercises
ж ■ш
1. The committee will ....................... a thorough investigation of the bribery charges.

A. stockpile (n.) 2. The minister said he was resigning, but refused to .............................on his reasons
a fortify for doing so.
C. threaten 3. The attack was carried out by ri^t-wing .............................. .. who will do anything to
D. elaborate achieve their goals.
E. armed 4. The occupying forces generally stay within their heavily ......................... garrisons
F. sophisticated for fear of attack.
G. flee 5. The President met with his ............................ advisers to discuss the issue.
H. detain 6. The recent guerrilla war has ...................... the stability and security of the region.
I. insurgent (n.) 7. The toTorist group is believed to have ....................................... of weapons and
J. commander ammunition that will last several months.
K. sectarian 8. The first nuclear ........................... used in wartime was dropped on the city of
L. weapon Hiroshima in 1945.
M. extremist 9. My knowledge of computers is too limited ft)r me to be able to really use this
N. senior software program to its full potential.
O. dismiss 10. All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the ............................
P. conduct 11. Police are warning people to be on the lookout for an escaped prisoner who is said
Q. violence to be........................... and dango’ous.
J 12 .................................. violence poses a real threat to the stability of the country.
13. Army ........................... proclaimed a state of emergency and replaced civilian
governors by military men.
14. During the Vietnam War, many young American тот............................. to Canada
to avoid military service.
15. Under no circumstances should police use ........................ against protesters.
1 implement (v.) A. supply of materials

2 threaten B. arrest, confine
3 detain C. mass-produce
4 stockpile (n.) D. direct, organize
5 armed E. carry out
6 scattered F. equipped with weapons
7 conduct (v.) G. reconnaissance tour
8 flee H. run away, escape
9 crackdown I. sudden disciplinary action
10 manufacture (v.) J. reveal
11 insurgent (n.) K. intimidate, endanger
12 patrol (n.) L. military conflict
13 fortify M. dispersed
14 uncover N. str«igth«i
15 combat (n.) O. rebel
ütea Éiâ^MâaÉ
about five words.
1. A US government official assêd Thursday that an international consensus had emerged blaming Syria for
stoking violence in Lebanon, Iraq and against la-aelis.
Headline: _ ____________________________________________________
2. On the eve of a crucial meeting in Jordan, both U.S. and Iraqi officials agree that amid worsening violence, the
fiite of Iraq now depends on its political lead^s.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. Crude oil rose Uiursday above $76 a barrel for die first time, as violence in the Middle East and Nigeria posed a
threat to supplies.
Headline: _ _______ ____________________________________________
4. Israel sent its tanks storming into Palestinian-ruled territory early Wednesday for the first time since the
outbreak of deadly violence six months ago, saying it wanted to blast the Palestinians back to the negotiating table.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Voters turned out in full force Sunday to cast their ballots in Turkish elections marred by violence whidi left at
least three dead and several wounded despite tight security.
Headline:
miÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÈ
1. Terrorists ...................... For Releasing Hostages
a. Uncover b. Threat«! c. Negotiate
d. Fortify
2. Nine........................ Over Thai Protest

a. Scatt«'ed b. Detained c. Conducted d. Armed
3. President . Effects of UN Sanctions On Country

a. Dismisses b. Threatens c. Conducts d. Smuggles
4. Civilians Turn To Gangs To ............ For Safety

a. Uncover b. Inspect c. Violate d. Flee
5. Iraq And Syria Restore Relations After 24-Year .........................

a. Crackdown b. Combat c. Rift d. Briefing
-------------
1 ........ Vehicles are stopped at severalcheckpoints A. is gathered using sophisticated technology.
2 ....... Police are launching a new B. a new plan to combat terrorism.
3 ....... The police have uncovered C. in connection with the coup attempt.
4 ....... The senator dismissed D. claims that he had accepted bribes.
5 ....... There will be some scattered E. crackdown on drug users.
6 ....... He was caught trying to smuggle F, killing 5 soldiers, and wounding a dozen others.
7 ....... The government is implementing G. an assassination plot against the Prime Minister.
8 ....... Military intelligence H. along the border.
9 ....... Over 60 people have been detained I. showers in the afternoon.
10 ..... Guerrillas attacked a government patrol, J. 26 kilos of heroin into the country.
jMT"
US to Join Iran, Syria at Meeting on Iraq
Bush ........................ officials insist the two meetings do not ........................ a change in policy, but they could
provide a rare opportunity for direct U.S. dialogue with Iranian and Syrian officials on Iraqi ........................issues.
The meetings are an ....................... of the Iraqi govemmoit, which hopes the regional ................................can
help .......................... the country.
The first in Baghdad in mid-March will bring together ................................. from Iraq’s neighbors, including
Iran and Syria, and ...................from the five .................... member countries of the ................. Security Council.
The second meeting, probably in April, will be at the ............................. level and also involve the .................
grouping of major industrialized coimtries - thus adding Japan, Italy, Germany and Canada.
TTie .................. has not been ............................. but U.S. officials say it will probably be .....................in the
Middle East but not Baghdad, where security conditions would .................... such a ..............................
.......................... Condoleezza Rice .............................. U.S. participation in the meetings at a Sâte
..................... Tuesday, noting that Syria and Iran will be invited and that they have a ................................ in a
..................... Iraq. “TTie violence occurring witiiin the country has a decided ........................ on Iraq’s neighbors.
And Iraq’s neighbors, as well as the international .............................. ... have a clear role to play in supporting the
Iraqi government’s efforts to......................... peace and national ......................... within the country,” she said.
Despite a ...................... relationship, the United States ........................... its ...................... in Syria but has not
had............................ relations with Iran in nearly three ...........................
At a news ..................... .... State Departmait ................. Sean McCormack would not ................... into'action
between Secretary Rice and other U.S. officials at the two meetings with their Iranian and Syrian .........................
But he said it meant no policy change, and that in the case of Iran, there can be no .....................................until
the Tehran government meets international demands to end uranium ....................................... “You can have a
discussion on issues related to Iraq, and that not be a .......................................... So in the ............................... of
diplomacy you need to have a certain amount of flexibility if you are going to achieve the goals that you want to
achieve. Again, the focus of the meeting in Baghdad is going to be on Iraq,” she said.
ITie United States has ............................ Syria of allowing foreign fighters to cross its ................................into
Iraq and U.S .............................officials have recently presented what they said was evidence that Iranian-made
..................... are being used in attacks <HI U.S. forces in Iraq. Both countries ........................ the .....................
Spokesman McCormack suggested it would be .......................... for the United States to .; .........................any
discussion at tiie two ............................. meetings that mi^t help ....................................the safety of U.S. forces.
See video clip 4 (Recent Clashes in Gaza Strip) and answer the following questions.
1. air strike ................................................................. 13. stand by ...................
2. troops ...................................................................... 14. procedure ............
3. roll........................................................................... 15. ill-equipped .........
4. clash ........................................................................ 16. cope with ............
5. chaise ...................................................................... 17. dwindle ...............
6. resistance .............................................................. 18. ongoing operation
7. armed wing ............................................................. 19. confirm ...............
8. faction .................................................................... 20. detain ..................
9. incursion ................................................................. 21. endure .................
10. border ................................................................... 22. crushing ..............
11. resident .................................................................. 23. ordeal ..................
12. battered .................................................................. 24. abandoned ...........
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World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an organization,
established in 1967 and an agency of the United Nations from 1974, for
cooperation between governments in matters concerning patents,
trademarks, and copyright, and the transfer of technology between
countries. WIPO currently has 184 member states, administers 23
international treaties, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
Vatican City and almost all UN members are members of the WIPO.
International Labor Organization (ILO)
#)
The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the
United Nations that deals with labor issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva,
Switzerland. Its secretariat is known as the International Labor Office and
its current Director-General is Juan Somavia (since 1999).
As stated by its Director-General, “the primaiy goal of the ILO today is to
promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive
work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.” In working towards this goal,
the organization seeks to promote employment creation, strengthen hmdamental principles and
rights at work - workers’ rights, improve social protection, and promote social dialogue as well as
provide relevant information, training and te^nical assistance. At present, the HD’s work is
organized into four thematic groupings or sectors: (1) Standards and fundamental principles and
ri^ts at work; (2) Employment; (3) Social Protection; and (4) Social Dialogue.
lii The language ef hews Media 141

NewvSpaper Sections
Many people become inta-ested in reading newspapers. However, newspaper reading can be difficult for some
people. The following tmns can help you imderstand the parts of a newspaper and help them decide what
information could be helpful to them.
Front Page
The first page of a newspaper includes the title, all the publication information, the index, and the main stwies
that will capture the most attrition. The major story of the day will be placed in the most prominoit position and
contain a large, bold-feced headline. The topic could be of a national scope or it could be a local story.
Folio
The folio includes the publicaticm information and is often located und^ the name of the paper. This information
includes the date, volume number, and price.
News Article
A news article is a report on an event that has taken place. Articles may include a byline, bocfy text, photo, and
caption. Typically, newspaper articles that appear closest to the front page or within the first section are those that
editors consider to be the most important and relevant to their readers.
Feature Articles
Feature articles report about an issue, person, event with added depth and more background details.
Byline
A byline is a line at the beginning or end of a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine that gives the writCT’s
name.
Editorials
An editorial is an article written by the editcn'ial staff from a specific perspective. The editcxial will offer tiie
newspaper’s subjective view of an issue.
Editorial Cartoons
Editorial cartoons have a long and frscinating histcny. They offer an opinion and convey a message about an
important issue in an amusing, oitotaining, or poignant visual depiction.
Letters to the Editor
Hiese are letters sent from reado’s to a newspaper, usually in response to an article. oftoi include strong opinions
about something the newspaper has published. Letters to the editor also present subjective view of the issues.
International News
This section contains news about otho* countries. It may address relationships between two or more countries,
political news, information about, wars, droughts, disasters, or other evoits that impact the world in stnne way.
Advertisements
Obviously, an advotisement is a section that is purdiased and designed frn* selling a product or idea. Some
advisements are obvious, but some can be mistaken for articles.
Business Section
This sectitm contains business profiles and news reports about the state of commerce. You can pftoi find reptHts
about new inventitms, innovation, and advances in technology. Stodc reports appear in tiie business section. This
section also includes statistics and fnrofiles of people ô have made an impact on file economy.
Entertainment or Lifisstyle
The section’s names and traits differ froin paper to pêr, but lifestyle sections typically ofi^ interviews of popular
people, interesting peqile, and people who make a difference in fiieir communities. Other infimnation ctmcems
health, beauty, religion, hobbies, books, and aufiiors.
îiés.^n
Muslim Leaders Meet to Discuss
Middle East Peace
GQl / Q ieadlig and Utienliig
T
he one<lay meeting brought together foreign President Pervez Musharraf In his latest efforts to help resolve tensions
ministers from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, In the Middle East.
Jordan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Turkey. President Musharraf initiatiy proposed the so-called peace
Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, the secretary gerieral of the summit during a series of trips in recent weeks to key Islamic
57-member Organization of the Islamic Conforenoe (OIC) nations, including Iran.
Iranian officials did not attend Sunday’s conference and the
meeting ended without any specific plans or date for the proposed
summit which will reportedly be held in Saudi Arabia.
Speaking to reporters after the meeting Pakistani Foreign
Minister Khurshid Kasuri said both the United States and Iran need
to help ease tensions over Tehran’s controversial nuclear
program.
"It is vital that all issues be resolved through diplomacy and
there must be no resort to use of force,” he said. There is a need
for de-escalatron, instead of aggravation and confrontation in the
Gulf region. All countries must work towards that objective.”
During his opening remarks, Pakistan Prime Minister Shaukat In a written statement released after the meeting, the joint
Aziz undertined the need to resolve the Palestinian conflict to help delegation also expressed concern over the ongoing violence in
stabilize the Middle East. Iraq and urged the Iraqi government to "make all efforts to achieve
"Durable peace in the Middle East demands an honorable national reconciliation.”
solution of the Palestinian issue based on justice, equity, and Pakistan Is a key U.S. ally in the war against terrorism.
realism, which must be in accordance with the wishes and Pakistani officials have repeatedly argued that conflicts In the
aspirations of the Palestinian people,” he said. Middle East are fueling radicalism throughout the Muslim world.
Pakistan does not officially recognize Israel, but held public
talks with the Jewish State in 2005. Observers say those talks may
help Pakistan
New Words
accordance /s'kor.dans || -'ko:r-/ noun formal: in accordance with : according to a rule, system, etc.
• In accordance with insinuations, the officers took no action to dênd themselves, although they were
armed aggravation /,$g.r9'vei.j‘3n//Jown : trouble or difficulty; making worse, exacerbation
• I’d complain to the manager but it’s not worth the aggravation.
ally /'ael.ai/ noun : a country that agrees to help or support another country in a war
• The U.S. is usually a close ally of Great Britain in foreign affairs.
attend /d'tend/ verb: to go to an event sudi as a meeting or a class
• The meeting will be attended by finance ministers from many countries.
conflict /'kon.flikt || 'kaai-/ noun: a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries, etc.
• Thousands of people lost their homes and all their belongings in the conflict in Kosovo.
confrontation /.kon.frAn'tei.Jan || .kam.fran-/ noun: a dispute, fight, or battle between two groups of people
• There was a briefmilitary corflontation between soldiers of the two countries, and two men are now dead
controversial /.kon.tra'vsi.Jal || ,ka:n.tra'v3:-/ adj. : causing disagreement or discussion

• A recent government paper on the presidential election contains some controversial new ideas. delegation
/.del.i'gei.Jan/ noun : a group of people who represent the views of an organization, a country, etc.
• The three-member delegation has issued a statement saying that negotiations are going well.
durable /'djua.ra.bl || 'dur.s-/ adj. : able to last a long time without becoming damaged
• The UN resolution created a durable peace between the two countries.
ease /i:z/ verb : to make or become less severe, difficult, unpleasant, painful, etc.
• After the arrival of the United Nations soldiers, tension in the area began to ease.
equity /'ek.wi.ti || -î/ noun: a situation in which all people are treated equally and no one has an unfair advantage
• All human beings want to be treated with equity and respect.
escalation /.es.ka'lei.j’an/ noun : (of fighting, violence, or a bad situation) becoming much worse
• It’s difficult to explain the recent escalation in/of violent crime.
fuel /fjusl/ verb : (of a feeling or a type of behavior) increase or strengthen
• Progress was slow, fueling concerns that the railway would not be finished on time.
initially /I'nij'.al.i/ adv. : at the beginning
• The death toll was initially reported at around 250, but was later revised to 300.
leader /'li:.da(r) || -da/ noun : the person who directs or controls a group, organization, country, etc.
• They declared that they need a new leader for the party and a new style of leadership.
objective /ab'dsek.tiv/ noun : sth which you plan to do or achieve; goal
• He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency.
ongoing /'og.gau.irj,|| 'a:n,gou-/ adj.i continuing, or continuing to develop
• The two countries are involved in ongoing negotiations, in an effort to bring about a peaceful resolution to
the conflict.
public /'pAb.lik/ adj. : known to people in general
• Details of the government report will not be made public until tomorrow. radicalism
/'raed.i.kal.i.zam/ noun : supporting thorough and complete political or social change
• Millionaires are unlikely to be in favor of political radicalism. release
/ri'li:s/ verb : to let news or official information be known and printed
• Police have released a picture of the man they want to question.
remark /ri'maik || -'ma:rk/ nom : sth that you say or write v^diich expresses an opinion, a thought, etc. about sb/sth
• As the President said in his introductory remarks, the growth of the country has been phenomenal.
reportedly /n'poi.tid.li || -'po;r.iid-/ adv. : according to what some people say
• The move, reportedly the President's idea, has come in for a lot of criticism.
resort /ri'zo:t || -'zo:rt/ noun : resort to sth: the act of using sth, especially sth bad or unpleasant, because nothing else is
possible
• The government will impose a state of emergency only as a last resort.
secretary general /.sek.ra.tri'dsen.ar.al || -ter.i.d3en.a^/ noun : the most important official in charge of a large
organizatitm, especially an international organization
• The moral duty ofthe Secretary-General of the United Nations is to do everything possible to avoid war.
series /'sia.rirz || 'sir.itz/ noun: series of sth: several events or actions of a similar type that happen one after ftie other
• The government is holding a series ofpublic meetings to discuss the state of the medical system. stabilize
/'stei.bi.laiz/ verb : to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make sth firm or steady
• One of the aims of OPEC is to stabilize the international price of oil.
summit /'sAm.It/ noun : an official meeting or series of meetings between the leaders of two or more governments at
>îch they discuss important matt«^
• The peace summit between the two nations is expected to go ahead, despite the conflicts between troops on
the borders.
tension /'tent.Jdn/ noun : a situation in which people do not trust each oth^, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and
which may cause them to attack each other
• Tensions in the region have escalated in the past few months, and the army has been put on full alert.
underline /.An.da'lain || -d»-/ verb : to show that sth is important
• This continuing conflict tmderlines the importance of finding an agreement on territorial rights between
the two countries.
urge /3:d3 || y.rd3/ verb : urge sb to do sth: to strongly advise or try to persuade sb to do a particular thing
• The United Nations has urged both countries to honor the peace treaty.
LESSON 5 Muslim Leaders Meet to Discuss Middle East Peace
Exercises
1 ------- îrhffitiiiiWi
1. World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic ...........................
A. conflict (n.) 2. To......................... their anger, the protestors began throwing bottles and rocks at
B. accordance the police.
C. controwrsial 3. It is strange how two countries can be at war at one time, and then close ..................
D. stabilize a few years later.
E. release (v.) 4. The exchange between the two political ................... was particularly heated today.
F. leader 5. The ....................... legislation has not yet been officially approved by Parliament.
G. urge 6. A .......................... of major industrialists met with the President today to discuss
H. resort ; barriers to trade.
I. delegatidn 7. There is no .................. in the government’s tax cuts; only the rich benefit.
J. summit 8. Negotiators are expressing optimism that a peace deal can be reached between the
K. underline diflFerent parties in the ........................
L. reportedly 9. In 1993, a .................... of strong earthquakes devastated 36 villages in southwestern
M. equity India.
N. luel(v.^ 10. The police claimed they had no choice but to ................... to using pepper spray to
O. ongoing stop the rioters.
P. ally (n.) 11. There is an................. dispute between the two countries regarding fishing rights
Q. series off the coast.
12. The minister has ......................... a statement explaining the reasons for his
resignation,
13. Four people were ........................ killed during violent clashes with the army in
the capital.
14. Top corporate executives are meeting today to ............................... the American
government to lower taxes.
15. In China, the policy of one child per family was introduced to ........................ the
country’s population at 1.6 billion.
1 equity A. feimess, justice

2 underline B. long-lasting
3 conflict (n.) C. issuer announce reveal
4 urge (v.) D. comdinaticHi, ctmfixmity
5 remark (n.) E. sequence
6 escalation F. emidiasize
7 controversial G. recourse, utilizing
8 ongoing H. impel, encourage
9 aily(n.)
10 fliel(v.) J. comment, statement
11 accordance K. increase, inteasificatimi
12 durable L. disputable
13 resort (n.) M. ccmtinuous; in progTKs
14 series N. provoke stimulate
15 release (v.) O. confrontation, cladi
NEWS & VIEWS; A Course in Reading British & American News
news lead.
a. UN Unanimously Approves Peacekeeping Force For Darfur
b. Lebanon Seeks UN Help In Assassination Inquiry
c. New UN Leader Is Sworn In And Promises To Rebuild Trust
d. UN Condemns Gross Human Rights Violations In Sudan
e. U.S. And France Back Resolution To End Lebanon Fight
1. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: It says murder, rape, forced displacemoit, recruitment of child soldi^s and attacks against civil
population continue with total impunity.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The draft agreement calls for a truce, asks the current UN peacekeeping force to monitor the border area,
and lays out a plan for a perman^t cease-fire and political settlement.
3. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Ban Ki-moon pledged to rebuild &ith in an organization that has been tarnished by scandal and riven by
disputes between rich and poor nations.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Resolution, which Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon calls unprecedented, follows eight months of
negotiations over make-up and mandate of the force to protect U.N. troops or humanitarian workers.
5. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Prime Ministo' Fouad Siniora of Lebanon has aêd the United Nations for help in the investigation of the
assassination of Pierre Gemayel.

1. Arab League ..................... Arrives In Israel To Extend *Hand Of Peace’
a. Dissident b. Insurgent c. Delegation d. Opposition
2. Negotiators Fail To Agree On Free Trade Proposal At Americas ..........................
a. Series b. Summit c. Tension d. Conflict
3. Presidential Candidates Use Web To ......................... Campaigns
a. Release b. Stabilize c. Remark d. Boost
4. ............................................... Odd Candidates Up National Election
a. Shoot b. Spice c. Pile d. Jack
5. ............................................... Climate Change Darfur Crisis
a. Compromises b. Approves c. Escalates d. Releases
'WiSBwiSBiSil&UsiMKKBiMiiiiiiiliillliM
1 ........ Each group acted in accordance A. for support in its war against terrorism.
2 ........ Police have released B. their commitment to making die agreement work.
3 ........ The U.S. government has asked its allies C. of the conflict into an all-out war,
4 ....... Both leaders underlined D. speculation that he is about to resign.
5 ....... The Prime Minister’s speech fuelled E. with its own set of objectives.
6 ....... There were violent confrontations F. delegation to the United Nations.
7 ....... He had warned of the escalation G. conference to decide the future of the alliance.
8 ....... Police are reporting some success in their ongoing H. battles with local criminal gangs.
9 ....... NATO leaders are preparing for a summit I. between police and demonstrators.
10 ...... He was sent to New York as part of the Iranian J, no further details about the accident.
jaLcmawii liii
Brown Takes over as Britain’s PM
It was a day of political tradition, ............................ and drama, the .................... transfer of power from one
........................... to another.
Returning from his meeting with Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace, Gordon Brown came to his new
official ............................ , Number 10 Downing Street, and he promised new ............................
“I have just accepted the invitation of her Majesty the Queen to form a government,” said Mr. Brown. “This will
be a new government with new ................................ ”
Mr. Brown .............. ......... to reach out beyond what he called narrow ................. interests. Just hours earlier,
his....................... , Tony Blair made his last appearance in the ......................................
Mr. Blair opened the session on a ......................note, expressing ................................. to the families of three
British ............................ killed in action.
“I am truly sorry about the dangers they face today in Iraq and Afghanistan. I know some may think they face
these dangers ....................... 1 don’t and I never will,” said Mr. Blair.
Mr. Blair has remained .......................... in his support for ..............................in Afghanistan and in Iraq, even
.................... increasing public opposition.
Over the years, he faced many tough questions in this ................................... , especially from the opposition
........................... party.
Yet on this day, there were also ......................... . . including from Conservative party leader, David Cameron.
“For 13 years he has led his party, for 10 ye^s he has led our country and no one can be in any doubt in
terms of the huge efforts he has made, in terms of ............................... service,” said Mr. Cameron. “He has
........................... achievements to his ......................, whether it is peace in Northern Ireland, whether it is his
work in the developing world, which I know will ............................”
And, in the end Mr. Blair also paid ....................to his ......................... in the House of Commons.
“I can pay the House the greatest .............................1 can by saying that from the first to last I never stopped
fearing it,” he added. “That tingling ...............................that I felt at three minutes to twelve today 1 felt as much
10 years ago and every bit as ........................ And it is in that fear, the respect is contained.”
Amid a standing ..................... in the House of Commons, Tony Blair left the chamber. He returned to 10
Downing Street for final .............................. to ...................... member before ......................... to Buckingham
.................... to formally hand in his...............................to the Queen.
Shortly ......................... , Gordon Brown was ............................for a private ........................ with the Queen to
be ....................... as Britain’s new prime minister.
And, within hours the ........................... from the United Nations that Tony Blair has been named as
........................... to the so-called Middle East ..................................- made up of the United States, Russia, the
........................... and the United Nations. The Quartet .....................to end the Israeli-Palestinian ........................
See video dip 5 (The Outbreak of Foot-and-mouth Disease in the UK) and answer the
following questions.
A. Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the following words.
1. ........................................................................ vet ......................................................................................
11. herd.........................................................................
2. livestock ................................................................... 12. struggle ...................................................................
3. outbreak ................................................................... 13. spread ......................................................................
4. foot-and-mouth ..................................................... 14. spell disaster.................................................................
5. confirm ..................................................................... 15. EU ...........................................................................
6. exclusion .................................................................. 16. ban ..........................................................................
7. contain ...................................................................... 17. abattoir ....................................................................
8. virus ......................................................................... 18. nationwide ..............................................................
9. raise the alarm .......................................................... 19. strain .......................................................................
10. ...................................................................... symptom ............................................................................
20. temporarily ............................................................
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Address I SPOTLIGHT Go
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
is an inter-govemmental organization with a Permanent Delegation to the United
Nations. It groups 57 nations, most of which are Islamic, in the Middle East, North,
West and Southern Africa, Central Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia, the Indian
subcontinent and South America. It is the second largest international organization
after the United Nations. The official languages of the organization are Arabic,
English and French.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG), also known as
the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a trade bloc involving the six Arab Gulf
states with many economic and social objectives.
Created on May 25,1981, the Cbuncil comprises the Persian Gulf states of
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Yemen
is (current^) in nôtiations for GCC membership, and hopes to join by 2016. The
unified economic agreement between the countries of tiie Gulf Cooperation Council
was signed on 11 November 1981 in Râdh. These countries are often referred to as
Gulf Cooperative Countries.
lii The language ef gems MeUla 151

Reading News More Easily
News stmies are designed to be undo-stood quiddy and easily by ordinary readers without expert knowledge of
the sulgect matter. Howevo-, smnetimes rêrs may nm into problons. The following guidelines help you to tackle
the p-oblons ycm fitce ên reading news stories:
■ Watching for Synonyms

In news stories, main ideas are introduced at the beginning and expanded upon as the story develops. This means
you get several chances to understand the main ideas. This is especially useful for undo'standing unfamiliar
vocabulary. For example, writers will often use a synonym (word with the same or similar meaning) to avoid
sounding repetitious. If you know one of the two words, you can unda*stand them both without a dictionary.
Example:
Irate Canadians Question Lack of Information
Ottawa (AFP) - Angry Canadians were asking Wednesday why they were not informed of a serious
incident in which 11 Canadian peacekeepers in Bosnia-Herzegovina were reportedly put in front of a
mock firing squad.'
■ Watching for Explanations

News writers realize that they are writing for ordinary people. For this reason, they often explain technkal
vocabulary or technical concepts. This may be done in a phrase immediately following the technical word, or it
may take the form of a complete sent^ce of explanation.
Example:
Brain Diseases KUls 325
NEW DELHI (Reuter) - An encephaiiiis outbreak has claimed 325 lives in the past month, a State
Healfti E>epartment spokesman said yesterday. Encephalitis, a viral brain disease spread by
mosquitoes^ killed 325 people in India last year, according to official statistics.
■ Watching for Examples and Elaboration

You can often und^stand an unfamiliar word or concept even if the writor does not provide you with a synonym or
explanation. As the story develops and the writer adds details, you have a gO(^ chance offinding one or more
specific examples of the unfamiliar concept. In the story below, for example, notice how you eventually find
several specific examples of‘delinquency’. Even if you only understand one of the examples, you can still get a
good idea of the concept of ‘delinquency’. And you can also figure out that ‘juvenile delinquency’ must be
something carried out by young people.
Example:
S’pore Worries over Delinquency
Singapore (AP) - Risingyifvc/fi/c delinquency is alarming authorities in Singapore, a sup»*-
efficient city-nation often lauded as a model society.
“According to the latest police figures, the number of juvenile delinquents readied a
record high of 1,892 in 1993, a 28-per cent rise over 1992 figures,” Community Development
Minister Chang Jit Koon said on Saturday. “These statistics are of concern to all of us. We
need to und^stand why juveniles turned to crimes in ord^ to check this disturbing trend,” said
Chang.
The 384 members of the government-sponsored group supplemmt the Community
Probation Service, which counsels juvenile delinquents usually caught shoplifting and
vandalizing cars, or ftir mcve serious a*imes like stealing motorcycles. “Parental neglect could
be one of the reasons fi>r the rise in juvenile delinquency,” Chang said. Quoting studies, he
also blamed poor academic pa-fiirmance and peer pressure. Of the 1,787 youngsters placed on
probation between 1989 and 1993,50 per cent were sdiool dropouts.
■ Having a Questioning Attitude

Once you understand what the subject you are reading about is from ftie headline and lead, you aut<nnatically
form questions in your minds. And because of the nature of news stories, you can expect your questions to
answered in the body of the story. This may not be automatic fi)r you at first, so you may want to spend a moment
and ft)rm your own questions. This gives you a purpose and it makes even the most difficult story easier to read.
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting Opens
/ Readlim and Ustanlng

^
T
he foreign ministers from the Association of "We continue to hope that in spite of the fact that, you know,
Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, hope to after 10 years, we’re still in the road map to democracy, but we
spend Monday finalizing the draft of a charter. continue to hope that since they are, they now have a national
The document is considered a milestone for the convention, that eventually that road map to democracy will be
group because it wili create a ruies-based community complete," said Romulo.
similar to the European Union. Human rights groups complain that ASEAN’s principle of
ASEJ^n non-interference in member’s domestic affairs has fostered
undemocratic governments in the region.
The foreign ministers also must settle such charter details as
to how to handle votes and how to punish nations that break the
charter rules. Cunentiy, ASEAN members act only after achieving
a consensus and violations of decisions are not punished.
After some revisions the charter is expected to be adop(«l
and ratified at a leader’s summit In November and ratified by
member states by the end of 2008.
But finishing the document may not be easy. One of the most The ASEAN charter is not the only issue up for discussion at
controversial issues is Burma’s objection to a proposal to create a Monday’s meeting. Other Issues include fighting terrorism,
regional human rights body. creating a regional body to respond quickly to disasters, and
Enshrining human rights in the charter has been a thorny setting up a safety watchdog to make sure nuclear plants in the
issue; several ASEAN nations have authoritarian or one<party region are not used to produce weapons.
governments and Burma’s human rights record is considered The foreign ministers also will hold bilateral meetings with a
dismal. number of neighboring nations and key partners, including the
The United States and the European Union have long called United States. On Thursday, the ASEAN Regional Forum meet
on ASEAN to pressure Burma’s military government to make good with senior officials from the European Union, China, Japan, the
on its pledges to bring democracy to the country and release U.S. and other nations.
opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest
Philippirie Foreign Secretary Alberto Romulo says ASEAN
still hopes Burma will eventually follow its so<calied road map to
democracy.
adopt /a'dopt || -'da:pt/ verb : to accept or start to use sth new

• A Chinese proverb stcUes "Ifan enemy is annoying you by playing well, consider adopting his strategy. ”
affairs /a'fe9(r)z || -'ferz/ noun [pi.]: public or political events and activities
• The intervention by the US. in the internal affairs of the country was condemned internationally.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) /diSau.si'ei.Jdn sv ,sau6'i:st ,ei.3dn 'nei.Jdnz/ noun : association
whose aim is to encourage the economic development of southeast Asia. Its monbers are Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and the Philippines.
• ASEAN is an economic organization that also makes decisions about social and political matters of the
member countries.
LESSON 6 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting Opens
authoritarian /,D:.0or.ı'teə.ri.ən || ə,03:r.ı'ter.i-/ adj. : demanding total obedience and refusing to allow people
freedom to act as they wish
• For many years, the people of Chile were forced to endure a strongly authoritarian military rule. bilateral
/,baı'laet.ər.əl || -'laej.a-/ adj. formal: involving two groups or nations
• The talks were due to include discussions of measures to reduce tension between the two states and to
promote bilateral exchanges.
body /'bod.i II 'ba:.di/ noun : a group of people who work or act together, often for an official purpose, or who are
connected in some other way
• The state government has set up a new body to inspect nursing homes.
charter /'tjaı.təfr) || 'tfoır.jə/ noun : a statement of the principles, duties, and purposes of an organization
• Education is one of the basic human rights written into the United Nations Charter.
consensus /kən'sent.səs/ noun: a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people
• There now exists a broad political consensus in favor of economic reform.
convention /kən'vent.j“ən/ noun : the way in which sth is done that most people in a society expect and consider to be
polite or the right way to do it
• They defied/Jlouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-suficient.
currently /'kAr.ənt.li || 'ka:-/ adv. : at the present time
• A meeting was held to discuss a broad number of issues currently facing the company.
disaster /dı'za:.stə(r) || -'zaes.tə/ noun : a sudden event such as a flood, storm, or accident which causes great damage
or suffering; catastrophe
• The Red Cross helps people affected by emergencies and disasters, from house fires to earthquakes. dismal
/'dız.məl/ adj. : if a situation or a place is dismal, it is so bad that it makes you feel very unhappy and hopeless;
miserable, gloomy, depressing
• The dismal weather made the late afternoon seem like evening.
domestic /də'mes.tık/ adj.: relating to or happening in one particular country and not involving any other countries
• Police were called in to settle a domestic dispute that had become dangerously violent.
draft /dra:ft || draeft/ noun : a piece of writing or a plan that is not yet in its finished form
• All parties eventually approved the final draft of the peace treaty.
enshrine /m'^ram/ verb : enshrine sth in sth: to make a law, right, etc. respected or official, especially by stating it in
an important written document
• The right offreedom of speech is enshrined in law/in the constitution.
eventually /ı'ven.tju.əl.i/ adv. : after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened
• She hopes to get a job on the local newspaper and eventually work for ‘The Times
finalize /'faı.nə.laız/ verb : to make a final and certain decision about a plan, date, etc.
• Negotiators from the three countries hoped to finalize details ofthe agreement over the next couple ofdays.
forum /'fə:.rəm/ noun : a place where people can exchange opinions and ideas on a particular issue
• True democracy allows an exchange of ideas in a completely open forum.
foster /'fos.tə(r) II 'for.stə/ verb : to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings
• Man’s needfor communication fostered the development of increasingly sophisticated language. handle
/'haen.d.l/ verb: to take action to deal with a difficult situation
• The family of the victim have criticized the police’s handling of the investigation.
milestone /'maıl.stəun || -stoun/ noun : a very important stage or event in the development of sth
• The leaders of the two countries said that they have passed another milestone on the road towards peace.
objection /əb'd3ek.Jən/ noun : objection to sth/to doing sth : a statement that shows that you disagree with a plan, or
a reason for your disagreement
• Some officials have recently raised serious objections to the latest plans.
opposition, the /.op.ə'zıj.ən || ,a:.pə-/ noun : (in some countries such as Britain) the elected politicians who belong to
the largest party which does not form the government
• The Leader of the Opposition boycotted the election, saying it would not be conductedfairly. partner
/'pa:t.nə(r) || 'pa:rt.nə/ noun : a country or an organization that has an agreement with another country
• The two companies have become partners in a new business venture overseas.
plant /pla:nt || plsnt/ noun : a fectory or place where power is produced or an industrial process takes place
• The plant provides forty percent of the country’s electricity.
pledge /pled3/ noun formal: pledge (to do sth): a serious and public promise to do sth
• All the candidates have given/made pledges not to raise taxes if they are elected. ratify
/'rst.i.fai || 'rse{.ə-/ verb : to make an agreement officially valid by voting for or signing it
• The accord is expected to be ratified at the next meeting of heads of state in June.
revision /n'vi3.sn/ noun: a change or set of changes to sth

• Parliament intends to undertake a major revision of the Constitution.
settle /'set.l || 'se{-/ verb : to reach a decision or an agreement about sth, or to end a disagreement
• Tomorrow’s vote is unlikely to settle the question of who will replace their leader.
thorny /'0D:.ni || '0D:r-/ adj. : causing difficulty or disagreement; knotty
• The committee still hasn 7 settled the thorny problem of where exactly the money is going to come from.
violation /,vaid'lei.fdn/ noun: an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle, etc.
• The UN has suspended all foreign aid to the country because of its history of human rights violations. vote
/vaut || vout/ noun: a formal dioice that you make in an electiai OT at a meeting in order to choose sb cr decide sth
• There were only 62 votes for the proposal, compared to 740 against.
1. In October, Parliament approved a .....................of the budget.

A. forum 2. Many countries have now ................ the UN convention on the rights of the child.
B. revision 3. Most countries have signed the International ...................... of Rights, but not all of
C. draft (n.) those countries actually follow what it says.
D. ratify 4. He got twice as many ....................... as his opponent whai he won the position of
E. thorny president of the union.
F. finalize 5. The President continued to be very active in foreign policy, but allowed the premier
G. affair to control the ........................ policy agenda.
H. domestic 6. The government has shown itself to be incompetent in handling the financial
I. charter (n.) of the country.
J. pledge (n.) 7. The party’s leader believed that the launch of the party represented a ..................... in
ICbody the country’s history.
L. milestone 8. The human rights .................. held during the conference attracted speakers from
M. opposition around the world.
N. bilateral 9. The meeting ^ded with a joint .................... to step up cooperation between the six
O. disaster states of the region.
P. consensus 10. The two countries have signed a ............... agreement to help prevent drug smuggling.
Q. vote (n.) 11. The research will be used by govemmait departments and other public .................
12. The question of when the troops should leave would be decided by ......................
13. The meeting has been postponed until travel arrangements can be .........................
14. The .............................. has condemned the Government’s proposed tax increases.
15. This is only a rough ........................ ; the finished article will have pictures as well.
A* approve, auth<xize, confirm
1 draft (n.)
B. routine, custom
2 settle (v.)
C. rough outline, sketdi
3 ratify
D. encourage, nurture, promote
4 authoritarian
E. ameidment
5 revision
F. general agreement
6 convention
G. important event
7 bilateral
H. dictatorial
8 milestone
I. resolve, clear up
9 foster (v.)
J. reciprocal
10 consensus
m
about five words.
1. The 22-member Arab group is requesting the resumption of an em^g^cy special session of the UN Geno-al
Assembly on Palestine, Arab sources said on Thursday.
Headline:_______________________________________________________
2. India and Japan have agreed to sign a basic bilateral agreement on currency swap, which will add to a regional
network of such accords designed to provide emergency financial liquidity to either or both parties in times of
currency market or other turbulence.
Headline:_______________________________________________________
3. U.S. nuclear ^voy said Thursday that negotiators participating in disarmament talks had &iled to agree on a
deadline for the next steps on North Korea’s disarmament
Headline:______________________________
4. North and South Korea Tuesday began their first top-level military talks in a year, but differences over the
agenda quickly surfaced.
Headline:______________
5. European Union discussions with Iran made little or no progress on ending the impasse over its nuclear
program, and the German govemmait publicly threataied Iran with sanctions.
Headline:____________________ __________________________________ _
STT m
m
1. Dozens Of Nations Said To ........................... Web Use
a. Collapse b. Cite c. Capture
d. Curtail d.
2 ...........................Slows In War-Ravaged Southern Lebanon
a. Convention b. Ammunition c. Reconstruction
Administration d.
3. South Korean Hostages ................ For Release

a. Plead b. Settle c. Ratify Foster d. Resolves
4. Tension . Venezuelan State Oil Company

a. Ratifies b. Generates c. Chums
5. U.S. President Tries To Clear Last.. . For India Nuclear-Cooperation Deal

a. Fomm b. Milestone c. Charter d. Hurdle
1.......... These fundamental freedoms are enshrined A. their differences by peaceful means.
2 ........... Analysts are discussing the best way to foster B. in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
3 ........... Any further fighting will be seen as a C. partners to help modernize its industries.
4 .......... Many people are now dânding a more democratic D. zone after it was devastated by a tornado.
5 ........... The country is looking for foreign E. handled by the administration.
6. .......... The whole af&ir has been really poorly F. about 34 percent higher than a year ago.
7 ......... ..We hope the factions will be able to settle G. democracy and prosperity in the country.
8 ........... The town was declared a disaster H. violation of the ceasefire agreement.
9 ........... The government debated the thorny I. and less authoritarian form of government.
10 .......... Cmde oil prices are currently J. issue for over 2 months.
New 7 Wonders of the World Announced
About 100 million .................. were ................. by the Internet and ............................. text messages to choose the
new Seven Wonders of the World.
Academy Award-winning British actor Ben Kingsley ............................. the winners at a .............................
international show at Portugal’s largest ....................... ... the Estadio da Luz in Lisbon.
“The ........................... in Rome,” he said.
The only site in Europe ....................... was Rome’s Colosseum. The others were: The Great Wall of China,
India’s Taj Mahal, Jordan’s ancient city of Petra, the Incan ........................... of Machu Picchu in Peru, Brazil’s
...................... of Christ Redeemer, and Mexico’s Chichen Itza ............................
The seven winners.......................... 14 other .......................... landmarks, including the Eiffel Tower in Paris,
Easter Island in the......................... .... the Statue of .................... in New York City, the Acropolis in Athens,
Russia’s Kremlin and Australia’s Sydney Opera House.
Thousands enjoyed the show in Lisbon, which included break-dancing and singing by ............................. Jose
Carreras and pop star Jennifer Lopez. Others celebrated in the countries home to the ........................ chosen.
In India, Ais young man said he was ............................. he was born in the city of the Taj Mahal. He said he
was proud it was ............................ as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
In Mexico, Yucatan State Governor Yvonne Ortega celebrated the ............................... of the Chichen Itza
pyramid. Ortega said, “the Mayans brought luck to us, the people from Yucatan, but now we must take of this
with a great economic development for the country.”
The ......................... to name the new wonders was ........................ in 1999 with almost 200 ...........................
coming in from around the world. The list of ............................... was ........................ to 21 by the start of 2006.
Organizers also went on a world tour, visiting each site.
The original list of wonders were concentrated in the ................... and Middle East. The only.........................
structures from the ......................... seven wonders of the ancient world are The Great Pyramids of Giza.
The New 7 Wonders organization was ..................... by Swiss-Canadian ................................Bernard Weber.
It aims to promote cultural ......................... by supporting, ........................ and.........................................................
It.................... private ..................... and ....................... from selling......................rights.
IH Hi JiBi
See video dip 6 (Iranian President Visits Afghanistan) and answer the following questions.
A. Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the foliowing words.
1. insurgent................................................................................... 12. refugee......................................................................................
2. deny........................................................................................... 13. enjoy .........................................................................................
3. allegation.................................................................................. 14. violate .......................................................................................
4. stable ......................................................................................... 15. prosecution..............................................................................
5. impact....................................................................................... 16. deport.......................................................................................
6. joint border .......................................................................... 17. legally registered ...........................................................................
7. lasb out at.............................................................................. 18. press conference............................................................................
8. typically .................................................................................... 19. ink .............................................................................................
9. impose....................................................................................... 20. memorandum ........................................................................
10. achievement ....................................................................... 21, enhance ...........................................................................................
11. crack down on ................................................................... 22. bilateral ...........................................................................................
?Spotiigiiti6]
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Address I li) SPOTLIGHT
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as
ASEAN, pronounced (“AH-SEE-AHN”) in English, is a geo-political
and economic organization of lo countries located in Southeast Asia, f mm
which was formed on Augilst 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Its aims include the acceleration
of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its
members, and the promotion of regional peace.
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an
intergovernmental international organization involving
ten Asian nations. It provides a platform to discuss ways
to improve development and promote trade, and
investment opportunities. The nations involved are
Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazaldistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan. The common objective is to establish a single
market for goods and services, much like the European
Union. ECO’s secretariat and cultural department are
located in Tehran, its economic bureau is in Turkey and
its scientific bureau is situated in Pakistan.
lii fhc language of Noiis Medial 61

Vocabulary of Newspapers
The bulk ofthe vocakilary used in newspapers is neutral and literary. But it also has its specific.features such as
the intensive use of.
M
■ Special I^plitical and Economic Terms
Special jpolitical and economic tmns, e.g., stability, elections, anti-terror war, military facilities, terrorist network^ opinion
polls, human rights, budget deficit, immigration, presidential vote, race, opponent, business, securityljo^^catcUe, blast.
■ Non-tlem^ Political Words
Non-term pblitical words, e.g., offkials, hostages, Iddnappers, protest, breakdown, regime, local terror cells, popularity \ating
emergency anti-terror funding.A di^ctmstic feature of political vocabulary is tiiat the borderline betwem terms and
non-tenns is less distinct than in the vocabulary of other special fields. The sântic stracture of some words
comprises both toms and non-terms, e.g., crisis, agreement, progressive, nationwide! unity.
■ Loltyj Bookish Words

These iiiclude certain phrases based (m metaphors and fiius onotiaially colored: war Itysteria, escalation of war,
overwh^ming mcgority, a storm of cpplause, post attack cleamq), global hunt for terrorists, a shot of power.
■ Newspaper Clichés
Newspape* clidiés (i.e. stereotyped expressions, с(иптопр1асе phrases Êuniliar to the reader), e.g., pttblic
opinion, free markets, long-term agreements, a melting pot, to cast a veto over, cruciàl/pressing problems, zero
tolerance, political correctness, to go postal (extremely hostile). Clidiés more than anything else reflect die
traditional manner of pression in newspapers. They are commonly looked upon as a defect of style. Some clidiés,
especially those based on trite images (e.g. captains of industry, pillars of society, bulwark of civilization) are
pompous andhacknêd. But nevertheless, clichés are indispensable in newspaper style; they prompt die necessary
associations and prevent ambiguity and misunda’standing.
■ Abbreviations
News items, press reports and headlines are full of abbreviations of various kinds. Among the abbreviated terms,
the names of organizations, public and state bodies, political associations, industrial and other companies, various
offices, etc. are very common; e.g., EU (European Union), UNO (United Nations Organizati(Mi), WЮ (World
Trade Organization), EEC (European Economic Community), CiVW (Cable News Network), BBC (British
Broadcasting Corporation), CEO (Chief Executive Officer).
The widespread use of initials in newspaper language has been expanded to the names of persons constandy
in the public eye, and one can find references to JFK (John Fitzgerald Kennedy), and W/Dubya (George W. Bush).
Sometimes the whole statements are referred to by their initials, e.g., WYSIWYG (what you see is \riiat you get),
FAQ (frequently asked questions), BTW (by the way), and 9/11 or 9-11 (September 11, 2001).
■ Neologisms
They are very common in newspaper vocabulary. The newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in
the life of society, in science and technology. Hence, neologisms make flieir way into the language of the
newspaper very easily and often even spring lip on newspaper pages.
Now, in the early 21st century, neologisms relating to cony?uters and the Internet outnumber all others, for
example, cyber-sickness (a feeling of illness caused by using a compute* for long peiods of timq), keypal (i.e.
someone with whom one regularly exchanges e-mail), online auction, access provider, MP3, PDA (Personal
Digital Assistant), animatronics.
Finance has also launched numerous new words, such as dead cat bounce (a situation in whidi the price of
shares rises a small amount after a large &11, sometimes before falling fiirthe), stealth tax (a tax that you pay on
something that you buy rathe* than tax you pay directly to the governmett, and vdiich you are less aware of paying
than, for example, direct tax on your income). Sometimes finance and computes come togethe, as with dot-com (a
peson or a company vôse business is done using the Interne), e-cash (money that can be used to buy things on die
Internet, but diat does not exist in a physical form or belong to any particular country).
Many new words have come fi*om medicine and biological science, e.g., biologically engineered,
genetically modified', from die world of business: benchmark (to use a company's good peformance as a standard
by which to judge the performance of othe companies of the same type), best practice (a description of the best
way of performing a particular activity in business).
■ Foreign Words
These have come from diffia*ent languages. Some are traditionally used in newspaper writing, odiers have
recently come from the areas of new technology (computers, Internet, business, CTt«*tainment and changes in
society), for example, beaucoup (= a lot of money; from Fraich); ad hoc (= specialized; from Latin); bona fide (=
real, true and not intaided to deceive somebody; from Latin): I wanted to prove my bona fides', curriculum vitae
(CV) (= resume; from Latin); sine qua non (= something that you must have; from Latin); carte blanche (=
complete freedom; from Frendi); nouveau riche (= someone who has only recently become rich and spends a lot
of money; from French); glitch (= a small fault in working of something; from German); macho (= a man who is
always trying to show that he is strong, brave; from Spanish); schlock (= careless work / odd Jobs, catchpenny job;
from Yiddish).
The above-listed peculiarities of brief news items are vocabulary parameters used in Engliidi newspapers. These
vocabulary groups are also commonly found in headlines and newspaper articles. They are goierally devoid of any
emotional coloring. But some popular papas tend to introduce emotionally colored elements into the
matto*-of-&ct linguistically neutral news itons (e.g. Health Ministo* made his shock announcement in
Parliamoit).
Consults on
New Iran Nuclear Resolution
/ 9 Beading and Usienlng
T
he Security Council is awaWitg a fonnal report fiem Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadin^'ad said ^ Tuesday his
Inteniational Atomic Eneigy Agency (IAEA) chi^ country was ready to stop its enrichment program and return to talks,
Mohamed BBaradei on Iran’s compliance with the but only if Western nations stop their own enrichment activities.
December^ lesdirtion. White House Press Secieteiy Tony Snow immediately
dismissed that offer as another attempt by Tehran to sidestep rts
responsibility under the U.N. resolution. ‘The international
oommun'rty has made it dear that Iran should not be in a position
to develop or possess nudear weapons. So that is a false offer
because the position of the international community is dear. And
furthermore the dfer, the offer of help, the offer of nudear power for
the Iranian people - that’s out on the table as well. So now it's the
responsibiirty of the Iranians to step forward and act," he said.
The United States and key allies believe that Iran’s nominally
But offidals here say it is already dear that Iran has failed to peaceful nudear program has long concealed a secret weapons
heed its terms, and they say the United States has begun pra|ect
consulting with ottrer coundl memb^ pn a follow-up resolution to They have offered to assik Iran with dvifian nudear power,
increase the pressure ori Tehran. but only if fuel for its generating plants is produced outside the
Briefing reporters, State Department Deputy Spokesman Tom country and sent back abroad after its use.
Casey said Tdiran has neither halted enrichment and related Under those terms, the United States had with some
activities as called for in U.N. r^lijtion 1736, nor has it replied to reluctance supported a Russian effort to complete a partially built
questions posed hy the IAEA about its nudear intentions: nudear power plant for Iran at Bushehr on the Persian Gulf.
“We're ; certainly considering an additionai resolution in the But Tuesday State Department Spokesman Casey
Security Coundl depending on what we see in that report, and expressed relief over reports Rusda may be preparing to suspend
depending on how we view the nejrt steps in this process. Certainly the projed because Iran has fallen behind on payments.
we want to make sure ithat Iran understands, that the government He said it is very dear that Moscow shares U.S. concerns
of Iran ünd^tands, that they’re going continue to pay an increasing about Iran’s Intentions, and that regardless of Russia’s stated
price for their defiance of the intemationé community,” he said. rationale for slowing the Bushehr project, neither country is
The D4^l>er 23 resolution imposed sanctions targeting Irian’s anxious to see any asped of the Iranian nudear program move
nudear and missile programs, and key petsonjs involved in them, forward.
and gave Tehran 60 days tojhalt enrichment or face additional
measures, a deadlitie tijat expires Wednesday.
neiNWonis
anxious /'segk.J'as/ adj. : worried or nervous
• The Foreign Minister admitted he was still anxious about the situation in the country.
assist /d'sist/ verb : assist sb in/with sth: to help sb to do sth
• Some believed that the presence of UN soldiers would assist in keeping the peace.
await /s'weit/ verb : to wait for sb/sth

• The committee is awaiting a decision from head office before it takes any action.
brief /bri:f/ verb : brief sb on/about sth: to give sb information about a situation, especially officially
• The president has been fully briefed on the current situation in the neighboring countries.
civilian /si'viU.dn/ adj. : not in or of the army, navy, air force, or police
• The army has proved ineffective in protecting the civilian population.
compliance /ksm'plai.dns/ noun : compliance (with sth): the practice of obeying a law, rule, or request
• The U.N. sent a mission to Iraq to verify compliance with the ban on the development of chemical
weapons. conceal /kan'si:!/ verb : to hide sth carefiilly
• Customs officers found a kilogram of cocaine that he had concealed inside his suitcase.
consult /кэп'злк/ verb : consult with sb about/on sth: to discuss sth with sb to get their permission for sth, or to help
you make a decision
• We will be consulting with representatives from several different industries.
deadline /'ded.lain/ noun : a time or day by which sth must be done
• The enemy troops were given a deadline of New Year’s Day to pull out of the country.
defiance /di'fai.ans/ noun : open refusal to obey sb/sth
• Thousands ofpeople have taken to the streets in defiance of the curfew.
deputy /'dep.ju.ti Ц -î/ noun : a person who is given the power to do sth instead of another person, or the person
whose rank is immediately below that of the leader of an organization
• After the death of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister took over for an interim period until
elections could be held.
expire /ik'spai3(r) || -'spair/ verb : come to an end or stop being in use
• The contract between the two companies will expire at the end of the year.
fall behind /,Гэ:1 bi'haind || ,fa;l bi'haind/ verb : fall behind (sb/sth) with/on: to fail to finish a piece of work or pay sb
money that you owe them at the right time
• Thousands ofpeople could die because the relief effort has fallen so far behind
follow-up /'fol.au.Ap || 'fai.lou-/ noun : an action or a thing that continues sth that has already started or comes after
sth similar that was done earlier
• One man was arrested during the raid and another during a follow-up operation.
generate /'d3en.9r.e1t || -9-/ verb : to produce energy in a particular form
• A lot of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydro-electric dams.
heed /hi:d/ verb : to pay careful attention to sb’s advice or warning
• If the Foreign Minister had only heeded his advisors ’ advice, none of this would have happened. intention
/m'ten.J'gn/ noun : a plan or desire to do sth
• The government announced its intention to create 50,000jobs by the end of the year.
International Atomic Energy Agency /,in.t9'na2j.9n.9l a'tom.ik .en.g.dsi 'e1.d39nt.si || ,in.{9r'naej.9n.9l 9'ta:m.ik
,en.9.rd3i 'e1.d39nt.si/ noun {abbreviation IAEA): an international organization established to promote the peaceful
use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes
• The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said dialogue with Iran is the
only way to resolve dispute about its nuclear program.
missile /'mis.ail || -9I/ noun : a weapon that can fly over long distances and that explodes when it hits the thing it has
been aimed at
• The authorities offered to stop firing missiles if the rebels agreed to stop attacking civilian targets.
nominally /'nnm.i.n9.1i || 'na:.m9-/ adv. : officially described as being or doing sth, even though this is not really true
• The Minister of the Interior declared that the province is only nominally independent.
partially /'pa:.J“9l.i || 'pair-/ adv. : partly; not completely
• Food shortages were partially responsible for riots.
pose /p9uz II pooz/ verb : pose a question: to ask a question, especially one that needs to be carefully thought about
• The magazine posed a list of questions to each of the candidates.
possess /pa'zes/ verb formal: to have or own sth, or to have a particular quality
• He was arrested and charged with possessing an offensive weapon. •
press secretary /pres 'sek.r9.tri || pres 'sek.r9.ter.i/ noun : a person who works for a politician or a political
organization and gives information about them to journalists, the newspapers, etc.
• The President's press secretaiy announced that the President was safe and well.
rationale /,riEf.9'na:l || -'nael/ noun formal : rationale behind/for/of sth: the reasons or intentions for a particular set of
thoughts or actions
• The Minister of the Interior explained the rationale behind the new rules for land use.
LESSON 7 Consults on New Iran Nuclear Resolution
relief noun : the feeling of happiness that you have when sth unpleasant stops or does not happen
• The news will come as a great relief to the authorities.
reluctance /ri'Uk.tans/ noun : reluctance to do sth: when sb is unwilling to do sth, or when they do sth slowly to show
that they are not very willing
• The minister’s reluctance to talk to the press was quite understandable.
resolution /,rez.3'Iu:.J“9n/ noun : a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after a
vote
• The Americans are involved in ongoing negotiations with the North Koreans, in an effort to bring about a
peaceful resolution to the conflict.
sanction /'ssegk.fan/ noun : an official order that limits trade, contact, etc. with a particular country, in order to make
it do sth, such as obeying international law
• Trade sanctions will only be lifted (= stopped) when the aggressor nation withdraws its troops. sidestep
/'said.step/ verb : to avoid answering a question or dealing with a problem
• The official neatly sidestepped the issue by saying that it would take him too long to answer it. spokesman
/'spauks.man/ noun : a man who has been chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or government
• A government spokesman has confirmed.that the President has had a mild heart attack.
State Department, the /'steit di,pa:t.m9nt Ц 'steit di,pa;rt.mant/ noun : the US government department that deals with
anything connected with foreign countries
• The State Department has its own fund for emergency projects.
step forward /step 'fo:.wsd Ц step 'fo:r.wad/ verb : to come and offer help, information, etc.
• No one has yet steppedforward to claim responsibility for the attack. suspend
/ss'spend/ verb : to officially stop sth from continuing, especially for a short time
• A UN official said aid programs will be suspended until there’s adequate protection for relief convoys.
terms /t3:mz Ц txmz/ noun [pi.]: the conditions that are set for an agreement, contract, arrangement, etc.
• Both sides in the conflict have agreed to the terms of the peace treaty.
Exerelses
Fill in the blanks with the words you iearned in this unit. Make the necessary changes. There
are some extra words in the box beiow.
1. There is still some ............. on the part of employers to become involved in this project.
A. si^st^p 2. Much of the country’s military strength lies in its ...................... force.
B. m&silife 3. Police officers were ........................before going out to arrest the suspects.
C. brief ^v.) 4. Both Russia and China are expected to veto the U.N .................. calling for the use
D. suspending of force against Iraq.
E. noiâily 5. Almost 10 years of bombing and economic ................ have taken an enormous toll.
F. spokeWan 6. ......................................... As the union he represents over 200 workers in
G. reluepince this factory.
ELdejadline 7. ................. Government representatives are meeting with the leaders of the rebels to
L san|etkii discuss
J.terpis ...................... for a ceasefire.
ICd^toice 8. The company said that it had always acted in full ....................... with labor laws.
L. ехр1»! 9. The opposition had imposed a ...................... of Aug. 31 for the president to restore
M. r4lolidiott stability or resign.
N. asw 10. The President seems determined to go ahead with this policy in ........................ of
O. coioipf widespread public opposition.
P. dej|i 11. The ................... director is authorized to act in the director’s absence.
Q. rônaIe 12. The two countries tried to achieve a trade deal before the current accord
...................... at year’s end.
13. The ........................ of this government’s tax cut is that more money in people’s
pockets will help to stimulate the economy.
14. The economic officials have been trying to work out a deal that would ..................
the legal problems.
15. The government is ....................... negotiations with the union until the striking
workers are back on the job:
iVfI ifilif^ 'ii^t 1 i
M
Match the words with their synonyms. Write the ietter in the box.
1 civilian (adj.) A. covo‘, hide

2 suspend B. goal, purp<№«, aim
3 relief C. discontinue, posqmne
4 heed(v.) D. unwillingness
5 expire E. finish, terminate
6 compliance F. reasoning, argument
7 sidestep G. avoid, evade, dodge
8 resolution H. not military
9 terms L conditi(xis or requirênts
10 deputy J. pay attrition
11 conceal K. representative
12 reluctance L. penalty, puniûnent
13 rationale M. submission, obedience
14 sanction (n.) N. easement
15 intention O. ruling, decision
cMfrM
Mi and write them in the spaces provided above each
Match the headlines with the news leads
news lead.
a. China Seeks Solution To Darfur Crisis
b. Baghdad Under Curfew In Advance Of Saddam Verdict
c. Murders Continue Unabated
d. U.S. Military Fatalities In Iraq Reach 3,000
e. In The White House, Blunder After Blunder
1. Headline:_________________________ _____________________ _____________ ' __________
News lead: The police found die bodies of 32 more deadi-squad victims scattered around Baghdad rai Thursday, and
a Sunni leader said die slayings could destroy the political process.
2. Headline: ______________________________________________________________________________
News lead: President Hu Jintao will visit Sudan in early February and press for a diplomatic resolution to the conflict
which Washington has described as genocide.
3. Headline: ______________________ _____________________________________ ______________ ■
News lead: US and Iraqi forces drastically tightened security across Baghdad (xi Friday in advance of Sunday’s
expected guilty verdict against Saddam Hussein.
4. Headline: ______________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The US foreign policy rests on a deep misreading of contemporary world politics, and little capacity to
learn from experience.
5. Headline: ______________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The number reflects how much more dangerous and muddled a soldier’s job in Iraq has become in the
&ce of a growing and increasingly sophisticated insurgency.
neiiiiiiiii m

1. EU: Talks Will Not Resume Until Iran Returns To ...............................
a. Moratorium b. Reluctance c. Sanction d. Resolution
2. Iran Wants Significant ............................. To Break Nuclear Impasse
a. Compliance b. Incentives c. Deadline
d. Terms
3. U.N. Nuclear Watchdog Debates ......... Over Iran

a. Rationale b. Defiance c. Resolution d. Intention
4. N. Korea Continues To Claim ..............
a. Reluctant b. Anxious Pursuit of Nuclear Technology
c. Civilian d. Nominal
5. Iran Hints At Retaliation If UN Passes
a. Sanctions b. Incentives
c. Terms d. Rationales
1 ......... The stolen goods were concealed A. management in restructuring the company.
2........... The party has declared its intention B. schedule and need to be put back on the rails.
3 .......... It was difficult to return to civilian C. to reform employment laws in this country.
4 .......... It is open to Parliament to ask for D. warnings about lack of safety routines.
reports, E. with a large body of senior advisors.
5.. ........ Operations at the plant have been suspended F. life after ten years in the military.
6 ............A consultant has been brought in to assist G. because of safety concerns.
7. ........ They organized a street demonstration in H. under bushes outside the thief s apartment.
8 ......... The airline has been criticized for failing to heed I. and it can pose questions at any time.
9........... The government is consulting J. defiance of the government ban.
10.......... It seems that matters have fallen behind
Britain Hails Release of 15 British Sailors

“A ................... to the British people,” was how President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad described the decision to free
the 15 sailors and ............................. Mr. Ahmadinejad said the ...........................................was .........................He
also said he was “ ..................... ” by what he called Britain’s ............................ of Iranian waters.
After his news conference, Mr. Ahmadinejad went ..................... to a meeting with the sailors and marines,
who are expected to leave Tehran on Thursday.
In London, Prime Minister Tony Blair.................. the decision. “I’m glad that our 15 service ...........................
have been....................,” he said. “ ......................... , we have taken a ................................................ . firm but calm,
not ........................ , but not ................... either.”
Britain has all along ....................... the sailors were in Iraqi, not Iranian, waters when they were ......................
In his brief ........................... to reporters, Mr. Blair did not apologize nor did he directly thank the Iranian
présidait or government for the decision, but he did ........................... himself to the Iranian people.
“We ............... you no ill .......................... On the ......................... ... we respect Iran as an ancient civilization,
as
a nation with a proud and ...................... history and the disagreements we have with your government we wish
to .................... peacefully through dialogue,” said Mr. Blair. “1 hope, as I have always hoped, that in the future,
we are able to do so.”
Even though ..................... discussions were known to be taking place between London and Tehran,
President Ahmadinejad’s sudden ........................... came as a surprise.
He ....................... the decision at a ............................. news conference in Tehran, during which he made
........................ references to Islamic religious ........................... and also ........................ the West, particularly
Britain and the United States for its actions and policies.
At one point, he praised the Revolutionary Guard ................ responsible for the ........................ of the British
sailors nearly two weeks ago. He also gave a ..................... to the Guard ............................In Washington, a U.S.
State Department ...................... also welcomed the Iranian decision to ......................the 15 sailors and marines.
See video clip 7 (Iran, IAEA Agree on Working Plan) and answer the following questions.
1. IAEA..................................................................... 3. clear up
2. series of measures ................................................. 4. nuclear .
5. deputy ..................................................................... 14. cooperate...............

6. modalities ................................................................ 15. inspector ...............
7. negotiator ................................................................ 16. hold to ...................
8. keen ....................................................................... 17. deal .......................
9. resolve ..................................................................... 18. significant .............
10. manage ................................................................ 19. enrich .........................
11. hammer out ......................................................... 20. uranium ......................
12. timeline ............................................................... 21. in defiance of .............
13. purely peaceful .................................................... 22. UN security council
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Address
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote
the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military
purposes. It was established as an autonomous organization on
July 29, 1957. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower
envisioned the creation of this international body to control and
develop the use of atomic energy, in his “Atoms for Peace” speech
before the UN General Assembly. The organization and its Director
General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were jointly awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize announced on 7 October 2005.
Media often refer to the IAEA as “the UN’s Nuclear Watchdog”. While this describes one of
the Agency’s roles, it is by no means the only one.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an
international organization of states considering
themselves not formally aligned with or against
any major power bloc. It was founded in 1950s;
as of 2010, it has 118 members. The purpose of
the organization as stated in the Havana
Declaration of 1979 is to ensure “the national
independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity
and security of non-aligned countries” in their
“struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, Zionism, and all forms of
foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great
power and bloc politics”. They represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations’ members and
comprise 55% of the world population. Important members have included Yugoslavia, India,
Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, South Africa, Iran, Malaysia, and, for
a
time, the People’s Republic of China.
The language Of News Media [? 1

Grammar of Newspapers
The following grammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of paramount importance, and may be regarded
as grammatical preppies of newspaper style:
■ Complex Sentences
Example:
Although Mayfield denied any connection - he insisted his passport had expired last October and he hadn 7 been out
of the country in years - he was detained as a “material witness” in a gyand-jury investigation while the FBI tries to
build its case {Newsweek^ 2004). (6 clauses)
■ VerbalsAêrbids (i.e. infinitives, gerunds, participles)

Example:
Since 9/11 Donald Rumsfeld has insisted on personally signing off on the harsher methods used to squeeze suspected
terrorists held at the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Newsweek, 2004).
■ Attributive Noun Phrases

Attributive noun groups are another powerful means of brevity in news itons, e.g., classic cold-war-style telephone
diplomacy; government anti-terror policies; a new patented smoking cessation program; an exclusive worldwide assistance
network; the normally self-assured Pentagon chief; the national income and expenditure figures.
■ Specific Word Order

Newspaper traditiem, coupled with the rigid rules of sentence structure in Engli^, has greatly affected the word
order of brief news items. The word order in one-sentence news paragraphs and in what are called leads (the
initial sentences in longer news items) is mwe or less fixed.
Journalistic practice has developed the “5 W*s and H” (i.e. who, what, ^riiy, how, \riiere, vên and how)
pattern rule and for a long time strictly adho-ed to it. In tams of grammar, this fixed sentence structure may be
expressed in the following way: Subject - Predicate (object) - Adverbial modifier of reason (manner) - Adverbial
modifier of place - Adverbial modifier of time.
Example:
A noticeably leaner Nestor Kirchner granted a rare interview last month to NEWSWEEK's Joseph Contreras in
Buenos Aires after Iw was hospitalized for six days for treatment of stomach bleeding (Newsweek, 2004).
However, the “5 W’s-and-H” structure which long claimed to be the only right pattern to use in news reports is
nowadays often violated and newspapers have developed new sentence patterns not typical of other styles. This
change in news sentence structure is evident in the different positions of adverbial modifiers of time in the
following saitaices:
President Pervez Musharraf says it was “destiny” that saved him from an assassination attempt on the rainy evening
of Dec. 14, when several bombs destroyed a bridge just moments after his motorccuJe sped across (Time, 2004).
On November 5, “The Matrix Revolutions' premiered simultaneously in every major city in the
world {The World of English, 2004).
There are also changes in the grammatical ntxms of news style. What is ordinarily known as the violation of
grammar rules in any otha* kind of writing is becoming increasingly common in newspaper style. Some typical
examples are the violaticm of rules for the sequence of tenses and the rules for reported speech. Example:
So when he âddam Hussein) surrendered without a single shot from the pistol at his side, Arab diplomats and
journalists the once-admiring Arab masses were dismciyed and embarrassed by
his meekness (Time, 2004).
l^ssbii
NATO Prepares for 2008 Expansion
/ 9 Reafflng and Ustanhig

hile NATO's mission in Afghanistan will Today, Croatia, Macedonia, and Albania are all participating
dominate this summit, there are other in NATO's membership action plan, and the United States
W
issues supports their aspirations to join the Atlantic alliance,” said Mr.
before the 26-member alliance. Bush.
With forces from 11 nations joining the more than 30,000 According to wire reports, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro
NATO troops in Afghanistan, the alliance is expanding its and Serbia may be invited at the Riga summit to join the
cooperation with non-members. Partnership for Peace, a precursor to NATO membership.
Mr. Bush says the United States believes in NATO
membership for all European democracies that are ready to share
alliance responsibilities.
That position has drawn concern from Russia, especially as
members of the former Soviet Union join an alliance
established during the Cold War to check Soviet expansion.
With the Soviet threat now removed, President Bush says
continued cooperation between NATO and Russia strengthens
common security and advances the cause of peace.
Japan, Australia, South Korea, Sweden, and Finland will be “We recognize that Russia is a vital and important country,
and that it is in our interest to increase our cooperation with
invited to train more closely with NATO troops, including special
operations forces. Russia in areas such as countering terrorism and preventing the
spread of weapons of mass destruction” he added.
There will be a strategic airlift initialive through which 14
NATO members plus Sweden will have a dedicated fle^ of U.S. Mr. Bush says he supports Ukrainian leaders as they work
to curb corruption and promote the rule of law. But as NATO
C-17 aircraft to better transport troops and material.
helps new democracies, he says the Latvian summit must not
NATO will launch a program to train military forces in the
Middle East in counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation and forget those who he says still languish in tyranny.
”Just across the border from here lies the nation of Belarus,
peacekeeping operations.
There is also expected to be the launch of a rapid response a place where peaceful protesters are beaten and opposition
leaders are 'disappeared' by the agents of a cruel regime,” he
force with dedicated troops from European members who will be
on call to deploy more quickly to global trouble spots. said.
After adding Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania. Bulgaria, Mr. Bush says the vision of a Europe whole, free, and at
peace includes the people of Belarus and NATO stands with them
Slovakia, and Slovenia to the alliance in 2002, there will be no new
NATO members at this summit. in their struggle for freedom.
But U.S. President George Bush says he expects that will
change in 2008.
New Worts
agent /'ei.dsant/ noim: a person whose job is to act for, or manage the aflfeirs of, other people in business, politics,
etc.
• Security agents whisked (=move quickly) the President away when the crowd started to get ugly. airlift
/'ea.lift || 'er-/ noun : an occasion when people or supplies are taken to a place by plane, especially during a war or
dangerous situation
• The Prime Minister had ordered an airlift of food and medical supplies to the besieged city.
LESSON 8 NATO Prepares for 2008 Expansion
alliance /a'lai.ons/ noun : an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups, etc. agree to work together to try to
change or achieve sth
• The tM’o minority parties have formed an alliance, which should allow them to hold the balance ofpower.
beat /bi:t/ (past tense beat; past participle beaten 'bi:tn/) verb : to hit sb/sth many times, usually very hard
• The police were charged with brutality after a man was nearly beaten to death while in custody^
call /ko:! || ka:l/ noun: be on call: (of a doctor, police officer, etc.) available for work if necessary, especially in an
emergency
• Construction managers must be on call to deal with emergencies.
Cold War, the /.kauld 'wD:(r) |[ ,kould \vD:r/ noun : the unfriendly relationship between the US and the Soviet
Union after the Second World War
• The new world order was expected to come into existence after the collapse of Communism in eastern
Europe and the end of the Cold War.
corruption /kaVAp-Jan/ noun : dishonest or illegal behavior, especially of people In authority
• The administration has frequently been accused of corruption and abuse of power.
counter /'kaun.ta(r) || -Ja/ verb : counter (sb/sth) (with sth): to react to sth with an opposing opinion or action
• The leader.^hip discussed a plan of economic measures to counter the effects of such a blockade. counter-
/kaun.ta(r)- || -(a-/ prefix : against; opposite
• The government says the rebels have launched a fierce counterattack in the northern parts of the countty.
curb /k3:b II k3:b/ verb : to control or limit sth in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect
• The government has announced a curfew in an attempt to curb the violence in the city.
dedicated /'ded.i.keitid || -tid/ adj.: designed to do only (xie particular type of work; used for one particular purpose
only
• The government decided to establish a dedicated news channel.
deploy /di'plai/ verb : to organize or move soldiers, military equipment, etc. so that they are in the right place and
ready to be used
• Troops have been deployed in the area to counter a possible attack. destruction
/dfstrAk-Jan/ noun : the act or process of destroying sth or of being destroyed
• The countries of the region finally reached an international agreement aimed at halting the destruction of
the ozone layer.
establish /fstreb.lij/ verb : to start a company, organization, system, etc. that will continue for a long time; found
• The United Nations is attempting to establish a framework for settling international disputes.
expand /ik'sp®nd/ verb : to become larger in size, number, or amount, or to make sth become larger
• The government provided an additional S2S million to expand health benefits to wider .segments of the
community.
expansion /ik'spien.tj'sn/ noun : an act of increasing or making sth increase in size, amount or importance
• The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.
fleet /fli:t/ noun : a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one person or organization
• The city's fleet of buses is sitting idle today due to a strike by maintenance workers.
global /'glau.bal || 'glou-/ adj. ; covering or affecting the whole world
• AIDS is a global problem which needs a global response.
initiative /I'nif.o.tiv |1 -tiv/ noun: a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular
purpose
• The U.N. sponsored peace initiative seems to be getting results in reducing hostilities in the region.
languish /'lajg.gwijy verb: languish in sth: to exist in an unpleasant or unwanted situation, often for a long time
• The ruling party is languishing in third place in the opinion polls.
launch /bintf |1 larntj/ verb : to start sth, usually sth big or important
• The police have planed to launch an investigation into the incident.
mass /iTiKs/ adj. : having an effect on or involving a large number of people or forming a large amount
• Has there been an improvement in stopping smuggling and building weapons of mass destruction?
mission /'mif.on/ noun : an important job, especially a military one, that sb is sent somewhere to do
• The soldiers' mission was to isolate the enemy by destroying all the bridges across the river.
NATO /'nci.tau || -loo/ noun : (abbreviation for North Atlantic Treaty Organization): an international military
organization consisting of the US, Canada and many European countries
• A'Vf TO says it will keep a reduced number oj modern nuclear weapons to guarantee peace. partnership
/'part.no.J'ip || 'pairt.no-/ noun : a relationship between two people, organizations, or countries
• The country has developed its nuclear program in partnership with Russian experts. peacekeeping
/'pi:s,ki:.pig/ adj. : the activity of preventing war and violence, especially the use of armed forces not involved in a
disagreement to prevent fighting in an area
• There is no doubt at all that without the peacekeeping force the war would ha\ê been worse than it was.
precursor /,pri:'k3:.sə(r) || -'k3:.sə/ noun : precursor of/to sth: a person or thing that comes before sb/sth similar and
that leads to or influences its development
• Colonial opposition to unfair taxation by the British was a precursor of the Revolution. proliferation
/prə,lıf.ər'eı.fən || -ə'reı-/ noun : the sudden increase in the number or amount of sth; a large number of a particular
thing
• The proliferation of illegal drugs in this country has become a serious social problem.
protester /prə'tes.tə(r) || -tə/ noun : sb who takes part in a public activity such as a demonstration in order to show
their opposition to sth
• Protesters were cursing the government forfailing to keep the promises it made during the election. regime
/reı'3i:m/ noun: a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way
• In 1973, Chile’s government was overthrown by a dictatorial military regime led by Augusta Pinochet.
Soviet Union, the /'səo.vi.ət 'juı.ni.ən || 'sou.vi.ət 'juı.ni.ən/ noun : between 1917 and 1991, a country in Europe and
Asia, whose full name was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR). The Soviet Union was the largest
country in the world and was made up of 15 republics (=separate nations), the most important of Mîch was Russia.
• The new world order was expected to come into existence after the collapse of Communism in the Soviet
Union. spot /spot II spa:t/ noun : a particular area or place
• The workers had to be evacuated to a safe spot cfter the factory caught fire.
strengthen /'streg-Bən/ verb : to become stronger or make sth stronger
• The police are taking action to strengthen internal security after the attempted attack on the President.
struggle /'strAg.,1/ noun : a long hard fight to get freedom, political rights, etc.
• The people of the region have been involved in a long struggle for freedom and democracy.
troops /truıps/ noun [pi.]: soldiers in an organized group
• Traditionally, United Nations troops have been deployed only in a peacekeeping role.
tyranny /'tır.ən.i/ noun : unfair or cruel use of power or authority
• Self-expression and individuality are the greatest weapons against tyranny.
vision /'vi3,ən/ noun : an idea or a picture in your imagination
• He had a vision of a society that is free ofexploitation and injustice.
^ Exercises
wm mu İÜ1İ
i HHiiiii
Fill in the blanks with the words you learned in this unit. Make the necessary changes.
There are some extra words in the box below.
1. In recent years, the .......................... of weapons of mass destruction has become
A. alliance the major concern of the intmiational community.
B. languish 2. In 1980, China ........................... four special economic zones in order to attract
C. curb (v.) foreign investors, technology, and expertise.
D. protester 3. Tlie key aim of the ................................ ... strategy is to reduce the risk from
E. mass (adj.) international terrorism so that people can go about their business freely and safely.
F. corruption 4. It was about this time that the power .............................. between the king and
G. initiative (n.) Parliament began to escalate.
H. launch (v.) 5. The President has been forced to resign, and is facing charges of ...........................
I. desbmction going back five years.
J. |№oliferation 6. TTie President’s visit was intoided to cement the ........... between the two countries.
K. strengthen 7. There was a ........................... protest against the government’s decision to raise
Lb oounter^nTorism value-added tax.
M. partnership 8. The firm has an ........ ... in Sydney who deals with the Australian side of the
N. tyranny business.
O. estaUish 9. The only way to ......................... the spread of the disease is by immunizing the
P. strode (n.) entire population. ’
Q. agent 10. They broke up the ....................when they realized they had different goals for
the business.
11. ........................................................................................... The people decided
to rise up to free themselves from ................................................... of the government.
12. Thousands of ................. took to the streets to show their anger at the government.
13. The President has launched a new ............. to bring peace to the war-tom region.
14. The success in the election ......................... the party’s position considerably.
15. A devastating attack was ...................... on the rebel stronghold.
LESSON 8 NATO Prepares for 2008 Бжрашюп
1 tyranny A. increase, growth

2 launch (v.) B. ruin, devastatim
3 counter (v.) C. assignment, task
4 proliferation D. devoted
5 strengthen E. reinforce, toughei
6 alliance F. universal, worldwide
7 destruction G. pact, treaty
8 global H. forerunner, antecedrat
9 mission I. diônesly; immorality
10 stru^le (n.) J. wide^read, large'Scale
11 corruption K. start, initiate
12 mass (adj.) L. weaken, foil, waste away
13 precursor M. oppose; retaliate
14 dedicated N. dictatOTdiip, authoritarianian
15 languish O. fight (n.)
about five words.
1. Taliban insurgents killed diree NATO troops and an A%han soldi^ in two sq)arate clashes in Aânistan, foe
alliance and an A%han official said on Saturday.
Headline: _ ____________________________________________________
2. NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer said Saturday he thinks the back of the insurgency in
Afghanistan will be “broken” and that the country will be on the road to a long-term peace by 2009.
Headline; _______________________________________________________
3. Lead^ Of the European Union and 10 Asian countries, ending a summit in London on Saturday, w^
expected to raidorse a packet of initiatives to combat crime, sexual e?q)loitation of childrra and other social ills.
Headline: j ______________________________________________________
4. An Afghan journalist was beheaded and seven NATO troops were killed by roadside bombs at the weekend as
Afghanistan’s Taleban militia pushed on with their brutal insurgency.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Afghan officials on Friday were tallying foe number of civilians wounded during a late-night NATO and
U.S.-led air ^strike, after receiving reports up to 300 residents were hurt or killed in Helmand (nrovince.
Headline: ____________________________________ ______ _____
PH
1. Violence Has Changed Country Into A Land With No ................

a. Moderates b. Agents c. Visions d. Struggles
2. Aid Agencies ....................... By War Iraq

a. Curbed b. Deployed c. Launched
d. Stymied
NEWS & VIEWS: A Course in Reading British Sc American News
3 ..........................In Indonesia Tsunami Now Exceeds 500

a. Alliance b. Toll c. Fleet d. Mission
4. Prime Minister Proposes New Counterterrorism ..............................

a. Corruption b. Tyranny c. Partnership d. Initiative
5. U.S ........ Man On Drug Charges

a. Struggles b. Strengthens c. Indicts d. Entitles
1 ......... He has been languishing A. in the enemy fleet.

2 ...........A nuclear war could result in the total B. peacekeeping missions go on for ever.
3 ...........There were over 500 ships C. regime was followed by a period of anarchy.
4 ...........Wars begin and end quickly, but D. in jail for the past twenty years.
5 .......... The plan seems to be to use airlift E. destruction of vast portions of our planet.
6 .......... Extra police have been moved into the area F. extra troops and more powerful weapons.
7 .......... Biological research has often been a precursor G. escorted by fighter planes.
8 .......... Now that we are all part of the global H. to counter the risk of violence.
9 .......... The decision has been made to deploy I. to medical breakthroughs which benefit patients.
10 ......... The overthrow of the old totalitarian J. village, everyone becomes a neighbor.
military
-TTTT m Hi m
^ f'1 m
British PM Unveils Anti-terror Proposals

Breaking away from the ............................. matters of dealing with the worst flooding seen in Britain in 60
years, ....................................... Gordon Brown returned Wednesday to the topic of terrorism in the
................................ ... where he .................... his government hopes to ..................... a number of new measures
in the next few months.
Mr. Brown said they would be needed to ..................................... what he called a
....................................................................................................... -long
.....................to defeat al-Qaeda ............................. terrorist........................ The British leader said some of the
new .......................... would be .......................... into the ............................... counter-terrorism .............
He also said that, the electronic ....................... of people coming in and out of Britain would soon become a
requirement. “Within nine months, from March next year, we will extend ................................. visas to all visa
.................. ,” he said. “From 2009, we will .......................... a new ......................... system of electronic exit
control ..................... the checking of passports to checkings ................ the warnings .................. ”
The prime minister also said the separate ........................ of passport control, customs and
......................................................................................... at
.................. points like airports would soon be combined into a single, ....................... force.
“We will now .................... the ......................... work of the ......................... and immigration agency, customs
and U.K. visa ...................... and at the main points of .......................... into the U.K. and we will........................... a
unified ..................... force,” he said.
Mr. Brown also said the time has come to link the British ................... list of ...................... to the ..................
database. In addition, Mr. Brown wants to ....................... more prisoners held in Britain, sending them back to
their home countries. Mr. Brown wants ............................ to allow for ........................ evidence to be allowed in
court. He also wants the 28 days ...................... allowed to hold individuals without .................... ..... to be extended.
The ................... prime minister, Tony Blair, tried to ......................... that measure, but it was defeated in the
House of Commons.
While agreeing with most of the .......................... , David Cameron, the leader of the main .............................
party - the ............................ - warned that new rules alone, without attempts to win hearts and minds, will in the
end be .......................................
“Vitally, does the government understand that what is needed to defeat terrorism is the ...................... defense
of ..................and we must avoid any ...................... that ..................into ineffective ............................. ,” he asked.
Mr. Brown says since 2001 there have been 15 attempted terrorist attacks on Britain, with 30 people of
terrorist ..............
LESSON 8 NATO Prepares for 2008 Expansion
.J3N
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See video clip 8 (Peace Mission 2007) and answer the following questions.
1. military exercise ...................................................... 13. guarantee ......

2. closely ..................................................................... 14. security ........
3. jet ............................................................................ 15. stability ........
4. troops ...................................................................... 16. Central Asian
5. armored carrier ........................................................ 17. republic ........
6. masterly................................................................... 18. aggressively ...
7. mock battle .............................................................. 19. court .............
8. cream...................................................................... 20. leader ...........
9. clue ........................................................................ 21. push for .............
10. ......................................................................... war-game 22. democratic
11. Peace Mission ..................................................... 23. reserve...............
12. ......................................................................... determination .......... 24. backyard
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Adrirero3 tg; SPOTLIGHT ^Go
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), also called the North
Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, or the Western Alliance, is a
military alliance, established by the signing of the North Atlantic
Treaty on 4 April 1949. With headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, the
organization established a system of collectiv-e defense whereby its
member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by
any external party.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an
intergovernmental mutual-security organization which was founded in
2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, K>Tgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries
had been members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the
inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the
organization.
NEWS & VIEWS: A Coarse in Reading British & American News
I gHheUmgiiageofltoiisllfNllalS]
Infotainment vs. Journalism
Some define ‘journalism” only as reporting on “serious” subjects, where common journalistic standards are upheld
by the rqmrter. The larger “news business” or “news trade” encompasses everything fi*om professional journalism
to so-called soft news/infotainment (i.e. information + oitalainment), and support activities sudi as marketing,
advising sales, finance and delivery.
Professional joumalian is supposed to place more mphasis on researdi, &ct-checking, and die public interest
than its “non-joumalistic” counterpart (i.e. infotainment). Because the term “news” is quite broad, the terms “hard”
and “soft” denote both a dfference in respective standards for news value, as well as for standards of conduct,
relative to the professional ideals of journalism. The idea of hard news embodies two concepts:
• Seriousness: Politics, economics, crime, war, and disasters are considered sa*ious topics, as are certain
aspects of law, science, and technology.
• Timeliness: Stories that cover currait events - the progress of a war, the results of a vote, the breaking out
of a fire, a significant public statement, the fi'eeing of a prisoner, and an economic report of note.
The logical opposite, soft news is sometimes referred to in a derogatory feshion as infotainment Defining features
catching the most criticism include:
• The least serious subjects: Arts and entertainment, sports, lifestyles, human inta'est, and celebrities.
• Not timely: There is no immediate event triggering the story, other than a reporter’s curiosity.
Nevertheless, timely events may also happen in less serious subjects - sporting matdies, celebrity misadventures,
movie releases, art exhibits, and so on.
There may also be serious reports which are not event-driven - coverage of important social, economic,
legal, or technological trends; investigative reports which uncover ongoing corruption, waste, or immorality; or
discussion of unsettled political issues without any special reason. Anniversaries, holidays, the end of a year or
season, or the end of the first 100 days of an administration, can make some stories time-sensitive, but provide
more of an opportunity for reflection and analysis than any actual “news” to report.
The spectrum of “seriousness” and “importance” is not well-defined, and different media organizations
make different tradeoffs. ‘Wevws you can use*\ a common marketing phrase highlighting a specific genre of'
journalism, spans the gray area. Gardening tips and hobby news pretty clearly fall at the entertainmait end.
Warnings about imminent natural disasters or acute domestic security threats (such as air raids or tôrist attacks)
are considered so important that broadcast media (even non-news channels) usually interrupt other programming
to announce them. A medical story about a new treatment for breast cancer, or a report about local ground water
pollution might fall in between. So might book reviews, or coverage of religion. On the other hand, people
frequently find hobbies and entertainment to be worthwhile parts of their lives and so “importance” on a personal
level is rather subjective.
Lesson
/ 9 Beading and listening

s negotiator Christopher Hill said that the its denuclearization.” he said. “So let us see how we do. What is
unfreezing of North Korean bank accounts in important is for the North Koreans to get back on denuclearization
U
Macau has paved the way for Pyongyang to and off of this banidng Issue."
begin shutting down its main nuclear reactor in line Many regional political analysts, however, say the deadline is
with a February agreement. not so important since all six nations - North and South Korea,
China. Russia, Japan and the U.S. - are committed to the February
deal.
Paul French is a Shanghai-based author and expert on North
Korea. He says the impoverished North Korea probably is eager
not only to get the money, but also to get promised oil and other aid
once it shuts down its nudear programs.
"The nuclear weapons are a bargaining chip. Their bomb is
for sale. What this government in Pyongyang is interested in is
regime survival. And, regime survival means keeping the
North Korea has refused to start shutting down the reactor or drip-feed of energy aid and food aid going and of guaranteeing
to allow in U.N. nuclear inspectors until it has $25 million held in a their sovereignty,” said French. “It has never been about owning
Macau bank. a bomb for the sake of a bomb. The bomb has always been a
Macau authorities say the money now can be transferred to tradable commodity.”
North Korea. Macau froze the accounts in 2005 because of U.S.
A U.S. delegation that just ended a trip to Pyongyang says suspicions the bank holding the money was aiding North Korean
North Korean officials pledged to invite international nuclear counterfeiting and other illegai activities. The freeze prompted
inspectors into the country the same day they have the funds. Pyongyang to boycott the nuclear talks for over a year.
But the delegation reports the North Koreans said they would North Korea returned to talks in December on the condition
not likely meet the April 14 deadline to shut down and wanted it the banking issue would be resolved.
extended by 30 days. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao arrived in Japan where he is
Hill is in Seoul for talks on North Korea. He says now is not expected to discuss North Korea with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.
the time to talk about changing deadlines, but for Pyongyang to And later this week, U.S. envoy Hill goes to Beijing for
begin meeting is obligations. meetings on the issue.
Tou know, I do not want to get into extending the deadline at
this point. Our issue is, we have welcomed this decision by
Macau, we are expecting the North Koreans to do the same and to
get going on
banking /'baeg.kiQ/ noun: the business of a bank

• Computer banking now allows you to conduct all your banidng transactions from your home. bargaining
chip /'ba:.giniQ ,tjip || 'baxginig ,tjip/ noun: sth that you can use to persuade sb to give you \\frat you want
• Missiles were used as a bargaining chip in negotiations for economic aid
Beijing /beid3ig/ noun : the capital city of the People^s Republic of China
• Perhaps one of the great attractions of the Beijing is its culinary delights (= pleasant-tasting food).
boycott /'boi.kot II -ka:t/ verb : to refuse to buy, use or take part in sth as a way of protesting
• The election was boycotted by the Opposition parties, who claimed that the vote was unfair.
committed /ka'mit.id/ adj. : willing to work hard and give your time and energy to sth
• They calledfor assurances that the government is committed to its education policy.
commodity /ks'mod.s.ti || -'mai.da.ti/ noun : a substance or product that can be traded, bought or sold
• Basic commodities such as rice and corn are heavily subsidized by the government.
counterfeit /'kaun.ta.fit || verb : to make an illegal copy of money, products, tickets, etc.
• Two women and a man have been arrestedfor counterfeiting $100 bills.
deal /dial/ noun : an agreement or arrangement, especially in business or politics, that helps both sides involved
• A peace deal has finally been reached between the two countries.
denuclearization /dn'njui.kliarai'zeij'an || di:'nu:.kli:.aTai'zeiJ‘an/ noun : to remove nuclear weapons from; to
prohibit the deployment or construction of nuclear weapons in (a country, region, etc.).
• Russian media and experts uniformly rejected the proposed denuclearization.
drip-feed /drip'fnd/ noun : a system of supplying sth slowly, little by little
• There's a constant drip-feed of negative stories about him, hut his popularity remains constant at around
85%
envoy /'en.vai/ noun : sb who is sent as a representative from one government or organization to another
• The United Nations has suggested sending a special envoy to the area. extend
/ik'stend/ verb : to continue for a longer period of time, or to make sth last longer
• They have agreed to extend the deadline for the completion of the construction work.
freeze /friz/ {past tense froze and past participle frozen) verb : to legally stop a supply of money from being
available to sb
• When it was obvious the company was going bankrupt, the government ordered all their assets to be
frozen. funds /fAndz/ noun [pi.]: money needed or available to spend on sth
• The President has agreed to allocate further funds to develop the new submarine.
guarantee /.gasr.an'ti:/ verb : to promise to do sth or to promise that sth will happen
• There will be war until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race.
impoverished /im'pDv.ar.iJt || -'pa:.v3-/ adj. : very poor; without money
• Importing food is an important issue for impoverished countries with limitedfood supplies. inspector
/in'spek.ta(r) || in'spek.t^-/ noun ; an official whose job is to check that sth is satisfactory and that rules are being
obeyed
• Inspectors have shut down a couple of local restaurants due to concerns over cleanliness.
line /lam/ noun : in line with sth : if sth changes in line with sth else, it changes in the same way and at the same rate
as it
• The workers' salary will be increased in line with the 16% inflation expected this spring.
obligation /,Db.li'gei.J“9n || ,a:.bl3-/ noun : sth that you must do for legal or moral reasons
• Do you think that the rich countries of the world have an obligation to help poor countries?
premier /'prem.i.3(r) || pri'mir/ noun : (used especially in newspapers) prime minister
• The Premier made a commitment to increase health care spending if re-elected.
prompt /prompt || prompt/ verb: prompt sb to do sth: to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen
• The recent rash of murders has prompted police to increase their patrols of the area where the killings
have occurred.
sake /seik/ noun : for the sake of sth/of doing sth: the purpose of doing, getting, or achieving sth
• For the sake of historical accuracy, please permit us to state the true facts.
shut down /jAt 'daun/ verb: to stop a factory, shop/store, etc. from opening for business; to stop a machine from
working
• The accident resulted in two of the plant's nuclear reactors being shut down. sovereignty
/'sov.rin.ti || 'saiv.ran.ti/ noun : the power of a country to control its own government
• History shows that threats to the .sovereignty of the state are not always settled through the use offorce.
survival /sa'vai.val || s9-/ noun : the state of continuing to live or exist
• Human beings depend on earth and its life-forms for every aspect of their survival and life.
suspicion /ss'spij’.an/ noun : the feeling that you cannot trust sb/sth
• The police said their suspicions were aroused because the man had other marks on his body.
unfreeze /An'friz/ verb : to remove official controls on money or an economy
• The party plans to unfreeze some of the cash held by local government.
welcome /'wel.kam/ verb : to be glad that sth has happened because you think it is a good idea; to be pleased to
receive or accept sth
• The president welcomed this move but .said that overall the changes didn 7 go Jar enough.
LESSON 9 US Uiês N. Korea to Shut Nuclear Facilities
^ Exercises
PÜ
Ü
1. Some people had threatened to ............................ certain banks as a protest at their

A. extend investment policies.
B. survival 2. Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, ...........................citizens can change
C. committed the world.
D. envoy 3. Most people think that ......................... prices can be a useful indicator of inflation.
E. shut down (v.) 4. The .............................of information in the newspapers probably doesn’t give the
F. impoverished whole story.
G. unfreeze 5. The UN .......................had complete access to all the files related to the country’s
H. boycott (v.) nuclear program.
I. commodity 6. The UN peace.............................has failed to find any middle ground between the
J. funds government and the opposition parties.
K prompt (v.) 7. The government plans to establish more wildlife preserves and parks when .............
L. suspicion are available.
M. drip-feed (n.) 8. The period of time originally scheduled to complete the project has been ................
N. inspector from six months to eight months.
O. obligation 9. The company was ........................... after the labor authorities discovered that they
P. sovereipity were hiring illegal immigrants.
Q. counterfeit (v.) 10. The Foreign Minister assured the nation that he would not sign an agreement which
limited the country’s .............................
11. Several groups led a protest to call for legislators to ...................... the budget for
the education program.
12. There are certain ............................... which, although not stated explicitly, are
obviously understood in the contract.
13. There were .......................... that the witnesses had been paid ofFto testify against
the suspect.
14. He warned that the breakdown of the family unit would lead to an ............ society.
15. Recent worries over the president’s health have............................. speculation over
his political future.
1 impoverished A. halt activity, switch off

2 survival B. gradual supply
3 funds C. embargo (v.)
4 obligation D. believing strongly in sth
5 boycott (v.) E. merchandise, goods
6 shot down (v.) F. supremacy, control, powCT
7 freeze (v.) G. c(xitinuati(m of
Ufe/existence
8 prompt (v.) H. poor, weakêd
9 counterfeit (v.) L Me, forge, copy
10 envoy J. requiremoit, responsibility
11 drip-feed (n.) K. capital; cadi
12 commodity L. hold, fix, restrict
13 sovereignty M. mistrust, doubt
14 committed N. stimulate, provoke
15 suspicion O. messCTger, rqxescaitative
HP PİİİİIİİİHİ mm
news lead.
a. N. Korea Warned of U.S. Impatience

b. N. Korea Agrees To Rejoin Nuclear Talks
c. U.S. Optimistic After N. Korean Reactor Shutdown
d. N. Korea Requests Light-Water Reactors As Disarmament Reward
e. Diplomats Turn To Experts For Next Phase Of N. Korea’s Nuclear Disarmament
1. Headline: ____
News lead: With more complex action required on the road ahead, US envoy says expert Vm-king groups’ will be
needed to help chart a course in ending country’s nuclear weapons programs.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Nuclear negotiator Kim Kye Kwan says Pyongyang should receive reactors to generate power in
exchange for disabling Yongbyon nuclear facilities.
3. Headline: ___ _______________________________________________________

News lead: Following verificaticm by IAEA, Washington ofiBcials hope that disarmament deal is back on track.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Two members of the U.S. Congress returning from a visit to North Korea have warned Pyongyang that
an American public traumatized by Hurricane Katrina is in no mood for any more lengthy negotiations over North
Korea’s nuclear program.
5. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: North Korea said Sunday it is committed to banning nuclear weapons from the Korean Poiinsula, a day
after die communist nation agre^ to return to ftie disarmamoit table afto* a year-l<mg boycott
■
H
1. Floods Create.................... In England, Texas And Asia
a. Suspicion b. Havoc c. Funds d. Boycott d.
2. UN Threatens To...................... Aid To Sri Lanka
a. Extend b. Prompt c. Unfreeze
Suspend d.
3. U.S. And Allies ........................ Financial Pressure On Iran
a. Tighten b. Freeze c. Counterfeit
4. Senator Says He’s Not ..................... For President Survive d.
a. Welcoming b. Extending c. Dealing
5. U.S. To ....................... Embargo On Palestinian Government Running d.
a. Linger b. Lift c. Shut Down
Turn Off
loM
1 .......... He suggests that oil be used as A. an angry response from both political parties.
2 .......... The manager’s signature B. because it didn’t have enough emergency exits.
3 ........... If you have not signed a contract, you are C. the survival of the species.
4 .......... European Airlines guarantees D. its customers top-quality service.
LESSON 9 US Urges N. Korea to Shat Nuclear Facilities
5 ...........A fire inspector shut down the cinema E. welcomed by all sides in the conflict.
6 .......... The government has not yet appointed F. under no obligation to pay them any money.
7 .......... The renewal of peace talks has been G. sovereignty over the islands.
8 ........... Illegal hunting is threatening H. is extremely hard to counterfeit.
9 ........... Two countries have a claim to I. an envoy to the country.
10 ......... The President’s speech has J. a bargaining chip in any trade talks.
prompted
Mi mm.
m
“N. Korea Should Shut Down Nuclear Facilities Soon”
U.S. Assistant ............................................... Christopher Hill says North Korea’s ...................................................

should now go forward after a Russian bank last week agreed to receive more than $20 million in North Korean
................. that had been ..................... in Macau.
Hill told reporters in .......................... the money was in the Russian.......................system as of last Saturday
and may have already arrived in North Korea. He said it should be only a matter of weeks before .........................
talks can continue.
“It took us a long time, longer than any of us ........... I think all of us have learned a lot about banking
in the process, for what that is ..................... But, I think now we have made an important turn and we are back
onto the subject at hand, which is ................................... ,” he said.
Hill says it should not take North Korea more than a couple of weeks to ....................................... its nuclear
.................. “1 think ...................... will is something we are going to need,” added Hill. “But, from a technical
point of view 1 think all of itis quite doable. What we need to do is be very active diplomatically and,
................. ... ..................... diplomatically to get back on our ............................. ”
North Korea agreed in February to shut down its main nuclear........................ and allow U.N ..........................
in return for heavy ....................... oil, a security .......................... ... and diplomatic ........................
But Pyongyang ...................... to move forward with the agreement because of a ...................... in transferring its
frozen funds and missed an April ..........................to shut down the reactor.
Macau ........................ froze the accounts in 2005 after U.S ..................................that a bank in the Chinese
........................ was aiding North Korean money ........................ North Korea ...................... nuclear discussions
for over a year and only returned to the table last December after Washington promised to discuss the
money.
After an investigation, the United States concluded the bank had indeed aided ....................... North Korean
activity, including ............................... and..................... dealing. But the U.S. still agreed to ........................... the
cash to get North Korea back to .............................
No bank could be found that was ....................... to transfer the suspected ................... funds until last week,
when Russia agreed to transfer the money to Pyongyang.
Hill, who is now in Seoul, says South Korea may ship the first ....................... of heavy fuel oil to North Korea
as early as this week.
See video clip 9 (MAKS 2007 Air Fair) and answer the following questions.
1. kick off ..................................................................... 11. compete .................................................

2. correspondent ........................................................... 12. strengthen .............................................
3. weapon ..................................................................... 13. aviation .................................................
4. arms.......................................................................... 14. display...................................................
5. make up .................................................................... 15. contract .................................................
6. register ..................................................................... 16. propaganda............................................
7. debut ........................................................................ 17. potential ................................................ ...
8. public ................................................................ ... 18. civil model .................................................
9. ............................................................................................ stunt ................................................................. 19.
showcase .......................................................................
10. .......................................................................................... colleague ......................................................... 20. voice
......................................................................................
21. counterpart ............................................................. 28. revival.......

22. pay off ................................................................... 29. aeronautics .
23. exhibition .............................................................. 30. in full swing
24. triple ...................................................................... 31. allocate .....
25. fighter jet ............................................................... 32. decade.......
26. renovate ................................................................. 33. deal ...........
27. spectator ................................................................ 34. show up ....
?SpotHght[9]
d) SPOTLIGHT
F8c Edt View Favorites Tools Help
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Address I ^ SPOTLIGHT Go
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT)

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT) is an international treaty,
opened for signature on July i, 1968 to limit the spread of nuclear
weapons. There are 189 states party to the treaty. Only four states are not.
Two (India and Pakistan) out of ei^t confirmed nuclear powers (i.e., those
who have openly tested nuclear weapons), and one presumed nuclear
power (Israel) neither signed nor ratified the treaty. One further nuclear
power, (North Korea) ratified the treaty, violated it and later withdrew.
The treaty was proposed by Ireland, and Finl^d was the first to sign.
In New York City, on May 11, 1995, the parties to the treaty decided by
consensus to extend the treaty indefinitely and without conditions.
The NPT consists of a preamble, and eleven articles. Although the concept of “pillars” appears
nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pMars:
non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.
United Nations Human Rights Council

The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international body UMITCO
within the United Nations System. Its stated purpose is to address

human rights violations. The Council is the successor to the United
Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was often criticised for the
high-profile positions it gave to member states that did not guarantee the
human rights of their own citizens.
The Council has been criticized in 2007 for its strong stance against
Israel, which it has condemned nine times while condemning no other
countries for human rights abuses. The United States, European Union, UN Secretaiy-
Crenerals Kofi Annan and Ban-ki Moon and the media have questioned why the Council would
focus singularly on Israel in light of human rights situations such as those in Sudan, North
Korea, Myanmar, and other places around the world.
LESSON 9 US Urçes N. Korea to Shut Nuclear Facilities
iP fhe lammage of News Mema 191

Hard News vs. Soft News

News stories are basically divided into two types: hard news (also called straight news or spot news) and soft news
(also called infotainment). Hard news generally refers to up-to-the-minute news and events that are reported immediately,
while soft news is background irformation or human-interest stories. Politics, war, economics and crime are considered
hard news, while arts, entertainment and lifestyles are considered soft news. But increasingly, the lines are beginning
to blur. Is a story about the private life of a politician “politics” or “entalainmait”? Is an article about the importance
of investing early for retiraient a “business” story or a “lifestyle” story? Judging solely on subject matter, it can be
difficult to tell.
One difference between hard and soft news is the tone of presentation. A hard news story takes a factual
approach: What happened? Who was involved? Where and when did it happen? Why? A soft news story adopts
instead a narrative approach to entertain or advise the reader. You may have come across newspaper or TV stories
that promise “news you can use.” Examples might be tips on how to stretch properly before exercising, or what to
look for wh^ buying a new computer.
Knowing the difference between hard and soft news helps the news readers develop a sense of how news is
covered, and what sorts of stories different news media tend to publish or broadcast. To show the difïb'^ce more
clearly, eadi type of news story is explained in detail in the following:
■ Hard News Story (IStraight/Spot News Story)
It’s a story which provides the read«* with as much information as possible. The purpose is to inform the reader. It
is a fact-based story that covers a news event. Accidents, crimes, court cases, natural disasters, and new government
legislation are all examples of hard news events. The most important &cts are contained in the first paragraph of the
story. This is called the lead. The other details are presented in descending order of importance. This style news
writing is called the inverted pyramid.
Hie stay revolves around an event ftiat is taking place, a* has takoi place, usually within a 244iour period.
Sevmil news stories may be written cm a single event as new informatioi unftilds. Once a news stay has sqipeared in
the papa, an édita may ask rqiatas to write a follow-up story to wrap up inftnmatiai about the evoit
■ Soft News Story (Infotainment)
The soft story usually appears in the entertainment or lifestyle sections of a newspapa. It often profiles an individual
who is newsworthy because he or she has accomplished something of intaest to many people. For example, it’s
common to read stories on singas or bands who release a new CD. The news part of the story is die release of the CD.
Soft stories can also inform the reada by offering advice on health, fitness, foshion, home déca, or food
preparatioi. Unlike a hard news story, the soft story does not have to follow the inverted pyramid style of writing.
Writers will look for an intaesting angle to begin the story. The writa uses descriptive words to aeate a scene or
mood that brings the reada into the stay.
Example:
In a stoiy about a recent sleep study of3,200 teenagas, researdiers found teens get less sleep as they ga olda and this
has a big impact oi grades, attoidance and emotions. Hae is how one daily news reporta covaed the stay: Laura has
heard it described as carrying a load of bricks in her backpack and she pretty much agrees with the description: for every hour of
lost sleep, add two bricks to the pack.
"It’s true, " says the 16-year-old "If I get to bed too late, I really feel the weight of the next day. It’s like
being in a fog. ”
I teens need sleep. Just ask their parents who will have spent much of the past week nagging them to get to
bed on time only to spend the next week nagging them to wake up to get to school on tih^. Pity that poor teen
who has to turn her internal clock around to suit a new school year.
Pity more the parent who has to deal with her.
The writa could have writtoi a lutrd news story about a recent study on sleep deprived teens. It might have gone
sometl^g like this:
A \lac^ of sleep is costing teens marks in school, according to a new Canadian study.
Instead, the jwrita diose to intoview a student and use ha expaience to laundi ftie story of how early school
openings, combined with a lack of sleep, is having a nâtive impact on sdiool attendance, grades and emotions.
Vlîch vasion of the story would you want to read?
Lesson
10
/ O leading and Usittiiliiii
F
or the past three days, this elegant seaside have welcomed the G8 pledges to fight AIDS. Others \ called them
resort has hosted the leaders of some of the disappointing.
world's wealthiest nations. There have been Rock star activist, Bono, who was also at the summit,
forma) working sessions, ciosed-door bilateral accused the G8 of misleading people into thinking that all the
meetings, informal chats in the garden, walks on the pledges would go to Africa, when instead he said the money is not
seaside pier and group photos. earmarked specifically for Africa and would be spread globally.
Bono said the G8 used “bureau babble“ to hide its failure to
help Africa.
“It’s a maze; this labyrinthine language is a maze; that's
delibeFate,” he said. “We're supposed to get lost in this maze, but
we are not lost, they are lost The G8 are lost.”
in a final statement the G8 also expressed support for
continued efforts for a Middle East peace settlement and for
pressure on Iran to halt its nuclear program.
Mrs. Merkel said Iran should reconsider its actions. The G8
warned that its members will support further measures against
Summit host Gentian Chancellor Angela Merkel made climate Iran if Tehran continues to defy U.N. resolutions to halt its uranium
change and helping Africa môr themes of this meeting and in a enrichment activity and related programs.
final news conference she said progress was made. On the issue of Darfur, G8 leaders called for those violating
Mrs. Merkel said it is important that all G8 members human rights to be brought to justice. They also said the G8
acknowledged the dangers of unchecked global warming and that would support “appropriate action” in the Security Council, if the
they have committed themselves to devising a iong-term strategy government of Sudan or rebel groups continue to fail to meet their
to remedy the problem within the United Nations. obligations.
Mrs. Merkel characterized the G8 climate statement as a Joining Mrs. Merkel in Heiligendamm were the leaders of
successful compromise, even though she failed to win U.S. France. Italy, Britain, Russia, Canada, the United States and Japan.
support for including mandatory limits on greenhouse gas This was the first summit for the newly elected French
emissions. President, Nicolas Sarkozy, and the last for British Prime Minister
Some environmental activists say the compromise is too Tony Blair, who steps down on June 27.
weak, still others call it a failure. The G8 leaders also renewed President Bush missed some of Friday morning’s meetings
commitments to Afnca through debt relief and other aid. And, there due to an upset stomach. He later rejoined the group and was
was a pledge for $60 billion to combat AIDS, malaria and present for the final group photo, before leaving the summit on Air
tuberculosis. Force One. ^
Mrs. Merkel said that alone is not enough. She said the G8
must honor promises made in the past and deepm its commitment
to help the African continent develop in the future. Some aid groups
LESSON 10 G8 Summit Ends
NemWouls
acknowledge /ak'nDl.ids 1| -'nai.lids/ verb : to accept, admit or recognize sth, or the truth or existence of sth
• The committee acknowledged publicly that these chemicals are highly dangerous, and agreed to phase
them out gradually.
activist /'aek.ti.vist/ noun: sb who works hard doing practical things to achieve social or political change
• Activists are working hard to ensure that environmental issues are high on the agenda at the international
summit in June.
AIDS /eidz/ noun : {abbreviation for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome): a very serious disease that stops
your body from defending itself against infections, and usually causes death
• Critics suggest that government initiatives to deal with the AIDS problem are not adequate.
babble /'baeb.,1/ noun : talking that is cbnfused or silly and is difficult to understand
• The reforms deserve something better than the babble that has followed them from birth.
bureau /'bjus.rao || 'bjur.ou/ noun : an office or organization that collects or provides information
• Her disappearance was reported to the police department’s Missing Persons Bureau.
chancellor /'tfamt.sal.afr) || 'tjaent.sal.ar/ noun : the head of government in Germany or Austria
• Helmut Kohl became the first Chancellor of a united Germany in 1990.
characterize /'kcer.ik.ta.raiz |1 'ker.ik.ta^.aiz/ verb : characterize sb/sth (as sth): to describe or show the qualities of
sb/sth in a particular way; portray
• Talks between the two political parties are characterized as friendly at this point in time.
chat /tfaet/ noun : an informal friendly conversation
• / had a chat with my boss today about a possible salaiy increase.
combat /'kom.bjet |1 'ka:m-/ verb : to try to stop sth unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing
• In an effort to combat unemployment, the government is encouraging the development of new industries.
commitment /ka'mit.msnt/ noun : commitment to sb/sth: a promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way
• Many nations of the world are making substantial commitments to consenung their natural resources.
compromise /'kom.pra.maiz |1 'ka:m-/ noun : an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their
demands or change their opinion in order to agree
• The President has stated that there can he no negotiation and no compromise with the terrorists
responsible for the attack.
continent /'kon.ti.nsnt |1 'kain.tan.ant/ noun: one of the large land masses of the earth such as Europe, Asia or Africa
• The A.sian continent is home to an astonishing geographical and cultural diversity.
deepen /'di:.pan/ verb : to become stronger or greater, or to make sth stronger or greater
• As the crisis deepened, it became clear that the government was losing control.
deliberate /di'lib.ar.st 1| -^/ adj. : done on purpose rather than by accident
• Terrorism is defined as the deliberate targeting of civilians in order to create a climate of terror. devise
/di'vaiz/ verb : to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth
• The government needs to devise a policy for attracting new businesses to the region.
earmark /'ia.ma:k 1| 'ir.mo:rk/ verb : earmark sb/sth (for/as sb/sth): to decide that sth will be used for a particular
purpose or have sth done to it in the future; set aside (money, etc.) for a particular purpose
• Some of the funding is .specifically earmarked for poor school districts so that they can bring computer
technology^ into the classrooms.
elegant /'el.i.gant/ adj. : beautiful, attractive
• • Vienna is a city of grand public buildings and elegant private ones.
emission /I'mif.sn/ noun : the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.
• The world’s governments have made a joint pledge to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the
year 2010.
failure /'fei.ljafr) || -Ija/ noun : a lack of success in achieving or doing sth
• The minister’s ability has been called into question after a number of recent failures.
G8 /d3i: eit/ noun : eight of the most important industrial nations in the world (Britain, Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Russia, and the US) who meet regularly to discuss the world economic situation
• One of the main themes for the next .summit of the G8 major powers will be energy .security.
globally /‘glsu.bal.i || 'glou-/ adv. : relating to the whole world
• There is a popular expression which says that to change the world for the better, you should think globally,
and act locally.
greenhouse gas /'gri’.n.haus ,gass/ noun : a gas, especially carbon dioxide or methane, that is thought to trap heat
above the Earth and cause the greenhouse effect
• Carbon dioxide is a so-called greenhouse gas, which absorbs energy from the sun, making the air warmer.
host /haust || boost/ verb : to provide the place and everything that is needed for an organized event
• The city recently hosted an important conference on urban transportation.
labyrinthine /,laeb.9'rin.0ain || ,l£eb.3'rin.0in/ adj. : like a labyrinth; describes sth that has lots of parts and is therefore
confusing
• It takes a fair amount of concentration to follow the film's labyrinthine plot.
long-term /,lDg't3;m || ,la:g't3tm/ adj. : continuing for a long period of time into the fiiture, or relating to what will
happen in the distant future
• One promising long-term project for the country’s economy is the development ofgas resources. malaria
/ma'lea.ri.a || -'ler.i-/ noun : a disease that is common in hot countries and that you get when a type of mosquito bites
you
• The government has okayed spraying to combat the spread of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the area.
mandatory /'maen.da.tri || -to:r.i/ adj. : required by law
• In 1955, the government of Singapore set up a mandatory saving scheme to ensure that people would have
enough money for their retirement or if they lost their job.
maze /meiz/ noun : a complicated system of paths or passages which people try to find their way through for
amusement; a complicated set of rules, ideas or subjects which you find difficult to deal with or understand
• It’s almost impossible to get through the maze of bureaucracy.
mislead /,mis'li;.d/ verb : mislead sb (into doing sth): to make sb believe sth that is not true by giving them
information that is false or not complete
• The politician misled the public into thinking he would reduce taxes if elected, but then once he got in
office, actually raised taxes.
pier /pia(r) II pir/ noun : a structure that is built over and into the water so that boats can stop next to it or people can
walk along it
• After lunch, the family went for a walk along the pier.
rebel /'reb.al/ noun : sb who tries to remove a government or leader using force
• Fighting between the rebels and government troops continues in some parts of the country.
rejoin /,ri:'d3oin/ verb : to go back to a group of people, organization, etc. that you were with before
• Both soldiers spent two weeks in training before being allowed to rejoin their unit.
remedy /'rem.a.di/ verb : to deal with a problem or improve a bad situation
• Transportation experts are the best judges of how to remedy the traffic dislocation growing out of the
earthquake.
resort /ri'zoit H -'zo:rt/ noun : a place where many people go for rest, sport or another stated purpose
• Ski resorts are anticipating a busy season this year due to heavy snowfalls.
settlement /'set.l.mant || 'sej-/ noun : an official agreement that ends an argument between two people or groups
• After years offighting, the two countries seem to be on the brink of a historic peace settlement.
step down /step 'daun/ verb : to leave an important job or position, especially to allow sb else to take your place; stand
down
• The public is outraged over the recent government scandal, and the governor is being pressured to step
down.
suppose /sa'pauz 1| -'pouz/ verb : be supposed to do/be sth: to be expected or required to do/be sth according to a rule,
a custom, an arrangement, etc.
• Free trade waj supposed to bring greater wealth to the poor of the country, but it has failed miserably.
tuberculosis /tju:,b3:.kju'lau.sis || tu:,b3;.kja'lou-/ noun : a serious disease which is infectious and can attack many
parts of a person’s body, especially their lungs
• As late as the 1950s, tuberculosis was still a fatal illness.
upset stomach /,Apset 'stAm.ak/: an illness in the stomach that makes you feel sick or have diarrhea
• We were warned not to eat the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset.
violate /'vaia.leit/ verb : to break or act against sth, especially a law, agreement, principle or sth that should be treated
with respect
• It seems that the enemy planes deliberately violated the ceasefire agreement.
ipmipin
■*Saiia ii
1. Analysts predicted that the conflict between the political rivals will be .................
A. maze (n.) 2. Athletes must undergo a .......................... drugs test before competing in the
B. acknowledge championship.
C. mislead 3. Companies that ...................... environmental laws will be heavily fined.
D. violate 4. Five billion dollars of this year’s budget is already ............................. for hospital
E. earmark (v.) improvements.
F. mandatory 5. It is going to be difficult to find a ...................... between the two groups because
G. combat (v.) their needs are so different.
H. rejoin 6. Party ........................... are angry with the Prime Minister for refusing to hold a
I. compromise (n.) referendum.
J. step down (v.) 7. Parliament has criticized new government measures to ......................crime.
K. activist 8. Recent conflicts in the area seem to have endangered chances for a peaceful
L. deepen (v.) with the rebels.
M. remedy (v.) 9. The Prime Minister has officially informed his cabinet of his decision to .............
N. emission 10. The peace talks ended with smiles and handshakes, but no ..........................
O. long-term 11. The Prime Minister even refused to ............................ the existence of the poor
P. commitment economic state.
Q. settlement 12. The President's advisor suggested that a tax cut could ................................. the
^ economic problems.
13. The government has passed legislation to reduce the pollution caused by factory
by 15% over the next five years.
14. There was no intention to ............................. the public, the official told the
newspaper.
15. What this country needs is a ......................... policy for investment in science
and technology.
PMpiHpi mmmm
mmrnm HiiM
I violate A. obligation, promise

2 deliberate (adj.) B. fight, battle
3 acknowledge C. recognize, admit
4 mislead D. compromise, agreement
5 remedy (v.) E. compulsory, obligatory
6 commitment F. resign
7 mandatory G. flout, break (a law)
8 combat (v.) H. stylish, graceful
9 labyrinthine I. put right, correct
10 devise J. irregular, twisting
11 settlement K. intentional, planned
12 elegant L. discharge (n.),
13 resort (n.) emanation
14 step down M. think up, invent
15 emission N. deceive
O. place of recreaticm
mm mnn m
about five words.
1. India will defend its nuclear tests but press for global disarmament at a summit of non-aligned countries
beginning in South Africa on Wednesday, ofBcials here say.
Headline: ___ ________________________________________________________
2. G8 leaders on Saturday supported efforts to negotiate a UN convention against organized crime within two
years, saying such crime poses a global threat to society.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. With bloodshed on the rise in Gaza and Iraq, politicians attending die World Economic Forum warned of a bleak
foture for the Mideast if its explosive tensions are not resolved.
Headline:_____________________________________________ _______________
4. France is hosting an international conference today to boost efforts to end the four-year conflict in the region of
Darfur,
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Japan’s new prime minister, breaking tradition by visiting Europe before the United States, agreed Thursday to
boost cooperation with die European Union in the face of threats ranging from climate diange to Norfe Korea’s
nuclear program.
Headline:________________________________________ _ ______ __________
1. OPEC ......................... In Its Effort To Push Prices Down

a. Combating b. Devising c. Faltering d. Rejoining d.
2. Negotiators Fail To Agree On Free Trade Proposal At Americas
a. Bureau b. Rebellion c. Summit
Settlement
3. NATO Readies ......................... Brigade For War In Afghanistan

a. Emission b. Activist c. Combat d. Continent
4. Former Trade Representative ............................ To Head World Bank

a. Remedied b. Violated c. Earmarked d. Nominated
5 ..........................Show Decline In Support For War

a. Failures b. Polls c. Compromises d. Commitments
1 ........Beneath the city lies a labyrinthine A. violating a ban on demonstrations. '
2 .......The company misled hundreds of people B. network of tunnels.
3 .......Both sides have agreed to meet, C. by the maze of regulations and conditions.
4 .......East and West Berlin were D. into investing their money unwisely.
5 .......In defiance of the ceasefire, rebel troops E. characterized by violence and corruption.
6 .......The Prime Minister made a firm commitment F. reaching a settlement at the last minute.
7 .......Many applicants for the loan are put off G. officially rejoined in 1990.
8 .......Police have arrested twenty people, accused of H. are again firing on the capital.
9 .......The two sides avoided going to court by I. to increasing spending on health.
10 ......Politics in that part of the world is J. in the hope of reaching a compromise.
Listen to audio clip 10 and fill in the blank spaces In the following piece of news.
US Responds to Putin’s Call for Meeting
At his daily ........................ .. Pentagon ................................ Bryan Whitman responded to President Putin’s call for
a meeting. “The U.S. position on this is that we would be ................................. at any suggestions that Russians
might .................. to ......................... its ................................ under the CFE .................................................. .. as you
know, places a high value on the treaty’s ............................. to European security,” he said.
At the ....................................................... , a spokesman told reporters the ............................. Forces treaty has
.................... the international community well, but that it is Russia’s right to call a meeting and U.S.
.................... will be happy to ........................ President Putin wants a meeting on June 12 in Vienna.
The 1990 treaty ........................ the size and ............................ of ............................... military forces in Europe.
It resulted in a.................... of Cold War ........ ..... ...... forces facing off against each other on the ..........................
The treaty was ........................ in 1999, but some countries have refused to ..................... the amended ..................
until Russia ............................ its forces from Georgia and Moldova.
Russia rejects the idea of connecting those two issues, but has ................................. its participation in the
treaty and has ......................... to withdraw from it ................................ The statement on Monday calling for the
meeting said Russia has been ......................... to the amended treaty, while other ............................... have refused
to ratify it. The .................. also ..................... the expansion of NATO into areas formerly under the influence of
the ..........................................
Russia’s concerns about the treaty are also ...................... seen as related to its ....................... to U.S. plans to
put parts of its new ................. defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic.
The White House reports President Bush and President Putin spoke about several issues during a phone
conversation on Monday, but did not say whether missile defense or the Conventional Forces treaty were among
them. The two men will meet next week in Germany during the ................... Group of Eight ......................
See video clip 10 (Russian Bomber's Encounter In British Airspace) and answer the following
questions.
1. encounter .............................................................. 12. affair ..............................................................................
2. echo ...................................................................... 13. flex one’s muscle ..........................................................
3. cold war ................................................................... 14. revive ......................................................................
4. ministry of defense .................................................. 15. era ...........................................................................
5. royal ........................................................................ 16. long-range ...............................................................
6. intercept ................................................................... 17. patrol .......................................................................
7. bomber .................................................................... 18. show off ..................................................................
8. approach .................................................................. 19. assertiveness ............................................................
9. aerial incident .......................................................... 20. further .....................................................................
10. amid ........................................................................ 21. showcase .................................................................
11. ........................................................................................ in the wake of............................................ 22. ambition.....
?SpotiigiitiiO)
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Group of Eight (G8)

The Group of Eight (G8) is an international forum
for the governments of Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the
United States. Together, these countries represent
about 65% of the world economy. The group’s
activities include year-round conferences and
policy research, culminating with an annual
summit meeting attended by the heads of
government of the member states. The European
Commission is also represented at the meetings.
Each year, member states of the G8 take turns assuming the presidency of the group.
The holder of the presidency sets the group’s annual agenda and hosts the summit for that year.
Group of Seven (Gy)

The Group of Seven (Gy) is an international organization officially established in 1985 to facilitate
economic cooperation among the world’s largest industrial nations; summit meetings of the member
nations began in 1975. Members are Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the
United States. The Gy discusses and coordinates its members’ actions on economic and commercial
matters and works to aid the economies of other nations. The leaders of the Gy nations meet annually in
member countries. The Group of Eight (G8), which consists of the Gy nations plus Russia, was officially
established in 1998, although Russia began participating in some Gy meetings earlier in the 1990s. Gy
nations continue to meet without Russia on certain issues. Emerging nations had long complained that
their interests were not addressed during the Gy meetings; these concerns resulted in the first meeting
(1999) of the newly formed Group of 20 (G20), with the Gy nations plus Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea,
and Turkey.
I gillielangiiagcofNewslledlallO]
The Inverted Pyramid
Unlike an essay or a composition which requires an introductionat the beginning, a bodyof many paragraphs in
the middle and a conclusionat die шс1, a news story comprises such majcR* componaits as die headline, the lead
and die body respectively. Моте significantly, all the news detail is combined together, not in chronological
ordo*; hit in an inverted pyramid in which the news is organized in paragraphs in order of descending
importance with the most jmpOTtant information at the top of the news storyand the least mfOTraatiOTi at the
bottom of the story,.OT pyramid
In an inverted pyramid (seedie following figure), die most important information is in the first or die first
and second paragrtqihs which bears the 5 W*s (who, what, where, when, why and sometimes how) and which
constitutes the lead, the gist or the main idea of the entire news story.The rest of the body paragraphs contain less
impor|tot informati<m.
Depending on which piece of information should be the focal point of the lead of the news story, it can appear in
different forms. As an example, look at the information of a news story in the following;
Who; Mayor Katf^ Rei(fy

What: Downtown sidewalks will be rebuilt this year, without an increase in property taxes and
even though federalfunds are being cut
Where: City Hall press conference
When: Monday
Why: Cuts in federal funds or increase sales tax
If what and why are emphasized, die lead will be like the following, with the elements of how and where in the
second paragraph:
The city will not increase property taxes this year but will still rebuild downtown side walks, even if it loses $3
million in federal community development funds, Mayor Kathy Reufy said Monday.
However, the mayor said that the city sales tax may need to be increased to pay for the project, "if we
cannot find alternative federal funds, we will attempt to raise the city sales taxes, at least for a year," Reicty
said in a City Hall press conference.
The elemrait of who can be emphasized in die lead as follows:

Mayor Kathy Reitfy scad Monday that the city will not increase property taxes this year to pay forfe^ral funding cuts,
bid it may have to increase sales taxes.
If how is die focal point, the lead will be like this:

The city sales tax may be increased this year if the city cannot find alternative finding sources for a project to
rebuild sidewalks, Mcyor Kathy said Mondcy.
If why is die focal point, diis will be the news lead:

A $3 million cut in federal community block grants will not stop the city from rebuilding cbwntqwn sidewalks tins year,
Mcyor Kathy Reidy said Monday.
Whai and wlê can also be the focal point:

Downtown sidewalks will be rebuilt this year without an increase in property taxes, Mcyor Kcaly Rei(ty said
Mondcy during a city Hall press conference.
\i
The inverted pyramid form has been adopted by most newspêrmen because it has more advantages both for the
readei^ arid editor. For one thing, it gives readers the convraience of grasping the news of the day by simply
skinuping the lead parag^hs. Also, it saves dieir time in continuing riding the story since the lead paragraph!
certains all the main idea. As for the editOTs, diey may trim the news story from ê bottom up if there is nejt
oiough space available or they judge that the stoiy is not worth the reader’s attention.
Senate Backs Timeline for
US Troop Withdrawal from Iraq
/ 9 Beading and Ustenlng

he Senate, by a 5048 vote, rejected a It is the first time the Senate has signaled Its \ support for a
Republican-sponsored amendment to strip timetable for a troop withdrawal from Iraq, having rejected the idea
T
the funding measure of the provision that calls several times this year.
for U.S. troops to start pulling out of Iraq within four Senator Chuck Hagel, a Nebraska Republican, was among
months, with a goal of completing withdrawal by those who rejected a resolution calling for a timeline for a troop
March 31 of next year. puliout just two weeks ago, only to back the Idea now. "America
finds itself now in a dangerous and isolated position in the world.
We are perceived as a nation at war with Muslims. This
debilitating and dangerous perception must be reversed as
the world seeks a new center of gravity for this new century. The
United States must begin planning for a phased troop withdrawal
from Iraq. The cost of combat in Iraq in terms of American lives,
dollars and world standing has been devastating for our
country.” he said.
The House of Representatives last week passed its own
version of the spending bill for the military missions in Iraq and
The vote came just hours after White House Afghanistan, including a deadline for withdrawing U.S. troops from
spokeswoman Dana Perino renewed President Bush’s vow to Iraq by August 31 of next year.
veto the bill if it contained the timetable for withdrawal. The Once the Senate approves the overall legislation, a move
legislation would substitute congressional mandates for the that could come as early as Wednesday, the measure will have to
considered judgment of our military commanders. The bid be reconciled with the House bill before it is sent to President
assumes the failure of the new strategy even before American Bush for his expected veto.
commanders in the field are able to fully implement their plans,” The House and Senate would then have to redraft the
she said. legislation, as they would lack the two-thirds majorities needed to
Many Senate Republicans, including Senator John McCain of override the veto.
Arizona, echoed Perino's comments. ”if you announce to the The overall bill includes 96 billion dollars to continue funding
enemy that you are leaving, it is a recipe for defeat,” he said. the military missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. It also includes
But Senate Meôrity Leader Harry Reid, a Nevada Democrat, money to strengthen port and mass transit security.
noted that public opinion polls show a majority of Americans The Pentagon says it needs the funds soon, as money for its
favor a timeline to bring the troops home. He said the time had operations In Iraq and Afghanistan will run out next month.
come to send the president a message. This is a dvil war. It has
turned Into an intractable dvil war. The president must change
course, and this legislation will allow him to do that” he said.
New Words
amendment /a'mend.mant/ noun : a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the
process of doing this
• Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991.
announce /a'nauns/ verb; announce (sth) (to sb): to tell people sth officially, especially about a decision, plans, etc.
• The government yesterday announced to the media plans to create a million new jobs.
LESSON 11 Senate Backs Timeline for US Troop Withdrawal from Iraq
approve /a'pru:\7 verb : to officially accept a plan, proposal, etc.

• Parliament voted not to approve the President’s plans for cutting the arms budget.
assume /a'sjum || -'su:m/ verb : to think that sth is true, although you do not have definite proof
• We can V assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they’ve decided to remain silent.
back /bjek/ verb ; to support sb or sth, especially by giving them money or using your influence
• There is a new witness to back his claim that he is a victim of mistaken identity.
bill /bil/ noun : a written suggestion for a new law that is presented to a country’s parliament so that its members can
discuss it
• The President has tried to hasten passage of the bill through Parliament.
civil war /siv.al '\vo:(r) || 'siv.al wo;r/ noun : a war in which opposing groups of people from the same country fight
each other in order to gain political control
• The country^ seems almost on the brink of civil war as fighting intensifies between government troops and
rebel force.s.
congressional /kag'grej’.an.al/ adj. : related to or belonging to a congress or the Congress in the US
• The president explained his plans to congressional leaders.
course /ko:s || kD:rs/ noun : a way of acting in or dealing with a particular situation; the general direction in which
sb’s ideas or actions are moving
• The president appears likely to change course on some key issues.
debilitating/di'bil.i.teit.ii] || -tei.tiq/ adj. : making very weak and infirm
• The economy is now strengthening after a long and debilitating recession.
devastating /'dev .s.steitig || -tig/ adj. : badly damaging or destroying sth
• If the bomb had exploded in the main shopping area, it would have been devastating. echo
/'ek.su || -ou/ verb : to repeat an idea or opinion because you agree with it
• Many political activists said that the Prime Minister’s view echoed throughout the party.
funding /'fAn.dig/ noun : money that is provided by an organization for a particular purpose
• The government has announced increasedfunding towards combating the spread of AIDS.
gravity /'grjsv.i.ti H -s.ji/ noun: center of gravity: the point in any object on which it can balance
• Under Democrats and Republicans the center ofgravity of politics has moved steadily to the right.
House of Representatives /,haus sv rep.n'zen.ta.tivz 1| ,haus av rep.ri'zen.ta.tivz/ noun : the largest part of Congress
in the US, or of the Parliament in Australia, whose members are elected by the people of the country
• In Australia, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers are responsible to the House of
Representatives.
intractable /in'trajk.ta.bl/ adj. : very difficult and seeming to be impossible to control, manage or solve
• The authorities .said that unemployment is proving to he an intractable problem.
isolated /'ai.sa.lei.tid || -tid/ adj. : feeling alone and unable to meet or speak to other people
• As an independent republic, they would be politically and economically isolated.
legislation /,led3.i'slei.J'an/ noun : a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament
• The government recently passed legislation which prohibits tobacco advertising at sporting events. mass
transit /.m^s 'traen.zit/ noun {AmE) : public transport {BrE): a system of vehicles such as buses and trains which
operate at regular times on fixed routes and are used by the public
• The government should reduce the fare for city buses in order to get more people to use mass transit.
opinion poll /a'pin.jan .paul || a'pin.jan ,poul/ noun : the process of questioning people who are representative of a
larger group in order to get information about the general opinion
• Nearly three-quarters of people questioned in an opinion poll agreed with the government's decision.
overall /,3o.v3'rD:l || ,ou.v3-'a:l/ adj. : including all the things or people that are involved in a particular situation:
gaieral
• The report focuses on the particular rather than the general and so doesn 7 draw any overall conclusion.s.
override /,au.va'raid jj ,ou.v3^/ verb : (of a person who has the necessary authority) to refuse to accept or to decide
against a previous decision, an order, a person, etc.
• The chairman overrode the committee's objections and signed the agreement.
perceive /pa'siiv || pa^/ verb : perceive sb/sth (as sth): to understand or think of sb/sth in a particular way; regard
• High-tech industries are perceived to be of importance to the nation's economic growth. perception
/pa'sep.j'an || pW noun : a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on appearances
• The recent developments hardly affected the public perception of the government’s performance. phase
/feiz/ verb : to arrange to do sth gradually in stages over a period of time
• The reduction in armedforces will be pha.sed over the next ten years.
provision /pra'vi3.an/ noun : a condition in an agreement or law
• They have inserted certain provisions into the treaty to safeguard the company's workers.
pullout /'pul.aot/ noun : the removal of soldiers from an area where there has been fighting
• More than two-thirds of Iraqis polled wanted the US to commit to troop pullout within the year. recipe
/'res.1 .pi/ noun : be a recipe for sth: a formula for or means to a desired end
• Learning from experience is a recipe for continuous improvement.
reconcile /'rek.an.sail/ verb : reconcile sth (with sth): to find an acceptable way of dealing with two or more ideas,
needs, etc. that seem to be opposed to each other
• Research is being undertaken in how to reconcile consei'vation needs with growing demand for water.
redraft /,ri:'dra:ft || ,ri:'draeft/ verb : to write an article, a letter, etc. again in order to improve it or make changes
• Officials are redrafting the country’s educational strategy, which aims to raise teaching standards through
training and staff support.
republican /ri'pAb.li.kan/ noun : a member or supporter of the Republican Party in the US. The Republican Party is
one of the two main political parties in the US, usually considered to support conservative views, and to want to limit
the power of central government.
• The Republicans are still trailing the Democrats in public opinion polls.
reverse /n'vsis || -'v3:s/ verb : to change sth, such as a decision, judgment, or process so that it is the opposite of what
it was before
• The politician completely reversed his idea about tax cut once he was elected to office.
run out /rAn 'aut/ verb : to use up or finish a supply of sth
• The siege of the town lasted until the people finally ran out offood, and had to surrender.
seek /si:k/ verb : to ask sb for sth
• Negotiators are seeking some kind of agreement to bring about a ceasefire.
Senate, the /'sen.at/ noun : the smaller and more important of the two parts of the government with the power to make
laws, in countries such as the US, Australia, and France
• The federal Parliament in Canada con.sists of the House of Commons and the Senate.
signal /'sig.nal/ verb : to show that you intend or are ready to do sth
• The Prime Minister’s speech today signals that there will he a shake-up in the cabinet. spokeswoman
/'spauks,wum.3n || 'spooks-/ noun: a woman who has been chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or
government
• The spokeswoman refused to disclose details of the economic plan to the press.
sponsor /'spon.s3(r) II 'spa:n.s9/ verb : to arrange for sth official to take place
• The U.N. is sponsoring negotiations between the two countries.
standing /'st®n.dig/ noun: the position or reputation of sb/sth within a group of people or in an organization; status
• This latest scandal will undoubtedly have affected his standing with the authorities.
strip /strip/ verb : strip sb of sth: to take away sth important from sb as a punishment, for example their title, property,
or power
• He was stripped of his post after he was convicted of stealing from the company.
substitute /'sAb.sti.tju:t || -tu:t/ verb : substitute sth for sth: to use sth/sb instead of sth/sb else
• The objective of the poll is to substitute real democratic politics for conflict and violence.
term /t3:m || tsim/ noun : in terms of in ... terms: used to show what aspect of a subject you are talking about or how
you are thinking about it
• Portugal has been described as a gentle country, both in terms of its climate, and the mood of its people.
timeline /'taimlain/ noun : a plan for when things will happen or how long you think sth will take
• The timeline for the project is less than six months from start to finish.
version /'vsi.Jan, -330 || 'va:-/ noun : a copy of sth that has been changed so that it is slightly different
• The Spanish version of the Journal appears one week after the English version.
veto /'vi:.t3u || -too/ verb : to stop sth from happening or being done by using your official authority; to refuse to
accept or do what sb has suggested
• In the American political system, the president has the right to veto any piece of legislation.
vow /vau/ noun : a formal and serious promise, especially a religious one, to do sth
• The President made a vow that those who were responsible for the terrorist attacks would be brought to
justice.
White House, the /'wait ,haus/ noun : the official home of the President of the US in Washington, DC; the President
of the US and the people who advise him
• A pack of journalists was waiting outside the White House.
withdrawal /wid'droi.al || -'dra:-/ noun : the act of moving an army, weapons, etc. away from the area where they
were fighting
• The withdrawal of troops from the area has created a .security vacuum which will need to be filled.
liHiMiiiiin
news lead.
a. U.S. Govt. Faces Mounting Pressure To Change Iraq Strategy
b. For Many Iraqis, A Moment Of Triumph And Catharsis
c. Blair Declares British Troops Will Stay In Iraq
d. Majority In Poll Back Pullout From Iraq
e. In Iraq, Death Tolls Often In Dispute
1. Headlk»: ______________________________________________________________________________
News lead: An Iraqi special tribunal (m Sunday crmvicted Saddam Hussein of crimes against humanity for die brutal
rqıression of a S^te town in the 1980s and s^traced him to deadi by hanging.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: An overwhelming majority of Europeans and Americans favor the withdrawal of coalition forces early
next year, a survey published Friday showed, while most also support the execution of Saddam Hussein.
3. Headline: ___________________________ ___________________ _ __________________ _______
News lead: Ihe prime ministo* pledged his support for the Iraqi government in a surfnise visit to Baghdad on Sunday
and declared diat Briti^ troqis would remain in Iraq “until die job is dcme.’*
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Disparities between official and eyewitness tallies lead some people to charge the government with
downplaying attacks.
5. Headline: ______________________________________________________ _____ _______ _ ___ _
News lead: Lawmakm call on White House to begin US troop withdrawal.
m
1. Poll Shows Trust In Govt. Has ....................... After Scandals
a. Restored b. Plummeted
c. Debilitated d. Devastated
2. The Trial Of Dictator: Flawed, But Fair
a. Amendment b. Verdict c. Provision d. Legislation
3. President Tells Democrats To Approve Defense
a. Timeline b. Pullout c. Bill d. Recipe
y
a. Reconciles b. Assumes c. Announces d. Vows
a. Slump b. Standing c. Perception d. Withdrawal
Match the first part of the sentences with the second part
1 ........ The president called for greater funding A. some surprising changes in public opinion.
2 ........ A recent opinion poll suggests B. by hunger and disease.
3 ....... The Prime Minister has announced C. backed and financed by the US.
4 ....... The President has said that they will seek D. that public spending will be increased next year.
5 ....... The guerillas vowed that E. revenge for the attack on the capital city.
6 ....... Some suspected that the rebellion was F. they ran out of ammunition for their guns.
7 ....... We need some kind of timeline G. for when you want the project finished.
8 ....... The President used his veto to H. for housing for the poor.
9 ....... The troops were severely debilitated I. they would overthrow the government.
10 ...... The soldiers had to surrender after J. override the committee’s decision.
M
шшшт
US Defense Secretary Rejects any Rapid Pullout from Iraq
Testifying before the Senate .............................. Committee Wednesday, ............................. Gates said that if the
security situation in Iraq improves and progress is achieved, a ......................in U.S. forces could be considered.
He was quick to warn, however, of................ consequences for Iraq and the United States if a ..............................
were to take place in his words “with Iraq in ........................ ”
Later, at a ...................... news ................... with the Chairman of the ................... Chiefs of Staff, General
Peter Pace, Gates expanded upon his earlier .............................. with regard to an ......................evaluation of the
................... troop.................. in Iraq. “I ...................... that whatever the evaluation in September [concludes, it]
will not lead to a ................... decision or actions, but would point us in a new direction - either because the
................... is working, or because the evaluation is that it is not" he said.
In fact. General Pace said the Pentagon has no ..................... plan for bringing all U.S. forces home at once.
As the two men spoke, members of the Democratic-led House of ............................................ were crafting
................... to ....................the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan through July, when ........................... would have the
................... of cutting off money if conditions in Iraq do not improve.
President Bush has ................... he would ...................... any.............................. funding bill, just as he vetoed
an earlier bill that contained a .................... for a troop........................ from Iraq.
Asked what he hopes will ................... from the ....................... Gates said he would like to see broad .............
agreement on two points. “That it is important to defend this country on the extremists’ ten yard line and not on our
10-yard line" he said. “The other part of it is that, .....................that we have some kind of ......................... strategic
agreement or security agreement with the Iraqi governmait that ....................their ......................and so on, but still
provides the assistance of some level of U.S. troops in Iraq fora ...................period of time.”
Gates said that even after the .................. of U.S. forces have left Iraq, the United States will have to provide
some sort of“ ......................... presence" for the country in whatever form is .................. appropriate at that time.
Turning to Iran’s influence in Iraq, General Pace noted an increase in explosive ................................... being
................... against U.S. forces and said that, to the best of his knowledge, such ............................. are all coming
from Iran. But he added that it is not possible to ............................... exactly who within Iran is providing the
................... , and ............................ against jumping to any conclusions beyond the known facts.
(Ш
See video dip 11 (A Short History of Kashmir Dispute) and answer the following questions.
1. mark ......................................................................... 12. tribal ........................................................................
2. potent....................................................................... 13. invade......................................................................
3. picturesque .............................................................. 14. referendum ..............................................................
4. state ......................................................................... 15. vote .........................................................................
5. turmoil ..................................................................... 16. conflict ....................................................................
6. partition ................................................................. 17. transportation link ........................................................
7. separatist ................................................................. 18. resume .....................................................................
8. dispute ..................................................................... 19. vocal .......................................................................
9. resolve ..................................................................... 20. movement ...............................................................
10. subcontinent ......................................................... 21. fate ...............................................................................
11. territory .................................................................. 22. unresolved ...............................................................
' К A S H Ml m'. V;
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KASHMIR
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CD'SI'DILICH r
PSe E(£t view Favorites Toots Help
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Address SPOTLIGHT
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
is a specialized agency in the United Nations s>^stem, headquartered
in Vienna, Austria.
The Organization’s primary^ objective is the promotion and
acceleration of industrial development in developing countries and
countries with economies in transition.
UNIDO works largely in developing countries, with governments,
business associations and individual companies. Priority areas or
“sendee modules” for projects are Industrial Governance and
Statistics, Investment and Technology Promotion, Industrial Competitiveness and Trade,
Private Sector Development, Agro-Industries, Sustainable Energ}»^ and Climate Change,
Montreal Protocol, and Emdronmental Management.
UNIDO was established as a UN program in 1966 with headquarters in Vienna and became a
specialized agency^ of the United Nations in 1985.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations’ global development network, is
the largest multilateral source of development assistance in the world. The UNDP is an executive board
within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking
member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretaiy -General and Deputy^
Secretary-General.
Headquartered in New York City, the UNDP is funded entirely by voluntaiy contributions from
member nations. The organization has country offices in 166 countries, where it works with local
governments to meet development challenges and develop local capacity. Additionally, the UNDP works
internationally to help countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
UNDP provides expert ad\ice, training, and grant support to developing countries, with increasing
emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries. To accomplish the MDGs and encourage global
development, UNDP focuses on poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, democratic governance, energy' and
emironment, and crisis pre\'ention and recovety. UNDP also encourages the protection of human rights
and the empowerment of women in aU of its programs.
i9 IKS linguagB oi NMISMMiia ^

The Structure of a News Storv
iill stones^ j it will
,4» i^citiig
1. HeatUine
A headline (sometimes spelled hed) is a text printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper article
indicting die nature of the article. It is an important vehicle of both information and appraisal, and editors give it
special attoiticm, admitting that few read beyond the headline, or at best the lead. To lure the reads' into going
through the whole of the item or at least a greats part of it takes a lot of skill and ingsiuity on the part of the
headline writs. Simply put, die headline should catdi die attention of the reads and be related well to the topic.
2. Lead
The lead (sometimes spelled lede) ssitsice captures the attention of the reads and sums up die focus of the story.
The lead also establishes the subject, sets the tone and guides the reader into the article.
In a hard news story, the lead follows the ‘"inverted pyramid” structure, telling the most important fects and
answsing die questions: who^ whaty where, when, why, and how. The rest of the story contains elemsits of inseasingly
lesser importance as the reader nears the »id of the story.
A feature story may open in any number of ways, including the following:
• ah anecdote
• a^cicking or starding statement
• a gaiâlization
• pure information
• a description
• a quote
• a question
• a comparison
3. Nut Graph
The nut graph (also spelled nu^raph, nut graf, nutgraf) is the “so whaf ’ paragraph, particularly in a feature story,
that explains die news value of die story. It is a contraction of the expression nutshell paragraph (i.e., “in a nutêir
paragraph). Sometimes the expression nut paragraph is also used.
No matter what the type or style of the lead is (hard news lead or feature story lead), every story has a nut
graph. The nut gr^h, whidi often starts in the third or fourdi paragr^h, explains what the story is about, including mudi
but rarely all of the information that would have been contained in a lead, so as to keep the reader interested. It
spells out the theme or sub-themes in greater detail.
4. Bodly
After the lead and the nut graph, die news body explores the theme and sub-themes in more detail, and in logical ord^. In
a hard news story, die body supports die lead and is organized in die inverted pyramid style so that the facts and
quotes are presented in descending mder of importance. News stories need not be in chronological ord»*, but diey
have to make sense. Chronological orda: is oftai die way to achieve that.
A feature article follows a format which is appropriate for die body of its type. Structures for feature articles
may include, but are not limited to:
• Chronological: The article may be a narrative of some sort.

• Cause and effect: The reasons and results of an event or process are examined.
• Classification: Items in an article are grouped to help understanding.
• Compare and contrast: Two or more items are examined side-by-side to see their similarities and
difiênces.
• List: A simple item-by-item run-down of pieces of inftirmation
• portion and answer: For example, an interview with a celebrity or expert
In the iWI' of die story, background facts and relevant points are commonly selected and listed to back the story's
hutl graph. To adiieve this, die news body begins with a brief point-form outline (i.e. a simple way to organize dê
main ideas of the news story) which allows the reader to remember all the fects and relevant points mclpded in the
story.
A godd outline is one wiiidi takes the ‘flow* of the news story into account. In feet, the ideas and sub-thefoes
of a story don’t just come cme after anodi»', but they are connected with transitions. Transitions come sit the »id of
one idea and relate one thou^t or statem»it to the next idea. They make the read»'s* job easier a|nd m»t them to
what is caning up as the n»ct idea. Transition words can take sev»al forms:
• Temporal transitions: at 3pm, by noon, three hours later

• Spatial transitions: in the coital, outside the ofBce building
• Numerical transitions: first, second, diird
• Linking words: also, but, once, meanvdiil^ thêfore, however
In sum, the following are foe common elemoits of foe body of a news story:
• Background or Inief history of foe po*son(s) or event(s) in foe story
• Quotations from sources important to foe acticMi of foe story
• Transitim soitaices to guide readers from point to point
5. Ending (Conclusion)
Hard nen« stories often end wifo foe latest development in a story or a promise for more information vên it
becomes available.
Example:
A spoixsperson for the Mayor's office said the Mayor would deliver a statement about the disaster
at a press conference tomorrow morning.
One of foe most commtm and effective ways to end a story is wifo a quote foat sums iq> foe current s^timait or
state of af&irs.
Example:
While officials said they hoped protesters would clear out by morning, those on the picket lines had
a different idea. "We know our rights, and we aren t going home until this city starts respecting
them," said Amelia Clyde, 24, who has been picketing City Hall for more than 56-hours.
Hie ending sections of hard nen« stories and feature articles are also diftbrait Endings for ‘hard news articles’
occur when all of foe infimnation has been pres^ted according to foe ‘inverted pyramid* structure. By contrast,
‘feature articles’ needm(»o definite sidings. Hie ccmclusions ftn* these articles may include, but are not limited
to: afimdquotet a descriptive scene^ a play on tlw tide or lead a summary statement.
L<e$$oiii
Who is Osama bin Laden?
/ O Beading and listening

S authorities say mounting evidence points to Afghanistan,” he says. “Those cells could be in \ Algeria, in Egypt the
the involvement of Osama bin Laden in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia. It is very sophisticated. It is really
U
attack on the United States. professionally done. I think that this network was probably larger than
The terrorist attack on the United States is a tragedy for only Osama bin Laden, but he is probably the most important suspect
America, says Nasir Shansab. and for the whole world, and that as of yet”
includes Afghanistan. It will not be easy to unravel this network, says Mr. Payind.
In this situation, says the Afghan-American writer, the present Counter-terrorism requires much time and patience, and
rulers of Afghanistan must act promptly on the matter of Osama attention to other issues as well.
bin Laden, whom many hold responsible for the attack. The Arab-lsraeli conflict feeds terrorism, he says. Reduce that, and
If he has anything to do with iL I think it is very important for you reduce terrorism.
the Taliban to deliver him to the world community,” says Mr. “It is more of an Arab-lsraeli conflict rather than an
Shansab, “and he has to answer for his deeds. It is a very tragic Islamic-Christian or Islamic-Jewish or the clash of civilizations
thing for Afghanistan that Afghanistan seems to be in the middle of that some of them would (ike us to believe. As long as the
this tragedy and shouldn’t be. I think the Taliban should accept that Arab-lsraeli conflict is there, there will have to be terrorists on both
they are responsible first and foremost for the welfare of the sides." he says.
Afghan people, and they should not hold the A^han people “I would consider this [attack] as the fallout of the Middle East
hostage for this one man.” dilemmas that are unresolved.”
U.S. authorities say evidence is mounting that Osama bin Nasir Shansab agrees bin Laden thrives on that conflict
Laden 9nd his ai-Qaeda organization are involved in the terrorist Sincerely or cynically, he has earned a reputation as a
attacks on New York and Washington. He denies that as do the crusader against injustice.
Taliban who harbor him. Yet he says he supports the attack, and he “Osama bin Laden has built himself a reputation of
has made a videotape calling for a holy war against the United somebody who is supporting the causes of the Arab world,
States and for the blood and destruction of Americans. whatever they may be," explains Mr. Shansab. "And there are rich
"The Taliban claim he is muzzled,” says Alam Payind, Arabs who feel unhappy with their own lot, maybe because of the
director of Middle East Studies Center at Ohio State University. If so, Paiestinian-lsraeli situation and who seem to be funding him quite
it is not very tight He gives interviews, receives visitors and has sufficiently. He seems to have funds at his disposal, and if he has
hardly moderated. time enough and people who are ready to die for the cause, then
Bom to wealth in Saudi Arabia in 1957, bin Laden fought with he can pull it off, no doubt about it.”
the Mujahedin against the Soviet Invaders of Afghanistan. But he Thomas Green, who served with the U.S. State Department
turned against the United States during the Gulf War and was in Afghanistan and Pakistan, warns that terrorism will survive the
outraged by the perttianent stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi capture of bin Laden. It is far bigger than one maii.
Arabia, site of the holy places of Islam. “Even if the Israeli-Palestinian outstanding issues are
Since then, he and his followers have been linked to various amicably resolved and no longer seem like a powder keg, now
terrorist acts, including the earlier bombing of the New York World terrorism has its own tentacles and organizations and
Trade Center (WTC) and the destruction of the U.S. embassies in movements have been set in action that bear the Taliban stamp
Africa. In other parts of the world, but they don't want there to be peace,”
But Mr. Payind cautions against focusing too much bn one says Mr. Green.
man in the latest and most horrific terrorist attack. Mr. Greene says international terrorism now has a life of its
"My am personal view is that this operation could not be own that will need shrewd strategy and vast resources to
ac^mplished with only one small group from combat
New Worts
accomplish /a'kAm.plij' || -'ka:m-/ verb : to finish sth successfully or to achieve sth
• During his five years as the President, he accomplished very little.
amicably /'aem.i.ka.bli/ adv. : in a friendly way
• The two countries hoped the dispute could be settled amicably through negotiation.
bear /bc9(r) || ber/ verb : to have or show a sign, mark, or particular appearance, especially when this shows that sth
has happened or is true
• Although this painting clearly bears the stamp of genius, we don 7 know who painted it.
capture /'kasp-tjafr) 1| -tja-/ noun : taking sb as a prisoner, or taking sth into your possession, especially by force
• The two soldiers somehow managed to evade the final battles which led to the army’s capture of the town.
caution /'kD:.j3n || 'ka:-/ verb', caution (sb) against sth: to warn sb about the possible dangers or problems of sth
• The judge cautioned them against taking the law into their own hands.
clash /klsj/ noun : an argument between two people or groups of people who have different beliefe and ideas
• The celebrations to mark the end of military rule had led to violent clashes between police and
demonstrators.
counter-terrorism /’kaun.tafr) ,ter.a.ri.z3m || 'kaun.Ja-r ,ter.3^.i.z9m/ noun : action taken to prevent the activities of
political groups who use violence to try to achieve their aims
• Since 9/11, more counter-terrorism programs have been initiated at dijferent levels and in different
substantive areas.
crusader /kru:'sei.da(r) || -d»-/ noun : a person who engages in a crusade (= a personal campaign undertaken for a
particular cause); campaigner
• The candidate portrays himself as a crusader against poverty and draws most of his popular support
among the poor of the country.
cynically /'sm.i.kli/ adv. : in a way that one is unwilling to believe that people have good, honest, or sincere reasons
for doing sth
• Being cynically pessimistic, it seems to analysts that his winning the election could extend corruption
across the country.
deed /di:d/ noun : a thing that sb does that is usually very good or very bad; act
• A German proverb states that sometimes the whole nation has to pay for the foolish deed of one man.
deliver /di'liv.a(r) || -a/ verb : deliver sb/sth to sb : to take goods, letters, etc. to the person or people they have been
sent to; to give sb/sth to sb else so that they are under this person’s control
• Election candidates frequently promise a lot more than they can deliver.
dilemma /dai'lem.a, di-/ noun : a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very
difficult choice between things of equal importance; predicament
• The Prime Minister's central dilemma was whether war was justified.
disposal /di'spau.zal || -'spou-/ noun : at sb’s disposal: available for sbto use
• In the developed nations, the average person has almost two rooms at his disposal, whereas in the
developing nations, the average person must share a room with two others.
embassy /'em.ba.si/ noun : a group of officials who represent their government in a foreign country, or the building
they work in
• They broke off diplomatic relations and closed the embassies in each other’s country.
fallout /'fod.aut || 'fail-/ noun : the bad results of a situation or an action, especially when they are unexpected
• The fallout from the American economic crisis has continued to affect business in all parts of the world.
feed /fi:d/ verb : feed sb (with sth) | feed sth into sth | feed sth to sb/sth : to supply sth to a person or thing, or put sth
into a machine or system, especially in a regular or continuous way
• He's been feeding the police with information about terrorist activities.
first and foremost /'f3:(r)st an 'fa;(r).maust || 'fy.st an 'fa;r.moust/: more than anything else
• In spite of being elected to office, she remains first andforemost a writer.
Gulf War, the /gAlf'wa:(r) || gAlf'wa:r/ noun : a war which began in 1991, after Iraq attacked Kuwait and took
control of it. A United Nations force led by the US, and including soldiers from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UK, and
France, attacked Iraq and forced the Iraqi army out of Kuwait.
• In the Gulf War, Egypt and several other Arab nations joined the anti-Iraq coalition and contributed
forces to the military buildup, known as Operation Desert Shield.
LESSON 12 Who is Osama bin Laden?
harbor /'ha:.ba(r) || 'ho:r.bar/ verb : to hide sb who has done sth wrong so that the police will not find them
• The President has said that any countries that helped or harbored terrorists would be held accountable for
their actions.
horrific /hs'rif.ik/ adj. : extremely bad and shocking or heightening; horrifying
• Reporters described the horrific scenes which followed the bombing.
hostage /'hos.tids |1 'ha:.stid3/ noun : a person who is captured and held prisoner by a person or group, and who may
be injured or killed if people do not do what the person or group is asking
• The terrorists have been releasing their hostages one by one, and appear to be ready to compromise.
invader /in'vei.da(r) 1| -da/ noun : a soldier or a group of soldiers that enters a country or town by force in order to
take control of it
• The Great Wall of China was constructed to keep out enemy invaders. link
/ligk/ verb : to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas
• Many of the terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were linked to a man named
Osama bin Laden.
moderate /'raod.ar.eit || 'ma:.da.reit/ verb : to become or make sth become less extreme, severe, etc.
• There have been repeated calls for the president to moderate his stance on the country’s foreign policy.
mount /maunt/ verb : to increase gradually in amount or degree
• As the dispute continues, tension is mounting on the border between the two countries. movement
/'muiv.mant/ noun : a group of people who share the same goal and work together to achieve it
• The government decided to suppress the liberation movement through gagging, imprisonment,
intimidation and exile.
muzzle /'mAZ.,1/ verb : to prevent sb from expressing their opinions in public as they want to; gag
• Democracy activists have been effectively muzzled by these tough new laws.
network /'net.w3:k 1| -wask/ noun : a group of people, organizations, etc. that are connected or that work together
• Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda terrorist network are believed to be responsible for the September 11
terrorist attacks on the United States.
outrage /'aut.reidy verb : (especially of an unfair action or statement) to cause sb to feel very angry, shocked or upset
downoutstanding /,aut'st»n.dir)/ adj. : (of payment, work, problems, etc.) not yet paid, done, solved, etc.
• Immediately after the signing of the agreement, negotiators began discussions to resolve a number of
outstanding issues.
powder keg /'pau.dar ,keg 1| 'pau.da^ ,keg/ noun : a dangerous situation that may suddenly become very violent
• The new tax is a political powder keg which could result in widespread violence.
promptly /'prompt.li || 'prompt-/ adv. : without delay; immediately
• The soldier’s life was saved because the doctors acted so promptly.
reputation /.rep.Ju'tei.Jan/ noun : the opinion that people in general have about sb/sth, or how much respect or
admiration sb/sth receives, based on past behavior or character
• This country has long enjoyed a reputation for neutrality in international disputes.
shrewd /Jru:d/ adj. : possessing or based on a clear understanding and good judgment of a situation, resulting in an
advantage
• She has a reputation for being a very shrewd politician.
Soviet /'sau.vi.at || 'sou-/ noun : connected with the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• The Soviet empire once ruled half of Asia and threatened the rest.
stamp /staemp/ noun : a particular quality in sth/sb, or a quality in sth which shows it was done by a particular person
or group of people
• Each President has left his own stamp on the way the country has evolved.
station /'stei-Xon/ verb ; to send sb in the military to a particular place for a period of time as part of their military
duty
• Sweden has many peace-keeping troops .stationed in various trouble spots around the world.
survive /so'vaiv || so-/ verb ; to remain in existence even after a very long time has passed or after sth dangerous has
happened
• All 5 passengers have survived the wreck of a small plane that went down in the mountains last night.
suspect /sa's.pekt, 'sAS.pekt/ noun : a person who is suspected of a crime or of having done sth wrong
• A suspect has been detained by the police for further questioning.
tentacles /'ten.ta.klz || ten.jo.kiz/ noun [pi.]: the influence that a large place, organization or system has and that is
hard to avoid
• Agents thought they would find a terrorist network with tentacles extending nationwide.
thrive /Graiv/ verb : thrive on sth: to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people
find difficult or unpleasant
• Crop yields will improve dramatically as vegetation thrives on an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide.
tragedy /'tra5d3.a.di/ noun : a very sad event that shocks people because it involves death
• Hitler’s invasion of Poland led to the tragedy of the Second World War.
tragic /'trsds.ik/ adj. : making you feel very sad, usually because sb has died or suffered a lot
• The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center is one of the most tragic events in American history.
unravel /An'raev.al/ verb : to explain sth that is difficult to understand or is mysterious; to become clearer or easier
to understand
• Detectives are still trying to unravel the mystery surrounding his death.
unresolved /,An.ri'zolvd |1 -'za:lvd/ adj.: (of a problem or question) not yet solved <x answered; not having been
resolved
• The talks were called off with many of the most important issues still
unresolved vast /va:st || vasst/ adj. : extremely large in area, size, amount, etc.; huge
• The refugees arrived in vast numbers from villages all along the border.
welfare /'wel.fe3(r) || -fer/ noun : the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group;
well-being
• The government has implemented a number ofpolicies intended to improve the welfare of the elderly. yet
/jet/ adv. : as (of) yet: until now or until a particular time in the past
• The project is only in the initial phase as (of) yet, but it's looking quite promising.
Exeiolses
/fm Hi m
■tiil llglllllgl HH
1. A number of naval vessels are ............................ about ten miles offehore, ready to
A. hostage intervene in the conflict if called upon.
B. capture (n.) 2. Anyone suspected of ................................ the escaped prisoner could face at least
C. amicably five years in prison.
D. welfiire 3. Government representatives are meeting with the leaders of the revolutionary
E. embassy to discuss terms for a ceasefire.
F. clash (n.) 4. He is a .............................. against the offenses against human dignity that have
G. harbor (v.) transpired in the twentieth century.
H. tentacles L 5. Many people were ............................ by the fact that the officials seemed to regard
station (v.) themselves as above the law.
J. moderate (v.) 6. Rescuers are now fearful that no one has ........................... the crash of the aircraft.
K. survive 7. The ....................... of organized crime have reached into the highest level of this
L. movement government.
M. outrage (v.) 8. The armed robbers evaded ....................... , escaping in a stolen vehicle.
N. unresolved 9. The design of the new shopping mall is almost complete, although there are still
O. cynically some ............................ difficulties.
P. muzzle (v.) 10. The diplomats have been sent home because their ........................... has become a
Q. crusader nest of spies and espionage.
11. The President has been accused of trying to ............................ the press.
12. The terrorists have seized 20 ............................ and are threatening to kill one a
day unless their demands are met.
13. There were a number of .......................... between police and demonstrators during
the protest against the monetary policies of the World Trade Organization.
14. These organizations have fought very hard for the rights and ............................ of
immigrants.
15. They are hoping that once in office he can be persuaded to .................. his views.
IH IPÜÜÜ
li
1 dilemma A. intelligoit, judicious, astute

2 harbor (v.) B. flouridi, succeed
3 clash (n.) C. confi-tmtaticm, conflict
4 thrive D. amiably, cordially
5 outrage (v.) E. anger, infuriate annoy
6 muzzle (v.) F. adiieve; finirii, complete
7 survive G. give sheltar to, protect
8 amicably H. remain alive, live
9 accomplish L arrest, apprdiensicni, seizure
10 capture (n.) J. solve, resolve, clear up
11 shrewd K. difficult situation/dedsion
12 unravel L. distrustfiilly, pessimistically
13 cynically M. impose silence cm,
14 unresolved siq)press
N. not solved, not settled
15 moderate (v.) O. keep in dieck, regulate
Read the news leads below and then write a headline for each lead. Try to write each one
in about five words.
1. Pakistan on Saturday condemned a deadly air strike in whidi the U.S. reportedly targeted al-Qaeda*s
second-in-command, as villagers vôse homes were destroyed denied die militant was ever there and diousands
of Pakistanis protested the attack.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
2. The United States is worried about weakening Italian and German military commitments in Afghanistan as
casualties increase in the fight to stem the bloody Taliban insurgency, officials said.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. South Korean officials have made their first contact with one of the 21 hostages kidnapped by Taliban
insurgeits more than two weeks ago, an official in Seoul said on Monday, but there have been no signs of
progress.
Headline: __j __________ ________________________________
4. A suicide bomber driving a tow truck struck a busy commercial center in a major Shiite city south of Baghdad
on Tuesday, killing at least 24 people and wounding dozens as the streets were packed with shoppers and people
on their way to work, police and hospital officials said.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Iraqi polite have uncovered a large munitions cache in southon Iraq, near the area where a roadside bomb
killed twb Bijitish soldiers earlio* this month, a spokesman said.
Headlintj:

1 ..........................Leave 4 Civilians Dead
a. Clashes b. Tentacles c. Hostages d. Dilemmas
2. Despite ........................ , Sudan Builds A Booming Economy Based On Oil
a. Reputation b. Welfare c. Fallout d. Embargo
3. Asian Leaders ....................... N. Korea On Nuclear Test
a. Survive b. Thrive c. Caution d. Muzzle
4. Toll In Indonesia Tsunami Now ........................ 500

a. Accomplishes b. Exceeds c. Delivers d. Harbors d.
5. Earthquake ........................ Fears Over Nuclear Safety In Japan
a. Resolves b. Stokes c. Outrages
Moderates
Mi
mm
1 .......... Since the riot, A. over how to tackle the crisis.

2 ........... The official cynically suggested that B. the issue should be addressed without any bias.
3 ........... The murder suspect C. there’ll be anarchy in the factories.
4 ...........The President is clearly in a dilemma D. have continued to mount.
5 .......... If the pay deal isn’t settled E. to the crime using DNA evidence.
amicably, F. and cost him the election.
6 ........... Casualties on both sides of the battle G. by the price increases.
7 ........... The accusation ruined his reputation H. is in custody and will be charged soon.
8 ...........The town still bears the scars I. of the bombings during the war.
9 ........... Detectives were able to link the murderer J. the city has been a powder keg waiting to explode.
10 .......... Customers were outraged
Listen to audio dip 12 and fiil in the biank spaces in the foiiowing piece of news.
Lone 9/11 Conspirator in US Pleads Guilty

Self-declared Al-Qaeda ............ ............, Zakaria Moussaoui, ....................... guilty to six ............................ charges
in the September 11 terrorist attacks, ending a three-year .......................phase.
Judge Leonie Brinkema accepted the........................ .... despite concerns from his court- .................... lawyer
that he was mentally................. to make decisions in his own defense.
After entering his plea Friday, Moussaoui ............................ an actual role in the September 11 attacks, saying
he was involved in a ........................ terrorist conspiracy to use airplanes as ............................ He said his plan was
to .................. a plane into the White House to press for the .......................... of Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, who
was ............... for planning a separate attack on the ............................................................ in 1993.
The French citizen of Moroccan ..................... also ..........................to fight the death .......................... ....
which
..................... to four of the six ....................... in his case.
U.S ................................................. Alberto Gonzales says he is happy with the ................................... and says
..................... will work to apply the death penalty in the ............................ phase. “There a lot of people who
worked for years on this case. We have ........................... a successful ........................ as to the first phase of the
trial, but it’s not over. We .............................. working on the second phase,” he said.
At Friday’s hearing, Moussaoui’s lawyer did not ................. the plea as he had earlier this week, saying he did
not understand the law and the charges against him. Also at the trial were relatives of September 11 ................... ...
including Debra Burlingame, who praised the work of U.S ....................“I think this is a great day for American
..................... We have here an ................................ guilty plea on six counts of conspiracy in ..................... of the
September 11th ........................ which killed my brother and three-thousand other Americans,” she said.
When the trial opened in 2002, Moussaoui had ................................ tried to .......................... himself, but the
judge ordered him to accept a legal team after he ........................ dozens of ............................ criticizing the court,
the judge and the U.S. government.
Moussaoui is the wly perscMi charged in a U.S. court for die attacks involving ninrteen ............. Th^r crashed
two planes into the World Trade Cotter, one into the Poitagai, and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania.
See video dip 12 (Bomb Explosion Derails Russian Train) and answer the foliowing
questions.
A. Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the foiiowing words.
1. passenger train ......................................................... 4. explosive...................................................................

2. derail........................................................................ 5. track .........................................................................
3. homemade ............................................................... 6. prosecutor.................................................................
7. ........................................................................... launch ..................................... 15. vulnerable

8. rule out .................................................................. 16. external action ..................
9. ........................................................................... correspondent ......................... 17. treat
10. scene ...................................................................... 18. route .............................
11. debris ..................................................................... 19. catastrophe....................
12. suspend .................................................................. 20. assist .............................
13. incident .................................................................. 21. restore ...........................
14. transport minister ................................................... 22. infrastructure ................
?SpotBgiitii2]
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Address SPOTLIGHT
International Criminal Court (ICC)
J
The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) was established in 2002
as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes
against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, although it
cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. The
court came into being on Jufy 1,2002 - the date its founding treaty, the
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, entered into force -
and it can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date.
As of December 2009, 110 states are members of the Court. A further 41 countries have
signed but not ratified the Rome Statute. However, a number of states, including China, India
and the United States, are critical of the Court and have not joined.
The official seat of the ICC is in The Hague, Netherlands, but its proceedings may take
place anywhere. The Court is separate from, and should not be confused with, the
International Court of Justice (often referred to as the “World Court”), which is the United
Nations organ that settles disputes between nations.
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)

The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its
telegraphic address INTERPOL, is an organization facilitating
international police cooperation. It was established as the International
Criminal Police Commission in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address
as its name in 1956. It should not be confused with the International
Police, which takes on an active uniformed role in policing war-torn
countries. The organization’s headquarters are in Lyon, France.
In order to maintain as politically neutral a role as possible, INTERPOL’s
constitution forbids its involvement in crimes that do not overlap several
member countries, or in any political, militaiy, religious, or racial crimes. Its work focuses
primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime, war crimes, illicit drug production, drug
trafficking, weapons smuggling, trafficking in human beings, money laundering, white-collar
crime, computer crime. Intellectual Propeity crime and corruption.
me lanaiiage of NINIISMedia 1121

The News Headline

A headline (sometimes termed a news hed) is a short piece of text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the
nature of the article below it. It has a range offiinctiom that specifically dictate its shape, contât and structure, and
it operates within a range of restrictions that limit the freedom of the writer. For example, the space that the
headline will occupy is almost always dictated by the layout of the page, and the size of the type&ce will
similarly be restricted. The major functions of headlines are:
• Summarizing the whole story
• Drawing the readers* attention
• Maintaining the mood of the story
• Helping to set the entire tone of the publication
• Indicating the relative significance of the story
• Adding to the attractiveness of the page
Relating to their functions, the headlines can be categorized into two typical types: hard news headlines and
feature headlines. The forma* (Hies have a double function: to capture the reada'S* interest and give fiiem die
substance of the news story, \île the lafter ones aim at attracting attaition to the story. Basically, the frontpage
héadlines fall into a kind of hard news headlines.
■ Types of Headlines
There are five types of news headlines:
1. Straight Headline
This type of headline informs the main subject matta*s of a news story that is straightforward and ea^ to
understand. Noticeably, to do this, the headlines are written in the form of reduced sentences, short phrases, (x
groups of words other than complete sentences.
Example: Fire Creates Chaos
2. Question Headline
In this case, die headline does not intaid to really ask the question, but it is only written in a form of a questicHi.
The statemoits in this type of headline are followed by a question mark. QuesticHi maiks are used \dioi:
a. The headline reports a future possibility
Example: Taxes to Rise Again?
b. There is some doubt about the truth or accuracy of the story.
Example: Police Allowed Jailbreak?
3. Quotation Headline
This type of headline quotes any speech that is considered important to use in die headlines, hi diis way, the
excerpted speeches can be writtoi within the quotation mark or accompanied with oth»* punctuations such as
colon and (hish. Furthomore, diey can be writtoi in various tenses depending upon circumstances.
Example: ‘We Owe our Lives to the Pilot"
4. Feature Headline
This type of headline aims mainly to into'est the readers, introducing them to the rest of the news story. In other
words, diis type may leave any doubts to the read»*s so that they need to read the news story further to
understand die headline.
Example: ‘Down in the Mouth ’ News for Dentists
A quotation is another way a newspaper can begin a story with an unproven statement:
Example: College Students ‘Invasion*
5. Complex (Double) Headline
This type of headline has two headlines for one subject matter, usually used in prominoit events. In this case, the
m(H*e important headline is presented in the bigger type that should be read first.
Example:
Deadline Hijacking Frightens Passengers “I
Really Thought this was it! ”
US, Russia Pledge
Further Nuclear Weapons Cuts
iOQi /() Reading and ustenlng

A ims control advocates have been criticai of the
administrations of both Presidents Bush and
terms of our discussion but we are actively working that
A declaration by Presidents Bush and Putin, also
M Putin for allegedly neglecting arms control. released Tuesday, said the two governments are
m determined to expand nudear energy cooperation, and to
make such technology available to developing countries,
while still limiting the spread of nuclear weapons.
They said expansion of nudear power around the
world is inevitable given the soaring demand for energy,
but that it should be conducted in a way that strengthens
the international nudear non-proliferation regime.
President Bush said Monday he and Mr. Putin agreed
on the need to send a “common message” to Iran over its
disputed nudear program. Russia has proposed setting
But a joint statement here said the two powers are up a center to furnish and reprocess nudear fuel for Iran
fully committed to non*proliferation, and intend to reduce and other potential nudear states to prevent diversion of
their offensive strategic nuclear arsenals “to the lowest such material for weapons purposes.
possible level“ consistent with national security needs In that regard. Deputy Foreign Minister Kislyak
and alliance commitments. defended MOSCON^S cooperation with Iran on its
The last strategic nuclear arms reduction, or START nearly-completed Bushehr power plant on the Persian
treaty between Washington and Moscow, reached in 1991 Gulf. Kislyak said Russia will control fuel for the Bushehr
at the end of the Soviet era and limiting the two sides to six plant, and said if Iran wants a broader nudear program it
thousand deployed warheads, expires next year. should be based on that arrangement
A Bush-Putin agreement in Moscow in 2002 commits “Bushehr is going to be continued. It’s going to be
the two sides to deeper cuts, to no more than 2,200 built It’s fully compliant with ail the requirements of the
warheads each, but the deal lacks specifics and IAEA," Kislyak said. “It’s fully under the safeguards
compliance has lagged. agreements. And I would say that the arrangement around
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Russian Bushehr is an example of what Iran would be well-advised
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov discussed arms issues on to choose as a method and way of developing its nudear
the sidelines of the Kennebunkport meetings. They said in energy.”
the joint statement the sides are ready, upon instructions Kislyak called the Bushehr plan a win-win
from the two presidents, to continue talks on a proposition for all those concerned. He also dismissed as
post-START accord “with a view toward early results.” overly ambitious an Iranian daim this week that the plant
At ä press appearance here with Russian Deputy will be completed and fueled within two months.
Foreign Minister Sergei KIslyak, U.S. Nudear Though it once supported the Russian take-back
Non-Proliferation envoy Robert Joseph said talks on the plan for the Bushehr plant’s fuel supply, the Bush
shape of a post-START arms accord are under way but administration has more recently urged Russia to halt
only at an early stage: nudear cooperation with Iran altogether.
“We haven't come to agreement on what will replace Iran insists its nudear program is entirely peaceful,
START but we are in the process of talking about that. We but the United States and European allies believe it has a
both want transparency, we both want confidencûilding covert weapons project
measures. We have talked about measures №at would
involve data exchanges and site visits,” Josbph said. “We
have, I think, a way to go in
New Words
accord /a'ko:d || -'ko:rd/ noun : a formal agreement between two organizations, countries, etc.
• The two sides signed a peace accord after a nine-year civil war that killed 500,000.
administration /sd.min.i'strei.Jan/ noun : the government of a country at a particular time
• The President has blamed the country's economic problems on the previous administration. advocate
/'aed.vs.kat/ noun : a person who supports or speaks in favor of sb or of a public plan or action
• Often the interviewer will need to play devil’s advocate in order to get a discussion going. allegedly
/s'leds.id.li/ adv. : used when reporting sth that people say is true, although it has not been proved
• Key Opposition members were arrested for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government.
ambitious /aem'bij.as/ adj. : needing a lot of effort, money or time to succeed
• In 1995, the government of China approved an ambitious five-year plan promising an end to poverty in the
country.
arms /o:mz || a:rmz/ noun [pi.]: weapons, especially as used by the army, navy, etc.
• The minister has called on the terrorists to lay down their arms (= stop fighting).
arsenal /'а:.8эп.э11| 'a;r-/ noun : a collection of weapons such as guns and explosives; a building where weapons are
stored
• The V.S. and Russia must find some formula which will allow both sides to reduce their nuclear arsenals
without either side gaining any advantage.
broad /bro:d || braid/ adj. : including many different kinds of things or people
• The meeting was held to discuss a broad number of issues currently facing the government. compliant
/kdm'plai.snt/ adj. : compliant with: made or done according to particular rules or standards
• The company said that it has always been compliant with environmental laws. concerned
/ksn'ssind || -'ssind/ adj. : concerned (about/with sth): involved in sth or affected by it
• Businesses concerned with the oil industry do not support solar energy research.
consistent /ksn'sis.tdnt/ adj. : consistent with sth: in agreement with sth; not contradicting sth
• What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police.
covert /'ksu.vsit || ‘kou.vait/ adj. : secret or hidden, making it difficult to notice
• The army was accused of covert military operations against the government.
critical /'krit.i.kal || 'кгЦ-/ adj. : critical (of sb/sth): saying that sb/sth is bad or wrong; expressing disapproval of
sb/sth; criticizing sb/sth
• Many economists are highly critical of the government’s economic policies.
cut /kAt/ noun : a reduction in amount, size, supply, etc.
• Cuts in public spending mean that fewer people can go on to higher education.
declaration /,dek.b'rei.jan/ noun : an official or formal statement, especially about the plans of a government or an
organization; the act of making such a statement
• The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right of equal
access to public service in his country.
determined /di'tsi.mmd || -'tat-/ adj. : determined (to do sth): wanting to do sth very much and not letting anyone or
any difficulties stop you
• The world must make a more determined effort to stop the flow of arms to trouble spots.
dispute /di'spjuit Ц 'dis.pjuit/ verb : to argue about sth and to question if it is true or right
• They are determined to win back the disputed territories, whatever the cost in human terms. diversion
/dai'vai.j'sn || di'vat-/ noun : the act of changing the direction that sb/sth is following, or what sth is used for
• He is strongly in favor of the diversion offunds from the public to the private sector of industry.
era /'ю.гэ || 'ir.si noun : a period of time,,usually in history, that is different from other periods because of particular
characteristics or events
• The talks signaled a new era of cooperation between the two countries.
fuel /fjual/ verb : to supply a system with a substance which can be burnt to provide heat or power
• The number ofpower stations fuelled by nuclear energy is expected to increase over the next few years.
instruction /in'strAk.fan/ noun : a statement telling sb what they must do
• The police who broke into the house were only acting on/under instructions.
intend /in'tend/ verb : intend to do sth: to have a plan, result or purpose in your mind when you do sth
• The president has announced he does not intend to .stand for re-election.
LESSON 13 US, Russia Pledge Further Nuclear Weapons Cuts
lag /laeg/ verb: lag behind: to move or develop slowly or more slowly than other people, organizations, etc.
• The country has lagged behind the rest of the countries in the region in terms of economic development.
neglect /ni'glekt/ verb : to give not enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
• The President has been criticizedfor neglecting domestic issues.
non-proliferation /.non.pra.lif.ar'ei.Jan || ,no:n.pr9.1if.a'rei-/ noun : a limit to the increase in the number of nuclear
and chemical weapons that are produced
• The UN resolution emphasized the vigorous pursuit of nuclear non-proliferation.
offensive /s'fen.siv/ adj. : connected with the act of attacking sb/sth
• Since the other side had taken offensive action, we had no choice but to defend ourselves.
overly /'au.val.i || 'ou.va^.li/ adv. : too, very, excessively
• Phases 2 and 3 of the project seem overly ambitious given the present circumstances.
press /pres/ noun : newspapers and magazines, and those parts of television and radio which broadcast news, or
reporters and photographers who work for them
• The Prime Minister was furious when he found out that one of his Ministers had discussed private Cabinet
discussions with the press.
proposition /prop.s'zij'.an |1 ,pra:.p9-/ noun: an offer or suggestiai, especially in business cr politics; an idea or
opinion
• Parliament is debating a proposition which would prohibit smoking in public places. reduction
/ri'dAk-Jan/ noun : an act of making sth less or smaller; the state of being made less or smaller
• The government '5 concentration on tax reduction has won them a lot of support. safeguard
/'seif.gaid |1 -ga:rd/ noun : a law, rule, plan, etc. that protects sb/sth from harm or problems
• The nuclear arsenal of the former Soviet Union was scattered among four new countries with few
safeguards.
Secretary of State /,sek.r3.tri av 'steit || ,sek.r9.ter.i 9v 'steit/ noun : the head of the US government department that
deals with the US’s relations with other countries
• Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once Joked, “Next week there can 7 be any crises. My schedule
is already full ”
sideline /'said.lam/ noun : on the sidelines: not taking part in an activity even though you want to or should do
• This is no time for sitting on the sidelines; our government must get involved.
soar /so:(r) || sD:r/ verb : to rise very quickly to a high level
• The death toll from the earthquake is expected to soar much higher as workers continue to search through
the rubble.
transparency /traen'spasr.ant.si || -'sper-/ noun : the quality of sth, such as a situation or an argument, that makes it
easy to understand
• The Prime Minister emphasized his determination to promote openness and transparency in the
Government’s economic decision-making.
treaty /'trii.ti 1| -ji/ noun : a written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their
leaders
• Over 20 countries have now signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT).
warhead /'woi.hed || 'wo:r-/ noun : the front end of a bomb or missile that contains explosives
• Faced with the threat of nuclear, chemical or biological warheads, missing one or two is not an acceptable
option.
well-advised /,wel.9d'vaizd/ adj. : well-advised (to do sth): acting in the most sensible way; showing good judgment
• You would be well-advised to have the appropriate vaccinations before you go abroad.
Excfcises
Fill in the blanks with the words you learned in this unit Make the necessary changes. There are
some extra words in the box below.
1. Although anti-smoking policies have been being widely implemented in the
A. arms developed world, they are ........................... far behind in the poorer nations.
B. sidelines 2. How can we sit on the .......................... when thousands of innocent civilians are
C administration being killed?
D. covert 3. International ...................... prevent the increase of nuclear weapons.
E. critkal 4. ............................................................ In the words of the joint the
F. transparency two countries have opened a new page
G. ambitions in their relations.
H. era 5. Many people do not consider the Minister’s behavior to be ....................... with the
I. bg(v.) holding of a high-ranking job.
J. advocate (n.) 6. Members of the World Trade Organization are trying to reach an ...................... on
K. consistent reducing barriers to trade.
L. allegedly 7. Peace ....................... held a demonstration in front of the British Embassy to
M. declaration protest the government’s involvement in the conflict.
N. sa&gaard (n.) 8. Successive ......................... have failed to solve the country’s economic problems.
O. accord (iL) 9. The..................... race between the superpowers has escalated still more.
P. press (n.) 10. The Cabinet urged on the need for greater ........................... in the use of public
Q. waiiiead funds and managerial practices.
11. The government is being widely criticized in the ............................ for foiling to
reduce inflation.
12. The government has announced a/an ........................ program to modernize the
railway network.
13. Senior officials are considering cutting back on the number of nuclear
carried by the country’s powerful submarines.
14. The period of the fall of the Berlin Wall was a/an ...................... of great political
change in Eastern Europe.
15. The report was highly ......................... of senior members of the Cabinet and was
considered too hot to publish.
(fl
1 instmctimi A. goveroment, cabinet

2 dispute (v.) B. submissive,
3 ambitioas obedient
4 offensive (adj.) C. aggressive
5 compliant D. means of protection
6 administration E. increase, rise
7 proposition F. secret, hidd^
8 declaration G. accord
9 soar H. order (n.)
10 treaty I. announcement
11 advocate (n.) J. clearness, clarity
12 safeguard K. supporter, proponoit
13 eovert L. argue, debate
14 transparency M. offer; plan
15 arsenal
O. cballei^g^haid
Matxrh the headlines with the news leads and write them in the spaces provided above each news
lead.
a. U.S. TV Helicopter Crash Deaths
b. Russian Subs Surface After Polar Dive
c. Britain’s PM Plans To Meet Bush During Washington Visit
d. Less Well-Known Contenders Struggle In U.S. Presidential Race
e. U.S. States Seek To Take Lead In Pollution Controls, Alternative Fuels
1. Headlioe:; _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Bulk of media attenticm focused on better-known candidates like Clinton, Obama, Giuliani and McCain.
2. Headline: ______________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Four die after two helicopters collide while covering a car chase for US television stations.
3. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
Nevra; lead: Fldida governor Qiarlie Grist signs srane of nation’s toughest laws aimed at reducing greenhouse gases.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: ‘It was so lovely down there,’ an explorer says after a mission to plant a flag and get samples.
5. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
New« lead: Downing Street announces plans fin* trip hours afi^ one of Prime Minist^’s aides delivo'ed speech in
Washington reflecting the government’s foreign policy.
Which of the choices fits best in the headlines? mm

1. Officials Testify On Pipeline........................
a. Arms b. Leakage c. Declaration d. Arsenal
2. Both Candidates Claim ......................... In Presidential Election
a. Safeguard b. Fraud c. Instruction d. Reduction
3. U.S ....................... Spain On Arms Sales To Venezuela
a. Chides b. Seeks c. Deploys d. Intensifies
4. Protests Continue As Blockade......................... Capital
a. Neglects b. Cripples c. Disputes d. Urges
5. Protestors Demand .........................Of Prime Minister
a. Oppression b. Constitution c. Diversion d.Resignation
»........... - ........................
1 ........ As soon as we have received instructions, we A. when his investments soared in value.
2 ....... Both sides in the dispute seemed B. shall proceed accordingly.
3 ....... NATO forces possess an arsenal of C. compliant with the industry standard.
4 ....... The outcome of the election was immediately D. the terms of the treaty.
5 ....... He became wealthy overnight E. 700 surface-to-air missiles.
6 ....... The U.S. and China have just signed F. funds into the military budget.
7 ....... Nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation G. determined not to compromise.
8. ....... People were certainly aware of the diversion of H. an accord on reducing barriers to trade.
9.......... Future versions of the product will be fully
............. 1. disputed by the other party.
10 ........ The government is accused of breachingJ.
are closely related goals.
ii iliPiiiiPP
Gates Urges US to Seek More High-skilled Workers
Bill Gates expressed .................. about the U.S. immigration system, saying limits on the number of .....................
for high-skilled workers, ................................................. in processing them and ........................ security checks
following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks are ................ .................. talented foreign workers from
.................. jobs in the United States.
In..................... before the ..................... Health, Education, ...................... and ...................... Committee, Gates
warned that the United States could risk losing its ........................... edge to other countries if Congress does not
.................. the immigration system.
“Countries like Canada and Australia have been .................. of our system, discouraging these people with both
the limits and the long waits, and what the process feels like as they go through the security checks'’ Gates said.
Congress is expected to consider immigration reform ............................. .... including efforts to attract more
high-skilled workers and ....................... the visa ......................... process in the coming weeks.
Gates said he believes it is possible to do background ............................. checks without having the process
become too .......................... He also called for ways to make it easier for more high-skilled workers to become
permanent ....................to help ..................... talent, particularly in the information technology, or IT, field.
“The IT industry I ........................... will be in the United States to the degree that the smart people are here in
the United States, and that’s why I think it is important to ........................ that number” he added.
Gates ............................................... to find ways to keep foreign students in the United States, saying if the
country is going to ..................... in educating them, it should also benefit from that investment by encouraging
them to work here. He urged the ......................government to invest more money in education and training, and
in research and development (R&D).
“Federal research ..................... is vital,” he explained. “Unfortunately, while other countries and regions,
such as China and the European Union, are increasing their ...................... investment in R&D, federal research
spending in the United States is not keeping ................... ”
Gates suggested an increase of 10 percent...................... in U.S. funding for research for the next seven years.
He also urged more teacher training and higher math ........................... standards. He said the nation should set a
goal of.................... the number of science, technology and math ......................... by the year 2015.
■ iPI mum
nnlii
im
See video dip 13 (Russia's New Surface-to-air Missile) and answer the following questions. A.
Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the following words.
1. defense system ........................................................ 10. version......................
2. form ......................................................................... 11. surface-to-air missile
3. generation ............................................................... 12. reach ........................ ...
4. missile ..................................................................... 13. deploy ......................
5. intercept .................................................................. 14. elements ...................
6. weapon.................................................................. 15. anti-missile ................... ...
7. S400 ...................................................................... 16. defense shield ...............
8. medium-range ....................................................... 17. Poland ...........................
9. ballistic missile ........................... ......................... 18. Czech Republic.............
?SiiiitiigiitM3]
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^Search Folders Favorites
Address I SPOTLIGHT
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an
international cartel made up of Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya,
Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab
Emirates, and Venezuela. The Vienna-based organization has
maintained its headquarters there since 1965, hosting regular
meetings between the oil ministers of its member states.
The principle aim of the organization, according to its Statute, is
the determination of the best means for safeguarding their interests,
individually and collectively; devising ways and means of ensuring
the stabilization of prices in international oil markets with a view to
eliminating harmful and unnecessary fluctuations; giving due regard at all times to the
interests of the producing nations and to the necessity of securing a steady income to the
producing countries; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming
nations, and a fair return on their capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OAPEC) is a multi-govemmental
organization headquartered in Kuwait which
coordinates energy policies in Arab nations, and
whose main stated purpose is developmental.
OAPEC is regarded as a regional specialized
international organization and focuses on
organizing cooperation on oil development,
collective projects and regional integration. At
present it has eleven members, Algeria, Bahrain,
Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates. Tunisia
asked to withdraw in 1986 and its membership is currently suspended.
10 The laiiguago of News Modla 1131

Grammatical Features of Headlines
Headlin^ play a vital role in attracting the read^*s attention to the news story. A good headline is made skill&lly
s<^ that the hurried reader can get the gist of the story at only one glance and evaluate the news immedlêiy. (1)
Omission of certain fimction words, (2) common tenses used in the headlines, (3) die use of active/pksswe voice in
the headlines, (4) punctuation marks used in die headlines, and (5) nom combinations are die graouimtical issues of
the newspapo* headlines discussed in die following.
!' i
1. Omjbssjon
Fancti€|n Words are usually omitted in the headline in order to produce a condse and comprehaisive effect or to
hig^gnt die m<^ imprstant diing in die limited space. Functirm words are words Mhidi have litde meaning <m
their own and whidi show grammatical relatirmsh^ in andbdween sentences (e.g. omjunctians, prqmsitirHis,
articles,|prc|nouiis,auxiharies).
a. Omission of Articles
• Definite Article
Eiamples:
• High Court Rejects Mining Plea (= The High Court Rejects the Mining Plea)
• Midwest Blizzard Strands Thousands (= The Midwest Blizzard Strands Thousands)
• Indefinite Article
Examples:
• Propeller Hits Man (= A Propeller Hits a Man)
• Cold and Rainy Day Expected (= A Cold and Rainy Day Expected) .
b. Omission of the Conjunction "and” (i.e. "and" is replaced by comma)
Examples:
• Huangpu Charts New Residential Areas, Greenbelt (= Huangpu District Charts New Residential Areas
and Greenbelt)
• Russia, EU Heads Meet (= Russia and EU Heads Meet)
c. Omission of Personal Pronouns
Examples:
• Pakistan to Open Consulate in Shanghai (^Pakistan will Open its Consulate in Shanghai)
• China Appoints Governor in World Bank (=China Appoints its Governor in World Bank)
d. Omission of Linking Verbs
Examples:
• Beijing in Olympics Top Three (- Beijing işin Olympics Top Three)
• WTO Membership ’Important’ (= The WTO Membership is ’Important’)
e. Omission of Auxiliary Verbs
Examples:
• New Policies Urged for Aging Population (= New Policies ere Urged for Aging Population)
• New Rules to Limit Migrant Population (= New Rules are to Limit Migrant Population)
However, these function words sometimes do appear in headlines. There are two reasons for this:
• Completion of the phrases and the idioms
• Beautifying the layout
2. Tenses
The headline is so concise and comprehensive that it is impossible to employ all tenses in English to concentrate
on the news story. In practice, there are mainly 3 tenses in English news headlines: simple present, simple future
and present continuous.
a. Simple Present
Under normal conditions, the reported stories happened in the past. But in headlines, the simple present tense is
usually used to describe them so as to improve the freshness and immediacy of the news and at the same time to
save the “-ed” space. The simple present tense is used to:
• Describe something happening in the present or in the past
Examples:
• Woman Rills Husband
• Storm Leaves 5000 Homes without Power
• Describe both something happening now, and something that happens repeatedly
Example:
• President‘s Visit Tests the Mood of the Public
b. Simple Future
In headlines, the infinitive is used to refer to the future. The infinitive can be used in:
• Active Voice
Examples:
• China to Mark National Day
• US Tax PcQters to Pay More this Year
• Passive Voice
Examples:
• Chinese Relics to be Shown in Europe
• Beijing to be Cleansed, Beautified
• The Negative
Examples:
• Carternot to Debate with Anderson
• New Zealand Swimmer not to Go to Moscow Olympics
c. Present Continuous
In headlines, the present continuous is used mostly to give the meaning of something that is developing. The
auxiliary (is/are)is always omitted to save space. So, the present participle is left alone referring to the present
continuous tmse.
Examples:
• Traffic Chaos Getting Worse (= Traffic Chaos is Getting Worse)
• Economy Enjoying 7 % Growth (= Economy is Enjoying 7 % Growth)
3. (Active/Passive) Voice
In headlines, the passive voice structure usually appears without any auxiliary verb, leaving only the past
participle to express the passive voice.
Examples:
• Six People Killed in Explosion (= Six People have been Killed in an Explosion)
• Indian Held for Murder (= An Indian is bein2/has been Held for Murder)
4. Punctuation
In order to save space and be concise, editors do not use all English punctuation marks in headlines. The purposes
for using certain punctuation are usually two. One is for making the relations among several components clears
and the otha* is for saving the number of letters in headlines. Here are several examples:
a. Comma
In headlines, comma is frequently used to replace the conjunction *‘and” to save space.
Examples:
• Hot weather^ erratic rains affect Tibet (= Hot weather cmd erratic rains affect Tibet)
• Italy f France top winners at Cannes (= Italy and France are top winters at Cannes)
b. Colon
In headlines, colon (:) is used:
• Before the quotation to replace the word **say(s)”
Example:
• Jiang: Children Key to Future (= Jiang said Children are Key to Future)
• To replace linking word **be”
Example:
• Smoking: Top killer of women (= Smoking is the Top Killer of Women)
• To separate the subject of a headline from what is said about it
Example:
• Power Crisis: Government to Act (= The government is going to act over the power crisis)
c. Semi-colon
In headlines, semi-colons link two different meanings.
Example:
• ‘Gladiator’ top film; Oscars to Crowe, Roberts
d. Quotation Marks
Putting words in "quotation marks” means the newspaper did not say the words and doesn’t necessarily mean they
are true!
Example:
• Envoys Face “Forced Assignment” to Iraq (= A source has told the newspaper that envoys are being
forced to do assignments, but the story may not be trtte.)
5. Noun dombinations
A series of nouns used as adjectives are often put together without any verbs or conjunctions.
Examples:
• Electoral Popularity Key Consideration
• Middle East Peace Process
Amnesty International:
World More Divided and Dangerous
I Ш /(> Reading and listening

time of fear is how Amnesty Internationa] woefully inadequate and the worst practices of Saddam
describes this past year. Amnesty Secretary- Hussein's regime - torture, unfair trials, capital
A
General Irene Kahn spoke of an erosion of punishment and rape with impunity are very much alive
human rights in an increasingly divided and today," said Kahn.
dangerous world. Kahn asserts that the war on terror and ongoing
violence and turmoil in Iraq have had far-reaching effects
elsewhere - in that they have diminished U.S. credibility in
the world and limited its efforts to stand up for human
rights.
Darfur in Sudan is a case in point, says Khan.
"Darfiir is a bleeding wound on the world’s
conscience,” she said. The U.S. government has been
outspoken on the need to protect dvliians in Darfur and
we welcome that very much. But nothing proves more
‘In 2006, short-sighted, fear-mongering polides clearly the loss of U.S. moral authority than its failure to
undermined the rule of law and human rights, fed racism persuade the Sudanese government to accept U.N.
and xenophobia, fueled discrimination, suppressed dissent, peacekeepers.”
intensified conflict and sowed the seeds of more violence,” The Amnesty report says lack of action by the United
she said. States and other U.N. Security Council members to stop
Speaking to reporters in London, Kahn outlined some last year’s war in Lebanon [between Israel and the
of the main points of the report, which documents the Hezbollah militant group] and to resolve the
human rights situation in 153 countries from January to Israeli-Palestinian conflict is adding to sectarian
December 2006. differences and instability. Kahn cites the ongoing
The U.S.-ied war on terror came in for harsh critidsm violence and chaos in Gaza, in particular.
and the report accuses powerful governments of playing “With renewed military attacks, widespread violence,
on the public’s fear to introduce increasingly restrictive a strangled economy and a collapsing Palestinian
laws that erode human rights. pre-state, a human rights nightmare is unfolding under
The U.S. administration is treating the world as one our very eyes while the international community remains
giant battlefield for its war on terror and more evidence complacent,” she said.
surfaced in 2006 to show how suspects were iddnapped, The Amnesty report’s list goes on - repression,
arrested, detained, tortured and transferred from one detentions, violence against women around the globe
secret prison to another across the world with impunity from Afighanistan to Zimbabwe, in stable democracies
and with the complicity of allies,” she said. such as Britain and the United States and In emerging
The report also describes what it says were gross economic powers such as Russia and China.
human rights violations aaoss the Middle East, including While the report harshly criticizes the lack of political
Iraq. leadership around the world to uphold human rights, it
The Iraqi security forces are inciting rather than praises the work of civil society - non-government groups,
stopping sectarian vidence. The Iraqi justice system is activists and in some instances the media, in highlighting
human rights abuses and holding governments
accountable. ^
LESSON 14 Amnesty International: World More Divided and Dangerous
NewlVonis
abuse /s'bjuis/ noun : unfair, cruel or violent treatment of sb
• The manifest abuse of human rights in that country’ has drawn international condemnation. accountable
/a'kaun.ta.bl || -Js-/ adj. : responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked
• The President has said that any countries that helped or harbored terrorists would be held accountable for
their actions.
Amnesty International /,æm.ni.sti in.ta'næj.an.al || ,æm.ni.sti inta^'næj'.anal/ noun : an international human rights
organization that works to help people who have been put in prison for their beliefs or race and not because they have
committed a crime. It also works to prevent torture and punishment by death.
• Amnesty International brought attention to violations committed on specific groups including: refugees,
racial/ethnic/religious minorities, women and those executed or on death row.
assert /s'ssit ||-'s3ît/ verb : to state clearly and firmly that sth is true
• The people of Iraq have asserted their right to determ ine their own future.
battlefield /'bæt.l.fnld || 'bæt-/ noun : a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought in the past
• The two opposing armies faced each other across the battlefield
bleed /bli:d/ verb : to lose blood, especially from a wound or an injury
• The soldier was bleeding internally, and needed to be operated on immediately.
capital punishment /.kæp.i.tal 'pAn.iJ'.msnt || ,kæp.i.t3l 'p.m.if.mant/ : punishment which involves killing sb who has
committed a crime
• Some people believe that capital punishment acts as a deterrent (=discouragement).
chaos /'kei.Ds || -a:s/ noun : a state of complete confusion and lack of order
• The economy was in total/complete/utter/absolute chaos after the announcement that the countiy was
going to split up.
cite /salt/ verb : to mention sth as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation
• The may’or cited personal reasons for his decision to retire from politics.
civil society /jSiv.al 'sosai.o.ti || ,siv.3l ‘sosai.o.ti/ noun : all of the voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions
that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that state’s
political system) and commercial institutions
• The political element of mairy civil society organizations facilitates better awareness and a more informed
citizeniy, who make better voting choices, participate in politics, and hold government more accountable
as a result.
civilian /si'vil.i.sn/ noun : anyone who is not a member of the military forces or the police
• In any military conflict, there are always innocent civilians who are killed or injured.
collapse /ka'læps/ verb : (of a system, an idea, or organization, etc.) suddenly fail or become too weak to continue
• Peace talks with guerrillas collapsed after a bomb exploded in the capital, killing over 40 people. come in
for /kAm in fo:(r) || - fo:r/ verb : come in for criticism/blame/scrutiny: to receive blame or criticism
• The government \s economic policies have come in for a lot of criticism.
complacent /kam'plei.sant/ adj. : complacent (about sb/sth): pleased with a situation, especially sth you have
achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or change things
• The President .said that we simply cannot afford to be complacent about the future of our car industry.
complicity /kam'plis.i.ti || -a.ji/ noun : complicity in sth: involvement in a crime, together with other people
• Recently a number of policemen were sentenced to death for their complicity in the murder. conscience
/'kon.tj'sns || 'ka:n-/ noun : the part of you that Judges the morality of your own actions and makes you feel guilty
about bad things that you have done or things you feel responsible for
• If you do not have a conscience, you will have a dijflcult time differentiating between good and evil.
credibility /,kred.a'bil.i.ti || -a.ti/ noun : the quality of deserving to be believed and trusted
• The result of the vote poses a serious challenge to the government \s credibility.
detention /di'ien.tj'Dn/ noun : the state of being kept in a place, especially a prison, and prevented from leaving
• Concern has been expressed about the death in detention of a number of political prisoners.
diminish /di'min.ij/ verb : to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
• The threat of war has diminished now that the government has withdrawn its troops from the disputed
territorv.
discrimination /diiSkrim.i'neiJan/ noun : discrimination (in favor of /against sb): the practice of treating sb or a
particular group in society less fairly than others
• The legislation would outlaw discrimination in employment, housing and education.
dissent /di'sent/ noun : strong difference of opinion on a particular subject; disagreement, especially about an official
suggestion or plan or a popular belief
• During the Prime Minister’s speech there were murmurs of both assent and dissent from the crowd.
emerging /I'msidsig || -'ms:-/ adj. : in an early state of development; starting to exist
• Two main candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency.
erode /fraud || I'roud/ verb : to gradually destroy sth or make it weaker over a period of time; to be destroyed or made
weaker in this way
• Over the years, the value of our savings and investments has been eroded by inflation.
erosion /I'rau.san || -'rou-/ noun : the process by which sth is gradually reduced or destroyed
• Due to the gradual erosion of civil liberties, there were some public voices of dissent.
far-reaching /ifai'ri:.!^!^ || ,fa:r-/ adj. : having a great influence or effect
• The country’s economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented
gross /graus || grous/ adj. : (of a crime, etc.) clearly wrong and unacceptable
• The way the prisoners have been treated was a gross violation of their civil/constitutional/human rights.
harsh /harj || hairf/ adj. : unpleasant, unkind, cruel or unnecessarily severe
• British colonial policies were extremely harsh in the colony of Kenya.
highlight /'hai.lait/ verb : to attract attention to or emphasize sth important
• In his speech, the presidential candidate highlighted the needfor more funding for education. impunity
/im'pju:.ni.ti || -a.ji/ noun : freedom from punishment or from the unpleasant results of sth that has been done
• The security forces seem to be able to abuse human rights with impunity.
incite /in'sait/ verb : incite sb (to sth) | incite sth: to encourage sb to do sth violent, illegal or unpleasant, especially by
making them angry or excited
• He was arrested for inciting people to rebel against the government.
instability /,in.st3'bil.i.ti |1 -a.ji/ noun : uncertainty caused by the possibility of a sudden change in the present situation
• The instability of the government has created a poor environment for investment in the country. intensify
/m'tent.si.fai/ verb : to increase in degree or strength; to make sth increase in degree or strength
• The country seems almost on the brink of civil war as fighting intensifies between government troops and
rebel forces.
kidnap /'kid.næp/ verb : to take sb away illegally and keep them as a prisoner, especially in order to get money or sth else
for returning them
• Eighteen Korean tourists are reported to have been kidnapped and held for ransom (=an amount of money
that is paid to free someone who is held as a prisoner).
-mongering /mAg.ga.rig || -gaîg/ siflix : doing OT encouraging a particular activity, especially one which causes trouble
• Some saw him as a great statesman, but others accused him of war-mongering.
nightmare /'nait.me3(r) H -mer/ noun : a very difficult, unpleasant, or frightening experience or situation
• The government fears a nightmare scenario of nuclear or chemical warfare. outline
/'aut.lain/ verb : to give a description of the main facts or points involved in sth; sketch
• The President will outline his plans to reduce unemployment at a news conference tonight. outspoken
/,aut'spau.k9n 1| -'spou-/ adj. : expressing your opinions honestly and directly, even when doing this might annoy some
people
• The parties at the center of the political spectrum became outspoken in their criticisms ofthe government.
peacekeeper /'pi:s,ki:.pa(r) || -pa/ noun : a member of a military force who has been sent to help stop people fighting in a
place where war or violence is likely
• UN peacekeepers are sent to places where there has been a war, in order to prevent fighting from starting
again.
racism /'rei.si.z9m/ noun : unfair treatment of people, or violence against them, because they belong to a different race
from your own
• The authorities are taking steps to combat/fight/tackle racism.
rape /reip/ noun : the act of destroying or spoiling an area in a way that seems unnecessary; the crime of forcing sb to
have sex, especially by using violence
• As a result of the rape of the forests, parts of the country are now short of water.
repression /n'pref.an/ noun : the act of using force to control a group of people and restrict their freedom; cruel and
severe control of a large group of people
• Nelson Mandela was able to recreate his country after decades ofrepression of its people under apartheid
restrictive /n'stnk.tiv/ adj. : limiting the freedom of sb or preventing sth from growing; limiting
• The Taliban government in Afghanistan enforced codes of dress and behavior that were especially
restrictive to women.
short-sighted /Jo:t'sai.tid 1| Jotrt'sai.tid/ adj. : not thinking carefully about the possible effects of sth or what might
happen in the future
• Many economists accused the government of being short-sighted in its economic policies. sow
/s9u II sou/ verb : sow the seeds of: to start the process that leads to a particular situation or result
• Rich industrialized countries have sown the seeds of global warming.
stable /'stei.bl/ adj. : firmly fixed; not likely to move, change or fail; steady
• Politically and socially, Switzerland is one of the most stable nations in the world.
stand up for /.stasnd 'ap fa(r) || - far/ verb : stand up for sb/sth: to defend or support a particular idea or a person who
is being criticized or attacked
• He has learnt to be assertive, stand up for himself and his own value.
strangle /'straei].g,l/ verb : to stop the development of sth, especially an economy
• There is a great deal of fear that the new restrictions might strangle the country's economy. suppress
/sa'pres/ verb : (of a govemmoit, ruler, etc.) to stop opposition or protest using military force or strict laws
• For 70 years the Communist government had suppressed all dissent.
surface /'s3:.fis || 'sa:-/ verb : to suddenly appear or become known after having been hidden for a while; emerge
• Rumors about the recent killings have begun to surface in the press.
torture /'toi.tJaCr) || 'toa-.tj'a/ verb: to hurt sb physically or maitally in order to punish than or make them tell you sth
• Security forces tortured and murdered hundreds ofpeople in Iraq during the regime of Saddam Hussein.
turmoil /'tsi.moil 1| 'ta:-/ noun : a state of confusion, uncertainty or lack of order
• The political turmoil in the country has had a severe impact, with the economy shrinking by 2.8% in 2009.
undermine /,An.d3'main || -d»-/ verb : to make sb less confident, less powerful or less likely to succeed, or to make sth
weaker, often gradually
• The West is accused of deliberately trying to undermine this nation's government.
unfold /An'fauld || -'fould/ verb : to be gradually made known; to gradually make sth known to other people
• The scandal is still unfolding, and it may be weeks before it is settled.
widespread /,waid'spred/ adj. : existing or happening in many places or situations, or among many people
• The new law for health care reform received widespread support throughout the country.
woefully /'wau.fal.i |1 'wou-/ adv. : used to emphasize how bad a situation is; extremely
• Individuals and businesses appear woefully uninformed about new aspects of the information age. wound
/wu:nd/ noun : a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon
• Many soldiers died of their wounds in the First World War because medical science wasn’t as advanced
back then as it is today.
xenophobia /.zen.a'fau.bi.a || -'fou-/ noun: a strong feeling of dislike or fear of people from other countries
• In an atmosphere of growing xenophobia, many foreigners were deported or even imprisoned.
m
mm m
1. An incredible 15% of the population had a family member killed, wounded or

A. torture (v.) during the war.
B. kidnap (v.) 2. Any political system refusing to allow ...................... becomes a tyranny.
C. collapse (v.) 3. Fuel prices have become more ...................... after several increases last year.
D. dissent (n.) 4. Heavy fighting erupted on the border of the two countries soon after the peace talks
E. civilian (n.)
F. incite 5. It’s astonishing that these criminals are free to walk the streets with apparent
G. suppress
H. civil society L 6. It was claimed that the officers had ........................... a man to death in a city police
discriniination station.
J. chaos 7. It was found that he was the subject of racial .............................. by the police force
K. erosion during its investigation of him.
L. impunity 8. Nationwide demonstrations for democracy were ......................... by the army.
M. strangle 9. Political analysts fear that the country will be thrown into .............................. if the
N. detention President resigns.
O. assert 10. She’s claiming that her ........................ by the police was a violation of her human
P. widespread rights.
Q. stable 11. Since the concept of .................................... is closely related to democracy and
representation, it should in turn be linked with ideas of nationality and nationalism.
12. Terrorism is defined as the deliberate targeting of ..................... in order to create
a climate of terror.
13. The demonstrators were protesting about the serious ........................ of individual
freedoms.
14. The prolonged boycott has ......................... the economy and cost hundreds of
people their jobs.
15. Tliere was no evidence that he had .................... the people to come out on strike.
HH n IP
1 complicity A. subdue» repress, quash

2 incite B. &il, be unsuccessful
3 torture (v.) C. misuse; maltreatmoit
4 chaos D. blunt, candid, fiank
5 abuse (n.) E. custody, imprisonment
6 strangle F. ex№iption from puniîment
7 detention G. hampa*, hind«*, restrict
8 outspoken H. abduct; seize
9 impunity L torment, agonize
10 assert J. declare, announce
11 dissent K. turmoil, confusion, anardiy
12 kidnap (v.) L. provoke, stimulate
13 collapse (v.) M. collusion, partnerîip in a oime
14 suppress N. opposition, disagrement
15 far-reaching O. extensive, widespread
about five words.
1. The UN Human Rights Council has passed a resolution donanding a halt to Israel’s of^sive in the Gaza Strip.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
2. Iraq on Monday ordered the deployment of tanks on the streets of Baghdad as the capital crawled back to
normalcy following a week of sectarian killings.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. Russian Présidât Vladimir Putin on Wednesday called on both India and Pakistan to bend a little in resolving
their protracted dispute over Kashmir, Mliile backing New Delhi’s insistoice tiiat any deal must be bilato’al.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
4. In response to the latest missile test conducted by India, Pakistan’s government on Friday announced that these
actions would threaten the security and stability of South Asia.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Iran’s ambassador to Iraq while emphasizing on the point that none of the Iranian detainees in Iraq were
imprisoned on the charge of sabotage and carrying weapons, said the Iranians in Iraq were imprisoned for their
illegal oitrance to this country.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
1. Dozens Of ......................... Bodies Found Across Baghdad

a. Highlighted b. Diminished c. Tortured d. Eroded
2 ..........................In Congo Still Taking Toll On Children
a. Chaos b. Dissent c. Credibility
d. Detention
3. Russia’s Economic...........................Strengthens Government

a. Impunity b. Collapse c. Erosion d. Boom
4. Bombs In Capital Kill 3 And .................. More Than 30

a. Bleed b. Wound c. Incite d. Strangle
5. Afghan Leader Blames Pakistan For ..
a. Restriction b. Proliferation
c. Instability d. Survival
I ...... .... After the earthquake. A. serious human rights abuses.

2 ...... .... The government is losing credibility B. and fighting intensified soon afterward.
3 ...... .... Tourism has had far-reaching C. international efforts to reduce pollution.
4 ...... .... The President asserted his authority D. the President was forced to resign.
5 ...... .... It’s very short-sighted of the government E. the city resembled a battlefield.
6 ...... .... More weapons arrived in the area. F. effects on the country’s culture.
7 ...... .... The regime had been responsible for G. by its failure to act quickly.
8 ...... .... When the scandal surfaced. H. by vetoing the legislation.
9 ...... .... They were accused of complicity I. in the attempt to overthrow the government.
10.... .... Britain is accused of undermining J. not to invest in technological research.
wm^
HMH'
Venez.’s Pres.’s New Term Raises Concerns for Economy

Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez began a new six-year ......................... ... during a ........................ with newly
...................................................... at the National Assembly.
....................... to ....................... the nation’s ............................. . Mr. Chavez said he would give his life to
defend the South American nation and his ................... policies.
Mr. Chavez said he will carry out the .................... of what he called a ............................. constitution, and the
mandates of the Venezuelan people. He ended the...................... , saying ...................... ........................ or death.
Since his .............................re-election, the Venezuelan leader is showing no sign of backing away from the
policies which have ........................... criticism that he is trying to build an autocratic regime.
Recently, Mr. Chavez ........................ plans for ........................... changes to the .............................. , such as an
end to term limits and the power to .............................. laws though ............................. mandate. He also said he
wants to nationalize the nation’s main telephone and electricity companies.
The proposals suggest a more ........................ approach than before, says Terry McCoy, professor of Latin
American studies and political science at the University of Florida.
“He is using his ........................... in the election as a mandate to do that,” he said. “He talks about socialism.
I think in the past, it was kind of a figure of' speech but now he is actually talking about building an economy in
which the state actually owns the means of production.”
The latest ........................... by Mr. Chavez may affect Venezuela’s international relations. White House
spokesman Tony Snow, recently expressed concern.
“Well, nationalization has a long and .................... history of .......................... around the world,” he said. “We
support the Venezuelan people and think this is an unhappy day for them.”
Relations between the United States and Venezuela have suffered in recent years. U.S ............................ have
repeatedly warned about efforts to ........................ the political ............................. in Venezuela, and Mr. Chavez
has......................... to cut oil sales to American buyers. Despite the .............................. from Caracas, Professor
McCoy says such a ...................in oil sales is unlikely.
“One has always thought that Mr. Chavez would be careful in .............................. a major break,” he said. “I
guess that is still what we would expect. This makes it more difficult, makes the relationship more problematic.”
At home, Mr. Chavez has received ........................ praise for anti- .................. efforts, such as ...........................
controls and increased food ............................. Many observers in Venezuela and abroad will be watching for
more details on his latest plans.
See video clip 14 (Japan Plane Fire) and answer the following questions.
1. crew ........................................................................ 7. spread ...........................................................
2. airline ..................................................................... 8. explosion ......................................................
3. engulf ..................................................................... 9. apparently ....................................................
4. shortly .................................................................... 10. ignite ..........................................................
5. miraculously ........ ................................................. 11. deadly.........................................................
6. blaze ....................................................................... 12. crash ...........................................................
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Amnesty International (AI)

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an
international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 by Englishman
Peter Benenson; it campaigns internationally against the detention of prisoners
of conscience, for the fair trial of political prisoners, to abolish the death
penalty and torture of prisoners, and to end extrajudicial executions and
“disappearances” throughout the world. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1977 for having aided in the release of more than 10,000 political prisoners
worldwide. In 1998, the organization had over a million members worldwide.
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international
non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on
human rights. Its headquarters is in New York City. H lUi M A N: R’ ;li
Human Rights Watch produces research reports on violations of
international human rights norms as set out by the Universal GHTS
Declaration of Human Rights and other internationally-accepted human
rights norms. This is intended to draw international attention to abuses WATGH
and to put pressure on governments and international organizations to
reform. Researchers conduct fact-finding missions to investigate suspect situations and
generate coverage in local and international media. Issues raised by Human Rights Watch in
its reports include social and gender discrimination, torture, military use of children, political
corruption, and abuses in criminal justice systems. Human Rights Watch documents and
reports violations of the laws of war and international humanitarian law.
The language af News Madia c 141

Vocabulary of Headlines
Short words save space, so they are very common in headlines. The following is a list of common
headline vocabulary. The definitions are those most common in headlines; some of the words also have
other meanings (e.g. ink, row).
Word Meanin Example
accord agreement Wages Accord Reached
act action; do something Power Crisis: Government to Act
aid 1 • (noun) military or financial More Aid for Poor Comtries
help Unions Aid Bank Strikers
2. (verb): to help TV Airs Facts ” on Arms Delivery
air i to make known, iH’oadcast Terror Alert in the Capital
alert ' alarm, warning Blind Girl Alleges Unfair Treatment
allege to make an accusation
appear to appear in court accused of a crime MP to Appear on Drugs Charges

assail to criticize strongly Soviets Assml US on A-tests
axe 1. (noun) abolition, closure Small Schools Face Axe
2. (verb) abolish, close down Postal Services Axed
back to support Opposition Backs PM
balk to refuse to accept Union Balks at Court Order
ban 1. (noun) prohibition Bus Ban on Pupils after Attack on Crew
2. forbid, refuse to allow something Government Bans Smoking in Public
bar not to allow, refuse, exclude Hotel Bars Football Fans
bid attempt, offer New Peace Bid in Rhodesia
bilk to cheat Clerks Bilks City of $1M
blast 1. (noun) explosion, strong critidsm Blast at Airport
2. (vab) to criticize strong^ strike with e?q)losives Oppositwn Blasts PM
blaze
fire Six Die in Temple Blaze
blow
bad news, unfortunate happening Smith III: Blow to World Cup Hopes
bond
political or business association India Cuts Trade Bonds with China
boom
big increase; prosperous period Economic Boom: Urban lUch to Benefit
boost
1. (noun) help, incentive Industry Gets Boost
brink call 2. (verb) encourage Government Plans to
for Boost Exports
campaign edge of disaster Global Warming: Earth on Brink cf Discnter
cite claim demand/appeal for Trade Unions Call for Strike
(»“ganized
mention effcat to adiieve sodal/political result MP Launches
Management GtesCanqfoign for Tax
Labor Unrest for Reforms
Shutdown US
clamp 1. to declare to be true Scientists Cham Cancer Breakthrough Bombs Ofdm 40
down on 2. to kill Police to Clamp down on Eve Teasing
clash deal firmly with
Strikers in Clash with Police
1. (noun) dispute, violent argumoit Marine Dies in Clash
2. (noun) batfie Students Clash with Police
3. (verb) to disagree strmig^ fight MP Cleared on Drug Charges
clear findinnoc^t Teenagers Con Widow out of Lfe Saving
con swindle Hanoi Cool to Aid Offer
cool uninterested; unfiiendly Generals Ousted in Coup .
coup revolution, (bange in government Government Promises Crackdown on hfiltrators
crackdown firm application of the law Ten People Die in Plane Crash
crash vehicle accidoit New Curbs on Immigrcdion
curb 1. (noun) restraint, limit Govenmient to Curb Illicit Liquor Trade
2. (verb) restrict Big Cuts in Air Fares
cut 1. (noun)reducti(xi US Cuts AM to India
2. (verb) reduce PM in Dash to Blast Hospital
dash mdke quick joum^ Deadlock in INDO-US Nuclear Deal
deadlock disagreement that cannot be solved India Signs Nuclear Deal with US
deal agreement Peace Drive Succeeds
drive campaign; united effort Drop in Foreign Direct Investment
drop 1. (noun) fell Government to Drop Terror Reforms
2. (verb) give up; get rid of Greek FM Due Today
due expected 1000 Freed as Polard Eases Martial Law
ease to reduce or lessen World Edges towards Wear
edge move gradually American Envoy Taken Hostage
envoy diplomat Violeme on Eve of Independence
eve the day before Ertvoys Exit in Race Storm
cut leave Women's Groups Eye Court Vote
eye to watch wife interest Stuefy Faults Police
fault to find a mistake or a weakness in sb/sfe Border Feud Danger to Regional Peace PM Firm on Tax
feud . dispute, strong disagreement Reforms Minister Faces Flak over Racial Remarks US
firm determined not to change Flitys Soviet Block
flak heavy criticism
flay to accuse, to criticfese stron^y
foe opponent, enemy President Talks with Congressional Foes Guard

foil prevent somebody from succeeding Foils Bank Robbery Bid African President Acts
gag censor; prevent from speaking, muzzle to Gag Press PM to Go?
go resign; be lost, disappear Picasso Painting Goes for $5 Million
go for be sold for Nuke-Plan Gets Go-ahead
go-ahead approval Indians Grab Shares in Foreign Companies
grab tê violently Cold Wave Grips Country
grip control; hold tightly; to take hold of Police Gun Down Terrorists
gun down shoot Gunman Raids 3 Banks
gunman man with gun Year’s Biggest Fire Guts 178
gut to destroy completely by fire PM Hails Peace Plan
hail welcome; praise Automobile Plant to Halt Production
halt stop Major Arms Haul in Capital
haul amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police
or customs Buchanan to Head Peace Mission Economy
head to prevent Heading for Disaster, Experts Warn President
head for move towards Heads off Rail Strike Jewel Heist Foiled
head off prevent something from happening Interest Hike will Hit Real Estate Market
heist theft Heavy Rains Hit Transport
hike rise in costs, prices, etc. PM Hits out at Critics
hit affect badly Last-minute Hitch Delays Satellite Launch
hit out at attack with words Police Hold Terror Suspect
hitch problem that causes delay Thailand, Malaysia Ink Sea Treaty
hold arrest; keep under arrest, detain Three Killed in Jet Plunge
ink to sign Number of Jobless Increases
jet airplane Key Witness Dies
Jobless unemployed Fiery Speech Kicks off Campaign
key essential, vital, very important Landslide for Democrats
kick off to begin Opposition Lashes Government Reforms
landslide victory by a large majority in election Warsaw Pact Lashes out at NA TO Missile Plan
lash criticize violently PM Lauds Community Spirit
lash out at to criticize strongly, accuse Police Launch Anti-crime Drive
laud to praise Lead in Resort Murder Case
launch to begin PM Furious over Tax Plan Leaks
lead clue (in police enquiry) Leap in Foreign Direct Investment
leak unofficial publication of secret information Life for Serial Murderer
leap big increase Israel Softens Line
life imprisonment for life Mafia Link Scandal Breaks
line position; demand Fungus Linked to Mystery Disease
link 1. (noun) connection Treaty Dispute Looming
2. (verb) to connect Police Recover Loot
loom threaten to happen Rioters Loot Stores
loot 1. stolen money or goods Carter Man in China
2, to take away the valuable goods unlawfullyViolence Mars Cup Final
man representative
mar spoil
mission delegation (official group sent to a conference, VN Mission Arrives Today
etc.)
mob 1. angry crowd Infant Dies: Mobs Attack Hospital Mob
2. organized crime/Mafia Leaders Held
move step towards a particular result (oft^ Move to Boost Trade Links with China
political) Gang Leader Nabbed Crime Branch
nab to capture Nails the Accused Drug Raid Nets £1M
nail force somebody to admit the truth Patrol Nets 2 Prisoners Ministry Seeks
net 1. to total Nod for Oil Saving Plan Mayor
2. to capture Re-elected against the Odds Jail Ordeal
nod i approval Ends
odds chances, probability
ordeal > painful experience, drama
spree wild spending expenditure Bus Driver Spends Millions in Credit-card Spree
squeeze shortage, scarcity Petrol Squeeze Ahead
stake financial intêst Germans Buy Stake in British Airways
stalemate a disagreement that cannot be settled New Bid to Break Hostage Stalemate
stall to make no progress Peace Effort on Lebanon Stalled
stance attitude; way of thinking New Stance toward Power Cuts
stem to prevent or stop Rainy Season Stems Refugee Exit
storm angry reaction, dispute MP 'j Racist Speech Storm Grows
strife conflict Inter-Union Strife Threatens Peace Deal
sway to influence or persuade President Fails to Swey Union Strike
swindle an unlawful way of getting money Stock Swindle in NY
switch change, deviation Dramatic Switch in Incomes Policy Announced
swoop sudden attack or raid Drug Swoop in McNair
talk discussions Peace Talks Threatened
thwart to prevent from being successful Honduras Attack Thwarted
tie relations Cuba Ties Soon?
toll number killed Quake Toll may Rise Post Office Profits Top £40M
top to exceed Senate Trims Budget Killing Triggers Riot
trim to cut Environmentalists Urge Governments to Act on Pollution
trigger to cause Irish Top Ranks Vie for Office Voting Law Voided by
uiê encourage Court Exiled Présidera Vows to Return Factory Walkout
Threat over Sacking President Wdghs Tax Increase
vie to compete
void to determine to be invalid
vow to promise
walkout strike (often unofiScial)
weigh to consider
Lebanese Greet Cease-fire
with Cautious Optimism
/ 9 Reading and Uatanlng

s the ceasefire took effect at 8 a.m. local time, cluster munitions being used, particuiatly around ^ Nabatiyeh,
there was little evidence on Beirut streets that and they are scattered all over the road."
A
something significant was happening. In the southern Beirut suburb of Dahiyeh, which was
Following the World Cup final last month, Beirut’s repeatedly targeted by Israeli bombs during the
streets were gridlocked with cars wildly tooting horns in 32-day-long conflict, people were beginning to return to
celebration. Monday, on Hamra Street, a shopping and assess the damage.
banking hub, traffic was modest for rush hour, and A bulldozer was clearing the rubble of one damaged
motorists were not nearly as enthusiastic as they were building, while, nearby, men were sifting through the
when Italy beat France in the football final. crumbled concrete, wires and debris that were the remains
Firas is a 26-year-old banker who is not confident the of another building. From the dusty mess, they salvaged
cease-fire will hold. what they could: books, videotapes, cassettes.
"For a short time, it will stick, because it has all the This woman was trying to enter a particularly
right ingredients,” said Firas. "But on the long-term, damaged area to see if her home was still standing. She
I do not think so." says, despite the dâstation, she is very happy today,
About 1,000 internally displaced people from south because the war is over and, she says, Hezbollah has
Lebanon and the nearby Shi’ite southern suburbs of Beirut v№n.
have been camping in the open air for a month at Beirut’s The Lebanese government has yet to work out how it
Sanayah Park. Uving conditions at the park have been will implement the U.N. resolution calling for the cease-fire
austere, with many families not even having a tent to and deployment of both Lebanese and intemationai troops
protect them from the Intense summer sun. in southern Lebanon.
By midday, about 500 people had packed up and A Cabinet meeting scheduled for Sunday was
started to leave. Some were more hopeful than others that postponed, triggering concern the government is divided
the conflict is really over. on issues involving deploying the Lebanese army and
Hussein had just finished packing his few possessions disarming Hezbollah. The State Department designated
and family into his car, and the engine was running, as they group sparked the month-long violence by capturing two
prepared to head for the southern suburb of Shiyah. Israeli soldiers and firing rockets into the Jewish state
He says, he wants the conflict to be resolved, from southern Lebanon.
otherwise, the campaign should continue until there is a Mohammad Chattah is a senior advisor to Lebanese
conclusion. Prime Minister Fuad Siniora. He downplayed the concerns,
This man says he is concerned, because there are no saying different views over Hezbollah’s weapons is not
assurances from Israel that the war is really over. He says, new.
the only way to prevent the war from continuing is, if the There is no national crisis,” said Mohammad Chattah.
intemationai force arrives. There are differences on how to approach this."
The roads to south Lebanon were jammed with cars, Chattah says he thinks these differences can be
as people headed home to see what was left of their houses resolved. He added that the Lebanese government wants
and villages. The U.N. humanitarian coordinator in Lebanon, the U.N. resolution to work.
David Shearer, warned people to use caution, because of The period between the onset of cessation of
unexploded bombs on southern roads. hostilities and a more stable situation, with Israel
"It has been estimated that around 10 percent of shells withdrawn and the Lebanese army deployed, those days
that were fired from Israel into the south of Lebanon may or week, or I do not know how long, is a very unstable,
not have gone off," said David Shearer. "And, this is precarious situation,” he said.
obviously going to be very dangerous. In addition to that, But Chattah stressed that the basic understanding
we have had confirmed reports of within the Lebanese government is that there will be one
armed authority in the country, and that will be the
Lebanese army.
LESSON 15 Lebanese Greet Cease-fire with Cautious Optimism
Now Words
advisor /ad'vai.z3(r) || -za/ noun : advisor (to sb) (on sth): a person who gives advice, especially sb who knows a lot
about a particular subject
• The advisors to the President are supplying him with false information in order to influence his decisions.
approach /©'praotj || -'prootj/ verb ; to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way
• The spokesman tried to approach the question with caution.
assess /a'ses/ verb : to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it
• It may take weeks to assess the total damage caused by the earthquake.
assurance /s'Jor.rans || -'Js^.ans/ noun : a statement that sth will certainly be true or will certainly happen, particularly
when there has been doubt about it; guarantee, promise
• Many people are not convinced by the government's assurances that nuclear power is perfectly safe.
austere /o:'sti9(r) || a:'stir/ adj. : without comfort; plain and without decoration; severe
• The government implemented a set of very austere economic measures to control inflation. bulldozer
/'bul,dau.z3(r) |1 -,dou.Z3/ noun : a powerftil vehicle with a broad steel blade in front, used for moving earth or
knocking down buildings
• As a useful member of any earth-moving team, the bulldozer will continue to serve a unique purpose in
building construction, waste management, and many industries.
camp /kjemp/ verb : to put up a tent and live in it for a short time, for example for a holiday
• Our tent was invaded by ants while we were camping last weekend.
campaign /ksem'pein/ noun : a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business,
or a social improvement
• The political campaign got ugly when the Opposition leader started making attacks on the Prime
Minister's character.
capture /'ka5p.tj'a(r) || -tja^/ verb : to take sb as a prisoner, or to take sth into your possession, especially by force
• The guerrillas shot down one airplane and captured the pilot.
caution /'ko:.J“an || 'ka:-/ noun : care that you take in order to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks
• The U.S. favors an immediate military response but European leaders are urging caution.
cautious /'ko:.^ds || 'ka:-/ adj. : cautious about sb/sth | about doing sth: being careful about what you say or do,
especially to avoid danger or mistakes
• The country is currently taking a cautious approach to economic reform.
ceasefire /'si:s.faia(r) H -fair/ noun : a time when enemies agree to stop fighting, usually while a way is found to end
the fighting permanently
• The government has repeatedly calledfor a comprehensive ceasefire as a prerequisite for talks with the
rebels.
celebration /,sel.i'brei.J'3n/ noun : a special event that people organize in order to celebrate sth
• In 1995, world leaders marked the 50th anniversary of the end of World War Two in Europe with three
days of celebrations.
cessation /ses'cijan/ noun ; the stopping of sth; a pause in sth
• The EU said that the cessation of nuclear enrichment could lead to a solution to Iran’s nuclear impasse.
cluster munitions /klAS.td(r)'mjai'nij-anz | | - t s ^ - / : cluster munitions/bomb: weapons that throw out
smaller weapons when they explode
• Cluster munitions are opposed by many individuals and hundreds of groups because of the high proportion
of civilians that have fallen victim to the weapon.
concrete /'kog.kri:t || 'ka:n-/ noun : building material that is made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones and
water
• Traffic noise, pollution, huge concrete buildings - how can people survive in the urban Jungle? coordinator
/kau'oi.di.nei.tafr) || kou'oir.di.nei.ta/ noun : sb whose job is to make different groups work together in an organized
way to achieve sth
• The President's campaign coordinator has set up meetings with the press to outline his platform going into
the election.
crumble /'krAm.bl/ verb : if sth, especially sth made of stone or rock, is crumbling, small pieces are breaking off it
• Part of the roof had rotted away and the exposed plaster was beginning to crumble.
debris /'deb.ri:, 'dei.bri: || da'bri:/ noun : the broken pieces that are left when sth large has been destroyed, especially
by an explosion, fire, or accident
• People in the capital are afraid to get out of their homes due to falling debris from buildings damaged in
the earthquake.
deployment /di'pbi.mant/ noun : organizing or moving soldiers, military equipment, etc. so that they are in the right
place and ready to be used
• The Chief of Police ordered the deployment of2,000 troops to try to stop the rioting.
designate /'dez.ig.neit/ verb : designate sth (as) sth | designate sth (as being sth): to state officially that a place or
thing has a particular character or purpose; to describe sth in a particular way
• Medical examinations are compulsory for foreign students from certain designated countries in order to
receive a visa.
devastation /idev.a'stei.Jan/ noun : great destruction or damage, especially over a wide area
• A huge bomb blast brought chaos and devastation to the center of the city ye.sterday.
disarm /di'saim || -'so:rm/ verb : to take a weapon or weapons away from sb
• Under the peace accord, all factions are to be disarmed and their forces replaced by a national army.
displace /di'spleis/ verb : to make a group of people or animals have to leave the place where they normally live
• The UN will have to deal with the thousands of people who have been displaced by the war. downplay
/,daun'plei/ verb : to make sth seem less important or less bad than it really is; de-emphasize, play down
• The President is expected to downplay his government’s poor performance in dealing with economic
issue.s. enthusiastic /in,6ju;.zi'£s.tik || -,0u:-/ adj. : enthusiastic (about sb/sth)| enthusiastic (about doing sth): feeling
or showing a lot of excitement and interest about sb/sth
• The candidate's policies won him the enthusiastic support of middle-income voters.
fire /fai(r) Ц fair/ verb : to cause a weapon to shoot bullets, arrows or missiles
• The police fired into the air to make the crowd break up.
go off /дэи 'of II gou 'a:f/ verb : to explode or fire
• A soldier was accidentally killed when a grenade went off during a mock battle exercise. gridlocked
/'gnd.lokt || -la:kt/ adj. : (of a situation in which tliere are so many cars in the streets) not being able to move
• The city center was gridlocked during the rush hour yesterday as one of the main streets was clo.sed to
allow the construction of a link road.
head /hed/ verb : head for: to go or travel towards a particular place, especially in a deliberate way
• Most investors have headed for Germany, investing in car and construction companies.
horn /ha:n || hoirn/ noun : a device in a vehicle for making a loud sound as a warning or signal
• The driver leaned out of the window and shouted at the lad, sounded his horn twice, and then drove on.
hostility /hos'til.i.ti || hai'stil.a.ti/ noun : unfriendly or aggressive behavior towards people or ideas
• The last decade has M’itnessed a serious rise in the levels of racism and hostility to Black and ethnic
groups. hub /ЬлЬ/ noun : hub of sth: the central and most important part of a particular place or activity; center,
focus
• The money will he spent on a number of projects intended to make the town center the huh for commerce
and culture.
humanitarian /hju:,ma2n.i'te9.ri.an || -'ter.i-/ adj. : concerned with human welfare and social reform
• Air bombardment raised criticism on the humanitarian grounds that innocent civilians might suffer.
ingredient /in'grii.di.ant/ noun: one of the things that give sth its character or make it effective; component, element
• He believed that the most important singleingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along
with people.
intense /in'tens/ adj. : very great or extreme
• An intense campaign to educate children, and provide training is underway in the countty.
jam /dsieni/ verb : a situation in which it is difficult or impossible to move because there are so many people or
vehicles in one particular place; crowd, cram together
• Roads leading out of the city were jammed by thousands of people Uying to escape to the countryside for
the long weekend.
modest /'mod.ist || 'ma:.dist/ adj. : not large in size or amount, or not expensive
• The party made modest gains in the elections, but nothing like the huge gains that were predicted. onset
/'on.set || 'a:n-/ noun : the beginning of sth, especially sth bad
• The medicine has a rapid onset of action and is useful in both initiating and maintaining sleep. optimism
/'op.ti.mi.zam || 'aip.ts-/ noun : a feeling that good things will happen and that sth will be successful; the tendency to
have this feeling
• Both sides have expres.sed cautious optimism that an agreement will soon he reached.
pack up /piek '.\p/ verb : to collect all your things together when you have finished doing sth
• Many villagers had packed up their belongings in anticipation of a possible evacuation of the village.
possessions /pa'zef.anz/ noun [pi.] : sth that you own or that you are carrying with you at any time; personal
property; wealth; belongings
• In poor countries, children are the only way a family can increase their possessions.
postpone /paus'paun, pas-1| pous'poun/ verb : to decide that sth will not be done at the time when it was planned for,
but at a later time; put off to a later time
• The search for the plane that crashed in the mountains has been postponed due to bad weather. precarious
/pn'kea.ri.as || -'ker.i-/ adj. : in a dangerous state because not safe or firmly fixed
• Following the recent political crisis, the Government’s position has become extremely precarious. rubble
/'глЬ..1/ noun : broken pieces of stone and brick from buildings, walls, etc. that have been destroyed
• The President has called in the military to help rescuers sort through the rubble of the earthquake. rush
hour /'гл| ,аоэ(г) || 'гл]“ ,аиг/ noun : the time, usually twice a day, when the roads are full of traffic and trains are
crowded because people are traveling to or from work
• A car breaking down at rush hour could cause gridlock across half the city.
salvage /'sael.vids/ verb : to save property or possessions from a building that has been damaged or destroyed in a
fire, flood, etc.
• The navy tried to salvage equipment and weaponry which was aboard the sunken submarine.
schedule /'Jed.ju:! || 'sked-/ verb : arrange or plan (an event) to take place at a particular time
• The demonstrators were noisily protesting outside the conference center where the President was
scheduled to appear.
shell /Jel/ noun: a metal ccmtaina-, like a large bull^ wîdi is full of an ejqjlosive substance and is fired from a large
gun
• Rebels fired mortar shells directly into the town square.
sift through /sift 0ru:/ verb : examine thoroughly; to examine information, documents, etc. carefully in order to find
sth out or decide what is important and what is not
• Police officers have continued to sift through the wreckage following yesterday's bomb attack.
significant/sig'nifi.kdnt/ai^'. : important or noticeable
• There has been a significant change in the tone of the media’s coverage.
spark /spa:k || spa:rk/ verb : to be the cause of sth, especially trouble or violence
• The riot was sparked by the perception that police had used undue force in arresting some people. stand
/staend/ verb : if sth such as a building is standing, it has not been destroyed
• After the earthquake not a single building was left standing in the village.
suburb /'sAb.3:b || -з;Ь/ noun : an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work In the town or city
often live
• Suburbs generally develop in areas where there is easy access to mass transit.
target /'tQi.git || 'tax-/ verb: to aim an attack or a criticism at sb/sth
• Several key military sites have been targeted and badly damaged by the missile attacks.
toot /tu:t/ verb : to make a short sound or series of short sounds, especially with the hom of a car
• Behind us an impatient motorist tooted a horn.
trigger /'tng.3(r) || -э/ verb : cause (an event or situation) to happen or exist
• The assassination of the King triggered a war between the two countries.
unexploded /,An.ik'splaudid || ,An.ik'sploudid/ adj. : (of a bomb or other explosive device) not having exploded
• Authorities were called in today to defuse an unexploded missile found in a field
unstable /An'stei.bl/ adj. : likely to change suddenly and become worse
• After the fall of the capital, there was a decade of unstable government.
World Cup, the /,w3:ld 'kAp Ц ,w3ild 'kAp/ noun : a football competition held every four years between teams from
many countries in order to decide which is the best team
• The coach of the national team apologized to his country for their poor performance in the World Cup.
Êxefelses
f mm
m
iiPigiP m
1. Attempts must be made to break down the barriers of fear and ................................
A. rabble which divide the two communities.
B. hostility 2. Emergoicy teams are still clearing the ..........................from the plane crash.
C. capture (v.) 3. Investigators were able to ...........................the flight recorders from the wreckage
D. cessation of the airplane.
E. debris 4. Nuclear ...........................is considered as an ever-present threat to the world.
F. ceasefire 5. Soldiers raided the enemy’s position, and ........................ over 50 prisoners.
G. tri^r (v.) 6. The .......................... is in danger now since negotiations between the two sides in
H. deployment the conflict have totally broken down.
I. target (v.) 7. The death toll from the earthquake is expected to soar much higher as workers
J. salvage (v.) continue to search through the ...............................
K. campaign (n.) 8. The Government declared that all of the guerrillas will be ............................ by the
L. disarm (v.) end of the year.
M. fire (v.) 9. The next phase of the operation will involve the ................................ of more than
N. downplay 35,000 troops from a dozen countries.
O. precarious 10. The police ............................... tear gas and rubber bullets into the aowd of
P. humanitarian demonstrators, causing numerous casualties.
Q. devastation 11. The rebel leader is calling for a permanent ...............................of hostilities against
rebel forces.
12. The rebellion was ............................ by rumors that the military had decided
against turning over power to a civilian government.
13. The terrorists had ..............................the government building for a suicide attack.
14. Two of the hostages were released on ............................ grounds.
15. Voters report that they learn more about presidential candidates from the
nationally-televised debates than from any other ..............................event.
jiLl m
1 hostility A. start, beginning

2 cessation ’B. destruction, ruin
3 unstable C. dangôus, risky
4 intense D. acute, severe
5 disarm E. philanfriropic
6 spark (v.) F. trigga-, stimulate, incite
7 ceasefire G. conflict, combat, violence
8 salvage (v.) H. seize, arrest; impriscm, detain
9 capture (v.) I. rubble, wreckage, ruins
10 devastation J. tmnination, halting, stqipage
11 onset K. put offlhack, defo, delay
12 humanitarian L. save from destruction, rescue
13 precarious M. armistice, suspensi(m of combat
14 debris N. demilitarize, take away weapons
15 postpone O. unstea^, insecure
ÜUMI iiâiii MMâüiiBiü f ^ ’ - - ш й | Ц | Д « м м ь м 1 М 1 М

news lead.
a. Maoist Rebels Sign Peace Deal In Nepal
b. BP Officials Testify On Pipeline Leakage
c. Oil Threat By Tehran Draws U.S. Dismissal
d. Residents Flee As Lawlessness Grips New Orleans
e. U.S. Reports Surge In Cross-Border Afghan Attacks
1. Headline: _________ _ _________________________________________________________________
News lead: Soiior officials have seen a threefold increase in attacks by militants across die Pakistan border.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Officials said Thursday there was no choice but to abandon the city as looters ran wild and food and
water supplies dwindled.
3. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: ‘ê shouldn’t place too much emphasis on a threat of this kind,” Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
said.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: British Petroleum in Alaska officials fielded questions at a House hearing on the factors that forced them
to shut down pipelines at Prudhoe Bay and what caused a large-scale spill.
5. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The accord promises to bring the rebels, who control vast swaths of the destitute countryside, into the
political mainstream.
ШУШ1
1. Refugees Return Home As Tense ........................ Holds
a. Hostility b. Campaign c. Cessation d. Ceasefire
2. Hopes ....................... Over New Peace Initiative
a. Assess b. Rise
c. Capture d. Trigger
3. Army Official Advocates Partial ........................... From War Zone
a. Withdrawal b. Disarmament c. Devastation
d. Optimism
4. Israel ........................ Bombing In Lebanon As Fighting Escalates
a. Designates b. Detains c. Resumes
d. Unravels
5. Would More Troops ...................... Border Violence?
a. Downplay b. Quell c. Deploy d. Boycott
ipi
1 ......... The senator is downplaying A. it is hard to assess its effect.
2 ...........He has been designated B. by the unstable political climate.
3 .......... MPs called for assurances that C. the government is committed to its education policy.
4 ...........Investment in the country is inhibited D. opposition to plans to expand the airport.
5 ...........The Presidents’ visit has been postponed, E. due to the outbreak of hostilities in the region.
6 ...........The political turmoil sparked F. to take over the position of treasurer.
7 ...........The ceasefire won’t last G. a severe economic downturn in the country.
8 .......... Locals have voiced intense H. the significance of the issue.
9 .......... Six months after the law came into force, I. unless both sides are prepared to compromise.
10 ......... Police are sifting through the J. in the hope of finding more clues.
evidence
M IHBliPPiSi m
% mm
France Confirms Agreement to Sell Arms to Libya
Libya has long been ................... from the international ................................ , so for leader Moammar Gadhafi, the
deal with France is ..................... that he is being welcomed back onto the world ....................... It comes after the
six medical workers were ..................... last week and.......................... to Bulgaria and a ........................... visit to
Libya by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. During that visit, Mr. Sarkozy and Mr. Gadhafi .......................... an
agreement for Paris to provide a ................... reactor to Libya that would turn seawater into drinking water.
Details of the ...................... deal began to ................... this week, when Mr. Gadhafi’s son. Seif al-Islam
Gadhafi, told a French newspaper it was part of the agreement to free the medical workers.
French ...................... Minister Herve Morin ...........................the deal on Friday morning. He said Libya has
agreed to ......................... worth $405 million including the ........................ of communications equipment and
medium- ................ anti-tank ......................... from ........................of the European Aerospace and Defense firm
EADS. The minister ................... that the deal has anything to do with the medical workers. He said it was
approved by ............................... committee ................. it in February. He says the deal was not....................... up
and that the discussion had been going on for years.
French ...................... parties are demanding a ............................... inquiry into the deal ............................
Party
leader Francois Hollande said he wants proof that the arms deal is ......................... to the release of the medical
workers, who say they were .......................... into making ............................. in Libya.
He says he wants a parliamentary .............................. that can ........................... whether the deal was the result
of a normal business ............................ or whether it was part of a negotiation with a country that held the
medical workers for eight years and tried to use them as .....................
The French government has not ....................... to Hollande’s demand. Parliament has closed for the summer,
and Mr. Sarkozy is in the United States on holiday.
li
See video dip 15 (Dispute over Supply of Fuel Aid to Gaza) and answer the following
questions.
1. dispute ..................................................................... 13. intend ......................................................................

2. fuel .......................................................................... 14. raise .........................................................................
3. resident .................................................................... 15. fund .........................................................................
4. local......................................................................... 16. tax ...........................................................................
5. temperature ............................................................. 17. resume .....................................................................
6. territory ................................................................... 18. assurance .................................................................
7. plant ........................................................................ 19. levy .........................................................................
8. shut down ................................................................ 20. spokesperson ...........................................................
9. European Union .................................................... 21. collective punishment ..................................................
10. halt ......................................................................... 22. concern ....................................................................
11. shipment ................................................................ 23. unfounded ................................................................
12.
B. suspicious
Using the..............................................................
words in part (A), provide a summary 24. seize.........................................................................
of the piece of news.
?SpotllglltM51
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14,1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettle ment.
The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe
refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.
UNHCR presently has major missions in Lebanon, South Sudan, Chad/Darfur, Iraq, Afghanistan as well as Kenya to assist and provide services to internally-displaced people (IDPs) and refugees.
International Organization for Migration (lOM)

The International Organization for Migration (lOM) is an intergovernmental organization. It was initial y established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Commit ee for European Migration (ICEM) to help resettle people displaced by World War II.
It is the principal intergovernmental organization in the field of migration. lOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.
lOM works in the four broad areas of migration management: migration and development, facilitating migration, regulating migration, and addressing forced migration. Cross-cutting activities include the promotion of international migration law, policy debate and guidance, protection
of migrants’ rights, migration health and the gender dimension of migration.
i 9 Thelaiigiiage of Пеню MoiHa 1151

Lexical Features of Headlines
Headlines always manage to represoit the most information within the least words to the reader. Therefore, diction ^ very impmtant and economical, and informative words are foe key. Some of the main l^cal features of headlin^ are foe extensive use of. (1) short words, (2) abbreviations,
(3) clippings, and (4) coinages.
1{
1. Short jWords
Edit<xs|usüally like to use short and vigorous words and avoid using vague and general words in headlines. For example: instead of damages, editors are accustiHned to using hit, harm, hurt, ruin or wreck Another example: in headline^ Фор, give up,
quit, slap, or y/e/of are often used to rqilacen^nmfon. Нете are more examples:
• jgoi^g Eves Bie TK-UDS (eves = watches/observes)
• bn el Downs Civilian Plane from Lebanon (downs = shot down)
\
NB Seje some of foe commonest diort words used in headlines in vignette 14 on ‘Vocabulary of HeadlinesL
2. Abbreviations
In order to save space, headlines often employ abbreviations or acronyms composing capitalized let ers. There are mainly four kinds of abbreviations.
a. Abbreviations of Organizations or Bodies
• WTO Head to Meet APEC Ministers (WTO = World Trade Organization; APEC= Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)
More examples go like the fol owing:

BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation CIA = Caitral hitelligence Agency EU = European Union FBI = Federal Bureau NASA = National Aa*onautics and Space Administration
of Investigation IMF = International Monetary Fund NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OPEC = Organizatirai of Petroleum Exporting Countries
UN = United Nations
WHO = World Healfti Organization
b. Abbreviations of Technical Terms

• Spreading IT’s Promise (IT = Information Technology)
• Four 3G Licenses Planted by H K. (3G = the third-generation)
c. Abbreviations of Common Things

• PC Sales Fall with Slow Economy (PC = personal computer)
• Love, Care for AIDS Victims (AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
More examples are as follows:

DJI = Dow-Jones Index EMS = Express Mail Service EST = Eastern Standard Time GMT = HIV = human immunodeficiency virus
Greenwich Mean Time MBA = Mast«* of Business Administration
PR = public relations
UFO - unidoitified flying object
d. Abbreviations of Countries, Occupations and Titles

• N.7L Seeks Answer to Nuke Test Claim (N.Z = New Zealand)
• President Hails Ties with S. Korea (S. Korea = South Korea)
• Thai PM Going on TVial Today (PM = Prime Minister)
• World’s Top CEOs Due at Beijing Forum (CEO = chief executive officer)
More examples:
FM = Ftsreign Minister MP = mmber of parliament TP = traffic policeman VIP = very important p^son
NB Abbreviations in headlines are sometimes quite strange to some readers. The full names can usually be found in the lead. See the mcamples:
• China is Unnufved by U.S, Talks on NMD
"China’s opposition to the U.S. national missile defense program will not change,” Foreign Ministry spokesman Sun Yuxi
said in Beijing yesterday.
• Tobacco Giant in Talks on JV

British American Tobacco is in talks with the Chinese government on setting tq? its s&:ond joint venture on China’s
mainland, company officials confirmedyesterday.
3. dippings
A Clipping is a word formed by shmtening another word. Clippings are of^ used in headlines to save space. Because they are mostly femiliar words, readers can recognize them in one glimpse. Here are some examples:
• Hiahrtech Zones Aid Economy 0iigkrtech - high technology)
• TakimaNew View on Ad Tax (ad — advertisement)
• Tel&iom Operates Gear up for APEC (telecom - telecommunications)
• Skyscraper Fest Draws Gawkers (fest= festival)

• Hong Kong Slaughters Bird Stocks over Flu Fear (flu= influenza)
• Lead Team Picked for Auto Time (auto= automobile)
• City's 2010 EXPO Bid is In (expo= exposition)
For the sake of saving space, clippings frequently appear in both the headline and die body of news stories. The most frûently used ones are listed here in several main categories.
a. Clipping the End and Keeping the Beginning

ad = adv^tisement auto = automobile bach =badielor biz = business Japs = Japanese
celeb = celdirity champ = champion con = convict demo = lab = laboratory
dem<mstration divi = dividoid doc = doctor dorm = dormitory lib = liberation
exam = examination expo = exposition gas = gasoline gym = mag = magazine
gymnasium memo = memorandum
mod = modem
b. Clipping the Beginning and Keeping the End pic = picture
chute = parachute copter = helicopter pix = pictures
pro = professional
rail = railway
rep = representative
sec = secretary
sub = subway/submarine
temo = temporary
uni = university
dozer = bulldozer quake = earthquake
c. Clipping the Beginning and the End and Keeping the Middle
flu = influoiza tec = detective
fridge *= refrigerator vie = convict
d. Clipping the Middle and Keeping the Beginning and the End
nat’l = national dept = department
motel = motor hotel int’l = intOTiational cric = critic govt. = government
e. Irregular Clipping
bike = bicycle mike = miaophone
hanky (hankie) = handkerdiief telly = television
4. CoiBages
Coinage is the formation of new words by joining two or more word bases. Using coinages could undoubtedly save spaed. Moreov«-, coined words are easy to understand since th^^ are created by joining some femiliar words togetho*. Coinages also have an unforgettable impression on readers because of their vividness. Hiis spirit
of origmality represented in journalistic Engli^ has affected the development of Engli^ a lot Here are some good examiples:
smog = sn|oke + fog newscast =1= news + broadcast atobonib =1 atom + bomb blacketeerj= black + market»* e-mail = electronic + mail, e-paper = electronic + paper e-shelf = electronic + êlf forex = foreign +
cinemqnufecturer = cinema manufecturer exchange teleceiver = television + receiver
Demonstrations in Guinea
/ 9 Keamng and listening
D
ay thirteen of the strike and the most violent so Despite the fact that they’re being met with live ammunition,
far. Thousands of demonstrators continue to the protestors are unrelenting. Accusing the president of Guinea,
take to the streets, not just of the capital Conakry Lansana Conte, of being unfit to rule, they’re calling on him to step
but in towns across the country. down.
In his seventies and in poor health, he shows no sign of doing
so, and over the weekend he called on the army and the population
to unite behind him.
Conakry has witnessed other strikes before, but this is the
biggest and, for the first time, the people want to take their protest
right to the centre of the capital.
The strike has brought business in Guinea to a standstill. No
one knows whether the violence will put people off striking or
galvanise the population against the president.
NSiiliOIIIS
ammunition /.lem.ju'nij’.an/ noun : objects that can be shot from a weapon such as bullets or bombs
• All the ammunition for the guns and rifles was stored in a warehouse in the corner of the army camp.
demonstration /.dem.an'strei.j'sn/woww : a public meeting or march at which people show that they are protesting
against or supporting sb/sth
• Students are holding nationwide demonstrations to protest against the increase in their fees. demonstrator
/'dem.3n.strei.t3(r) || -ta/ noun : a person who takes part in a public meeting or march in order to protest against sb/sth
or to show support for sb/sth
• There were a number of clashes between police and demonstrators during the protest against the
monetary) policies of the World Trade Organization.
galvanise (BrE) or galvanize (AmE) /'gjel.va.naiz/ verb : galvanise sb (into sth/into doing sth): to shock or surprise sb so
that they do sth to solve a problem, improve a situation, etc.; shock or excite into action
• All of the authorities have been galvanised into collective action - militarily, politically and economically.
live /laivV adj. : (of ammunitions) made of metal, rather than rubber or plastic, and used to kill people rather than
injure them
• As the situation worsened more border police entered the area and began firing live ammunition into the
crowd.
put sb off /put 'of/ verb : to make sb dislike sth/sb, or to discourage sb from doing sth
• Lack of parking space was putting potential customers off
standstill /'stjend.stil/ noun : bring sth to a standstill: a condition in which all movement or activity has stopped
• Fighting and shortages have brought normal life to a virtual standstill in the city.
strike /straik/w«//7 : a period of time when a group of workers deliberately stop working because of a disagreement
about pay, working conditions, etc.
• Workers in the country’s automobile assembly plants have gone on strike for higher pay) and shorter
working hours.
unfit /An'fit/ adj. : unfit to do sth/ for sth: not capable of doing sth, for example because of illness; not of an
acceptable standard
• A jury decided the man was unfit to stand trial at court because of his mental illness.
unite /ju'nait || ju:-/ verb: unite behind/against sb/sth: to join ttêther with otho- people in order to do sth as a group
• He made a speech in which he asked the people to unite behind the new President.
unrelenting /.An.n'len.tig || -tig/ adj. : continuing to do sth in a determined way without thinking about anyone else’s
feelings; relentless; extremely determined; never weakening in effort or admitting defeat
• He will be remembered as an unrelenting opponent of racial discrimination.
witness /'wit.nas/ verb : if a time or place witnesses an event, the event happens during that time or in that place
• The past few years have witne.ssed momentous changes throughout the Middle East.
js^ Exercises
1 ......................... had blockaded the street in attempt to prevent police from arresting
A. step down the leaders of the protest.
B. disperse' 2. He is incapable of making difficult decisions, and is ............................. for a senior
C. unfit management position.
D. demonstrator 3. In the face of severe opposition and .......................... criticism, the reform seemed
E. standstill overwhelming.
F. witness (v.) 4. Police chiefs called on the local people to ........................ against the drug dealers.
G. unite 5. Policemen who were stoned by the crowd used ..................... ....... ammunition to
H. galvanise disperse it, killing at least one person.
L demonstration 6. The country’s worsening reputation does not seem to be ...................... the tourists.
J. ammunition 7. The Government has promised that all essential services will be maintained during
K. put off the ...................... by civil servants.
L. strike (n.) 8. The Government sent out the military to stop rioting which had broken out during a
M. live (adj.) against the fuel tax increase.
N. unrelenting 9. The last decade has ..................... a serious rise in the levels of racism and hostility
to Black and ethnic groups.
10. The prospect of her relatives coming to stay .......................... her into action and
she immediately set about cleaning the house.
11. The troops were exercising with live .................................... when a soldier was
accidentally shot in the leg.
12. This crisis is threatening to bring the country’s economy to a ............................
jsS
1 standstill A. bullets, shells, munitions

2 demonstration B. protest, mardı, rally
3 strike (n.) C. see, observe; indicate
4 unfit D. complete halt
5 ammunition E. Join together, ally, combine
6 witness (v.) F. industrial action, walkout
7 put sb off G. deter, distract, discourage
8 galvanise H. stimulate, excite, rouse
9 unite I. incompetent, unsuitable
J. constant, relentless, po'sistent
10 unrelenting
LESSON 16 Demonstrations in Guinea
nsi
»
about five words.
1. The hanging death of Saddam Hussein Friday night ended the life of one of the most brutal tyrants in recent
history.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
2. Peruvian President Alan Garcia has encountered demonstrations by survivors of last week’s earthquake as he
toured one of the worst affected areas.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. Ireland’s economic miracle has appeared a mirage in recent days as strikes closed schools and mainline rail
services, and protesting taxi drivers blockaded the streets in major cities.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
4. The legislative coordinators of the three main parties in Mexico’s legislature said on Monday that the Congress
was the place for national reconciliation.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. Venezuela’s National Assembly on Thursday called on electoral authorities to set a date in December for a
referendum on constitutional changes that would end presidential-term limits.
Headline: _______________
1. Army .............. .......... Control In Eastern Border

a. Accompanies b. Consolidates c. Delegates d. Amasses
2. Indian Bandit Found, Killed After Decades Of...

c. Mission d. Diversion
a. Erosion b. Evasion
3 .......................... Flee War-Torn Country

a. Detainees b. Coalitions
c. Refugees d. Tyrants
4. Dangerous Conditions........................... Journalism in Combat Zone
a. Constrain b. Galvanise c. Unite
d. Deepen
5. Six Jailed For

a. Witnessing b. Stabilizing c. Ratifying d. Trafficking
1 ......... The high divorce figures A. the team into collective action.
2 .......... The unrelenting pressures of the Job B. to the demands of the demonstrators.
3 ...........The security alert C. after they ran out of ammunition for their guns.
4 .......... Police in full riot gear were called in D. brought the airport to a standstill.
5 .......... Transport workers are threatening E. and work towards a common goal.
6 .......... The rebels had to surrender F. a rapid increase in educational investment.
7 .......... The Government appears unwilling to surrender G. to break up the demonstration.
8 .......... The 1970s witnessed H. started to affect her health.
9 .......... It is time for opposing factions to unite I. to go on a three-day strike in a dispute over pay.
10 ......... The possibility of defeat finally J. don’t seem to be putting people off marriage.
galvanised
NEWS & VIEWS: A Course in Reading British <& American News
Canada Elects New Government
There’s great ........................... here for Stephen Harper’s ............................ The west of Canada has long felt
......................... from eastern and central parts of the country, where Paul Martin’s Liberals ........................ their
support. Now Mr Harper has picked up ............................... in all regions, enough to form a ...............................
government. In his victory ...................... at the Calgary ............................ centre, he asked other ..................... to
help him govern as Canadians have ......................
STEPHEN HARPER:
“Tonight, although Canadians have ....................... for change, they have not given any one party in the
...................................... a ........................ They have asked us to ........................... , to work together and to get on
with ..................... the real ....................... of ordinary working people and their families.”
See video clip 16 (Many Countries Quitr Others Soon to Leave) and answer the following
questions.
1. head ......................................................................... 12. enthusiasm ...

2. battle ....................................................................... 13. quit ..............
3. train....................................................................... 14. exceed .........
4. troops ...................................................................... 15. recruit ..........
5. toll.......................................................................... 16. land ..............
6. combat .................................................................... 17. on the ground
7. significant ............................................................. 18. course ..........
8. medical attention .................................................... 19. join...............
9. keen ........................................................................ 20. globe ............
10. patch up ............................................................... 21. heady days ........
11. front line .............................................................. 22. coalition............
U.S. COALITION
POLA ND.
OCNMAP K
A UST RALI A 1
BRIT AIN
?SpotiigMti6]
Si’jffilîüliGrilr
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Transparency International (TI)

Transparency International (TI) is a leading international non-governmental organization
addressing corruption. This includes, but is not limited to, political corruption. It is widely
known for producing its annual Corruptions Perceptions Index, a comparative listing of
corruption worldwide.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigative
arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), serving as both a
federal criminal investigative body and a domestic intelligence agency.
At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more
than 200 categories of federal crimes, making the FBI the de-facto lead
law enforcement agency of the United States government. The motto of
the bureau is “Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity”.
In fiscal year 2006, the FBI’s total budget was approximately $8.7
billion, including $495 million in program increases to enhance counter-terrorism,
counterintelligence, cybercrime (i.e. criminal activity that involves the use of computers or
the Internet), information technology, security, forensics, training, and criminal programs.
Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the FBI also has 56 field offices located in major cities
throughout the United States, 400+ resident agencies in smaller cities and towns across the
nation, and more than 50 international offices called Legal Attaches (pronounced /a'taej.ei/) in
U.S. embassies worldwide.
iP ïhelaiigiiaiieof Newsileiilaliei
To evoke certain ideas, feelings or thoughts and to convey a vivid and graphic impression, headline writers
usually Use language in a particular way known as style. To achieve the desired effect, writo^ use such stylistic
Ideyices as syntactic structures, diction, etc.
In the following, two of the most important stylistic features of headlines are discussed: the syntactic
structure of headlines, and diction (i.e. dioice of words) in headlines.
i!
■ Structure of Headlines
I
The basic language particularity of headlines lies in their structure. Syntactically headlines are very short
sentences or phra^ of a variety of patterns:
a. Nominative Sentences
Exjimples:
• ''pie Prince of Arrogance
• The End of Europe
b. Phrases with Verbals / Verbids (Le. gerunds, infinitives, and participles)

Eжamples:
• Keeping U.S. Jobs at Home
• Betting on the EU
• Made in Japan
• To Get US Aid
c. Elliptical Sentences
Examples:
• Still in Danger
• Copycats, Soon Dogs
d. Full Declarative Sentences

Examples:
• Europe *s Newest Members Face a Rough Road Ahead
• The Future Starts Now
e. Interrogative Sentences
Examples:
• A U.S. Link to Madrid?
• Ready for Europe, or No?
f. Sentences with Articles (i.e. a/an/the) Omitted

Examples:
• Frogman Finds Girl in River
• Staff Join Teach-in by Bristol Students
g. Complex Sentences
Examples:
• The Country it Should Be
• More TYansparency Means Knowing how What's Getting Where and When
h. Headlines Including Direct Speech
Examples:
• President: “My Deep Distress"
• Foreign Minister: ‘7 Was not in Trouble "
i. Ambiguity
Examples:
• Mine Exploded
• Labour Party Split Looms
In both headlines, as a result of deleting grammatical words (e.g. determiners and auxiliaries), the readers are not
able to determine the word class {mine: noun or possessive pronoun; split and looms: both could be noun or verb)
until they starts reading the article.
j. Allusive Expressions and Terms

To attract the reader’s attention, headline writers often resort to a deliberate breaking-up of set expressions, in
particular fused ones, and deformation of special terms - a stylistic device capable of producing a strong
emotional effect.
Examples:
• A Faint Silver Lining to an Otherwise Tragic Story
• Cakes and Bitter Ale
• Multilateral Fog
• Conspirator-in-chief Still at Large
Compare the examples respectively with the allusive set expressions every cloud has a silver lining, cakes and
ale, and the toms multilateral force and commander-in-chief
■ Diction of Headlines
Apart from their syntactic structure, newspaper headlines are featured by a special vocabulary that is short,
attention-getting, and effective. Writers use various language devices to make their headlines powerful and
memorable. They play with words’ relations to their meaning or use the subtlety of ambiguity. A few exemplary
language tools in headlines are as the following:
a. Homophones (i.e. words which sound alike but are written differently and often have different meanings)
Example: Dr. Spuhler will Maintain Swiss Role ^ ^ Swiss
role' is a homophone of the phrase "Swiss roll’.
b. Homonyms (i.e. words wiiich are written in the same way and sound alike but wfiich have different
meanings)
Example: Women who Smoke Have Lighter Children
^ "Lighter' has two meanings here: an adjective meaning ‘less heavy’ or a noun for ‘a device for lighting
a cigarette’.
c. Polysemies (i.e. words having two or more closely related meanings)

Example: Butter Battle Spreads ^ "Butter' can be spread, battles can widen.
d. Metaphorical Associations (i.e. words or phrases used to describe sb/sth else, in a way that is different from
their normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more
powerful)
Example: More Water Money Goes down the Drain
# ‘ Water' literally ‘goes down the drain’, but "to go down the drain' is also a phrase that means
"wasted’.
e. Intertextuality (i.e. interconnection between different texts that make the use of one text depend on
knowledge of other texts)
Example: Babe in Wood Found Safe
# Reference is made to the well-known folk tale "The Babes in the Wood.
f. Phonology
Example: Join the Kew for the Bloom with the Phew
# "Kew’ and "Phew’ are rhyming words and "Kew’, the place where the event is taking place, is as well
a homophone of "queue' that will form to see this flower with the unpleasant smell.
g. Loaded Words/Connotations (i.e. additional meaning that words have beyond their caitral meaning)
Example: Genius Rev Butchered at Church
^ The verb "butcherecT in the headline carries strong emotional loading beyond its literal meaning. This
word has the dictionary meaning of "to slaughter and cut up an animal'. When it is applied to a human
being, it carries both the meaning of ‘extreme and cruel violence’, and also implies that the killer must
have seen the victim as having the same status as an animal.
The examples above show that headlines are not just a summary of the story. They rather function as a
stand-alone unit with the main task to attract the read«*. Although they are normally placed above the story, the
journalistic process does not begin, but rather ends with writing an appropriate headline.
Russian Town Hit by Race Violence
/ 9 Reading and Uaianlng
B
oth the authorities and human rights groups His remarks are likely to be welcomed by those in the town of
have warned that the racial violence in Kondopoga who want all Caucasians expelled. Last week, two
northern Russia could spread, in an interview local men were killed in a brawl. At the weekend hundreds of
virith the 'isvestia' newspaper, №e local governor has youths - who blamed migrants for the deaths - went on the
blamed the unrest on migrants. Sergei Katanandov rampage attacking businesses belonging to traders from the
describes the behaviour of some young people from Caucasus.
the Caucasus as totally inexcusable. There are signs that the tension is spreading to other parts of
the region. On Tuesday night, supporters of far-right movements
held a rally in the nearby town of Petrozavodsk. White supremacist
groups in Russia have openly encouraged attacks on non-Slavs in
recent years. There have been countless beatings, and several
deaths - but the numbers involved in the latest unrest appear
unprecedented in the country in modem times.
Nmnwonis
beating /'bi:.tig || -jig/ noun : an act of hitting sb many times as a punishment or in a fight
• Police are looking for witnesses in the beating ofan 80-year-old woman on the weekend
brawl /brDil II brail/ noun : a noisy and violent fight involving a group of people, usually in a public place
• Police officers were injured in a mass brawl outside the stadium.
Caucasus, the /'koikasas/ {also Caucasia /koi'keisa, koi'keizis/) noun: an area in the extreme south-east of Europe
between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, which includes Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia and contains
the Caucasus Mountains
• Following the break up of the Soviet Union, Russia has been keen to maintain an influence in the
Caucasus region.
expel /ik'spel/ verb : expel sb from/for sth: to force a foreign^- to leave a country, especially because they have
broken the law or for political reasons
• The two countries have each expelled another diplomat following a round of tit-for-tat expulsions.
inexcusable /,in.ik'skju:.z3.bl/ adj. : (of behaviour) too bad to be accepted or tolerated
• Anyone can make a mistake, but to ignore basic safety regulations is quite inexcusable.
migrant /'mai.grant/ noun: a person who goes to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
• The traffic of illegal migrants has become a serious issue in this country.
openly /'au.pan.li || 'ou-/ adv. : without hiding any feelings, opinions or information
• This was not a problem the Prime Minister felt he could share openly with the people.
race /reis/ noun : one of the main groups that humans can be divided into according to the colour of their skin and
other physical features
• People of all races, colours and creeds (= a set of beliefs or principles) have to co-exist.
racial /'reLjal/ adj. : relating to the relationships between different races of people who now live in the same country
or area
• The system of racial segregation that used to exist in South Africa was called apartheid.
LESSON 17 Russian Town Hit by Race Violence
rally /'rael.i/ noun : a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest, etc.
• Several hundred protesters had gathered in the city, and held a rally to put pressure on the government. rampage
/r®m'peid3/ noun : violent and usually wild behaviour
• Hundreds of youths went on a rampage through the town: shop windows were smashed and cars overturned.
spread /spred/ verb : to cover, or to make sth cover, a larger and larger area
• The industrial revolution which started a couple of hundred years ago in Europe is now spreading across the world.
supremacist /sui'prem.a.sist/ noun ; sb who believes that one group of people, usually white people, should be more
powerful and have more influence than another group
• White supremacist groups are renewing hate campaigns against black people in .some areas. unprecedented
/An'pres.i.den.tid || -tid/ adj. : that has never happened, been done or been known before
• This centwy has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale. unrest
/An'rest/ noun : a political situation in which people protest or behave violently
• After years of political unrest, the new government has succeeded in establishing a certain .stability in the country.
js£ Enemises
iiii Ш
1. Police responded to sit-ins and civil rights marches with fire hoses, tear gas,
A. brawl (n.) ........................... ... and arrests.
B. inexcusable 2. The police were not able to cope w'ith the large numbers of fans who went on a
C. openly through the downtowm core.
D. migrant (n.) 3. The mayor fears that the civil .......................... in one part of the city may spread to
E. race (n.) other areas if it is not brought under control immediately.
F. spread (v.) 4. Minor clashes between police and demonstrators occurred during a protest................
G. unrest 5. Someone once joked, “It is ......................... for scientists to torture animals; let them
H. rampage (n.) make their experiments on journalists and politicians.”
I. unprecedented 6. The lawsuit charged the magazine with ..................... lies about the Interior Minister.
J. violation 7. Sound economic policies, first implemented by the previous administration, led to
K. racial growth in the country.
L. expel 8. Immigration authorities are looking for ways to stem the flow of illegal .....................
M. rally (n.) into the country.
N. beating 9. The country ......................... the British diplomats w’ho had tried to recruit a police
officer as a spy.
10. ................................................................................................... Everybody
should be treated equally, regardless of their ........................................... , sex or religion.
11. The recent outbreak of .............................. violence in the area is very troubling.
12. No one was injured in the street ........................... , which police quickly stopped.
iii M
1 inexcusable A. banish, exile, deport

2 racial B. unequalled, unusual, unique
3 beating C. mass meeting; demonstration
4 spread (v.) D. unforgivable, unjustifiable
5 unrest E. ethnic, race-related
6 expel F. riotousness, wild behaviour
7 rampage G. striking, hitting
8 brawl (n.) H. fight, skirmish
9 rally (n.) I. scatter, disseminate, disperse
10 unprecedented J. turmoil, disorder, chaos
news lead.
a. Bomb Plotter Sentenced
b. With Chaos Ended, What About Rights?
c. Terror Plot Case Dropped By Judge In Pakistan
d. Deadly Blasts In Baghdad Leave Gruesome Traces
e. Chinese Villagers Riot Over Population-Control Measures
1. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: A man described as a key figure in a plot to bomb airliners fiying fi*om London to the U.S. cannot be
tried in an anti-terrorism court.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Yaqub Memon, an accountant, was found guilty of distributing funds and assisting in India’s ‘Black
Friday’ attacks.
3. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Thirteen people were killed and 22 wounded when two bombs timed to go off one after anotha* exploded
in Mansour.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: One of the National Resistance Movement’s most notable achievements has been the restoration of
order.
5. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The latest incident of rural unrest has alarmed saiior officials in Beijing.
m
mamm
1. Sailors ..................... Sinking Ship

a. Defraud b. Circulate c. Abandon d. Devise
2. Congress Votes To Raise ..................... . Wage

a. Hardship b. Minimum c. Typical d. Rural
3...................... Fog Covers Bay Area

c. Scarce d. Keen
a. Dense b. TTiorough
4. Unfit Parents Arrested For Child ....
a. Defect b. Unrest c. Neglect d. Rally
5. Escaped Convict Continues To ........... .......... Police
a. Spread b. Evade c. Conceal d. Expel
Match the first part of the sentences with the second parL
1 ..................................................... The police A. received in a street brawl.

were sent to expel B. prejudice was still widespread in the
2 ............The law forbids discrimination country.
3 ............ Her comments were highly offensive C. and quite inexcusable.
4 ........... He died as a result of injuries D. was broken up by the police.
5 .......... The prisoners went on the rampage E. step of releasing confidential
6 .......... The government’s attempts to crush the popular correspondence.
7 .............The report claimed that racial F. came to this country to seek a better life.
8 ............. The migrants G. on the grounds of race or religion.
9 .......... A rally organized by democratic movements H. the demonstrators from public buildings.
10 ......... The government took the unprecedented I. destroying everything in their way.
J. unrest led to civil war.
Climate Change Warning
The ice ........... on Greenland holds a tenth of the world’s fresh water. It’s more than a mile thick and if it
................. it will slowly raise sea level round the world.
Recently the ice has been ....................... at the edges as the ..................... climate warms. Scientists would be
even more disturbed if the ice in the middle melted.
Today’s document is an edited and ................. -reviewed report of a government- ......................conference last
year. It warns that the ....................... point beyond which the cap may begin to ..................... is estimated to be a
................. temperature rise of two degrees Celsius. It says that to be ....................... certain of avoiding this sort
of warming we should keep ......................... of the ............................ gas carbon-dioxide below 400 parts per
million in the atmosphere.
The government’s chief scientist Sir David King told the BBC that target was highly ................but politically
....................... because it would mean turning power stations off. The lowest realistic ............... for ......................
emissions, he said, was 550 parts per million. But today’s report makes it ..................... that that’s well above the
....................... melting point of the ice cap. The scientific advice on emissions, says Professor King, is that we
shouldn’t be where we are.
See video dip 17 (Chinese Miners' Relatives Turn Violent) and answer the following
questions. A. Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the following
words.
1. trap .......................................................................... 21. bring in ..................
2. coal miner .............................................................. 22. industrial pump.....
3. storm ....................................................................... 23. flood ......................
4. mining company ..................................................... 24. torrential rain ..........
5. claim ....................................................................... 25. drilling equipment
6. deny ........................................................................ 26. oil field ...................
7. loved ones ............................................................... 27. rescue attempt.........
8. burst ........................................................................ 28. drop ........................
9. dyke ........................................................................ 29. senior ......................
10. rush........................................................................ 30. series.......................
11. shaft ....................................................................... 31. beleaguer ...............
12. disaster .................................................................. 32. report ......................
13. mining industry ..................................................... 33. rely on ....................
14. vent........................................................................ 34. coal .........................
15. frustration .............................................................. 35. booming economy.
16. investigation .......................................................... 36. mine owner .............
17. rescuer ................................................................... 37. Ignore ...............
18. around the clock .................................................... 38. safety standard
19. concern .................................................................. 39. boost ..................
20. release ................................................................... 40. soaring prices...
?Spouigiitii?]
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads in ternational efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a
neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve
agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates into English as “let there be bread!”
FAO was founded on i6 October 1945 in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1951 its headquarters were moved from Washington, D.C., United States, to Rome, Italy. As of 11 April, 2006, it had 190 members (189 states and the
European Community).
UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and encourages sustainable development through sound IvtfJ
environmental practices. It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and is headquartered in Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP also has sue regional offices and various country
offices.
UNEP’s activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting emdronmental science and information and il ustrating the way those can work in
conjunction with policy, working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments and regional institutions and working in conjunction with enviroiunental Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). UNEP has also been active in funding and implementing environmentally
related development projects.
me lenguage of News Media I tl 1

Rhetorical devices (f^res of speech) are intentional deviations from literal statement or common usage that emphasize, clarif y, or beautify both written and spoken language. Their use is to make the thought more striking and effective, for they have the power to vivify and il ustrate. A fresh, apt rhetorical device appeals to
the imagination, CTeates mental pictures and makes the speech or writing vivid, impressive and intêsting. To achieve this goal, headline writes generally use various rhetorical devices to increase the readability and appeal of
headlines and to arouse reader’s interest in reading the whole news story. Alliteration, allusion, antithèsis, hypallage, hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, personification, pun, and rhyme are some of the common riietorical devices used in news headli ne:
■ Alliteration
Alliteration is a figure of speech vdiich refers to the repetition of an initial sound, usually a consonant, in two or
more words that occur together. Editors use alliterations in headlines to arouse reada*s’ interest.
Examples:
• Bluetooth Has the Blues
• Bookseller Books Markets
• Sendim UP the Stars and Stripes
• Crass Celebrities Cause Commuter Chaos
■ Allusion
Allusion is a figure of speech that makes brief, often casual reference to a well-known person, object or event.
English has a great deal of allusicms which result from mythology, legends, fables, fairy tales, the Bible, &mous
literary works and historical figures or events. Journalists and editors are in favour of using allusion to save time
and space. Moreover, allusion can give readers the pleasure that comes from seeing similarities or hearing echoes
of ideas. Thus, allusion is naturally widely used in the news headline to help it convey its intended meaning in a
brief and attractive way.
Example:
• U.S. Erects Bashdad Wall to Keep Sects apart
American military commanders in Baghdad are trying a radical new strategy to quell the widening sectarian
violence by building a 12-foot-high, three-mile-long wall separating a historic Sunni enclave from Shiite
neighbourhoods.
From the lead, we can know clearly that this piece of news discloses a decision made by American military
commander. US wants to build a wall to resolve the radical conflict in Iraq. The term “Baghdad Wall” borrowed
from “Berlin Wall”. As we know, Berlin Wall was the former barrier surrounding West Ba-lin and symbol of the
Cold War, built on August 13,1961 and fell in 1990.
■ Antithesis
Antithesis is a figure of speech îch represents a contrast or opposition of things, qualities, condhicxis, effects and
so on. Hie elemoits are contrary in meaning but similar in form.
Example:
• You “Can Be Fa“ Even If You Are Thin
This is a piece of news telling us a fiict that if counting wât is inside, a lot of fiiin people have too much &t
around their organs, such as heart, liver, etc. Tharefr)re being fiiin physically is not real thin. This headline uses
such complete antonyms as “fiiin” and *Taf * to arouse fiie effect of attracting reado*s* attoiticm.
■ Hypallage (pronounced /hai'pælod3r7)

Hypallage (also known as a transferred epithet) is a figure of speech in >îdi a modifier, usually an adjective, is
applied to the *wr(Hig* word in die soitence (e.g. hcqtpy morning: mornings have no feelings, but the people who
are awake throu^ than do). The flexible use of hypallage hugely arouses reados* interest to go ahead the stay.
Example:
• Mouth-waterine Fair Begins
In everyday life, *mouth-watoring* is often used to describe some delicious food, but in this headline, the food
ftdr is also *mouth-watering*.
■ Hyperbole (pronounced /hai'psi.bol.i/)

Hyperbole is a figure of speech diat is an intentional exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis or comic efto.
However, there is a danger of deception in the hypabole of sensational reporting. Headlines often reveal
dififerjences of numbos in reporting accidents.
Example:
• Thousands Feared Dead aûer Nuclear Leak
The word * shows the exaggeration used in this news headline.

■ Metaphor
Metaphor is an important figure of speech which refers to an implied comparison between two thing’s vsîch are
of unlike nature but which have one or more features in common. A metaphor in its true sense should be a novel
and striking comparison.
Example:
• Battle Against Workplace Bias 'Tough ’
This headline mainly talks about the discrimination at the workplace. That kind of bias mainly comes from sex,
health condition, etc. This headline compares the fight against the bias to a ‘battle’. This metaphor vividly
describes the hardness of this fight, making die headline more vivid and more attractive.
■ Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely related
to or suggested by the original, as ‘crovwi’ for ‘king’ (e.g. ‘The power of the crown was mortally weakened’) or
an ‘author’ for ‘his works’ (e.g. ‘I’m studying Shakespeare’). Metonymy is the standard journalistic and headline
practice as in the use of ‘city hall’ for ‘municipal government’, the ‘White House’ for the ‘President of the United
State,’ or ‘Kremlin’ for the ‘government of the Soviet Union’.
Example:
• Pentaeon Invites Kremlin to Link Missile Systems
The Bush administration is offering Russia a new package of incentives to drop its strong opposition to
American missile defense sites in Poland and the Czech Republic.
From the lead of the news, we can see clearly that “Pentagon” in the headline represents the Bush administration,
that is, the USA, while “Kremlin” indicates Russia. This is a use of metonymy, that is to say, using a nation’s
symbolic architecture to represent that nation itself.
■ Personification
Personification is a figure of speech which represents inanimate objects as having life. It can add vividness to
expression.
Example:
• Guangdong Eyes Hot Indian Economy
This piece of news is to inform people that Indian economy becomes prosperous in Guangdong. Endowing
‘Guangdong’ with life, this headline seems more attractive than the straightforward one of “Indian Economy
Becomes Hot in Guangdong”.
■ Pun
A pun, or paronomasia, is a figure of speech which refers to the usually humorous use of a word in such a way as
to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of anotho* word similar in sound. A pun can arouse
readers’ interest by making them think about the real meaning of the headline.
Example:
• Iraq Too Hot for Harry
This headline illustrates whether Prince Harry will go to Iraq. The word “hot” here can be explained as the
‘weather in Iraq’. However, after reading the lead of the news, the word “hof’ can also be understood as the
‘dangôus situation in Iraq’. Therefore, “hot” is a usage of pun in this headline.
■ Rhyme (pronounced /raim/)

Rhyme is a figure of speech which refers to the repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is often used
in headlines.
Examples:
• Behold: Old Mould Sold
• Guys Despise Surprise Goodbyes
• Double Bubble Troubles Hubble
• Thick Chick Nicks Flick
Le$$ou
Thai Election Annulled
/ Q Reading and listening

fter five weeks of politica] paralysis, Thailand The irregularities the judges considered to justify the
finally has a way out of the stalemate left by last decision were relatively minor. The intervention by Thailand’s
A
month's general election. The Constitutional revered monarch two
Court, a senior panel of judges often accused of siding weeks ago is more likely to have influenced their verdict The King
with Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, has voted to described the situation as a mess and, more significantly,
annul his third election victory, according to one of the described any parliament with no opposition presence as
judges on the panel. undemocratic.
The path ahead now though is still not clear. The opposition
parties do not want Mr Thaksin to run again for prime minister but
he is considered a key vote-winner for his party, Thai Rak Thai,
which retains the support of most rurai voters.
The opposition parties are also demanding constitutional
reforms to strengthen the checks on the prime minister’s power,
although they haven’t specified what changes they expect or how
quickly or easily these could be agreed.
NewWgnis
annul /a'nAl/ verb : to state officially that sth such as a marriage, an agreement, or an election has no legal authority
• The President might seek to annul the election results and declare a state of emergency. constitutional
/ikont.sti'tjui.Jan.al || ,ka:nt.sti'tu:-/ adj. : of or relating to an established set of principles governing a state
® Political leaders are making no progress in their efforts to resolve the countty’s constitutional crisis. general election
/,d3en.9r.3l I'lek-Jan/ noun : an election in which all the people of a country vote to choose a government
• The economy is regarded as the key factor which will determine the outcome of the general election. intervention
/iin.ta'ven.fan || -ta-/ noun : a situation in which sb becomes involved in a particular issue, problem, etc. in order to
influence what happens
® The inteiwenlion by the US in the internal affairs of the countiy Mm condemned internationally. irregularity
/iireg.ja'ljer.a.ti || -'ler.a.ti/ noun : a situation in which the rules, laws, or usual ways of doing things have not been
followed
• The neM'spaper claimed there Mere Mudespread irregularities in the election process.
justify /'d3A.s.ti.fai/ verb : justify sth / yourself (to sb): (of a decision, action, or idea) to give an explanation or
excuse for sth or for doing sth
o The Prime Minister has been asked to justify the decision to Parliament. mess ImesI noun : a situation in which
there are a lot of problems and difficulties, especially as a result of mistakes or carelessness
• Looking at the economic mess the country is in demonstrates clearly that they need some guidelines and they need
them fast.
minor/'mai.nsfr) || -na/ adj. : small and not very important or serious, especially when compared with other things
• FolloM'ing the scandal, the Minister Mm relegated to a minor position within the party.
monarch /'mon.sk |I 'mar.naic/ noun: a person who rules a country, for example a king or a queen
• Two hundred years ago, most of the world was ruled by monarchs, and voting was a rare privilege. panel
/'psn.al/ noun : a group of people with skills or specialist knowledge who have been chosen to give advice or
opinions on a particular subject
• After the news tonight, we’ll hear from a panel of experts on the effects of the government’s new
legislation.
paralysis /pa'rael.a.sis/ noun : the state of being completely unable to operate normally or effectively
• The paralysis of the leadership leaves the army without its supreme command.
parliament /'pai.li.msnt || 'pair.b-/ noun : the group of people who are elected to make/change the laws of a country
• Protesters demonstrated against cuts to the education budget outside the Parliament building today. party
/'pa:.ti || 'pa:r.ji/ noun : a political organization with particular beliefs and aims, which you can vote for in elections
• Some analysts have argued that democracy is not possible unless there are at least two political parties.
relatively /'rel.a.tiv.li/ adv. : in relation, comparison, or proportion to sth else
• The price of public utilities such as electricity and gas are relatively cheap in this country’.
retain /ri'tein/ verb : to keep sth; to continue to have sth
• Switzerland has long retained its commitment to neutrality in conflicts between its neighbours.
revere /ri'vi3(r) || -'vir/ verb : to have a lot of respect and admiration for sb/sth
• Nelson Mandela is reveredfor his brave fight against apartheid
run for h\n 'fo:(r) || rAn 'fox/ verb : run for sb/sth (in sth): to be a candidate in an election for a political position
• The party announced that he is going to run for President/against Smith/for re-election.
side /said/ verb : side with sb (against sb/sth): to support or argue against a person or group in a quarrel, fight, etc.
• If ever there waj any sort of argument in the cabinet, the Foreign Minister would always side with the
President against others.
significantly /sig'nif.i.kant.li/ adv. : in an important way or to an important degree
• The value of the dollar on international markets has declined significantly over the past year. stalemate
/'steil.meit/ noun : a disagreement or a situation in a competition in which neither side is able to win or make any
progress
• These steps demonstrate a political will by the President to break out the stalemate in peace negotiations.
verdict /'v3:.dikt |1 'va:-/ noun : an opinion or decision made after Judging the facts that are given, especially one
made at the end of a trial
• The election result is a clear verdict supporting the President’s current foreign policy.
vote /v3ut II vout/ verb : to show formally by marking a paper or raising your hand which person you want to win an
election, or which plan or idea you support
• Civil rights include freedom, equality in law and in employment, and the right to vote.
voter /'v3u.ts(r) II 'vou.ja/ noun : a person who votes or has the right to vote, especially in a political election
• The voters went to the polls this weekend to elect a .successor to the President.
LESSON 18 Thai Election Annulled
^ Exeiclses
m PPffiffH
1. A ......................... of experts from the labour and business world are working
A. panel (n.) together to improve working conditions and productivity in the region.
B. run for 2. Governments always issue propaganda to .......................... their policies, especially
C. irregularity in the period leading up to an election.
D. minor (adj.) 3. Government officials say the problem is ............................ , and should be quickly
E. party (n.) overcome.
F. annul (v.) 4. He has often been mentioned as a potential political candidate in the country, but he
G. side with (v.) doesn’t seem interested in ............................. office.
H. polls 5. If an election or a contract is........................... ... it is declared invalid, so that legally
I. constitutional it is considered never to have existed.
J. nominate 6. In recent decades, the region has been the focus of political, economic and military
K. verdict by the great powers.
L. parliament 7. Leaders of all the major political .......................... have joined together to condemn
M. intervention this latest violent incident by extremist groups.
N. stalemate 8. The new President promised to end years of government .............................
O. vote (v.) 9. The Opposition leader led a very forceful attack on the government in ....................
P. justify 10. The threat of violence and real fear of revolution prompted the Government to
Q. paralysis adopt limited .............................changes.
11. The U. N. observers at the election claim to have witnessed some ..........................
in the voting.
12. There has been much speculation that America might be ...................... the rebels.
13. Tomorrow’s meeting between the two leaders is expected to break a diplomatic
that has lasted for ten years.
14. Voters gave their ........................ on the Government’s economic policy last night
by voting for the Opposition.
15. What is politics, but persuading the public to ......................... for this, and support
that, and endure these for the promise of those?
Match the words with the
1 retain A. explain, defend, account for

2 monarch B. predicament, quandary
3 revere C. judgemoit, decision
4 irregularity D. insignificant, trivial
5 paralysis E. breakdown, stoppage, halt
6 verdict F. cancel, nullify, invalidate
7 vote (v.) G. legal, statutory, official
8 justify H. sovereign, ruler
9 annul L idolize, respect, venoate
10 intervention J. cast a ballot, go to ftie polls
11 minor (adj.) K. interfereace, mediation
12 constitutional L. wrtmgdoing, diônesfy
13 mess(n.) M. impasse deadlock, stand-off
14 panel (n.) N. group, cpimnittee, board
15 stalemate O. mamtain, presê
M MMiiiaiiiiii
about five words.
1. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe plans to reshufQe his cabinet on August 27 to secure an extension of the
navy*s support mission for Afghanistan following last month’s election defeat, reports said Sunday.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
2. Lee Myung-Bak, a former mayor of Seou), on Monday won the opposition Grand National Party’s nomination
to contest South Korea’s presidential election, party officials announced.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
3. The atmospho-e in Lelxmon is tense as two by-elections are held to replace murdered mmbers of parliament
from the governing anti-Syrian coalition.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
4. The United States and India finalized Friday an implementing agreement for their landmark civilian nuclear
deal after extensive talks in Washington, officials said.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
5. Syria will exchange ambassadors with Iraq aft^ a new Iraqi government is formed, Syria’s official news agency
reported Thursday, marking the first time Damascus has set a time fiame for restoring fiill diplomatic ties with
Bagdad after a 23-year break.
Headline: ____ ______________________________________
LlllUl.ip l,llllll«l[.i.ii .. ııııııı^■ıııw■ııııı■ııı■^^^^^^^ ............................................................................... .............
HJMMaan-, ........................................... ..... ..................

1. College ..................... Quiet After Demonstration

a. Client b. Campus c. Debate d. Probe
2. ........................................ Mayor Takes Of Office On Steps Of

City Hall d. Reform
a. Oath b. Stalemate c.
Majority
3. Rescuers ...................... Into Mine To Find Lost Workers d. Annul
a. Descend b. Assemble c. Retain
4. New Apartment House To Rise On ..................... Land
a. Frigid b. Comprehensive c. Minor d. Vacant
5. Poll To .................. Outcome Of Election
a. Qualify b. Predict c. Tempt d. eliminate
1 ....... A full-scale riot was prevented A. Justified by economic conditions.
2 ....... Management and the workers have reached B. Party as their candidate in the next election.
3 ....... The fear is that these minor clashes C. was established to investigate the complaints.
4 ....... It was declared that in the last election D. but the verdict was later overturned.
5 ....... The election results were annulled E. may develop into all-out confrontation.
6 ....... He was convicted of spying, F. only about 48 percent of eligible voters voted.
7 ....... He’s been nominated by the Conservative G. a stalemate in their negotiations.
8 ....... An independent review panel H. running against him in next month’s elections.
9 ....... There will be three candidates I. by the timely intervention of the police.
10 ..... Ministers agreed that this decision was fully J. by the courts amid renewed protests.
U
m iMM
Castro Speaks Live on Radio
President Castro had not appeared in a live ..................................since disappearing from the........................... eye
last July - after he .............................. emergency ............................. surgery. Since then, he’s only been seen in
still photographs and short pre-recorded video ............................shown on Cuban .............................. television -
and most of those have also included the Venezuelan President, Hugo Chavez. So, it’s no surprise that the Cuban
leader would have chosen Mr Chavez’ radio programme for his first live ....................................... in over seven
months.
The Cuban President ......................... less ............................in this broadcast than he has in the past. He told
Mr Chavez that he was feeling stronger every day and that his illness had given him more time for reading -
joking that he had become a student once again in his old age. He had .................................. for the Venezuelan
................for his ........................ of the South American country’s economy.
They also discussed other subjects like the use of agricultural products like ................................. and sugar for
the creation of ............................ fuels such as .................................. One thing he didn’t .................................. was
whether he would be returning to power in the near future. For now at least, it seems like Mr Castro is to
continue ......................... away from the public eye - while his brother, Raul, continues at the .......................... of
Cuba’s ........................... government.
See video clip 18 (Turkey's Presidential Election) and answer the following questions.
1. parliament................................................................. 10. threat ..................

2. dare .......................................................................... 11. strict ...................
3. fresh attempt ............................................................ 12. separation ..........
4. election ................................................................... 13. state ...................
5. political crisis .......................................................... 14. religion ..............
6. Foreign Minister ..................................................... 15. mastery protest....
7. presidential bid ....................................................... 16. secular principles
8. Pro-lslamic .............................................................. 17. round .................
9. party ........................................................................ 18. majority .............
I
I
?SMMHI1I1
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International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an
international humanitarian movement whose stated mission is
to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for the
human being, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering,
without any discrimination based on nationality, race, religious
beliefs, class or political opinions.
National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly
every country in the world. Each entity works in its home country
according to the principles of international humanitarian law and
the statutes of the international Movement. Depending on their specific circumstances and
capacities. National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not dii’ectly
defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement.
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)
Médecins Sans Frontières (English: Doctors Without Borders,
its official name in the United States) is a secular humanitarian-
aid non-governmental organization best known for its projects
in war-tom regions and developing countries facing endemic
MEDECINS
disease. MSF actively pro\ides health care and medical training SANS FRONTIERES
to populations in more than 70 countries, and frequently insists on political responsibility in
conflict zones such as Chechnya and Kosovo. Only once in its history, during the 1994
genocide in Rwanda, has the organisation called for a military intervention.
MSF received the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of its members’ continuous effort to provide
medical care in acute crises, as well as raising international awareness of potential humanitarian
disasters. Dr. James Orbinski, who was the president of the organization at the time, accepted the prize
on behalf of MSF. Prior to this, MSF also received the 1996 Seoul Peace Prize.
10 Ш language of Nows Homo 1181

riie News Lead
A lead (sometiiiies sailed lede journalists) is die gist, main idea or summary of a news story. The lead is in Ше
paragraph of a news story, and is below the headline. Sometimes it is preceded by the names of a state, city, news
og^ntty MA ity-line (i.e. a line at the t<^ of a newspaper or magazine article giving the writer*s name). Among the
diree major parts of a news story, namely the headline, the lead and the bo<fy, the lead is the most impcalant part
because it provides the gist of the story and invites êreaders inside.
In journalism, beginning a descripti(m widi details of seccmdary importance to the readers, forcing tiien to
read more de^ly into an article thtm foey should have to in order to discover foe essential point, and foe fiiilure to
meititm foe most interesting or attention-grabbing elements of a story in foe first paragraph is sometimes called
burying the lead. So, to attract foe readers, a good lead must be:
• Succinct
The lead is supposed to express the core or the most important part of the story in the fewest words, so it must
be succinct as ^ as possible.
• Informative
The lead must reveal the essence of the story. An empty lead is always reporters’ taboo.
• Intriguing
The lead, as the term suggests, serves to lead read^s to follow the story. Sometimes it is called a grabber^
which aims to grab the read«* as mudi as possible. As a result, reportai e7q)lore themselves deeply for
writing an interesting and fresh lead as well as avoid a sto'eotyped one.
■ Hard News Lead vs. Soft News Lead

A hard news lead (also summary lead, direct lead or roundup lead) aims to provide a comprehensive thesis which
tells the reada* what the article will cover. A soft news lead (also feature lead, delayed lead CM* buried lead)
introduces the topic in a more creative, attaition-getting frshicm, and is usually followed by a nut graph (i.e. a brief
sununary of frets). In die following, a detailed descriptiem of each type of lead is provided.
■ The Hard News Lead

Stories about crime, breaking mws, facts or figures, announcements and events often follow the standard hard
news lead. This type of lead includes the 5 WVand-H elemoits of journalism (i.e. wfu), what, when, where, why
and how\ delivering the main frets and giving a clear picture of what happened. The first sentence oftoi addresses
the who and what, leaving the second to provide additional inftirmation about die when, where, why and how.
Further explanation and detail is left to ftie body of the story.
Example:
Humans will be going to the moon again. The NASA announcement came as the agency
requested ten trillion dollars ofappropriations for the project.
■ Soft News Lead

While insqipropriate for hard news stories, a soft news lead is a compelling and oigaging way to begin stores
about people or events, stories that have little newsworthiness or that mey be outdated. A soft news lead ^ves the
writer mbre freedom and o-eativity since the point is not to deliver all the straightforward news, but to engage and
captivate the read«*. The writer may foreshadow events to come or create a sense of foreboding OT anticipated
surprise. Essential information is temporarily withheld. The writer teases before he/she pleases.
Example:
NASA is proposing another space project. The agency’s budget request, announced today,
included a plan to send another person to the moon This time the agency hopes to establish
a long-term facility as a jumping-off point for other space adventures.
The budget requests approximately ten gazillion dollars for the project.
Like a hard news lead, a soft news lead is always followed by a nut graph, vhidi gives a brief explanation of the
story, answering the who, what, when, where, why and how. After a soft news lead, however, the nut graph is
usually delayed but not for more than four or five paragraphs.
Nepal Curfew
/ Q Reading and listening
O
nce again the people of Kathmandu have had against King Gyanendra, his son Crown Prince Paras and
to rush back home after just six hours of increasingly, in favour of a republic.
freedom to move outdoors and with just an During the twenty-five hours of curfew just ended, some one
hour or two’s notice. hundred thousand people rallied on the edges of the curfew zone.
Three were shot dead by the police and gruesome pictures of
bodies lying in the streets have now appeared on local websites.
There were also smaller rallies within the curfew area where
the police did not enforce a shoot*on>6ight policy. More than ten
demonstrators have now died around the country in two weeks of
protests.
The king is growing increasingly unpopular fourteen months
after he took direct powers which he said were necessary to queli a
The new eleven hour curfew has been brought in by an long-running Maoist insurgency.
administration seemingly desperate to stop what has now become
a wave of demonstrations
HewWgnis
crown prince /,kraun 'prins/ noun : the son of a king or queen, who is expected to become the next king
• The crown prince will inherit (he throne when his father dies.
curfew /'k3:.f]u; || 'ks^/ noun : a rule that everyone must stay at home between particular times, usually at night,
especially during a war or a period of political trouble
• As the national conference got under way. the government imposed a curfew and banned strikes and
demonstrations.
desperate /'des.par.st || -pa^/ adj. : feeling that you have no hope and are ready to do anything to change the bad
situation you are in
• Refugees on the border are living in appalling (=terrible) conditions with desperate shortages of food, medicine and
water.
enforce /in'fois || -'fairs/ verb : to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
• The military government has warned people that the curfew will he strictly enforced, and anyone found in the
streets after dark will he shot immediately.
gruesome /'grui.sam/ adj. : extremely unpleasant and shocking, and usually dealing with death or injury
• It was a nasty accident, but I'll spare you (= I won 7 tell you) the gruesome details.
increasingly /in'krii.sig.li/ adv. : more and more over a period of time
• The citizens of the city are increasingly concerned about the rise in violent crime. long-running
/'iDij.i An.ig I I 'loii]-/ adj. : continuing for a long time
o The long-running legal battle had reached an impasse, as neither side would compromise. on sight
/on salt/ adv. : as soon as you see sb
« The army has been ordered to shoot rebel .soldiers on sight. outdoors
/.aui'doiz |1 -'dairz/ adv. : outside, rather than in a building
• Kids need to spend time outdoors in order to develop an appreciation for the beauties of nature.
LESSON 19 Nepal Curfew
protest /'prsu.test || prou'test/ noun : the expression of strong disagreement with or opposition to sth; a statement or an
action that shows this
• The workers staged a protest against the proposed changes in their contracts.
quell /kwel/ verb : to stop sth such as violent behaviour or protests
• After 10 days of gun battles, army troops were called out to quell the violence.
rally /'rasl.i/ verb : to come together, or to bring people together, to support an idea, a political party, etc.
• Supporters/Opponents of the new educational system are trying to rally people in favour of/against it.
republic /ri'pAb.lik/ noun : a country that is ruled by a president or other leader that people vote for, rather than by a
king or queen
• The agreement had calledfor a ceasefire along the border between the two former Soviet republics. rush
/rAj/ verb : to move very quickly, especially because you need to be somewhere very soon
• Ambulance crews rushed to the scene of the accident. seemingly
/'sir.mig.li/ adv. : according to what you know or how sth appears
• The President remained confident and seemingly untroubled by the recent political crisis.
shoot /fu:t/ {past tense shot) verb : to fire a bullet or an arrow, or to hit, injure or kill a person or animal by firing a
bullet or arrow at them
• Twenty people were shot dead in the city making it the worst killing since the riots.
unpopular /An'pop.Ju.l9(r) II -'pa:.pjd.l9/ adj. : unpopular with/among sb: disliked by many people
• The proposed increase in income tax proved deeply unpopular with the people.
website /'websait/ noun : a set of pages of information on the Internet about a particular subject, which have been
published by the same person or organization, and often contain colour pictures, video and sound
• The Government has launched a website containing information on environmental issues.
zone /z9un II zoun/ noun : an area or a region with a particular feature or use
• In 1980, China established four special economic zones in order to attract foreign investors, technology,
and expertise.
ÊmeMs
% i $
1. Certain parts of the city were militarized ............................ which only authorized
A. zone (n.) personnel could enter.
B. enforce 2. Five people were killed and 200 injured as riot police tried to .................................
C. onpt^nla disturbances.
r 3. He quickly gained political popularity, was elected president and declared his
BL ran^fv.) an independent nation.
E. 4. Many of the United States’ allies ........................... behind the Americans in their
R- war against terrorism after the attacks on the World Trade Centre.
6. sancdoq 5. Police ........................ one suspect when he pulled a gun on them.
(n.) K lepnlê L 6. Recent events in the region have compelled the U.N. to send in more peace-keeping
hmîftniîng J. troops to ........................... the ceasefire.
protein (^) 7. The authorities have put tanks on the streets to discourage any ............................
8. The guards were ordered to shoot........................... anyone trying to escape.
9. The major political parties were ............................. aware of the need to compete for
working-class support.
10. The newspaper article included a .......................... description of the murder.
11. The situation is now .......................... ... with hundreds of people in danger of losing
their homes to the advancing fire.
12. The whole area was immediately placed under ............................. and restrictions
were not relaxed until midnight.
13. There has been a ............................... debate between those in favour of military
action and those who are against.
14. Usually, ....................... legislations are unlikely to be introduced before elections.
m
1 on sight A. set time when people must be indoors

2 increasingly B. region, area, domain
3 seemingly C. hurry, make haste
4 outdoors D. immediately
5 curfew E. demonstration; objection; opposition
6 gruesome F. to an increasing degree, more and more
7 rush (v.) G. apparently
8 zone (n.) H. fire a weapon, discharge, launch
9 protest (n.) I. horrible, repulsive, grisly
10 rally (v.) J. suppress, quash, put down forcibly
11 quell K. outside; in the open air
12 enforce L. compel, impose, implement
13 shoot (v.) M. unite, join together
14 unpopular N. disliked, unwelcome, rejected
15 desperate O. hopeless, despairing
ii Mil
news lead.
a. Electoral Crisis In Mexico

b. An Unyielding Demand For Justice
c. Suspension Of Israeli President Approved
d. Amid Protests, PM Vows To Stay In Office
e. British Prime Minister Unveils Anti-Terror Proposals
1. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Gordon Brown says some new measures will be incorporated into fordicoming counter-tefrorism bill.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The two front runners each declared victory even as officials declared the contest was too close to call.
3. Headline: __________________________________ ____________________________________ •
News lead: As evidence of Japan’s wartime use of forced labour has emerged, lawsuits against die government and
successors to mining companies have multiplied.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The Prime Minister, emboldened by Arab and international support, hopes to resist Hezbollah efforts to
force him to resign.
5. Headline: ________________
News lead: A parliamentary committee voted 13 to 11 to declare Moshe Katsav *êmpore(rily incapacitated” while
prosecutors pressed ahead with a case against him.
Hi
1. “Charges Against Me Are ...................... Complains Governor
a. Undeniable b. Frank c. Absurd
d. Mediocre
2. High School Principal To ...................... Student Autos

a. Preserve b. Prohibit c. Abolish d. Underestimate
3 ..................... Flight Of Space Ship For 48 Hours

a. Announce b. Rally
c. Enforce d. Postpone
4. Witness Promises To . .................Truth Today
a. Reveal b. Denounce
c. Quell d. Challenge
5. “Best Novel In A ........
a. Conflict b. Decade c. Curfew d. Protest
1 ......... Even the police were horrified at A. to enforce a ban on marches by demonstrators.
2 .......... The riot police were out on the streets B. rally opposition to the Government.
3 .......... The main effect of the new tax was to C. zone after it was devastated by a tornado.
4 .......... Thousands of people have taken to the streets D. the gruesome nature of the killings.
5 ...........The anti-government riot was promptly E. quelled by soldiers using guns and tear gas.
6 ...........The policies followed by the party seem to be F. long-running trade dispute, but without success.
7 .......... His increasing financial difficulties G. forced him to take desperate measures.
8 .......... The town was declared a disaster H. quite unpopular with the general public.
9 ...........Prisoners have been holding hunger strikes I. in defiance of the curfew.
10 ......... Every effort was made to settle the J. in protest against their living conditions.
Concern for BBC Correspondent in Gaza

Over the last week ............................... have ............................. around Gaza as to what’s happened to Alan
Johnston. But there’s an almost complete ......................of ............................. information.
As the BBC is ........................... today, there’s still no independent ..............................that Alan Johnston has
been ............................... The corporation says that the .......................... in Gaza and beyond continue to insist that
everything possible is being done to ..............................the reporter. But it’s disappointing, the BBC says, that a
week on still there’s no ............................ word as to his ................................ or condition.
The hope will be that, now a new .................................. government has at last been ............................. ..
Alan
Johnston’s suspected ............................ can move back to the top of the regional..............................
Ml Ü
See video clip 19 (German Train Drivers Strike over Pay) and answer the following
questions.
1.
A. vote
Find the meanings, pronunciations and parts
.......................................................................... 12. far-reaching
of speech .........
of the following words.
2. stage ........................................................................ 13. personnel director
3. series ....................................................................... 14. excessive .............
4. strike ........................................................................ 15. irresponsible ........... ...
5. peak ......................................................................... 16. representative ......
6. period ...................................................................... 17. countrywide ........
7. union ....................................................................... 18. stoppage ..............
8. issue......................................................................... 19. staff .....................
9. ultimatum ................................................................ 20. open-ended ..........
10. sustainable ............................................................. 21. reinforce .................
11. network .................................................................. 22. wage increase ........
B. Using the words in part (A), provide a summary of the piece of news
?SpoingMii9i
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World Bank
The World Bank is an international organization that is part of the UN (United
Nations), which lends money to poorer countries so that they can develop their
farming, industry, and health and education systems. Its official name is the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
The World Bank is one of two major financial institutions created as a result
of the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The International Monetaiy Fund, a
related but separate institution, is the second.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization
that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and
balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical
assistance. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., USA.
The IMF describes itself as “an organization of 185 countries, working
to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate
international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty”. With the exception of North Korea, Cuba, states participate
Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Tuvalu, and Naum, all UN member
directly in the IMF. Some are represented by other member states on a 24-member Executive
Board but all member countries are members of the IMF’s Board of Governors.
iP ihe langoaiio Of News Media 119 ]

Types of News Lead
Widi the сшВписш de^lcfmient in journalism, the news lead is becoming miare and more colourfiil: more
succinct language^ more АшЫе foims and stronger readability. News leads are largely classified into IS types:
Example:
Turning Boys into Thieves
Jing'an District police said whoi th^ interrogated Li Xiguang, he ronarked that migrant boys 10 to 15
years old who were smart and handsome were best at becoming skilled pickpockets and burglars.
1. Delayed Lead
The delayed lead (also called the feature lead, soft lead or buried lead) is totally different from other types of lead.
In this kind of lead a roundabout way is used to tell the reader what happened. The main fact is not released in the
first paragraph; instead it appears in the second, or sometimes in the third, even the fourth paragraph. Readers may
be puzzled at the first glance, but with the development of the story, they will finally catch the essence of the story
and undoând the reporter’s intention. This type of lead serves as same as the ‘suspense lead’ to arouse the
curiosity of the read» and to increase the story’s readability and glamour.
Example:
New Japanese leader Puts Tokyo War Shrine in Spotlight
The scene is peaceful: Stone lant»ns and dierry trees line a path running under a graceful ardi. Beyond,
stairs lead beneath a gold>trimmed roof into the silent wooden shrine. Peaceful, yes. But the theme here
is war.
Honored Avithin the airy precincts of Yasukuni Shrine are Japan’s 2.5 million war dead, including
executed war criminals, architects of Tokyo’s bloody mardı through Asia and its surprise assault on
Pearl Harbor.
Now Japan’s new Prime Minister has put the shrine and its tortured history back in the headlines
with a pledge to pay a visit himself - with no apologies to his country’s former victims. Sudi a visit -
scheduled for Aug. 15, the 56* anniversary of Japan’s World War Two surr«ider - is certain to outrage
countries that suffered under Japanese wartime aggression, especially South Korea and China.
2. Contrast Lead
Contrast leads compare or contrast one person or thing with another. This type of lead is usually several short
paragraphs. It is used to tell the read» the way something was “before” and the way it is “now”.
Example:
City Struggles with Shock of Deadly Bombing
Oklahoma City will never be the same. This is a place, after all, where terrorists don’t venture. The
heartland, people kept saying. Car bombs don’t kill children here.
Wednesday, changed everything. In an explosion felt at least 15 miles away, the fresh, innocent
morning turned to horror. In five seconds, witnesses said, floors at die Alfred P. Murrah Federal
Building “cascaded on top of each other.”
3. Question Lead
In this kind of lead, one question which is among public concerns is put forward at the beginning. Shortly after
that, the answer is revealed step by step. Question leads are more effective when a writ» is writing an essay on
environmental issues, argumentative essays and many more.
Example:
War on Iraq
Is war with Iraq inevitable? The question has been on the minds of millions for weeks.
4. Anecdotal (Narrative) Lead

Narrative leads (also called anecdotal leads) are most popular on feature and non-breaking news stories. This type
of lead is used to add colourful detail and set the scene for a story. The purpose of using a narrative lead is to cause
read»s to feel like ftiey are in the middle of the action of the story.
Example:
5% Tuition Increase
Standing behind die count» at the local Dairy Queen, Justin Forsythe balances an ice »earn scoop in one
hand and his Calculus textbook in the oth». Between churning shakes and chan^g twenty dollar bills, he
pours ov» the text, desperately »amming for his 8 a.m. exam.
He knows he should be at home or in the library. But since legislators tacked on an additional five
p»cent in»ease for his in-state tuition, he’s had to take all the hours he can get, digging out scoop after
scoop to make sure he can afford to stay in school for his last semest».
11. Combined Lead

The combined lead (also called the multiple element lead) ref^s to a type of lead describing two cr more imp(»tant
facts at the same time. This type of lead oft«i appears in major or complicated news facts. Tbe major feature of
oHnbined leads is die use of ccmjunctions (e.g. as, amid, and, vdiile, in the wake oQ.
Example:
Rioters Angry over Katmandu Killings - New King Enthroned, Curfew Enforced Prince Gyanaidra took
the throne gsNepal’s new king yesterday as police in Katmandu fired bullets and tear gas at rioting
youth demanding an explanation of a shooting that killed nine royals. Two people died and at least 19
were injured, doctors said.
12. Label Lead

Because of its emptiness, this kind of lead is also called the empty lead. Instead of summarizing die most
important part of the story, this type of lead only mentions a bit of it, serving as the opening of the iôle story. The
unique quality of this kind of lead enables it to report a declaration, a treaty, a speech, an official meeting, etc.
Example:
Chinese, Nigerian Presidents Hold Talks
Chinese President Jiang Zemin began talks with his Nigîan counterpart Mamadou Tandja Tuesday
afternoon. The two heads of state will exchange views on bilateral relations and other issues of common
concern.
13. Staccato Lead (Pronounced /sto'kaitou/)

Staccato leads are made up of a short burst of phrases that lure readers into a story by setting the story with
tempting details. It is a dramatic way of introducing the topic of the feature article. In staccato leads, quick details
are followed by concrete information that tells the readers what the story is about.
Example:
Corazon Aquino Laid to Rest
Yellow roses. Yellow ribbons. Yellow balloons. Yellow T-shirts. Yellow confetti. All these dominated
Cory’s last day on earth; and all these signify love for Présidait Corazon Aquino from die Filipino nation
and even die world.
14. Blind Lead

The blind lead delays identification of a person, group or event. The writer may use the suspoided into’est form,
delaying identification until the end of the article, or the identity may be revealed in die lead.
Example:
President Addresses the Nation
The man shifted on his feet uneasily. He looked at the crowd in front of him. He tapped die microphone
to see if it was working. The presidait-elect of the United States was ready to speak.
15. Irony Lead

The irony lead is the heaviest weapon in the arsenal of style. Irony spotlights the difference between things as they
should be and things as they are.
Example:
Belt-tightening Effort in Colorado
The President of the United States spoke Tuesday about govemmoital belt-ti^toiing efforts during the
curroit infiationary siege. Wednesday, he flew to Coloado fcxr a vacation. Cost to taxpayers: $57,000.
Lesson
20
/ 0 Beamm and usteniiig
T
he Asian Development Bank (ADB) is tracking of the waves which pummelled the Asian coast on December
the money promised and the mounting costs of twenty-sixth.
reconstniction in the region. Bank president More than seven-hundred kiiometres of roads were damaged
Hanihiko Kuroda had told delegates to the conference in india. In Aceh, nearly half the population lost their livelihoods. In
that the world's attention must remain focused as the kind Sri Lanka, a hundred-thousand homes were destroyed, as well as
of help needed moves from relief to rehabilitalion. sixty-five percent of the country’s fishing fleet At the same time, the
bank president said the money donated must be well spent in a
predictable, transparent strategic and effective manner. He warned
of the potential for gaps, overlaps and duplications. His concerns
were echoed in recorded messages from former US presidents Bill
Clinton and George Bush Senior. Mr Bush said that on a recent
tour of the region, governments had assured him they will be good
stewards of the money raised to assist them.
in describing where the shortfall in funding lies, Mr Kuroda issued a

reminder of the dreadful impact
Himriiiimls
Asian Development Bank /'ei.33n di'vel.ap.mant baegk/ noun (abbreviation ADB) : a regional development bank
established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and
technical assistance
• Asian Development Bank's mission is to help the developing member countries reduce poverty and
improve the quality of life of their citizens.
assure /a'J’Difr) || -'Jyy verb : to tell sb that sth will definitely happen or is definitely true, especially in order to
remove doubt about it
• The Prime Minister assured the electorate (=voting public) that taxes would not be increased after the
election.
delegate /'del.i.gat/woM« : a person chosen or elected by a group to speak, vote, etc. for them, especially at a
conference or a meeting
• Delegates from the warring sides held a new round of peace talks, but went away empty-handed.
donate /dau'neit || 'doo.neit/ verb : to give money or goods to help a person or organization
• The Vatican has agreed to donate $80,000 in humanitarian aid to countries affected by the war. dreadful
/'dred.fal/ adj. : very bad, of very low quality, or shocking and very sad
• This was a dreadful crime and a severe sentence is necessary.
duplication /,dju:.pli'kei.Jan || ,du:-/ noun: a situation in which one thing has the same purpose or effect as another
and is therefore not necessary
• The government is conducting a study of services offered at the state andfederal level to see if there is a
duplication of services that could be eliminated.
gap /gjep/ noun : sth missing that stops sth else fi*om being good or complete
• The richest 20% of the world’s population has 60 times as much wealth as the poorest 20%, and the gap is
growing every day.
LESSON 20 Tsunami Bank
impact /'im.paekt/ noun: impact (of sth) (on sb/sth): the effect or influence that an event, situation etc. has on sb/^
• Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to minimize the impact of the oil spill.
issue /'ij-u: || 'is.ju:/ verb : to announce sth or give it to people officially c
• The government has issued a new document mapping out (êxplain in detail) its policies on education. lie
/lai/ verb : (of ideas, qualities, problems, etc.) to exist or be found
• The lawyer said that the difficulty of his case lies in providing sufficient evidence on his innocence.
livelihood /'laiv.li.hud/ noun : the job or other source of income that gives sb the money to pay for food, a place to
live, clothing, etc.
• There are many who have suffered personal disaster and whose livelihoods have been destroyed by natural
catastrophe or invasion.
overlap /,эи.уэ'1аер || ,ou.va^/ noun : overlap (between sth and sth): a shared area of activity, interest, knowledge,
idea, responsibility, etc.
• There is a considerable overlap between what district councils are doing and what regional policy is
attempting to achieve.
potential /pa'ten.tfal/ noun : potential (for/for doing sth) : the possibility of sth happening or being developed or used
• Decades of dictatorial regimes have prevented Iraq from achieving its full potential. predictable
/pri'dik.ta.bl/ adj.: if sth is predictable, you know in advance that it will happen or what it will be like
• In the current economic climate, it is fairly predictable that unemployment will continue to rise. pummel
/'рлт.э1/ verb : to cause a lot of damage to a place; to keep hitting sb/sth hard, especially with your fists
• Bombers pummelled the village seized by the rebels.
raise /reiz/ verb : to collect money that you can use to do a particular job or help people
• The greatest challenge for the new government will be raising funds to rebuild the war-torn country.
reconstruction /,ri:.kan'strAk.f3n/ noun : the process of building or creating sth again that has been damaged or
destroyed
• After the war, selection of a president who could meet the needs of national reconstruction was truly a
great task.
rehabilitation /,ri:.ha,bil.i'tei.]‘sn/ noun : return to a good or healthy condition, state or way of living
• Our organization is working to implement victim assistance and rehabilitation programmes in the
war-torn region.
shortfall /'j'o:t.fo:l || 'j'o:rt.fa:l/ noun : the difference between the amount you have and the amount you need or expect
• The tax increase would help fill an estimated $4 billion shortfall in transportation funding over the next
two decades.
steward /'stju:.9d Ц 'stui.gd/ noun : sb who protects sth or is responsible for it, especially sth such as nature, public
property, or money
• Kissinger was once the chief steward of US foreign policy.
tour /tua(r), t3:(r) || tur/ noun : an official series of visits made to different places by a sports team, an orchestra, an
important person, etc.
• The official photos of the prime minister’s tour of India are in the magazine.
track /trsek/ verb : to follow the progress or development of sb/sth over a period
• The military use radar satellites to track targets through clouds at night.
transparent /trsen'spaer.snt || trsn'sper-/ adj. : (of language, information, etc.) clear and easy to understand or
recognize
• The existing financial mess is one reason for the government’s decision to make the law more transparent.
îxeivlses
WİMÜ m
HHHI Ü M
m n
1. About 75% of the population of the Gambia depends on crops and livestock for its
A. issue (v.)
B. raise (v.) 2. A growing proportion of companies now expect to hire workers from abroad to fill
C. potential (n.) the ..............................
D. delegate (n.) 3. A report ........................... by the International Labour Organization in 1996 said
E. transparent that Asia has the greatest number of children working, at 45 million.
F. donate 4. Post-war economic ............................... in the country must begin with the
G. pummel resumption of industrial production.
H. assure 5. State lawmakers were criticized for failing to provide money to cover the ...............
I. reconstruction 6. The ...................... of the media is just one of many influences that shape people’s
J. track (v.) attitudes and behaviours.
K. shortfall 7. The company has to make its accounts and operations as ..................... as possible.
L. gap 8. The department is reported to be formulating ideas for new mechanisms to
M. duplication money from the private sector.
N. impact (n.) 9. The Government has ............................ over 100,000 pounds of wheat to aid in
O. livelihood famine relief in Ethiopia.
P. resolution 10. This new company has the ...................to become very profitable in the next year.
Q. predictable 11. The police were able to ............................. the bank robbers to an old abandoned
warehouse.
12. The tension was quite .........................., given the bitter hostility between the two
countries.
13. The U.N. has .......................... the government that they will not interfere in their
internal affairs.
14. U.N. officials are meeting with ......................... from both sides of the conflict in
an attempt to begin negotiations.
15. We need to restructure the company somewhat to reduce the ............................ of
services by different departments.
1 gap A. process of rebuilding; recreation

2 potential (n.) B. influence, effect
3 impact (n.) C. deficit, shortage, amount lacking
4 reconstruction D. hiatus; great difference, disparity
5 assure E. publish, distribute, circulate
6 steward F. beat with the fists, punch repeatedly
7 dreadfiil G. promise, pledge
8 delegate (n.) H. possibility; ability
9 shortfall L replication, copying
10 pummel J. official, marshal, organizer
11 issue (v.) 'K give, contribute
12 duplication L. representative, deputy
13 transparent M. terrible, horrible
14 track (v.) N. trail, trace, pursue
15 donate O. obvious, apparent, evident
HttEEiE im m
about five words.
1. Hundreds of thousands of Britcxis hit 1^ the worst flooding in 60 years &ced furtho* misery on Thursday as
forecasters predicted more rain in the areas most badly affected.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
2. Sixteen Asian nations have pledged to work together to save energy and develop new supplies in the face of
soaring world oil prices.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. The United States and Britain Thursday presented a draft resolution in flie UN Security Council to enhance and
expanded ftie role of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UN AMI).
Headline: _______________________________________________________
4. At least 109 reported dead as torrential seasonal rain brings floods and landslide to northwestern island of
Sumatra, and rescue workers struggled to bring aid to those displaced.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. As Malaysia braced for fresh flooding, rescuers reaching remote Indcxiesian villages for the first time since
weeklong rains triggered floods and landslides said Friday that survivors were ddiydrated and in despoate need of
medical attention.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
1. Sick Child Visited By ...................... Specialist

a. Shortfall b. Prominent c. Amateur d. E)read
2. Flu Germs ...................... . Elderly Citizens

a. Menace b. Resist
c. Pollute d. Pummel
3. Stolen Jewels Are Objects Of ....................... . Search
a. Valid b. Predictable c. Unforeseen
d. Massive
4. Huge Unemployment In ....................... Areas
a. Reluctant b. Transparent c. Urban
d. Urgent
5. Weatherman Apologises For ........................ . Weekend Forecast
a. Valid b. Gloomy c. Obvious d. Solitary
■iEMiiilil
Si
1 ......... Tougher environmental laws could have negative A. a denial of the report that she is about to resign.
2 ........... The committee was established to benefit the B. the potential for economic growth.
village area C. some of the gaps in the victim’s story for police.
3 .......... The company had to trim its budget D. a more transparent democratic government.
4 .......... The spokesman assured the refugees E. impacts on economic growth.
5 .......... The common goal of all banks is to maximize F. to compensate for the shortfall in revenue.
6 .......... The witness was able to fill in G. by raising funds for improvements.
7 ......... Citizens are asking for H. that they will not be sent back to their countries.
8 .......... The Prime Minister issued I. to the conference being held in Beijing next year.
9 .......... The museum has reopened J. after nearly two years of reconstruction.
10 ......... She has been chosen as a delegate
Education Bill Backs IndiaN Poor

The congress-led government wants to extend .................................. action for the lowest members of India’s
............................ caste system to .............................. universities. It wants the many independent business,
technical and medical colleges to......................... places for students from the traditionally....................................
against and ..................... tribal communities and low......................... , also known as Dalits or ..............................
Government colleges already admit more than a fifth of their students from these groups.
To change the law, the government needs to ....................... India’s ........................... , where protection of the
so-called ......................... castes and tribes is .............................. It needs a two-thirds ....................... to do so, but
the main ........................ BJP .................. ... says it won’t support the ............... unless colleges run by religious
..................... like the Muslims, are also included. Some private colleges are also ...................... , saying they fear
a ................. in standards if the law is changed.
See video clip 20 (Southeast China Braces for Sepat) and answer the following questions.
1. typhoon Sepat ...................................................................................... 14. instruct ...........................................
2. province ............................................................................................... 15. venue.............................................
3. resident ............................................................................................... 16. monitor ...........................................
4. coastal areas ......................................................................................... 17. recall .............................................
5. torrential rain....................................................................................... 18. harbour ...........................................
6. meteorological station ........................................... 19. stock up on ..................................................................
7. cross ...................................................................... 20. emergency supply ........................................................
8. headquarters .......................................................... 21. approach ........................................... ..........................
9. relocate .................................................................. 22. emergency personnel ...................................................
10. vessel .. .... ........................................................... 23. stack................................... .... ....................................
11. direct ................................................................................................ 24. sandbag ...........................................
12. maritime ........................................................................................ 25. flood-prone ........................................
13. authority .................................................................... 26. tropical storm
B. Using the words in part (A), give a summary of the piece of news
?spotiigiitC20]
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Adctress [«^SPOTLIGHT
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical assistance. It is a multilateral
development financial institution owned by 67 members, 48 from the region and 19 from other parts of the globe. ADB’s vision is a region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and
improve the quality of life of their citizens.
African Development Bank (ADB)
The African Development Bank (ADB) is a development bank established in 1964 with the intention of promoting economic and social development in Africa. It is a conglomeration of the African Development Bank (ADB), the African
Development Fund (ADF), and the Nigeria Trust Fund (NTF). Since its establishment, the ADB Group has placed an emphasis on the role of women, education and structural reforms, and lent its support to key initiatives such as debt
ADB
alleviation for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). It currently has 77 members: 53 countries in Africa and 24 American, European, and Asian countries.
WLÊ
10 The language of News Media I2gi

Information and Attribution in a News Story
■ Information as the Source of the News

News writing depends on ‘information’ and the quality of the writing is tied to the quality of the information. The
quality of the information depends on its ‘source’. There are three types of sources:
• Stored: Information that can be looked up in a book, in a library, or on the Web.
• Observational: Information that reporters obtain from personal experience, by going to a city council
meeting, a fire, a press conference, etc.
• Personal; Information that is obtainable from talking to people. Most news reporters interview people to
complete their news stories.
News reporters want the best information available; therefore, they will try to gather it from die people who
know the most or who are closest to a situation. Not only are these people likely to have the best information, but
they are also likely to be the most credible sources.
■ Attribution
Attribution simply means telling the readers whê the information in the story comes from, as well as vrtio is
being quot^. Generally, attribution means using a source’s full name and job title (when relevant). Information
from sources is eidi^ ‘quoted directly’ or ‘paraphrased’. Quoting (sometimes called a direct quotation) means
using the exact words that the source used. A direct quote uses quotation marks (“ ”) around the Words of the
source and then gives the name of the source.
A paraphrase (sometimes called an indirect quotation) is when you change the words of a direct quotation or
whai you put what the speaker has said in your own words.
Direct quotation: “My opponent is distorting my record," Bradley said.
Paraphrase: Bradley said the vice president was distorting his record
Here are some examples for diree sources of attributicm:

1. Paraphrase
Example: Jeb Jones, a resident of the trailer park, said the sound of the tornado was terrifying.
2. Quote
Example: “It sounded like a giant locomotive train coming through. Fve never heard anything like it, ” said Jeb
Jones, who lives in the trailer park.
3. Paraphrase and Quote (i.e. simultaneous use of both paraphrases and direct quotes)
Example: Jeb Jones, a resident of the trailer park, said the sound of the tornado was terrifying. “It sounded like a
ffant locomotive train coming through I’ve never heard anything like it, ’’ Jones said
NB In news stories a source's full name is used on the first reference, then just the last name on all subsequent
references. If die source has a specific title or rank, their title is mentioned before dieir fiill name on the first
reference, thoi just the last name after that
■ Different Types of Attribution

There are four distinct types of attribution:
1. On the record: All statemoits are directly quotable and attributable, by name and title, to the person making
the statanent.
Example: “The U.S. has no plans to invade Iraq, ” said White House press secretary Jim Smith Reporters
usually strive to have their sources speak on the record whoiever possible. A named source gives a story greater
credibility.
2. On Background: All statemaits are directly quotable, but can’t be attributed by name or specific title to the
person commenting.
Example: “The U.S. has no plans to invade Iraq," a White House spokesman said
3. On Deep Background: Anything that is said in the intêw is usable but not in direct quotation and not for
attribution. The repwt«* writes it on his or her own.
Example: The U.S. has no plans to invade Iraq.
4. Off the Record: Inft)rmation is for the reporter’s use only and is not to be printed or made public in
anyway. The information also is not to be taken to anotho* source in hopes of getting confirmation.
Lesson India Gets First Woman
21 President since Independence
/ 9 Reading and Usienlng
A
t a oolourfiil and impressive œiemony in the Speaking to the dignitaries gathered before her, President
Indian parliament, Pratibha Pat1 was sworn in Patil paid tributes to those who had fought for her country's
as Inda's thirteenth president by the Chief Justice independence and said that India's democracy was a symbol of
of the Supreme Court, the first woman to assume the hope for the rest of the world. As president her role will be largely
post Earlier she received a guard of honour and was ceremonial; real power rests with the Prime Minister - although Mrs
driven to parliament in a ceremonial procession Patil will be commander-in-chief of one of the world's largest armed
accompanied by soldiers mounted on horses. forces.
She was a surprise choice for the top job. Her critics say she
lacks political stature and she courted controversy when she
suggested that Indian women were forced to wear the veil to
protect themselves from Muslim Invaders - comments she was
later forced to r^ct But her supporters say she will be a role model
for millions of Indian women who still face widespread
discrimination.
newWoiiis
accompany /a'kAm.pa.ni/ verb : to go with sb to a place or event
• The Prime Minister was accompanied on his trip by a number of his Ministers, as well as many important
business leaders.
assume /a'sju-.m |1 -'su:m/ verb: to start to have control, responsibility, etc. or to start in a particular position or job
• Control of government has been assumed by the Vice-President until the President is well enough to take
over again.
chief justice /.tfiif'd3As.tis/ noun : the most important Judge of a court of law, especially a very important court in a
country
• This M'av the chief justice of the state supreme court who pronounced the verdict. commander-in-chief
/k3,ma:n.d9r.in'tj‘i:f || ka.masn.ds^.in'tj'iif/ noun : a commander in charge of all the armed forces of a country or of
all the forces fighting in a particular area or operation
• The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone.
controversy /'kon.tra.vsi.si, ksn'trov.a-11 'ka:n.tra.v3^-/ noun : public discussion and argument about sth that many
people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by
• The election ended in controversy, with allegations of widespread vote-rigging.
court /ko:t II ko:ri/ verb : to do sth that might result in sth unpleasant happening, especially by behaving stupidly or
carelessly
• As he became the candidate in presidential election he courted considerable controversy.
critic /'krit.ik II 'krit-/ noun : sb who criticizes a person, organization, or idea
• The militaty regime has closed down two newspapers to silence its critics.
dignitary /'dig.ni.tar.i || -na.ter-/ noun : a person who has an important official position
• The guests were mainly press and broadcast journalists, investors, politicians and other dignitaries.
guard of honour /ga:d əv 'on.ə(r) 1| ga:rd əv 'a:.nəy : a group of people who walk or stand together at a special
occasion in order to show respect
• There was a guard of honour for the King to inspect - more than one hundred troops.
impressive /ım'pres.ıv/ adj. : (of things or people) making you feel admiration, because they are very large, good,
skilful, etc.
• The Parliament Buildings are a beautiful stone construction which look especially impressive when lit up
at night.
mount /maunt/ verb : to get on a bicycle, horse, etc. in order to ride it
• A man in a crash helmet was mounting a motorbike.
post /pəust II poüst/ noun : a job, especially an important one in a large organization
• Unfortunately they were unable to find a suitable person to fill the post. procession
/prə'sej'.ən/ noun : a line of people or vehicles moving slowly as part of a ceremony
• Thousands of people lined the streets to watch the presidential procession pass by.
rest with /rest wiö/ verb : rest with sb (to do sth): if it rests with sb to do sth, it is their responsibility to do it
• The committee has made certain recommendations, but the final decision rests with the President. retract
/rı'traskt/ verb : to say that sth you have said earlier is not true or correct or that you did not mean it
• The Prime Minister declined to be interviewed, instead issuing a statement in which he retracted his
earlier statements.
role model /rəul 'mod.əl || roul 'ma:.dəl/ noun : sb whose behaviour, attitudes, etc. people try to copy because they
admire them
• Sports stars have an obligation to serve as role models for thousands of youngsters.
stature /'staetj‘.ə(r) || -ə/ noun : the amount of public respect or popularity that sb/sth has
• If the company continues to gain in stature, it will attract the necessary’ financial support.
Supreme Court, the /su:,pri:m 'kə:t || su:,pri;m 'ko:rt/ noun : the most important court of law in some countries or
some states of the US
• In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court banned (=prohibited) racial segregation in American public schools.
swear in /sweər'ın || swer'in/ verb : swear sb in {past tense swore /swo:(r) || swə:r/ and past participle sworn
/swo:(r)n II svvo.'rn/): to make sb give a formal promise in a law court or at an official ceremony
• Clinton was .sworn in as the 42 nd President of the United States of America.
tribute /'trib.ju:t/ noun : tribute (to sb): sth that you say, do, or give in order to express your respect or admiration for
sb
• The new President paid tribute to his predecessor, thanking him for her great contribution to the nation.
veil /veil/ noun : a piece of thin soft cloth that women sometimes wear over their heads and which can also cover
their face
• In parts of Sudan, the interpretation of Islamic law dictates that females wear the veil starting at the age of
five.
LESSON 21 India Gets First Woman President since Independence
^ Exerelses
MiillH^ '■rsgJïïSîSS^.:^ mm.
1 ......................... have accused the Government of giving in to pressure from foreign

A. tribute companies.
B. accompany 2. Groups of unemployed people from all over the country marched in ........................
C. swear in to the capital.
D. court (v.) 3. He was ......................... as head of an interim government in March.
E. retract 4. If the President thinks he can remain in power by force, he is ..................................
F. procession disaster.
G. assume 5. It is the day when everyone should be paying .......................... to those who fought
H. impressive and died for the country.
I. Commander- 6. Supporters say there is no one of equal ............................. to replace the party’s
in-Chief leader.
J. controversy 7. Television and the media have come under increasing pressure from the Government
K. rest with not to publicize ............................over military and security matters.
L. critic 8. The decision about whether the man is innocent or guilty ........................................
M. stature the jury.
N. dignitary 9. The governor will be ............................. on his trip to China by a contingent of
O. ceremonial leading business leaders.
10. The President hurriedly sought to ............................ the statement, but it had just
been broadcast on national radio.
11. ............................................... The Queen is of the British armed forces.
12. The terrorists ........................... control of the plane and forced it to land in the
desert.
13. There was a solemn funeral attended by ........................... from different countries.
1 mount (a horse, bicycle, etc.) A. commit to an oath

2 procession B. go along with, go together vtdth
3 controversy C. parade, march, motorcade
4 retract D. disagreement, debate, argument
5 dignitary E. grand, striking, magnificent
6 veil (n.) F. cover, mask, shroud
7 critic G. friult-finder; analyst, judge
8 role model post (n.) assume (a H. position, job
9 job) impressive tribute swear I. status, rq)utation, prestige
3 in accompany stature J. praise, commendation, homage
11 K. sample for imitation
12 L. climb up, ascend
13 M. VIP, personage
14 N. take back, repudiate, renounce
15 O. take on a position or duty
Ш
Match the headlines with the news leads and write them in the spaces provided above
each news lead.
a. Ortega Leads Nicaragua Vote
b. France Is Set To Turn A ‘Historic Page’
c. Decisive Victory For Sarkozy In France
d. Nationalist Favored To Lead Japan Affirms Candidacy
e. US Presidential Contenders Take Part In Interactive Debate
1. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Candidates &ced questions from average citizens put to diem through video sharing website
YouTube.com.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The former Marxist revolutionary holds a strong lead over 4 other presidential candidates in
preliminary results.
3. Headline: ___________________________________________________________________________
News lead: In his declaration to run for the presidency of the governing Liberal Democratic Party, Shinzo Abe
said that Japan should seek a larger role in the world and further strengthen its alliance with the United States.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: On Sunday voters will choose two candidates for a runoff next month. Whoever they pick to succeed
President Jacques Chirac will probably usher in a new style of politics.
5. Headline: __________ ________________________ _________________________________________
News lead: The fiery former intîor minister obtained 53 percent of the vote, according to preliminary results,
while his Socialist opponent, S^goldne Royal, received 47 percent.

1. “Send Food To Relieve ..................... In Africa”
a. Famine b. Underdog c. Procession d. Stature
2. City Council In ......................Vote To Lower Taxes
a. Tribute b. Fortunate c. Unanimous
d. Ingenuous
3. Henry Ford Honoured As ....................... In Auto Industry
a. Stature b. Pioneer c. Chief Justice d. Commander-In-Chief
4. Millions To Warmth Of The Southwest

a. Appeal b. Retract c. Assume d. Migi ate
5. Producer To ........................ Musical Comedy Hit Of The 1920’s

a. Swear in b. Commence c. Revive
1 ......... The first duty of a soldier is to obey A. controversy over his recent education proposals.
2 .......... The minister has resigned amid B. procession in a public demonstration of grief.
continuing C. rested with the commander.
3 .......... The Opposition leader has been the D. political control of virtually all of India. •
strongest E. the party’s stature.
4 .......... Huge crowds followed the funeral F. but later retracted his statement.
5 .......... By the 19th century, Britain had assumed G. to those who had died in the war.
6 .......... The crowd stood in silent tribute H. veils which covered all but their eyes.
7 .......... The women wore black I. critic of the government’s tax proposals.
8 .......... Responsibility for any military operation J. his commander-in-chief
9 .......... He confessed to the murder,
10 ......... The election result enhanced
Mil
Mexico Drugs Crackdown
In the latest attempt to get a ................... on the .................... violent activities, the government is ..........................
two thousand six hundred people. They include forces from the defence ....................... , the navy and the security
ministry.
It brings the total number of ................. forces fighting drug .................... around Mexico to around twenty-six
thousand. The latest ......................... will be sent to the North Eastern States of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. The
navy will send ................... to ..... ............... the Gulf Coast to try to .................... drug .............................
The...................... quiet city of Monterrey, capital of Nuevo Leon has seen fourteen active or former police
officers killed so far this year. Many of the ...................... were ...................... and there have been a number of
In all of Mexico there have been more than two hundred cartel related .............................. this year. President
Calderon has been praised inside Mexico and by the Americans for his ............................. in .......................... the
cartels, but there have also been .......................... about a lack of results.
See video clip 21 (Japan Elects a New President) and answer the following questions.
1. upper house ............................................................. 10. string ................................................................

2. Democratic Party .................................................... 11. scandal .............................................................
3. rout ......................................................................... 12. derail ...............................................................
4. opposition politician ....... ....................................... 13. administration ..................................................
5. stand down.............................................................. 24. sack..................................................................
6. defeat ..................................................................... 15. financial irregularity .............................................
7. ruling coalition ...................................................... 16. Justice Minister ....................................................
8. lower house ............................................................ 17. recruit ..............................................................
9. reshuffle .................................................................. 18. trainee ..............................................................
I ?spofligiiU2ii
©SPOTLIGHT
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Address I SPOTLIGHT '' j §3 <’0

World Health Organization (WHO)
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of
the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on
international public hedth. Established on 7 April 1948, and
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the
mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization,
which had been an agency of the League of Nations.
WHO’s constitution states that its objective “is the attainment
by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” Its major task
is to combat disease, especially key infectious diseases, and to
promote the general health of the peoples of the world.
World Trade Organization (WTO)

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international
organization designed to supervise and liberalize international
trade. The WTO came into being on January 1, 1995, and is the
successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), WORLD TRADE
which was created in 1947, and continued to operate for almost five ORGANIZATION
decades as a de facto international organization. The WTO’s
headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
The World Trade Organization deals with the rules of trade between nations at a near- global level; it
is responsible for negotiating and implementing new trade agreements, and is in charge of policing
member countries’ adherence to all the WTO agreements, signed by the bulk of the world’s trading
nations and ratified in their parliaments. Most of the WTO’s current work comes from the 1986-94
negotiations called the Uruguay Round, and earlier negotiations under the GATT. The organization is
currently the host to new negotiations, under the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) launched in 2001.
g ihe language of News Media 1211

The News Body
The headline and the lead tell you the main ideas of the news story, but they do so in a very shortened form. They
give you enough information, however, to allow you to make an important decision. Th^ alldw you to decide
whether you want to read the story or to skip it and move on to another more interesting story. However, if you are
interested in the subject, you will want to know much more questions such as: when? vhere? ^\hy? how? what
effects? what significance? That is the function of the body of the story.
The body of the story is where you find detailed information. Basically, the body will give you three kinds
of information: details^ comments from people involved in the story^ and background irformation to help you und^stand
the story more deeply. The following short story has all of these elements.
Headline Earthquake jolts Japan capital

Dateline Tokyo, Reuters
A slight earthquake jolted the Japanese capital last
Lead ni^t but authorities said there were no immediate
reports of casualties or damage.
A spokesman for the Japan meteorological agency
statement said: An earth tremor was registered in Tokyo but
there are nor rôrts of casualties or damage.
The earth tranor struck shortly after midnight Tokyo
Details
time.
Residents of central Tokyo said the tremor was the
Background
strongest for several months in the capital.
■ Style of the News Body

The information in the body of a new^ story can be presented in several styles: inverted pyramid, hourglass, focus
or narrative. Each one is explained in detail in the following:
1. The Inverted Pyramid Style

Inverted pyramid stories arrange the information in descending order of importance or newsworthiness. The lead
states die most newsworthy, important or striking inibrmation and establishes the central point for the rest of the
story. The second paragraph - and sometimes the tiiird and fourth paragraphs - provides details that amplify the
lead. Subsequent paragraphs add less important details or introduce subordinate topics. Eadi paragraph presents
additional information: names, descriptions, quotations, conflicting viewpoints, explanations and background.
The primary advantage of the inverted pyramid is that it allows someone to stop reading a story after only
one or two paragraphs, yet still learn the newest, most newsworthy and most important facts. Hie inverted
pyramid also ensures that all the foots are immediately understandable. Moreover, if a story is longer than the
space available, editors can easily shorten it by deleting paragraphs from the end.
2. The Hourglass Style

The hourglass style of story writing is one that combines the strengths of the inverted pyramid and the narrative
format. As shown in the following figure, it begins in fypical inverted pyramid foshion, but after four or ftve
paragraphs stating the central point and most newsworthy foots, the story switches to a chronological narrative.
The key to the success of the hourglass format is the turn paragraph which makes the transition between the inverted
pyramid and narrative styles.
1. An
inverted
pyramid top
2. The turn
3. A chronological
conclusion
The hourglass story has three parts: an inverted pyramid top that summarizes the most newsworthy information, a
turn (pivot paragraph) and a narrative. The inverted pyramid top^ which may be only three to five paragraphs, gives
readers the most newsworthy information quickly. The narrative allows the writer to develop the story in depth
and detail, using the storytelling power of chronology.
The hourglass sfyle is not used for all stories. For stories that have no meaningful chronology, such as an
account of a city council meeting in vdiich topics are discussed in no particular order, the hourglass style is
useless. Biit for stories about many newsworftiy events (e.g. sports contests, criminal investigations, natural
disasters, political campaigns, etc.) the hourglass can be an effective way of organizing information.
3. The Focus Style

The focus style, like the hourglass style, tries to incorporate storytelling tediniques in the news story, but unlike
the hourglass, the focus story begins with a le^ that focuses on a specific individual, situation or anecdote and uses that to
illustrate a larger problem. The figure in the following shows the schematic representation of this style:
The focus story has four parts. The first is the lead, Mîdi, unlike the lead fcx* an invoted pyramid story, may run
three, four, five paragraf^s or m(»%. Also, unlike foe hard-news lead, the focus lead describes a po’scm, place,
situation or evmt foat may not be newsworthy by itself but exonplifies a laiga* p*oblem that is newsworthy. The
second part of the focus story is a nut graph - vfoidi may actually be two (H- three paragraphs - stating the central
point of the story and how the lead illustrates that point. The foird part of the story is the b^y, whidi develops foe central
point in detail. And foe final part is a one-, two- ac three-paragraph close, or kicker foat brings foe story to a
conclusion. The kicker often relates to the person, place or situation desoibed in foe ft)cus lead.
4. The Narrative Style

A narrative has two components: a story and a storyteller. A storyteller writes as a playwright or novelist would,
depicting people interacting with other people and within their surroundings. To write in foe narrative style, a
reporter must find people who are crucial to the story and record their actions. This technique requires more than
just interviewing sources, recording quotes and reporting numbers. It requires observation.
Observation does not mean reporters are fi-ee to interject their opinions into a story. It means foat reporters
observe people, places and events important to a story and describe them in vivid detail. Through those specific
details readers get a better sense of what is occurring. Notice the difference between the following sentences:
• Students are angry about the board of trustees ’ decision.
• Students gathered in the administration building lobby waving signs protesting tlK board of trustee’s decision.
The first soitence presents an opinion. Without using attribution it says the studaits are angry at the board’s
decision. The reader does not know whether the opinion is foe writer’s or not. The second sentence, however,
shows the student’s negative behaviour in response to the board’s decision.
A story written in narrative style may still lead with the news - the most important part of the story - but
then quickly switch to using chronology, flashbacks, dialogue and other storytelling techniques. Gaierally, sudi stories
have a beginning, a middle and an end, each of relatively equal importance. It is more difficult to cut foe final
paragraphs of narrative stories than of stories written in the in voted pyramid style.
Lesson
/ ^ Beading and usteohig
R
arely is a summit doomed to failure before it The Russian president, Viadimir Putin, said that both sides
begins but that looks very much like whafs would have to sit down and find acceptable solutions. His aides
going to happen to this one. For almost two stressed that this is something for EU member states to sort out
weeks now nearly every member of the EU has been amongst themselves. And Javier Solana, the EU's foreign policy
trying to get Poland to budge. But to no avail. The chief, was keen to play down the difficulties;
Polish government decided that unless something was JAVIER SOLANA:
done about Russia's refusal to accept its exports of This is a question that will be resolved. There's no question
meat and vegetables, then there would be no start about that, it’s not a big thing. It’s a question of import of meat that
made to replacing the stability and cooperation pact without any doubt will be resolved. It’s not a question of principles,
that’s now up for renewal. ifs not a question of a dramatic situation.
But this is embarrassing for the EU. Normally member states
can be brought round with either threats or promises. But Poland
wouldn’t budge this time and Europe has come to the summit
looking a little empty-handed. Negotiations on a new pact can of
course start later but this is a reminder of how swift Europe Is to
divide over what its relationship with Russia should be.
Neig Worts
avail /s'veil/ noun : of/to no avail: without getting the effect you wanted or intended; of no use; without success
• Some tried to persuade the Prime Minister not to resign, but their attempts were of little/no avail.
bring round /brig 'raund/ verb : persuade sb to change their opinion; convince
• The politicians didn ’t like the plan at first, but we managed to bring them round.
budge /bAd3/ verb : to change your opinion about sth; to make sb change their opinion
• The minister would not budge an inch on his education proposal.
doom /du:m/ verb : doom sb/sth to sth || doom sb/sth to do sth: to make sb/sth certain to fail, die, be destroyed, etc.
• The reluctance of either side to compromise means that the talks are doomed to fail. dramatic
/dra'mast.ik |1 -'maej-/ adj. : (of a change, an event, etc.) sudden, very great and often surprising
• This announcement signalled a dramatic shift in the government’s policy.
empty-handed /,emp.ti'hasn.did/ adj. : without getting anything for your effort
• Delegates from the warring sides held a new round of peace talks but went away empty-handed. keen
/ki;n/ adj. : keen to do sth/that .../on doing sth: wanting to do sth or wanting sth to happen very much
• With an election in the offing (= likely to happen soon), the Prime Minister is keen to maintain his
popularity. pact /paekt/ noun : pact (between A and B)/(with sb) (to do sth): a formal agreement between two
groups, countries, or people, especially to help each other or to stop fighting
• The free-trade pact is expected to produce economic benefits for all the countries involved principle
/‘prm.si.p.l/ noun: a basic belief theory, or rule that has a major influence on the way in which sth is done
• It is a basic principle of law that a person is innocent until proven guilty.
reminder /ri'mein.d3(r) || noun : reminder (of sb/sth)/(that ... ): sth that makes you think about or remember sb/sth,
that you have forgotten or would like to forget
• The soldiers ’ deaths are a powerful reminder of the price we pay for freedom.
renewal /ri'nju:.al || -'nu:-/ noun: the act of making a contract, etc. valid fa* a flolher period of time after it has finiêd
• The renewal of peace talks has been welcomed by all sides in the conflict.
sort out /sD:t 'aut Ц sairj 'aut/ verb : to successftilly deal with a problem or difficult situation
• India and Nepal have sorted out their trade and security dispute.
stability /sta'bil.i.ti || -a.ji/ noun : the state of not changing frequently, or not being likely to change suddenly and
become worse
• The country is now enjoying a period of relative stability and prosperity.
swift /swift/ adj. : happening or moving quickly or within a short time, especially in a smooth and easy way
• The government needs to take swift action to deal with the situation before a crisis developing.
up for sth /лр fo:(r) || лр fo:r/ adj. : intended, suggested or being considered for sth
• A third of the Senate and the entire Home are up for re-election.
js^ Exorebes
1. After a great deal of hunting around with flashlights, the policemen were forced to
A. summit go away .............................
B. pact 2. Following the break up of the Soviet Union, Russia has been ............................. to
C. sort out maintain an influence in the Caucasus region.
D. threaten 3. It has been said that the President abandoned his basic political ................................
E. doom (v.) while he was in power.
F. renewal 4. The atmosphere in the Middle East has been described as dangerous, and observers
G. budge (v.) fear a........................... in the conflict.
H. dramatic 5. The company used to pour energy into projects that were ......................... to failure
I. empty-handed from the start.
J. keen 6. The dispute could be.......................... if the two sides would just sit down and talk.
K. stabUity 7. The real threat to social ........................... comes from the inequality between the
L. principle rich and the rest of the population.
8. The rebel leaders are refusing to ............................ on their demands for control of
the 4 cities they had seized.
9. The U.S. and Russia have signed a .................................. agreeing to destroy the
majority of their nuclear weapons over the next 20 years.
10. TTiCTe has been a .................. shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations.
m m
1 renewal A. unsuccessfully, fhiitlessly

2 pact B. permanence, firmness,
3 budge strength
4 to no avail C. eager, avid, enthusiastic
5 stability D. prompt, rapid, immediate
6 dramatic E. resumption, recommencement
7 keen (adj.) F. considerable, striking
8 doom (v.) G. treaty, agreement, contract
9 sort out H. give in, yield, compromise
10 swift I. figure out, work out, solve
J. destine, predestine, preordain
LESSON 22 EU Russia Summit
...... mmmim
about five words.
1. Russia accused Georgia on Tuesday of febricating claims diat a Russian plane entered the country’s airspace
and dropped a missile because it wanted to create “a political tsunami.”
Headline:_______________________________________________________
2. The United States will offer Russia new incentives in a bid to persuade it to drop its opposition to U.S. plans to
build missile defense sites. The New York Times reported Saturday.
Headline:________________
3. State-controlled Russian group Rosneft wants to extract 140 million tons of oil by 2012 and become a global top
three enargy company, its chief executive said Sunday.
Headline:_______________________________________________________
4. Poland’s Foreign Minister Anna Fotiga said that her country was still optimistic that it might find a solution to
Russia’s embargo on Polish meat imports.
Headline:_______________________________________________________
5. European Union foreign minista's agreed on Saturday to give Iran two more weeks to clarify its stance on
halting sensitive nuclear work after Tdiran ignored a UN deadline to suspend uranium enrichmait Headline:
EsiHl 'mm
Which of the choices fits best in the headiines?
“Be ......................Of Get-Rich-Quick Schemes,” Warns Banker

Wary b. Reminder c. Gratefiil d. Keen
Referees Fail To Control ........................ Hockey Game

d. Swift
Keen b. Dramatic c. Unruly
Dieter Praised For ........................Figure

Observant b. Slender
c. Bewildered d. Casual
Training Film Shows How To Avoid Being .......... ............ Driver
Nimble b. Wary c. Reckless
d. Empty-Handed
.................... Dog Bites Three Children
Vicious b. Wary c. Harsh d. Sacred
1 .......... A non-aggression pact A. the party leader to lose his position.

2 ........... Hearing police sirens in the distance, B. dramatic effect on the country’s economy.
3 ........... The discovery of oil in the 1950s had a C. the robber was forced to flee empty-handed.
4 ........... The recent political crisis doomed D. will be signed between the two countries.
5 ........... The President is so adamant that E. he will not budge on this point.
6 .......... Occasional bursts of gunfire are a reminder F. renewal of their diplomatic relations.
7 .......... The conflict is becoming a threat to G. that the rebels are still active.
8 ........... The organization works on the principle H. stability in the region.
9 .......... Investigators are still trying to I. sort out why the accident happened.
10 ......... The two countries will discuss the J. that all members have the same rights.
possible
Stardust Mission Returns to Earth
An ................... of relief as Stardust finally .............................. in the Utah desert after a four and a half billion
kilometre journey that had taken the......................... half way out to Jupiter and through the ....................... of a
........................ The comet it had met was itself a visitor from the outer limits of the ............................ system and
the dust .................... it ..................... , and which Stardust caught, have been ........................... since the Solar
System ...................... billions of years ago.
The..................... containing the precious dust won't be opened until it reaches .................... ’s Johnson Space
Centre in Houston on Tuesday. Only then will it be known if the.................... was a complete success.
A hundred and fifty scientists around the world are .................................. to do the .............................analysis
and the tiny ......................, all finer than the width of a human hair, will keep ...................................... busy for
years. This will be the first time any of them has been able to study the ...................................... stuff of the solar
system in the lab.
See video clip 22 (Cancer Survival Rates in the UK) and answer the following questions.
1. cancer .............................................! ..................... 5. patient ........................................................................
2. survival ................................................................ 6. cancer care ................................................................. ...
3. average .................................................................. 7. breast ......................................................................... ..
4. health care ............................................................. 8. bowel .........................................................................
9. lung ......................................................................... 14. transform.............................................................
10. ovarian ................................................................... 15. reassessment........................................................
11. prostate .................................................................. 16. deliver ................................... .............................
12. health spending ..................................................... 17. diagnosis .............................................................
13. launch .................................................................. 18. radiotherapy .................. ..........................................
©M0©!lfK] SURVIVAL
Below
European
average
LESSON 22 EU Russia Summit
?SMII|MC22)

u it y.. ^ Seardi Folders
■; <3; SPOTLIGHT i ^ Go
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

The United Nations Children’s Fund (or UNICEF) was created by
the United Nations General Assembly on December ii, 1946 to
provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries
that had been devastated by World War II. In 1953, UNICEF
became a permanent part of the UN System and its name was
shortened from the original United Nations International
Children’s Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known by
the popular acronym based on this old name. Headquartered in New York Cily, UNICEF
provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in
developing countries.
In the United States, Canada and some other countries, UNICEF is known for its “Trick-Or-Treat for
UNICEF” program in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick-or-treat at on
Halloween night, sometimes instead of candy.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in
1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting
international collaboration through education, science, and culture in
order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human
rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.
UNESCO has 192 Member States and 6 Associate Members. The organization is based in Paris, with
over 50 field offices and several institutes and offices throughout the world.
UNESCO pursues its action through five major programs: education, natural sciences, social and
human sciences, culture, and communication and information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include
literacy, technical, and teacher-training programs; international science programs; the promotion of
independent media and freedom of the press; regional and cultural history projects, the promotion of
cultural diversity; international cooperation agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage
and to preserve human rights; and attempts to bridge the world-wide digital divide.
The Unguaie of iems Media 1221

Feature S t Â F i Intrjotluction
Most hard news stories (also called straight/spot news stories) describe recent events (e.g. meetings, crimes, fires
or accidents, etc.) using fiie basic 5W’s-and-R News stories also inform the public about topics that are important,
local or unusual.
Feature stories (also called feature articles, features soft news), by contrast, read more like non-fiction short
stories whidi cov^ real events, issues, and troids in-dq)th. They find their impact outside or beyond the realm of
the strai^t news stwy’s 5W’s-and-R In feet, they inform readers and viewCTs, but they also amuse, entertain,
inspire or stimulate. Because of these ^phases, thQ' are also called human interest stories.
Features may describe a person, place, process or idea rather than an event. Tbeir topics may be less timely,
less local and less eaiibshaking than those of hard news stories, but producers and editors find time and space to
run them because they are newsworthy and appeal to audience members. Some of the basic types of feature
articles are:.
• Entertainmmt
• Movie, television, music, plays reviews
• Celebrity interviev»rs
• Social columns
• Advice columns
• Celebrity gossip
• Obituaries
• Comic strips
Reporters use no single formula, sudi as die inverted pyramid. In goieral, features explore their topics in
greater depth than news stories. When writing a feature story, journalists may borrow techniques from fiction
writers, often using description^ sensory details^ quotations, anecdotes and even personification. They may use
characterization, scene setting, plot structure and other novelistic elements to dramatize a story’s theme and to
add more details.
Feature stories, however, are not fiction or “creative writing.” Nothing is made up. Like hard news stories,
features must be factual and original. They must be fair and balanced, based on verifiable information. They also
must be objective since they are not like essays or editorials representing the subjective views of journalists.
■ Purpose of a Feature Article

The purpose of a feature article is to explore or discuss a particular topic of interest. Unlike newspaper reports and
letters to the editor, feature articles are not topical (i.e. they are not related to curroit topics of news). Quite often
the purpose of a feature article is to entertain rather than to inform.
■ Tone of a Feature Article

The tone will vary from feature article to feature article, depending upon the topic of the article as well as the
composer. Quite often, feature articles are quite humorous and informal. This is so that they appeal to the responds
and are easy to read.
Elements of a Feature Article

• A ccdcl^ hecuUine is essential. The use of puns is a particularly popular technique used in feature
articles.
• Feature articles are often combined with an image or photograph. This photograph needs to catch the
respondo-’s attention. This can be humorous, shocking or intriguing. *
• Feature articles can be writtoi in formal or irformal language. Many articles are informal and amusing with
entertainment as the main purpose.
A Feature Article General^:

• Evokes an emotional reaction: joy, sympathy, anger, frustration, contoitmait, or some otho* emotion
• Gives depth and meaning to complicated issues or news items, thus clarifying and intopreting events
• Avoids the pyramid structure of a hard news story
• Uses an introduction (leacQ that attracts readers
• Ends wife a closing feat connects back to the b^fening and leaves the read«* wife somefeing to feink
about
• Uses a tcme and i^le appropriate to its subject
• Uses catchy titles, headings/subheads
• Uses layouts vifeich may include bullets, various fonts/styles (bold, italics) and white spacçs
• Is well-researched
• Is non-fiction aiid fectual
Lesson
Mumbai Bombs Investigation
23
/ ^ Readlim and Ustaning
W
ho is responsible and who coordinated the In the past Indian authorities have been quick to point the
sophisticated series of attacks is now the finger at Islamic militant groups fighting for an independent
focus for investigators. Bomb squads and Kashmir or linking similar small-scale attacks to the activities of
police with dogs have spent the night combing the Mumbai's criminal underworld. But leading Muslim militant groups
wrecked carriages searching for clues. operating in the Kashmir Valley have denied any role in the blasts.
Police have also carried out raids in the financial capital and
surrounding areas, bringing suspects in for questioning, but no
arrests have been made so far.
Medical teams worked throughout the night to treat the
injured, but many anxious relatives are still making their way from
hospital to hospital searching for loved ones. Train services in the
dty are almost back to full operation - even the Western line, the
target of the attacks, is creeping back to normal.
No one has said they carried out the attack, but security
officials believe this was a well-planned operation, masterminded
by a major terrorist outfit.
New Words
blast /blaist || blaest/ noun : an explosion, especially one caused by a bomb
• In 1993, the United States government admitted hiding 204 nuclear blasts at its Nevada test site. carriage
/'kaer.id3 || 'ker-/ noun : a separate section of a train for carrying passengers
• The young woman sadly waved goodbye as the railway carriage slowly pulled away from the station. clue
/klu^ noun : clue to/about/as to sth: an object, a piece of evidence or some information that helps the police solve a
crime
• The police think the videotape may hold some vital clues to the identity of the killer.
comb /kaum || koum/ verb : comb (through) sth (for sb/sth); to search a place or an area very carefully in order to find
sth
• Researchers have been combing through data files trying to detect problems.
coordinate /kau'o:.di.neit || kou'Dir-/ verb : to organize the different parts of a job or plan so that the people involved
work together effectively
• The coordinated efforts of the police andfire departments resulted in an efficient operation.
creep /kri:p/ verb : to gradually begin, happen or develop
• The proposal crept through unnoticed in Parliament in December.
financial /fai'nasn.tj'al 1| fi-/ adj. : relating to money or the management of money
• Financial experts have detected signs that the economy is beginning to improve.
leading /'li:.diq/ adj. : best, most important, or most successful
• Three leading generals have been arrested and charged with conspiring to overthrow the government.
mastermind /'mai.sta.maind || 'mses.t»-/ verb ; to plan and organize a difficult or complicated operation, especially a
crime
• Osama bin Laden is believed to have masterminded terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre.
operate /'op.ar.eit || 'ai.pa.reit/ verb : to be involved in military activities in a place

• Security patrols now operate in some of the most dangerous parts of the city.
outfit /'aut.fit/ noun : a group of people who work together as a team, organization, company, military unit, etc.
• The terrorist outfit has been banned by the government under provisions of the Prevention of Terrorism
Act. raid /reid/ noun : a short surprise attack on an enemy by soldiers, ships or aircraft
• The army is planning a raid on the enemy's headquarters tomorrow morning. small-scale
/.smoil'skeil || ,sma:l'skeil/ adj. : involving only a small number of things or a small area
• Safety precautions on oil rigs are designed to cope with fires and small-scale explosions.
squad /skwod || skwa:d/ noun : the police department responsible for dealing with a particular kind of crime
• In recent weeks, drugs squad officers have seized quantities of cocaine near the eastern borders.
surrounding /sa'raun.dig/ adj. : near or around a particular place
• The water surged over the hanks of the river, flooding the surrounding areas.
treat /tri:t/ verb : to give medical care or attention to a person, an illness, an injury, etc.
• The fireman was treated in hospital after breathing in toxic fumes from a chemical fire. underworld
/'An.da.wsild || -d3\w3:ld/ noun : the criminals in a particular place and the criminal activities they are involved in
• Police say it's the worst assault they \e seen, and they ’re asking for information from the criminal
underworld wrecked /rekt/ adj. : very badly damaged or destroyed
• Several passengers from the wrecked vehicle were taken to hospital suffering from shock.
ENOfClSeS
1. An increasing number of mistakes, perhaps induced by tiredness, ............................

A. militant (adj.) into her work.
B. blast (n.) 2. Detectives are searching through the house of the victim for ...................................
C. denial which they hope will lead them to the killer.
D. clue 3. Many diseases which kill people in the developing countries could be
E. small-scale successfully at very little cost.
F. flnancial 4. Police and firemen were working to put out the fire caused by the bomb
G. leading when a second explosion rocked the building.
H. treat (v.) 5. Some claim that he is a wealthy businessman with criminal ....................................
I. mastermind (v.) connections.
J. comb (v.) 6. The .......................... aid is being provided to the country by the International
K. wrecked Monetary Fund.
L. coordinate (v.) 7. The city was in chaos during the riots that followed the arrest of a ...........................
M. creep (v.) political dissident.
N. squad 8. The Finance Minister will continue to ................ the country’s economic reform.
O. underworld 9. The firemen had to get the passenger out of the .......................... car before the fuel
P. outfit (n.) tank exploded.
Q. raid (n.) 10. The Great Wall of China was built to protect the country from enemy
11. The minister argued that more attention should have been given to services and
manufacturing.
12. The official has recently set up his own political .............................. , which has as
yet no name.
13. The Red Cross has been ............................ the distribution of food and medical
supplies collected by various relief agencies.
14. The US government set up a special anti-terrorist ............................ as a result of
the attacks on the World Trade Centre.
15. They’ve .......................... the four comers of the world for the best high-tech
equipments for their factory.
LESSON 23 Mumbai Bombs Investigation
ja^|ii|ii|â||iâii^îi^îj8aiiigiiii^^
1 leading A. organize, arrange; cooperate

2 coordinate (v.) B. tiny measure, slight degree
3 raid (n.) C. organize a plot, be in diarge of
4 blast (n.) D. main, major, paramount
5 squad (n.) E. monetary, pecuniary, fiscal
6 operate F. group, band, body, team
7 financial G. small military unit
8 small-scale H. scour, probe, seardi, explore
9 mastermind (v.) I. explosion, detonation, burst
10 underworld (n.) J. hint, signal, trace, indicator
11 clue (n.) K. criminal world; criminals
12 wrecked L. ruined, destroyed, devastated
13 comb through M. neighbouring, nearby
14 surrounding N. incursion, attack, blitz
O. act, fiincti(m; manage; activate
15 outfit (n.)
M
news lead.
a. PM Wants Britain To Keep Its Nuclear Deterrent

b. Britain Lends Support To Pakistan's Terrorism Fight
c. Security Boost For Sydney As APEC Summit Looms
d. Feelings Mixed On Bush Decision To Skip ASEAN Meeting
e. President Addresses Nation In Wake Of Pakistan Mosque Siege
1. Headline:; _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Britain’s foreign secretary said on Thursday military action against terrorism must go hand in hand with
economic and social development in Pakistan.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: White House says President will be attending Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Sydney in
September.
3. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Citing threat, the leader urges a new generation of submarines that could cost at least $40 billion.
4. Headline: ______________________________________________ _ ________ ___________________
News lead: President vows to eliminate extremism and terrorism from ‘every corner of the country’.
5. Headline: _______________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Hundreds of additional surveillance cameras will be installed on trains and buses.

1. Egyptian Art .................. To Open At Local Museum
a. Clue b. Exhibit c. Outfit d. Squad
2. Middle East Countries To Test ........................ Peace

a. Fragile b. Appropriate c. Wrecked d. Neutral
3. Trucks ............ .........In Highway Accident

a. Proceed c. Collide d. Detour
b. Linger
4. Ask Retired Judge To Solve .......... ...........

a. Blast b. Panic
c. Plea d. Dilemma
5. Slum Houses To Be Rid Of ......................

a. Vermin b. Underworld c. Reptiles d. Vigour
1 ........ An army bomb squad arrived A. with a combination of medication and exercise,
2 ....... He is accused of masterminding B. role in organizing the attempted coup.
3 ....... He’s accused of having connections C, with the criminal underw'orld.
4 ....... Patients are treated D. hijackings and kidnappings in the 90s.
5 ....... Oil from the wrecked tanker E. and defused the bomb.
6 ....... Three workers were killed today in F. polluted more than 40 miles of the shoreline.
7 ....... Archaeological evidence will provide G. a severe and growing financial crisis.
8 ....... The Red Cross is trying to coordinate H. assistance to the victims of the earthquake.
9 ....... After the War, many factories faced 1. clues about what the building was used for.
10 ...... The army played a leading J. an accidental blast at a downtown construction site.
Chavez Begins to Pressure Foreign Oil Giants

President Chavez is wasting no time. Just a day after congress .......................... him special powers he has begun
turning the .................. on the international oil companies. Mr Chavez was given new powers by the National
.................... to allow him to ............................. the move towards his new political and economic model, called
‘ ................... of the 21st Century’. Venezuela sits ..................... the largest oil reserves outside of the Middle East
and the oil industry is the .................. of the economy and the source of most of the government’s ........................
Mr Chavez said that part of the new ............................ Venezuela will be the ................................ of natural
resources. He is not planning to ................ foreign companies as he needs their ........................ and technology to
.................... and ....................... Venezuela’s heavy ................. , but he does want ..........................control of all
.................... and a greater share of the profits. It remains to be seen whether the . : ........................like Chevron,
Exxon Mobil, and BP will ........................ to Mr Chavez’s ................................ as they know he needs them as
much as they need access to his oil.
See video clip 23 (Georgia: Russian Bombers Fired the Missile) and answer the following
questions.
1. interior ministry ..................................................... 9. mission ..........................................................
2. allegedly ................................................................ 10. Georgian air space.......................................
3. bomber .................................................................... 11. spokesman ..............................................
4. air-to-surface .......................................................... 12. radar .......................................................
5. missile .................................................................... 13. casualty...................................................
6. aggression ............................................................... 14. tense .......................................................
7. deny ....................................................................... 15. former Soviet Republic ...............................
8. air force ................................................................. 16. Tbilisi ..........................................................
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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an Asia-Pacific
economic forum for a group of Pacific Rim countries to Economic
discuss matters on regional economy, cooperation, trade and Cooperation
investment. Together, these countries represent about 6o%
of the world economy (World Bank). Ministers from the
member economies meet on a continual basis throughout the
year. The activities are coordinated by the APEC Secretariat
based in Singapore. The APEC holiday is on September 7.
The organization conducts the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting, an annual summit
attended by the heads of government of all APEC members except Chinese Taipei, which is
represented by a ministerial-level official. The location of the summit rotates annually among
the member economies, and a famous tradition involves the attending leaders dressing in a
national costume of the host member.
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC)

Founded in 1980, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
(PECC) is a network of member committees composed of
individuals and institutions dedicated to promoting
cooperation across the Asia Pacific region, PECC has 22 full
member committees, 2 associate members, and 2 institutional
members.
Participation in the PECC Process depends on a commitment
to economic cooperation in the Pacific. PECC participants, seek to
achieve increased, open regional economic cooperation and interaction, while recognizing both the
realities of, and the benefits accruing fixim, ôbal interdependence and continuing to encourage
increased economic cooperation and interaction with other nations and regions.
The bmgiiage Of News Media 1231

Classification of Feature Stories
There ve many kinds of feature stinies. Here are a few of the mwe popular ones:
1. Human Interest Features

The most common type of feature story is the human inta'est feature. This type of feature targets die emotions of
the reade*s. The subject matter is simple but the writer elicits reacticm from the readers through the use of
language, tone and style.
Examples:
• An adopted child’s colourful journey to trace his bioltîcal parents
• A day in a belter for die elderly
2. Interpretative Features
Also known as the expository feature, this type of feature is prol^bly the most frequently used type of generic
feature which deals with a writer’s interpretation of or opinion on a topic that may be social, economic, political,
and controversial or even ortUnary but relevant issue. TTiese features take the read^ behind the scenes or explain
policies and government decisions, etc.
Examples:
• A write’s evaluation of a movie
• An opinion piece on a controversial bill being passed in Parliamoit
3. Informative Features
Perhaps the most written, an informative feature presents information. It can include figures, graphs, diarts, photos
and any other valuable source(s) of informaticxi related to the topic being writt^ about. An informative feature
article may be writtoi in a serious as well as a light tone. The writer can make use of technical jaiôn (i.e.
professional vocabulary) depending on his target readers.
Examples:
• The latest findings about human cloning
• The results of a survey conducted on a particular topic
4. How-to Features
This is another common type of feature article. It is a practical guide to doing something or adiieving a goal. This
type is best written in a light t(me for easier understanding. It should be direct to the point and writt«i in
easy-to-understand language.
Examples:
• How to handle your first job int«view
• One week to quit smoking
5. Entertainment Features
More commmily writtoi in a light tone, this type aims to entertain and to provide comic relief Entalainmoit pieces
are great space fillers and are usually shorter than fee informative pieces. It may be writtoi using a first person
point-of-view. It can be satirical in tone.
Examples:
• Funny ways to meet your possible better half
• A satire on fee political candidates running fi>r a forthcoming election
6. News Supplemental Features

As fee name states, feis type of feature article supplonents a news item. It feould mêly enhance and compilent but
not rq>lace a news item. News supplemental features stem from news articles.
Examples:
• A piece on how to detect a terrorist to supplement a news item about fee latest terrorist attack
• A supplement on fee first successfiil heart transplant to complément a news item about fee latest
findings on heart surgeiy
7. Seasonal Features
Seasonal stories usually deal wife holidays and fee dnange of seasons, but they can also address business cycles,
milestones in fee life of organizations, and issues feat are tied to specific times of fee year.
Examples:
• Choosing budget-friendly gifts for Christmas season
• Ifolloween surprises for kids
8. Personal Account Features

This type talks about a particular or unusual experioice or achievement of the writer or somebody else as narrated
to him. It is best written using a first person point-of-view by the persm \ô actually had die expîeice.
Examples:
• A piece on how the writer survived a natural calamity
• A cancer survivor’s account focusing on her spiritual transformation
9. Personality Sketches
Also known as the profile, this type of feature article hings out the subject’s distinct pa*sonality. It may be writtoi
in eitho* a serious or li^t tcme. While the ‘‘pa'sonal account” deals widi an adiievemoit (и* an experioice of the
subject, the “p^scmality sketdi”- focuses on the pos(m himselfbo’self This is accompliêd dirough die use of
description, quotes, anecdotes based on obsovatim, and axnmoits Ity die subject diat ccmie fr<xn in- depth
inteviewing.
Examples:
• A celebrity as an ordinary parent
• A write-up on a CEO celebrating his 90th birthday
10. Interview Pieces

Interviews are conducted for différât reasons. The Write* may interview a person who is an authority on a subject
matte* to get information from him/her. An interview may be conducted to clarify an issue or evei just to find out
тэте about die inteviewee himselfrhe*self as an individual. Thus, there are difiêit kinds of inte'view articles
depending on why an interview was conducted.
Examples:
• An inte'view piece on somebody who served as a celebrity’s bodyguard focusing on his expeieices
with die celebrity
• An interview on die celebrity himselfrhe*self focusing on his/her latest project
11. Historical Features

bfistorical features highlight (я* commemorate important dates in history or turning points in the cuhurai
development, and offer a useflil format to use juxtaposition to compare “thoi and now.” A variati(xi on the
historical feature is the ‘^s date in history” featurette (i.e. a short feature), which reminds people of some
significant évent on a date, and offers a chance to revisit the event and the issues surrounding it The writer should
oisure that the presented fects and figures are accurate.
Examples:
• A piece on the September 11 World Trade Coitre destructive attack
• A researdi piece on die atomic bombing of Japan during the Second World War
12. Travelogues
Usually written as advertorials (i.e. advertisements designed to look like news stories), travelogues focus on
destinations. Travelogues are best written using descriptive language to make the destination come alive in the
reado*s’ minds.
Examples:
• Feature articles on mountain resorts, shrines and otho* tourist attractions.
Liesson
Japan Hit by Earthquake
24
/ ^ Readliig and listening
T
he earthquake, which measured six-point-eight "At the nuclear power plant, the third, fourth and fifth reactors
on the Richter Scale, hit Japan’s north west automatically shut down. There is a fire at the transformer building
coast on Monday morning. In the dty of outside the main reactors, but we have confirmed that there was no
Kashiwazaki, residents described being violently nudear leak.”
shook. Officials there say 2,000 people were As aftershocks continued to hit, the Prime Minister Shinzo
evacuated from their homes. The city’s modem Abe announced he’d cancel election campaigning in southern
buildings, as elsewhere in the earthquake-prone Japan and head to the area. Richard Lloyd Parry, a Journalist for
country, are built to withstand tremors, but the older, The Times, told the BBC he dearly felt the earthquake in Tokyo,
mostly timber buildings were reduced to rubble. some 250 kilometres away.
"I’m on the third floor of a concrete building, and it was like
being on a ship at sea for about forty seconds or so, and the utility
poles, the wires outside the window were all shaking. Over in
Niigata prefecture, and especially in Kashiwazaki where most of the
damage occurred, it must have been really something, I mean,
people there say they couldn't stand up, it was like being on a
storm-tossed boat”
Japan sits on four tectonic plates and is well prepared against
its firequent earthquakes. An earthquake in Kobe in 1995 killed
more than 6,000 people. The last major quake in Tokyo hit in 1923
Of most concern though, was the damage to the Kashiwazaki and killed 142,000.
nuclear power station. But Yasuhisa Shiozaki, the Chief Cabinet
Secretary, said there was no immediate danger.
new Worts
aftershock /'a:f.t3.j“Dk || 'aef.tэ^Ta:k/ noun : a small earthquake that happens after a larger one
• Aftershocks may continue to occur for as long as two years after the initial earthquake.
campaign /kaem'pem/ verb : to try to achieve political or social change by persuading other people or the
government to do sth
• He's spending a lot of his time at the moment campaigning for/on behalf of the Conservative Party.
confirm /kan'faim || -'faim/ verb : to state or show that sth is definitely true or correct, especially by providing
evidence
• A government spokesman has confirmed that the President has had a mild heart attack.
evacuate /I'vaek.ju.eit/ verb : evacuate sb from/to sth: to send people away from a dangerous place to a safe place
• Police had very little time to evacuate the airport after a bomb threat was received
journalist /'d33:.n3.1ist || ^33:-/ noun : sb whose job is to report the news for a newspaper, magazine, radio
programme, or television programme
• An American journalist covering the war has been kidnapped by rebel soldiers.
leak /li:k/ noun : a hole or crack in an object or container that a liquid or gas comes out of
• An emergency crew vra5 called in to repair a leak in the gas main.
measure /'me3.3(r) || -&l verb : to be a particular size, length, amount, etc.
• The earthquake measured 6.5 on the Richter scale.
LESSON 24 Japan Hit by Earthquake
pole /paul/ noun : a long thin stick, often used for holding or supporting sth
• The driver of the car that crashed into an electricity pole outside our house later died of injuries. power
station /'pau9(r) ,stei.Jan || 'pauэ^ ,stei Jan/ noun (BrE) : power plant (AmE): a factory where electricity is produced
• The number ofpower stations fuelled by nuclear energy’ is expected to increase over the next few years.
prefecture /'pri:.fec.Jua(r) || 'pni.fec.J^/wow/? : an area of local government in some countries, for example France,
Italy and Japan
• Nagano prefecture, 400 kilometres north west of Tokyo, is a mountainous area famous for its snow and
extensive skiing facilities.
prone /praun || proun/ adj.: prone to sth/do sth: likely to do sth or be affected by sth, especially sth bad
• Tired drivers are found to be particularly prone to ignore warning signs.
reactor /ri'iek.tafr) || -ta^/ noun ; a large structure used for the controlled production of nuclear energy
• Where perfect quality is required, for example in the construction of nuclear reactor plant, then 100%
inspection will be applied.
reduce /ri'dju:s || -'du:s/ verb : to cause sth, especially a large structure, to be destroyed and broken into pieces;
lessen; diminish; decrease
• The building was reduced to rubble by the explosion.
resident /'rez.i.dant/ noun : one who lives in a particular location
• As people move to the suburbs, the core of many cities becomes drained of residents.
Richter Scale, the /'rik.ta.'skeil || 'rik.$a-.'skeil/ noun : a system for measuring how severe an earthquake is
• An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale .struck the capital of the country.
tectonic plates /tek.'tonik ,pleits || tek.'to:nik ,pleits/ noun : thie large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth.
Their movement can cause earthquakes.
• As a distinguished geologist, he is conducting re.search on the tectonic plates of the Pacific region. timber
/'tim.ba(r) || -ba*/ noun (BrE): lumber (AmE): wood used for building houses or making furniture
• The woods in the Northern part of the country have been exploitedfor timber .since 1960s. toss
/tDs II ta:s/ verb : to move about continuously in a violent or uncontrolled way, or to make sth do this
• The small plane was being tossed about in the sky> by strong winds. tremor
/'trem.a(r) || -zt! noun : a small earthquake in which the ground shakes slightly
• Unable to see beneath a volcano, researchers can only theorize about what causes the pulsing tremors they
hear within it.
utility II ju:'til.a.ti/ noun : a public service such as gas, water, or electricity that is used by everyone
• The price of public utilities such as electricity and gas are relatively cheap in this country. violently
/'vaia.lant.li/ adv. : with a lot of force in a way that is very difficult to control; strongly; extremely
• The woman claimed to have been violently assaulted while in detention.
withstand /wid'stsnd/ verb : to be strong enough not to be hurt or damaged by extreme conditions, the use of force,
etc.
• It is unlikely that the forces could withstand an allied onslaught (= a very powerful attack) for very long.
^ Exercises
wmm ^Pl
A
1. A massive earthquake .......................... the city to rubble.
A. journalist 2. After the earthquake, food and medical supplies were distributed to all .................
B. evacuate of the area.
C. withstand 3. An experienced................... has a sense of w4iat is likely to be relevant about a story.
D. rubble 4. Seismologists measured the severe earthquake at 7,7 on the .........................
E. prone 5. Some ................. in Germany bum domestic garbage to generate electricity for
F. nuclear homes.
G. Richter scale 6. The .................... was centred just south of the capital and was felt as far as 200
H. confirm miles away.
I. power station 7. The aircraft base is protected with specially designed shelters which are built to
J. tremor ground and air attacks.
K. reduce 8. The embassy is working to ......................... its staff from the country before the
L. campaign (v.) conflict gets any worse.
M. aftershock 9. The Government is planning to nationalize ..................... such as electricity and oil,
N. leak (n.) in order to control prices and production.
O. resident (n.) 10. The governor is......................... in the city today, trying to increase his support
P. utility among the working class.
11. The initial earthquake was followed by a series of .............................
12. The pressure is mounting on the government to officially ........................... or deny
the claims.
13. There’s a gas..................... and the whole building could go up at any moment.
14. Women are much ..................... to imagining they are being criticised even when
they are not.
1 confirm A. additional tremor
2 prone B. roll, rock
3 toss (v.) C. rôve, move out, take away
4 evacuate D. hole, crack
5 aftershock E. approve, vaify, validate
6 utility F. resist, bear, endure
7 leak (n.) G. public service
8 resident (n.) H. inhabitant, citizen
9 campaign (v.) I. liable, susceptible, vuln^ble
withstand J. run/stand for office
10
about five words.
1. Six miners trapped after a tunnel collapse in the U.S. state of Utah may never be found, officials have said.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
2. President of Venezuela said he plans to nationalize the country’s whole energy sector, but will allow foreign
firms to stay on as minority stakeholders.
Headline: ___
3. Three strong earthquakes and several aftershocks reduced villages to rubble in western Iran early Friday, killing
at least 70 people and injuring about 1,200.
Headline: _____________________________________________________________
4. The United Nations said Friday that $100 million was “urgently” needed to help survivors of Indonesia’s
earthquake, as the injured and bereaved marked the Islamic day of prayer in damaged mosques and under tents
squeezed amid the rubble.
Headline: _____________________________________________________________
5. The govemmoit sent the army Saturday to stop looting fiielled by rising desperation in earthquake-shattered
Peru, where tens of thousands were without fresh water and shivering frunilies huddled in makeshift shelta’s at the
centre of the devastation.
Headline: __________ _____ _________________________________________

1. Police...................... Arrest Of Jewellery Thief
a. Evacuate b. Measure c. Withstand d. Confirm
2. New Arrivals Hope To .................... In America
a. Prosper b. Ban c. Campaign d. Emerge
3. Family Pets ................... ...in Four-Alarm Fire
a. Partial b. Perish c. Reduce d. Devour
4. “Must Meet ................... ...,” Salesmen Are Told b.
c. Resident d. Leak
a. Threat Quota
5. Farmers Pleased With .................... Crop

a. Aftershock b. Utility c. Abundant d. Violent
1 ........ The radiation leak has had A. for a complete ban on tobacco advertising.
2 ....... Working on the campaign confirmed B. may have been exposed to radiation.
3 ....... A thousand people were evacuated C. his intention to go into politics.
4 ....... It is feared that people living near the power station D. from their homes following the floods.
5 ....... The British Medical Association is campaigning E. by an earth tremor.
6 ....... Furniture fell over as the room was shaken F. drought-prone regions such as this.
7 ....... As flood waters rose, G. utilities in the area shattered by the hurricane.
8 ....... The bridge is built to withstand H. an earthquake of 8.3 magnitude.
9 ....... Very little vegetation grows in I. a disastrous effect on the environment.
10 ..... Rescue teams worked hard to restore public J. officials ordered residents to evacuate the area.
iiiliipiiiip
Moscow Threatens to Aim Missiles at Europe
If President Putin’s words are anything to go by, it looks like being a pretty ........................... G8 ......................in
Germany this week. First up was the United States: Mr Putin poured ....................... on its plans to build a new
............................................... in Eastern Europe. If it goes ahead, Russia would, he said, be forced to
......................by pointing its own missiles at European targets. It would be the first time since the end of the
......................that Europe has been directly targeted by Russian ....................... missiles.
He then went on to ......................... the West of ........................ in criticising Russia’s human rights record.
Responding to German ................ Angela Merkel, he said the United States is the main ...................... of freedoms
and human rights around the world and he added that France, Germany and Britain have problems of their own.
Finally he accused Britain of foolishness in trying to .................................. a former KGB officer for the
...................... of Alexander Litvinenko. President Putin said Britain knew Russia’s constitution ...........................
such an ......................... By pushing ahead, he said, Britain was.......................... in PR and politics, and any way
you look at it, it’s ..................... foolishness.
.tit
%|
See video clip 24 (Peru Hit by Earthquake) and answer the following questions. A.
Find the meanings, pronunciations and parts of speech of the following words.
1. rock ........................................................................ 7. aftershock.....................................................

2. geological .............................................................. 8. initially .........................................................
3. survey .................................................................... 9. revise............................................................
4. epicentre ................................................................ 10. sway ...........................................................
5. tremor .................................................................... 11. Tsunami .....................................................
6. local time ............................................................... 12. lift ..............................................................
?SpotilgMI24]
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD)
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) is an international organisation of those developed countries
that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free
market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for
European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Frenchman Robert
Maijolin, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction
of Europe after World War 11. Later its membership was extended to
non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an
international organization which serves as a forum for political dialogue, fjn
Its stated aim is to secure stability in the region, based on democratic ■Sil see
practices and improved governance. Most of its 3,500 staff are engaged in
field operations, with only around 10% in its headquarters.
The Organization is defined as a regional arrangement under the United Nations Charter, and is
concerned with early wâming, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation.
Its 56 member states are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America and cover most of
the northern hemisphere. It was created during the Cold War era as an East-West forum.
Tlie language ef News iedia IM ]

An editorial (also called letter from the editor, leader (UK), leading article (UK)) is the official stance of a
newspaper on a relevant development or issue. It is a personal commentary written by the editor who comments
or gives the newspaper’s or the staffs opinion about various aspects on an issue which is of interest and
importance to the public. It is a critical interpretation of significant, usually contemporary events so that the
readers will be informed, influenced, or «itîned. The editorial section of a newspaper most often takes the forms
of staff editorial or signed editorial:
• Staff Editorials
These are pieces written by staff writers and published unsigned, signalling that they should be
perceived as the collective opinion of the newspaper itself
• Signed Editorials
These pieces are written by individual reporters and published with a by-line (i.e. the name of the writer
printed at the top of a story). They are meant to be taken as the opinion of that individual reporter.
■ Types of Editorial
The kind of editorial to be written depends upon the purpose of the writer - whether to inform, interpret, criticize,
commend, argue or entertain. These are explained as follows:
1. Editorial of Information
It seeks to give information on facts unknown to the reader. It restates the facts of news stories or adds other facts
with minimum explanation. It may define terms, identify persons or factors or provide a background. Example:
Freedom of the Press
2. Editorial of Interpretation
It explains the significance or meaning of a news event, current ideas, condition, or situation, theory, or
hypothesis. The writer doesn’t argue nor criticize, but merely presents both sides of an issue and leaves the
judgment to the reader.
Example: Freedom of the Press: Two Schools of Thought
3. Editorial of Criticism
It points out the good or the bad features of a problem or situation mentioned in the news. Its purpose is to
influence the reader. It suggests a solution at the end.
Example: Administration not Sincere in Press Freedom Promise
4. Editorial of Commendation, Appreciation, or Tribute

It praises, commends, or pays tribute to a person or organization that has performed some worthwhile projects or
deeds, or accomplishments.
Example: Laurels to Royal Circus Troupe
5. Editorial of Argumentation
This is also called editorial of persuasion. The editor argues in order to convince or persuade the reader to accept
his stand on the issue.
Example: Freedom of the Press: Not Violated
6. Editorial of Entertainment
It evokes a smile, a diuckle, laughter, while suggesting truth. It is usually short and its main aim is to entertain, |
Example: Mini-football, Arcane?
7. Mood Editorial
It presents a philosophy rather than an argument or an explanation. The subject matter is often nature or emotion.
Example: Those Wonderful People Called Parents
8. Special Occasion Editorial

It explains the significance of a special day or occasion.
Example: The Significance of Christmas
9. Pooled Editorial
This is written by two or more editors belonging to different newspapers which they publish in their respective
papers at the same time.
Example: Stop Tuition Fee Increase
■ The Language and Style of Editorials

The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials
comment on the political and other events of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor's opinion and
interpretation of the news published and suggest to the reader that it is the correct one. To adiieve this goal, editors
use specific lexical/structural ‘language elements' and ‘stylistic devices'.
Like any publicist writing, editorials appeal not only to the reader's mind but to his feelings as well; hence
the use of emotionally-coloured language elements, both lexical and structural. The language of editorial articles is
characterized by a combination of different strata of vocabulary, which oihances the emotional effect. Along
political words and expressions, terms, clichés and abbreviations one can find colloquial words and expressions,
slang, and professionalisms.
Besides using lexical and structural elemoits of language to achieve emotional colouring, editorial articles
also use various stylistic devices, both lexical and syntactic. Editorials exploit common lexical stylistic devices,
especially metaphors and epithets, e.g., international climate, a spectacular sight, an outrageous act, brutal rule, an
astounding statement, crazy policies, Traditicmal periphrases (i.e. the use of an indirect way of speaking or writing)
are also veiy common in newspaper editorials.
Hie stylistic effect of some metaphra-s is essentially satirical. Satirical effect is fi'equently achieved by the
use of irony (i.e. the use of wor^ that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in ord^ to be amusing), the
bre£îng-up of set expressions, the stylistic use of word-building, using aUusion (i.e. an indirect or passing
reference), etc. Two types of allusion can be distinguished in newspaper article writing:
(a) Allusicms to political and other fects of the day
0)) Historical, lito'ary and biblical allusions
The emotional force of expression in the editorial is also enhanced by the use of various syntactic stylistic devices.
Some editorials are fiill of parallel constructions, various types of repetition, rhetorical questions and otho*
syntactic stylistic means.
Yet, the role of expressive ‘language elem^ts' and ‘stylistic devices' in the editorial should not be
overestimated. They stand out against ftie essentially neutral background. Stylistic devices in editorials are for the
most part trite - tradition reigns suprme in fee language of fee newspaper. In feet, original forms of expression and
fi-esh genuine stylistic means are comparatively rare in newspaper articles, îtorial including.
US and South Korea in Trade Talks
/ ^ Reading and listening

outh Korea is one of the world’s most successful still tries to protect its car industry from imported vehicles.
S trading nations but the population remains deeply

ambivalent about the benefits of open markets.
There's particular suspicion of US motives and that’s
helped fuel frequent rowdy protests during the ten
However the government sees big potential benefits in a
trade deal. It would lock in access to the world’s biggest consumer
market and give Korean manufacturers an advantage over their
Japanese and Chinese competitors. The US, for its part, sees
months since the free trade ^ks began. opportunities in whafs long been a notoriously difficult market for
imported goods and services.
There are also strategic considerations. The alliance between
the two countries has been strained. As South Korea leans
increasingly towards China, a free trade agreement could help
boost relations. The negotiators have until the end of Friday to
reach agreement and a fast-track legislation that would allow
passage through the US Congress without amendments.
Farmers are worried the/ll be driven out of business by imports of

cheap food and South Korea
J
NewWgpds
ambivalent /jcm'biv.a.lant/ adj. : ambivalent about/towards sb/sth: having two opposing feelings at the same time, or
being uncertain about how you feel
• The party's position on nuclear weapons is deeply ambivalent. boost
/bu:st/ verb : to help sth to increase, improve, or become more successful
• The government signed an accord with the rebels, boosting hopes of an end to the countiy 's civil war.
competitor /kam'pet.i.tafr) || -'pej.i.u/ noun : a company that sells the same goods or services as another company
• The company 'sfour major competitors have nothing to rival the new product.
Congress /'koQ.gres || 'ka:g-/ noun : the group of people in the U.S. who are elected to make laws. It consists of the
House of Representatives and the Senate.
• Congress has rejected the recent presidential proposal on firearms.
consideration /kan.sid.a'rei.J’an/ noun : sth that must be thought about when you are planning or deciding sth
• The establishment of a new political .system based on law is a highly complex matter and needs careful
consideration.
consumer /k3n'sju:.mo(r) || -'su:.ma/ noun : sb who buys and uses goods and services
• Improved con.sumer choice is one of the henejits of a free market.
drive /draiv/ verb : drive sb/sth out (of sth): to make sb/sth disappear or stop doing sth
• The .supermarkets are driving small shopkeepers out of business.
fast-track /'fars.trajk || 'fes-/ adj. : happening, developing, or progressing more quickly than usual
• The government has promi.sed to bring in fast-tack legislation to combat this problem.
lean /li:n/ verb : lean to/towards/in favour of sth: to have a tendency to prefer sth, especially a particular opinion or
interest
• He soon realized that he should lean towards the Con.sen>ative Party so as not to miss his new position.
manufacturer/,m®n.ju'fek.tj‘ar.a(r) || noun : a person or company that produces goods in large quantities

• Domestic manufacturers have asked the government to block the import of cheap shoes from China.
motive /'mau.tiv 1| 'mou.jiv/ noun : a reason for doing sth, especially one that is hidden or not obvious
• The spokesman announced that the motive for the attack is still unknown.
notoriously /n3u'to:.ri.3.sli || nou'to.T.i-/ adv. : in a manner which is well-known for being bad; as a matter of
common knowledge; recognizably
• The administration is notoriously slow in dealing with safety concerns raised by the employees.
open market /,9u.pan 'ma:.kit 1| ,ou.p3n 'mairkit/ noun : a situation in which companies can trade freely without
limits, and prices are changed by the number of goods and how many people are buying them
• The poor and backward nation is making the difficult transition to a more modem open-market economy.
passage /'pss.ids/ noun : the process of discussing a bill in a parliament so that it can become law
• They are expecting the new legislation to have quite a rough passage through parliament.
potential /pa'ten.tj'al/ adj. : likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future
• He is widely described in the media as a potential leadership candidate for the Conservative party.
rowdy /'rau.di/ adj. : (of people) making a lot of noise or likely to cause trouble
• People living near the football stadium complain about litter and rowdy fans.
strain /strein/ verb : to make a relationship uncomfortable and not friendly
• Negotiations between the two nations have been strained since the war.
vehicle /'vir.i.kl/ noun : a machine that you travel in or on, especially one with an engine that travels on roads, for
example a car, bus, van, truck, or motorcycle
• There was a serious traffic accident on the highway this morning involving at least four vehicles.
js$ Exorelses
There are some extra words In the box below.
1 ......................... demand led to higher imports of manufactured goods.

A. alliance 2 ......................... have a responsibility to make sure their products are safe for
B. passage consumer use, and this often includes testing products on animals.
C. consumer 3. Different governments have different .......................... ... depending on how radical
D. lean (v.) and also how democratic they actually are.
E. open maiitet 4. Goods that are bought and sold on the.......................... are sold publicly rather than
F. boost (v.) privately.
G. competitor 5. He complained to the police about his .......................... neighbours.
H. vehicle 6. Many people have a/an ..........................attitude towards television and its effect on
L manu&cturer our lives.
J. rowdy 7. Maybe some day, people will be able to ride space .......................to the moon for a
K. fiist-track holiday.
L. ambivalent 8. Our relationship has been ......................because I had refused to lend him money.
M. motive 9. Political rather than economic .......................... influenced the location of the new
N. consideration factory.
O. notorionsly 10. Researchers are trying to get at the same new information through a/an .................
P. strain (v.) route.
Q. amendment 11. Some generals of the army are ................... towards military action against rebels.
12. Studies suggest that estimates of the number of child workers worldwide are
unreliable.
13. The bill was amended several times during its ....................... through Parliament.
14. The country is hoping for continued support from the international community to
economic and peace prospects.
15. The airline is expected to undertake a merger with its largest ...................... within
five years.
LESSON 25 US and South Korea in Trade Talks
^üBmœÉ aàiaiiiii WWMÉÜ iMuuàji üi^
BZ
Match the words with their synonyms. Write the ietter in the box.
MlaaaÉiiaiiMMmBMaidlhaÉw^^
1 lean towards A. reason, incentive, intuition
2 consideration B. enactment, approval, legalization
3 boost (v.) C. thoughtftilness; scrutiny, analysis
4 passage (of a bill) D. rough, noisy, disorderly, unruly
5 ambivalent E. increase, escalate, foster
6 motive F. favour, tend towards
7 manufacturer G. mako*, producer, constructor
8 competitor H. unsure, hesitating, wavering
9 rowdy I. rival, contestant, dialloigo*
10 consumer J. purchaser, customer, Copper
Match the headlines with the news leads and write them in the spaces provided above each news
lead.
a. Quake Toll Exceeds 4,500
b. Europe Reeling From Extreme Weather
c. After The Tsunami, Hope Gives Way To Anger
d. Record High Temperatures In Europe In April
e. Prayers And Perseverance, The Asian Tsunami Remembered
1. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The number of deaths is expected to rise as rescue workers seardi the rubble of collapsed buildings, and
aftershocks continue to quiver ftirough Yogyakarta and surrounding areas.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Across the region the second anniversary of the tragedy was marked by visits to mass graves and
emergency drills.
3. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Deadly heat wave hits most of southern Europe while Britain struggles to recover fiôm worst flooding
in six decades.
4. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: There was mounting unease about the effects of an early and sustained heat wave.
5. Headline: __________________________________ ; __________________________________________
News lead: A feeling that extravagant promises by international aid agencies have yet to be fulfilled pmâdes in
Indtmesia.

1. Flood Waters ....................... As Emergency Ends
a. Collapse b. Subside c. Quench d. Strain d.
2.12-Year-Old Mugger Protected By ........................... Law
a. Rowdy b. Rash c.Juvenile Fugitive d.
3, Diplomat Sent To .........................Angry Canadians
a. Pacify b. Prosecute c. Betray
Disrupt
4. Hundreds At Church ...................... For Accident Victims

a. Venture b. Mourn c. Boost d. Beckon
5 ....................... Fire Expected In Lebanese War
a. Cease b. Ambivalent c. Passage d. Vehicle
1 ....... Business leaders are calling on the government A. if they were sold on the open market.
2 ....... Several proposals are under B. to drive out rivals.
3 ...... The producers should take the fast-track C. through the House of Representatives.
4 ...... The company’s board of directors is leaning D. customers at home and abroad.
5 ...... Police have yet to determine the ulterior E. relations between the two countries.
6 ...... The dispute has strained F. motive in the attack on a local businessman.
7 ...... The finn has identified 60 potential G. in favour of supporting the merger.
8 ...... The bill is now guaranteed a smooth passage H. opportunity to invest and export into new markets.
9 ...... The company decided to cut the rates I. consideration by the state assembly.
10 ..... The products would fetch millions of dollars J. to cut taxes in order to boost the economy.
US to Grow Plants Containing Human Genes

In a major advance for the........................... industry a Californian company has won ..................... permission to
grow a special rice .......................... with ...................... found in human breast milk and ..................................
It would be the first time a .................... has been used to produce human .................... on a large..........................
The company, Ventria Bioscience, wants to .................................. the proteins to make a medicine for
......................... and possibly to add them to health foods. But ............................. groups are .............................
The US Centre for Food Safety’s Bill Freece, claims there's a danger of ..................................... other crops and
possibly harming human health.
BILL FREECE:
I’m really ......................about this because I think there's one, the .............................. for this rice to get into
the food supply and two, it hasn’t been tested, it hasn’t gone through a ........................ review process. So we’re
dealing with an unknown here, something that could cause harm to human health;
The company insists there’s no risk of................................ because the ..................... will be ...................... in
Kansas where no other rice crops are grown. But with ................................... growing, the US Department of
the first food with human ...................... can be sold to consumers.

ii m
Agriculture has yet to give final ......................... and there are many bigger ................................................. before
m
See video clip 25 (Bush and Karzai Meet at Camp David) and answer the following questions.
1. presidential .............................................................. 12. outcome ..................................................................
2. retreat ...................................................................... 13. concession ..............................................................
3. Camp David ............................................................ 14. hostage ...................................................................
4. pressure ................................................................... 15. kidnapper................................................................
5. senior ....................................................................... 16. original ...................................................................
6. al-Qaeda .................................................................. 17. capture ....................................................................
7. operative ................................................................ 18. in exchange .................................................................
8. confident.................................................................. 19. appeal to .................................................................
9. intelligence .............................................................. 20. negotiate .................................................................
10. ......................................................................................... constant .............................................................................
21. release .....................................................................
11. ......................................................................................... justice ................................................................................
22. national ...................................................................
LESSON 25 US and South Korea in Trade Talks
?SHH||UI25I
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A !«£-5'. SPOTLIGHT
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on May
3, i960 as an alternative for European states that were not allowed, or
did not wish, to join the European Economic Community (now the
European Community).
The EFTA Convention was signed on January 4, i960 in Stockholm
by seven states. Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and
Liechtenstein remain members of EFTA (of which only Norway and
Switzerland are founding members). The Stockholm Convention was
subsequently replaced by the Vaduz Convention.
This Convention provides for the liberalization of trade among the member states. Three
of the EFTA countries are part of the European Union Internal Market through the
Agreement on a European Economic Area (EEA), which took effect in 1994; the fourth,
Switzerland, opted to conclude bilateral agreements with the EU. In addition, the EFTA states
have jointly concluded free trade agreements with a number of other countries.
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)

The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or
reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas. In the latest round of
negotiations, officials of 34 nations met in Mexico on November 16, 2003 to discuss the
proposal. The proposed agreement was an extension of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico and the United States. Against the
market are positioned Cuba, Venezuela and later Bolivia, Ecuador, and Nicaragua,
which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response.
Discussions have faltered over similar points as the Doha Development Round of World Trade
Organization (WTO) talks; developed nations seek expanded trade in services and increased intellectual
property rights, while less developed nations seek an end to agricultural subsidies and freer trade in
agricultural goods. Similar to the WTO talks, Brazil has taken a leadership role among the less developed
nations, while the United States has taken a similar role for the developed nations.
fhe bumuage of Neiis Media 12i 1

Opinion Fieces in Newspapers
While readers generally turn to newspapers for unbiased factual reporting, newspapers also typically include a
fair bit of opinion. Opinions may be woven into any of the following:
• News articles
• Editorials
• Op«eds
• Letters to the editor
• Columns
• Cartoons
The following explains about the role of opinion pieces in each one in detail:
■ News Articles
Historically, some newspapers have had a particular editorial bent, leaning in one political direction or another.
In some larger communities, there might be two or more newspapers, each with a strong affiliation with a
particular political party or set of political ideals. Readers could then choose the newspaper that they wished to
read based on their own interests. Journalists today typically strive to maintain objectivity (i.e. presenting a story
without bias) but readers can still choose from among many different news media, and there are still often distinct
differences in the ways in which different newspapers, television news channels, and radio networks present
news about the same issues.
■ Editorials
The opinion of the editor or editorial board of a newspaper will often appear in an official statement from the
editor(s) called an editorial. Editorials are a newspaper’s official stance on specific issues and can cover politics
as well as social or cultural issues. For example, editorial boards often endorse candidates in upcoming elections,
and reading the editorials from various newspapers on die same topic can give die readers a good sense of the
general political leaning of a particular source. Editorials are usually separated from news reporting so that
readers can know when they are reading a factual news report that tries to be objective and when they are reading
the opinion of the editors of the newspaper, Mîich are subjective.
■ Op-eds
Newspapers often have an editorial section that features the opinions of editors and, frequoitly in the same
section of the newspaper, an op-ed page (abbreviated from opposite editorial due to the tradition of newspapo^
placing such materials on the page opposite the editorial page) that features other opinions. Op-eds are meant to
give insight, depth, or reflection on a specific issue or to outline the author’s specific point-of-view. Op-eds are
similar in form and contmt to editorials, but represents the opinion of a guest writer who is sometimes but not
always affiliated with the publication.
■ Letters to the Editor
These are lettCTS sent from readers to a newspaper, usually in response to an article. They often include strong
opinions about something the newspaper has published.
■ Columns
Newspapo^ oftm ^ploy other writ^ known as columnists to offer their individual opinions in the newspap^.
While these columnists do research, th^r do not write fectual news stories but rath«- their own personal views on
events. In addition to employing columnists directly to write for their newspap^ editors sometimes include the
writings of syndicated columnists (i.e. columnists wfiose opinion columns appear in many diffênt new^p^)0^).
Some columnists focus on particular issues such as national politics, local current events, food, paroiting, or
sports. Othws write on a variety of topics. By reading several columns by the same writer, a read«- can begin to
detainine the writer’s attitudes and politics more broadly.
■ Cartoons
Editors are not the only people whose opinions appear in newspapers. Often, newspapers employ cartoonists who
draw and write editorial cartoons that make a statonent about curroit events. These cartoons often focus on
politics, but can also take on economic, social, and cultural issues.
Lesson
UK Government Reshuffle
26
GQi /9 Beading and usUNilng

ony Blair has embarked on the most The Foreign Secretary Jack Straw leaves his
wfd^ranglng reshuffle of his nine years in
government The Home Secretary Charles Commons. He is replaced by the veteran minister Margaret Beckett
T
Clark is Slicked after admitting losing track of foreign - the first woman to hold the post There's a new cabinet minister for
prisoners, ^0 were freed rather than deported. He is Europe, Geoff Hoon. The deputy prime minister, John Presix^tt
replaoBd by the Defence Secretary, John Reed. loses
over an extramarital affoir with a dvil servant

The changes follow council elections that saw
Mr Blair's governing Labour Party lose hundreds of
seats mainly to the main opposition Conservative
Party. There is growing pressure on the prime
minister, who has said he will step down within four
years, to hand over to the Chancellor of the
Exchequer, Gordon Brown.
Chancellor of the Exchequer /,tja:n.sal.a.rav.di.eks'tj‘ek.9(r) || ,tJ‘<En.s3l.3‘.av.6i.eks'tj‘ek.3/ noun : the Finance

Minister of the United Kingdom, who prepares the nation’s annual budgets
• The Prime Minister praised the efforts of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in bringing in a fair budget. civil
servant /.siv.al 'ssi.vant || ,siv.3l 'sy.-/ noun : sb who works for a government department
• Civil servants are being indwed to lake early retirement in order to make cuts to the government ’5 budget.
Conservative Party, the /kon'ssr.va.tiv 'pa:.ti || kan'sy.vs.jiv 'pax.ji/ noun : one of the main British political parties, on
the political right, which especially believes in free enterprise and that industry should be privately owned. A
member of the Conservative Party is often called a Tory.
• The danger is that the Conservative Party may splinter (^divide) into several .mailer political parties.
Defence Secretary /di.fen'sek-ra.tri || di,fen'sek.ra.ter.i/ noun : the British politician who is the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces; the (person in charge of the) department that is responsible for defence
• Many believe that he possesses the toughness and intellect to make a success as Defence Secretary. deport
/di'po:t || -'po:rt/ verb : deport sb from/to sth: to force sb to leave a country, especially sb who has no legal right to be
there or who has broken the law
• The government made a decision earlier this month to deport all illegal immigrants.
embark /im'bork H im'bairk/ verb : embark on/upon sth: to start sth, especially sth new, difficult, or exciting
• The new government embarked upon an energetic legislative programme.
extramarital /.ek.stra'mser.i.tal || -a.tal/ adj. : involving a married person and another person who is not their marriage
partner
• The people of the US. were scandalized by President Clinton's extramarital affair with Monica Lewinsky.
Foreign Secretary /.for.an 'sek.ra.tri || ,fD:r.an 'sek.ra.ter.i/ noun : the British politician who is in charge of the
Foreign Office and the UK’s political relationship with other countries. In the US there is a similar politician called
the Secretary of State.
• The Foreign Secretary has flown to China as the personal emissary of the Prime Minister.
hand over /,hrend 'su.va(r) || ,h£Bnd 'ou.va/ verb : to give sb else your position of power or tlie responsibility for sth
• The present leaders have to decide whether to stand down and hand over to a younger generation.
headline /'hed.lain/ noun ; the title of a newspaper story that is printed in large letters
• The headline on the newspaper after the terrorist attacks of September II, 2001 read simply, "Attack on
America. ”
Home Secretary /,Ьэит 'sek.ra.tri || ,houm 'sek.ra.ter.i/ noun : in the U.K., the person who is in charge of the Horne
Office. The person who has a similar job in the U.S. is called the Attorney General and, in some other countries, the
Minister of the Interior.
• The Home Secretary described the latest crime figures as ‘disturbing
House of Commons, the /ihausav.'kom.anz Ц ,hausav.'ka;.manz/ noun : one of the two parts of parliament in Britain
and Canada, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or
the place where it meets
• There are two chambers in the British parliament - the House of Commons is the lower chamber, and the
House of Lords is the upper chamber.
Labour Party, the /'1е1.Ьэ(г) ,pa:.ti || 'lei.baîpair.ti/ noun : the political party in Britain that believes in social
equality, a more equal sharing out of wealth, and the rights of workers
• The Labour Party has lost a lot of support among the working class.
replace /ri'pleis/ verb : replace sb/sth (with/by sb/sth): to remove sb/sth and put another person or thing in their place
• During the war, women went to work in the factories to replace the men who were fighting.
reshuffle /'ri: JAT,!/ noun : when the positions of people or things within a particular group are changed
• Recently there has been growing calls for a major government reshuffle and anger at the way the crisis has
been provoked.
sack /ssek/ verb : to dismiss sb fi-om a job, usually because they have done sth wrong or badly, or sometimes as a
way of saving the cost of employing them
• He was sacked by the country’s President, following accusations of corruption.
track /tr£ek/ noun : keep/lose track of sb/sth: to have/not have information about what is happening or where sb/sth
is; to keep/fail to keep fully aware of or informed about sth
• Parents shouldn't lose track of their children’s comings and goings, particularly at night.
veteran /'vet.sr.an || 'vej.a^/ adj. : very experienced and skilled in a particular activity
• He is a veteran campaigner against bureaucracy, but at 76, time is not on his side.
wide-ranging /,waid'rein.d3ir)/ adj. : including or dealing with a large number of different subjects or areas; affecting
a large number of people or things
• The findings of a wide-ranging survey of young people’s attitudes are published today.
Êmnclscs
1. Because she was......................... from the country, she couldn’t even visit here for
A. reshufQe (n.) at least 10 years.
B. headline (n.) 2. Earlier today, the Prime Minister ................. 18 government officials for corruption.
C. sack (v.) 3. In the 1950s, China .......................... on a massive programme of industrialization
D. embark and mechanization.
E. veteran (adj.) 4. Most people believed that the .......................... politician had not made clear what
F. detainee he would do as president.
G. civil servant 5. The committee put forward ......................... recommendations for the improvement
H. deport of safety at the airport.
L wide-ranging 6. The government has promised that all essential services will be maintained during
J. hand (v.) the strike by ..............................
K. track (n.) 7. The military ................ was largely aimed at removing officers accused of conspiracy.
L. step down 8. The news of the President’s death was splashed in .......... across all the newspapers.
9. The President resigned and formally ............... power over to the new govemrnent.
10. What the teacher was saying was so complicated that I lost ........................... after
the first couple of sentences.
LESSON 26 UK Government Reshuille
1 hand over A. substitute, exchange, change

2 replace B. government employee
3 keep track of C. monitor, follow, keep up with
4 civil servant D. dismiss, discharge, lay off
5 embark E. give up, yield control of, pass
6 sack (v.) F. reorganization, rearrangement
7 deport G. start, commence, set about
8 reshuffle (n.) H. well-versed, adept, expert
9 wide-ranging I. expel, banish, exile, extradite
veteran (adj.) J. expansive, all-embracing
10
about five words.
1. British forces have withdrawn from a base in Basra they shared with Iraqi police - the first step in a plan to move
out all troops based in the city.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
2. As the war in Iraq continues for a ninth year, the global image of America has slipped further, even among
publics in countries closely allied with the United States.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
3. Indonesia expects to send a contingait of 1,000 soldiers as members of the UN force in southmi Lebanon,
despite earlier objections expressed by Israel.
Headline: __ ___________________________________________________
4. The United States said it had won an agreement to seek sanctions against Iran over its refusal to shut down a
nuclear enrichment programme.
Headline: ______________________________________________________
5. More U.S. or intsnational sanctions will not pwsuade Iran to back down on its nuclear programme and could
lead to “confrontation” with the West, Iranian Foreign Minist«* Manoudiehr Mottaki said in an interview published
on Thursday.
Headline: ____ ________________________ _________ _
iiHli
1. Former ..................... . Does Not Miss Royal Luxury

a. Veteran b. Monarch c. Civil Servant d. Foreign Secretary
2. Merger Effort Will, .................. The Two Companies d. Unite

a. Sack b. Betray c. Embark
3. Painter Aims To .... a. ...............Life In Haiti

Outlaw b. Depict c. Deport d. Replace
4. Bank Rewards ......... ............ Depositors c. Excessive d. Thrifty
a. Wide-Ranging b. Pauper
5. “Forgetful” Husband Accused Of ........................
a. Severity b. Bigamy c. Toil d. Reshuffle
1 .......... The former minister was relieved of his post A. announced that war has been declared.
2 ........... On his retirement, he handed B. in last month’s extensive government reshuffle.
3 ........... A senior civil servant has been disciplined C. to the countries they had come from.
4 .......... He’s a veteran politician D. his Finance Minister over his role in the scandal.
5 .......... The government embarked E. for revealing secret government plans to the
6 ........... Many refugees were forcibly deported back media.
7 ........... It’s difficult to keep track of F. all the new discoveries in genetics.
8 ........... The newspaper headline G. on a programme of radical economic reform.
9 .......... The changes are seen as H. a prelude to wide-ranging reforms.
10 .......... The Premier has sacked I. the business over to his son.
J. who has been in over 6 parliamentary elections.
m
n liPiiiPiMiin
llllllll
lin
US Execution Delayed Again

It is the second time in twenty-four hours that the ........................ man, Michael Morales, has been......................... ,
not by the ..................... of the courts or by the governor, but by doctors. Morales, ............................. of killing a
seventeen-year-old girl twenty-five years ago, had been due to be ......................... by ........................ injection on
Monday night.
Two anaesthetists were on hand after lawyers for Morales successfully ..................... that the ..........................
of drugs involved might cause him cruel or unusual punishment - something ............................. by the American
........................... But when it came to it, the two experts backed out, arguing that if Morales came round or
suffered pain, they’d be ..................... forced to...................... , something that was ............................ unacceptable
for them.
Then on Tuesday night, it was decided to .................... ahead with the ........................ using a...........................
dose of barbiturates that didn’t require the ............................. of the two experts. The prison .......................... say
they couldn’t find a doctor or a nurse to ................................. the drug, so it was cancelled. Morales is now back
on Death ....................... whilst a review of lethal .......................... takes place.
■I iiiiiP ■ UMI
0
See video dip 26 (Britain Demands Release of Prisoners) and answer the following
questions. A. Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the following words.
1. release.................................................................... 9. abrupt.............................................................................
2. Guantanamo Bay..................................................... 10. U-turn......................................................................
3. Foreign Secretary .................................................. 11. Prime Minister .............................................................
4. Secretary of State .................................................... 12. oblige ......................................................................
5. request ..................................................................... 13. seek .........................................................................
6. capture..................................................................... 14. citizenship ...............................................................
7. set free ................................................................... 15. change of heart ............................................................
8. mark ...................................................................... 16. step down.....................................................................
LESSON 26 UK Government Reshufne
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Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA)

The Latin American Free Trade Association was created following the i960 Treaty of
Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The
signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America.
By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In 1980,
LAFTA reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association. Membership remained
unchanged until Cuba joined in 1999.
The goal of the LAFTA is the creation of a free trade zone in Latin America. It should foster
mutual regional trade among the member states, as well as with the U.S. and the European
Union.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

The North American Free Trade Agreement is the trade bloc in North
America created by the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) and its two supplements, the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and The North American
Agreement on Labour Cooperation (NAALC), whose members are
Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It came into effect on
1 January 1994.
The brnguage of News Media ( 261

Bias in the News Media
Media bias is a term used to describe a real or po-ceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass
media, in die selection of which events will be reported and how they are covered. The feet is, despite the
journalistic ideal of objectivity, every news story is influenced by the attitudes and background of its
interviewers, writers, photographers and editors. Government influence, including overt and covert censorship,
biases the media. Market forces that can result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source,
the selection of staf^ the preferences of an intended audience, or pressure from advertiso's. Political affiliations
arise from ideological positions of media owners and journalists.
News readers or viewers can become more aware of the news bias by watching for the following journalistic
techniques that allow bias to ‘creep in’ to the news:
I
■ Selection and Omission
An editor can express a bias by choosing to use or not to use a specific news item. Within a given story, some
details can be ignored and ofeers included to give readers or viewers a different opinion about the events
reported. I^| during a speech, a few people ‘boo,’ the reaction can be described as ‘remarks greeted by jeers’ or
they can be ignored as ‘a handfiil of dissidents.’
Bias through omission is difficult to detect. Only by comparing news rqmrts from a wide variety of outlets
can the form of bias be observed.
■ Placement
Readers of papers judge first page stories to be more significant than those buried in the back. Television and
radio newscasts run the most important stories first and leave the less significant for later. Where a story is placed,
dio*efore, influences Miiat a reader or viewer diinks about its importance.
■ Headline
Many people read only the headlines of a nev^ item. Most people scan nearly all the headlines in a newspaper.
Headlines are the most-read part of a newspaper. They can summarize as well as present carefully hidden bias and
prejudices. Tliey can convey excitement \êre little exists. They can express approval or condemnation.
■ Photos, Captions and Camera Angles

Some pictures flatter a pwson, others make the pCTSon look unpleasant A paper can choose photos to influence
opinion about, for example, a candidate for election. On television, the choice of which visual images to display is
extremely important. The captions newspapers run below photos are also potential sources of bias.
Is this a good picture of A1 Gore?
■ Use of Names and Titles

News media often use labels and titles to describe people, places, and events. A po'son can be called an ‘ex-con’
(i.e. someone wiio used to be in prison) or be referred to as someone who ‘served time twenty years ago for a
minor offense.’ Wheth^ a person is described as a ‘terrOTist’ or a ‘freedom fightor’ is a clear indication of
editorial bias.
■ Statistics and Crowd Counts

To make a disasto* seem more spectacular (and tha'efore worftiy of reading about), numbers can be inflated. ‘A
hundred injured in air crash’ can be the same as ‘only minor injuries in air cra^,’ reflecting ftie opinion of the
person doing the counting.
■ Source Control
To detect bias, always consider ‘where the news item comes from.’ Is the infi)rmaticHi supplied by a reporter, an
eyewitness, police or fire officials, executives, or elected or appointed govommait officials? Each may have a
particular bias that is introduced into the story.
■ Word Choice and Tone

Shovdng ftie same kind of bias that appears in headlines, the use of positive or negative words or words with a
particular connotation can strongly infiuîce ftie reads' or viewer.
Lesson Hyundai Chairman
37 Sentenced to Three Years
/ Bcadlim and Usianlng

he sixty-eight year old businessman arrived in advanced economy. But the sentence was still three years short of
court through a gauntlet of press photographers. the six demanded by the prosecution. The judge said he’d taken
T
The trial has been dosely watched in South into account Mr Chung’s contributions to the national economy
Korea, where it’s been seen as a test of the court’s and his donations to charity. In the past the courts have treated
commitment to tadde corporate corruption. similar cases with great leniency but there’s been growing
pressure from the government and the public to impose stiffer
penalties.
Chung Mong-Koo was accused of amassing multi-million
dollar slush funds to pay off politicians and government officials.
The money was also used to smooth the way for his son to take
control of the group. Hyundai Motors is one of South Korea’s
largest and most successful companies. A spokesman expressed
disappointment at the sentence. The company had appealed for
leniency, saying in effect it couldn’t manage without the presence
The judge imposed a three-year jail term. He said a stiff of its chaimian.
sentence was necessary to change past business practices and
to help Korea develop into an
New Words
account /a'kaunt/ noun : take sth into account | take account of: to consider sth when you are trying to make a
decision
• The defendant askedfor a number of other offences to be taken into account. amass /a'm«s/
verb : to collect a lot of sth such as money or information over a period of time
• A detective must find it important to amass his trivial material before picking out the right clue. appeal /s'pi:!/ verb
: appeal (to sb) (for sth): to make a serious and urgent request
• The police appealedfor information regarding the whereabouts of the tw’O suspects. case
/keis/ noun : a legal matter that will be decided in a court
• The famous British detective Sherlock Holmes nm always able to solve even the most difficult of cases. charity
/'tjKr.i.ti || 'tjer.i.ti/ noun : an organization to which you give money so that it can give money and help to people who
are poor or sick, or who need advice and support
• When she died, .she left all her money to a charity which helps children in developing countries. contribution
/,kDn.tri'bju:.Jan 1| ,ka:n-/ noun : contribution (to sth)| contribution (toward(s) sth / doing sth): sth that you do or
give to help produce or achieve sth together with other people, or to help make sth successful
• The new President paid tribute to his predecessor, thanking her for her great contribution to the nation. corporate
/'ko;.por.9t || 'koir.ps-/ adj. : relating to large companies, or to a particular large company
• Top corporate executives are meeting today to urge the American government to lower taxes. donation
/dao'nei.Jsn H doo'nei-/ noun : donation (to sb/sth)| donation (of... ): sth that is given to a person or an organization
such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving sth in this way
• Media groups invest huge sums on lobbying and in political donations to defend their interests. effect /I'fekt/ noun :
in effect: used when you are stating what the facts of a situation are; in fact, or in practice
• The border closure meant, in effect, that no trade took place between the countries.
gauntlet /'goint.bt || 'ga:nt-/ noun : an intimidating crowd, place, or experience in order to reach a goal
• The POWs (=phsoners of war) were given water and driven through a gauntlet of armed guards and guard
dogs.
jail /d3eil/ noun : a place where criminals are kept to punish them for their crimes, or where people accused of crimes
are kept while waiting for their trials
• More than 30 of those arrested were releasedfrom jail for lack of evidence.
leniency /'lir.ni.ant.si/ noun: a punishment that is not as severe as it could be
• This report shows that wealthy people are treated with more leniency when they break the law.
pay off /pel 'of || pei 'a:f/ verb : pay sb off: to give sb money to prevent them from doing sth or talking about sth illegal
or dishonest that you have done
• There were suspicions that the witnesses had been paid off to testify against the suspect.
penalty /'pen.al.ti || -ti/ noun : penalty (for sth): a punishment for breaking a law, rule or contract
• The death penalty is widely used in China, generally for such crimes as rape, robbery with violence, and
murder.
prosecution /,prDs.i'kju:.jsn |1 ,pra:.sr-/ noun : the process of trying to prove in court that sb is guilty of a crime; the
process of being officially charged with a crime in court
• Six parliamentary deputies faced criminal prosecution once their parliamentary immunity had been
removed.
public /'pAb.lik/ noun : the public: ordinary people who do not work for the government or have any special position
in society
down.
sentence /'sen.tans/ noun ; punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been
found guilty of doing sth wrong
• The family of the victim felt that the sentence given to the murderer was too short/lenient.
short /Jo:t II jo:rt/: short of/on: less than; not having enough of (sth); lacking or deficient in
• Hospitals of the city were terribly short of supplies, and patients were often treated in intolerable
conditions.
slush fund /'SIAJ ,fAnd/ noun : a sum of money that an organization, business, or political party uses for dishonest or
illegal activities in politics or business
• He is on trial for accepting kickbacks (=bribe) from three businessmen to build his slush fund.
smooth /smu:6/ verb : smooth the path/way (for): to make it easier for sb/sth to develop or make progress
• A conference would be held to smooth the way for the establishment of the provisional government.
stiff /stif/ adj. : more severe or difficult than usual
• There has been stiff opposition/resistance to the proposed tax increases.
tackle /'task.,!/ verb : to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation
• The government is determined to tackle the issue right away while its popularity is high.
term /t3:m |1 ta:m/ noun : a period of time for which sth lasts; a fixed or limited time
• The police imposes stiffprison terms for importing illegal firearms.
trial /traial/ noun : the process of examining a case in a court of law and deciding whether sb is guilty or innocent
• The general is awaiting trial in a military court on charges of plotting against the state.
LESSON 27 Hyundai Chairman Sentenced to Three Years
Exerelsos
iBiiiilillillli iiip iPIHiiiiWil

mgluiili ■iiiMiiM
1. For twenty-five years he painstakingly ............................... evidence to support his claim.

A. penalty 2. He’s accused of misusing $17.5 million from a secret government..........................................
B. corporate 3. In view of the quantity of drugs involved, 16 years was the most lenient ................................
C. gauntlet the judge could impose.
D. amass 4. The company said it has assigned more than 2,000 employees to help .....................................
E. donation the way for competition.
F. corruption 5. ................................................................................................... The embassy compound has
G. contribution been closed to the.................................................................................... because of a bomb threat.
H. leniency 6. The government made a large .................................. to a charitable organization that is
L prosecution building hospitals in developing countries.
J. slush fhnd 7. The human rights organization Amnesty International opposes the death .............................
K. trial (n.) and the torture of all prisoners.
L. sentence (n.) 8. The Judge refused the request for ............................. , and sentenced him to life in prison.
M. term (it) 9. .............................................................................................................................................
N. public ^.) The mayor has announced that he will step down at the end of his ................................................. in
O. appeal (v.) order to be able to run as a candidate in the federal election.
P. tackle (v.) 10. The murder ............................ lasted over three months, and included the testimony
Q. smoothi(v.) of dozens of witnesses.
11. The new President will have to ................................ the deficit right away in order to get
the economy back on track.
12. The Nobel Prize is awarded yearly to people who have made extraordinary
to world peace, the sciences, literature, and medicine.
13. The suspect gave information to the police in return for immunity from ..............................
14. The troops fought their way through a ............................. of enemy soldiers in the town.
15. The United Nations has ...................................for financial help from the international
community.
■MHIilli штшшшт.
1 leniency A. consider, have concern for

2 trial (n.) B. filing of a legal action
3 smooth (v.) C. accumulate, store (ıц>), collect
4 contribution D. poiod of time, loigfii of time
5 public (n.) E. punishmmt, punitive action
6 penalty F. judgôit, vordict, decision
7 amass G. deal widi, handle, manage
8 term (n.) H. ease, facilitate, pave die way for L
9 take account of people, citizens
10 sentence (n.) J. Ixibe, suborn, buy (ofO
11 prosecution K. implcxe, plead with, request
12 appeal (v.) L. court case, lawsuit
13 pay sb off M. mercy, clemenQr, forgiveness
N. dcRiatitm, oidowment
14 tackle (v.)
O. ctnmected with a corpmation
15 corporate
news lead.
a. Former Ethiopian Dictator Gets Life Sentence
b. Four Charged In New York Airport Bomb Plot
c. China Sees Big Global Warming Effects In Tibet
d. Chinese Minister Criticizes ^Devastation* Of Historic Sites
e. Charges Dropped Against Doctor In Failed Bombing Case
1. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Climate diange could have a long-range negative impact on mudi of Asia’s wat^ supply.
2. Headline: _____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: The men’s ambition was to detonate fuel tanks at the airport, officials said, but they did not appear to be
close to achieving the goal.
3. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Mengistu Haile Mariam was sentenced Thursday in his absence for genocide. He is in exile in
Zimbabwe, vdiich has said it will not deport him.
4. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Australia’s Director of Public Prosecutions says a major ‘mistake’ was made in investigation of
Mohamed Haneef s case.
5. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Government officials address the damage rapid urbanization is having on traditional ardiitecture and
cultural hoitage.

1. Health Department To ...................... Kindergarteners
a. Amass b. Appeal c. Vaccinate d. Retain d.
2. Closing Of Factory Causes 450 To Be
a. Corporate b. Temperate c. Idle Sympathetic d.
3. Giant’s Chances Are ........................ With Loss To Phils
a. Resumed b. Elevated c.Tackled Diminished d.
4. Divers To ....................... Search For Sunken Vessel
a. Resume b. Redeem c.Precede Signify d.
5. Deny .................... Against Older Workers
a. Leniency b. Prejudice c.Dispute
Penalty
1 ......... He was given a six-month jail A. improve corporate image.
2........... The President called for the prosecution B. in the face of stiff competition.
3 .......... The murderer has been captured, G. of changes in the rate of inflation:
4 ......... Ad campaigns are used to both bolster sales and D. to tackle the country’s economic crisis.
5........... The Government’s term of office E. his sentence and will be released tomorrow.
6 ......... The contract includes stiff financial F. penalties for failure to complete the work on time.
7........... These low figures do not take account G. sentence suspended for two years.
8........... The prisoner has served H. and the case is now closed.
9 ......... Both companies are worried about losing I. expires at the end of the year.
business J. of those responsible for the deaths.
10.......... Critics have accused the government of
failing
.ш
ШНШ
Over 16,000 Arrested in Zimbabwe for Illegal Mining
Police .......................... the ............... codenamed “Chikorokoza Chapera” which means ‘The End of Illegal Gold
Dealings’ following ......................... over ........................... smuggling of ....................... stones and environmental
............................in ......................... areas. They were ............................ with investigators from the central bank,
the mines ministry and environmental ........ ... ..................
During the ..................., officers burnt ......................... homes used by the ................... and ...................... more
than five-hundred thousand kilogrammes of gold and gold .................... , and nearly five thousand .........................
Police say the.....................were all released after paying or promising to pay admission of guilt ...................
Tens of thousands of Zimbabweans have turned to mining following the ......................... of .............................
agriculture in the country. People dig or .............. for gold or diamonds, risking their lives in ........................ mines
which frequently ........................
The government accuses powerful ...................... and businessmen of buying ....................... from pannes and
smuggling them outside the country. Among those arrested were ........................ from neighbouring Botswana,
South Africa and Mozambique.
J
m Ш
See video clip 27 (CIA Comes Down on Tenet) and answer the following questions.
1. CIA ................................................ ....................... 10. the run-up to sth .............................................
2. come down on........................................................ 11. September 11"' ..............................................
3. director................................................................... 12. recommend.....................................................
4. classified inquiry ................................................... 13. disciplinary action ..........................................
5. public ..................................................................... 14. secret service ..................................................
6. resign ...................................................................... 15. current .......................................................
7. cite .......................................................................... 16. reject ..........................................................
8. fail........................................................................... 17. natly ...........................................................
9. comprehensive ........................................................ 18. charge ........................................................
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Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the
United States government. Its primaiy function is obtaining and analyzing
information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order
to advise public policymakers. Additionally, the agency sometimes engages
in propaganda and public relations efforts. It also serves as the
government’s paramOitaiy hidden hand via covert operations at the
direction of the President and under oversight by Congress. This last role
has caused much controversy for the CIA, raising questions about the
legality, morality, effectiveness, and wisdom of such operations.
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom’s
Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the
Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) and Israel’s Mossad.
Mossad
Mossad, often referred to as The Mossad (meaning ‘The Institute’), is Israel’s
intelligence agency and is responsible for intelligence collection,
counter-terrorism, and covert operations such as paramilitary activities. It is one
of the main Intelligence Conununity entities in Israel (along with Aman
(military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security)), but its director reports
directly to the Prime Minister. Its role and function is like that of the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the USA, the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in
the United Kingdom and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) in
Australia.
The language at Uaws Mania I Zi )

Euphemism in the News Media

A euphemism is a word or phrase that is used instead of a more direct, unpleasant word. Euphuisms are used
when we talk about difficult subject mattes like death, for example. It is sometimes too direct to say ‘My
grandmother diecP. It is much gentler to say *My grandmother passed away\ 'Pass away’ is tho-efore a
euphemism for ‘die ’.
Euphemisms are commonly used in newspapers and TV news. Here is a list of useful politicaly military,
espionage, social, and corporate euphemisms used in the news media:
■ Political
• Regime: government (negative term)
• Ethnic cleansing: genocide
• Appeasement: to give in to aggression or, to negotiate an agreement ^
• Freedom fighter: armed political rebel (positive term) / terrorist working for us
• Terrorist: armed political rebel (negative term) / freedom fighter working for them
• Homicide bomber: suicide bomber (negative term)
• Taxpayer: citizen
• Internment facility: prison
• Protective custody: imprisonment without due process of law
• Intervention: invasion
• Executive action: assassination
Military
• Defense: war
• Neutralize or service: to kill or disable a target
• Friendly fire: being inadvertently and mistakenly attacked by your allies
• Collateral damage: unintentional killing or damage
• Bystander: someone who watches what is happening without taking part in deaths and injuries
• Area denial munitions: landmines
• Incontinent ordnance: (according to the Pentagon) bombs which kill civilians
• Pre-emptive war: to invade a foreign country so that the war-mongoing country would not be invaded
itself or be subjected to an enemy strike early on
• Pre-hostility: peace
• Secure an area (or mop up): kill remaining enemy soldiers
• Aerial ordnance: the use of bombs or missiles by air
• Asymmetric warfare: local violence or unrest, suicide bombing; contained violence
• Terrorist, insurgent, or freedom fighter: a rebel
• Casualty: death or injury
• Post-traumatic stress disorder: operational exhaustion; battle fatigue, shell shock
• Engage: to fight the oiemy fece to &ce
• Engagement: a small battle, a brief firefight
• Projectile: anything that can be fired at the memy, such as bullets, artilloy shells, rockets
Espionage
• Classified: in general usage, ‘secret’; in governmental usage, information which has been evaluated and
possibly assigned a security clearance (i.e. official permission for someone to see secret documents, etc.
or to ento- a building, after a strict checking process).
• Unclassified: in gaieral usage, ‘not secret’; in governmental usage, information which has not been
assigned a security clearance.
• Declassified: in general and governmental usage, formerly but not presently secret information which had
at some point been classified as secret, but has since b^n released to the public.
• Intelligence: information and sources of information (i.e. spies and spying)
• Human intelligence: information fi'om spies and interrogated prisoners, and other information from
human sources (such as weather reports or economic studies) used by a secret or military agency
• Asset: a secret agency’s recruited, clandestine human source in a foreign country (i.e. foreign spies)
• Wet work: assassination
• Physical persuasion/physical pressure: torture
Social
• (To be) between jobs: (to be) unemployed
• The departed; the dead, dead people
• Economical with truth; not to tell the truth; to be a liar
• Getting on/getting up there; becoming old
• Job seekers; the unemployed
• Asylum seekers; refugees
• Unsavory character: criminal (or, more specifically ‘suspected criminal’)
• Involuntary conversion; plane crash
• Disabled, differently abled, or handi-capable: crippled
• Sales advisor; shop assistant
• Senior citizen; old person
• Vishally impaired: blind or nearly so
• Customer Service Representative: a title given to today’s bank tellers
• Illegal alien: illegal immigrants
Corporate
• Layoff downsize, right-size, headcount adjustment, RIF (reduction in force), realign: firing ^ployees
• Made redundant, let go, dismissed, terminated, services are no longer required: firing in general
• Job fleiibility: lack of job security (where *job security* means an actual or implied promise of continued
employment)
• Outsource: firing local employees to hire dieaper labour eise>riiere
• Replacement workers: (in labour disputes) pwsons who continue working while other people in tiie
organizaticxi are on strike
Pinochet Admission
GQ / () Beading and Uatanlng
A
ugusto Pinochet used the occasion of his because it was leading the country into political and social turmoil.
ninety-first birthday to say, in a written And in a clear reference to the trials of military officers for the
statement, that he took political responsibility human rights abuses committed during the regime, Pinochet said
for everything that was done during his rule. In the it was unfair to demand punishment for those who had stopped a
statement, which was read out by his wife, he told political and economic crisis.
well-wishers who had gathered outside his home, Some three-thousand people were killed or disappeared
that he harboured no rancour against anyone and when Rnochet came to power after overcrowing Allende in a
that he accepted full political responsibility for what coup. Thousands were tortured and many thousands more fled
had happened. the country. Whilst noting that Pinochet had finally accepted
political responsibility, critics say it’s come too late. One political
scientist said that Rnochet should have made the statement when
he was still in power or when he was still an army commander
after stepping down.
Pinochet is currently under indictment in two human rights
cases and for tax evasion. He also has numerous other criminal
suits pending filed by victims of abuse or their relatives. But
despite his admission of political responsibility, Chileans doubt he
will ever go to prison. So far courts have always dropped ail
charges against him, citing ill health.
However, Pinochet went on to defend his actions, saying that
the military was forced to fight against the government of the
Marxist president Salvador Allende
J
New words
coup /ku:/ noun : a sudden and sometimes violent attempt by citizens or the army to take control of the government
• The leader of the army has been sentenced to death for his part in the attempted coup.
defend /di'fend/ verb : defend sb/yourself/sth (from/against sb/sth): to say or write sth in support of sb/sth that has
been criticized
• The Prime Minister was asked hoM’ he could defend a policy that increased unemployment.
drop /drop II dra:p/ verb : to decide not to continue with a court case; to stop doing sth, discussing sth, or continuing
with sth
• The police have had to drop (=stop) charges against her because they’ couldn 't find any evidence.
file /fail/ verb : file a complaint/lawsuit/petition, etc. (against sb): to give a document to a court or other organization
so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with
• The suspect’s lawyers have filed a petition for all charges to be dropped due to a lack of concrete evidence.
flee /fll:/ {past tense and past participle fled /fled/) verb : to escape by running away, especially because of danger or
fear
• Thousands of refugees have been fleeing the countiy in the aftermath of the declaration of war.
harbour /'ha:.b3(r) || 'hair.ba/ verb : to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time
• Some commuters harbour resentment toward the protesters for blocking traffic and creating chaos.
indictment /in'dait.mant/ noun : an official statement accusing sb of committing a serious crime, or the document
with which this is done
• More than 100 officers are under indictment for crimes committed during the former government. lead
/li:d/ verb : to be in charge of an organization, country, or team, or a group of people who are trying to do sth
• The military leadership has appointed a transitional government to lead the country until elections can be
held.
Marxist /'ma:k.sist || 'ma:rk-/ adj. : relating to or based on Marxism (=a social, political and economic theory which
is based on the writings of Karl Marx, later developed to form the basis for tlie theory and practice of communism)
• Lenin and his followers in the former Soviet Union used Marxist ideas to underpin communism. numerous
/'njui.ma.rss || 'nu:-/ adj. : existing in large numbers
• The police fired tear gas and rubber bullets into tl^ crowd of demonstrators, causing numerous casualties.
occasion /3'kei.33n/ noun : a special event, ceremony or celebration
• The two leaders have worked together on numerous historic occasions.
overthrow /,3u.v3'0r3u || .ou.va^'Grou/ verb : to remove a leader or government from power, especially by force
• In 1973, Chile’s government was overthrown by a dictatorial military regime led by Angus to Pinochet.
pending /'pen.dig/ prep. : while waiting for sth to be dealt with, settled, or completed
• Both sides in the conflict have agreed to a ceasefire pending negotiations for a peace agreement. rancour
/'rxg.ka(r) || -\a^ noun : feelings of hatred and a desire to hurt other people, especially because you think that sb has
done sth unfair to you
• You could hardly say they have been reconciled, but there seemed to be no rancour between them. so far
/sau fa:(r) || sou fa:r/ adv. : up until now, until this moment, thus far
• The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
suit /suit, sjuit II suit/ noun : a problem or complaint that a person or company brings to a court of law to be settled
• Up to 2,000former employees have filed personal injiuy suits against the company. tax
evasion /'treks i,vei.3sn/ noun : the use of illegal methods to pay less tax or pay no tax at all
• Once tax evasion becomes a habit it will continue even after lower tax rates are introduced. unfair
/An'fea(r) || -'fer/ adj. : not based on or behaving according to the principles of equality and justice
• The election was boycotted by the opposition parties, who claimed that the vote was unfair.
victim /'vik.tim/ noun : a person who has been tricked: a person who has been harmed, injured, or killed as the result
of a crime
• The Government is launching a massive aid programme to help the famine victims.
well-wisher /'wel,wij'.9(r) || -a/ noun : a person who encourages or supports sb
• He was clutching the award he had just won, surrounded by fans and well-wishers.
LESSON 28 Pinochet Admission
Êxefelses
mfsmmmmrn
m
1. America decided that imported steel had a/an ........................... advantage over steel
A. victim made at home.
B. indictment 2. ..................................................................... During a violent revolt, people
C. numerous .............................................................................. their dictatorship government.
D. coup 3. ..................................................................... He filed a $12 million libel against
E. drop (v.) the newspaper, claiming his
F. iile(v.) professional reputation had been damaged by the paper’s stories.
G. statement 4. He now faces probable jail after an indictment for larceny and income ....................
H. pending (prep.) 5. He’s been ............................... a grudge against his boss ever since his promotion
L tax evasion was refused.
J. abuse (n.) 6. In December of 1988, Benazir Bhutto became the first woman elected to ................
K. unfair a Muslim country.
L. harbour (v.) 7. The ...........................was so scared that he was unable to answer the policeman’s
M. flee questions until hours after the attack.
N. Iead(v.) 8. The case was .......................... because the prosecution had insufficient evidence
O. overthrow (v.) to proceed.
P. suit (n.) 9. The govemmait had failed in ................................ attempts to achieve a ceasefire
Q. defend through negotiation.
10. The jury brought criminal ........................ against the founder of the organization.
11. The soldiers were told to hold their position .......................... ftirther instructions
from military headquarters.
12. The suspects must be given the opportunity to ........................ themselves against
these allegations.
13. The United Nations has refused to recognize the government of the military leader
who took power in a bloody .......................... last month.
14. The United Nations must take swift action to protect the refugees who are trying to
the area as a result of the conflict.
15. Thousands of people ............................... a suit against the company which
manufactures counterfeit goods.
1 flee A. revolution, rebellion, revolt

2 rancour B. hold a ffaoughl/feeling in the
mind
3 indictment C. avoidance dod^g
4 harbour (v.) D. vay many, diverse, various
5 coup E. justify, argue for, suppcxt
6 lead (v.) F. hatred, animosity, resentmait
7 evasion G. escê, run away
8 victim H. preside ova*, head, govern
9 defend L occurrence, evait, incident
10 unfair J. suffer, injured party, casualty
11 suit (n.) K. lâl action, (court) case
12 file (a lawsuit, complaint, etc.) L. to take official acti(m
13 occasion (n.) M. diatge, accusatiixi
14 overthrow (v.) N. unju^ Inased, uneven
15 numerous O. ou^ tiqiple; dqxise
K
m iiilil
■I ■nil
about five words.
1. A top leader of Colombia’s biggest cocaine cartel was captured Tuesday in South America’s largest city after
a two-year investigation into traffickers accused of sending tons of the drug to the United States and Europe.
Headline: ___________________________________________ ___________
2. The Israeli military’s chief of staff submitted his resignation after facing months of criticism over last summer’s
war in Lebanon.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. US Congress has been steadily ramping up pressure on Iran, with range of measures aimed at restricting
investments, banning imports, and targeting country’s uranium airichment efforts.
Headline: ____________ __________________________________________
4. Iraqi officials said that U.S.-led multinational forces detained six Iranians Thursday at an Iranian government
office in the northern city of Irbil.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. U.S. Air Force gundiips have struck suspected operatives of al-Qaeda in southmi Somalia, according to a senior
Pentagon official.
Headline: _____________________ '
«■Pi
■Üİ
1 ..................... Professors Speak Out Against Nuclear Plant

a. Illegal b. Unfair c. Radical d. Sympatheti
2. Teenage ..................... To Sing In Pop Musical b.

a. Colleague Idol c
c. Coup
3. Our Shoreline ............. ........ To Erosion
a. Stiff b. Vulnerable d. Indictme
c. Confined
4. Frat Members Spend .................... Night In Cemetery
a. Uneventful b. Vague c. Hasty nt
5 ..................... Refuses To Pay Until Trains Are Cleaned

a. Volunteer b. Commuter c. Well-Wisher d.
Determined
1 ........The charges on the indictment A. when someone else confessed to the crime.
2 ........The charge against him was dropped B. to flee when danger approaches.
3 ........The union has agreed to halt the strike pending C. thousands of letters from d.
well-wishers.
Prompt
4 ........The President was ousted from power D. against the hospital for negligence.
5 ........The Prime Minister has received E. the victims of the earthquake.
6 ........The general population seems to support the coup F. formal complaints against the police.
d. Victim
7 ........The family filed a suit G. the outcome of today’s negotiations.
8 ........The Red Cross is collecting money to help H. include murder and attempted murder.
9 .......... A number of families have filed I. in a military
coup in January 1987.
10 ......Soldiers must overcome their instinct J. which overthrew the government.
LESSON 28 Pinochet Admission
Indian Police Applicants Riot
Twenty thousand ....................... had turned up to take a written test, ................................ their suitability to be
.......................in the Uttar Pradesh police. R M Srivastava, the Uttar Pradesh Horne Secretary, told the BBC that
the ........................ were ....................... because they found the question paper too difficult.
As they left the police .......................... in Ghaziabad, several hundred angry .......................... began stopping
cars and buses on the highway, breaking windows and demanding lifts. Passengers were forced fi'om their
.......................including several women who were .................. out and sexually ........................ The ................ of
.......................police officers then ran out of control along a five kilometre ....................... of the main highway
to Delhi, .......................... fences, ....................... food from ................. and .......................... up shopkeepers.
Security forces .................... -charged the ..................... to ...................... order. Almost thirty people were
arrested. Uttar Pradesh police say they have how obtained ................. photographs and film of the .................. and
are busy identifying those responsible so their ......................... to join the police can be rejected.
The .......................... come just as India’s government is trying to ............................. the country’s police
services. Most Indians have little faith in their police, viewing them as lazy, ...................... and ....................... The
riots will do little to change that..............................
m m
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See video clip 28 (Chemical Ali Trial) and answer the following questions.
1. trial........................................................................... 19. senior ............................

2. alleged ..................................................................... 20. Ba’ath Party official...
3. suppression .............................................................. 21. intelligence service ......
4. Shiite ....................................................................... 22. put down (a rebellion)
5. uprising.................................................................... 23. Saddam Hussein ..........
6. rebellion .................................................................. 24. execute ........................
7. drive out .................................................................. 25. evidence .......................
8. sentence ................................................................... 26. bloodshed ....................
9. genocidal ................................................................ 27. deem .............................
10. campaign................................................................ 28. revival .........................
11. Kurdish minority ................................................... 29. debate............................
12. stand trial ............................................................... 30. coalition .......................
13. address ................................................................... 31. cease fire .....................
14. Intifada................................................................... 32. encourage .........................
15. the Gulf War .......................................................... 33. convey .............................
16. commander ............................................................ 34. disintegration ....................
17. revolutionary ......................................................... 35. keenly ...............................
18. defendant ............................................................... 36. international community
I ?SMUttC2S)
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KGB
KGB is the Russian abbreviation for Committee for State Security, which was
the umbrella organization serving as the Soviet Union’s premier security
agency, secret police, and intelligence agency, from 1954 to 1991.
The KGB’s operational domain encompassed functions and powers like
those exercised by the United States’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the
counter-intelligence (internal security) division of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), the National Security Agency, the Federal Protective
Service, and the Secret Service in the United States, or by the twin
organizations MI5 and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in the United
Kingdom.
On December 21, 1995, the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin signed the decree that
disbanded the KGB, which was then substituted by the FSB.
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)

The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6
(Military Intelligence, Section 6), is the United Kingdom’s
intelligence agency to deal with other countries. It works with the
Security Service (MI5), Government Communications SECRET INTEUJGEHCE SERVICE
Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS). SIS deals with the United
Kingdom’s espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom. The service has had its
headquarters at Vauxhall Cross in London since 1995.
p Ш language Of Nmns Media 1281

N e wsp ape г Ad ve rt isem ent
New^pers typically cover their costs throu^ a combination of direct sales at news stands or other outlets,
subsmiôn fees to regular subsoil^rs, and advertising. Newspapers sell space to businesses and individuals who
want to advetise the availability of goods and services or to announce special eveits. Advetislng provides revenue
for die newspape- and also provides access to that infinraaticm to readers \ô may be interested in iât is being
advetised. To attract readers, an iadvertiseneit should have the fellowing feur fimctions abbreviated as АША (ie.
Attention, Interest, Desir^ and Action):
(1) Attention
Ihe intepduction and pubUcity of an advotisanent dic^d aixmse readers* great intere^
(3)Desife
The pubtidty of advertismg shtmld stoulate readers^ desire to buy the product^ and make dian
(4) Actipn
Theadv^ to take die
action of
puidia^g.
Mauritania’s
First Steps to Democracy
/ Q leading and uatanlng
M
auritania has throughout its history been a Mauritanians have been used to every kind of hostility, from
crossing point between the Arab Maghreb to the baking desert climate, locust invasions, colonial abuses, local
the north and sub-Saharan black Africa to the wars - not least in neighbouring Western Sahara - to their own
south. Its ethnic mix of Berbers, Arab Moors, African military leaders. From independence in I960 until their overthrow
Wolof, Soninke and many other groups has been both two years ago, they ran an authoritarian regime that perpetuated
a source of cultural enrichment and conflict, but it has the enslavement of one part of Mauritanian society by another. Now
never had an opportunity to define this diversity this anachronism has imploded.
through democratic structures. Now it has a chance to And just as democracy beckons, a new economic era begins
do so, but there is a long way to go. too as Mauritania’s newly discovered oil reserves come on tap. But
from the plethora of political parties, and a score of presidential
candidates, a leadership somehow needs to emerge that can cope
with the current social and economic revolution. That will be a tall
order for any group of fledgling democratic politicians.
anachronism /э'паек.гэ.ш.гэш/ noun : sth that is no longer suitable for or relevant to modem times
• Some politicians believe that nuclear weapons are an anachronism in the post cold war era.
baking /'beikig/ adj. : extremely hot
• The weather was baking hot and conditions at the camp became unbearable.
beckon /Ъек.эп/ verb: beckon for sb: to be sth that is likely to happen or will possibly happen to sb in the future
• In the wakes of the recent economic crisis, bankruptcy beckons for the world’s biggest auto manufacturer.
candidate /'kasn.di.dat Ц -deit/ noun : candidate (for sth): a person who is trying to be elected or is applying for a
job
• The party want him to run as a candidate in the upcoming presidential election. colonial
/ka'bu.ni.al Ц -'lou-/ adj. ; relating to a system or period in which one country rules another
• British colonial polic ies were extremely harsh in the colony of Kenya.
cope /кэир II коир/ verb : cope (with sth): to deal successfully with a difficult situation or job
• An international effort is required to cope with the urgent needs of the earthquake victims.
diversity /dai'v3:.si.ti || di'vs.ss.ti/ noun : the fact of including many different types of people or things
• The African continent is home to an astonishing geographical and cultural diversity.
emerge /i'm3:d3 Ц-'тз; dy verb : emerge (as sth): to start to exist; to appear or become known
• He has emerged as the best candidate the party has in the upcoming elections. enrichment
/m'ritj’.mant/ noun : improvement of the quality of sth, especially by adding things to it
• Personal enrichment courses offer a variety of subjects to enhance your life.
enslavement /m'sleiv.mant/ noun : controlling and keeping sb forcefully in a bad situation, or making a slave of sb
• Many Americans have suffered the enslavement of credit-card debt.
fledgling {BrE also fledgeling) /'fled3.hr)/ adj.: recently formed and still developing; new and lacking experience
• The current economic climate is particularly difficult for fledgling businesses.
LESSON 29 Mauritania’s First Steps to Democracy
implode /im'pbud || -'ploud/ verb : (of an organization, a system, etc.) to fail suddenly and completely
• Such an imploding partnership can ruin ail chances for success for both of the partners. invasion
/in'vei.33n/ noun : the arrival in a place of a lot of people or things, often where they are not wanted
• The stores preparedfor an invasion of last-minute Christmas shoppers.
locust /'bu.kast 1) 'lou-/ noun : a type of grasshopper that flies over wide areas in very large groups called swarms,
often destroying crops
• Locusts migrate in vast swarms which cause extensive damage to crops.
perpetuate /pa'petj.u.eit || pa^'petj"-/ verb : to make sth such as a situation or process continue, especially one that is
wrong, unfair, or dangerous
• Current economic policy only serves to perpetuate the divide between the rich and the poor. plethora
/'pleO.ar.a/ noun : a plethora of sth : a very large amount of sth, especially a larger amount than you need, want or
can deal with
• The plethora of rules and regulations is both contradictory and confusing.
reserve /ri'zaiv || -zs-.v! noun : a supply of sth that is available to be used in the future or when it is needed
• The OPEC countries contain about 65% of the world’s oil reserves.
revolution /,rev.a'lu:.^3n/ noun : a sudden or major change, especially in ideas or methods; a situation in which
people completely change their government or political system, usually by force
• The coming of television brought about a revolution in people’s leisure activities.
run /rAn/ verb : to organize or be in charge of an activity, business, organization, or country
• The shareholders want more say in how the company is run.
score /sko:(r) || sko:r/ noun : a group of 20, or about 20, people or things
• A score of countries may be producing or planning to obtain chemical weapons.
tall order /,to:l 'o:.d3(r) || ,ta:l 'oir.ds'/ informal: sth very difficult that sb expects you to do
• Finishing the project in time was a tall order, but the authorities did it.
tap /taep/ noun : on tap : available for use at any time
• The Internet makes it possible to have all kinds of information on tap at any time.
^ Exercises
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m iÜ Ü Ш $
1. A bright future ................... for the country’s industrial sector, thanks to significant
A. revolution investment.
B. fledgling 2. ........................................................................... According to Chile’s Constitution,
C. beckon if no .............................................................................. wins a majority in an election, the
D. candidate winner is the person who receives the most votes,
Б. diversi^ 3. All the resources and staff available were brought into play to ................ the crisis.
F. invasioyi 4. Democratic reforms are beginning to take hold in the ................. republic,
G. implode 5. Foreign aid workers in developing countries often show a/an .......................attitude
H. colonial towards the people of the country they are working in.
I. anachronism 6. Most nations learned their lesson during the economic crisis when trade ........... and
J. enslavement incomes plunged.
K. eniichment 7. Parliament enacted a/an ....................of legislation aimed at ensuring fair and orderly
L. pletbom markets.
M. reservie (n.) 8. Some analysts(wamed that the proposed law will .................. existing economic and
N. era: I class inequalities.
O. cope vijitb 9. Some believe that blacks in the U.S. should receive compensation from the
P. perpetîte government
Q. reg^d for the ....................... of their ancestors.
10. South Afi-ica has the world’s largest known........ of gold, platinum, and chromium.
11. .................................................................................................... Television
should reflect and respect the ethnic and cultural ......................................of the country.
12. The family ....................... clinics offer a wide range of psychological services as
treatment to individuals, lilies, and couples.
13. The monarchy is seen by many people as a/an .................. in the modem world.
14. ................................................................................. Thousands of people were
ip*ei wmmmm-
тЁЁШЁШЁй
1 reserve (n.) A. handle, manage, tackle

2 implode B. forced labour, exploitation
3 emeiê C. accessible, ready, handy
4 plethora D. etomalize, make everlasting
5 diversity E. emo'ging, nascent, developing
6 fledgling F. supply, stockpile, pool, cache
7 revolution G. excess, profusion, abundance
8 on tap H. enhancemoit, improvement
9 perpetuate I. appear, come out
10 enslavement J. overtitrow of the government
11 cope with K. variety, multiplicity
12 candidate L. colls^se inward, burst inward
13 enrichment M. a very difficult task
N. be likely to happœ to sb
14 tall order
15 beckon for sb O. (job) applicant, nominee
news lead.
a. Bridging The Gap

b. Price Cuts: They’re Grrrreat!
c. Oil Prices Continue Sharp Decline
d. Millions Stranded In Floods
e. Roof Collapse At Moscow Market Kills At Least 49
1. Headline:
News lead: Uncotainty over OPEC actions and warm weather pu^ prices to dieir lowest level.
2. Headline:_____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: Torrents of water washed away homes, crops and cattle, leaving hungi-y and frightened villagers
perched in trees or on roofs as the death toll rose from monsoon rains across northern India and Bangladesh.
3. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: After years of rising prices, die major cereal manu&cturers have entered in a price war. What are die
economic forces driving down die cost of breakftist?
4. Headline: ____________________________________________________________________________
News lead: During its seven years in office, the US government has turned away from every opportunity to put
relations with Iran on a more positive trajectory.
5. Headline: ____________________ ____________________________________________________ _

News lead: Rescuers cleared away concrete slabs to reach possible survivors trapped in the wreckage.

1. Search Is On For ........................... To Millionaire’s Fortune
a. Candidate b. Heir c. Verdict d. Surplus
2. Kidnappers . .......... Member Of Congress

a. Beckon b. Expose c. Cope
d. Emerge
3 ....................... .. Of Measles Breaks Out In Country
a. Plethora b. Swarm c. Invasion
d. Epidemic
4. MP Accused Of .......
a. Colonial
b. Fledgling c. Revolutionary d. Deliberate
5 ........................ .. History Of Tribe To Be Tape-Recorded
a. Oral b. Drastic c. Diversity d. Anachronism
Mii
1 ........ The police were not able to cope A. the violence and anarchy in the region.
2 ....... He issued a challenge to his rival candidates B. of views to be printed.
3 ....... Vietnam has emerged C. from French colonial rule in 1956.
4 ....... With a plethora of spies D. invasion by strengthening its defences.
5 ....... The minister is so clever with his routine E. a revolution in medicine.
6 ....... Penicillin produced F. and a bright future beckons for him.
7 ....... Newspapers were obliged to allow a diversity G. with the large numbers of fans outside the stadium.
8 .......... Increasing the supply of weapons will perpetuate H. there are not enough secrets to go round.
9 .......... Tunisia achieved independence 1. as the world’s
third-biggest rice exporter.
10 ........ The country has responded to threats of J. to take part in a
public debate.
Listen to audio clip 29 and fiii in the blank spaces in the following piece of news.
Russia and Ukraine Gas Price Row
Ukrainian politicians claim there are political ....................... behind the price rise ........................... demanded by
the Russian energy ...................... Gazprom. They say Russia is offering much more favourable ....................... to
other former Soviet ..................... Russian officials insist it’s a purely ............................... matter.
Whatever the true motives, the ....................... does ............................ the feet that Russia is likely to have an
increasingly important role in the world energy .......................... Certainly, it will be possible for Russia to use its
role as an energy ......................... to ................................. its position in international politics. Russia’s crude oil
reserves ................ in the top ten. Its gas reserves are the largest in the world. Western Europe is going to
become more dependent on Russian gas for its heating and electricity.
Already some European countries get ............................ amounts of gas from Russia through ..........................
that cross Ukraine. Russia would be ................................ to .......................... such important customers by cutting
........................ to them in a .............................. with Ukraine. But the possibility of ............................... at some
stage is real.
And the Russian government has moved to take greater control over the industry. It has a ......................... stake
in Gazprom and also has some important ........................ in oil companies. It is also ................................that one of
the main ........................for the ......................... of the G8 major powers that President Putin will ............................
in July will be energy security. It is something the other G8 countries want and which Russia will have a key role in
providing.
See video dip 29 (Bhutto Wants a Power-sharing Package) and answer the following
questions. A. Find the meanings, pronundations and parts of speech of the following
words.
1. presidential election .................................................. 16. election campaign.......
2. general election .......................................................... 17. ban .............................
3. come up ...................................................................... 18. government-imposed
4. former ........................................................................ 19. serve ..........................
5. currently ..................................................................... 20. Prime Minister ............
6. exile............................................................................ 21. contest ........................
7. opposition party ......................................................... 22. bargaining chip ...........
8. series of reforms ........................................................ 23. seize
9. pow'er sharing ............................................................ 24. coup ......................
10. reform package........................................................ 25. public frustration
11. quit ........................................................................... 26. chief justice ..........
12. uniformed commander ............................................ 27. shatter ...................
13. run for (election) ..................................................... 28. popular ally
14. civilian .................................................................... 29. poll ..............
15. election commission ................................................ 30. indicate ........
?SpolllglltI291
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European Parliament (Europarl or EP)

The European Parliament (Europarl or EP) is the directly elected
parliamentary body of the European Union (EU). Together with the
Council of the European Union (the Council), it forms the bicameral
legislative branch of the Union’s institutions and has been described
as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament
and Council form the highest legislative body within the Union. However their powers as such
are limited to the competencies conferred upon the European Community by member states.
The Parliament is composed of 785 MEPs (Member of the European Parliament) who serve
the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after India) and the largest trans-
national democratic electorate in the world (492 million).
European Central Bank (ECB)
The European Central Bank (ECB) is one of the world’s most important central
banks, responsible for monetary policy covering the 13 member countries of
the Euro-zone. The ECB was established on 1 June 1998 and its headquarters is
located in Frankfurt, Germany.
The Unguage of haws Madia 1291

Advertising English: Phonological and Morphological Features
The wide use of advertising has created a special style of English - advertising English. Its unique features,
simple language and immense attraction separate it from other kinds of language. In the development of
advertising English, this kind of language has formed its own phonological, morphological, syntactic and
rhetorical features. The linguistic features of advertising English at the phonological and morphological levels
are discussed in this vignette and the syntactic and rhetorical features will be considered in the next vignette:
■ Phonological Features of Advertising English

Since the language of press advertising is not meant to be read aloud, it seems unnecessary for copywriters to
make frill exploitation of the phonological resources of the language in their writing. Nevertheless, we do ‘hear’
alliterations, rhymes and rhythms of advertisements, which help enhance their attention value and memorability.
Look at the following examples:
(1) Health, Humour and Happiness. {Tourism)
(2) Cut Costs without Cutting Comers. {Car)
(3) Form Follows Fun. {BMW)
(4) Go for the Sun and Fun. {All American Vacation Tour)
(5) Be Specific Go Union Pacific. {Train)
{6)Have a heart. Play a part. A warm start to a healthy heart. {The British Fund for Cardiac Care) The
repetition of consonants “h”, “k” and “f’ in Examples (1), (2) and (3) respectively helps imprint in the audience’s
minds the advertised service and products because they are easy to remember. Rhyming occurs in “sun” and
“frm” in Example (4), “specific” and “pacific” in Example (5), and “heart”, “parf’, and “start” in Example (6).
Like alliteration, rhyming is also a device which helps to make headlines more striking and easier to remember.
Example (6) models on the rhythmic effect of heartbeat by the use of balanced phrases and stmctures.
Accordingly, the reader will be unconsciously affected and likely to sympathise with the patient. Thus he will
probably be persuaded to make a donation to the frmd.
■ Morphological Features of Advertising English

1. Abundant New Coinages
Readers’ attention is the first objective of any ad. Copywriters often rack their brains in order to present the reader
with something unexpected. Sometimes they intentionally deviate from the normal ways of expression in the
hope of enhancing the attention value of their writing. Among the many possible deviations, oithiâphic and
lexical deviations, to ordinary readers, are the most striking. Such deviations can be called “coinages”, which are
used to provoke the curiosity of the readers and help to imprint the message in their minds. As a popular practice
of advetising coinage, breaking orthodox rules is mainly achieved by intentional misspellings and neologism (i.e.
the invention of new words by means of blending and derivation).
Examples:
(1) Pearlfection. Few things in life can compare to the beauty and value of a pearl. The finest quality
cultured pearls come from Japan. {Pearl)
(2) 4ord costs Sive % le$ $ {Ford)
(3) ; We know eggsactly how to sell eggs. {Eggs)
(4) My team Invented a thief s worst nightmare; Securilock. Each key has a unique code that m^ches
the one in your vehicle. {Securilock= security + lock)
(5) Giant bicycles are built to stay ahead of the herd. Often with experimental materials, like carbon
fibre which, through Innovalue, can be febricated for less. Today, Innovalue innovative design that
crejates added values is accelerating Taiwan’s reputation for high«* technology products from
computers to moulding madiines. {Innovalue= innovate + value)
(6) Compucessorles ... a new word? Yes! We’ve just coined it to describe those Data Processing
Acjcessories we at PCA delight in designing, and without which your computer cannot frmction well
with full efficiency {Compucessorles= computer + accessories)
(7) Stimulotion ft>r refreîng and stimulating. {Stinndotion= stimulating + lotion)
i (S) The orangemostest drink in die world. {Beverage)
In Example (1), the coined word “Pearlfection”, Miiidi includes “pearl”, sounds like “perfection”. Thus it
succeeds in combining the product with the idea of perfection. In diis way, the misspelled word adds much
novelty and sense of humour to the ad. In Example (2) for Ford cars, the copywriter changes “Ford” to “4ord”,
“5%” to “5ive%”, and “less” to “le$ $ “. Such misspellings make the ad so attractive that even the most casual
reado* would not fell to notice it The egg sell^ in Example (3) takes advantê of the similar prcmunciations of the
coined word “eggsactl/* and “exactly”. As a result, both the attention value and memorability of the ad are
achieved. “Securilock”, “Innovalue”, “Commpucessories” and “Stimulotion” in Examples (4), (5), (6) and (7) are
all blends. Blends like these are bizarre in spellings, but th^^ can easily secure reado*s* attrition. The coined
word “orangemostest” in Example (8) is a combination of three morphanes, “orange”, “most”, and “-est”.
Genially, “most” and “-est” can both be used to form superlative forms of adjectives and tiiqr never go together,
but here they are put together to emphasise die high quality of the advertised orange juice, which is supposed to be
pure and natural.
The prefix “super-” in the soise of “to a degree beyond what is usual, superior in quali^’ as in “superfine”,
“supersifted”, “supernatural” and “super-light”, is one of the most popdar prefixes used in ads. Similarly, the
suffix “-y”, meaning “full oC characterised by ... ”, is considêd die most fi-equently used adjective suffix in ads,
as in meaty, chewy, chunky, crackly, crumbly, cruncJ^, flaky, nutty, bubbly, milky, and toasty. Another popular
suffix in advertising English is “-ex”. It reminds the reader of the word “excellent” and is often used to form trade
names.
2. Extensive Use of Simple Words

Broadly speaking, most advertised products are targeted at the general public. So copywriters choose to use
simple and widely used words, such as be, call, choose, come, discover, eiyoy, get, give, have, help, hurry,
introduce, let, look, make, need, remember, see, seem, serveand try.Sentences constructed with sudi simple words
comply well with the well-known KISS Principle (Keep it Short and Sweet) in the advertising profession as in the
following examples:
(1) Right away. You can see a differoice. Stqp in a st(»*e near you. Take a look. Go ahead. Compare.
See for yourself. So st^ in and take a look. Visit an authorized IBM Po*sonal Computa* dealer.
{ConqnUer)
(2) Let the train take the strain. (Train)
(3) Look Great, Lose Weight. Chews to Lose. (Weight Control)
(4) Hold on to your dream. Make yourself heard. (Ericsson Mobile Phone)
(5) Enjoy the moment while it’s still the moment. (Digital Camera)
3. Employment of Foreign Words

Copywriters often use words of French, Latin, or Greek origin. Sometimes, they prefer to borrow words fi'om
other languages. Look at the following examples:
(1) The fi'eshest clothes come in “cafe-au-lait” shades. And you’ll wear them until summw’s end.
(Fashion)
(2) “Diners Club Intemational”. “Yes” (English), “Oui” (French), “Ja” (Goman). The Right Answer in
any Language. (Credit Card)
“Cafe-au-lait” in Example (1) means “coffee with cream”. Together with “Oui” and “Ja” in Example (2), these
foreign words are regarded as more elegant and refined. Th^ seem to match the elegance of the products
advertised and the social statuses of their consumers. Foreign words add an exotic flavour to the promoted
products. The French words, for instance, suggest the authentic French flavour of the promoted products. As
France is famous for its cuisine, cosmetics and feshion, ftie use of French words can enhance the value and
attractiveness of such products.
4. Extensive Use of Adjectives

Advertising Engli^ also uses a large number of adjectives in order to make the language mcire colourful. Let us
take a look at the following ads:
(1) Enjoy time-saving advice, money-saving guidance, decorating ideas, delicious recipes, beauty
hints, fashion trends, fascinating personalities, into'esting articles, tremendous savings. Only $ 1.00 an
issue. (Good Housekeeping)
(2) An unrivalled intemational collection of exceptional natural fibre, bedding, clothing, intimate
apparel and personal accessories, for discerning adults and some fortunate diildrm. (Daily Necessity)
These two ads show a surprisingly fi*equent occurrence of adjectives. Besides, th^^ kre positive terms radier than
negative ones. They sê to put a good fece on the said product or service.
The most common adjectives in advertising Engli^ include: big, bright, clean, crisp, delicious, easy, extra,
good/better/best, flne, jree, fresh, full, great, new, real, rich, sctfe, special, sureand wonderful.They are
simple and blear in meaning. “New” and “good” are over twice as popular as any othw adjectives. “Good” mi^t
appe^ to be another all-purpose adjective, particularly in its comparative and supo-lative forms, i.e. “better” and
“best”. Nowadays, evaluative adjectives like biodegradable, discerning cfynamic, impeccable, innovative,
spearheading state-of-the-art, thrilling up-to-date, rtc. frequently aiêar in advotising En^sh.
Copywriters seldom use derogative adjectives to describe the promoted products or smdces except for
special purposes. It is against the international law to attack competing products or services by misrepresenting
another person’s goals, services, or commercial activities. Copywriters have to turn to comparative or superlative
constructirais to display the superiority of the advertised products or sennces, as can be seen in the following
examples:
(3) Taste ridier... mellower... more satisfying. {Real Cigarette)
(4) Clean«*, whiter, healthi«*-looking teeth - that’s what you get from New Close Up Tartar Control
Paste. {Toothpaste)
(5) Daylift, with Alpha-hydroxyl acid, goes âr beyond moisturising to reveal dramatically firm«*,
smoother^ young«*-looking skin. {Moisturiser)
Elliptical comparatives as in Examples (3), (4), and (5) suggest that some products or s«*vices are better than they
used to be, or that they are better than competing products or services, or that the custom«*s will be better off if
they purdiase them.
As we know, it is illegal to highlight die superiority of the advertised products or services at die expense of
competing ones. So, copywriters will not explicitly state that product or service B (a competing product or
service) is not as good as product or service A (the promoted product or service); but they will turn to some words
with implied sup«lative meanings such as “no oth«”, “nothingi”, and “no one” to avoid mentioning competing
products or services directly. Look at the following examples:
(6) If you’re visiting Am«ica, no one can ôw you the countiy quite like Delta Airlines. {Delta
Airlines)
(7) In frict, no other bank offers Asian business as many connections to the west coast as Security
Pacific. {Banking)
(8) Only certain women can wear Red. Red, the ultimate expression of a woman. Nothing is as alluring
as a woman in Red. {Perfume)
Such sentences are superlatives in essence. They help convince the audi«ice that the promoted products or
services are the best in the world.
5. Compounding in Advertising English
One of the most conspicuous characteristics of advertising English is p«haps die abundance of compounds,
especially adjectival compounds. The following are die main ways of word forming:
adj + noun: short-t«m goal noun + v-ing: a relief-giving liquid
noun + adj: the frirmhouse-fresh taste adj + v-ing: fresh-tasting milk
v-ing + adj: shining-clean adv + v-ing: the best-selling soft toilet tissue
noun + v-ed: hon^-coated sugar pufi& noun + noun: economy-size shredded wheat
adj/adv + v-ed: warm-hearted cakes adv + noun: up-to-die-minute sculling
Here is an example:
Jeqi Gi^d Oi«okee also has many special sa^ features, like a standard driv«r’s side bag and four- wheel
anti-lock disc b*akes that work in both two-and-four-wheel drives. Plus, Grand Qi«*okee c«nes widi
sideûard door beams made of ultra-h^-strength steel, just in case pu^ ccnnes to ôve. And because
we’ve giv«i Jeqp Grand Ch«okee an air conditioning syst«n diat uses a non-CFC refrig«ant Arid
through die Tread Li^tty Program, we «icmirage responsible off-h^way driving. {Eaê Jeep)
In this example, the copywrit«* emplo>^ 7 compounds to convince the audience of the advantages, striking
features, anid specifications of Eagle Jeep. The free use of compounding adds much novelty, vividness and
compactnem to the advertising language. Obviously ^*side-guard door beams made of ultra-high-strength steel”
islmdre concise and vivid than “door beams for side guard made of steel of ultra high strengtlT.
6. Employment of Pronouns
Advertising Englim uses the first and second person prcmouns very frequently. The following examples
demonstrate the perstmal style of advertising Englirii.
(1) While developing «le resource, we carefulty protect die odi«s. As one of the world’s largest
inta*nati(nial pefrol«im c«ni»nies, Chevron understands thm how we conduct our business can affect
die cmnmunities in wi|idi we worlL F«* diat reason, we maintain some of the highest «ivironmental
standards on earth. In fret, countries induding die United States, the Peqile’s Rqiublic of China and
Australia, alone and in partnermips with others, have offidally recognised our effects. Yet, nice as diQ^
are, we don’t protect the environment ^ awards, we prote^ it fiir Ae future. {Chevron - The Symbol
ofPartrmslnp)
(2) Our quality 10-band radio keeps you in touch with world events. If you want to tune in to tiie BBC
World Service, Radio Moscow, the Voice of America, etc, here is your opportunity. {Radio)
Example (1), which consists of 5 sentences, has six occurrences of the plural form of the first person pronoun
“we” and two of its possessive form “our”. The consumer is likely to feel as if the advertiser were talking to him
fiice to face. Consequently, an environment-friendly company image is established by the high frequency of the
first person pronoun. The use of “you” in Example (2) narrows the gap between manufecturer and consumer. It
gives the consumer an impression that the manu&cturer is really concerned about him and is giving him a good
piece of advice like a close friend. Besides, indefinite pronouns such as “all”, “everyone”, “none”, “no one” and
“nothing” are also frequently found in advertising English. Look at the following examples:
(3) Give a Timex to all, to all a good time. {Timex Watch)
(4) None is more amazing than Alba Quartz. {Alba Quartz Watch)
(5) No one knows better than a Bartlett client that an ounce of scientific prevention is worth many
pounds of cure. {Tree-growing Technology)
The repetition of “all” in Example (3) seems to tell the potential buyer that the watch under description treats
everyone equally because its quality is guaranteed. In Example (4), the use of “none” negates all othw brands of
watches and shows that Alba Quartz is the most amazing brand. Example (5) is an ad for the technology of
tree-growing. A parody of the proverb “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” tells the truth that it is
easier and better to prevent something bad than to deal with its consequences. The addition of “scientific” to
“prevention” and “many” to “pounds” enables the reader of the ad to better understand what kind of prevention is
specified and to attach great importance to new tree-growing technology. The use of “no one” conveys the
message that the ‘Bartlett client’ knows more about the tree-growing technology than any else. “All”, “none” and
“no one” in these three examples help bring out the typical style of advertising English.
7. Use of Weasel Words

Weasel words are words whidi suggest a meaning without actually being specific. They make people hear things
that aren’t being said, and believe things that have only been implied and suggested. One type is the open
comparative: “Brown’s Boots Are Better” (posing the question “better than what?”); anoth^ type is the bogus
superlative: “Brown’s Boots Are Best” (posing the question ‘Yated alongside what?”). Some of the commonly
used weasel words are: help, like, virtually, enriched, worth, fresh, tested, guaranteed, scientific, traditional,
home-made,and organic.
Examples:
(1) It’s like getting on bar free. Cleans like a white tornado. It’s like taking a trip to Portugal.
(2) Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail helps maintain urinary tract health. It helps control the
bacteria in this system. A breakthrough way to help stop wear-out.
8. Use of Verbs
Although the ultimate purpose of advertising is to persuade consumers to buy its products, advertisements seldom
use the word “bu/’ in it. Statistics show only two out of ten advertisements use the verb “buy” directly. On one
hand, the advertisers try their best to promote their product; on the other hand, they don’t want to give the
consumers a feeling of spending their money. Therefore, the choice of verbs is very careful in advertising. The
most frequently used 20 verbs and phrasal verbs are: try. ask, get, take, let, send for, use, call, make, come on,
hurry, see, give, come, remember, discover, serve, introduce, choose,and look for.
Examples:
(1) Getting places in the business world is easier if your banker is there to meet you. {Security Pacific
Asian Bank)
(2) We can give you a better view of investment opportunities from both sides of the Pacific. {City
Bank)
9. Use of Contractions
Because the advertisement fees are so high, it is essential to use some contraction to cut short the length, and
reduce the cost.
Example:
To Let or For Sale
Furnished Edinburgh Court, 426 Argyly st, 2nd floor, 1,630 sqft, 4 bedrooms with dining and living
room, prive garage. Sale at 130,000. Rent 1,400. Tel, 38954 office time or 823748.
This is an advertisemmt to rent or sell a house. There are many contractions, such as: st = street, sq = square, ft =
foot, Tel = telephone.
Lesson
80 Merkel’s Popularity Ratings Fall
/ 0 Reading and Uatenlng
T
he World Cup is long over, and any hopes have been criticised by unions and consumer groups. The latest
politicians may have had that the euphoria would poll, carried out by the infiratest Dimap Institute, showed a majority
lead to renewed faith In the government have of Germans aio against the proposed health reforms. Business
been dash^. According to a new opinion poll, only one leaders and economists have also attacked the government’s plans
in five Gemrans think Chancellor Merkel's grand to raise value added tax (VAT) next year, claiming the tax increases
coalition has done a good job. will drag down growth.
Since last November’s election, Chancellor Merkel has
presided over an awkward alliance between the Conservatives and
Social Democrats, who in the past were traditional political rivals.
While Chancellor Merkel has transformed the country's foreign
policy, by mending relations with President Bush and playing a key
role in the European Union, back home, critics have attacked her
domestic policy agenda. Chancellor Merkel’s own popularity
ratings have taken a battering. The survey shows Angela Merkel
has lost her position as Germany's most popular politician, and her
The government has been grappiing with its reform agenda, approval rating is down to 56% - the worst record since she was
including a controversial plan to change Germany’s health care elected last autumn.
system. But disagreements over how to finance the system have
reveaied tensions in the government, and the plans
Nmii Words
agenda /э'ёзеп.ёэ/ пот : a list of aims or possible future achievements
• Newspapers have been accused of trying to set the agenda for the Government.
approval /alprui.val/WM« : the feeling that sb/sth is good or acceptable; a positive opinion of sb/sth; when a plan,
decision, or person is officially accepted
• The President would appoint the Council of Ministers subject to the approval of Parliament.
awkward /'oi.kwsd || 'ai.kwad/ adj. : difficult to do, use, or deal with
• The minister’s comments have put the Prime Minister into a very awkward position.
battering /'bast.sr.ig || Ъае{.эмг|/ noun : take a battering : fall sharply; to suffer very badly, for example by being
easily defeated
• Dollar took a battering yesterday as worries grew about the state ofAmerica’s economy. coalition
/kau.a'lij.sn || kou-/ noun : a government formed by two or more political parties working together
• The two left-wing parties have formed a coalition to prevent the right from forming the Government.
conservative /kan'ssi.va.tiv || -'s3?.va.$iv/ noun : sb who is not willing to accept much change, especially in the
traditional values of society
• An argument broke out between Reformers and Conservatives in Parliament.
dash /dsj/ verb : dash sb’s hopes {idiomf. to destroy sb’s hopes by making what they were hoping for impossible
• The Minister of Finance said that hopes for an early economic recovery have now been dashed.
drag /drasg / verb : drag sb/sth down: to make the price, level, or quality of sth go down; bring sb/sth to a lower level
or standard
• The economy will be dragged down by inefficient firms.
euphoria /ju:'fo:.ri.3 || -'f3:r.i-/ noun : an extremely strong feeling of happiness and excitement which usually only
lasts for a short time
• The whole country experienced a period of euphoria after winning the war.
finance /'fai.naens/ verb : to provide money, especially a lot of money
• Some suspected that the rebellion was backed and financed by the US.
grand /graend/ adj. : impressive and large or important; aiming or intended to achieve sth impressive
• The company’s grand ambition was to become the first and biggest global airline.
grapple /graep.l/ verb : grapple (with sth): to try to deal with or understand a difficult problem or subject
• The economy is just one of several critical problems the countiy is grappling with.
mend /mend/ verb : to do sth to end an argument or disagreement
• The Foreign Ministers of the two countries met briefly in an attempt to mend poor relations.
preside /pri'zaid/ verb : preside (at/over sth): to lead or be in charge of a meeting, ceremony, organization, etc.
• The Government seemed to be presiding over large-scale unemployment.
reveal /ri'vi:!/ verb : reveal sth (to sb): to let sth become known, for example a secret or information that was
previously not known
• The Prime Minister was annoyed with his Cabinet for revealing details of their discussions to the press.
rival /'rai.val/ noun : a person, company, or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc.
• Nuclear rivals India and Pakistan are holding talks to bring an end to hostilities in the region.
Social Democrat /(Sau-Jal 'dem.a.krset || iSou-Jal 'dem.a.krjet/ noun : sb who believes in a political and economic
system based on some ideas of socialism combined with democratic principles, such as personal freedom and
government by elected representatives
• The Social Democrats wanted to occupy the middle ground betw’een the Conservative and Labour parties
in Britain.
survey /'ssi.vei || 'SK-/ noun : a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their
opinions or behaviour
• A recent survey revealed that 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan.
transform /trjens'farm || -'fo:rm/ verb : transform sth/sb (from sth) (into sth): to completely change the appearance,
form, or character of sb/sth, especially in a way that improves it
• The Government set in place a programme to transform the nation's health sector from a curative system to
a preventative system.
union /jui.ni.an/ noun : an organization that represents the workers in a particular industry and tries to improve pay,
conditions, etc.; a trade/labour union
• Democratization has brought workers the right to strike andjoin a trade union.
value-added tax (VAT) /'vsel.ju: aed.id 'tasks/ noun : tax that is added to the value of a product at the time of
manufacture and paid by the customer at the time of purchase
• The Government is considering the extension of value-added tax to newspapers, magazines and books.
LESSON 30 MerkeFs Popularity Ratings Fall
^ Exercises
mmâ mmmÊmÊmmmmÊàmmrnJ
Fill In the blanks with the words you learned in this unit. Make the necessary changes.
1. According to a recent poll, the governor has lost support among ............................................
A. reveal 2. Activists are working hard to ensure that environmental issues are high on the
B. domestic ......... .... ............. at the international summit in June.
C. awkward 3. Criminal proceedings have been started against the President since the scandal was
D. agenda
E. euphoria 4. Insistence on better working conditions by the .............................. has resulted in
F. union fewer employee absences.
G. grapple 5. Local authorities should submit schemes to the relevant minister for .....................
H. preside i 6. People have protested and complained about ..........................for about as long as
I. value-added tax governments have collected it.
J. conservative (n.) 7. The ......................... government fell apart because the views of the three parties
K. transform were simply too different on the major issues.
L. survey (n.) 8. The committee kept the results of the .............................. to itself, fearing a bad
M. finance (v.) public reaction.
N. approval 9. The country is very dependent on revenues from oil and natural gas to .................
O. coalition its development programmes.
P. dash (v.) 10. The new government has yet to ................................ with the problem of air
Q. mend (v.) pollution in metropolises.
11. The party ..................... over one of the worst economic declines in the country’s
history.
12. The President’s current .....................after the election victory is unlikely to last.
13. The Prime Minister announced that hopes of a peaceful settlement of the dispute
have been.............................
14. The Prime Minister sent the Foreign Secretary as his personal envoy to discuss
ways to .......................... relations between the two countries.
15. What happens in the Middle East in the next few years could .............................
the balance of power in the entire region.
iPi m§-
lÊÊm ÜÉ
I take a battering A. sdiedule, programme, timetable

2 euphoria B. degrade, devalue
3 transform C. convert, change, alto*
4 drag sth down D. direct, manage, lead
5 reveal E. competitor, opponait, contender
6 coalition F. alliance, union
7 grapple with G. confront, get to grips wifti
8 preside H. magnificent, impressive
9 awkward L to pay for sth, fund
10 grand (adj.) J. elation, bliss, Joy, deligjht
11 rival (n.) K. disclose, make public
12 approval L. poll, investigatitm, inquiry
13 finance (v) M. to suffer very badly
14 survey (n.) N. difficult, uncomfortable
15 agenda O. confirmation, agreemait, consent
ip PM PiiNiW
Üi ^lU IÊÊÊ ÉMÉ iiaii m ÊÊ0
about five words.
1. Soudi Korea’s auto industry is feeing ino'easingly tough times due to die strong Won, high oil jnices and
sluggish domestic consumpti<m, an executive of the biggest carmako' said Friday.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
2. India’s rapidly expanding economy can record an annual growth rate of 10 percent in the financial year
beginning April 2008, if the lagging farm sector picks up, the finance minist^ said.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
3. Iran’s security forces arrested IS Pakistanis on trespassing charges to its lands. Hie detainees have been
delivered to dieir country’s officials to be investigated by the Pakistani fedâl agency.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
4. The UN General Assembly, for the 11th consecutive year, voted on Tuesday for an end to the four-decade U.S.
trade embargo against Cuba, with Havana accusing the US government of rigidity.
Headline: _______________________________________________________
5. The World Trade Organization said that it will investigate wiiether Chinese industrial subsidies feeach
intanati(Hial trade rules following a complaint by the United States and Mexico.
Headline:
1. Bad Economic News Causes ......................... At Stock Market

a. Union b. Coalition c. Euphoria d. Tumult
2. Mayor Refuses To ... .................. By Previous Agreement

a. Unify b. Abide c. Approve
d. Grapple
3. Forced To .................. .....Tonight’s Show, Apologises Producer
a. Finance b. Cancel c. Preside
d. Reveal
4. Prisons Fail To .......... ............., Charges Social Work Expert
a. Rehabilitate b. Jeopardise c. Amend d. Dwindle
5 ......................... Tells Life Story Of Thomas Alva Edison

a. Rival b. Union c. Biography d. Agenda
HU
nmuii m
1 ........By July, the Prime Minister’s approval A. secrets about the security agency.
2 ........This survey is considered to be B. fracturing the coalition government.
3 ........Government exp^diture is financed C. would be dragged down by the scandal.
4 .......The union threatened D. with the issue of public transportation.
5 .......There were fears that the mayor E. over the Council of Ministers.
6 .......The President appoints and presides F. strike action if its demands were not met.
7. ......... bitwise disagreem^t ov^ economic policy risks G. are opposed to the change.
8 ........He may be prosecuted for revealing H. a reliable baromet^ of public opinion.
9 ........Senior Conservatives declared that th^ I. rating had risen to over 60 percent.
10 ......The Govemmait continued to grapple J. by taxation and by borrowing.
LESSON 30 Merkel’s Popularity Ratings Fall
Vatican Opens Archive

TTie Vatican .................... one of the world’s most important historical ........................... ... the so called “secret
archive” which contains some two million documents ...................... back up to a thousand years. They are kept
for safety mainly in underground ...................................................... and storerooms placed along some fifty
...................miles of.........................
....................... the ................. decides to open to ........................ by .................... and professional historians a
new ....................... house of documents. The latest to be made available dates from the .............. of Pope Pius XI,
who was .................... pope in 1922 and led the .............................. church until his death shortly before the
...................of the Second World War in 1939.
No less than four ...................... dictators came to power during this period - Benito Mussolini in Italy,
Joseph Stalin in Russia, Adolf Hitler in Germany and Francisco Franco in Spain ............................... of relations
between the Vatican and these countries during this period will be of ........................... interest to scholars.
The future Pope Pius XII was the Vatican’s nuncio or ................................. in Berlin in the 1930s and his
............................. with Rome will also be eagerly ..................................... Pope Pius XI refused to meet Hitler
when he visited Rome in 1938 at Mussolini’s invitation. The Pope ordered the Vatican museums to be closed and
shut himself up at his ..................................at Castelgandolfo until Hitler had left town.
See video dip 30 (Berlin: Mission in Afghanistan Continues) and answer the following
questions.
1. mission ..................................................................... 13. chancellor ..............................................................
2. roadside ................................................................... 14. vow........................................................................
3. blast ......................................................................... 15. ambassador............................................................
4. senior ..................................................................... 16. Interior Minister .........................................................
5. remote.................................................................... 17. back down ..................................................................
6. convoy ..................................................................... 18. emerge ...................................................................
7. dead track ................................................................ 19. national ..................................................................
8. NATO.................................................................... 20. security firm ...............................................................
9. training base ............................................................ 21. contract ..................................................................
10. solidarity ................................................................ 22. embassy .................................................................
11. mourn..................................................................... 23. troops.....................................................................
12. victim ................................................................... 24. NATO-led force .........................................................

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Iraq’s New President Pledged to

Uphold Democratic Principle

/ 9 Reading and Ustenlng

1. The industry is ................... by five multinational companies.

1 inauguration A. order (v.)

a. U.S. Praises Iraqi Judges

1. Headline: __________ _____________________ ________

3. New Offensive Appears To Target ............................Strongholds

Kofi Annan Launches Global Humanitarian Forum

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

United Nations Special Commission

f he lineiiaee ef News Media 111

/ Q Reading and Ustanlng

1. At the forthcoming elections, the government will be seeking a fresh ..................

1 mandate (n.) A. acknowledgement, approval

Which of the choices fits best in the headlines?

1. Official ......................... Nation-Wide Referendum

2. Teens March Across U.S. To ...........................War

3. EU Gets .......................... On Chinese Low Quality

4. Markets Happy With . ...................... Outcome

5. Dictator ......................... . To Death By Hanging

11. Shanghai Cooperation Organization .................... 14. apparently

'- >3 search Folders EOl’

United Nations (UN)

European Union (EU)

The language tf Пеню Media 121

/ Q leadlno and Ustanlng

2. Dozens Of ......................... Killed In Air Strikes

3. MPs Struggle To Solve Political ........

4. Former PM Questioned In Smear

5. Car Bomb ... Kills 25 In Capital

1 .......... Human rights lawyers have accused A. that he lied to

Bush Says Diplomacy Best Option for Dealing with Iran

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

The language Of News Media 13 ]

Major Roles in Journalism

The following are some of the major roles in journalism:

/ 9 Readina and ustanina

1. The committee will ....................... a thorough investigation of the bribery charges.

1 implement (v.) A. supply of materials

2. Nine........................ Over Thai Protest

3. President . Effects of UN Sanctions On Country

4. Civilians Turn To Gangs To ............ For Safety

5. Iraq And Syria Restore Relations After 24-Year .........................

US to Join Iran, Syria at Meeting on Iraq

i;^ search Folders (T?!)- Favorites

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

International Labor Organization (ILO)

lii The language ef hews Media 141

GQl / Q ieadlig and Utienliig

controversial /.kon.tra'vsi.Jal || ,ka:n.tra'v3:-/ adj. : causing disagreement or discussion

1 equity A. feimess, justice

Which of the choices fits best in the headlines?

Brown Takes over as Britain’s PM

Search lip Folders y

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

lii The language ef gems MeUla 151

Reading News More Easily

■ Watching for Synonyms

■ Watching for Explanations

■ Watching for Examples and Elaboration

■ Having a Questioning Attitude

1. Headline: ___

3. Headline: _ _____________________________________________________